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Jack Douglas (writer)
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Jack Douglas ( writer ) - wikipedia Jack Douglas ( writer ) Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Jack Douglas , see Jack Douglas ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jack Douglas Douglas Linley Crickard July 17 , 1908 Lynbrook , New York , US January 31 , 1989 ( 1989 - 01 - 31 ) ( aged 80 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. Pen name Jack Douglas Occupation Novelist , short story writer , columnist , actor , television personality , comedian Period 1947 - 1979 Genre Comedy Notable works My Brother Was An Only Child Spouse Reiko Hashimoto ( 1960 -- 1989 - his death ) Marion Hutton ( 1949 - 1954 - divorced ) Merle Dean Crain ( 1937 - 1949 - divorced ) Children Johnny , Marlene , Peter , Bobby , Timothy Jack Douglas ( born Douglas Linley Crickard , July 17 , 1908 - January 31 , 1989 ) was an American comedy writer who wrote for radio and television while additionally writing a series of humor books . Contents ( hide ) 1 Radio 2 Television 3 Humor books 4 Books by Jack Douglas 5 Personal life 6 References 7 External links Radio ( edit ) On radio , he was a writer for Red Skelton , Bob Hope and the situation comedy , Tommy Riggs and Betty Lou ( 1938 -- 46 ) , in which Riggs switched back and forth from his natural baritone to the voice of a seven - year - old girl . Television ( edit ) Continuing to write for Skelton and Hope as he moved into television , Douglas also wrote for Jimmy Durante , Bing Crosby , Woody Allen , The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet , The Jack Paar Show , The George Gobel Show and Laugh - In . The producer of Laugh - In , George Schlatter , said , `` He saw the world from a different angle than the rest of us . He was not only funny , he was nice . '' He was best known for his frequent guest appearances on Jack Paar 's shows of the late 1950s and early 1960s . On one such appearance , when Douglas was well established as a Paar guest , he was chastised by Paar for holding a stack of file cards with his jokes while talking with Paar . When Paar returned to television in 1973 and was confronted by unexpected low ratings , he engaged Douglas to contribute monologue material by mail . One week there was no mail from Douglas ; but his next package contained a note : `` Sorry I did n't send anything last week . I forgot you were on . '' Douglas and his third wife Reiko , a Japanese - born singer and comedian , were regular guests on shows hosted by Merv Griffin , Dick Cavett and Johnny Carson . Humor books ( edit ) By 1959 , Douglas ' appearances with Paar gave him a huge audience for his humorous memoirs , published by Dutton and Putnam with many mass market paperback editions by Pocket Books and others . My Brother Was an Only Child , adapted from a book he privately printed in 1947 and sent to 400 of his friends , stayed on the bestseller lists for months in 1959 . Some of his books , including Shut Up and Eat Your Snowshoes ( 1970 ) , were set in Northern Ontario , where Jack and Reiko Douglas lived for several years after purchasing a wilderness lodge on Bird Lake near Killarney Provincial Park in 1968 . The town of Chinookville in the Northern Ontario books is based on the Ontario city of Sudbury . The book The Neighbors Are Scaring My Wolf ( 1968 ) was based on his experiences living in New Canaan , Connecticut . Douglas won an Emmy in 1954 for best - written comedy material . Books by Jack Douglas ( edit ) No Navel to Guide Him ( 1947 ) My Brother Was an Only Child ( 1959 ) Never Trust a Naked Bus Driver ( 1960 ) A Funny Thing Happened to Me on My Way to the Grave ( 1962 ) The Adventures of Huckleberry Hashimoto ( 1964 ) The Neighbors Are Scaring My Wolf ( 1968 ) Shut Up and Eat Your Snowshoes ( 1970 ) What Do You Hear from Walden Pond ? ( 1971 ) The Jewish / Japanese Sex and Cookbook , and How to Raise Wolves ( 1972 ) Benedict Arnold Slept Here ( 1975 ) Going Nuts in Brazil ( 1977 ) Rubber Duck ( 1979 ) Personal life ( edit ) He died of complications from pneumonia in 1989 , at age 80 , in Los Angeles . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jack Douglas Buys Canadian Island '' . Ottawa Journal . March 2 , 1968 . p. 62 . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 -- via Newspapers.com . External links ( edit ) Jack Douglas papers at Syracuse University Special Collections Research Center `` Toynbee Doob 's Pal '' Time ( June 15 , 1959 ) ( hide ) Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series ( 1955 -- 1959 ) James Allardice & Jack Douglas & Hal Kanter & Harry Winkler ( 1955 ) Arnold M. Auerbach & Barry Blitzer & Vincent Bogert & Nat Hiken & Coleman Jacoby & Harvey Orkin & Arnold Rosen & Terry Ryan & Tony Webster ( 1956 ) Billy Friedberg & Nat Hiken & Coleman Jacoby & Arnold Rosen & A.J. Russell & Terry Ryan & Phil Sharp & Tony Webster & Sydney Zelinka ( 1958 ) George Balzer & Hal Goldman & Al Gordon & Sam Perrin ( 1959 ) Complete list ( 1955 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1969 ) ( 1970 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1989 ) ( 1990 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) VIAF : 111048590 LCCN : n50027500 ISNI : 0000 0000 8466 8622 SUDOC : 159337569 BNF : cb16625940c ( data ) IATH : w6k11q66 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Douglas_(writer)&oldid=796507585 '' Categories : 1908 births 1989 deaths American humorists Primetime Emmy Award winners People from Lynbrook , New York Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from January 2017 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from June 2014 Pages using Infobox writer with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 August 2017 , at 09 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the jewish japanese cookbook and how to raise wolves
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Ginnifer Goodwin
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Ginnifer Goodwin - wikipedia Ginnifer Goodwin Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Jennie Goodwin . Ginnifer Goodwin Goodwin at the 2012 San Diego Comic - Con International . Jennifer Michelle Goodwin ( 1978 - 05 - 22 ) May 22 , 1978 ( age 39 ) Memphis , Tennessee , U.S. Alma mater Boston University Occupation Actress Years active 2000 -- present Spouse ( s ) Josh Dallas ( m . 2014 ) Children Jennifer Michelle `` Ginnifer '' Goodwin ( born May 22 , 1978 ) is an American actress . She is known for playing Margene Heffman in the drama series Big Love ( 2006 -- 2011 ) , Snow White in the fantasy series Once Upon a Time ( 2011 -- 2017 ) , and Judy Hopps in the Disney animated film Zootopia . Goodwin also appeared in various films including Mona Lisa Smile , Something Borrowed , Walk the Line , Killing Kennedy , and He 's Just Not That Into You . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 Theatre 6 Awards and nominations 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Goodwin was born in Memphis , Tennessee . Her mother , Linda ( née Kantor ) , is a former educator and stay - at - home mom who later worked for FedEx and Apple . Her father , Tim Goodwin , formerly owned and operated a recording studio . Goodwin changed her name from `` Jennifer '' to `` Ginnifer '' to distinguish her name , and to assist in pronunciation of her name in her regional dialect . Her younger sister , Melissa Goodwin , is a stop motion animator on shows such as Robot Chicken , on which Ginnifer has also appeared as voice talent . Her father is Christian , of English descent and a distant relative of the British royal family . Ginnifer is 11th cousin to Diana , Princess of Wales and 12th cousin to Princes William and Harry . Ginnifer 's mother is of Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry . Goodwin was raised attending synagogue on Saturdays and Unitarian church on Sundays . She was both baptized and had a bat mitzvah service . In her youth , Goodwin was affiliated with the North American Federation of Temple Youth , and was active in BBYO at the Jewish Community Center in Memphis . She went to school at St. Mary 's Episcopal School in Memphis , Tennessee . She then graduated from Lausanne Collegiate School in 1996 , then attended Hanover College ( majoring in Theater ) for one year before moving on to earn her Bachelor of Fine Arts from Boston University . While a student at BU , she performed in numerous student short films , as well as several college and local stage productions . Goodwin was given the `` Excellence in Acting : Professional Promise Award '' by the Bette Davis Foundation , and graduated with honors . After her time at Boston University , she studied in England at Stratford Upon - Avon 's Shakespeare Institute , in conjunction with the Royal Shakespeare Company . The following year she earned an `` Acting Shakespeare Certificate '' at London 's Royal Academy of Dramatic Art . Career ( edit ) Goodwin first had roles in the popular NBC television programs Law & Order and Ed before appearing in the Comedy Central television movie Porn ' n Chicken . She later had substantial roles in the films Mona Lisa Smile , Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! , Walk the Line -- in which she portrayed Vivian Liberto , Johnny Cash 's first wife -- and Birds of America . She also played Dori Dumchovic in the dark comedy Love Comes to the Executioner . Goodwin played a leading role as Margene Heffman , the third wife in a polygamous family , on the HBO original series Big Love , which concluded on March 20 , 2011 . Goodwin has recurring voice roles in the Adult Swim show Robot Chicken , the animation of which her younger sister Melissa Goodwin is involved . In 2008 , Max Mara honored Goodwin with a `` Face of the Future '' award , an award recognizing up and coming women in film . Goodwin played Gigi in He 's Just Not That into You , which was released in February 2009 . For this role , she received a nomination for the People 's Choice Award for Breakout Movie Actress . In April 2009 she began filming Ramona and Beezus ( playing `` Aunt Bea '' ) . From 2011 to 2017 , Goodwin played a leading role in the ABC fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time . She played both the fairy tale heroine Snow White and her real world counterpart , schoolteacher Mary Margaret Blanchard . Goodwin and husband Josh Dallas exited the show at the end of its sixth season to move back to Los Angeles with their family . Goodwin voiced Judy Hopps , the protagonist rabbit police officer in Disney 's Zootopia . In January 2017 , it was announced that Goodwin had been cast as Marianne in the Los Angeles production of Constellations . The play ran from June 14 to July 23 , 2017 at the Geffen Playhouse . Personal life ( edit ) Goodwin dated actor Joey Kern and they became engaged in December 2010 . They ended the engagement in May 2011 . Goodwin subsequently began dating her Once Upon a Time co-star Josh Dallas in fall 2011 . Goodwin and Dallas became engaged in October 2013 , and married on April 12 , 2014 in California . Goodwin and her husband have two sons , one born in 2014 the other born in 2016 . In 2013 , Goodwin stated that after leaving Memphis , she `` ... up and left Judaism for a very long time , '' and that , `` For 10 years , there was nothing . No ritual . No tradition . No community . '' She later reconnected with her faith , and has said , `` I was a Jew by birth , and now I 'm a Jew by choice . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 Mona Lisa Smile Constance `` Connie '' Baker Win a Date with Tad Hamilton ! Cathy Feely 2005 Walk the Line Vivian Liberto 2006 Love Comes to the Executioner Dori Dumchovic 2007 In the Land of Women Janey Day Zero Molly Rifkin 2008 Birds of America Ida Tanager 2009 He 's Just Not That Into You Gigi Phillips A Single Man Mrs. Strunk Ramona and Beezus Aunt `` Bea '' Beatrice 2011 Take Me Home Tonight Banky Something Borrowed Rachel White 2014 Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast Fawn ( voice ) 2016 Zootopia Judy Hopps ( voice ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Law & Order Erica Episode : `` Myth of Fingerprints '' 2001 -- 03 Ed Diane Snyder 25 episodes 2002 Porn ' n Chicken Maya Television film 2005 Robot Chicken Various ( voice ) 7 episodes 2006 -- 11 Big Love Margene Heffman 53 episodes 2007 Big Love : In the Beginning Margene Heffman 2 episodes 2009 Crappy Holidays Presents ... Episode : `` Crappy Easter '' 2011 SpongeBob SquarePants Purple Haired Mermaid ( voice ) Episode : `` Welcome to the Bikini Bottom Triangle '' Margene 's Blog Margene Henrickson Episode : `` Crush Story '' Five Charlotte Television film 2011 -- 17 Once Upon a Time Mary Margaret Blanchard / Snow White Main Role ( Season 1 - 6 ) 129 episodes 2012 Electric City Jean Marie St. Cloud 20 episodes 2013 Killing Kennedy Jacqueline Kennedy Television film 2014 Sofia the First Gwen ( voice ) Episode : `` Gizmo Gwen '' 2015 Who Do You Think You Are ? Herself Documentary series Episode : `` Ginnifer Goodwin '' Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice role 2015 Disney Infinity 3.0 Judy Hopps Theatre ( edit ) Year Title Role Venue 2017 Constellations Marianne Geffen Playhouse Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Production Result People 's Choice Award Favorite Breakout Movie Actress Nominated 2011 Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Actress : Romantic Comedy Something Borrowed Nominated 2012 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Once Upon a Time Nominated 2013 Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Once Upon a Time Nominated People 's Choice Award Favorite TV Drama Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Award Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress : Fantasy / Sci - Fi Once Upon a Time Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Duo ( along with Josh Dallas ) Once Upon a Time Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy Actress Once Upon a Time Nominated 2016 Voice Arts TM Awards Outstanding Motion Picture Animation , Best Voiceover Zootopia Won 2016 Alliance of Women Film Journalists Best Animated Female Zootopia Won 2017 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Animated Movie Voice Zootopia Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Frenemies ( shared with Jason Bateman ) Zootopia Won Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tied with Auli'i Cravalho for Moana References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ginnifer Goodwin '' . TVGuide.com . Archived from the original on 2015 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ Hanh Nguyen ( 19 March 2011 ) . `` Big Love Star Ginnifer Goodwin 's Surprise Name Change '' . TVGuide.com . Jump up ^ `` Ginnifer Goodwin Biography - Yahoo ! Movies '' . Movies.yahoo.com. 1978 - 05 - 22 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Pellettieri , Courtney ( May 2010 ) . `` Meals My Mother Taught Me '' . InStyle . Time Inc. 17 ( 5 ) : 324 -- 325 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Bloom , Nate . `` Interfaith Celebrities : Ginnifer Goodwin Re-Discovers Judaism ; R '' . InterfaithFamily . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Stated by Goodwin on the Late Show with David Letterman , Wednesday , March 18 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : Waters , David ( 2013 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin comes ' home ' to Jewish faith '' . Faith in Memphis . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ginnifer Goodwin . W Magazine . Retrieved on 2014 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Jews in the Limelight '' . Generationj.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Barbaverde123 ( 15 August 2006 ) . `` Love Comes to the Executioner ( 2006 ) '' . IMDb . Jump up ^ Leisa Barnett ( 2008 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin wins MaxMara award ( Vogue.com UK ) '' . Vogue.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 People 's Choice Award Nominees Revealed ; Neil Patrick Harris , Hugh Jackman & Green Day Honored '' . BWW News Desk . November 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Anthony J. ( March 4 , 2009 ) . `` Today 's new movie announcements . '' . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison , Ginnifer Goodwin & Co. on Their Literal `` Dream '' Project '' from TV Line ( July 25 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Johnson , Diedre ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` After Once Upon a Time and Downton Abbey , Ginnifer Goodwin and Allen Leech Star on Stage '' . Paste . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ginnifer Goodwin Joins Jason Bateman in Disney Animation 's ' Zootopia ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . The Hollywood Reporter . May 6 , 2015 . Retrieved May 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gardner , Chris ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Set for ' Constellations ' at Geffen Playhouse '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Premiere Of `` Constellations '' At The Geffen Playhouse Extends Through July 23 `` . Westside Today . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Blaine ( December 24 , 2010 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Is Engaged ! '' . People . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Blaine ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin and Fiancé Break Up '' . People . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach . `` Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas Make Red Carpet Debut as a Couple ! '' . UsMagazine.com . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ( October 11 , 2013 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Engaged to Josh Dallas '' . People . Retrieved November 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michaud , Sarah ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin Marries Josh Dallas '' . People . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Julie ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas Are Parents of Baby Boy '' . People . Retrieved May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time 's Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas Welcome Baby No. 2 '' . ENews . June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Avalanche Software . Disney Infinity 3.0 . Scene : Closing credits , 5 : 29 in , Featuring the Voice Talents of . Jump up ^ http://sovas.org/1309-2/ Jump up ^ `` 2016 AWFJ EDA Award Winners Alliance of Women Film Journalists '' . awfj.org . Retrieved 5 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 : Full Nominees and Winners List '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ginnifer Goodwin . Ginnifer Goodwin on IMDb Ginnifer Goodwin at AllMovie VIAF : 61847735 LCCN : no2004095612 ISNI : 0000 0001 0907 9518 GND : 142539511 SUDOC : 113134398 BNF : cb15117684f ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ginnifer_Goodwin&oldid=801199944 '' Categories : 1978 births 21st - century American actresses Actresses from Memphis , Tennessee Alumni of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art American film actresses American people of Jewish descent American people of Welsh descent American television actresses American voice actresses American Shakespearean actresses American Unitarians Boston University College of Fine Arts alumni Hanover College alumni Jewish American actresses Lausanne Collegiate School alumni Living people Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017 , at 08 : 13 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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actress who plays snow white on once upon a time
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"Jennifer Michelle \"Ginnifer\" Goodwin[1] (born May 22, 1978)[2] is an American actress. She is known for playing Margene Heffman in the drama series Big Love (2006–2011), Snow White in the fantasy series Once Upon a Time (2011–2017), and Judy Hopps in the Disney animated film Zootopia. Goodwin also appeared in various films including Mona Lisa Smile, Something Borrowed, Walk the Line, Killing Kennedy, and He's Just Not That Into You."
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"Jennifer Michelle \"Ginnifer\" Goodwin"
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711260511039978365
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Magnetic declination
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Magnetic declination - wikipedia Magnetic declination Example of magnetic declination showing a compass needle with a `` positive '' ( or `` easterly '' ) variation from geographic north . N is geographic or true north , N is magnetic north , and δ is magnetic declination Magnetic declination , or magnetic variation , is the angle on the horizontal plane between magnetic north ( the direction the north end of a compass needle points , corresponding to the direction of the Earth 's magnetic field lines ) and true north ( the direction along a meridian towards the geographic North Pole ) . This angle varies depending on position on the Earth 's surface and changes over time . Somewhat more formally , Bowditch defines variation as `` the angle between the magnetic and geographic meridians at any place , expressed in degrees and minutes east or west to indicate the direction of magnetic north from true north . The angle between magnetic and grid meridians is called grid magnetic angle , grid variation , or grivation . '' By convention , declination is positive when magnetic north is east of true north , and negative when it is to the west . Isogonic lines are lines on the Earth 's surface along which the declination has the same constant value , and lines along which the declination is zero are called agonic lines . The lowercase Greek letter δ ( delta ) is frequently used as the symbol for magnetic declination . The term magnetic deviation is sometimes used loosely to mean the same as magnetic declination , but more correctly it refers to the error in a compass reading induced by nearby metallic objects , such as iron on board a ship or aircraft . Magnetic declination should not be confused with magnetic inclination , also known as magnetic dip , which is the angle that the Earth 's magnetic field lines make with the downward side of the horizontal plane . Contents 1 Declination change over time and location 2 Determining declination 2.1 Direct measurement 2.2 Determination from maps and models 2.3 Software 3 Using the declination 3.1 Adjustable compasses 3.2 Non-adjustable compasses 4 Navigation 4.1 Deviation 4.2 Air navigation 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Declination change over time and location ( edit ) Magnetic declination varies both from place to place and with the passage of time . As a traveller cruises the east coast of the United States , for example , the declination varies from 16 degrees west in Maine , to 6 in Florida , to 0 degrees in Louisiana , to 4 degrees east ( in Texas ) . The declination at London , UK is one degree 7 minutes west ( 2014 ) , and as the country is quite small that figure is fairly good for the whole of the country . It is reducing , and scientists predict that in about 2050 it will be zero . In most areas , the spatial variation reflects the irregularities of the flows deep in the Earth ; in some areas , deposits of iron ore or magnetite in the Earth 's crust may contribute strongly to the declination . Similarly , secular changes to these flows result in slow changes to the field strength and direction at the same point on the Earth . Level curves drawn on a declination map to denote the magnetic declination , described by signed degrees . Each level curve is an isogonic line . NIMA Magnetic Variation Map 2000 The magnetic declination in a given area may ( most likely will ) change slowly over time , possibly as little as 2 -- 2.5 degrees every hundred years or so , depending upon how far from the magnetic poles it is . For a location closer to the pole like Ivujivik , the declination may change by 1 degree every three years . This may be insignificant to most travellers , but can be important if using magnetic bearings from old charts or metes ( directions ) in old deeds for locating places with any precision . As an example of how variation changes over time , see the two charts of the same area ( western end of Long Island Sound ) , below , surveyed 124 years apart . The 1884 chart shows a variation of 8 degrees , 20 minutes West . The 2008 chart shows 13 degrees , 15 minutes West . Western Long Island Sound , 1884 Western Long Island Sound , 2008 Determining declination ( edit ) Magnetic declination indicated on an Israeli map . The arrows show true north , grid north and magnetic north , and the caption explains that the average yearly change in the magnetic declination is 0 ° 03 ′ eastward . Direct measurement ( edit ) Antique declinometer The magnetic declination at any particular place can be measured directly by reference to the celestial poles -- the points in the heavens around which the stars appear to revolve , which mark the direction of true north and true south . The instrument used to perform this measurement is known as a declinometer . The approximate position of the north celestial pole is indicated by Polaris ( the North Star ) . In the northern hemisphere , declination can therefore be approximately determined as the difference between the magnetic bearing and a visual bearing on Polaris . Polaris currently traces a circle 0.73 ° in radius around the north celestial pole , so this technique is accurate to within a degree . At high latitudes a plumb - bob is helpful to sight Polaris against a reference object close to the horizon , from which its bearing can be taken . Determination from maps and models ( edit ) A rough estimate of the local declination ( within a few degrees ) can be determined from a general isogonic chart of the world or a continent , such as those illustrated above . Isogonic lines are also shown on aeronautical and nautical charts . Larger - scale local maps may indicate current local declination , often with the aid of a schematic diagram . Unless the area depicted is very small , declination may vary measurably over the extent of the map , so the data may be referred to a specific location on the map . The current rate and direction of change may also be shown , for example in arcminutes per year . The same diagram may show the angle of grid north ( the direction of the map 's north - south grid lines ) , which may differ from true north . On the topographic maps of the U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) , for example , a diagram shows the relationship between magnetic north in the area concerned ( with an arrow marked `` MN '' ) and true north ( a vertical line with a five - pointed star at its top ) , with a label near the angle between the MN arrow and the vertical line , stating the size of the declination and of that angle , in degrees , mils , or both . A prediction of the current magnetic declination for a given location ( based on a worldwide empirical model of the deep flows described above ) can be obtained online from a web page operated by the National Geophysical Data Center , a division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration of the United States . This model is built with all the information available to the map - makers at the start of the five - year period it is prepared for . It reflects a highly predictable rate of change , and is usually more accurate than a map -- which is likely months or years out of date -- and almost never less accurate . Software ( edit ) The National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency ( NGA ) provides source code written in C that is based on the World Magnetic Model ( WMM ) . The source code is free to download and includes a data file updated every five years to account for movement of the magnetic north pole . Using the declination ( edit ) Adjustable compasses ( edit ) Adjustable compass set to a declination of 0 ° and a bearing of 307 ° A magnetic compass points to magnetic north , not geographic north . Compasses of the style commonly used for hiking usually include a `` baseplate '' marked with a bezel that includes a graduated scale of degrees along with the four cardinal directions . Most advanced or costlier compasses include a declination adjustment . Such an adjustment moves the red `` orienting arrow '' ( found on the base of the liquid filled cylinder that contains the needle ) relative to the bezel and the baseplate . Either the cylinder has a mark to read against the scale of degrees on the baseplate , or a separate scale displays the current adjustment in degrees ( i.e. , the angle by which it has turned ) . In either case , the underlying concept is that for a declination of 10 ° W , the red orienting arrow on the cylinder must lie 10 ° W of 0 ° / N on the bezel . ( Basically , in this case , you are permanently subtracting 10 ° from your future bearings to compensate for the − 10 ° declination . If your declination was 10 ° E you would rotate the baseplate 's red orienting arrow 10 ° E of 0 ° / N to compensate for the + 10 ° declination . ) In this sense , it can be said that the compass has been adjusted to indicate true north instead of magnetic north ( as long as the compass remains within an area on the same isogonic line ) . Non-adjustable compasses ( edit ) How to compensate for magnetic declination when reading a compass . In this example , the declination is 14 ° E ( + 14 ° ) , so the compass card points to a `` north '' 14 degrees to the East of true North . To obtain a true bearing , add 14 degrees to the bearing shown by the compass . To work with both true and magnetic bearings , the user of a non-adjustable compass needs to make simple calculations that take into account the local magnetic declination . The example on the left shows how you would convert a magnetic bearing ( one taken in the field using a non-adjustable compass ) to a true bearing ( one that you could plot on a map ) by adding the magnetic declination . The declination in the example is 14 ° E ( + 14 ° ) . If , instead , the declination was 14 ° W ( - 14 ° ) , you would still `` add '' it to the magnetic bearing to obtain the true bearing : 40 ° + ( - 14 ° ) = 26 ° . The opposite procedure is used in converting a true bearing to a magnetic bearing . With a local declination of 14 ° E , a true bearing ( perhaps taken from a map ) of 54 ° is converted to a magnetic bearing ( for use in the field ) by subtracting the declination : 54 ° - 14 ° = 40 ° . If , instead , the declination was 14 ° W ( - 14 ° ) , you would still `` subtract '' it from the true bearing to obtain the magnetic bearing : 54 ° - ( - 14 ° ) = 68 ° . Navigation ( edit ) On aircraft or vessels there are three types of bearing : true , magnetic , and compass bearing . Compass error is divided into two parts , namely magnetic variation and magnetic deviation , the latter originating from magnetic properties of the vessel or aircraft . Variation and deviation are signed quantities . As discussed above , positive ( easterly ) variation indicates that magnetic north is east of geographic north . Compass , magnetic and true bearings are related by : T = M + V ( \ displaystyle T = M + V ) M = C + D ( \ displaystyle M = C + D ) The general equation relating compass and true bearings is T = C + V + D ( \ displaystyle T = C + V + D ) Where C ( \ displaystyle C ) is Compass bearing M ( \ displaystyle M ) is Magnetic bearing T ( \ displaystyle T ) is True bearing V ( \ displaystyle V ) is Variation D ( \ displaystyle D ) is compass Deviation V < 0 , D < 0 ( \ displaystyle V < 0 , D < 0 ) for Westerly Variation and Deviation V > 0 , D > 0 ( \ displaystyle V > 0 , D > 0 ) for Easterly Variation and Deviation To calculate true bearing from compass bearing ( and known deviation and variation ) : Compass bearing + deviation = magnetic bearing Magnetic bearing + variation = true bearing . To calculate compass bearing from true bearing ( and known deviation and variation ) : True bearing − variation = Magnetic bearing Magnetic bearing − deviation = Compass bearing . These rules are often combined with the mnemonic `` West is Best , East is least '' ; that is to say , add W declinations when going True headings to Magnetic Compass , and subtract E ones . Another simple way to remember which way to apply the correction for Continental USA is : For locations east of the agonic line ( zero declination ) , roughly east of the Mississippi : The magnetic bearing is always bigger . For locations west of the agonic line ( zero declination ) , roughly west of the Mississippi : The magnetic bearing is always smaller . Common abbreviations are : TC = true course ; V = variation ( of the Earth 's magnetic field ) ; MC = magnetic course ( what the course would be in the absence of local declination ) ; D = deviation caused by magnetic material ( mostly iron and steel ) on the vessel ; CC = compass course . Deviation ( edit ) Magnetic deviation is the angle from a given magnetic bearing to the related bearing mark of the compass . Deviation is positive if a compass bearing mark ( e.g. , compass north ) is right of the related magnetic bearing ( e.g. , magnetic north ) and vice versa . For example , if the boat is aligned to magnetic north and the compass ' north mark points 3 ° more east , deviation is + 3 ° . Deviation varies for every compass in the same location and depends on such factors as the magnetic field of the vessel , wristwatches , etc . The value also varies depending on the orientation of the boat . Magnets and / or iron masses can correct for deviation , so that a particular compass accurately displays magnetic bearings . More commonly , however , a correction card lists errors for the compass , which can then be compensated for arithmetically . Deviation must be added to compass bearing to obtain magnetic bearing . Air navigation ( edit ) Magnetic declination has a very important influence on air navigation , since the most simple aircraft navigation instruments are designed to determine headings by locating magnetic north through the use of a compass or similar magnetic device . Aviation sectionals ( maps / charts ) and databases used for air navigation are based on true north rather than magnetic north , and the constant and significant slight changes in the actual location of magnetic north and local irregularities in the planet 's magnetic field require that charts and databases be updated at least twice each year to reflect the current magnetic variation correction from true north . For example , as of March 2010 , near San Francisco , magnetic north is about 14.3 degrees east of true north , with the difference decreasing by about 6 minutes of arc per year . When plotting a course , most small aircraft pilots plot a trip using true north on a sectional ( map ) , then convert the true north bearings to magnetic north for in - plane navigation using the magnetic compass . During flight , the pilot derives the correct compass course by adding or subtracting the local variation displayed on a sectional . Radionavigation aids located on the ground , such as VORs , are also checked and updated to keep them aligned with magnetic north to allow pilots to use their magnetic compasses for accurate and reliable in - plane navigation . Runways are designated by a number between 01 and 36 , which is generally one tenth of the magnetic azimuth of the runway 's heading : a runway numbered 09 points east ( 90 ° ) , runway 18 is south ( 180 ° ) , runway 27 points west ( 270 ° ) and runway 36 points to the north ( 360 ° rather than 0 ° ) . However , due to magnetic declination , changes in runway designators have to occur at times to keep their designation in line with the runway 's magnetic heading . An exception is made for runways within the Northern Domestic Airspace of Canada ; these are numbered relative to true north because proximity to the magnetic North Pole makes the magnetic declination large . GPS systems used for air navigation can use magnetic north or true north . In order to make them more compatible with systems that depend on magnetic north , magnetic north is often chosen , at the pilot 's preference . The GPS receiver natively reads in true north , but can elegantly calculate magnetic north based on its true position and data tables ; the unit can then calculate the current location and direction of the north magnetic pole and ( potentially ) any local variations , if the GPS is set to use magnetic compass readings . See also ( edit ) Nautical portal Geomagnetism -- Wikipedia book Compass survey Geomagnetism L - shell Magnetic inclination Pole star Shen Kuo Voyages of Christopher Columbus References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bowditch , Nathaniel ( 2002 ) . American Practical Navigator . Paradise Cay Publications . p. 849 . ISBN 9780939837540 . Jump up ^ `` Find the magnetic declination at your location '' . Magnetic-Declination.com . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Magnetic declination , what it is , how to compensate . Jump up ^ `` Estimated Value of Magnetic Declination '' . Geomagnetism . NOAA National Geophysical Data Center . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ According to NOAA Geophysical Data Center on - line model Jump up ^ Federal Aviation Administration Aeronautical Information Manual , Chapter 2 , Section 3 Airport Marking Aids and Signs part 3b Archived 2012 - 01 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) USGS Geomagnetism Program Looks up your IP address location and tells you your declination . Online declination calculator at the National Geophysical Data Center ( NGDC ) Online declination and field strength calculator at the NGDC Mobile web - app for magnetic declination at the NGDC Historical magnetic declination viewer at the NGDC Magnetic declination calculator at Natural Resources Canada A Google spreadsheet application to bulk calculate magnetic declination World Magnetic Model source code download site Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_declination&oldid=849565753 '' Categories : Orientation ( geometry ) Geomagnetism Angle Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 33 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 21 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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does a compass point to true north or magnetic north
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"Magnetic declination, or magnetic variation, is the angle on the horizontal plane between magnetic north (the direction the north end of a compass needle points, corresponding to the direction of the Earth's magnetic field lines) and true north (the direction along a meridian towards the geographic North Pole). This angle varies depending on position on the Earth's surface and changes over time.\n"
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"magnetic north"
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List of Game of Thrones characters
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List of Game of Thrones characters - wikipedia List of Game of Thrones characters Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For the main characters of the novels , see List of A Song of Ice and Fire characters . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may contain an excessive amount of intricate detail that may only interest a specific audience . Please help by spinning off or relocating any relevant information , and removing excessive detail that may be against Wikipedia 's inclusion policy . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings. ( April 2016 ) This article contains too many pictures , charts or diagrams for its overall length . Please help to improve this article in accordance with the Manual of Style on use of images . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The characters from the American medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones are based on their respective counterparts from author George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels . Set in a fictional universe that has been referred to so far as `` The Known World , '' the series follows a civil war for the Iron Throne of the continent of Westeros , fought between the rival royal and noble families and their respective supporters . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Supporting cast 2 Main characters 2.1 Eddard `` Ned '' Stark 2.2 Robert Baratheon 2.3 Jaime Lannister 2.4 Catelyn Stark 2.5 Cersei Lannister 2.6 Daenerys Targaryen 2.7 Jorah Mormont 2.8 Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish 2.9 Viserys Targaryen 2.10 Jon Snow 2.11 Sansa Stark 2.12 Arya Stark 2.13 Robb Stark 2.14 Theon Greyjoy 2.15 Brandon `` Bran '' Stark 2.16 Joffrey Baratheon 2.17 Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane 2.18 Tyrion Lannister 2.19 Khal Drogo 2.20 Tywin Lannister 2.21 Davos Seaworth 2.22 Samwell Tarly 2.23 Margaery Tyrell 2.24 Stannis Baratheon 2.25 Melisandre 2.26 Jeor Mormont 2.27 Bronn 2.28 Varys 2.29 Shae 2.30 Ygritte 2.31 Talisa Maegyr 2.32 Gendry 2.33 Tormund Giantsbane 2.34 Gilly 2.35 Brienne of Tarth 2.36 Ramsay Bolton 2.37 Ellaria Sand 2.38 Daario Naharis 2.39 Missandei 2.40 Jaqen H'ghar 2.41 Tommen Baratheon 2.42 Roose Bolton 2.43 The High Sparrow 3 Supporting characters 3.1 House Arryn 3.2 House Baratheon 3.3 House Bolton 3.4 House Frey 3.5 House Greyjoy 3.6 House Lannister 3.7 House Martell 3.8 House Stark 3.9 House Targaryen 3.10 House Tully 3.11 House Tyrell 3.12 People of Essos 3.13 People of Westeros 3.14 Royal court and officials 3.15 Night 's Watch 3.16 Beyond the Wall 3.17 Animals 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Cast ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) The following cast members have been credited as main cast in the opening credits : Actor / Actress Character Appearances 5 6 7 8 Sean Bean Eddard `` Ned '' Stark Starring Recurring Guest Mark Addy Robert Baratheon Starring Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Jaime Lannister Starring Michelle Fairley Catelyn Stark Starring Lena Headey Cersei Lannister Starring Emilia Clarke Daenerys Targaryen Starring Iain Glen Jorah Mormont Starring Aidan Gillen Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish Starring Harry Lloyd Viserys Targaryen Starring Kit Harington Jon Snow Starring Sophie Turner Sansa Stark Starring Maisie Williams Arya Stark Starring Richard Madden Robb Stark Starring Alfie Allen Theon Greyjoy Starring TBA Isaac Hempstead Wright Bran Stark Starring Starring Jack Gleeson Joffrey Baratheon Starring Rory McCann Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane Starring Starring Peter Dinklage Tyrion Lannister Starring Jason Momoa Khal Drogo Starring Charles Dance Tywin Lannister Recurring Starring Liam Cunningham Davos Seaworth Starring John Bradley Samwell Tarly Recurring Starring Natalie Dormer Margaery Tyrell Starring Stephen Dillane Stannis Baratheon Starring Carice van Houten Melisandre Starring TBA James Cosmo Jeor Mormont Recurring Starring Jerome Flynn Bronn Recurring Starring TBA Conleth Hill Varys Recurring Starring TBA Sibel Kekilli Shae Recurring Starring Rose Leslie Ygritte Recurring Starring Oona Chaplin Talisa Maegyr Recurring Starring Joe Dempsie Gendry Recurring Starring Starring TBA Kristofer Hivju Tormund Giantsbane Recurring Starring TBA Hannah Murray Gilly Recurring Starring TBA Gwendoline Christie Brienne of Tarth Recurring Starring TBA Iwan Rheon Ramsay Bolton Recurring Starring Indira Varma Ellaria Sand Recurring Starring Michiel Huisman Daario Naharis Recurring Starring TBA Nathalie Emmanuel Missandei Recurring Starring Tom Wlaschiha Jaqen H'ghar Guest Recurring Starring TBA Dean - Charles Chapman Tommen Baratheon Recurring Recurring Starring Michael McElhatton Roose Bolton Recurring Starring Jonathan Pryce The High Sparrow Recurring Starring In seasons 6 and 7 , Sebastian Croft portrays Ned Stark as a child and Robert Aramayo portrays him as a young man . In season 5 , Nell Williams portrays Cersei Lannister in a flashback scene . In season 3 , Daario Naharis is portrayed by Ed Skrein . In season 1 , Jaqen H'ghar appears in one scene , portrayed by an uncredited extra . In seasons 1 and 2 , Tommen Baratheon is portrayed by Callum Wharry . Supporting cast ( edit ) Additionally the following cast members have appeared in 10 or more episodes of the show while maintaining a ' recurring ' status : Actor / Actress Character Appearances 5 6 7 8 Julian Glover Grand Maester Pycelle Recurring Ian Beattie Meryn Trant Recurring Kristian Nairn Hodor Recurring Recurring Mark Stanley Grenn Recurring Natalia Tena Osha Recurring Recurring Art Parkinson Rickon Stark Recurring Recurring Esmé Bianco Ros Recurring Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson Gregor Clegane Recurring Recurring Dominic Carter Janos Slynt Recurring Recurring Eugene Simon Lancel Lannister Recurring Recurring Nell Tiger Free Myrcella Baratheon Recurring Recurring Guest Ron Donachie Rodrik Cassel Recurring Recurring Donald Sumpter Maester Luwin Recurring Amrita Acharia Irri Recurring Roxanne McKee Doreah Recurring Ian Gelder Kevan Lannister Recurring Guest Recurring Ian McElhinney Barristan Selmy Recurring Recurring Luke Barnes Rast Recurring Recurring Peter Vaughan Maester Aemon Recurring Guest Recurring Josef Altin Pypar Recurring Guest Recurring Owen Teale Alliser Thorne Recurring Recurring Brian Fortune Othell Yarwyck Recurring Recurring Finn Jones Loras Tyrell Guest Recurring Ben Hawkey Hot Pie Guest Recurring Guest Guest TBA Richard Dormer Beric Dondarrion Guest Recurring Guest Recurring TBA Daniel Portman Podrick Payne Recurring TBA Ben Crompton Eddison Tollett Recurring Guest Recurring Gemma Whelan Yara Greyjoy Recurring Guest Recurring TBA Tara Fitzgerald Selyse Florent Guest Recurring William & James Wilson Little Sam Recurring TBA Jacob Anderson Grey Worm Recurring Anton Lesser Qyburn Recurring TBA Diana Rigg Olenna Tyrell Recurring Kerry Ingram Shireen Baratheon Recurring Ellie Kendrick Meera Reed Recurring Recurring TBA Thomas Brodie - Sangster Jojen Reed Recurring Paul Kaye Thoros of Myr Recurring Guest Recurring Rupert Vansittart Yohn Royce Guest Recurring Brenock O'Connor Olly Recurring Roger Ashton - Griffiths Mace Tyrell Recurring Faye Marsay The Waif Recurring Michael Condron Bowen Marsh Recurring In season 6 , Sam Coleman portrays Hodor as a child ( originally named Wylis ) . In season 1 , Gregor Clegane is portrayed by Conan Stevens and by Ian Whyte in season 2 . In seasons 1 and 2 , Myrcella Baratheon is portrayed by Aimee Richardson . In season 6 , Rodrik Cassel is portrayed by Fergus Leathem in flashback scenes . In season 1 , Beric Dondarrion is portrayed by David Michael Scott . In season 2 , Selyse Florent is portrayed by uncredited extra Sarah MacKeever . Introduced in Season 1 Lino Facioli as Robin Arryn Gethin Anthony as Renly Baratheon Francis Magee as Yoren Elyes Gabel as Rakharo David Bradley as Walder Frey Joseph Mawle as Benjen Stark Dennis McKeever as an officer of the Night 's Watch Steven Blount and John Stahl as Rickard Karstark Susan Brown as Septa Mordane Dar Salim as Qotho Gerard Jordan and uncredited extra as Biter Andy Beckwith and uncredited extra as Rorge Kate Dickie as Lysa Arryn Jamie Sives as Jory Cassel Wilko Johnson as Ilyn Payne Eros Vlahos as Lommy Greenhands Emun Elliott as Marillion Clive Mantle as Greatjon Umber Mia Soteriou as Mirri Maz Duur Miltos Yerolemou as Syrio Forel Andrew Wilde as Tobho Mott Roger Allam as Illyrio Mopatis Jefferson Hall as Hugh of the Vale Margaret John as Old Nan Mark Lewis Jones as Shagga Bronson Webb as Will Rob Ostlere as Waymar Royce Dermot Keaney as Gared John Standing as Jon Arryn Rhodri Hosking as Mycah Antonia Christophers as Mhaegen Sahara Knite as Armeca Introduced in Season 2 Josephine Gillan as Marei Sara Dylan as a handmaid Steven Cole as Kovarro Tony Way as Dontos Hollard Robert Pugh as Craster Nonso Anozie as Xaro Xhoan Daxos Ralph Ineson as Dagmer Cleftjaw Patrick Malahide as Balon Greyjoy Edward Dogliani and Ross O'Hennessy as the Lord of Bones Ian Hanmore as Pyat Pree Fintan McKeown as Amory Lorch Forbes KB as Lorren Simon Armstrong as Qhorin Halfhand Lucian Msamati as Salladhor Saan Andy Kellegher as Polliver Nicholas Blane as the Spice King Karl Davies as Alton Lannister Roy Dotrice as Hallyne Oliver Ford Davies as Maester Cressen Maisie Dee as Daisy David Coakley as Drennan Peter Ballance as Farlen Paul Caddell as Jacks Aidan Crowe as Quent Tyrone McElhennon as Torrhen Karstark Anthony Morris as the Tickler Slavko Juraga as the Silk King Laura Pradelska as Quaithe David Fynn as Rennick Introduced in Season 3 Tobias Menzies as Edmure Tully Charlotte Hope as Myranda Noah Taylor as Locke Clive Russell as Brynden Tully Will Tudor as Olyvar Tom Brooke and Daniel Tuite as Lothar Frey Tim Plester as Black Walder Rivers Paul Bentley as the second High Septon Mackenzie Crook as Orell Philip McGinley as Anguy Ciarán Hinds as Mance Rayder Burn Gorman as Karl Tanner Dan Hildebrand as Kraznys mo Nakloz Dean - Charles Chapman as Martyn Lannister Timothy Gibbons as Willem Lannister Alexandra Dowling as Roslin Tully Mark Killeen as Mero Ramon Tikaram as Prendahl na Ghezn Will O'Connell as Todder Pixie Le Knot as Kayla Jamie Michie as Steelshanks Walton Clifford Barry as Greizhen mo Ullhor George Georgiou as Razdal mo Eraz Introduced in Season 4 Joel Fry as Hizdahr zo Loraq Pedro Pascal as Oberyn Martell Elizabeth Webster as Walda Bolton Struan Rodger and Max von Sydow as the Three - eyed Raven Octavia Alexandru and Kae Alexander as Leaf Mark Gatiss as Tycho Nestoris Yuri Kolokolnikov as Styr Reece Noi as Mossador Joseph Gatt as the Thenn Warg Gary Oliver as Ternesio Terys Lu Corfield as the Mole 's Town madam Lois Winstone as a Mole 's Town prostitute Alisdair Simpson as Donnel Waynwood Paola Dionisotti as Anya Waynwood Deirdre Monaghan as Morag Jane McGrath as Sissy Sarine Sofair as Lhara Introduced in Season 5 Rosabell Laurenti Sellers as Tyene Sand Jessica Henwick as Nymeria Sand Keisha Castle - Hughes as Obara Sand Hannah Waddingham as Septa Unella DeObia Oparei as Areo Hotah Alexander Siddig as Doran Martell Toby Sebastian as Trystane Martell Enzo Cilenti as Yezzan zo Qaggaz Murray McArthur as Dim Dalba Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as Malko Birgitte Hjort Sørensen as Karsi Zahary Baharov as Loboda J.J. Murphy as Denys Mallister Ali Lyons as Johnna Oengus MacNamara as the thin man Hattie Gotobed as Ghita Meena Rayann as Vala Introduced in Season 6 Richard Rycroft as Maester Wolkan Pilou Asbæk as Euron Greyjoy Bella Ramsey as Lyanna Mormont Tim McInnerny as Robett Glover James Faulkner as Randyll Tarly Freddie Stroma and Tom Hopper as Dickon Tarly Paul Rattray as Harald Karstark Richard E. Grant as Izembaro Joe Naufahu as Khal Moro Essie Davis as Lady Crane Lucy Hayes as Kitty Frey Dean S. Jagger as Smalljon Umber Michael Feast as Aeron Greyjoy Kevin Eldon as Camello Eline Powell as Bianca Leigh Gill as Bobono Rob Callender as Clarenzo Gerald Lepkowski as Zanrush Souad Faress as High Priestess of the Dosh Khaleen Sean Blowers as Wyman Manderly Tom Varey as Cley Cerwyn Samantha Spiro as Melessa Tarly Rebecca Benson as Talla Tarly Ania Bukstein as Kinvara Ian McShane as Brother Ray Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson as Lem Lemoncloak Ricky Champ as Gatins Ian Davies as Morgan Nathanael Saleh as Arthur Annette Hannah as Frances Eddie Jackson as Belicho Paenymion Andrei Claude as Khal Rhalko Tamer Hassan as Khal Forzho Staz Nair as Qhono Chuku Modu as Aggo Deon Lee - Williams as Iggo Hannah John - Kamen as Ornella Introduced in Season 7 Jim Broadbent as Archmaester Ebrose Brendan Cowell as Harrag Megan Parkinson as Alys Karstark Harry Grasby as Ned Umber Non-human characters cast Richard Brake and Vladimir Furdik as the Night King Ian Whyte as the giant Wun Weg Wun Dar Wun and various White Walkers Ross Mullan as various White Walkers Tim Loane as a White Walker Ian Whyte as the giant Dongo the Dommed Neil Fingleton as the giant Mag Mar Tun Doh Weg Spencer Wilding as a White Walker Flashbacks cast Jodhi May as Maggy the Frog Nell Williams as young Cersei Lannister Isabella Steinbarth as Melara Hetherspoon Sebastian Croft as child Eddard Stark Matteo Elezi as child Benjen Stark Cordelia Hill as child Lyanna Stark Sam Coleman as young Wylis / Hodor Annette Tierney as young Old Nan Fergus Leathem as young Rodrik Cassel Robert Aramayo as young Eddard Stark Luke Roberts as Arthur Dayne Eddie Eyre as Gerold Hightower Leo Woodruff as young Howland Reed Wayne Foskett as Rickard Stark David Rintoul as Aerys ' The Mad King ' Targaryen Aisling Franciosi as young Lyanna Stark Wilf Scolding as Rhaegar Targaryen Tom Chadbon as High Septon Maynard Main characters ( edit ) Eddard `` Ned '' Stark ( edit ) Sean Bean Main article : Ned Stark Ned Stark ( season 1 , 6 - 7 ) portrayed by Sean Bean in season 1 as an adult , and by Sebastian Croft in season 6 as a child , and Robert Aramayo in season 6 and 7 as a young adult . Eddard `` Ned '' Stark of House Stark , Lord of Winterfell and Warden of the North , becomes the Hand of the King after Lord Jon Arryn 's death . He is known for his sense of honor and justice . He took part in Robert 's Rebellion after his sister Lyanna was kidnapped by Crown Prince Rhaegar Targaryen . When Ned 's father and brother went south to reclaim her , the `` Mad King '' Aerys Targaryen burned both of them alive . Ned and Robert Baratheon led the rebellion to unseat him from the throne . As the show opens , Ned has been content to remain in the north , but after the death of Lord Jon Arryn , he is convinced that it is his duty to accept the position of Hand of the King . Ned is not interested in politics , and prefers to rule with honor and follow the law . While investigating the reason for the death of Jon Arryn , he discovers that all three of Robert 's children with Queen Cersei were fathered by Cersei 's twin brother Jaime . When Ned confronts Cersei about the truth , she has him imprisoned for treason after he publicly denounces Joffrey . Ned is convinced by Varys that if he goes to his death honorably , as he is prepared to do , his daughters will suffer for it . To protect them , he sacrifices his honor and publicly declares that he was plotting to steal the throne and that Joffrey is the true king . Despite Cersei 's promise that Ned would be allowed to join the Night 's Watch in exile , Joffrey orders Ned 's execution for his own amusement and later torments Sansa by forcing her to look at her father 's head . His bones are later returned to Catelyn in the Stormlands by Petyr Baelish , who laments Ned 's downfall and that he was too honorable to seize power through force , rather insisting the throne pass to Lord Stannis Baratheron , Robert 's younger brother . Baelish 's preferred course of action , revealed only to Ned , had been to seize Cersei and her children first and rule in Joffrey 's name as Regent and Lord Protector . Ned 's execution , however , is not in vain , since he notifies Stannis of the truth of Joffrey 's parentage , and Stannis informs all of Westeros , which sets into motion the War of Five Kings against House Lannister . Robert Baratheon ( edit ) Mark Addy Main article : Robert Baratheon Robert Baratheon ( season 1 ) portrayed by Mark Addy . Robert Baratheon of House Baratheon , formerly a fierce warrior , became King of the Seven Kingdoms after leading a rebellion against Aerys II Targaryen . He was betrothed to Ned Stark 's sister Lyanna and loved her deeply , and she was kidnapped by Rhaegar Targaryen . Her father and another brother were killed when they went to King 's Landing to reclaim her , which resulted in Robert and Ned Stark 's revolt known as Robert 's Rebellion , whereupon the Targaryens were all slaughtered or routed from the Kingdoms . Since Robert 's family had closer ties to the former Royal family , this put Robert on the Iron Throne . Now , Robert has grown fat and miserable ; he has no more wars to fight , is surrounded by plotters and sycophants , hates and is bored by the constant work needed to manage the Kingdoms properly , and trapped in a political marriage to the scheming Cersei Lannister , whom he has never loved . He is unaware that none of his three children are his , but instead Jaime Lannister 's . Under his reign , the realm has been bankrupted , and Robert is deeply in debt to his wife 's family . Killed while hunting , he unknowingly leaves no rightful heir behind . His bastards are ordered dead by Joffrey , many of which are killed , and Gendry is subsequently forced to flee the capital . Jaime Lannister ( edit ) Nikolaj Coster - Waldau Main article : Jaime Lannister Jaime Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Nikolaj Coster - Waldau . Ser Jaime Lannister of House Lannister is a member of the Kingsguard and an exceptionally skilled swordsman . He is the Queen 's twin brother and has carried on an incestuous love affair with her all his life , fathering all three of her living children . He truly does love his sister and will do anything , no matter how rash , to stay close to her . He is nicknamed `` Kingslayer '' for killing the previous King , Aerys II , whom he was sworn to protect . He was allowed to keep his post in the current Kingsguard as he and his influential father helped Robert win the war , but no one feels he deserves this post , which frustrates Jaime . Despite Eddard Stark 's animosity against him for forsaking his oath to protect the King during Robert 's Rebellion , Jaime has great respect for Eddard , whom he considers a great warrior and his equal . Unlike his father and sister , Jaime cares deeply about his younger brother Tyrion . In Season 2 , Catelyn releases and sends Jaime to King 's Landing under Brienne of Tarth 's watch in exchange for a pledge to send her daughters home . On the journey , they are captured by the violent Locke , a man - at - arms under Roose Bolton , a Northern Lord . On their way to Harrenhal , now held by Bolton , the lowborn Locke cuts off Jaime 's sword hand to taunt his position and privilege . Jaime survives and is allowed to depart Harrenhal on condition that he acquits Bolton from any guilt . During his time in Harrenhal , Jaime reveals to Brienne on why he killed King Aerys II . Once freed , Jaime travels to King 's Landing with Brienne and disgraced Maester Qyburn , given by Bolton to tend to his injury , in tow . At the end of Season 3 , they arrive at the gates and Jaime reunites with Cersei . In season 4 , Jaime is fitted with a golden prosthetic hand and given a new sword , and is trained by Bronn in fencing with his left hand . Jaime is one of the few people in King 's Landing who believe in Tyrion 's innocence in killing Joffrey , and does his best to comfort his younger brother , while outright refusing Cersei 's order to kill Tyrion before his trial . When Tyrion is sentenced to death , Jaime frees Tyrion from captivity and arranges for him to be smuggled to Essos with Varys 's help . Jaime tells Cersei that he will travel to Dorne and bring Myrcella back . Myrcella says that she likes it in Dorne and does n't want to go back to King 's Landing . However , she eventually leaves with her uncle and Trystane , after Doran bargains to have his son take his seat on the Small Council . On the journey home , Jaime reveals his incestuous relationship to Cersei to their daughter , who then reveals she knows and is glad that Jaime is her father and hugs him , but moments later Myrcella collapses from poison and dies . In season 6 , Jaime returns to King 's Landing with Myrcella 's body and sends Doran a letter requesting the heads of Ellaria , Obara , Nymeria and Tyene , but later hears that both Doran and Trystane were killed by the Sands . In response to Cersei 's humiliation by the Faith Militant , Jaime ponders murdering the High Sparrow and marching on the Great Sept of Baelor with the army of House Tyrell to forcibly rescue Margaery from custody . He is foiled , however , when Tommen declares an allegiance between the Faith and the Crown , and dismisses Jaime from the Kingsguard , clearly on the High Sparrow 's orders . Jaime is later sent to the Riverlands with Bronn to oversee the surrender of Riverrun . He parleys with Brynden `` The Blackfish '' Tully , to no avail , and then falsely threatens Edmure Tully with the murder of his baby son if he does not get his men to surrender the castle . The castle eventually falls to the Lannisters and Freys . Jaime briefly crosses paths with Brienne and Podrick , but allows them to leave peacefully . He returns to King 's Landing shortly after the Great Sept 's destruction , and enters the Red Keep to see Cersei being crowned Queen . In Season 7 he commands the Lannister army , capturing Highgarden but suffering defeat when ambushed by Daenerys ' Dothraki forces and dragons . He clashes with Cersei over the threat from the Army of the Dead , and when she breaks her word over sending military support he leaves her and rides north alone . Catelyn Stark ( edit ) Michelle Fairley Main article : Catelyn Stark Catelyn Stark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Michelle Fairley . Catelyn Stark of House Stark and House Tully ( née Tully ) , Lady of Winterfell , is the wife of Lord Eddard Stark . Born to the Lord and Lady of the Riverlands , she is the elder sister of Lysa Arryn , Lady of the Vale and Mistress of the Eyrie , and Lord Edmure Tully , Lord of Riverrun . After deducing that the Lannisters are responsible for the attempt on Bran Stark 's life , she travels to King 's Landing to warn Ned , and on her return trip has a chance encounter with Tyrion Lannister . Since Catelyn does not know about Tyrion 's complete innocence , she decides to take him captive because she believes that he is behind the attempt on her son 's life . She takes him to her sister , Lysa Arryn , so that he can be brought to justice but is not successful , as Tyrion is found innocent after a trial by combat . After her husband is arrested and her eldest son Robb goes to war for his release , she joins her son 's war council . Upon learning that her husband was executed by orders of King Joffrey , she vows to her son Robb that the Lannister family will pay with their lives . Throughout Season 2 , she aids her son Robb in the rebellion by advising him and attempting to broker alliances . While trying to form an alliance with Renly Baratheon , another claimant to the Iron Throne , she takes Brienne of Tarth into her service as an armswoman after Renly 's assassination . She frees Jaime Lannister , a valuable hostage to the Starks , in an attempt to exchange him for her captive daughters . Robb , feeling betrayed by what his mother has done , puts her under house arrest . Catelyn travels north with her son to her father 's funeral at her childhood home of Riverrun . She is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre after her desperate ( and futile ) pleas to the Freys to spare her son , threatening to slit Lady Frey 's throat if Robb dies . She keeps her promise , and is herself killed moments later when `` Black '' Walder Frey cuts her throat to the bone . In Season 4 , it is stated that her body was stripped naked and thrown into the river after the massacre as a mockery of House Tully 's funeral traditions . Though House Stark is stripped of all lands and titles by House Lannister as a result of Robb 's death and his ultimately failed rebellion against the Iron Throne , Catelyn and her son are later avenged in Season 6 and the first episode of Season 7 when her eldest daughter Sansa Stark and Sansa 's half brother Jon Snow successfully overthrow House Bolton and retake Winterfell and Jon is crowned the King in the North by the remaining Northern lords , wildlings , and Knights of the Vale , restoring Stark rule in the North in the process , while her youngest daughter Arya Stark returns to Westeros , murders Walder Frey , and later uses his face to disguise herself as him to poison all his sons and male descendants at the Twins , ultimately avenging the Red Wedding and exterminating House Frey . Cersei Lannister ( edit ) Lena Headey Main article : Cersei Lannister Cersei Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Lena Headey . Cersei Lannister of House Lannister and House Baratheon , Queen of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros , is the wife of King Robert Baratheon . Her father arranged the marriage when she was a teenager , initiating himself as a political counselor for King Robert . The Lannisters are the richest family in Westeros , which is why Robert was interested in a marriage between them . Cersei has a twin brother , Jaime , with whom she has been involved in an incestuous affair from early childhood . All three of Cersei 's children are Jaime 's . Cersei 's main character attribute is her desire for power and her deep loyalty to her father , children , and brother Jaime . Cersei learns that her husband Robert is in danger of finding out that the children he sees as his heirs to the throne are not his . Robert meets his end as the result of a boar attack on a hunting trip , before Ned Stark tells him of the truth about his children . Cersei works quickly to instate her oldest son , Joffrey , on the throne , with her as his chief political advisor and Queen Regent . Joffrey quits listening to his mother , and by the beginning of the second season her father decides Cersei does not exercise enough control over her son , and her father sends his youngest son Tyrion as an additional political advisor . Cersei and Tyrion do not get along , and constantly try to undermine each other 's authority over the crown . As of the end of season 2 , Tyrion has accumulated more sway over the Iron Throne , and has shipped Cersei 's only daughter off against Cersei 's will to be married to the prince of Dorne . In season 3 , she takes pleasure in Tyrion 's diminished position and taunts him for being forced into a marriage pact with Sansa Stark , only to be told by her father that he intends to marry her to Loras Tyrell . At the end of the season , the two siblings ponder at their respective marriages , and Cersei reunites with Jaime in her bedchamber as he unexpectedly returns from captivity . In season 4 , she has Tyrion arrested after Joffrey is fatally poisoned . It is implied that she knows Tyrion 's guilt is highly unlikely , but just wants to see him dead , though Jaime refuses to carry out the order . Indeed , at Tyrion 's trial , it is obvious that Cersei has manipulated the entire procedure so that the only witnesses ( herself , Lord Varys , Meryn Trant , Grand Maester Pycelle and Shae ) give either incomplete or entirely false testimonies to implicate Tyrion and Sansa further in the murder . When Tyrion demands a trial by combat , Cersei quickly chooses Ser Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane as her champion to diminish Tyrion 's chances of acquittal , and has Bronn betrothed to a noblewoman so that Tyrion can not choose him as his champion . Cersei 's wish comes true when Tyrion 's champion , Oberyn Martell , is killed by Clegane , but she still refuses to marry Loras , even threatening her father with revealing the truth about her relationship with Jaime and the parentage of her children . Tywin rebuffs her threats , though he himself is killed by an escaping Tyrion soon afterwards . Cersei attends Tywin 's funeral and later orders a bounty on Tyrion 's head . Cersei and Jaime receive a message from Dorne : a small viper statue with a necklace in its fangs . Cersei tells Jaime that the necklace belongs to their daughter , Myrcella , who was sent to Dorne by Tyrion . Jaime tells Cersei that he will travel to Dorne and bring Myrcella back . Cersei meets with two hunters who have brought her a severed head , though she is disappointed to find that it is not Tyrion 's head . Qyburn lays claim to the head for his research and the two walk to a small council meeting . With the office of Hand of the King vacant , Cersei tells the council that she will stand in temporarily until Tommen chooses a new Hand . She appoints Mace Tyrell as the new Master of Coin and Qyburn as the new Master of Whisperers . When Cersei tries to appoint her uncle Kevan as the Master of War , he declines , telling her that as the queen mother she holds no power , and has no interest in serving in a council filled with her sycophants . In defiance of Cersei 's `` orders '' , Kevan states that he will return to Casterly Rock until he hears direct word from Tommen that he is required . Tommen soon weds Margaery Tyrell . Under Margaery 's influence , Tommen drops hints that he would like Cersei to return to Casterly Rock , but she refuses , and confronts Margaery , who insults her . Cersei catches the High Septon being punished for entering a brothel by her cousin Lancel , who has become a member of the Faith Militant , an extremist group that worships the Seven . Cersei talks to their leader , the High Sparrow , and instates him as the new High Septon . The Faith Militant then aggressively puncture all barrels of wine and trash Petyr Baelish 's brothel . They also arrest Margaery 's brother Loras on the grounds of his homosexuality . Tommen , at Margaery 's insistence , tries to get Cersei to release Loras , but Cersei swears she had nothing to do with it , After a trial , Loras is arrested after a prostitute named Olyvar testifies against Loras . Margaery is also arrested for lying about Loras ' sexual orientation , and both are put in dungeons . All of this delights Cersei , who goes to see Margaery in her cell and brings her a bowl of venison stew . Cersei has one final talk with the High Sparrow about the accomplishments of the pair , but he soon reveals that Lancel has confessed everything ( in Season 1 , Cersei had sex with him in Jaime 's absence ) . Cersei is subsequently arrested for adultery , incest , and murder ( it was her plan to get Robert drunk so that he would injure himself while hunting ) . She is only visited in her cell by Qyburn , who tells her that Grand Maester Pycelle has seized power of the throne , and that Kevan is serving as hand of the king . Cersei is distraught to learn that Tommen , anguished over his wife 's and mother 's arrests , has not been eating . Cersei is also visited by a septa , who orders her to confess to her sins . Cersei refuses , and she is hit by the septa . Weakened , Cersei is forced to lick the water off the floors of the cell . She eventually agrees to reveal herself to the High Septon , confessing her incestuous relationship to Lancel Lannister but refusing to admit more serious offences , which would be harder for the Faith to prove . The High Sparrow allows her to leave captivity in favor of house arrest in the Red Keep , pending the trial , but only if she agrees to do `` atonement '' for her sins by being shaved and walking naked through the streets of King 's Landing . Cersei endures the walk with great resolve , bleeding and covered in filth as she eventually reaches the Keep , where she reunites with her uncle Kevan , now Hand of the King , and Qyburn , who introduces her to the newest member of the Kingsguard , a freakishly large , silent giant implied to be the reanimated corpse of Gregor Clegane . In season 6 , Cersei remains under house arrest and is not allowed to attend the funeral of Myrcella , who was ultimately killed by Ellaria Sand . Though her initial plan is to demand a trial by combat and name Gregor as her champion , she is foiled when Tommen falls under the control of the High Sparrow and abolishes the practice , stripping Cersei of her trump card . In desperation , Cersei has Qyburn look into an `` old rumour '' , which turns out to be the Mad King 's wildfire caches . On the day of her and Loras 's trial , Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor with the wildfire and kills hundreds of people , including Margaery , Loras , Mace Tyrell , Kevan , Lancel , the High Sparrow and the entire Faith Militant , and also has Grand Maester Pycelle killed in his chambers . With her enemies out of the way , Cersei crowns herself Queen and names Qyburn as her Hand . In Season 7 Cersei consolidates her position through alliances with the Tarlys and with Euron Greyjoy , who help her to capture Highgarden , destroy much of Daenerys ' fleet and take revenge on Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes . She tells Jamie she is pregnant and it pleases him when she says that she will name him as the father . Cersei agrees to Tyrion 's request for a parley with the Targaryen party , and is visibly shocked by the wight that has been brought south . She agrees to send a military force north to help the fight against the Army of the Dead , but reveals to Jamie that she has no intention of keeping her word . Jamie argues , and although Cersei threatens to have him killed she takes no action against him as he leaves her to go north . Daenerys Targaryen ( edit ) Emilia Clarke Main article : Daenerys Targaryen Daenerys Targaryen ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Emilia Clarke . Daenerys Targaryen is the exiled princess of the Targaryen dynasty . Also called `` the Stormborn '' , she and her brother Viserys were smuggled to Essos during the end of Robert 's Rebellion . For seventeen years , she has been under the care of Viserys , whom she fears , as he is abusive to her whenever she displeases him . In exchange for an army , Viserys marries her to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo , making her a Khaleesi , a queen of the Dothraki . Daenerys is at first afraid of her new husband but after learning the Dothraki language , she manages to get past their barriers . She begins to understand him and genuinely falls in love with him after learning Drogo is an intelligent leader and a kind man . After embracing the Dothraki culture , she becomes stronger and rebels against her brother . She later becomes pregnant with Drogo 's son who is prophesied by the Dothraki to be the `` Stallion Who Mounts the World '' . After her brother 's death and an assassination attempt by Robert Baratheon , Drogo vows to Daenerys that he will conquer the Seven Kingdoms for her and their unborn son . However , during their journey Drogo suffers from blood poisoning due to an infected wound incurred during a fight with a Dothraki tribesman . Daenerys is forced to seek the help of healer Mirri Maz Duur to save his life using blood magic . Mirri tricks Daenerys by using her unborn son 's life as a sacrifice to heal Drogo , leaving him in a permanent catatonic state , and forcing Daenerys to end her husband 's life . Losing both her husband and son , Daenerys punishes Mirri by having her burnt at the stake . She also lays the three dragon eggs she received as a wedding gift onto Khal Drogo 's body , then steps into the burning funeral pyre . After the fire extinguishes itself , the Khaleesi and three baby dragons , named Drogon , Rhaegal , and Viserion , are found alive and unharmed . Daenerys takes the baby dragons and the remaining tribe to gather new allies and reclaim the Iron Throne . She becomes the first female Dothraki leader . In Season 2 , she is lost in the Red Waste , a stretch of barren land . She and her khalasar eventually make it to Qarth , where the nobles are more interested in her dragons than her conquering Westeros . When her dragons are stolen by Pyat Pree , she goes into the House of the Undying and retrieves them , killing Pyat Pree . In the second season 's finale , she imprisons her host Xaro Xoan Daxos for having helped Pyat Pree . Her horde loot Xaro 's mansion to buy a ship . Daenerys travels from Qarth to Astapor , a city in Slaver 's Bay , where she negotiates the purchase of elite eunuch soldiers called the Unsullied . She also meets the famed knight Ser Barristan Selmy , and accepts him into her queensguard . On her departure from the city , she frees the slaves and has Drogon torch its elders . By the end of Season 3 , although her power has not yet been tested , she has acquired the loyalty of tens of thousands of freed slaves from Astapor and Yunkai , her remaining Dothraki brethren ( and two former Westerosi soldiers whom she encountered through the Dothraki , who advise her ) 2,000 ' Second Sons ' cavalrymen , 8,000 ' Unsullied ' elite infantry , and three rapidly growing dragons . The stay in Slaver 's Bay has made her question her motives , however , and she takes up the cause of ending slavery as well , donning the honorific `` Breaker of Chains '' as the slaves hold her to the sky , praising her as their Mhysa , or `` Mother '' . Daenerys later frees the slaves from Meereen , the last of the slave cities in Slaver 's Bay , but realizes that she is slowly losing control of her dragons , especially when Drogon shows signs of aggression towards her when she tries to break up a fight between them over food . Aware that she does not have enough men to conquer Westeros just yet , Daenerys resolves to remain in Slaver 's Bay and rule as Queen for the time being . She eventually learns of Jorah 's original purpose , which was to spy on her for Robert Baratheon , and orders him to leave Meereen on threat of execution . After she receives too many complaints about her dragons , Daenerys , locks Rhaegal and Viserion of them in the catacombs beneath Meereen before searching for Drogon . Meanwhile , Daenerys faces a new threat to her rule in the form of the Sons of the Harpy , a resistance movement against her and the Unsullied . She considers freeing her dragons , but they attempt to attack her , making her realize that they are no longer loyal to her . After Daario and Grey Worm arrest a member of the Sons of the Harpy , Mossador implores Daenerys to execute their captive , but Barristan tells her of the Mad King 's actions against his enemies , which included burning them with wildfire while laughing . He asks her not to execute the captive without a fair trial , and she agrees with him . Mossador goes against her wishes , and kills the captive Son of the Harpy . Daenerys has him publicly executed , which leads a riot to break out between the old masters and the freed slaves . At night , Daenerys finds that Drogon has returned , but when she tries to touch his face , he flies away . Soon afterward , a group of Unsullied patrolling the streets of Meereen are stopped by a crying woman who points them to an alleyway . The Unsullied head in to investigate , but it is revealed that the entire affair was a set up after they are soon cornered by a group of the Sons of the Harpy . The Unsullied attempt to fight back , but the Sons of the Harpy kill many of them . Barristan Selmy sees the commotion and tries to help , killing many of the Sons of the Harpy , but gets badly wounded , and dies . Grey Worm also sustains serious but nonfatal injuries . Daenerys is furious after learning what has happened to Barristan , and rounds up the leaders of the great Meereenese houses . She takes them into the catacombs where she randomly has one of them shoved forward . The Meereenese lord is promptly killed by dragonfire from Rhaegal , and he and Viserion eat him . Daenerys then has all the lords arrested , including her former adviser Hizdahr zo Loraq , whom she decides to marry to win over the Meereenese nobles . To respect the culture of the area , she agrees to have the fighting pits reinstated ( she had previously declined due to her distaste for killing for sport ) . Hizdahr convinces Daenerys to go to one of the pits to see the contestants battling over who will go to the final competition . Daenerys is sickened by the bloodshed , and gets up to leave , but her attention is turned by one masked competitor who defeats all of the other competitors without killing any of them . This competitor turns out to be Jorah Mormont , who is trying to win over Daenerys ' favor after being banished . Daenerys orders the Unsullied to take him away , but Jorah announces that he has brought her a gift , and Tyrion Lannister reveals himself to Daenerys . After a round of questioning , Daenerys banishes Jorah once again , but takes Tyrion on as her adviser . On the great opening of Daznak 's Pit , Jorah resurfaces as a voluntary contender on the arena , but Daenerys refuses to stop the games to spare his life . Jorah eventually prevails and saves her life by impaling with his spear an attacker from the Sons of the Harpy , who appear in legions and attack Daenerys ' guards . Cornered at the midst of the arena , defeat seems immediate when Drogon returns , killing many Sons of the Harpy despite being wounded by several of their spears . Daenerys manages to rekindle their bond and climbs his back , riding off into the distance to a stunned crowd . She roams the Great Steppe north of the city , where Drogon seems reluctant to obey her commands or even hunt for food . Strolling about on her own , Daenerys is faced with an incoming Dothraki khalasar of great numbers , and after dropping a ring to the ground to leave a trail , she is surrounded . In season 6 , the Dothraki take her to Vaes Dothrak , where she identifies herself to Khal Moro as Drogo 's former wife . Out of respect for Dothraki traditions , they take Daenerys to join the Dosh Khaleen , which consisted of the wives of deceased khals . Daenerys refuses and instead burns the temple down with all the khals still inside , naming herself as the new leader of the Dothraki . She returns to Meereen with her new army and destroys the slaver fleet assaulting the city with her dragons . In the aftermath , Daenerys meets with Theon and Yara Greyjoy , who offer their support for her claim so that they can overthrow their uncle Euron . Daenerys accepts their aid and secures help from the Reach and Dorne , names Tyrion as her hand , but breaks up with Daario , ordering him to stay behind and govern Slaver 's Bay in her absence . With her new army , Daenerys finally sets sail for Westeros . In Season 7 Daenerys finally uses her dragons in battle , annihilating a Lannister force and their baggage train with fire . Daenerys welcomes Jon Snow to Dragonstone , seeing him as a friend and ally , insisting that he bend the knee to her but exhibiting patience with his refusal . She believes his tales of white walkers and agrees to let him mine dragonglass ( obsidian ) from her land . When Jon 's expedition north of the Wall gets into trouble Daenerys takes her dragons to rescue them , and is devastated when the Night King kills one . On the ship back to Dragonstone she and Jon make love . Jorah Mormont ( edit ) Iain Glen Main article : Jorah Mormont Jorah Mormont ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Iain Glen . Ser Jorah Mormont of House Mormont is an exiled knight in the service of Daenerys Targaryen and the son of Jeor Mormont of the Night 's Watch . To fund his wife 's extravagant lifestyle , he sold poachers on his land to slave traders , which is illegal in the Seven Kingdoms . Rather than face punishment by Lord Stark , he fled to Essos and learned the lifestyle of the Dothraki who embrace him as one of their own and know him as `` Jorah The Andal '' . Jorah serves as an adviser to the Targaryens on both political and cultural matters of both the Seven Kingdoms and Essos . Jorah is actually spying on the Targaryens for Lord Varys in exchange for a pardon on his crimes . But after learning more about Daenerys , Jorah falls in love with her and decides to protect and help her regain the Iron Throne . After she is widowed , he remains with her and becomes the first knight of her Queensguard . He serves Daenerys as an adviser throughout Season 2 and tries to help her claim her birthright as queen of the Seven Kingdoms . In Season 3 , he plays an important part in the capture of Yunkai , together with Unsullied commander Grey Worm and Daario Naharis , Lieutenant and leader of the Second Sons . Led by Daario , the trio infiltrates the city and kills a number of Yunkish guards to open a gate , ensuring the capture of Yunkai . Jorah later assists Daenerys and her army in conquering Meereen , and later informs her of Joffrey 's death , but at the same time dissuades her from invading King 's Landing , since she is not strong enough to take all of Westeros yet . When Daenerys appears to begin a romantic relationship with Daario , Jorah voices his disapproval . Daenerys eventually discovers that Jorah 's original mission was to spy on her for the `` usurper '' Robert Baratheon , which led to her and her unborn son almost being killed by the wine merchant in Vaes Dothrak , and exiles him from Meereen on the threat of death . Jorah subsequently departs alone . He runs into Tyrion Lannister in Volantis , kidnapping him to deliver to `` the Queen '' , meaning Daenerys . Sailing through the ruins of Valyria , the couple are assaulted by stone men long decayed by greyscale , and Jorah is seemingly infected by the disease as one of the stone men touches his hand . He drags Tyrion safely to land , where the couple are captured by pirates . Tyrion convinces them to take them to Meereen to be sold as slaves in the fighting pits , where they are bought by master Yezzan zo Qaggaz , and successfully escape during a tourney . Upon seeing Jorah again , Daenerys orders him taken away . Tyrion manages to convince her of his worth and urges her to take him as her adviser , upon which he advises her , correctly in his opinion , to have Ser Jorah banished for his treason , having concealed the true nature of his service to her although he had several chances of doing so . Jorah is exiled a second time , and returns to Yezzan , wishing to fight in the pits before the Queen to see . He does so , and eventually emerges as the victor ; brandishing his spear , he impales an assassin from the Sons of the Harpy about to stab Daenerys , and protects her as she is forced to flee into the pit as more harpies emerge . They are eventually saved by Drogon , who absconds Daenerys on his back , and Jorah resolutely decides to track her into the wild to wherever she has gone , joined by Daario Naharis , while Tyrion stays behind to govern Meereen . They track her to Vaes Dothrak and witness Daenerys kill all the khals and take control of the Dothraki . Daenerys , however , learns of Jorah 's greyscale infection , and orders him to find a cure and then rejoin her cause . At the Citadel in Oldtown , Samwell Tarly defies orders to subject Jorah to a dangerous and painful cure . It is successful and Jorah returns to Daenerys , who revokes his banishment . Jorah goes north of the Wall with Jon Snow to capture a wight . He refuses Jon 's attempt to gift him Longclaw , the Mormonts ' ancestral valerian steel sword , as he had brought dishonour on the Mormont name . Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish ( edit ) Aidan Gillen Main article : Petyr Baelish Petyr Baelish ( season 1 -- 7 ) portrayed by Aidan Gillen . Lord Petyr Baelish , nicknamed `` Littlefinger , '' is the Master of Coin in King Robert Baratheon 's Small Council . He grew up with Catelyn Tully and fought Ned 's brother Brandon for her hand . Petyr is a master manipulator who knows the ongoing affairs within the Seven Kingdoms thanks to his spies . While Petyr at first is assumed to be an ally of Ned , he secretly resents him for marrying Catelyn and so he betrayed him when he tried to arrest Joffrey and Cersei . Despite that , Petyr aims to take the Iron Throne to punish the powerful nobles who used to look down on him . During season 2 , he convinces Catelyn to release Jaime in exchange for her daughters and brokers an alliance between House Lannister and House Tyrell . He then returns to King 's Landing with the Tyrell army in time to rescue the city . For his efforts , he is made Lord of Harrenhal , though the castle is held by Northmen . In Season 3 , he discovers Ros is secretly working for Varys and gives her to Joffrey to be killed before departing to the Eyrie , where he is to marry Lysa Arryn to secure her loyalty to the Iron Throne . He will thence be Lord Paramount of both the Vale ( as Lysa Arryn 's consort ) and the Riverlands ( after the downfall of the Tullys at the Red Wedding ) , though he has yet to see Harrenhal . In Season 4 , Littlefinger returns in secret to the area around King 's Landing . He has spent weeks in the Vale , and is confirmed to be getting married to Lysa . Petyr helps Olenna Tyrell orchestrate the assassination of King Joffrey at his wedding to Margaery , something Olenna wanted very badly as it would save her granddaughter from Joffrey 's beastly nature . This serves to strengthen his new alliance with House Tyrell . Petyr also gets Sansa Stark -- Ned and Catelyn 's eldest surviving daughter -- out of King 's Landing by ordering court fool and former knight Dontos Hollard to bring her to him . Under the guise of making payment , Petyr has Dontos killed by his archers to silence him . He also begins acting as a mentor for her , and promises Sansa she is safe with him . When asked what he wants by her , he simply says `` everything '' . When they arrive in the Vale , it is revealed that he and Lysa have been having an affair for quite some time , and that it was Lysa who poisoned Jon Arryn on Petyr 's request . Petyr and Lysa marry that same day , and loudly consummate their marriage . However , Petyr later confides to Sansa that the reason he had Joffrey killed was to avenge Catelyn , and goes as far as to kiss her , with Lysa looking on unnoticed . When confronted by Lysa , who in a rage attempted to kill Sansa , Petyr kills Lysa instead , calmly pushing her through the Moon Door -- a hole in the floor looking down hundreds of feet to the rocks below the Eyrie , and the preferred method of execution in the Vale of Arryn , incidentally -- to her death on the rocks below . Sansa stands up for Petyr when he is questioned by other lords and ladies of the Vale on the matter of Lysa 's apparent `` suicide , '' and confirms that Lysa did indeed kill herself , however , and he is cleared of all charges . As the new Lord Paramount of the Vale , Petyr then begins talking the lords and ladies into supporting Lysa 's sickly and mentally challenged son , Robin Arryn , though it is implied that his real intention is for Robin to die . In Season 5 , Petyr and Sansa depart the Eyrie for a place that Petyr promises Sansa that Cersei will never find her , leaving Robin in the care of Yohn Royce . At an inn Podrick Payne along with Brienne of Tarth sees Petyr and Sansa eating in the back of the inn , guarded by knights . Brienne approaches and pledge her life to Sansa but Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon 's murder , Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis 's face . Sansa tells Brienne that she does n't want her protection , and asks her to leave . Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody , but she flees with Podrick , stealing a horse and releasing several others . Petyr arranges a marriage between Sansa Stark and Ramsay Bolton so that Sansa can return to Winterfell , though Ramsay brutally rapes Sansa on their wedding night despite Ramsay 's promise to never harm her . After dropping Sansa off at Winterfell , he leaves for King 's Landing , where he provides a prostitute named Olyvar for Cersei to convict Loras Tyrell of his homosexuality . He also promises to march North with the strength of the Vale in his back to depose whatever victor comes out of the struggle between Roose Bolton and Stannis Baratheon , and swears to Cersei to bring her Sansa 's head if he succeeds . In return , Cersei promises to make him Warden of the North in addition to already claimed titles of Lord of Harrenhal and Lord Paramount of the Vale . However , Baelish later betrays Cersei by providing Olenna Tyrell with information about her affair with Lancel Lannister , which Olenna then uses to have Cersei arrested by the High Sparrow . In season 6 , after hearing of Sansa 's escape from Winterfell , Baelish rides North to her aid and apologises for having underestimated Ramsay , but Sansa refuses to believe him and sends him away . However , Baelish later receives a call for help from Sansa to aid her and Jon Snow in retaking Winterfell from Ramsay , and he and the Vale Knights arrive in time to smash the Bolton army and secure victory for the Starks . He later approaches Sansa and admits that he desires to sit on the Iron Throne with Sansa as his Queen , but she turns him down . As Jon is declared the new King in the North , Baelish glares sinisterly at Sansa , clearly intending to take action against them . In season 7 he remains at Winterfell , where he continues to mentor Sansa in political intrigue . He sees Arya as a threat and through manipulation and poisoned words he encourages Sansa and Arya to think the worst of each other . He does not see the threat from Bran , who can see all of his past actions . Baelish is startled to be put on trial for treason and murder . Sansa accuses him of murdering Jon and Lysa Arryn and setting family member against family member . Bran tells that the dagger with which he was nearly killed was Baelish 's , and that Baelish put a knife to Ned Stark 's throat . Arya waits for Sansa 's judgement and then slit 's Baelish 's throat . Viserys Targaryen ( edit ) Harry Lloyd Main article : Viserys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen ( season 1 ) portrayed by Harry Lloyd . Viserys Targaryen is the exiled prince and heir of the Targaryen dynasty . Known as `` The Beggar King '' for his search for an army to recapture his throne . A narcissist , he is arrogant and self - centered , caring only about himself and looking down on others especially to his sister Daenerys . In exchange for an army to help regain the Iron Throne , Viserys marries off his sister to the powerful Dothraki warlord Khal Drogo and follows his horde 's journey to the Dothraki capital to ensure Drogo will keep his end of the bargain . But as they journey , it becomes evident that Viserys does not have leadership skills to reclaim the throne as his arrogance and disrespect for the Dothraki does not win him any hearts . Furthermore , Daenerys , who he has always threatened throughout his life , starts to stand up to him . Realizing that Daenerys is loved by the Dothraki and her and Drogo 's unborn son is prophet to unite the world , Viserys realizes that it is not he but Daenerys who will reclaim the Iron Throne . In a fit of drunken rage , he threatens Drogo to give him his army now or he will kill his unborn son . Having enough of his behavior , Drogo kills Viserys by giving him a `` Golden Crown '' ; molten gold poured over his head . Daenerys listlessly watches her brother 's agonizing death , proclaiming that he was n't a true dragon , as `` fire can not kill a dragon '' . Daenerys later names one of her dragons Viserion , as a tribute to Viserys . Jon Snow ( edit ) Main article : Jon Snow ( character ) Jon Snow ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Kit Harington . Kit Harington Jon Snow of House Stark and the Night 's Watch is the secret son of Rhaegar Targaryen and Lyanna Stark , though raised as the bastard son of Lyanna 's brother , Ned Stark . In the first season , Jon joins the Night 's Watch . Jon is a talented fighter , but his sense of compassion and justice brings him into conflict with his harsh surroundings . Ned claims that Jon 's mother was a wet nurse named Wylla . His dire wolf is called Ghost due to his albinism and quiet nature . Jon soon learns that the Watch is no longer a glorious order , but is now composed mostly of society 's rejects , including criminals and exiles . Initially , he has only contempt for his low - born brothers of the Watch , but he puts aside his prejudices and befriends his fellow recruits , especially Samwell Tarly , after they unite against the cruel master - at - arms , Ser Alliser Thorne . He chooses to take his vows before the Old Gods of the North , and to his disappointment he is made steward to Lord Commander Jeor Mormont rather than a ranger . He eventually realizes that he is being groomed for command . He saves Mormont 's life by slaying a wight , a corpse resurrected by the White Walkers . In return , he receives Longclaw , the ancestral blade of House Mormont . When Eddard is arrested for treason , Jon is torn between his family and his vows . After Eddard 's execution , he tries to join Robb 's army but is convinced to come back by his friends . Shortly after , he joins the large force Mormont leads beyond the Wall . Jon is part of a small scouting party in Season 2 . When the party is overtaken by wildlings , Jon is ordered to appear to defect and join the wildlings so he can discover their plans . On affirming his loyalty to the King - Beyond - the - Wall , Mance Rayder , he travels toward the Wall with the wildlings and is seduced by one , the flame - haired Ygritte . Upon crossing the wall , he refuses to behead a farmer whose escape might alert the Night 's Watch of their coming , and is subsequently branded an enemy of the wildlings . Ygritte shields him from her comrades but ultimately confronts and injures Jon when he stops to drink . He manages to escape back to the wall , injured by three arrows , where he reunites with his comrades and informs the commanders of Mance Rayder 's plans . Jon subsequently resumes his training at the Wall and suggests an expedition to Craster 's Keep in order to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers who may tell Mance of the Wall 's weak defences if caught . Jon 's request is granted and he bands together a group of rangers to aid him , among them the new recruit Locke , who has actually come to kill Jon on Roose Bolton 's orders . Jon successfully attacks Craster 's Keep and kills the mutineers , while Locke is killed by Hodor during an attempt to kill Bran , who was captive at Craster 's Keep . However , Jon 's proposal to barricade the entrance to Castle Black to stop the wildlings from entering is denied . He survives the wildling attack on Castle Black , personally killing Styr and taking Tormund Giantsbane prisoner . In the aftermath , he departs Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder , giving his sword to Sam . He quickly locates Mance on the pretence of parleying , but he is found out . Before he is killed , however , Jon is saved by the timely arrival by Stannis Baratheon , who places Mance and his men under arrest , and accompanies Jon back to Castle Black . Jon later burns Ygritte 's body in the woods . In Season 5 , Stannis attempts to use Jon as an intermediary between himself and Mance , hoping to rally the wildling army to help him retake the North from Roose Bolton and gain Jon 's support in avenging his family . Jon fails to convince Mance , and when Mance is burned at the stake by Stannis ' red priestess Melisandre , Jon shoots him from afar to give him a quick death . After that Jon is chastised by Stannis for showing mercy to Mance . Stannis shows Jon a letter he received from Bear Island , stating that former Lord Commander Jeor Mormont 's relatives will only recognize a Stark as their King . Ser Davos tells Jon that the Night 's Watch will elect a new Lord Commander that night , and that it is almost assured that Ser Alliser will win . Stannis asks Jon to kneel before him and pledge his life to him , and in exchange he will legitimize Jon , making him Jon Stark , and giving him Winterfell . In the great hall , Jon tells Sam that he will refuse Stannis 's offer , as he swore an oath to the Night 's Watch . After Ser Alliser and Denys Mallister are announced as possible candidates , Sam gives a speech imploring his brothers to vote for Jon , reminding them all how he led the mission to Craster 's Keep to avenge Commander Mormont 's death and how he led the defense of Castle Black . After the voting is complete , the ballots are tallied and show a tie between Jon and Ser Alliser . Maester Aemon casts the deciding vote in favor of Jon , making him the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . To lessen the animosity between the two , Jon makes Ser Alliser First Ranger . Melisandre takes an interest in Jon , visiting him in his quarters and trying to have sex with him . Jon refuses , out of respect for Ygritte and his Night 's Watch vows . Jon makes plans to give the wildlings the lands south of the wall , known as `` the gift . '' He wants the Night 's Watch and the wildlings to unite against the threat of the White Walkers . These more liberal views are not taken well by the men of the Night 's Watch , in particular Ser Alliser and a young boy named Olly , whose village was massacred by wildlings . Jon then makes a trip north of the Wall to the wildling village of Hardhome , where he hopes to get the wildlings to join his cause . However , before many of them can get on boats to leave , a massive group of White Walkers arrives on the scene . A massive battle ensues , in which many wildlings are killed . The last remaining Night 's Watchmen and wildlings , including Jon , depart from Hardhome , defeated . As they return to the Wall , they are let in by Ser Alliser Thorne , who disapproves of his drastic action of joining forces with the wildlings . Shortly after , Jon sends Sam and Gilly to safety in Oldtown , approving of their relationship and Sam 's motives of keeping her safe . He is later approached by Davos asking for men , and later Melisandre , whose silence confirms Stannis 's defeat . That evening , Jon is met by Olly who claims that a range has arrived with knowledge of Jon 's uncle Benjen . However , Jon discovers that he has been fooled and a group of mutineers , led by Ser Alliser Thorne , stab Jon repeatedly , with Olly dealing the final blow , leaving him to die in the snow . In season 6 , Jon 's body is discovered and protected by Davos and his loyal brothers . After the mutineers are dealt with , Jon is resurrected by Melisandre and has the mutineers executed before resigning from the Night 's Watch . Shortly afterwards , he is reunited with Sansa , who fled for the Wall to escape from Ramsay Bolton . Though initially reluctant , Jon decides to take Winterfell back from Ramsay after Ramsay sends him a threatening letter demanding Sansa 's return on threat of murdering Rickon . Securing help from several Northern houses , Jon attacks Winterfell and manages to overcome the Bolton army thanks to the Knights of the Vale , though Rickon is killed in the process . Jon breaches Winterfell and almost kills Ramsay , but takes him prisoner and leaves Sansa to finish him . In the aftermath , Jon is named the new King in the North by the Northern Lords . In season 7 Jon refuses to be as ruthless as Sansa and other lords expect , letting the children of the treacherous Northern Lords who had fought for the Boltons keep their ancestral homes . Believing that the North is not strong enough to stand alone against the White Walkers and their army , he goes to Dragonstone to persuade Daenerys Targaryen to help . She is hospitable and interested in an alliance but his refusal to bend the knee to her as a condition of the alliance is a sticking point . Jon meets Theon and wants to kill him but restrains himself because Theon had eventually helped Sansa to escape the Boltons . Later Jon appears to forgive Theon , telling the conflicted Theon that he can be both Greyjoy and Stark . Jon decides that the only way to convince Daenerys and the other houses of Westeros of the White Walker threat is to capture a wight and display it in the south . He takes a group of comrades north of the Wall and they capture a wight but are surrounded by an army too large to fight . Jon orders a raven to be sent and they wait on an island while thousands of wights line the shore waiting for the water to freeze . Daenerys arrives and most of the party climb on her dragon and are saved , but they are forced to leave while Jon is still fighting . Expecting to die , he is saved by the arrival of his uncle Benjen who sacrifices himself to send Jon to safety . Jon wakes on Daenerys ' ship , and tells her he will bend the knee . They make love . Meanwhile at Winterfell Sam and Bran share pieces of information until they both realise that Jon is the legitimate son of Rhaegar Targaryen and his willing bride Lyanna Stark , and that this makes him the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Sansa Stark ( edit ) Sophie Turner Main article : Sansa Stark Sansa Stark ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Sophie Turner . Sansa Stark of House Stark is the first daughter and second child of Eddard and Catelyn Stark . She was also the future bride of Prince Joffrey , and thus the future Queen of the Seven Kingdoms as well . Her direwolf is called Lady , she is the smallest of the pack . Sansa is naive and wants to live the life of a fairy tale princess and is unwilling to see the harsh realities of the kingdom 's politics and rivalries . Her fantasy begins to shatter when Lady is killed , and the situation continues to worsen when her father is arrested for treason . She becomes a hostage to the Lannisters in order for them to have a legitimate claim for the North . Her naïveté is finally shattered when King Joffrey executes her father despite promising her that he would spare him . Sansa is forced to put up an act or endure Joffrey 's cruelty . Throughout Season 2 , she suffers under Joffrey 's abuse until Tyrion puts a stop to it . By the Season 2 finale , Joffrey breaks his engagement with Sansa to marry Margaery Tyrell . However , she is still a hostage ; but Petyr Baelish promises to help her return to Winterfell . In Season 3 , she is married to Tyrion to secure the Lannisters the North should Robb Stark die . The marriage is unhappy and yet to be consummated , and after Robb 's death -- upon which Joffrey insists to be given his head to present to Sansa , a request coldly ignored by his grandfather -- she is unable to speak to him . In Season 4 , Sansa has been mourning her family for weeks and is starving herself in depression . She attends Joffrey 's wedding with Tyrion and witnesses Joffrey 's death . Dontos Hollard immediately spirits her away from the wedding , moments ahead of Cersei 's orders to have her and Tyrion arrested . Dontos brings Sansa to a ship concealed in fog , and she is greeted by Petyr Baelish . Under the guise of making payment , Petyr has the fool killed by his archers , with Petyr explaining that killing Dontos was the only way to ensure his silence -- her disappearance when Joffrey died , the execution of her father , deaths of her family and years of torment at the king 's hand , will all be considerable motive for Sansa helping Tyrion murder Joffrey . Currently , a thousand of the City Watch are searching for her , Cersei thirsts for vengeance , and Tyrion himself stands trial . Sansa is assured she has finally escaped King 's Landing and is safe with Lord Baelish , who takes her to her Aunt Lysa for shelter . Lysa takes Sansa in warmly and has her betrothed to her son , Robin . However , Sansa realises the worst is far from over when Lysa , who is smitten with Petyr , accuses Sansa of trying to seduce him , and she discovers that Robin is a spoiled and rude child , slapping him at one point . When Petyr unexpectedly kisses Sansa , Lysa becomes enraged and nearly pushes Sansa through the castle 's Moon Door , but Petyr intervenes by pacifying Lysa and then pushing her through the Moon Door to her death before Sansa 's eyes , making Sansa realise that Petyr may have romantic or lustful feelings for her . Sansa speaks up for Petyr when he is questioned about his involvement in Lysa 's death , but Sansa reaffirms Petyr 's claim that Lysa killed herself due to her own instability and insecurities . Afterward she told Petyr that her reason to protect him in the hearing was because she knew he was the only person she could count on to protect her , demonstrated by his initiative in getting her out of King 's Landing while everyone else in power there only wanted to use her as a pawn . In Season 5 , she and Petyr leave the Eyrie for a place Petyr promises where Cersei will never find her . At an In , Brienne of Tarth materializes unexpectedly and declares herself for Sansa . Petyr doubts that Sansa would want a sworn shield who let both of her previous masters die , even when Brienne reveals the true , somewhat unbelievable circumstances of Renly 's death . Sansa seems inclined to agree , pointing out that Brienne was present at Joffrey 's wedding , to which the warrior replies that neither of them wanted to be there . Sansa rejects Brienne 's offer of service and watches as she handily defeats the guards and escapes . Petyr tells her that he has arranged for her to be married to Ramsay Bolton , the son of Lord Roose Bolton . This will put her back in Winterfell , which the Boltons now occupy as a reward for their role in the deaths of Robb and Catelyn . Though Ramsay initially seems interested in Sansa , his psychopathic nature quickly shows through , and Sansa is disgusted . She is also antagonized by Myranda , the kennelmaster 's daughter , who is in a sexual relationship with Ramsay . Myranda frequently makes veiled threats to Sansa , and shows her what has become of Theon Greyjoy , who was Eddard Stark 's ward and whom she grew up with . Sansa is horrified to find that after Ramsay emasculated him , he has taken on a submissive , sullen persona called Reek . After Sansa and Ramsay are wed , he brutally rapes her while forcing Reek to watch . Later , Sansa attempts to talk to Reek , who is unresponsive to her attempts to make him act like his old self by repeatedly calling him Theon instead of Reek . At one point , Reek mistakenly lets slip that her younger brothers , Bran and Rickon , are alive , when she had assumed that they were dead . This realization gives Sansa hope in the midst of her unfortunate situation . As Stannis Baratheon 's army sneaks up on Winterfell and is greeted by the bulk of the Bolton forces , Sansa manages to escape her chamber but is stopped by Myranda , who threatens her with a bow . Reminding Sansa that she has nothing left to live for in Ramsay 's custody , she is unexpectedly saved by Reek , who breaks his spell of subjugation by throwing Myranda over the bannister . The Bolton 's return to Winterfell and , knowing the dire consequences Ramsay would have in place for the both of them when he finds Myranda 's body , the couple flee to the wall in terror , where they make the jump off the ledge . In season 6 , Sansa makes it to the Wall with help from Brienne and Podrick and reunites with Jon , while Theon returns home . After Jon receives a threatening letter from Ramsay demanding Sansa back , Sansa and Jon decide to fight back against Ramsay and retake the North . Sansa briefly meets with Petyr Baelish , but turns him down for his role in handing her to the Boltons . Realizing that with their meager forces they are still outnumbered , Sansa writes to Baelish for help and he arrives in time with the Vale Knights to smash the Bolton army and help Jon secure victory . After Ramsay is killed , Baelish admits to Sansa that he wants her to rule alongside him as his Queen , but Sansa turns him down . When Jon is named the new King in the North , Sansa notices Baelish glaring at her . In Season 7 Sansa finds some of Jon 's decisions infuriating but remains loyal to him . She maintains her support of Jon even when he leaves Winterfell against her advice and the Northern Lords ' objections , and even when some of them hint that they 're ready to drop their support of Jon and name her their ruler . Sansa is overjoyed to see Arya and Bran return to Winterfell , though she is unnerved by how much they have changed : Bran 's loss of humanity and Arya 's ruthlessness . Petyr Baelish sees Arya as a threat to his influence with Sansa and attempts to drive a wedge between the sisters . He appears at first to be succeeding but at some point the three Starks realise what Baelish is doing . Sansa pretends to believe Baelish as he insinuates that Arya is plotting her murder . Then to his surprise she accuses him of various crimes in front of the Northern Lords , before finding him guilty and allowing Arya to execute him . Arya Stark ( edit ) Maisie Williams Main article : Arya Stark Arya Stark ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Maisie Williams . Arya Stark of House Stark is the younger daughter and third child of Lord Eddard and Catelyn Stark of Winterfell . Ever the tomboy , Arya would rather be training to use weapons than sewing with a needle . Her direwolf is called Nymeria . When Ned is arrested for treason , her `` dancing master '' Syrio Forel helps her escape the Lannisters . She is later disguised as an orphan boy by Yoren , a Night 's Watch recruiter , in hopes of getting her back to Winterfell . From then on , she takes the name Arry . During Season 2 , Yoren 's convoy is attacked by the Lannisters who are under orders by King Joffrey to find and kill Robert 's bastard children . Before she is captured , she releases the prisoner Jaqen H'ghar and two others , saving their lives . She and the rest of the captured recruits are sent to Harrenhal under Gregor Clegane who cruelly tortures and kills prisoners everyday . At the same time , she follows the advice of the late Yoren and makes a list of those she wants dead like a prayer . When Tywin Lannister arrives at Harrenhal , he orders the killing of prisoners stopped and makes Arya his cup bearer after figuring out she is a girl . Tywin forms an unlikely friendship with Arya due to her intelligence while remaining unaware of her true identity . Arya reunites with Jaqen who offers to kill three lives in exchange for the three lives she saved . The first two she picks , the Tickler , Harrenhal 's torturer and Ser Amory Lorch , after he catches Arya reading one of Tywin 's war plans and tries to inform Tywin . After she fails to find Jaqen to kill Tywin , after he heads out to face Robb 's forces , she forces Jaqen to help her , Gendry and Hot Pie escape Harrenhal after choosing Jaqen as her third name , for which she promises to `` unname '' him if he helps them . After successfully escaping , Jaqen gives her an iron coin and tells her to give it to any Braavosi and say `` Valar morghulis '' if she ever needs to find him . Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie head north for Riverrun and Arya 's mother Lady Stark , but are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners and taken to the Inn at the Crossroads . There , Arya is horrified to be reunited with the vile Sandor Clegane , one of the Brotherhood 's prisoners . Arya and Gendry travel with the Brotherhood to meet their leader , now friends with them as they know Arya is Ned Stark 's daughter . She escapes them after the Brotherhood acquits Sandor Clegane of murder after a trial by combat and selling Gendry to Melisandre to be sacrificed . Captured by Sandor , she is taken to the Twins to be ransomed to her brother , only to see his wolf and forces slaughtered and her brother paraded headless on a horse . Sandor knocks her unconscious and saves her from the ensuing slaughter , and she subsequently kills her first man when falling upon a party of Freys , boasting of how they mutilated her brother 's corpse . In season 4 , Sandor decides to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn in the Vale . With Sandor 's help , Arya later retrieves her sword , Needle ( a gift from Jon Snow ) , and kills the sadistic soldier Polliver , who stole it from her . Along the way , Arya slowly begins to bond with Sandor , helping to heal one of his wounds when they are attacked . They eventually arrive at the Vale , but are told that Lysa Arryn killed herself three days prior . Arya laughs with disbelief . Later , Arya and Sandor are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne . Arya refuses to leave with Brienne , assuming her to be an agent of the Lannisters . In the ensuing fight between Brienne and Sandor , Sandor is wounded and begs Arya to kill him , but she just steals his silver and leaves him to die . She then manages to catch a boat to Braavos , befriending the Braavosi captain by showing him the coin Jaqen gave her outside Harrenhal . In Season 5 Arya arrives in Braavos , and the ship 's captain , Ternesio takes her to the House of Black and White . She is turned away by the doorman , even after showing the iron coin given to her by Jaqen H'ghar . After spending the night sitting in front of the House , she throws the coin into the water and leaves . Later , after killing a pigeon , Arya is confronted by a group of thieves in the street . Arya prepares to fight them , but the thieves flee when the doorman appears . He walks her back to the House of Black and White , and gives her the iron coin . He then changes his face to Jaqen , and informs Arya that she must become no one before taking her inside the House . Arya 's training progresses , during which she gets better and better at lying about her identity . Jaqen eventually gives her her first new identity , as Lana , a girl who sells oysters on the streets of Braavos . She eventually encounters Meryn Trant , who she tortures and executes in retaliation for Syrio 's death , revealing her identity and motive in the process . When she returns to the House of Black and White she is confronted by Jaqen H'ghar and the Waif , who tell her that Meryn 's life was not hers to take and that a debt must be paid . Arya screams as she begins to lose her eyesight . In season 6 , she briefly lives as a beggar in the streets of Braavos , regularly beaten and abused by the Waif , until Jaqen has her trained without her sight and ultimately returns her sight to her . Arya is tasked with assassinating an actress , Lady Crane , but becomes reluctant when she discovers Crane is a decent person and the one who wants her dead is a jealous , less - talented actress . She ultimately botches the assassination and is almost killed by the Waif in retaliation , but seeks shelter with Crane to recover . The Waif tracks her down and a chase ensues throughout Braavos until Arya lures her to her hideout and kills her . She adds the Waif 's face to the Hall of Faces , impressing Jaqen , but Arya ends her training with the Faceless Men and returns to Westeros , where she resumes her vengeance by murdering Walder Frey . At the start of season 7 we see Walder Frey hosting a feast for every male Frey and asking them to drink a toast . As they start to choke , he tells them it was a mistake to leave any Starks alive , and as they die of poison Walder reveals to the servants and wives present that he is really Arya Stark . Arya heads for King 's Landing to kill Cersei , but on learning that Jon Snow has retaken Winterfell she turns around and heads north . She and Sansa have a happy but awkward reunion . Arya is also reacquainted with Brienne , who she insists spar with her . Brienne is surprised by Arya 's skill and needs to raise her effort in order to match Arya , but Arya still scores victories in the brief fight . When Sansa refuses the suggestion of some of the Northern Lords ' that she should be the ruler of the North and not Jon she disagrees with them but does not punish them . Arya is angry , saying to Sansa that she should have executed them for treason . Arya is suspicious of Petyr Baelish and spies on him hiding a message , unaware perhaps that he hid it while he knew she was watching . The message is years old , written to Robb by Sansa when she thought she could save her father by obeying Cersei , but Arya tells Sansa it is a betrayal . Sansa finds Arya 's bag of faces and is shocked . At some point , the girls realise that Baelish is playing them against each other . With Baelish lulled into thinking his plan is working well , Sansa publicly accuses him of murder and treason . Arya waits for the guilty verdict and executes him . Robb Stark ( edit ) Richard Madden Main article : Robb Stark Robb Stark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Richard Madden . Robb Stark of House Stark is the eldest son of Eddard and Catelyn Stark and the heir to Winterfell . His dire wolf is called Grey Wind . Robb becomes involved in the war against the Lannisters after his father , Ned Stark , is arrested for treason . Robb summons his bannermen for war against House Lannister and marches to the Riverlands . Eventually , crossing the river at the Twins becomes strategically necessary . To win permission to cross , Robb agrees to marry a daughter of Walder Frey , Lord of the Twins . Robb leads the war effort against the Lannisters and successfully captures Jaime . After Ned is executed , the North and the Riverlands declare their independence from the Seven Kingdoms and proclaim Robb as their new King , `` The King in The North '' . He wins a succession of battles in Season 2 , earning him the nickname the Young Wolf . However , he feels that he botched the political aspects of war . He sends Theon to the Iron Islands hoping that he can broker an alliance with Balon Greyjoy , Theon 's father . In exchange for Greyjoy support , Robb as King in the North will recognize the Iron Islands ' independence . He also sends his mother Catelyn to deal with Stannis Baratheon and Renly Baratheon , both of whom are fighting to be the rightful king . Theon and Catelyn fail in their missions , and Balon launches an invasion of the North . Robb falls in love with Talisa Maegyr , a healer from Volantis due to her kindness and spirit . Despite his mother 's protest , Robb breaks his engagement with the Freys and marries Talisa in the 2nd - season finale . On news of his grandfather , Lord Hoster Tully 's , death , Robb and his party travel north to Riverrun for the funeral , where the young king is reunited with his great - uncle , Ser Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully , and his uncle , Edmure Tully , the new lord of Riverrun . While at Riverrun , Robb makes the decision to execute Lord Rickard Karstark for the murders of two teenage squires related to the Lannisters , a decision that loses the support of the Karstarks and leads Robb to make the ultimately fatal decision to ask the Freys for their alliance . He is killed in the Red Wedding Massacre , after witnessing the murder of his pregnant wife and their child . Lord Bolton personally executes Robb , stabbing him through the heart while taunting that `` the Lannisters send their regards '' , in fact a promise made to Jaime ( who had no knowledge of Bolton 's impending treason ) when leaving for the Twins . His corpse is later decapitated and Grey Wind 's head is sewn on and paraded around as the Stark forces are slaughtered by the Freys and the Boltons . Theon Greyjoy ( edit ) Alfie Allen Main article : Theon Greyjoy Theon Greyjoy ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Alfie Allen . Theon Greyjoy of House Greyjoy is the youngest son of Lord Balon Greyjoy of the Iron Islands . He is the hostage and ward of Lord Eddard Stark , stemming from the failed Greyjoy Rebellion . Despite his position , he remains loyal to Eddard and is good friends with his sons Robb and Jon . While he has never questioned his position , he soon begins to have doubts after Tyrion tells him he is nothing more than a servant to the Starks and not everyone respects him . Nevertheless , Theon initially remains loyal to Robb after he goes to war with the Lannisters and supports his decision to have the North secede from the Seven Kingdoms and form their own kingdom . He is sent to the Iron Islands in Season 2 to seek a Stark alliance with the Greyjoys . However , his father criticizes Theon for accepting the northern lifestyle and rejects Robb 's proposal . Wishing to prove to his father that he is a true Ironborn , he joins his family 's invasion of the North . To gain the respect of his men , he ignores his orders to raid the shores and captures Winterfell . The situation worsens for Theon when he is forced to kill his old mentor Ser Rodrik Cassel and fakes the deaths of Bran and Rickon Stark to the people of Winterfell after they escape by killing two orphans . Regretting what he has done and with no help coming from his family , Theon decides to die fighting with his men defending Winterfell from a Stark force led by Roose Bolton 's bastard son . However , he is betrayed by his men due to Robb 's offer of clemency and safe return to the Iron Islands if they give up Theon . Theon is taken captive and kept in an unknown castle , where he is briefly tortured , but later manages to escape with the help of a serving boy who claims to works for his sister Yara . He is brought back to the very castle he escaped from , the serving boy proving to actually be his captor and torturer , Ramsay Snow , Lord Bolton 's sadistic bastard . Theon is subsequently brutally tortured , flayed and eventually emasculated by Ramsay , who forces him to rename himself Reek , and beats him until he submits to his new name ( before his emasculation he told Ramsay that he regretted betraying Robb and calls Ned Stark his `` real father '' ) . Theon 's penis is sent in a box to his father , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North , which Balon refuses . He states that as Theon defied him by attacking Winterfell , claiming him a `` fool '' and `` not a man anymore '' , to which Yara responds she intends to save her brother of her own accord . In season 4 , Theon has been freed from his restraints by Ramsay , but is forced to work for him as a servant and answer to the name Reek . Roose Bolton later orders Ramsay to launch an attack on Moat Cailin , an Ironborn - occupied fortress that is preventing him from entering the Northern lands , and to take Theon with him . Before they leave , however , the Dreadfort is attacked by Yara and a group of men , but Theon refuses to flee with her , believing it may be another trick on Ramsay 's part , forcing Yara to leave without him . As a reward , Ramsay gives Theon a bath and asks for his help in taking Moat Cailin . Theon masquerades as himself and tricks the Ironborn into opening Moat Cailin , leading to them all being flayed by the Bolton army , and subsequently accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell . In Winterfell , he rekindles his relationship with Sansa , who is to be married to Ramsay . On their wedding night Sansa is raped by Ramsay , who forces Theon to watch . Sansa tries to get Theon to save her from Ramsay , but he refuses and eventually admits that he did not kill her brothers . As the Baratheon army arrives at Winterfell to fight the Boltons , he helps her escape by killing Ramsay 's sadistic lover , Myranda , as she threatens Sansa with a bow . The couple climb the crest of the wall , and jump . In season 6 , after they are reunited with Brienne and Podrick , Theon returns to the Iron Islands , where he discovers that his father has been killed . He endorses Yara to succeed their father , but are usurped by their uncle , Euron , the one responsible for murdering Balon . Theon and Yara flee the Iron Islands for Meereen , offering their support to Daenerys Targaryen in return for her aiding them in overthrowing Euron . In season 7 Daenerys sends Yara 's fleet , with Theon and the Sand Snakes , to invade Westeros , but the fleet is set upon with fire by Euron Greyjoy . Euron boards Yara 's ship and captures her as Theon watches . He taunts Theon and challenges him to rescue Yara , but Theon jumps into the sea instead . Theon is found by some Iron Islanders , supporters of Yara who are disgusted with Theon for running away when his sister was taken . He returns to Dragonstone and meets Jon , who is furious at Theon 's many betrayals and only lets him live because of his eventual help for Sansa . Later Theon tells Jon how hard it was to be torn between his Greyjoy and his Stark allegiances . Jon , softening to Theon , tells him he is both Stark and Greyjoy . Theon meets Euron at the parley in the Dragonpit , an Euron taunts him that he still has Yara . When the few remaining Iron Islanders on Dragonstone announce they are planning on sailing off to be independent pirates , Theon urges them to help him to free Yara instead . Their leader is contemptuous and beats Theon , but Theon refuses to stay down , fights , and eventually prevails . The Iron Islanders , a dozen or so men , agree to help Theon rescue Yara . Brandon `` Bran '' Stark ( edit ) Isaac Hempstead Wright Main article : Bran Stark Bran Stark ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Isaac Hempstead Wright . Brandon `` Bran '' Stark of House Stark is the second son and fourth child of Eddard and Catelyn Stark . He was named after his deceased uncle , Brandon . His dire wolf is called Summer . During the King 's visit to Winterfell , he accidentally came across Cersei and Jaime Lannister engaging in sex , following which Bran is shoved from the window by Jaime , permanently crippling his legs . An assassin tries to kill Bran , but Summer , the direwolf companion , kills the assassin . Bran , when he awakens , finds that he is crippled from the waist down , forced to be carried everywhere by Hodor , and he can not remember the events immediately before his fall . Slowly , he realizes that he has gained the ability to assume Summer 's consciousness , making him a warg or a skinchanger . After his older brother , Robb , is crowned King in the North , Bran becomes Robb 's heir and the Lord of Winterfell . After Theon Greyjoy captures Winterfell , Bran goes into hiding . To cement his claim on Winterfell , Theon kills two orphan boys and tells the people of Winterfell that Bran , and his younger brother Rickon Stark , are dead . After Theon 's men betray him and Winterfell is sacked , Bran , Rickon , Hodor , Osha and their direwolves head north to find his older brother Jon Snow for safety . They ultimately stumble upon Jojen and Meera Reed , two siblings who aid them in their quest . After coming close to the wall , Osha departs with Rickon for Last Hearth while Bran insists on following his visions beyond the Wall . He also encounters Sam and Gilly , who tries to persuade him not to , but Bran claims it is his destiny and leaves through the gate with Hodor and the Reeds . Along the way , Bran and the others stumble across Craster 's Keep , where they are captured and held hostage by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Night 's Watch rangers led by Jon eventually attack Craster 's Keep to kill the mutineers , but Locke , a new recruit but secretly a spy for Roose Bolton , attempts to take Bran away and kill him elsewhere . Bran wargs into Hodor and kills Locke by snapping his neck , but Bran and his group are forced to continue on their journey without alerting Jon , whom Jojen claims would stop them . They eventually reach the three - eyed raven in a cave , who claims he can not restore Bran 's legs , but will make him fly instead . In season 6 , Bran experiences several visions , such as the origins of the White Walkers , the origin of Hodor , and the truth behind the parentage of Jon Snow . After an attack by the White Walkers which results in the deaths of the Three - eyed raven and Hodor , Bran and Meera escape and are rescued by Bran 's undead uncle , Benjen , who takes them back to the Wall . He later sees a vision of Jon Snow 's birth , learning that he is actually the child of Lyanna Stark . In season 7 Bran appears to have lost much of his personality . He arrives back at Winterfell . Meera says she must leave and is upset by Bran 's cold reaction . Sansa is glad to see Bran but is unnerved by his assertion that he is now the Three Eyed Raven . He spends most of his time in the Winterfell Godswood by the Heart Tree . He meets Petyr Baelish and looks into Baelish 's past . He testifies when Sansa puts Baelish on trial that Baelish betrayed Ned and sent the assassin to kill Bran . Sam Tarly arrives at Winterfell , and Bran tells Sam that Jon is Jon Sand , having been born to Lyanna Stark in Dorne . Sam replies that the High Septon had secretly married Lyanna to Rhaegar Targaryen , and asks Bran if he can confirm it . Bran directs his visions to Lyanna and Rhaegar 's wedding and confirms that Jon Snow was named Aegon Targaryen and is the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Joffrey Baratheon ( edit ) Jack Gleeson Main article : Joffrey Baratheon Joffrey Baratheon ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Jack Gleeson . Joffrey Baratheon of House Baratheon is the Crown Prince of the Seven Kingdoms . He is the eldest of Cersei Lannister 's children and heir to the Iron Throne . Vicious and cruel , he has a short temper and believes he can do anything he wants . He is also a coward when confronted by those who are n't afraid of him . Joffrey is also unaware that King Robert is not his real father -- who , in reality , is Jaime Lannister . After Robert 's death , the Lannisters make Joffrey the King against his father 's will , and Joffrey becomes a cruel ruler and a Puppet King used by his mother . Joffrey makes a mistake when , against Cersei 's and Sansa 's wishes , he refuses to honor his promise of sparing Ned ; instead , Joffrey has him executed . His act worsens the situation with the Lannisters ' war effort as Jaime is captured by the Starks and his uncles Renly and Stannis have challenged his claim to the Iron Throne . He frequently orders his Kingsguard to beat Sansa . His cruelty and ignorance of the commoners ' suffering makes him unpopular after he orders the City Watch to kill all of his father 's bastard children in King 's Landing which would later lead to a riot where he is almost killed . When Stannis attacks King 's Landing , Joffrey serves only as a figurehead and avoids the heavy fighting . When the battle eventually turns in Stannis ' favor , Cersei calls her son into the safety of the castle , damaging the morale of his army . The battle is only won by his grandfather Tywin and the forces of House Tyrell . To cement the alliance between their families , Joffrey 's engagement to Sansa is annulled so he can marry Margaery Tyrell . Upon the end of Season 3 , the marriage is yet to take place , and rifts are growing between Joffrey and his uncle and grandfather , who are ( in their respective ways ) rebutting his cruelty . He also seems to take little interest in his bride , but is amazed and altered by her ways of winning the people 's favor , in which he takes part . In Season 4 , Joffrey finally marries Margaery , but he dies at the wedding after being poisoned , and his uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested . It is confirmed , however , he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell , with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard , as she wanted to protect Margaery from the physical and emotional abuse that Joffrey had very clearly inflicted on Sansa . Olenna later confides to Margaery that she would never have let her marry `` that beast '' . Following Joffrey 's funeral , his younger brother and heir , Tommen , is crowned King . Sandor `` the Hound '' Clegane ( edit ) Rory McCann Main article : Sandor Clegane Sandor Clegane ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Rory McCann . Sandor Clegane , nicknamed `` The Hound , '' for his savage nature , is the younger brother of Ser Gregor Clegane and a retainer to House Lannister . He is also Joffrey Baratheon 's personal bodyguard . The right side of his face was grievously burned when he was only a boy after his brother accused him of stealing one of his toys and pushed Sandor 's face into a brazier , leaving the right side of his face hideously scarred , and a lifelong fear of fire . He is taciturn and brutal , but not without compassion . He is protective towards Sansa after she is captured by the Lannisters . After Joffrey becomes King , Sandor is made a member of the Kingsguard . Although he is still faithful to Joffrey , he frequently defends Sansa from Joffrey 's attempts to shame and physically abuse her . During the siege on King 's Landing , when wildfire is used to destroy Stannis ' ships , Sandor succumbs to his fear of fire and abandons the fight , insulting Joffrey as he leaves . Before fleeing the city , he seeks out Sansa and offers to take her along . She refuses but she recognizes that he had been afraid in the battle . Sandor is later captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners , and is reunited with Arya at the Inn of the Kneeling Man . He is acquitted from murdering Mycah in a trial by combat with the leader of the Brotherhood , Beric Dondarrion , and released . Taking Arya Stark prisoner , he travels to the Twins hoping to ransom her , but arrives just as the slaughter of the Starks at The Red Wedding begins and rides off with a shocked Arya in tow . When she attacks a pack of Frey soldiers and stabs one of them to death , he intervenes on her behalf and disposes of the rest . Sandor then decides to take Arya to the Vale instead , to ransom her to her Aunt Lysa Arryn . The two kill several Lannister soldiers as he leaves , causing Tywin Lannister to place a bounty on his head . Sandor and Arya are attacked by Lannister soldiers seeking the bounty and Sandor is bitten on the neck , which Arya heals after the attackers are killed . They eventually arrive at the Vale , but are told that Lysa Arryn is dead . They subsequently stay near the Vale , but are found by Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne , who are searching for the Stark girls . Assuming Brienne to be a Lannister agent after the bounty , Sandor refuses to hand Arya over and a fight ensues between him and Brienne . Brienne eventually bites Sandor 's ear off and beats him off a cliff . He survives the fall , but is mortally wounded . He is found by Arya , whom he attempts to provoke into killing him , but she just stares blankly and then steals his silver and leaves him to die , screaming for Arya to kill him . Sandor is presumed dead , yet it is revealed in the sixth season that he was rescued by Ray ( Ian McShane ) who takes him to live with his colony of pacifists . After the colony is slaughtered by the Brotherhood without Banners , Sandor is the sole survivor , and he hunts down the men responsible . He tracks the Brotherhood , but finds the perpetrators being executed by Beric Dondarrion for their actions . After reminiscing over past events , Beric and Thoros persuade Sandor to join them , as they are heading North to aid Jon Snow in the coming battle against the White Walkers . They reach Eastwatch By Sea and are imprisoned by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane . Jon Snow arrives on a mission to capture a wight and Sandor , with Beric , Thoros and Tormund join him . Sandor then travels with Jon and the wight to King 's Landing for the parley in the Dragonpit , and shows the wight to Cersei . There , Sandor has an uneasy but peaceful reacquaintance with Brienne , and a hostile one with his brother Gregor , telling him that one day he ( Sandor ) will kill Gregor . Tyrion Lannister ( edit ) Peter Dinklage Main article : Tyrion Lannister Tyrion Lannister ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Peter Dinklage . Nicknamed `` The Imp '' or `` Halfman '' , Tyrion Lannister of House Lannister is the younger brother of Cersei and Jaime Lannister . He is a dwarf ; and his mother died during his birth , for which his father , Tywin Lannister , blames him . While not physically powerful , Tyrion has a cunning mind and often uses to his advantage the fact that others constantly underestimate him . In Season Three , Tyrion is given the job of Master of Coin , a role that he is unprepared and inexperienced for . Tyrion is commanded by his father to marry Sansa Stark ; however , on the wedding night , Tyrion refuses to consummate his marriage and instead lets Sansa sleep alone , promising not to touch her unless she wanted him to . The death of her brother Robb , in which Tyrion took no part , causes a further rift between the couple and between Tyrion and his father , who he claims ca n't distinguish between his interests and his often - praised ideal of devotion to family . Tywin bitterly claims that he had wanted to drown Tyrion upon birth , but stayed himself for the sake of duty . In season 4 , Tyrion welcomes Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne to King 's Landing for Joffrey 's wedding to Margaery Tyrell , though Oberyn implies to Tyrion that his true purpose is to seek vengeance for his sister , who was murdered by Ser Gregor Clegane on Tywin 's orders . When Joffrey is fatally poisoned , Tyrion is framed and arrested . Tyrion , however , implies that Cersei knows of his innocence and just wants him dead . At Tyrion 's trial , he demands a trial by combat . Tyrion is approached by Oberyn , who volunteers to be his champion in order to fight Cersei 's champion , Ser Gregor Clegane . When Oberyn loses the fight and is killed , Tyrion is sentenced to death . Jaime , however , frees Tyrion and arranges for him to escape King 's Landing . Tyrion goes to confront Tywin in his chambers but finds Shae , who testified against him and is now Tywin 's lover . After a brief struggle , Tyrion strangles Shae to death , and Tyrion shoots Tywin to death with Joffrey 's crossbow . Tyrion is then placed in a crate and smuggled off to Essos with help from Varys . They arrive in Pentos , where Varys manages to convince Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne . Tyrion is bound and gagged by Jorah Mormont , who says that he will take him to Daenerys . Daenerys takes them both to her home in the Great Pyramid of Meereen and asks Tyrion why he is here . Tyrion tells her everything , including Varys ' plan . He initially counsels her to stay in Meereen , but Daenerys makes it plain to him that her eyes are still on Westeros . Tyrion tells Daenerys how hard it will be to win the love of both the common people and the nobles . He later joins her at the opening celebrations of Daznak 's Pit , where Jorah unexpectedly reappears to defeat every other foe on the arena . As the Sons of the Harpy attack , Tyrion manages to survive by fleeing to the midst of the arena , where they are rescued by Drogon , while Daenerys is spirited away on his back . In season 6 , Tyrion struggles to maintain peace in Meereen , particularly when the Sons of the Harpy burn the entire Meereenese Navy , stranding them in Slaver 's Bay . Following an alliance with Theon and Yara Greyjoy , Tyrion advises Daenerys to break up with Daario so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros . In gratitude for Tyrion 's loyalty , Daenerys names him her official Hand , and he accompanies her back to Westeros . In season 7 Tyrion 's advice to Daenerys often conflicts with her views , and he has mixed success in directing her actions . He sneaks into King 's Landing and meets with Jamie to set up a meeting between Cersei and Daenerys , which eventually happens in the Dragonpit outside the city . At the meeting a captured wight is produced to convince Cersei that the worst threat is from beyond the Wall . When Cersei is not convinced , Tyrion risks execution to meet with his sister to try again to persuade her . He is unexpectedly allowed to leave Cersei 's presence alive , and thinks he has secured an agreement from her to help with the fight against the Wight Walkers . Khal Drogo ( edit ) Jason Momoa Main article : Khal Drogo Khal Drogo ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Jason Momoa . Khal Drogo is a warlord of the Dothraki people . He is to marry Daenerys Targaryen , as arranged by her brother Viserys . He is undefeated in battle . Viserys Targaryen conspired with Magister Illyrio to marry Daenerys to Drogo in order to get his support in an invasion of Westeros . Though Daenerys was initially unhappy with the arrangement , Drogo proves to be a sensitive husband and lover despite his fearsome behavior with his men . After a failed poisoning attempt on Daenerys ' life , he promises to invade Westeros to reclaim the Seven Kingdoms for the Targaryens , but Viserys 's impertinence ultimately causes Drogo to kill him . Drogo maintains his promise for the benefit of his wife , but is wounded by an enemy khal before he could begin the invasion . The wound festers and Drogo becomes so sick that he is unable to ride his horse , a sign of weakness to the Dothraki . Most of his khalasar abandons him , but Daenerys unknowingly sacrifices their unborn child for a spell to revive him . The spell works , but leaves him a brain - dead husk of his former self . Daenerys smothers him out of pity , and the flames of his funeral pyre ultimately hatch her dragon eggs . Tywin Lannister ( edit ) Charles Dance Main article : Tywin Lannister Tywin Lannister ( season 1 -- 5 ) portrayed by Charles Dance . Lord of Casterly Rock , Shield of Lannisport and Warden of the West , Tywin of House Lannister is a calculating , ruthless , and controlling man . He is also the former Hand of King Aerys II . He is the father of Cersei , Jaime , and Tyrion . After Eddard Stark 's arrest , Joffrey names him Hand of the King once more , but after Jaime is taken captive by the Starks , Eddard is unexpectedly executed by Joffrey , and Renly and Stannis Baratheon challenge Joffrey 's claim to the throne ; Tywin elects to remain in the field commanding his forces until he wins his war , and in the meantime gives the position of Hand of the King to Tyrion . Tywin continues the war through Season 2 at Harrenhal where he criticizes his commanders for losing and underestimating the Stark army led by King Robb Stark . While there , he forms an unlikely friendship with his cup bearer , unaware that she is actually Arya Stark . Originally , he was about to attack Robb 's forces while they are distracted by the Greyjoys seizing Winterfell , but changes his mind and helps the defenders of King 's Landing drive Stannis Baratheon 's forces away . He assumes his position of Hand of the King once again and arranges for Joffrey to marry Margaery Tyrell to secure an alliance between the Lannisters and Tyrells . In the third season , as Hand of the King , he fortifies his position as de facto leader of the Seven Kingdoms , and he successfully defeats Robb Stark , the King in the North , by forging an alliance with the lords Frey and Bolton , who betray and kill Stark and his men . The crown subsequently pardons and rewards them with Riverrun and the North , respectively , though Tywin is criticized by Tyrion for winning the war through such an unscrupulous scheme . He also has to deal with an increasingly belligerent Joffrey , who chides his grandfather as a coward who `` hid under Casterly Rock '' while Robert Baratheon led the rebellion against Aerys Targaryen , and complicated relations with his children as he forces them into marriage alliances with Sansa Stark and Loras Tyrell , to secure the support of the Tyrells and Lannister dominion in the North ( now Sansa 's heirdom , as all her brothers are presumed dead ) . In the fourth season , Tywin is present at the royal wedding where Joffrey dies , and has King 's Landing closed off to prevent Sansa from escaping ( although she escapes with help from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard ) . He grooms Joffrey 's younger brother , Tommen , to becoming the new King , and appears determined to make sure Tommen becomes a much better King than Joffrey was . The presence of Prince Oberyn Martell of Dorne poses a new problem , however , as he resurfaces the Martell -- Lannister antagonism over the rape and murder of his sister Elia by Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane during the Robert 's Rebellion ; Oberyn believes the deed was done on Tywin 's order . Tywin denies the allegations and promises Oberyn justice in exchange for Oberyn serving as one of the judges at Tyrion 's trial . At the trial , when several supposed witnesses give false statements regarding Tyrion 's supposed guilt , Tywin promises Jaime in private that if Tyrion is found guilty and pleads for mercy , he will exile him to the Night 's Watch but only if Jaime ceases to be a Kingsguard and takes his place as heir to House Lannister . However , Tyrion loses his composure , lashes out at Tywin and demands a trial by combat , to Tywin 's anger . When Tyrion 's champion , Oberyn , loses the fight and is killed , Tywin sentences his son to death . Later , when Jamie helps Tyrion escape , Tyrion discovers that Tywin was having an affair with Shae , Tyrion 's former lover , who falsely testified against him at his trial . Tywin is ambushed by Tyrion while in a privy , wielding Joffrey 's crossbow . Tywin attempts to reason with Tyrion , swearing that he would never have had him executed , but also -- upon Tyrion showing regret for Shae 's death -- taunts him as `` afraid of a dead whore '' . In rage , Tyrion shoots Tywin twice in the chest , killing him . His body is discovered shortly afterwards , and a grand funeral is held in the Sept of Baelor . As revealed by Davos Seaworth , he was 67 years old . Tywin 's death heralds instability in the Seven Kingdoms , with the arrival of the Sparrows in the capital , and rivalry rising between Cersei , who aspires to her father 's position but lacks many of his statesmanlike qualities , and the Tyrells . The Boltons also lose the potential Lannister military support just when they are faced with Stannis Baratheon planning to take Winterfell on his way to the Iron Throne . Davos Seaworth ( edit ) Liam Cunningham Main article : Davos Seaworth Davos Seaworth ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Liam Cunningham . Ser Davos Seaworth , also known as `` The Onion Knight '' , is a former smuggler and knight in the service of Stannis Baratheon ; he serves as one of Stannis 's most trusted advisers . In his smuggling days , he was said to handle a ship at night better than anyone . Before the events of the series , he earned his knighthood by smuggling fish and onions to the besieged Stannis Baratheon and his army during Robert Baratheon 's rebellion . Before knighting him , Stannis removed the last joints from four fingers on his right hand as punishment for his years of smuggling ; believing these joints bought his family a better future , Davos keeps them in a pouch around his neck for luck . In Season 2 , he loyally supports Stannis ' claim on the throne and his honesty and willingness to voice his unaltered opinion makes him Stannis ' most trusted adviser , though Stannis often dislikes what he hears . An agnostic , he does n't accept the priestess Melisandre and her god R'hllor but does not object to her because Stannis is also a follower of R'hllor . He fights in the Battle of the Blackwater , where his ships are caught in a giant explosion of wild fire . His son Matthos is killed and Davos is thrown out to sea . He is picked up by the pirate Salladhor Saan , who returns him to King Stannis . Upon attacking Melisandre for the loss of his son , he is imprisoned and later condemned to death for releasing Gendry . Stannis had intended to sacrifice the boy to R'hllor and hence regards Davos ' actions as treason , but Davos shows him a letter from Maester Aemon from the Night 's Watch , detailing the death of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont and Samwell Tarly witnessing the growing army of White Walkers . Stannis pardons Davos upon Melisandre 's request , as she claims R'hllor calls them to travel to the Wall to help the Night 's Watch protect the kingdom from the White Walkers . In season 4 , Davos is still at odds with Stannis for releasing Gendry ( as Stannis claims that Robb Stark and Joffrey Baratheon are dead thanks to Gendry 's blood ) and failing to find him a suitable army , but Davos decides to write a letter to the Iron Bank of Braavos so that they may provide them with the currency to purchase an army to aid the Night 's Watch against the 100,000 strong wildling army led by Mance Rayder . Despite the Iron Bank 's reluctance to back Stannis , Davos manages to convince them and they acquire the loan . Davos then tracks Salladhor Saan to aid them in exchange for gold . He and Stannis arrive at the Wall in time to save Jon Snow from Mance Rayder . In season 5 , Davos remains at the Wall with Stannis to help him in his campaign to retake the North from Roose Bolton . Davos is aware that the Night 's Watch will choose a new Lord Commander and believes that Ser Alliser Thorne will win . He tries to convince Jon Snow to accept Stannis 's offer of legitimization since Thorne will most likely punish Jon for showing Mance Rayder mercy during the execution . Later , Davos departs from the Wall with Stannis , to help him take Winterfell . As the army becomes snowbound , he is returned to the Wall on Stannis ' command , sharing a heartfelt moment with Shireen , where he thanks her for learning him to read and promises to be back within days . Arriving at the Wall , he unsuccessfully tries to convince Jon of their cause , when the couple is suddenly joined by a lone Melisandre , whose sullen demeanour is enough to tell Jon and Davos that Stannis and Shireen are dead . In season 6 , after Jon is killed in a mutiny , Davos leads Jon 's loyal friends against the mutineers led by Alliser Thorne and they achieve victory thanks to the wildlings ' help . Davos later persuades Melisandre to attempt to resurrect Jon , which she succeeds in doing , and becomes one of Jon 's top lieutenants in his campaign to retake Winterfell from the Boltons , successfully persuading Lyanna Mormont to supply them with men . He takes part in the Battle of the Bastards and survives , but in the process learns that Shireen was actually burned at the stake by Melisandre . He confronts her about it in front of Jon and she admits her role in Shireen 's death , and he demands permission from Jon to execute Melisandre , though Jon has her exiled instead . Davos later joins the Northern Lords in proclaiming Jon the new King in the North . In season 7 Davos travels with Jon to Dragonstone . He helps Tyrion Lannister to sneak into King 's Landing for a meeting with Jamie Lannister . While in King 's Landing he seeks out Gendry and finds him in a smithy , and brings him back to Dragonstone . Samwell Tarly ( edit ) John Bradley Main article : Samwell Tarly Samwell Tarly ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by John Bradley . Samwell Tarly of House Tarly and the Night 's Watch is the eldest son and former heir of Lord Randyll Tarly , is a new recruit to the Night 's Watch . He was sent to the Wall by his father , who disowned him for his cowardice . He becomes Jon 's best friend after Jon conspires with the others in their trainee class to go easy on him . While not a warrior , he is very smart and insightful . He is inducted into the Stewards and assigned to Maester Aemon . He travels beyond the Wall in place of Aemon and falls in love with Gilly , one of Craster 's daughter - wives . Later in Season 2 , he finds obsidian `` Dragon glass . '' At the end of the season he becomes a witness to the numerous army of White Walkers and Wights marching to the Fist of the First Men . He manages to escape with a few Night 's Watch Men including Lord Commander Jeor Mormont , and they make it back to Craster 's Keep . Escaping the slaughter of the Nights Watch mutineers -- which ended in Lord Mormont 's death -- Sam is attacked by a White Walker when making a fire but manages to kill it using the Dragonglass . Alongside Gilly , he manages to cross the Wall and return to Castle Black to bring news of Mormont 's death and reunite with Jon . In season 4 , fearing for Gilly 's safety , Sam takes her to work in an inn in Mole 's Town , but later regrets his decision , especially after Mole 's Town is attacked by wildlings ( though he is unaware that Gilly was spared by Ygritte ) . He reunites with Gilly , however , when she returns to Castle Black unharmed , and he locks her in the food storage for her safety when the wildlings attack , kissing her for the first time . Sam himself participates in the battle , at one point shooting a huge Thenn through the head with a crossbow and holding the dying Pyp in his arms . In the aftermath , he discovers Janos Slynt to have hidden himself in the food storage with Gilly , and is given Jon 's sword to look after as Jon leaves Castle Black to hunt down Mance Rayder . He is later present at the burning of the bodies of those who were killed in the battle for The Wall . In season 5 , he expresses concern that if Ser Alliser Thorne is elected the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Gilly and the other wildlings will be executed . At Mance Rayder 's execution he comforts Gilly as she could n't bare to watch . Sam is reading a book on previous Lord Commanders while Princess Shireen Baratheon teaches Gilly how to read . He also learns how the young princess survived Greyscale and that Gilly also had sisters who perished from the disease . At the choosing for the 998th Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Jon Snow reveals Stannis 's offer of legitimization to Sam . Jon states that it was always his dream to be Lord of Winterfell , but he reveals that he will decline the king 's offer , much to Sam 's surprise . When Maester Aemon asks if there are any more candidates wishing to run against Ser Alliser Thorne and Ser Denys Mallister , Sam puts Jon 's name forward as a candidate . Janos Slynt mocks Sam by calling him `` Slayer '' and pointing out his love for Gilly being similar to Jon 's love for Ygritte , and Sam retaliates by publicly mocking Slynt for hiding in the pantry with Gilly and her baby during the wildling attack . Sam reminds all of the black brothers present that Jon was Jeor Mormont 's personal steward , that he led the force to deal with the mutineers at Craster 's Keep , and took command of Castle Black 's garrison during the wildling attack when Thorne was wounded . Sam 's speech ultimately results in Jon being chosen as the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . Events at the wall go on as normal , until the death of Maester Aemon of old age . Sam is present at the maester 's death . Shortly afterward , he catches two Night 's Watchmen attempting to rape Gilly . He attempts to defend her , but the two harshly beat him , and he is only saved by Jon 's direwolf , Ghost . While tending Sam 's wounds , Gilly has sex with Sam . He later leaves with her , convincing Jon that he will aid the Watch much more as a trained maester in Oldtown . His self - confessed motive , however , is to spirit Gilly and her baby -- now named `` Sam '' after her lover -- away to safety , of which Jon approves . In season 6 , Sam and Gilly briefly stop at Horn Hill , where Sam contemplates leaving Gilly and little Sam with his family , but after an uneasy reunion with his father , Sam decides to take Gilly and the baby with him , and steals the House Tarly Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane , to learn the secrets behind Valyrian steel . He reaches the citadel in the season finale . In season 7 Sam is a skivvy for the Archmaester , collecting chamber pots and rescribing old scrolls . He meets Jorah Mormont , nearly lost to the disease greyscale , and cures him using a painful and risky treatment in defiance of the Archmaester 's orders . Sam is frustrated that the Archmaester will not take the White Walker threat seriously . Eventually he helps himself to scrolls he thinks may be important from the library and heads back north with Gilly and little Sam . Gilly finds in a High Septon 's diary that Prince Rhaegar annulled his marriage to Ella Martell of Dorne ; Sam ignores this at first but by the time he reaches Winterfell and meets Bran he has read for himself that the High Septon went on to marry Rhaegar to Lyanna Stark in secret . Sam and Bran put their information together to conclude that Jon Snow was born legitimate , named Aegon Targaryen , and the rightful heir to the Iron Throne . Margaery Tyrell ( edit ) Natalie Dormer Main article : Margaery Tyrell Margaery Tyrell ( season 2 -- 6 ) portrayed by Natalie Dormer . Margaery of House Tyrell is the only daughter of Lord Mace Tyrell , and has recently married the late King Robert 's brother , Renly Baratheon , as part of House Tyrell 's support for his bid to seize the Iron Throne from King Joffrey . Somewhere in her mid to late twenties , she is surprisingly canny and cunning . She is aware of her husband 's homosexual orientation and inclinations towards her brother . Despite her knowledge of this , she actively attempts to become pregnant as to secure the alliance between their families . When Renly is killed , the Tyrells ally with House Lannister and she is planned to marry to King Joffrey . In a departure from her characterization in the novels , where her personal motivations are unclear , Margaery 's naked ambition is made obvious . Upon arriving at King 's Landing , she offers Sansa to marry her brother Loras , but the plot is thwarted and Sansa is married to Tyrion Lannister to secure the North should Robb Stark die . At the end of Season 3 , her marriage to Joffrey is impending , though her influence over him appears to grow , causing friction between her and Queen Regent Cersei . Cersei coldly implies she could have her killed at any time . In season 4 , Margaery and Joffrey are married , but Joffrey dies at the wedding after being poisoned . Since Margaery still can not become queen this way , she is betrothed to Joffrey 's younger brother and heir , Tommen , and visits him one night in his chamber to get to know him better . She is among the many people in King 's Landing who believe Tyrion Lannister is not responsible for Joffrey 's death , and her grandmother , Olenna Tyrell , confirms to her that it was she who orchestrated it , leaving Margaery visibly shocked , until Olenna claims that it was to protect her from Joffrey 's abuse ( which he had quite clearly inflicted on Sansa while she was betrothed to him ) . Margaery is later present at Tyrion 's trial , where she is visibly uncomfortable at the possibility of Tyrion being punished for the crime her grandmother committed . After Tyrion kills Tywin and escapes , Margaery attends Tywin 's funeral . Margaery marries Tommen soon afterward , as Tommen is now the king . The wedding suffers no problems , and Margaery finally becomes a queen . After consummating the marriage with Tommen , Margaery , who has him completely in her thrall , suggests that Tommen send Cersei back to Casterly Rock . Tensions between Cersei and Margaery increase as Cersei confronts her about Tommen . Margaery insults Cersei , angering her . Cersei then has Margaery 's brother , Loras , arrested by the extremist religious movement the Sparrows for homosexual activities . At a trial , Margaery testifies that Loras is not guilty . However , when evidence is procured , Loras gets arrested , along with Margaery , as she lied in her testimony . The High Sparrow reveals that she and Loras will face trial , but that they may receive the `` mother 's mercy '' if they were to confess their crimes . Margaery later feigns surrender to protect her family , and joins Tommen in making an alliance with the Faith . On the day of Cersei 's trial , however , Margaery is killed in the explosion which destroys the Great Sept of Baelor . Stannis Baratheon ( edit ) Stephen Dillane Main article : Stannis Baratheon Stannis Baratheon ( season 2 -- 5 ) portrayed by Stephen Dillane . Stannis Baratheon of House Baratheon , Lord of Dragonstone , is the elder of Robert Baratheon 's younger brothers . A brooding , humorless man known for a hard and unyielding sense of justice , he is obsessed with slights real and imagined . With Robert dying , Ned sends him a letter appointing him as the legitimate heir and becomes another challenger for the Iron Throne after his nephew Joffrey becomes King . By Season 2 , he has fallen under the influence of Melisandre , a priestess of R'hllor . After Robert 's death , Stannis claims himself the true heir to the Iron Throne as Cersei 's children are illegitimate and names himself King of the Seven Kingdoms . However , most of the Baratheon bannermen support the claim of the more charismatic Renly . When Renly is mysteriously slain , many of Renly 's bannermen immediately swear allegiance to Stannis . He then attacks King 's Landing by sailing up the Blackwater Bay . However , due to Tyrion 's plan using wild fire and reinforcements by the Lannisters and Tyrell Cavalry , he loses the Battle of Blackwater . Despite this setback , he is convinced to continue fighting by Melisandre , and is further convinced by her magic as she lets him see a vision of a battle in the flames . He acquires one of Robert 's bastards , Gendry , from the Brotherhood Without Banners and plans to sacrifice him to further his quest for the Iron Throne . After Davos questions his course of action , Stannis has three leeches drawn with Gendry 's blood and throws them into a fire , calling for the death of Robb Stark , Balon Greyjoy and Joffrey Baratheon . Upon the news of Robb 's death , Davos releases Gendry to prevent him from being burned . Stannis subsequently sentences his Hand to death but is swayed by Melisandre , who encourages him to travel North to aid the Night 's Watch against the threat emerging from beyond the Wall . In season 4 , Stannis hears of Joffrey 's death and chastises Davos again for releasing Gendry and not finding him a suitable army , prompting Davos to write to the Iron Bank of Braavos in Stannis 's name to help pay for an army . The Iron Bank very nearly refuses Stannis ' request , even subtly belittling him in the process , but Davos manages to convince them that Stannis is easily the only one they can turn to since Tywin Lannister is nearing old age . Stannis and his army arrive at the Wall shortly after the Battle for Castle Black , interrupting a supposed parley between Jon Snow and Mance Rayder . Stannis learns that Jon is Ned Stark 's son , and on Jon 's advice , he places Mance and his men under arrest . He is later present at the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died during the Battle for Castle Black . In season 5 , Stannis begins plans to retake the North from Roose Bolton , hoping to recruit Mance 's wildling army , if Mance will bend the knee to him . Mance refuses , and Stannis orders him burned at the stake . Although Stannis was not pleased that Jon interfered with Mance 's execution , he presents Jon an enticing offer . If Jon bends the knee and swears his loyalty to Stannis , the king will legitimize him as Jon Stark , making him the Lord of Winterfell . Stannis , after receiving a message from Lyanna Mormont , knows that having a Stark on his side is the best chance of rallying the Northerners to his cause . Stannis departs from the Wall soon afterward , on a mission to take Winterfell from the Boltons . However , his party is delayed by a large snowstorm that ravages the North , and Ramsay Bolton and his men sabotage his supplies by burning them . He eventually agrees , most reluctantly , to sacrifice his daughter to the Lord of Light , sending Davos to the Wall to find supplies as he knows he would never approve of this most drastic action . Conferring with his daughter before her sacrifice , he admits that he will hate himself forever , but goes through with the act , witnessing tearfully as his daughter succumbs . The next day , the blizzard has lifted , though half his army , including all the sellswords have mutinied , taking all the horses to join the Boltons . Selyse is found hanged in a woods , having broken and relented the sacrifice of their child in the last minute and taken her own life . Stannis decides to finish the march on Winterfell by foot , where his greatly diminished army is greeted by a massive cavalry force led by Ramsay which defeats him . Fending off remaining Bolton soldiers in a nearby grove , Stannis succumbs by a tree , where he is greeted by Brienne of Tarth , reminding him of his fratricide . Stannis accepts responsibility and tells Brienne to fulfil her duty , and she lifts her sword and swings . Melisandre ( edit ) Carice van Houten Main article : Melisandre Melisandre ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Carice van Houten . Also known as `` The Red Woman '' , a priestess of R'hllor in service to Stannis Baratheon . Melisandre has prophetic powers that give her partial knowledge of future events . Unlike many other people in Westeros with access to prophecy , Melisandre has absolute faith in her own interpretation . Melisandre believes Stannis is the chosen one who will convert the people of Westeros into followers of R'hllor . She convinces Stannis of this by using various methods , including seduction . Many , most notably Stannis ' trusted adviser Davos Seaworth , believe she is leading their king astray . She has magical powers which help her survive Maester Cressen 's attempt to kill her with poison . She also gives birth to a shadow demon which is sent to kill Renly Baratheon and tries to convince Stannis to sacrifice Gendry , the bastard son of Robert Baratheon , because he has king 's blood , claiming R'hllor will reward the gift with an easier path to the Iron Throne . After Gendry 's escape , she intercepts a letter from the Night 's Watch , seeing the prophetic `` Other '' as the force behind the White Walkers ' march on the wall , and insists that Stannis takes up the cause of stopping them . She dismisses `` this war of five kings '' ( now actually three ) as unimportant and insists that Stannis take the help of Davos Seaworth , despite his betrayal . In season 4 , Melisandre accompanies Stannis , Davos and their army to the Wall , narrowly saving Jon Snow from Mance Rayder . At the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who fell during the Battle for Castle Black , Melisandre exchanges a knowing glance with Jon . In season 5 , she remains at the Wall with Stannis and shows interest in Jon . She attempts to seduce Jon , but he refuses to have sex with her . Eventually , she departs from the Wall with Stannis and Davos on their mission to take Winterfell . When a large snowstorm delays them , Melisandre suggests that Stannis sacrifice his daughter Shireen , but Stannis refuses . After a Bolton raiding party kills many of the horses and burns their supplies , he eventually gives in and allows the priestess to burn his only child . Melisandre declares soon after that the blizzard has been lifted , but after half of Stannis ' forces desert him , dismayed and disgusted , she rides for the Wall , where she is accosted by Jon and Davos . In season 6 , after persuasion by Davos , Melisandre attempts to resurrect Jon , who was killed in a mutiny , and succeeds , restoring her faith in the Lord of Light . She remains at Jon 's side through his campaign to retake the North from the Boltons , and witnesses the Bolton banners being lowered to the ground as in one of her visions . However , she is accused of murdering Shireen by Davos . With obvious regret , she admits what she did , but pleads with Jon not to execute her , claiming that she can help in the coming battle against the Night King . Remembering her role in resurrecting him , Jon does not execute Melisandre , but has her exiled from the North . In season 7 she arrives at Dragonstone and urges Daenerys to make an ally of Jon Snow . She tells Varys she is leaving Westeros but that she will return , as it is her destiny to die there . Jeor Mormont ( edit ) James Cosmo Main article : Jeor Mormont Jeor Mormont ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by James Cosmo . Jeor Mormont , the 997th Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , is the estranged father of Ser Jorah . He gave up his lands to serve the Night 's Watch . His son 's shaming of their house weighs heavily on him . He personally requests that Jon Snow be made his personal steward , and gives him the Hand - and - a-Half sword ( also known as a bastard sword ) of their house , Longclaw . He has the pommel reshaped into a wolf 's head . To investigate the return of wights , the disappearance of several Rangers , and rumors of a wildling army , Jeor leads an expeditionary force beyond the Wall in Season 2 . In Season 3 , after returning to Craster 's Keep , he is slain by Rast in the ensuing mutiny , but manages to strangle him briefly before succumbing to his wounds . His death ignites Maester Aemon 's call for the lords of Westeros to aid the Night 's Watch , which convinces Stannis Baratheon the time is ripe to fight the onslaught of the White Walkers . His corpse is apparently desecrated afterwards , as in season 4 , Karl Tanner is shown drinking wine from a skull he claims is Jeor 's . Bronn ( edit ) Jerome Flynn Main article : Bronn ( character ) Bronn ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Jerome Flynn . Bronn is a sellsword with a sardonic sense of humor . He initially serves under Catelyn Stark and aids her in arresting Tyrion Lannister and taking him to the Vale to stand trial for the murder of Jon Arryn and attempted murder of Bran Stark . During the trial , Bronn realises that Tyrion will most likely be executed by the insane Lysa Arryn despite the impossibility of his guilt , and volunteers to fight for Tyrion when he demands a trial by combat . Bronn defeats Lysa Arryn 's champion and becomes Tyrion 's companion and protector , accompanying him back to King 's Landing . After they arrive , Bronn 's service to Tyrion earns him a position as Commander of the City Watch after Janos Slynt is revealed to be accepting bribes from the Lannisters . When Stannis Baratheon attacks the city by sailing up the Blackwater Bay , he shoots a flaming arrow to a ship containing wild fire which destroys half of Stannis ' fleet , and kills several of the attackers in defence of the city . However , Bronn is stripped of his position after Tywin Lannister takes his seat as Hand of The King , but is knighted taking the name Ser Bronn of the Blackwater for his service . He subsequently demands more gold for protecting Lord Tyrion and remains his confidante , though discord is increasing between the two . When Tyrion is forced to marry Sansa Stark , Bronn claims he desires her sexually , which Tyrion takes as a grave insult . In Season 4 , Tyrion pays him to train Jaime Lannister in fencing with his left hand , as well as get Shae out of King 's Landing , which he assures was completed . Bronn later implores Jaime to visit and help Tyrion after he is accused of murdering Joffrey , telling Jaime that Tyrion originally named him as his defender while on trial in the Vale before Bronn volunteered . Bronn is later betrothed to a rich woman by Cersei in order to stop Tyrion from naming him as his champion . Bronn visits Tyrion in his cell to inform him , and tells him that he most likely would not have been prepared to fight Ser Gregor Clegane , Cersei 's champion , anyway . He bids Tyrion farewell and they part ways as friends . In Season 5 , Bronn is taking a stroll with his betrothed , Lollys Stokeworth , just outside Castle Stokeworth . Lollys talks at length about the upcoming wedding , but Bronn seems uninterested about discussing it . He does comfort Lollys when she talks about her sister Felyse , saying that mean people will always get what they deserve . The two are interrupted when they see Jaime near the castle . Jaime intends to bring Myrcella Baratheon back from Dorne to King 's Landing and wants Bronn to help him . He also reveals that Cersei has arranged for Willas Bracken to wed Lollys instead of him , which angers Bronn , as he and Cersei had an agreement . Jaime tells Bronn that he will get a much better girl and a much better castle once they return from Dorne . Bronn and Jaime infiltrate the Water Gardens and find Myrcella with Trystane Martell , but are intercepted by the Sand Snakes , Oberyn Martell 's bastard daughters , who seek to kill Myrcella as revenge against Cersei for Oberyn 's death . Bronn sustains a cut while fighting Tyene Sand before they are all arrested by the Dornish guard . While in custody , Bronn almost dies from poison due to Tyene 's blade being coated in it , though she gives him the antidote . Though he struck Trystane during the struggle , Bronn is ultimately spared and allowed to return to King 's Landing with Jaime , after Areo Hotah strikes him across the face in retribution for harming Trystane . In season six , he accompanies Jaime to the Riverlands to retake Riverrun from Brynden Tully for the Freys , and returns to King 's Landing afterwards . In season seven he accompanies Jamie to capture Highgarden , reminding Jamie that he is still owed a highborn wife and a castle by the Lannisters . When the baggage train and force of soldiers he and Jamie are travelling with is attacked by Daenerys ' Dothraki and dragons he attempts to use a scorpion ( giant crossbow ) to shoot down Daenerys ' dragon . One of his shots wings the dragon but does not kill it , and the scorpion is destroyed by fire . Bronn sees Jamie about to make a suicidal charge at Daenerys and shoves him into the water just as the dragon is about to incinerate him . In King 's Landing Bronn leads Jamie down into the lower levels of the Red Keep , ostensibly to practice with swords , before revealing he had been asked by Tyrion to bring Jamie to a meeting . Cersei describes this as treason , but Jamie takes no action against Bronn . Varys ( edit ) Conleth Hill Main article : Varys Varys ( season 1 -- present ) portrayed by Conleth Hill . Varys , sometimes called The Spider , is a major character in the second , third , fourth and fifth seasons . He initially appeared as a recurring character in the first season and debuted in `` Lord Snow '' . Varys is bald and tends towards fat , due to his castration . Varys is a eunuch and the Master of Whisperers on the king 's small council . He is the Master of Whisperers , the King 's foremost spymaster and intelligence agent . He holds no inherited title , castle or lands in Westeros , but is called `` Lord '' as a courtesy due to his position on the council , which traditionally is made up of high lords . He is a skilled manipulator and commands a network of informants across two continents . He often puts on the public persona of being nothing more than a pudgy man well suited to the pleasantries of court life ; humble , obsequious , fawning , and a little effeminate . This is simply a facade that Varys has developed , which often leads those who do not know him well to underestimate him as a cheerful and vapid flatterer . In reality he is a cunning and ruthless manipulator of court politics , on - par with Master of Coin Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish , with whom he frequently spars . Unlike Baelish , Varys insists that his goals are to achieve what he honestly feels is best for the realm , though of course , what he and the current king feel is best might be two separate things . Varys was born across the Narrow Sea in Lys . He was born a slave , and as a child he traveled with a troupe of actors all around the different Free Cities until a sorcerer in the city of Myr made an offer Varys ' master could n't refuse . Varys was sold to the sorcerer , who gave him a potion that made him unable to move or speak but did n't dull his perceptions or sense of pain , and emasculated him ( cutting off his testes and penis both ) to use his sexual organs in a magical ritual , burning them in a brazier . Afterward the sorcerer had no use for Varys and threw him in the streets to die . Instead Varys resolved to live no matter what : begging , stealing , and selling the sexual use of what parts remained to him , doing anything to survive . He also became an excellent thief , but soon learned that stolen information was often a far more valuable commodity than any physical goods , and he worked his way up from the slums of Myr . He became a master spy and information trafficker , and his influence and reputation grew so great that he eventually found himself as a member of the small council in the Seven Kingdoms . His experience at the hands of the sorcerer had also left him with a bitter hatred for magic and its practitioners . Varys 's true loyalties remain a mystery , though he claims to serve `` the realm '' , and abhors the suffering and political instability brought by the war . After Littlefinger 's confidante Ros is severely beaten by Joffrey 's guards and he fails to intervene , Varys takes her into his service as a spy . Littlefinger finds out and has her killed , taunting Varys that he could n't protect her . Varys affirms his course as a means to prevent chaos befalling the realm , claiming that Littlefinger `` would see the Seven Kingdoms burn , if he could be king over the ashes . '' Varys later informs Tyrion that Cersei has discovered his relationship with Shae . Though he claims he will not lie for him , he implores Tyrion to send Shae away for her own safety . Varys later testifies against Tyrion at his trial for murdering Joffrey , but when Tyrion is convicted , Jaime enlists Varys 's help in smuggling Tyrion out of King 's Landing to Essos . As Varys prepares to go back , he hears the tolling bells , making him realise that Tyrion 's escape has been discovered ( along with his murder of Tywin ) , so he stays on the boat with Tyrion . In Season 5 , he and Tyrion arrive in Pentos , where he convinces Tyrion to travel with him to Meereen and aid Daenerys Targaryen in retaking the Iron Throne . Travelling to Volantis , Varys and Tyrion discuss the former 's brief tenure as Hand of the King . Tyrion laments not leaving King 's Landing with Shae when he had the chance , but tells Varys that he enjoyed serving as Hand . Varys eventually surfaces in Meereen , where he confers with Tyrion about the future of the city and the Seven Kingdoms . In season 6 , after helping Tyrion broker an alliance with the slave masters , he departs Meereen to find new friends in Westeros , and secures help from Olenna Tyrell and Ellaria Sand to aid Daenerys . In season 7 he is challenged by Daenerys over having served Robert Baratheon after Robert took her father 's throne , and over his role in the attempt on her life in season 1 . She pardons him . Varys is told by Mellisandre that both she and he are destined to die in Westeros . Shae ( edit ) Sibel Kekilli Main article : Shae ( character ) Shae ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Sibel Kekilli . Shae is a young camp follower in whom Tyrion Lannister takes particular interest . She is from Lorath , one of the Free Cities across the Narrow Sea . Tyrion falls in love with her and in order to hide her from his father , Tyrion appoints Shae to be Sansa 's handmaiden . As her handmaiden , Shae is the only person Sansa trusts and confides to her about her problems and what she really thinks about the Lannisters . In turn , Shae becomes protective of Sansa and attempts to help her in any way she can . In Season 3 , she becomes jealous of Tyrion after his marriage to Sansa and is confronted by Varys , who urges her to leave the Seven Kingdoms , which she refuses to do , thinking that Tyrion has something to do with Varys talking to her . In Season 4 , Tyrion is forced to send Shae away from King 's Landing on a ship after her presence is discovered by Cersei and his father is told , insulting her in the process . Shae , however , does not leave King 's Landing , and resurfaces at Tyrion 's trial for murdering Joffrey , where she falsely claims that both Tyrion and Sansa were responsible for Joffrey 's death . It is revealed , however , that Shae was having an affair with Tywin . After Tyrion is freed by Jaime , he finds Shae sleeping in Tywin 's bed , making him realise the horrible truth . Shae attempts to kill Tyrion with a knife , but he strangles her to death . Ygritte ( edit ) Rose Leslie Main article : Ygritte Ygritte ( season 2 -- 4 ) portrayed by Rose Leslie . A Wildling girl with red hair ( `` kissed by fire '' , a sign of luck among the Wildlings ) and a follower of Mance Rayder . In Season 2 , she is captured in the Skirling Pass by Jon Snow and Qhorin Halfhand . She manages to escape , but is recaptured by Jon , separating him from his brothers in the process . Later she leads him into Rattleshirt 's ambush . After this they lead Jon to Mance Rayder 's wildling camp , where he pretends to defect to the Wildlings to discover their plans . She then travels with him to the wall , and during this journey she seduces him . However , when confronted with killing an innocent horse farmer for the watch who scaled the wall , Jon escapes the wildling 's clutches on horseback . But while resting , Ygritte manages to catch up with Jon at which point she confesses her love for him and then , blinded by tears , shoots him multiple times while he escapes towards the wall . In Season 4 , Ygritte starts raiding villages south of the wall with her group , clearly thirsting for vengeance against Jon , although Tormund suspects she let him go . When the wildlings attack Mole 's Town , Ygritte slaughters all the women present , but notices Gilly hiding with her baby son , and spares her life . When the wildlings finally reach Castle Black and attack , Ygritte kills many Night 's Watch brothers with her archery skills , among them Pyp . When confronted by Jon , however , she can not bring herself to shoot him , and is shot in the back by Olly , a boy whose father Ygritte previously killed . Ygritte subsequently dies in Jon 's arms , and her body is later burned by Jon himself , separately from the other soldiers , in her homeland , north of the Wall . Talisa Maegyr ( edit ) Oona Chaplin Main article : Talisa Maegyr Talisa Maegyr ( season 2 -- 3 ) portrayed by Oona Chaplin . Talisa Maegyr is a healer working on the battlefields of the War of the Five Kings . She claims to be from the Free City of Volantis . No character named Talisa appears in the books . Oona Chaplin was originally announced to play a character called Jeyne , which many thought to mean she would play Jeyne Westerling , a character from the books . Talisa follows Robb Stark 's army camp as it moves . One day as they talk they are interrupted by news that Catelyn has released Robb 's key prisoner Jaime Lannister . Talisa later goes to comfort Robb . After she reveals more of her past to him , they admit their shared feelings for one another and sleep together . Talisa and Robb marry in secret before a septon . In season 3 , Talisa reveals that she is pregnant , although she and her unborn child are stabbed to death by Lothar Frey in the Red Wedding Massacre , the first in the hall to be attacked . Gendry ( edit ) Joe Dempsie Main article : Gendry Gendry ( season 1 -- 3 , 7 - present ) portrayed by Joe Dempsie . Gendry is an apprentice blacksmith in King 's Landing and an unacknowledged bastard of King Robert . During Season 1 , Eddard tells the smith that if Gendry ever shows interest in wielding a sword to send him to Eddard . Gendry shows promise as a smith and makes a helmet in the shape of a bull 's head ; Eddard compliments the helmet , offering to purchase it . Gendry refuses , to the shame of the master smith . After Eddard Stark 's fall and eventual execution , arrangements are made for Yoren of the Night 's Watch to take Gendry to the Wall with him ; he travels North with Yoren and other recruits , including Arry , Lommy Greenhands , Hot Pie and Jaqen H'ghar . During their journey , they are stopped by the Goldcloaks , who demand that Yoren give up Gendry as King Joffrey wants all of his father 's bastards killed but are forced to leave by Yoren . Later , Gendry reveals to Arry that he knows she is a girl disguised as a boy all along and is surprised to learn she is Arya , Ned Stark 's daughter . After the Goldcloaks get help from Ser Amory Lorch and his men who kill Yoren , Gendry 's life is saved by Arya when she lies to the Goldcloaks that Lommy , who was killed during the attack , was Gendry . Gendry and the rest of recruits are sent to Harrenhal where Ser Gregor Clegane arbitrarily has many of the prisoners tortured and killed . Gendry was about to suffer this fate but is saved by the arrival of Lord Tywin Lannister , who chides Clegane 's men for their reckless behavior . Thanks to Jaqen , Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie are able to escape Harrenhal . As they head towards the Riverlands , the group encounters the Brotherhood Without Banners , a group of Outlaws that defend the weak . Inspired , he decides to join the Brotherhood but is betrayed by them when they sell him to Lady Melisandre as ordered by the Lord of Light . Melisandre later reveals to Gendry that King Robert was his father and she is bringing him to meet his uncle , King Stannis . But in truth , Melisandre and Stannis planned to use him for her blood magic where Stannis uses his nephew 's blood to make a death curse on the usurpers to his throne , Joffrey , Robb , and Balon Greyjoy . Before they can use him as a sacrifice , Davos Seaworth helps Gendry escape and puts him on a boat to King 's Landing . Unable to swim or row , Gendry is nevertheless convinced that the Red Woman has a surer death in spare for him , and Davos asks him to `` have a bowl'o brown for me '' when returning to Flea Bottom . In Season 7 Davos , on a clandestine visit to King 's Landing , seeks out Gendry and finds him working as a smith . Gendry needs no persuading to go with Davos to Dragonstone . There he meets Jon Snow and volunteers to go with Jon on a mission north of the Wall to capture a wight . During the mission he is sent back to the Wall to summon help . He gets word to Daenerys , and later leaves with the others on the Targaryen ship . Tormund Giantsbane ( edit ) Kristofer Hivju Main article : Tormund Giantsbane Tormund Giantsbane ( season 3 -- 7 ) portrayed by Kristofer Hivju . A wildling raider known for his many titles , `` Giantsbane '' being foremost . Loud and gregarious , he is one of Mance 's top generals , fierce and terrible in combat . Tormund takes a liking to Jon after he joins them and even gives him advice over his relationship with Ygritte . Tormund leads a group of wildlings south of the Wall to await the signal of Mance Rayder to attack the Night 's Watch . He later leads the attack on Mole 's Town . When the army reaches Castle Black , he duels and severely wounds Ser Alliser Thorne , but is brought down by several arrows and taken prisoner for questioning . After his wounds are healed by Maester Aemon , Jon briefly approaches him , and he tells Jon that Ygritte loved him , citing Ygritte 's apparent desire to kill him as proof . He is later present at Mance 's execution , and is visibly saddened at his friend 's death . He is eventually freed by Jon , who he accompanies to Hardhome , where he attempts to convince the local wildlings to join the Night 's Watch in the battle against their common enemy . As Hardhome is overrun by wights and white walkers , Tormund ferociously fights them off and escapes to the boats with Jon . He later passes through the Wall and into the Seven Kingdoms along with the rest of the wildlings . In season 6 , after hearing of Jon 's murder , he rushes back to Castle Black to bring down the ones responsible , and later witnesses Jon 's resurrection and execution of the mutineers . From there on , Tormund becomes one of Jon 's lieutenants in his campaign to retake the North from Ramsay Bolton . In the ensuing battle , he fights and kills Smalljon Umber , and witnesses Jon defeat Ramsay after Ramsay shoots Wun Wun dead . He is later present when Jon is named the new King in the North . In season 7 Tormund and a group of Free Folk go to Eastwatch at the end of the Wall , expecting the Army of the Dead to approach the Wall at that point . When Jon arrives there on his way north to capture a wight , Tormund volunteers to go along . Tormund is enamoured of Brienne of Tarth and says he hopes to make big monstrous babies with her . Tormund is at Eastwatch - by - the - Sea with Beric Dondarrion when the Night King attacks with Viserion , now resurrected as a wight dragon , or `` ice dragon '' . Following the breaching of the Wall , it is uncertain if Tormund and Beric made it out alive as they were last seen running for their lives . Gilly ( edit ) Hannah Murray Main article : Gilly ( A Song of Ice and Fire ) Gilly ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Hannah Murray . A young wildling girl who lives north of the Wall , Gilly is one of many daughters of Craster , a wildling who takes all his daughters as wives once they grow up into women . She has a son with her father Craster . Samwell falls for her and becomes protective of her . After Craster is killed and Commander Mormont 's rangers turn on each other , Samwell runs with Gilly and her son to Castle Black . Along their journey , Gilly becomes fascinated with Samwell over his knowledge and his bravery of defending her son from a White Walker . After the three of them manage to reach Castle Black , Maester Aemon allows Gilly and her son to stay with them . In gratitude for Samwell helping them , Gilly names her son after Sam . In Season 4 , Gilly settles in a nearby inn close to Castle Black , with Sam 's assistance . The Inn is later attacked by wildlings , but Gilly hides with her son . They are found by Ygritte , who spares them . They make it back to Castle Black safely , where Sam hides them in the food storage , and kisses Gilly for the first time in case he dies . She is also visibly surprised when Janos Slynt hides in the food storage as well . Gilly remains unharmed throughout the battle , and reunites with Sam in the aftermath . In season 5 , she expresses concern of being sent away or executed if Ser Alliser Thorne becomes the new Lord Commander . She is later present at Mance Rayder 's execution . Gilly has begun to learn letters from Princess Shireen Baratheon , with Samwell watching over the two . Gilly also reveals to Shireen that she had sisters that also had Greyscale , but they were quarantined away from the other women at Craster 's Keep and eventually succumbed to the disease . After Maester Aemon 's death , during Jon 's absence in Hardhome , she is almost sexually assaulted by two members of the Watch , but is saved by Sam and Ghost , after which she willingly makes love to him . She and her baby later leave Castle Black for Oldtown with Sam on Jon Snow 's orders . Along the way , they stop at Horn Hill , where Sam initially intends to leave Gilly and the baby with his family , but despite Randyll Tarly allowing them to stay , Sam decides to take them with him to the Citadel in Oldtown . In the sixth - season finale , they arrive . Later in Oldtown Gilly enthusiastically makes use of her newfound literacy , and in the diaries of a former High Septon she learns that a prince named Rhaegar Targaryen had his marriage annulled in Dorne . At the end of season seven she has gone back north with Sam and Little Sam and reached Winterfell . Brienne of Tarth ( edit ) Gwendoline Christie Main article : Brienne of Tarth Brienne of Tarth ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Gwendoline Christie . A former member of Renly Baratheon 's Kingsguard . She is a highly trained and skilled warrior made dangerous by the fact that men underestimate her . She is considered ugly because she is abnormally large in height and build , androgynous , and stronger than most men . She wishes to prove her valor in a worthy cause to win respect and acceptance . She becomes infatuated with Renly after he shows her kindness and courtesy , and she wins a place in his Kingsguard after winning a tournament melee against Ser Loras . Renly trusts Brienne because of her loyalty and her willingness to die for him . She is present at Renly 's death and is falsely accused of his murder . She flees with Catelyn Stark and enters her service . Later Catelyn decides to release Jaime Lannister in exchange for her daughters Sansa and Arya , Brienne is sent to protect Jaime on the journey and to escort the Stark girls back . On the journey back to King 's Landing , both are captured by the violent Roose Bolton , who holds them at Harrenhal . While there , Brienne learns the truth behind Jaime 's murder of the Mad King , but is forced to stay behind while Bolton 's men accompany Jaime back to King 's Landing , although Jaime rescues Brienne from Harrenhal upon learning that Bolton 's unruly henchman , Locke , intends to feed her to his bear . Brienne succeeds in getting Jaime home safely . In Season 4 , Brienne remains in King 's Landing sworn to Jaime , and tensions arise between them again when Jaime refuses to uphold his promise to return Arya and Sansa to Catelyn , on the basis that Catelyn is dead , Arya is missing and Sansa is married to Tyrion . Brienne is later present at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , where Cersei implies that Brienne has fallen in love with Jaime , an accusation she answers with silence . Brienne is eventually sent on a mission by Jaime to find and protect Sansa . Jaime provides her with Joffrey 's sword , which she names `` Oathkeeper '' , new armour and Podrick Payne to serve as her new squire . As she leaves , she almost breaks down in tears , and looks back at Jaime while on her horse , which causes Jaime to realise her feelings for him . On the way , Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn and meet Hot Pie , who tells them that Arya Stark may still be alive . They eventually find Arya and Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane near the Vale . Brienne and Arya initially bond over both being women who prefer to fight , but her sword causes Arya and Sandor to believe she may be a Lannister agent after the bounty on Sandor 's head . A fight ensues between Brienne and Sandor , in which Sandor injures Brienne , but Brienne manages to bite Sandor 's ear off and hit him off a cliff to his apparent death . Arya disappears during the fight , and Brienne and Podrick set out to search for her , though she is visibly distraught that Arya refused her help . Brienne and Podrick stop at an inn . While eating , Podrick sees Sansa and Petyr Baelish eating in the back of the inn , guarded by knights . Brienne orders Podrick to secure more horses , and then moves toward Petyr and Sansa . After Petyr allows her to approach , Brienne pledges her life to Sansa . When Petyr accuses her of Renly Baratheon 's murder , Brienne explains that Renly was killed by a shadow with Stannis 's face . Sansa tells Brienne that she does n't want her protection , and asks her to leave . Petyr attempts to have his guards take Brienne into their custody , but she flees with Podrick , stealing a horse and releasing several others . The guards give chase , and Brienne and Podrick are separated . After evading her pursuers , Brienne sees Sansa and Petyr fleeing . She searches for Podrick , and saves him from two of the knights . Podrick suggests that they stop pursuing Sansa as she refused their help , but Brienne is adamant that she will not be safe with Lord Baelish . She follows the couple to Moat Cailin and then to Winterfell , where she watches the high tower from a village outside , with Sansa promised escape if she lights a candle in the highest tower . As Stannis Baratheon 's army approaches , Sansa lights the candle and Brienne prepares to get her , only to find Stannis gravely wounded on the battlefield . She asks him for the truth about Renly 's death , to which he confesses guilt , and executes him with her sword . Shortly afterwards , she and Podrick rescue Sansa and Theon Greyjoy after they flee Winterfell , and Sansa accepts Brienne into her service . She takes her to Jon Snow at Castle Black , but later heads to the Riverlands to recruit Brynden Tully 's help in for Jon and Sansa to retake Winterfell from Ramsay , but is unsuccessful . She also shares an uneasy reunion with Jaime in the process . When Riverrun falls , Brienne escapes with Podrick in a boat . Back at Winterfell in season 7 , Brienne meets Arya again . Arya demands that Brienne spar with her , and Brienne soon finds that she can not easily beat Arya , who manages to point a sword at her throat . Brienne is sent by Sansa to the parley at the Dragonpit , where she meets The Hound , who she thought she had killed ... Ramsay Bolton ( edit ) Iwan Rheon Main article : Ramsay Bolton Ramsay Bolton ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Iwan Rheon . The illegitimate son of Roose Bolton , Ramsay Snow of House Bolton is cruel , sadistic and very cunning . After the Ironborn captures Winterfell , he marches on the castle 's token garrison and offers it safe passage for surrender ; after the gates are opened , he captures Theon and flays the other defenders . At the Dreadfort , Theon is put through gruesome physical and psychological torture on Ramsay 's instigation , though he himself watches in guise of a cleaning boy . He helps Theon Greyjoy escape from captivity , claiming to be a servant of Theon 's sister , Yara , and promises to help him reach her , but ends up only leading Theon back to his original place of imprisonment to taunt him further . He tortures Theon by flaying his fingers and forces him to beg to have them cut off . He ultimately emasculates him and has his manhood sent in a box to the Iron Islands to press Balon to evacuate the North , suggesting he could dismember Theon slowly and send him home in boxes if his demands are not met . He forces Theon to become his new servant , who is now called Reek , and beats him until he accepts the name . In Season 4 , Ramsay along with his now slave servant , Reek , hunt down a servant girl named Tansy . Ramsay hunts her for sport and in the end feeds her to his dogs ( bastards girls ) . Ramsay has followed his father in pledging loyalty to the Lannisters , and remains Acting Lord of the Dreadfort until Roose and his men arrive ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) . Ramsay warmly greets his father , new stepmother `` Fat '' Walda Frey , and friend Locke , but he is chastised by his father for torturing Theon , who would have proved a valuable hostage . Roose enlists his son in his plans to reconquer the North from the invading Ironborn -- his father assigns Ramsay , `` Reek '' and what men Ramsay has to capture Moat Cailin from the Ironborn , in exchange for Roose considering legitimizing Ramsay as a full member of his family , a prospect that delights Ramsay . When Yara and some Ironborn killers attack the Dreadfort and attempt to take Theon , Ramsay confronts her in the dungeons and sets the hounds on her , forcing her to flee without Theon , who refused to go with her believing it was another trick of Ramsay 's , and too broken and frightened to take the risk . As a reward for Theon 's loyalty , Ramsay gives him a bath , bathing Theon himself , and asks for his help in taking Moat Cailin . Ramsay sends Reek into Moat Cailin with a peace banner and a letter promising safe passage to the Stoney Shore . Reek pretends to be his former self , Theon Greyjoy , and convinces the ironborn to surrender . Ramsay breaks his promise and flays the Ironborn living and displays their bodies on stakes . As a reward , Ramsay is legitimized by his father and takes the name , Ramsay Bolton , discarding the surname `` Snow '' for good , much to Ramsay 's delight . Ramsay and the rest of the Bolton forces then march on towards Winterfell , the Boltons ' new home . To solidify their claim for legitimacy , he is provided Sansa Stark as a suitable bride , who he promises never to harm before Baelish , but nevertheless brutally rapes her on their wedding night . He later skins a woman alive for attempting to light a candle in the high tower of Winterfell , which would signal to Brinne ( waiting in the village outside the walls ) that Sansa was in need of rescue . At the battle of Winterfell between Baratheon and Bolton forces , he rides out to greet Stannis , destroying his army and killing most of his men but meanwhile , Reek rebels against his master and kills his lover , Myranda , escaping with Sansa in the process . With his position as Roose 's heir in question following Sansa 's disappearance and the birth of Roose 's baby boy , Ramsay kills Roose , Walda and the baby and becomes the new Lord of Winterfell , securing help from House Karstark and House Umber , the latter giving him Rickon Stark as a hostage . He kills Osha and sends a letter to Jon Snow demanding Sansa 's return , but Jon and Sansa decide to challenge Ramsay and retake Winterfell . Ramsay parleys with Jon and refuses his offer to a one - on - one duel . On the day of the battle , Ramsay lures Jon and his men into a trap by murdering Rickon , but his forces are smashed by the Knights of the Vale . Ramsay flees back to Winterfell , where Jon beats him severely and orders him locked up as a prisoner . That night , Ramsay is fed to his own hounds , bringing House Bolton to extinction . Ellaria Sand ( edit ) Indira Varma Main article : Ellaria Sand Ellaria Sand ( season 4 -- 7 ) portrayed by Indira Varma . The sexually promiscuous paramour of Oberyn Martell , she is the mother of the four youngest Sand Snakes . She is later present at Tyrion 's trial by combat , where Oberyn fights Gregor Clegane in Tyrion 's name , and is horrified when Oberyn is killed . In Season 5 Ellaria arrives at Dorne at the Water Gardens , Ellaria , still in mourning clothes , observes Trystane Martell and Myrcella Baratheon from a distance . She approaches Prince Doran Martell , but her path is initially blocked by Captain Areo Hotah . Ellaria threatens Areo before the captain is ordered by Doran to stand down . Angrily , Ellaria scolds Doran for his apparent inaction at the news of Oberyn 's death . Doran plans to bury and mourn his beloved brother , but Ellaria and Oberyn 's daughters want the Dornish people to take up arms and avenge their fallen prince . She also voices her contempt for Myrcella and wants to harm her in order to send Cersei Lannister a message . Doran strictly forbids this , stating that under his rule , they will not mutilate little girls for revenge . Ellaria voices doubts that Doran will remain in power if he continues to do nothing and leaves . She meets up with Oberyn 's three bastard daughters , the Sand Snakes ( Obara , Nymeria , and Tyene ) , and tells them that they must capture Myrcella and kill her out of revenge for Oberyn 's death . However , when the Sand Snakes attempt this , both them and Ellaria are captured by Doran 's guard . She pleads for mercy and is forgiven , being explicitly warned by Doran that he `` never gives anyone a third chance '' . She says goodbyes to Myrcella Baratheon , who forgives her and shares an unexpected kiss , concealing a sinister induction of poison into the girl 's mouth . Ellaria watches the ship sail and administers the antidote to herself while contemplating what will come when Doran realises what she has done . In Season 6 , apparently having made amends with Doran , she strolls with him in the Water Gardens while reminiscing about Oberyn . When the maester brings a letter from Jaime Lannister with the news of Myrcella 's death , Doran realizes it was Ellaria 's work , but she stabs him to death before he can react . Ellaria taunts a dying Doran for his weak rule and inaction at the deaths of Elia and Oberyn . With his dying breath , Doran begs Ellaria to spare Trystane 's life , but she refuses , telling him that both him and his son are weak and weak men will never rule Dorne again before leaving him to die on the floor . Later , Ellaria sends Obara and Nymeria to King 's Landing to kill Trystane , bringing the extinction of House Martell and usurping power over Dorne . After hearing of the destruction of the Great Sept of Baelor , Cersei 's work which claimed the lives of almost all of House Tyrell , Ellaria invites Olenna Tyrell to Dorne to discuss an alliance against Cersei , and reveals that through Varys , she has declared for Daenerys Targaryen . In Season 7 , Ellaria and her daughter Tyene are captured by Euron Greyjoy and brought to Cersei . Taking the Sands to the dungeons , Cersei taunts Ellaria , and kisses Tyene with the same poison used to kill Myrcella . She leaves Ellaria to watch Tyene die , telling Ellaria she will be kept alive until her daughter 's body is completely decomposed . Daario Naharis ( edit ) Michiel Huisman Main article : Daario Naharis Daario Naharis ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ed Skrein in season 3 , and by Michiel Huisman from season 4 onwards . Daario is a confident and seductive warrior who is a lieutenant in the Second Sons , a group of 2000 mercenaries . Daario has an unusual code of honor : he wo n't sleep with sex workers or kill innocents as he believes in making love with women who want to make love with him and killing those who want to kill him . Under the leadership of his Captain Mero and second in command Prendhal na Ghezn , the Second Sons were hired by the Slaver city Yunkai to fight against Daenerys ' army . Smitten with Daenerys , Daario refused to obey his superiors when they decided to assassinate her , which forced him to kill Mero and Prendhal in self - defense . With the Second Sons under his command , Daario and his men pledge their allegiance to Daenerys . In season 4 , Daario attempts to romance Daenerys by offering her flowers and lecturing her about the special use of these flowers , as he claims it is important to know the land she is going to rule . At the gate of Meereen , Daario volunteers to fight Meereen 's champion in single combat after Daenerys rejects the rest of her inner circle from fighting . Daario declines the use of a horse , noting that they are n't as intelligent as humans . Daario ends the duel with ruthless efficiency , striking down the horse with his stiletto and decapitating the dazed champion with his arakh . Later on after conquering Meereen , Daario sneaks into Daenerys ' private chambers and gives her more flowers . As Daenerys initially refuses him , he tells her he only has two talents in his life : war and women , and that in Meereen he serves no purpose . Daario asks her to let him do what he does best , killing her enemies . Instead , Daenerys focuses on the other thing Daario claims to be good at and orders him to take off his clothes . The morning after , Daenerys informs Jorah that she has sent Daario , Hizdahr zo Loraq and the Second Sons to Yunkai in order to bargain with the masters who retaken control of the city . In season 5 , Daario returns with Hizdahr zo Loraq , informing Daenerys that the mission was successful , but the masters want Daenerys to reopen the fighting pits in return . Daenerys refuses , and while in bed , Daario attempts to convince her otherwise , claiming that it was his early life in the fighting pits that led him to join the Second Sons and meet Daenerys in the first place . After Barristan Selmy is killed and Grey Worm left near death , Daenerys heeds Daario 's advice and reopens the pits , but refuses Daario 's advice on publicly executing all the slave masters . Daario is present on the opening day of the fighting games , and banters with Hizdahr and Tyrion Lannister about who will win the competition . He fights to protect Daenerys when the Sons of the Harpy launch another attack and watches her fly away on Drogon . In the aftermath , Daario advises Tyrion , Grey Worm and Missandei to stay in Meereen and hold the city together while he and Jorah depart to search for Daenerys . In season 6 , they finally track Daenerys to Vaes Dothrak and witness Daenerys slaughter the khals and become the new ruler of the Dothraki . Daario leads the Dothraki back to Meereen to slaughter the Sons of the Harpy once and for all , but on Tyrion 's advice , Daenerys breaks up with Daario and leaves him to govern Slaver 's Bay so that she may pursue a marriage alliance in Westeros . Daario reluctantly accepts while proclaiming his love for Daenerys . Missandei ( edit ) Nathalie Emmanuel Main article : Missandei Missandei ( season 3 - present ) portrayed by Nathalie Emmanuel Personal servant to Daenerys Targaryen . She was freed from being a slave working as translator for Kraznys mo Nakloz when Daenerys insisted during negotiations with Kraznys mo Nakloz that Missandei was given to her as a gift . She effectively serves as the replacement of Doreah after she betrayed Daenerys in Qarth . She later begins to teach Grey Worm how to speak the common tongue , and they develop romantic feelings for each other , despite Grey Worm being an Unsullied who was castrated at youth . She is visibly saddened when another Unsullied , White Rat , is killed in a brothel by the Sons of the Harpy . After Grey Worm is almost killed in an attack , Missandei kisses him after he reveals that for the first time , he felt fear , since he thought he would never see her again . On the opening day of the fighting games , the Sons of the Harpy launch another attack . Missandei is narrowly saved by Tyrion Lannister , and watches as Daenerys flies away on Drogon . She later remains in Meereen with Tyrion and Grey Worm to help keep the city together . Despite an attack by the slaver masters ' fleet , Meereen is saved when Daenerys returns with the Dothraki and unleashes her dragons on the fleet , which Missandei witnesses . She later accompanies Daenerys on her voyage back to Westeros . She makes love with Grey Worm and worries for him when he is sent to attack Casterly Rock . Jaqen H'ghar ( edit ) Tom Wlaschiha Main article : Jaqen H'ghar `` Jaqen H'ghar '' ( season 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Tom Wlaschiha . Sly , enigmatic , and a dangerous criminal , Jaqen is part of Yoren 's group of recruits taken from King 's Landing to join the Night 's Watch . A foreigner from Braavos , though he originally claims Lorath , he speaks in third person , referring to himself as `` A man '' . On the journey , he meets Arya Stark . When the group is attacked by Lannister bannermen , Arya frees him and two other prisoners , saving them from a fire . He finds Arya again at Harrenhal , where he has since disguised himself as a Lannister guard . He asks her to name three people for him to kill to repay the three deaths she stole from the Many - Faced God , but he refuses to help her in any other way . She chooses two of her enemies , the Tickler , the torturer of Harrenhal , and Ser Amory Lorch , the man who killed Yoren and tried to expose her to Tywin Lannister , and chooses Jaqen himself as the third . Arya `` unnames '' him after he agrees to help her escape . After the break - out , he gives Arya an iron coin , instructing her to give it to any Braavosi and say `` Valar Morghulis '' ( `` All Men Must Die '' in High Valyrian ) should she need more help . He then magically changes his appearance , assumes a new identity , and departs . He and Arya are reunited when she arrives at the House of Black and White in Braavos and he begins training her to become a Faceless Man , though the task proves difficult since Arya is still too attached to her past as a Stark . Jaqen later tasks her with assassinating a fraudulent insurance broker , but she reneges on her mission and instead steals one of the masks to murder Meryn Trant , the Kingsguard who killed Syrio Forel , Arya 's first mentor . In retribution , Jaqen confronts Arya and condemns her to lose her eyesight . In the sixth season , Jaqen brings Arya back to the House of Black and White and eventually returns her sight . He orders her to assassinate Lady Crane , and reluctantly orders her death when Arya botches the assassination , but is impressed upon learning that Arya killed the Waif instead . Though he tells her she is now `` No One '' , she asserts her identity as Arya Stark and leaves Braavos . Tommen Baratheon ( edit ) Dean - Charles Chapman Main article : Tommen Baratheon Tommen Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Callum Whaary in seasons 1 and 2 , and by Dean - Charles Chapman from season 4 onwards . Tommen Baratheon of House Baratheon is the prince presented as the youngest son of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister . Like his older siblings Joffrey and Myrcella his actual father is his uncle Ser Jaime Lannister . Like his sister he is good - natured and passive in contrast to his brother Joffrey and is fond of his uncle Tyrion . In Season 2 , when Myrcella was shipped off to Dorne as part of a marriage alliance between the Lannisters and Dorne , Tommen wept when his sister for which Joffrey chastises him . During the battle of the Black Water , he sits with Cersei as she prepares to give him night shade drops for a quick , painless death rather than a brutal one , until Tywin announces that they won the battle . In Season 4 he is present at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , he also attended Joffrey 's funeral for which Tywin proceeds to tell Tommen what makes a good king , ignoring Cersei 's angry glares . Margaery later visits Tommen one night where he reveals his pet cat Ser Pounce , as well as the fact that he and Joffrey did n't get along and he and Margaery bond over their mutual relief that they are free of him . Tommen agrees that he 'd like Margaery to visit him again . Margaery departs , but not before giving him a kiss on the forehead . A ceremony is held in the Red Keep where the High Septon officially crowns Tommen as king . At Tyrion 's trial Tommen excuses himself from the trial , possibly on Tywin 's advice . In Season 5 during the wake of his grandfather , Tommen is approached by Margaery , who shares a few close words with the king and holds his hand briefly . All of this is observed by Cersei from afar . Tommen and Margaery later marry and consummate that same night , whereupon Margaery begins to manipulate Tommen into trying to send Cersei home . When he does , Cersei immediately begins scheming to get rid of the Tyrells . After Loras Tyrell is arrested for his homosexuality , Tommen furiously confronts Cersei and demands Loras 's release , and tries to speak with the High Septon , though he is impeded by the Faith Militant and refuses to allow bloodshed in front of the Great Sept of Baelor . When Margaery is arrested for lying on Loras 's behalf , Tommen considers attacking the Sept to free his wife and brother - in - law , but Cersei persuades him to stand down , and when Cersei herself is arrested , Tommen falls into a depression and goes on a hunger strike , refusing to see anyone . In the sixth season , Tommen attends Myrcella 's funeral and confronts the High Sparrow , demanding him to allow Cersei to see her daughter . Later , he officially announces an alliance between the Crown and the Faith , and abolishes trial by combat , having effectively fallen under the High Sparrow 's influence . When Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor , killing thousands of people , including Margaery , Loras , Mace , Kevan and the High Sparrow , Tommen witnesses it from his quarters , and , unable to do anything as the Mountain blocks the doorway , he commits suicide by jumping through the window , leaving his crown on the table before doing so . His body is later burned and buried beneath the Sept 's ruins , with Tywin , Joffrey and Myrcella . Roose Bolton ( edit ) Main article : Roose Bolton Roose Bolton ( season 2 -- 6 ) portrayed by Michael McElhatton . A Bannerman of the North and Lord of the Dreadfort . The Bolton family have a nasty history of keeping to very old , and barbaric ways , including flaying their enemies alive , and Roose is no exception , being suspected of not feeling any emotion . His cunning makes him a valuable ally , but his unpredictable nature makes him a dangerous one . In Season 2 , Roose has declared for the King in the North and serves as a chief member of Robb Stark 's war council . In secret , Roose feels the Stark cause is lost due to the fact Robb never once listened or heeded his advice , and so acts to secure Bolton predominance in the North -- he sends his bastard son Ramsay to take Winterfell from the Ironborn ( for his own amusement , Ramsay burns the castle to the ground and flays the defenders after offering them safe passage ) , and afterwards claims the Ironborn destroyed the castle and apparently killed Robb 's younger brothers Bran and Rickon . In Season 3 , Roose works with Walder Frey at Tywin Lannister 's request to betray the Starks at Edmure Tully 's wedding at the Twins . The ambush results in the destruction of the Stark forces by Bolton and Frey men , and deaths of all three Starks and Northern lords present in Walder Frey 's hall -- Roose personally kills the King in the North with a single stab through the heart , chiding that `` the Lannisters send their regards '' . For his loyalty he is named Warden of the North by the crown ( although Tywin Lannister intends to reclaim the title by marrying his son Tyrion to Sansa Stark , the presumed heir to Winterfell ) . In Season 4 , Roose and his men return to the North where he chastises Ramsay for having tortured Theon , as he was a valuable hostage . He also plans to reconquer his new lands from the invading Ironborn , since Tywin is refusing to help him , while ordering his man - at - arms , Locke , to hunt down and kill the remaining Stark boys and Jon Snow ( although Locke is killed by Bran Stark in the attempt ) . With help from Ramsay and Theon Greyjoy , Roose manages to drive the remaining Ironborn out of the Northern lands , and Roose legitimizes Ramsay as his true son . The Bolton 's make their way to Winterfell , although they still face opposition from the Northerners -- who are furious with the Boltons for betraying the Starks -- and Stannis Baratheon , who aims to rally the North as a springboard against House Lannister rule and bring the Boltons down in the process . Roose has Ramsay married to Sansa Stark the true heir of Winterfell . As Stannis eventually nears , snowbound trapped by a blizzard , he approves of Ramsay 's raiding of the Baratheon camp , where they successfully destroys most of their supplies and siege engines , diminishing Baratheon chances of taking the North . Stannis ultimately perishes in the ensuing battle , but Sansa escapes from Winterfell with Theon 's help . Roose threatens Ramsay with being disinherited if Sansa is not found . When news reaches him of Sansa 's disappearance and the birth of his son with Walda , Roose is killed by Ramsay . The High Sparrow ( edit ) Jonathan Pryce Main article : High Sparrow The High Sparrow ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Jonathan Pryce . A devout and pious man , the High Sparrow came to King 's Landing after Tywin Lannister 's death to serve the poor , downtrodden and infirm . He quickly amasses a large following , including Cersei 's cousin and former lover Lancel , who swarm over the city , ministering to the needy and denouncing corruption . He is first noticed by Cersei Lannister when his followers assault and humiliate the High Septon at a brothel . Although she considers capturing and executing him , Cersei decides to use him in her schemes against the Tyrell family . She pretends to agree with his religious views and appoints him as the new High Septon . She also reinstates what had been a long - defunct military order called the Faith Militant , giving them the legal authority to pursue , torture and imprison anyone whom they believed was defying religious principles , no matter their rank or wealth . She tells him of Ser Loras Tyrell 's homosexuality , which leads to his arrest by the Faith an inquest presided over by the High Sparrow . Loras 's lover Olyvar gives incriminating testimony , so the High Sparrow has both Ser Loras and his sister , Queen Margaery , incarcerated , the latter for perjuring herself when she lied to protect her brother . Loras and Margaery 's grandmother , Lady Olenna , attempts to bribe the High Sparrow into offering clemency and is surprised to find that he is uninterested . After Lancel confesses of his and Cersei 's affair and of her role in Robert Baratheon 's death , the High Sparrow turns on the Queen mother and has her arrested and imprisoned . When Cersei decides to plead for mercy , the High Sparrow listens to her confession of adultery and , on the condition that she stand for trial for her other sins , permits her to return to the Red Keep but only after she performs a walk of Atonement , in which her hair is cut and she must walk naked through the mob . The High Sparrow soon brings Tommen and Margaery under his influence , effectively becoming the new ruler of King 's Landin , but he is ultimately killed when Cersei rigs the Great Sept of Baelor with wildfire and detonates it with thousands of people inside . Supporting characters ( edit ) House Arryn ( edit ) Robin Arryn ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Lino Facioli . Lino Facioli Robin Arryn , Lord of the Eyrie and Defender of the Vale , is the only child of Jon and Lysa Arryn and a sickly boy doted on by his mother . He is still breastfed despite being well into pre-adolescence , and is mentally and socially maladjusted . He enjoys seeing people executed by defenestration , whether they are guilty or not ( of note , Robin seems to enjoy seeing anything fall through the moon door , since the first thing he does when Petyr Baelish brings him a toy is to gleefully throw it through the moon door ) . In Season 1 , he is present at Tyrion Lannister 's trial , but shows little to no interest in the details and continuously begs his mother to make the `` little Lannister baby - man '' fly , which would mean Tyrion being executed , although Tyrion is acquitted . In Season 4 , he greets Petyr `` Littlefinger '' Baelish as `` Uncle Petyr '' and meets his cousin , Sansa Stark , for the first time . Lysa later mentions in conversation that Robin and Sansa are to be betrothed . However , tensions arise between them when Robin ruins Sansa 's snow castle of Winterfell and Sansa slaps Robin in retaliation . After Lysa is killed , Petyr proposes that Robin be taken on several tours of the Vale so as to prepare him for ruling it one day as its new Lord , though Petyr implies that his intention is for Robin to be killed in the process . In season 5 , Robin is being trained in the art of fighting , but lacks the skill and determination due to his upbringing . Petyr leaves him in the care of Yohn Royce . In season 6 , Robin is informed of Sansa 's escape from House Bolton , and through Petyr 's manipulations , Robin gives the order for the Knights of the Vale to aid her and Jon Snow against Ramsay Bolton . Yohn Royce ( season 4 -- present ) portrayed by Rupert Vansittart . Rupert Vansittart Yohn Royce , known as `` Bronze Yohn '' , is the head of House Royce of Runestone , a powerful vassal house of House Arryn . Like Lady Waynwood , he suspects Petyr Baelish of having murdered Lysa Arryn , but her death is eventually ruled a suicide . In season 5 , he takes Robin Arryn in as his ward . In the sixth season , he is summoned by Baelish to lead the Knights of the Vale to aid Sansa Stark and Jon Snow against the Boltons . In the aftermath , after voicing his disapproval of the wildlings , Yohn joins the Northern Lords in proclaiming Jon the new King in the North . When Baelish is accused by Sansa of Lysa 's murder , Yohn supports Sansa 's decision to try Baelish . Anya Waynwood ( season 4 ) portrayed by Paola Dionisotti . Lady Anya Waynwood is the head of House Waynwood , a powerful vassal house of House Arryn . She suspects Petyr Baelish of murdering Lysa Arryn , but the death is ruled a suicide . Lysa Arryn ( season 1 , 4 ) portrayed by Kate Dickie . Kate Dickie Lysa Arryn ( née Tully ) , currently Mistress of the Eyrie , is the widow of Lord Jon Arryn . Born to the Lord and Lady of the Riverlands , she is the younger sister of Catelyn Stark , Lady of Winterfell , and the older sister of Lord Edmure Tully , Lord of Riverrun . She has grown mentally unstable since the death of her husband , and is convinced that as long as she stays boarded up in the Eyrie she will be safe . Justice for her husband rarely crosses her mind , unless exacting it does n't mean bestirring herself or her guards from her castle . She is also overly protective of her son , Robin Arryn , which has made him a weak and spoiled child . In season 1 , Lysa sends Catelyn a letter suggesting that the Lannisters were responsible for the death of Jon Arryn , which prompts Catelyn to investigate . Tyrion Lannister is later taken before Lysa to face justice for attempting to murder Bran Stark . Though Tyrion is innocent , Lysa appears uninterested in the details and even accuses him of murdering Jon . Lysa loses when Tyrion demands a trial by combat and Tyrion 's champion , Bronn , wins . She later receives word that Robb Stark is marching on King 's Landing to rescue Ned Stark , who has been wrongfully imprisoned , but fails to tell Catelyn . Catelyn confronts her and pleads for help , but Lysa refuses to provide Catelyn with more men , since her only concern is Robin 's safety . By season 3 , the Vale has remained untouched by the war , and she is betrothed to Littlefinger , who travels to the Vale to marry her . In season 4 , it is revealed that Lysa and Littlefinger have been having an affair for quite some time , and are the ones responsible for poisoning Jon Arryn and ( though indirectly ) Joffrey Baratheon . When Littlefinger returns from King 's Landing with Sansa Stark , Lysa greets her niece warmly and insists on marrying Littlefinger that same day . Later , however , Lysa accuses Sansa of seducing Littlefinger , but when Sansa insists that she did not , Lysa immediately calms down and tells Sansa that she is to marry Robin . However , Lysa catches Petyr kissing Sansa and angrily confronts Sansa about it , threatening to push her through the moon door , but Petyr intervenes and pacifies Lysa , before telling her that the one woman he only truly ever loved was Catelyn , and pushing her through the moon door to her death . Her death is ruled a suicide thanks to lies by Petyr and Sansa . House Baratheon ( edit ) Myrcella Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Aimee Richardson on season 1 and 2 , and by Nell Tiger Free on seasons 5 and 6 . Aimee Richardson The Royal Princess , Myrcella is the younger sister of Prince Joffrey and only daughter of Cersei Lannister . She , like her brothers , is also the child of her mother 's brother , Jaime , though she remains unaware of this . Unlike her older brother Joffrey , Myrcella is a kind and good person and enjoys being with her uncle Tyrion who in turn dotes on his niece . As part of an alliance between House Lannisters and Martell , Myrcella is betrothed to Trystane Martell , son of Prince Doran Martell of Dorne , and sent to Dorne as a ward of House Martell . For over two years , she has been a guest and ward of Prince Doran , betrothed to his son , but her position has become tenuous with the death of Oberyn Martell , the Prince 's brother . In season 5 , Myrcella is shown at the Water Gardens with her betrothed , with whom she seems to have a good relationship . Unbeknownst to her , she has become a part of Ellaria Sand 's plans for revenge although Prince Doran refuses that the young princess be hurt as part of their revenge against the Lannisters . Myrcella is nearly taken by the Sand Snakes but is rescued by the Prince 's Guard . She later tells her uncle that she now considers Dorne her home and wants to marry Trystane . A while later , Prince Doran allows her to return to the capital with Jaime on the condition that Trystane accompany them , where he will become a member of the Small Council . On the jetty , about to board the ship , she forgives Ellaria Sand , who unexpectedly gives her a kiss on the mouth . On board the ship , Jaime awkwardly attempts to explain the true nature of his relationship with her mother , to which Myrcella responds that she already knows , having `` felt '' it for a long time . Jaime embraces his daughter , only to discover in horror that she is bleeding from a poison imbued orally by Ellaria . She collapses and dies in his arms . In season 6 , her body is returned to King 's Landing and laid to rest in the Great Sept of Baelor . Her funeral is attended only by Jaime and Tommen . Selyse Florent ( season 2 -- 5 ) portrayed by Tara Fitzgerald . Tara Fitzgerald Selyse Baratheon ( née Florent ) is the wife of Stannis Baratheon who is kept locked in a tower on Dragonstone . She married Stannis sometime before the events of Robert 's Rebellion . Selyse is a fervent worshiper of R'hllor and a supporter of Melisandre . She keeps the preserved corpses of her stillborn sons in jars in her chambers , seemingly even to Stannis 's disgust , but expresses resentment over their daughter , Shireen , who suffers from greyscale and who Selyse sees as a demon , though she is only stopped from abusing her by Stannis . She later accompanies her husband to the Wall , and is present at the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died in the Battle of Castle Black . She later witnesses Mance Rayder 's execution and accompanies her husband on the march to Winterfell . After their army becomes trapped in a blizzard , she accepts Melisandre 's advice to have Shireen sacrificed as a gift to the Lord of Light , only to recant in the last moments , refusing to stand by as her daughter burns to death . Restrained by Baratheon soldiers , she collapses in screams of agony . The next morning , Selyse hangs herself out of grief . Shireen Baratheon ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Kerry Ingram . Kerry Ingram Shireen is the young daughter of Stannis Baratheon and Selyse Florent . Her face is disfigured by the disease Greyscale , but she is not yet crippled by it . She is a friend of Davos Seaworth and visits him during his captivity at Dragonstone with books , convincing him to teach himself to read , which he does . Though she does not get on well with Melisandre and has a bleak relationship with her mother , she shares a strong bond with her father , who loves her dearly . She later accompanies her father to the Wall , where she witnesses the funeral of the Night 's Watch brothers who died in the Battle of Castle Black , as well as the execution of Mance Rayder , and also becomes friends with Gilly and Samwell Tarly . She is sacrificed to the Red God , when Stannis ' army is stuck in a snow storm on the way to Winterfell , crying out for her parents who witness her death in tears . Surprisingly , this leads to the departure of half of Stannis 's army , the latter eventually losing his battle against the Boltons . Renly Baratheon ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Gethin Anthony . Renly Baratheon , Lord of Storm 's End , is the youngest brother of King Robert and Master of Laws in the Small Council . He is popular with the people because he is handsome , jovial , and throws extravagant balls and masquerades . He is not fond of fighting or bloodshed , and would rather make friends than kill enemies . He is secretly the lover of Ser Loras Tyrell , the Knight of the Flowers , who convinces him that those qualities make him better ruling material than either of his older brothers . While Robert lies dying , Renly attempts to convince Ned of this , and that the two of them should kidnap Joffrey and rule the realm themselves . However , Ned refuses , so Renly , Loras , and their followers flee south . Once Joffrey becomes King and has Ned executed , Renly challenges his nephew 's claim to the throne . Renly declares himself King of the Seven Kingdoms during Season 2 and wins the support of the Baratheon bannermen and the support of other houses , despite Stannis ' better claim . He also seals an alliance with the powerful House Tyrell and its bannermen ( including Randyll Tarly , father of Samwell Tarly ) by marrying Margaery Tyrell . He leads his massive army slowly through southern Westeros , biding his time . Catelyn Stark tries to convince Renly and Stannis to put aside their differences and unite against the Lannisters but it fails as both brothers refuses to give their claim for the throne . On the night before a battle between his and Stannis ' forces , Renly agrees to Catelyn to allow the North and Riverlands be an independent kingdom if they allied with him , but on the condition that Robb Stark swear fealty to him . However , Renly is assassinated by Melisandre , who gives birth to a shadow demon and sends it to kill Renly in order to remove him from Stannis ' path . Stannis is initially unaware of the nature of Melisandre 's crime , and is later visibly shocked and saddened of the role he played in his brother 's death , which he visibly regrets . Salladhor Saan ( season 2 -- 4 ) portrayed by Lucian Msamati . Lucian Msamati The Prince of the Narrow Sea , Salladhor is a notorious pirate , trader , and smuggler from Lys . An old friend of Davos , he now sails for Stannis Baratheon on his ship , the Valyrian and his fleet of thirty ships . He has little patience for those that worship R'hollor -- Melisandre 's God -- since he has traveled the world and seen many gods and has come to the conclusion the only true god is between a woman 's legs . He agrees to work with Stannis after Davos promises him and his pirates they will be paid in gold and plunder from King 's Landing . Salladhor even goes as far as to request the chance to bed Cersei Lannister after the battle , but Davos refuses , unsure if Cersei will be alive at the time . After the Battle of the Blackwater , he finds Davos stranded on a rock and rescues him , but considers his allegiance broken and departs from Stannis ' cause after dropping Davos off at Dragonstone , warning him that the Red Woman will pose a threat to him . In season 4 , Davos tracks him in Braavos , and offers him gold in exchange for his help in gathering a new army to help them aid the Night 's Watch . Matthos Seaworth ( season 2 ) portrayed by Kerr Logan . Davos ' son and second - in - command on his father 's ship , Black Betha . Matthos is a devout follower of the Lord of Light and continually tries to convince his father to convert . During the Battle of Blackwater , the Black Betha is caught in a wildfire explosion , killing Matthos . Maester Cressen ( season 2 ) portrayed by Oliver Ford - Davies . Oliver Ford Davies Cressen is the aged Maester of Dragonstone , and skeptical of Melisandre 's predictions and the ambitions she has instilled in Lord Stannis to proclaim himself king , claiming `` since that boar killed his brother , every lord wants a coronation '' . He is disgusted when Melisandre sets idols of the Seven gods on fire in the name of her god -- R'hollor . He dies in a suicidal attempt to kill Melisandre , offering to share a poisoned cup of wine that did n't affect her , but killed the aged Cressen almost instantly . House Bolton ( edit ) `` Fat '' Walda Bolton ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Elizabeth Webster . Walda Bolton ( née Frey ) is a granddaughter of Lord Walder Frey . She is the new wife of Roose Bolton , the Lord of the Dreadfort . During the wedding feast of Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey , Lord Bolton recounts to Catelyn Stark and Ser Brynden `` Blackfish '' Tully how Lord Walder Frey proposed him to marry one of his granddaughters and offered her weight in silver as dowry . Lord Bolton then adds he chose the fattest bride available and she has made him very rich . In Season 4 , she arrives at the Dreadfort with her new husband and his men ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) and is greeted warmly by Ramsay Snow as `` mother '' . She accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell , and receives Sansa Stark and Petyr Baelish along with her husband and stepson . In season 5 it is revealed that she is pregnant , which makes Ramsay feel threatened for his position as Roose 's heir . In season 6 , after she gives birth to a boy , she and her baby are mauled to death by Ramsay 's hounds , shortly after Ramsay kills his father . Harald Karstark ( season 6 ) portrayed by Paul Rattray . The lord of Karhold and the son of Rickard Karstark , who was executed by Robb Stark . He declares for House Bolton in order to counter any Stark force that Sansa may muster after escaping Winterfell , and witnesses Ramsay kill Roose . In the subsequent battle between the Bolton forces and Jon Snow 's army , Harald leads the Karstark men into battle , but he disappears in the ensuing conflict . Although his death is not shown , Jon Snow confirms it in the season 7 premiere . Jon Umber ( season 6 ) portrayed by Dean S. Jagger . `` Smalljon '' Umber is the son of Greatjon Umber , one of House Stark 's most powerful banner men . `` Smalljon '' became Lord of Last Hearth , the northernmost of the castles in the North , after his father 's death . Smalljon , however , chooses to side with the Boltons by handing his father 's wards , Rickon Stark and Osha , to Ramsay Snow as an alliance gift , to gain Ramsay 's help in countering Jon Snow and his wildling army . In the subsequent battle between Ramsay 's forces and Jon Snow 's army , he leads the Umber forces into battle and fights Tormund Giantsbane . Though it seems as if he will win , Smalljon is momentarily distracted by the arrival of the Knights of the Vale , long enough for Tormund to bite his throat out and stab him to death . Myranda ( season 3 -- 6 ) portrayed by Charlotte Hope . Myranda is a servant of House Bolton . She is one of Ramsay Snow 's bedwarmers and assists in his sadistic schemes , such as seducing Theon Greyjoy in order to give him an erection so Ramsay can castrate him , and helping Ramsay hunt a peasant girl with Ramsay 's hounds solely because she was more attractive than her . She later accompanies the Boltons to Winterfell , and is present when Sansa Stark arrives with Petyr Baelish , eyeing Sansa with jealousy and anger . During Sansa 's stay at Winterfell , Myranda encounters her again with Theon and torments her with stories of Ramsay 's sadism . When Sansa refuses to be bullied , Myranda points an arrow to her , preparing to injure her while leaving her usable for Ramsay to father a child . However , this tips Theon into finally rebelling against the Boltons and he saves Sansa by disarming Myranda and pushing her off the castle wall to her death . Her body is found shortly afterwards by Ramsay , who pays his respects to her before having her fed to the hounds . Locke ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Noah Taylor . Noah Taylor A man - at - arms sworn to House Bolton , and acts as Roose Bolton 's personal bounty hunter . He captures Brienne of Tarth and Jaime Lannister who were on their way to King 's Landing , Locke later cuts off Jaime 's sword - hand on route to Harrenhal and tries to feed Brienne to a bear rather than hold her ransom , further demonstrating his contempt for wealth and nobility . He holds Harrenhal in Roose Bolton 's name until former Master of Coin Lord Petyr Baelish is been proclaimed Lord of Harrenhal and the Riverlands . In Season 4 , Locke has followed Lord Bolton in pledging loyalty to the Lannisters , and arrives at the Dreadfort with Roose and his men ( having been smuggled back into the North to avoid the Ironborn ) . Locke warmly greets Roose 's bastard Ramsay -- the two are friends and share mutual interests in flaying and mutilation of their enemies . When Roose learns Bran and Rickon Stark are alive , and may pose a threat to his new title as Warden of the North , he commands Locke to go on a hunt to find the boys , in exchange for a thousand acres of land and a holdfast of his own . Locke eventually arrives at the Wall and becomes acquainted with Jon Snow , Bran and Rickon 's half - brother , who he apparently plans to kill as per Ramsay 's suggestion . Locke is one of the few who join Jon on his mission to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers at Craster 's Keep , and in the ensuing battle , he escapes the fray and locates Bran Stark held captive with Jojen Reed , Meera Reed and Hodor . Locke attempts to kidnap Bran and kill him unseen , but Bran uses his warg abilities to enter Hodor 's mind , and kills Locke by snapping his neck . His body is brought back to Craster 's Keep by Eddison Tollett , and burned along with the rest of the slain . House Frey ( edit ) Walder Frey ( season 1 , 3 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by David Bradley . David Bradley Lord Walder Frey , nicknamed the `` Late Lord Frey '' , is the head of House Frey , Lord of the Crossing and bannerman to House Tully . He is known for outliving his many wives ( now on his 8th ) and siring over 100 children ( both bastard and trueborn ) . Because the use of the Twins became a strategic necessity for Robb 's host , Walder was able to negotiate marriage contracts for his children to Robb and Arya Stark . But during Season 2 Robb broke his word and married Lady Talisa . For this slight , and willing to take advantage of the war 's changing fortunes , he conspires with Tywin Lannister and Roose Bolton to betray Robb Stark at the wedding of his liege Edmure Tully , which he insists in return for support of his men . Frey hosts the infamous `` Red Wedding '' at which Robb Stark , his wife and mother are all murdered , refusing to spare Robb even as Catelyn holds Lady Frey hostage and threatens to slit her throat , which she does . He is subsequently granted Riverrun and its lands ( though the title Lord Paramount of the Riverlands passes to Harrenhal and House Baelish ) and expresses delight to take another young wife , but his house is irredeemably tarnished by the betrayal and House Tully 's vassals refuse to submit to his rule . In Season 6 , he is outraged when he hears of the Blackfish recapture ' of Riverrun and blames his sons Lothar and Black Walder for allowing him to escape . He then orders them to retake the castle using Edmure Tully as a hostage . Though they successfully retake Riverrun with the help of a Lannister host led by Jaime Lannister , Walder is ambushed shortly afterwards by Arya Stark , who slits his throat in revenge for the Red Wedding . In Season 7 , Arya uses Walder 's face to deceive and poison the rest of his family . `` Lame '' Lothar Frey ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tom Brooke in season 3 , and by Daniel Tuite in season 6 . One of Lord Walder Frey 's many sons , nicknamed `` Lame Lothar '' because of his twisted leg . He and his half - brother Black Walder are sent by their father to Riverrun to propose a marriage between Lord Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey as terms for House Frey rejoining Robb Stark 's campaign against the Lannisters . He is one of the first to commence the `` Red Wedding '' , stabbing Talisa Stark in the womb several times and killing her and her unborn child . In the sixth season , he is ordered by Walder to retake Riverrun from Brynden Tully . Though they succeed with Lannister help , he is killed by Arya Stark , who subsequently bakes him into a pie . `` Black '' Walder Rivers ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tim Plester . One of Lord Walder Frey 's many bastard sons , nicknamed `` Black Walder '' for his dark demeanor . He and his half - brother Lame Lothar are sent by their father to Riverrun to propose a marriage between Lord Edmure Tully and Roslin Frey as terms for House Frey rejoining Robb Stark 's campaign against the Lannister . He kills Catelyn Stark at the Red Wedding , after she slits Lady Frey 's throat in retaliation for her son 's death . In the sixth season , he takes part in the siege of Riverrun . Though the Freys reclaim the castle with the help of a Lannister host , Black Walder is killed shortly afterwards along with Lothar by Arya Stark , who bakes them both into a pie . House Greyjoy ( edit ) Yara Greyjoy ( season 2 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Gemma Whelan . Gemma Whelan The daughter of Balon Greyjoy and his wife Alannys Harlaw , and elder sister of Theon . She is fierce and proud , and defies traditional ironborn gender roles by commanding her own ship , the Black Wind . When her brother Theon takes Winterfell , Yara tries to convince him to go back with her to the Iron Islands , but Theon refuses . Theon is betrayed by his own men and given to Ramsay Snow , lord Bolton 's sadistic bastard , who brutally tortures and eventually castrates him . Ramsay sends Theon 's penis in a box to Balon , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon more unless the Ironmen leave the North , whom Ramsay also threatens to flay living . Balon refuses this , but Yara intends to save her brother of her own accord , taking one ship and fifty of the best killers on the Iron islands with her . In season 4 , Yara and her men attack the Dreadfort , but find that Ramsay has broken Theon so badly that he refuses to leave with her and even insists that his name is Reek . Ramsay and his men confront Yara in the dungeon and a battle ensues in which Ramsay frees the hounds and sets them on Yara , who is forced to flee the Dreadfort without Theon , telling her men that Theon is dead . In season 6 , Yara contests the Kingsmoot to decide Balon 's successor and appears to sway the Ironborn by declaring that she will build the world 's largest fleet , but is defeated by Euron , who plans to forge an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen to conquer Westeros . Correctly suspecting that Euron will have them killed , Yara and Theon flee the Iron Islands with their loyalists and the bulk of the Iron Fleet , and head to Meereen to forge an alliance with Daenerys first . After explaining the situation , Yara pledges her forces to Daenerys in return for the Iron Islands ' independence . Yara is ordered to sail to attack King 's Landing . Her fleet is set upon by ships under Euron 's command and she is captured and led in chains through King 's Landing . Euron Greyjoy ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Pilou Asbæk . Pilou Asbæk A brother of King Balon Greyjoy , and the uncle of Theon and Yara Greyjoy . Euron is an infamous pirate who has terrorized seas all around the world . He is cunning , ruthless , with a touch of madness . He kills Balon Greyjoy by throwing him off a rope bridge , declaring that Balon 's time is past and that it is time for a new king . At the Kingsmoot he confesses to killing Balon , but convinces the Ironborn that Balon was a poor military commander and declares that he will seduce Daenerys Targaryen and give her the Iron Fleet to conquer Westeros . The Ironborn declare Euron as their king , but before Euron can put Theon and Yara to death he discovers they have fled with the best ships of the Iron Fleet . Undeterred , he orders the Ironborn to begin constructing a new fleet . He uses this fleet to attack Yara 's fleet with fire . He kills two Sand Snakes and captures Yara , Ellaria Sand and Tyene Sand . He gives the Sands to Cersei and keeps Yara prisoner . When he meets Theon he taunts him over his captive sister . Aeron Greyjoy ( season 6 ) portrayed by Michael Feast . Michael Feast A brother of King Balon Greyjoy , and an uncle of Theon and Yara Greyjoy . Aeron is a Drowned Priest in service to the Drowned God . After Balon 's death , Aeron holds a Kingsmoot to determine Balon 's successor . Euron Greyjoy wins the election and is baptized by Aeron . Balon Greyjoy ( season 2 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Patrick Malahide , is the Lord of the Iron Islands and the father of Theon and Yara . Balon wished to continue the conquering ways of his people , which led him to rebel against the Iron Throne 9 years prior to the start of the series . He lost , with two of his three sons killed in the war ; his youngest , Theon , was taken as a ward at Winterfell as a way to keep him from attempting another rebellion . After Theon returns to the Iron Islands with an offer from King Robb Stark for an alliance against the Lannisters , Balon refuses and instead launches beach raids against the North , proclaiming himself King of the Iron islands and the North . Theon , however , is captured and brutally tortured by the sadistic Ramsay Snow , lord Bolton 's bastard , who eventually castrates him . Ramsay sends Theon 's penis in a box to Balon , with Ramsay threatening to mutilate Theon further unless the Ironmen retreat from the North , whom Ramsay also threatens to flay living . Balon refuses , stating that as Theon defied him by attacking Winterfell , claiming him a `` fool '' and `` not a man anymore '' , to which Yara responds she intends to save her little brother of her own accord . In Season 6 , he is confronted by his younger brother , Euron , who declares that Balon has ruled for too long and throws him from a rope bridge to his death . Dagmer Cleftjaw ( season 2 ) portrayed by Ralph Ineson . Ralph Ineson Dagmer is an Ironborn Raider and Theon Greyjoy 's first mate on the Sea Bitch . He suggests that Theon prove himself by taking Winterfell , and persuades him to commit further atrocities to shore up his rule , such as executing Ser Rodrik Cassel for defying Theon and killing two children to pass off as Bran and Rickon Stark . However , when Robb Stark sends Ramsay Snow with an offer to spare the Ironborn if they surrender Winterfell and Theon , he knocks Theon out to hand him over and fatally wounds Maester Luwin . It is revealed in the season three finale that Dagmer and the other ironborn were instead flayed alive by Ramsay Snow and his men . Lorren ( season 2 ) portrayed by Forbes KB . An infamous Ironborn raider better known as Black Lorren . He is considered among the fiercest Ironborn warriors . He is under Theon 's command while taking Winterfell . He is ultimately flayed alive by Ramsay Snow , along with the other Ironborn at Winterfell . House Lannister ( edit ) Gregor Clegane ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- present ) portrayed by Conan Stevens in season 1 , by Ian Whyte in season 2 , and by Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson from season 4 onwards . Hafþór Júlíus Björnsson , the third and latest actor to portray Ser Gregor Clegane Ser Gregor Clegane is a huge knight and the elder brother of Sandor Clegane . Called `` The Mountain That Rides '' , he is known for his incredibly cruel nature and uncontrollable temper . His size and strength make him a fearsome warrior , and he has earned a reputation for cruelty and brutality . He is able to wield a two - handed sword one handed . When they were children , Gregor shoved Sandor 's face into a brazier , gruesomely scarring him . In Season 1 , Tywin Lannister sends him to raid the Riverlands . Beric Dondarrion is sent to arrest Gregor . When war breaks out , Gregor is given command of Tywin 's vanguard and left flank and leads his men through intimidation . In Season 2 he is left to command Harrenhal in Tywin 's absence and to find and destroy `` The Brotherhood Without Banners '' , invoking the escape of Arya , Gendry and Hot Pie from Harrenhal . He later abandons the castle after slaughtering the prisoners and is defeated by Edmure Tully at the Stone Mill , but manages to escape back to the Westerlands . Robb chides his uncle , having planned to draw the Mountain into a trap of his own making to be captured or killed . In season 4 , Gregor is chosen as Cersei 's champion for Tyrion 's trial by combat , and fights Oberyn Martell , Tyrion 's champion who wants to kill Clegane as revenge for the needless murder of his sister , Elia Martell Targaryen . Oberyn sustains several serious injuries to Clegane with a weapon that is laced with poison , but Clegane kills Oberyn by crushing his skull , while admitting that he did rape Elia , killed her children and enjoyed it , before collapsing from his own injuries . It is later revealed that Clegane has been poisoned with manticore venom , a poison that Oberyn had laced his weapon with , and that he is slowly dying . Cersei enlists ex-maester Qyburn to save him , though Qyburn claims that the procedure will `` change '' Clegane . The procedure is a seemingly a success , as Gregor has become active again and joins the Kingsguard as a personal knight for Cersei , though the procedure has changed his physical appearance and his behavior . In the sixth season , he continues to act as Cersei 's bodyguard to intimidate all those who may bother or mock her . After Cersei destroys the Great Sept of Baelor and retakes power , she has Gregor torture Septa Unella in revenge for Unella torturing her during her time in prison . Kevan Lannister ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ian Gelder . Lord Tywin 's younger brother , Captain of his Guard , Ser Kevan Lannister is a skilled warrior but overshadowed by his brother Tywin to whom he is deeply loyal and obedient . Unlike his older brother , Kevan is very amiable and cares more about the safety of his family members even if it will humiliate the family 's honour . In Season 1 , he is present when Tyrion returns from the Vale and informs him on Jaime 's military victories against Tully bannermen . After Jaime 's capture , he suggests to his brother that they `` should sue for peace '' which is immediately refuted by Tyrion who reminds that Ned Stark 's beheading prevents it . In Season 2 , he sits on a war council in Harrenhal , surmising ( correctly ) that Robb Stark would not march on Casterly Rock until `` at full force '' and also suggests that Cersei and her children leave King 's Landing before Stannis Baratheon sacks the city but the proposition is countered by Tywin , refusing to surrender the Iron Throne . In season 5 , he returns to King 's Landing to attend Tywin 's funeral alongside his only surviving son , Lancel , who has joined the Sparrows movement , which Kevan disapproves . He later refuses to serve on Cersei 's Small Council , in spite her offering him the position of `` Master of War '' , questioning her authority , and returning to Casterly Rock until the King himself calls for him . When his niece is arrested by the Faith Militant for sleeping with his son among other sins , Grand Maester Pycelle summons him back to offer him the position of Hand of the King . He later is present at Cersei 's return to the Red Keep , immediately after her enduring Walk of Atonement . In the sixth season , Kevan continues to serve as Tommen 's Hand while attempting to deal with the High Sparrow without bloodshed and spurning Cersei 's attempts to regain influence in the royal court . On the day of Cersei 's trial , Kevan is killed when Cersei has the Great Sept of Baelor destroyed with wildfire . Lancel Lannister ( season 1 -- 2 , 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Eugene Simon . Eugene Simon Lancel Lannister is the eldest son of Kevan Lannister and cousin of Cersei , Jaime , and Tyrion Lannister . He served as King Robert 's squire ; in which he is clumsy and incompetent in his duties leading Robert to dislike him intensely . In Season 2 , Cersei knights him for his part in Robert 's death . When Jaime goes to war , Cersei takes Lancel as a lover because he resembles her brother . Tyrion eventually discovers the affair and blackmails Lancel into spying for him . During an attack on King 's Landing , Lancel guards Cersei 's son King Joffrey Baratheon and takes a serious wound in the fighting , causing him to retreat . When Joffrey later abandons the battle out of cowardice , Lancel pleads with Cersei to let him take Joffrey back to the battle in order to inspire the troops , but Cersei , clearly more concerned for Joffrey than the city , refuses to listen . In season 5 , he and his father return to King 's Landing to attend Tywin 's funeral . Lancel joins the sparrows , a devout religious movement , and apologises to Cersei for the sins they committed together , such as their affair and conspiracy to murder Robert Baratheon . With the re-establishment of the Faith Militant , Lancel abandons his family name and leads the sparrows on a rampage throughout King 's Landing , arresting Ser Loras Tyrell in the process . Later , on Littlefinger and Olenna Tyrell 's urging , he confesses his own sins to the High Sparrow , which leads to Cersei 's arrest . In the sixth season , Loras continues to serve in the Faith Militant . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , he is lured by one of Qyburn 's little birds to the catacombs underneath the Great Sept of Baelor , where he is stabbed in the spine , rendering him unable to use his legs . He spots a cache of wildfire rigged to explode and crawls towards it , but is too late to stop the detonation and is the first to die . Polliver ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Andy Kellegher . A Lannister man - at - arms who comes into possession of Arya Stark 's sword ; Needle . He captures Arya -- believing her to be a recruit of the Night 's Watch called `` Arry '' and takes her sword which he then uses to kill a crippled Lommy after he asks Polliver to carry him . In Season 4 , he inadvertently crosses paths with Arya and Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane in an inn in the north . After a brief exchange of insults , a fight breaks out and Polliver 's comrades are slain by Clegane . Arya wounds Polliver from behind , retrieves Needle and kills him in exactly the same manner that he killed Lommy . Alton Lannister ( season 2 ) portrayed by Karl Davies . A cousin of Cersei , Jaime and Tyrion Lannister , and a captive of Robb Stark . In the books there is no character by this name . Here the character Cleos Frey , also a cousin to the Lannisters , has the role of being a captive of House Stark and delivering terms to House Lannister . While held prisoner in the same cell he talks with his cousin Jaime at Stark 's camp , he talks about the time he was allowed to prove himself by squiring for Jaime in a tourney , however during this encounter he is killed by Jaime in an attempt to escape . Amory Lorch ( season 2 ) portrayed by Fintan McKeown . Ser Amory Lorch is a knight and loyal but brutal bannerman of House Lannister . He catches Arya in stealing a parchment containing war orders concerning her brother Robb Stark . She manages to escape him , then finds and hurries the assassin Jaqen H'ghar , to kill Ser Amory to repay the second of the three `` lives '' he owes her . Before Ser Amory can denounce Arya , he drops dead on the doorstep of Tywin 's chambers with a poisoned dart lodged in his neck , as Tywin ( who comes to believe the attempt was on his life ) raises the alarm . The Mountain subsequently kills a number of Lannister soldiers in his hunt for the culprit , but Jaqen leaves Harrenhal without being captured . Lord Leo Lefford ( season 2 ) portrayed by Vinnie McCabe . Lord Lefford is a powerful Bannerman to Lord Tywin , who fought for him against House Stark . He is Head of House Lefford and Lord of The Golden Tooth . House Martell ( edit ) Tyene Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Rosabell Laurenti Sellers . Rosabell Laurenti Sellers Tyene Sand is the daughter of Prince Oberyn Martell by Ellaria Sand . Tyene is fiercer than she looks , especially with her twin daggers . She assists her mother in her plot to assassinate Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . In the ensuing fight with Jaime Lannister and Bronn , she poisons Bronn by striking him with a poison - coated dagger before they are all arrested . In the cells , she strips in front of Bronn to hasten his heartbeat as well as the poison 's effects , though she shows him mercy and gives him the cure . She later synthesises a similar poison for Ellaria , who uses it to poison Myrcella . She gives Ellaria the antidote before she too is killed . When Doran finds out , Tyene kills Areo Hotah while Ellaria stabs Doran in the chest . Tyene subsequently watches her own uncle die without remorse . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna before she can speak . While journeying to Sunspear with her sisters and Ellaria aboard Yara Greyjoy 's ship , Tyene is captured by Euron Greyjoy while defending her mother and taken as a captive aboard his flagship , Silence . Given as a gift to Cersei , Tyene is chained with her mother in a dungeon . Cersei uses a version of the poison on Tyene and leaves her chained in front of her mother so that Ellaria can watch her daughter not just die but decompose . Nymeria Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Jessica Henwick . Jessica Henwick Nym Sand is the second eldest of Prince Oberyn 's bastard daughters . Her mother was an Eastern noblewoman who brought Nym up to be cultured , graceful and deadly with a whip . She assists Ellaria Sand in her plot to assassinate Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei Lannister , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . Though she is briefly imprisoned by her uncle Doran for her treachery , Ellaria murders Myrcella , and Nym joins her in her coup by ambushing and murdering Trystane Martell . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna . In Season 7 , Nymeria accompanies Ellaria , Yara and Theon Greyjoy , and her sisters on the journey to Sunspear from Dragonstone . After they are ambushed by Euron Greyjoy and his fleet , both Nymeria and Obara confront Euron while Tyene protects Ellaria . After the Lord Reaper of the Iron Islands kills Obara , an enraged Nymeria attacks him with her whip , only to be choked to death and then hung from the prow of the ship with her weapon , next to her sister . Obara Sand ( season 5 -- 7 ) portrayed by Keisha Castle - Hughes . Keisha Castle - Hughes A fearsome warrior , Obara Sand is the eldest bastard daughter of Prince Oberyn Martell . Her mother was a Dornish peasant girl who caught the eye of the Prince . She assists Ellaria Sand in her plot to kill Myrcella Baratheon as revenge against Cersei Lannister , whose actions led to Oberyn 's death . Though she is briefly imprisoned by her uncle Doran for her treachery , Ellaria kills Myrcella , and Obara joins her in her coup by personally murdering Trystane Martell , her own cousin . She is later present when Ellaria meets with Olenna Tyrell to discuss an alliance with Daenerys Targaryen , where she is silenced by Olenna . In Season 7 , Obaara accompanies Ellaria , Yara and Theon Greyjoy , and her sisters on the journey to Sunspear from Dragonstone . After they are ambushed by Euron Greyjoy and his fleet , both Nymeria and Obara confront Euron while Tyene protects Ellaria . Ultimately , Euron proves to be a more skillful fighter and ultimately stabs her in the stomach with her own spear . She is impaled at the front of the ship with her spear , next to her hanging sister , Nymeria . Trystane Martell ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Toby Sebastian . Toby Sebastian Trystane Martell is Prince Doran 's son and heir to Dorne . His father betrothed him to Myrcella Baratheon as part of the alliance offered by Tyrion Lannister , then acting as Hand of the King . He and Myrcella later grow to love each other and Trystane offers to ask his father if they can marry immediately . He is struck by Bronn when he and Jaime Lannister arrive to take Myrcella back , but Trystane later shows Bronn mercy and decides not to have him mutilated , satisfied with having Areo Hotah strike him in a similar manner instead . Doran allows Trystane to accompany Myrcella back to King 's Landing to take his uncle Oberyn 's place on the Small Council , but Trystane 's life is put in danger when Ellaria Sand secretly poisons Myrcella just as their boat leaves Dorne . Though Jaime prepares to send him back to Dorne unharmed , Trystane refuses to leave , insisting on being present for Myrcella 's funeral , so Jaime instructs him to stay on the boat for his own safety . However , as he is painting funeral stones for Myrcella , he is ambushed and killed by Obara and Nymeria Sand , his own cousins , sent by Ellaria Sand to kill him as part of her coup , though most believe his death was Cersei 's doing . Doran Martell ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Alexander Siddig . Alexander Siddig Doran Martell is the ruling lord of Dorne and older brother to the late Prince Oberyn Martell . Unlike his brother , Doran is even - tempered and deliberate . In season 4 , he is invited to the wedding of Joffrey Baratheon and Margaery Tyrell , but due to suffering from gout , he is unable to attend and sends Oberyn in his stead . After Oberyn is slain by Gregor Clegane , Doran grieves but takes no action , claiming that Oberyn suffered a self - imposed death in a trial by combat , a legal act , and coldly rebutts Ellaria 's proposal to harm Myrcella Baratheon to exact revenge on the Lannisters . However , after a skirmish in which Jaime Lannister and Bronn fight with the Sand Snakes over possession of Myrcella , Doran orders all locked up , including Ellaria . He later grants Jaime an audience and agrees to allow Myrcella to return to King 's Landing along with his son , Trystane Martell , Myrcella 's betrothed , while threatening Ellaria and the Sand Snakes with severe consequences should they defy him again . However , Ellaria later secretly poisons Myrcella despite Doran 's warning . In the sixth season , Doran finds out about Myrcella 's assassination , but he is immediately killed by Ellaria , while his men stand and watch as he dies . Areo Hotah ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by DeObia Oparei . Areo Hotah is the long - serving captain of Doran Martell 's palace guard , renowned for his loyalty and his longaxe . He arrests Jaime Lannister , Bronn , Ellaria Sand and the Sand Snakes following their battle over Myrcella Baratheon , but releases them all on Doran 's request . As retribution for striking Trystane Martell , Areo strikes Bronn across the face . In the sixth season , after Doran finds out about Myrcella 's death at Ellaria 's hands , he is stabbed and poisoned by Tyene Sand , and dies immediately . Oberyn Martell ( season 4 ) portrayed by Pedro Pascal . Pedro Pascal Prince of Dorne , known as the Red Viper . He is the hot - headed younger brother of Doran Martell , Prince of Dorne and Lord of Sunspear . A renowned warrior and traveler , Oberyn has eight bastard daughters , called the Sand Snakes . His sister , Elia Targaryen , was raped and killed during the Sack of King 's Landing by Ser Gregor Clegane . In season 4 , Oberyn arrives in King 's Landing with his paramour , Ellaria Sand , to attend Joffrey 's wedding in his brother 's stead , and his meeting with Tyrion makes it clear that he has actually come to take revenge against the Lannisters for their role in the deaths of his sister , nephew and niece . At the wedding , Joffrey dies after being poisoned , and Tywin initially suspects Oberyn of having a hand in the murder since Oberyn has a past with poison chemistry , while Oberyn denies involvement and accuses Tywin of ordering Gregor Clegane to rape and murder Elia . The two reach a settlement when Tywin promises Oberyn a meeting with Clegane in exchange for Oberyn serving as one of the three judges at Tyrion 's trial . At the trial , Oberyn implies that he is not convinced of Tyrion 's guilt , and openly questions Cersei 's testimony and asks Shae why Tyrion would tell her about all of his plans to murder Joffrey if he was the perpetrator . When Tyrion demands a trial by combat and Gregor Clegane is chosen as Cersei 's champion , Oberyn volunteers to fight for Tyrion , proclaiming that he will exact his vengeance , starting with Ser Gregor . Martell valiantly fights Clegane , his superior speed making up for Clegane 's size , and manages to wound him in the shoulder and the leg , flooring him . Refusing to kill him immediately , Oberyn furiously demands that Clegane admit to raping and killing Elia and her children , and that the order came from Tywin himself . Distracted for a moment , Oberyn is floored by Clegane , who -- in a manner self - admittedly paraphrasing the murder of Elia -- knocks out his teeth , straddles him and slowly gouges out his eyes , admitting to the rape and murder of Elia before crushing his skull . Tyrion is subsequently sentenced to death , but Oberyn 's objective of vengeance was not in vain , since his spear is revealed to have been laced with the deadly venom of the manticore , which is slowly killing Clegane . Oberyn 's death , however , throws House Martell into chaos , since Ellaria is driven insane to the point that she kills Myrcella Baratheon , Doran Martell and Trystane Martell ( Oberyn 's own brother and nephew , respectively ) to get revenge against the Lannisters . House Stark ( edit ) Robett Glover ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Tim McInnerny . Tim McInnerny Robett is the brother of Galbart Glover , the Master of Deepwood Motte . He succeeded him after Galbart 's death in the War of the Five Kings . House Glover were bannermen of House Stark but this changed after the Boltons helped him take Deepwood Motte back from the Ironborn who had captured it . He refuses Jon and Sansa 's request for aid against the Boltons , citing his brother 's death fighting for Robb , the fact that Robb marching to war in the south provided an opportunity for the Ironborn to capture his castle , in the process killing his subjects and imprisoning his family , and finally the fact that Jon 's army is composed primarily of Wildings , who the Northern houses have been fighting for generations . However , after Jon Snow and Sansa Stark successfully recapture Winterfell from the Boltons , with help from Littlefinger and the Knights of the Vale , House Glover becomes sworn to House Stark once more , with Lord Glover apologizing for his previous refusal of aid and crowning Jon the King in the North . Meera Reed ( season 3 -- 4 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by Ellie Kendrick . Ellie Kendrick Jojen 's elder sister and daughter of Lord Howland Reed , Eddard Stark 's old friend from Robert 's Rebellion . In season 3 Meera and her brother join Bran in his journey to the Wall and beyond in order to help him to find the Three - eyed Raven . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep and are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Meera is almost raped by Karl , but is saved when Bran reveals his identity in order to protect her . Karl later tries again to rape her , but an attack by Night 's Watch rangers saves her , and they manage to escape during the fray . They eventually reach the three - eyed raven in a cave , but are attacked by reanimated skeletons outside it . Jojen is fatally stabbed , and Meera performs a mercy killing on him . In season 6 , she continues to mourn for Jojen . After the cave is attacked by White Walkers , she pulls Bran to safety until the wights catch up . They are rescued by Bran 's uncle , Benjen Stark , who ultimately takes them back to the Wall . When she leaves Bran to go back south to her home , she is devastated that he gives no acknowledgement of her sacrifices or her brother 's . Lyanna Mormont ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Bella Ramsey . Lyanna Mormont is the 10 - year - old head of House Mormont of Bear Island . She is the niece of Lord Commander Jeor Mormont of the Night 's Watch and cousin of Ser Jorah Mormont . In the fifth season , she refuses Stannis Baratheon 's request to aid him in his campaign to overthrow the Boltons and rally the North to help him retake the Iron Throne , asserting her loyalty to House Stark . In the sixth season , she is approached by Jon Snow , Sansa Stark and Davos Seaworth for help in retaking Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton . Though Lyanna is ready to refuse , citing Jon as a bastard and Sansa as a Lannister / Bolton wife , she is persuaded to offer help when Davos informs her of the coming battle against the Night King . She accompanies the Mormont forces and witnesses the subsequent battle between Jon and Ramsay 's armies . After the castle is retaken , Lyanna admonishes Wyman Manderly and Robett Glover for refusing Jon 's calls for help , and is the first to proclaim Jon the new King in the North . As Jon and the Northern Lords plan for the coming war she insists that girls as well as boys should be taught military skills . Maester Wolkan ( season 6 -- present ) portrayed by Richard Rycroft . Richard Rycroft A member of the Order of Masters who is in service to House Bolton at Winterfell . He witnesses Ramsay kill Roose and reluctantly summons Walda and the baby for Ramsay to murder as well . After the Boltons ' defeat , he serves the Starks . He unwillingly helps Petyr Baelish cause friction between Sansa and Arya Stark . He builds a wheelchair for Bran . Lyanna Stark ( season 6 ) portrayed by Cordelia Hill as a child , and by Aisling Franciosi as an adult . Aisling Franciosi Lyanna is the sister of Ned Stark , she was promised to wed Robert Baratheon , but she was supposedly kidnapped and raped by Rhaegar Targaryen . During the tourney at Harrenhal , Rhaegar rode past his wife , Elia Martell , and placed a crown of winter roses in Lyanna 's lap . Lyanna in fact loved Rhaegar , and was married to him in secret . At the Tower of Joy , Lyanna is being protected by several members of the Kingsguard when Ned arrives to try to find her . Defeating Ser Arthur Dayne of the Kingsguard , Ned enters the Tower of Joy where he finds Lyanna in a bed of blood , but still alive . Lyanna asks Ned to promise to protect her son , who is revealed to be Jon Snow , and prevent Robert from killing him by hiding his Targaryen lineage . Rickon Stark ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Art Parkinson . Rickon Stark is Lord Eddard & Lady Catelyn 's youngest child , naturally aggressive and strong - willed . His black dire wolf Shaggydog shares these qualities also . When Theon Greyjoy captures Winterfell in Season 2 , Rickon hides in the crypts . After Winterfell is sacked and burned , he , Bran , Hodor , the Wildling woman Osha and the direwolves travel through the North . In Season 3 before they reach the Wall , Rickon , his direwolf and Osha split up from the rest of the group heading to Last Hearth , the seathouse of the Umbers . In Season 6 , Rickon and Osha are betrayed by the Umbers to the Boltons following Greatjon Umber 's death , and become hostages of Ramsay Bolton . At the beginning of a grand showdown between the Boltons and the Northern rebels led by Jon Snow , Rickon is released by Ramsay and told to run towards Jon , unaware that it is merely a trap to lure Jon into the open . Just before he can reach Jon , Rickon is shot and killed by Ramsay . Following Ramsay 's defeat , Jon orders Rickon 's body buried in the Winterfell crypt . Hodor ( season 1 -- 4 , 6 ) portrayed by Kristian Nairn . Kristian Nairn Hodor is a huge , physically strong and intellectually disabled stablehand at Winterfell who can only say the word `` Hodor '' . He hides in the crypts along with Osha , Bran and Rickon , faking their escape out of the castle . They eventually leave the crypts only to find the castle destroyed . After speaking to the dying Maester Luwin , it is decided that they must go to the Wall . In Season 3 Bran decides to go beyond the Wall to find the Three - eyed - raven and Hodor helps him alongside with Meera and Jojen Reed after the departure of Rickon and Osha . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep , where they are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl . Hodor is chained to a post and abused by some mutineers , who poke him with spears and eventually stab him in the leg to stop him intervening on Bran 's behalf . Hodor is later chained in a hut with the other prisoners , and when Bran is abducted by Locke , Bran wargs into Hodor and uses him to kill Locke by snapping his neck . Hodor frees the others and they escape , eventually reaching the three - eyed raven in his cave . During Season 6 , Bran learns through visions of the past that , as a boy , Hodor was named Wyllis and possessed normal abilities of speech . When the cave is overrun by White Walkers and wights while Bran is viewing the past , Bran simultaneously wargs into Hodor to induce him to carry Bran to safety . Once they exit through a passageway , Meera orders Hodor to `` hold the door '' against the wights ; in the past , Wyllis collapses and repeats this phrase until it slurs into `` Hodor . '' In the present , Hodor is killed as the wights eventually tear through the door , but Meera escapes with Bran . Hodor only ever says one word : `` Hodor '' . However , according to Kristian Nairn 's interview to Vulture , he has developed 70 ways to say it . Osha ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Natalia Tena . Natalia Tena Osha is a Wildling woman captured by Robb and held captive at Winterfell . Osha works in the kitchens , often giving Bran advice when she bathes in the godswood . After Winterfell is taken by the turncloak Theon Greyjoy , Osha bends the knee to Theon . After the Sack of Winterfell , Osha helps Bran and Rickon escape , along with their direwolves and Hodor . She gives a mercy kill to wounded Maester Luwin . Later , she and her companions travel to the Wall to seek help . In Season 3 before they reach the Wall , Osha , Rickon and his direwolf split up from the rest of the group heading to Last Hearth , the seathouse of the Umbers . In Season 6 , they are betrayed by the Umbers to the Boltons after Greatjon Umber dies , and become hostages of Ramsay Bolton . Osha later attempts to kill Ramsay , but is instead killed herself . Jojen Reed ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Thomas Sangster . Thomas Sangster A boy with special insights and son of Lord Howland Reed , Eddard Stark 's old friend from Robert 's Rebellion . In season 3 Jojen and his sister join Bran in his journey to the Wall and beyond in order to help him to find the Three - eyed Raven . In season 4 , they stumble across Craster 's Keep and are captured by the Night 's Watch mutineers led by Karl , during which time Jojen suffers from a seizure . Jojen and the others are freed when Bran wargs into Hodor and has him kill Locke and cut them all loose , but Jojen stops Bran from reuniting with his brother , Jon Snow , since he knows Jon would try and stop their journey . Once they reach their destination , however , they are attacked by reanimated skeletons , and Jojen is stabbed in the ensuing fight . Meera finishes him out of mercy . Rickard Karstark ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Steven Blount in season 1 , and by John Stahl from season 2 onwards . Rickard Karstark is a Bannerman of the North , Lord of Karhold and he is a chief member of Robb Stark 's war council . The Karstarks are distant cousins of the Starks of Winterfell . Karstark 's sons Harrion and Torrhen was killed by Jaime Lannister and Karstark vows retribution . He is enraged when Catelyn Stark decides to free Jaime in an attempt to secure the safety of her daughters . When Karstark discovers that Edmure Tully has defeated the Lannisters in battle near Riverrun and taken two of his young relatives hostage , Karstark orders his men to kill them . Karstark is subsequently sentenced to death by Robb , and he cryptically warns Robb that his actions will eventually lead to his own demise , just before he is executed . Maester Luwin ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Donald Sumpter . Donald Sumpter Luwin , Maester of Winterfell , is a chief advisor to Lord Stark . He is one of the few Maesters to have studied magic and the occult . With Robb Stark 's departure , the day - to - day rule of the North falls to Ser Rodrik Cassel and Maester Luwin , acting with Bran 's voice . After Winterfell is taken by Theon , Luwin must advise him because of his valour to serve to the ruler of Winterfell . When Ramsay Snow launches an attack on Winterfell to drive the Ironborn away , Luwin advises Theon to flee to the Wall and join the Night 's Watch , where his crimes will be pardoned , but Theon instead rallies his few remaining men to face Ramsay , and betrayed by his own men . Luwin , in an attempt to save Theon , is stabbed by Dagmer . Bran Stark and his party emerge from hiding to find Winterfell sacked by Ramsay and his men and Luwin dying in the Godswood , where he declares his loyalty and love for the Starks before having Osha perform a mercy killing on him , out of sight of Bran and Rickon . Rodrik Cassel ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Ron Donachie . Ron Donachie Ser Rodrik Cassel is the Master - at - Arms at Winterfell . After the discovery of the origin of the knife from the attempted assassination of Bran Stark , he accompanies Lady Catelyn Tully to King 's Landing . Later Lady Catelyn decides to join Robb at Moat Cailin , and names Ser Rodrik castellan of Winterfell . When the Ironmen attack Torrhen 's Square , Ser Rodrik gathers a force to expel them , including most of the Winterfell garrison . The Ironborn under Theon Greyjoy then attack and take Winterfell , and Ser Rodrik is captured while defending himself . Ser Rodrik refuses to swear allegiance to Theon , and spits in his face . Theon orders him thrown into the dungeons , but Dagmer insists that Theon execute him in order to gain respect . Theon executes Ser Rodrik himself , but it takes several blows of the sword to behead him and only gains more contempt and hatred from the Northerners . Jory Cassel ( season 1 ) portrayed by Jamie Sives . Jory Cassel was Captain of the Guard at Winterfell and the nephew of Ser Rodrik . Killed by Jaime Lannister during a fight between Jaime 's men and Eddard Stark over Tyrion Lannister 's abduction by Eddard 's wife . Septa Mordane ( season 1 ) portrayed by Susan Brown . Septa Mordane was a priestess of the Faith of the Seven Gods ( of which Catelyn Stark is an observer ) and governess to the young ladies of Winterfell . She was killed by the Lannisters after Eddard Stark 's failed attempt to arrest King Joffrey and Queen Regent Cersei . Old Nan ( season 1 ) portrayed by Margaret John . Old Nan was an old serving woman at Winterfell who tells the Stark children stories from beyond the Wall . She is the great - grandmother of Hodor . Margaret John died before the filming of Season 2 and the writers decided that Old Nan died between seasons instead of recasting the role . Jon Umber ( season 1 ) portrayed by Clive Mantle . Clive Mantle Called `` the Greatjon '' , Lord Umber is the Lord of Last Hearth and a Bannerman of the North . In Season 1 he joins Robb Stark in the war and is the first one calling him The King in the North . In Season 3 , the North loses the war after the death of King Robb , but his youngest brother Rickon heads to the seat of House Umber to seek refuge . In between the third and sixth seasons , Rickon and Osha arrive at Last Hearth , but at some point , Greatjon dies under unknown circumstances and his lands pass to his son , Smalljon Umber , who betrays Rickon and Osha to Ramsay Snow . House Targaryen ( edit ) Grey Worm ( season 3 -- present ) portrayed by Jacob Anderson . Jacob Anderson A captain of the Unsullied , a group of eunuch slave soldiers . His name is pronounced `` Torgo Nudho '' in Valyrian and was chosen by his Astapor slave masters , who choose new names for the Unsullied which are designed to humiliate them and make them think they are not human . Despite this , Grey Worm chose to keep his current name because it was his name on the day Daenerys freed the Unsullied , so he considers it to be a lucky name . He is loyal to Daenerys and does n't like those who insult her . He develops feelings for Missandei , which appear to be reciprocated , and has a friendly rivalry with Daario Naharis . He is gravely injured in Meereen in an attack by the Sons of the Harpy , but ultimately survives . After Daenerys 's disappearance , Grey Worm partially recovers from his injuries and remains in Meereen to help Tyrion Lannister govern the city and maintain peace with the slave masters . When the slave masters go back on the deal and attack Meereen with ships , only to be countered by Daenerys 's dragons , Grey Worm kills Razdal mo Eraz and Belicho Paenymion , and later accompanies Daenerys and her retinue on their voyage to Westeros . From her stronghold on Dragonstone , Daenerys sends Grey Worm and his army to take Casterly Rock . The night before Grey Worm admits to Missandei that now he has her to love , he has begun to know what fear is . They make love . Grey Worm expects Casterly Rock to be hard to win and is surprised to find it barely manned : the capture is effected with ease . He then takes his army east and is outside King 's Landing when Daenerys and Cersei meet in the Dragonpit . Barristan Selmy ( season 1 , 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Ian McElhinney . Ian McElhinney Ser Barristan Selmy is the Lord Commander of the Kingsguard and a member of the Small Council . Known as `` Barristan the Bold , '' he is considered one of the most famous knights of the Seven Kingdoms . Ned has a tremendous respect for Barristan as he remained loyal to protect the Mad King , Aerys II . He sustained injuries at the Trident which prevented Selmy from taking place in the final battles of the war which ultimately lead to his survival and pardon . When Ned attempts to arrest Cersei and Joffrey , he informs Ser Barristan of Robert 's will and tells his men not to harm him . After Joffrey becomes King and has Ned arrested , Cersei and Joffrey force Ser Barristan into retirement despite the Kingsguard being meant to serve for life , and much to his anger , his position of Commander is to be given to Jaime . His honor insulted , Ser Barristan refuses their offer of a castle and servants in recognition of his service and leaves King 's Landing . Ser Barristan returns in season 3 where he offers his service to Daenerys as a member of her Queensguard to redeem himself for failing her family . He and Ser Jorah Mormont tend to conflict over what actions Daenerys should use with the former preferring honorable choices while the latter preferring pragmatic choices . Barristan later discovers that Jorah 's original purpose was to spy on Daenerys for Robert and Lord Varys , and informs Daenerys , fearing for her safety and leading her to exile Jorah from Meereen on threat of execution . When a resistance movement , the Sons of the Harpy , openly hostile to Daenerys 's conquest and politics , arise , Barristan advises the Queen to remain just with her enemies and tells of her own father 's crimes and cruel attitude which led to his downfall . He eventually sustains mortal injuries in a fight with a group of Sons of the Harpy alongside Grey Worm even though he managed to slay most of them with prowess . He is mourned by Daenerys as she considered him a loyal friend and his death causes her to retaliate on the Great Masters . Hizdahr zo Loraq ( season 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Joel Fry . Joel Fry Hizdahr is a slave - trader from the city of Meereen , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and a scion of the House of Loraq , an ancient and proud line of slavers . He claims to Daenerys Targaryen that his father , who Daenerys ordered crucified , was actually against the crucifixion of children , and requests permission to give his father a proper funeral , which she accepts . Daenerys later has Hizdahr sent to Yunkai along with Daario Naharis as her ambassador to persuade the wise masters there to submit to her rule . In season 5 , he returns with Daario claiming to have succeeded , although the masters want Daenerys to reopen the fighting pits in return , which she refuses , though she grants him a position on her Small Council . After Barristan Selmy is killed and Grey Worm seriously injured in an attack by the Sons of the Harpy , Daenerys agrees to reopen the pits and marry Hizdahr to bring about peace , though Daario insinuates that Hizdahr is working with the Sons of the Harpy . On the opening day of the Great Games , however , the Sons of the Harpy attack again and Hizdahr is killed , revealing that he was loyal to Daenerys the entire time . Mossador ( season 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Reece Noi . Mossador is a former slave who joined the rebellion against the masters of Meereen . In season 5 , after the Sons of the Harpy rise and kill and Unsullied , Mossador advocates hunting them down and killing them without mercy , arguing that Meereen is not like Westeros and the only language the Meereenese understand is blood and violence . He is executed by Daario Naharis after murdering a captive Son without Daenerys 's consent . Kovarro ( season 2 ) portrayed by Steven Cole . Kovarro is a Dothraki Bloodrider sworn to Daenerys Targaryen . His character does not appear in the books because Kovarro is created for the TV series . He finds Qarth and leads Daenerys there , following the betrayal of Pyat Pree he goes into hiding alongside Jorah Mormont and Daenerys until Daenerys reclaims her dragons . The only thing that interests him in Qarth is stealing all the gold and jewels from Xaro Xoan Daxos . Doreah ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Roxanne McKee . Roxanne McKee Doreah is a slave bought in order to school Daenerys in the art of love . She was sold to a brothel when she was nine , by her mother . She is bought by Viserys Targaryen and is shown to pleasure him as he tells her stories about the dragons of Westeros . In Season 2 after arriving in Qarth , Doreah is convinced by Xaro Xoan Daxos that Daenerys would n't leave the city and she steals Daenerys dragons and becomes Xaro 's lover . After revealing the plans of Xaro , Daenerys locks him and Doreah alive in a vault . Irri ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Amrita Acharya . Irri is a slave , bought in order to school Daenerys in Dothraki riding . She 's in love with Rakharo and is deeply distressed by his death and the desecration of his corpse . She and Doreah are shown to be at odds , due to Irri valuing tradition and mythical beliefs of the Dothraki over Doreah 's foreign ideals . In Season 2 she is killed in Qarth during the stealing of the dragons . In a deleted scene it is shown she is strangled to death by Doreah . Rakharo ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Elyes Gabel . Elyes Gabel Rakharo is a young Bloodrider , favored by , and sworn to Khal Drogo and later Daenerys Targaryen . Deep into the Red Waste while facing starvation Daenerys sends Rakharo , Aggo , and Kovarro to scout in three different directions , using the last remaining horses . Later Rakharo 's horse comes back with his head . It 's assumed that Rakharo is killed by some other Khal . Irri fears that without his head , Rakharo 's soul will become lost and will not find its way to the Night Lands . Rhaegar Targaryen ( Season 7 ) portrayed by Wilf Scolding . Prince Rhaegar Targaryen was the eldest son and heir of King Aerys II Targaryen , and was the Prince of Dragonstone . He was the elder brother of Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen , and the husband of Elia Martell , a distant cousin with whom he had two children , Rhaenys and Aegon Targaryen . However , he annulled his marriage to Elia , and he secretly married Lyanna Stark with whom he has a child , Jon Snow . The parentage of Jon is kept a secret , and he is raised by Lyanna 's brother , Eddard Stark as his bastard to protect him from the enemies of House Targaryen . Rhaegar was the assumed instigator of Robert 's Rebellion after allegedly kidnapping Lyanna , Lord Robert Baratheon 's betrothed . House Tully ( edit ) Edmure Tully ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Tobias Menzies . Tobias Menzies Catelyn and Lysa 's younger brother and the Lord of Riverrun after their father Hoster dies during Season 3 . A brash but good - hearted man , Edmure is not a good tactician but a skilled politician . To restore the alliance with Walder Frey , and to make amends with Robb Stark for unwittingly curtailing his plan to draw Tywin Lannister into battle , Edmure is promised to one of Frey 's daughters , Roslin . Edmure and Roslin are wed and carried off for a `` bedding ceremony '' , after which the Freys slaughter the Stark family in the `` Red Wedding '' . He becomes a prisoner of the Freys after the death of his sister Catelyn and nephew Robb . When his uncle Brynden retakes Riverrun from the Freys , Edmure is used as a hostage to coerce Brynden into surrendering , but he refuses , while the Freys also refuse to kill Edmure . Jaime Lannister later meets with Edmure and falsely threatens his wife and baby child with death if he does not persuade Brynden to stand down . He is subsequently released and allowed into Riverrun , where he gives the order to surrender . The Lannisters and Freys retake the castle and Edmure is taken captive once more to ensure the Tullys ' loyalty . Brynden Tully ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by Clive Russell . Clive Russell Commonly known as `` The Blackfish '' , Ser Brynden is the uncle of Catelyn , Lysa , and Edmure , and a seasoned war veteran . He returns to Riverrun during season 3 before his older brother 's death to make amends . He serves as both an adviser and confidant for both his niece Catelyn and grandnephew King Robb Stark . At Edmure 's wedding to Roslin Frey at the Twins , Brynden excuses himself from the feast to `` find a tree to piss on '' , and by so doing narrowly escapes the ensuing Red Wedding massacre when the Freys and Boltons betray the Starks . Lord Frey is visibly untouched by the man 's absence , while Roose Bolton appears disturbed , aware that Brynden is capable of holding Riverrun ( which has been granted to Lord Frey as payment ) against the Iron Throne even with its technical lord , Edmure , in captivity . Brynden indeed retakes Riverrun from the Freys and holds it in Robb 's name , refusing to surrender even when Edmure 's life is threatened . The castle eventually falls when Edmure is allowed inside and gives the order to stand down . Brynden , however , refuses to surrender and chooses to fight to the death . He is later reported dead . Roslin Frey ( season 3 ) portrayed by Alexandra Dowling . Roslin Tully ( née Frey ) is Lord Walder Frey 's daughter and considered the most beautiful one . She was previously the intended bride for Robb Stark , who was unaware of her beauty and went on to marry Talisa Maegyr instead . She is married to Lord Edmure Tully as compensation at what becomes known as the Red Wedding . In the sixth season , it is mentioned that Roslin has given birth to Edmure 's child . House Tyrell ( edit ) Olenna Tyrell ( season 3 -- 7 ) portrayed by Diana Rigg . Diana Rigg Lady Olenna , better known as `` The Queen of Thorns '' , is the sharp - witted grandmother of Loras and Margaery . Considered Tywin Lannister 's female counterpart , Olenna is a matriarch and the real power behind House Tyrell . She has very progressive views where she feels women should be more involved in politics and is accepting of Loras ' homosexuality where the people of Reach have no problems with it . After learning the abuses Sansa suffered by Joffrey , Olenna figured out that Margaery could avoid the same fate by using Joffrey 's love of violence . Because she is fond of Sansa , and to prevent the other nobles from using her as heir of the North , Olenna secretly plots to have Sansa marry Loras . But her plan is foiled by Loras himself , who accidentally reveals it to Littlefinger 's spy . Tywin Lannister gets wind of the plot and stops it by having Sansa marry his son Tyrion and , to secure the Reach , orders Cersei to marry Loras . Lady Olenna is at first against Loras marrying Cersei because she is too old and because of the scandal of her incestual affair with her twin brother , Jaime . Tywin threatens to make Loras join the celibate Kingsguard , which would make Joffrey and Margaery 's children the heirs of Reach , Olenna admits defeat and praises Tywin for getting the best of her . In season 4 , Olenna conspires with Petyr Baelish to have Joffrey poisoned , to protect Margaery from Joffrey 's beastly nature , and advises Margaery to become acquainted with her new match , Tommen Baratheon , Joffrey 's younger brother and heir . She returns to Highgarden shortly afterwards . When Loras is arrested by the recently reinstated Faith Militant for his homosexuality , Margaery writes to her grandmother who returns to the capital in order to protect her grandchildren from Cersei 's schemes . But , mistakenly believing Loras 's arrest was simply meant to humiliate House Tyrell , she helplessly assists to Olyvar 's testimony which incriminates her grandson , as well as to Margaery 's incarceration for perjuring herself in front of the gods in an effort to protect her brother . She later confronts the High Sparrow without results and has a secret meeting with Littlefinger who , blackmailed by Olenna for his part in Joffrey 's death and in order to placate his role in her grandchildren 's imprisonment in providing Olyvar to Cersei , gives valuable information about Lancel and Cersei 's adulterous relationship . This results in the latter 's arrest by the Faith Militant . In the sixth season , Olenna takes steps to free Margaery from the High Sparrow and retake power from the Faith Militant , but the plan is thwarted when Tommen forges an alliance with the Faith and becomes the High Sparrow 's new puppet . Margaery feigns loyalty and manages to instruct Olenna to leave the city when the High Sparrow threatens her life . After hearing of the Great Sept of Baelor 's destruction , which killed Mace , Loras and Margaery , Olenna vows revenge . She accepts an invitation to Dorne by Ellaria Sand , who reveals that she has followed Theon Greyjoy in declaring for Daenerys Targaryen . Seeking vengeance against Cersei for her slain family , Olenna pledges the Tyrell forces to Daenerys as well . When the Lannisters , supported by the turncoat Tarly forces formerly loyal to the Tyrells , attack Highgarden , they win with ease . Jamie Lannister finds Olenna in her tower , ready to be taken cative or killed . Jamie tells Olenna that Cersei had dreamed up horrible deaths for her but that he had persuaded his sister to let him offer Olenna poison instead . After drinking the poison Olenna confesses proudly to Joffrey 's murder . Mace Tyrell ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Roger Ashton - Griffiths , Roger Ashton - Griffiths is the Lord of Highgarden , Defender of the Marches , High Marshal of the Reach , and Warden of the South , he is the buffoonish father of Loras and Margaery , and Lady Olenna 's son . Lady Olenna has a low opinion of Mace , whom she calls `` Lord Oaf '' . Originally Hand of the King to Renly Baratheon before the latter 's death during the War of the Five Kings , Mace agrees to a Lannister - Tyrell alliance as proposed by Petyr Baelish . He is named Master of Ships on Joffrey 's Small Council , and attends Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding . After Joffrey 's death , Mace serves as one of the judges at the trial of his accused murderer , Tyrion Lannister . He is later present at Tywin Lannister 's funeral and at Tommen and Margaery 's wedding , and , in spite of offering himself as Hand of the King to Tommen , he is instead named Master of Coin by Cersei who , in the aim of keeping him away from the capital while she schemes against his daughter , sends him to renegotiate the royal debt with the Iron Bank of Braavos . He later arrives in Braavos , and is unsuccessful in his attempt to win over Tycho Nestoris , who is unimpressed with his buffoonish ways . In the sixth season , he returns to King 's Landing with the Tyrell army to free Margaery from the Faith Militant alongside Jaime Lannister , but is foiled when Tommen forges an alliance with the High Sparrow . He is later killed in the destruction of the Great Sept of Baelor after being horrified , but unable to protect his son as he was mutilated by the Faith Militant . Loras Tyrell ( season 1 -- 6 ) portrayed by Finn Jones . Finn Jones Ser Loras Tyrell , known as the `` Knight of Flowers , '' is a highly skilled knight and jouster . Known across Westeros for his beauty , he is Renly Baratheon 's former squire and secretly his lover . He is widely known throughout Westeros for defeating Jaime Lannister in a jousting match . In Season 1 , he charms Sansa Stark before his jousting match with Ser Gregor `` The Mountain '' Clegane , but even though he wins , Clegane attacks him in a blind rage and he is only saved by Clegane 's brother , Sandor , who Loras names as the champion in gratitude . In private , while shaving Renly , Loras makes it clear that he disapproves of both Joffrey and Stannis as Robert 's closest heirs , and tells Renly that he would make a great king . In Season 2 when Renly makes his claim for the Iron Throne , Loras and the rest of House Tyrell back his claim and cement their support by marrying Loras 's sister Margaery to Renly . Loras and Renly remain inseparable even after Renly 's wedding . After Renly 's assassination , Loras goes berserk and vows vengeance against Stannis , but secretly blames himself for having pushed Renly to make his claim even though he was lawfully behind Stannis . When the Tyrells join the Lannister cause against Stannis , Loras fights wearing Renly 's armor in honour of the fallen king at the Battle of the Blackwater . During season 3 , his family plots to have him marry Sansa for Sansa and his family 's benefit . However , he accidentally reveals this plot to his new lover and squire , Olyvar , who is actually a spy for Lord Baelish . Tywin stops the Tyrell plot by having Sansa marry his son Tyrion and engages Loras to his daughter Cersei . In season 4 , at Joffrey and Margaery 's wedding , Loras exchanges banter with Jaime , who warns Loras that if he marries Cersei , she will likely kill him in his sleep , and that he will never marry her . Loras counters that Jaime will not marry Cersei either , implying that he knows of his incestuous relationship with Cersei . He is later present at Tyrion 's trial for murdering Joffrey , though he is apparently unaware that his grandmother , Olenna Tyrell , is the true killer . In season 5 , he attends Tywin 's funeral and offers his condolences to Cersei . He continues his sexual relationship with Olyvar , flirtatiously suggesting that they should move to Dorne , where homosexuality is more tolerated , and expresses doubt that to Margaery that he is still obliged to marry Cersei with Tywin gone . He is later present at Tommen and Margaery 's wedding and , during a training session , is suddenly arrested for his homosexuality by the recently reinstated Faith Militant . He denies all of the Faith 's allegations against him , including his affair with Renly , during an inquest presided by the High Sparrow , but eventually loses his temper when Olyvar testifies against him , citing his birthmark `` in the shape of Dorne '' he has on his thigh as proof . This prompts the Faith to incarcerate both him and his sister , the latter for perjuring herself in front of the gods in an effort to protect him , and to open formal trials for them . In the sixth season , after being tortured for almost a year , Loras admits to his `` crimes '' on the day of his trial and joins the Faith Militant in order to survive and a seven - pointed star is carved on his forehead . Though he is accepted into their ranks , he is killed when the Great Sept of Baelor is destroyed by wildfire on Cersei 's orders . Randyll Tarly ( season 6 -- 7 ) portrayed James Faulkner , is the Lord of Horn Hill and the head of House Tarly , a vassal family of House Tyrell of Highgarden . Randyll is the father of Samwell Tarly , and one of the greatest soldiers in Westeros . He has a humorless martinet , is severe and intimidating . He demands martial discipline in the field and in his home . He forces Sam to join the Night 's Watch on threat of death . In the sixth season , he is not pleased when Sam returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and his supposed son with her , and enraged when he realizes Gilly is a wildling . Despite his hatred for the wildlings , Randyll agrees to let Gilly work in the kitchens and raise the baby as a bastard of House Tarly , on the condition that Sam never again set foot in Horn Hill when he leaves for Oldtown . Sam ultimately takes Gilly and the baby with him , and takes House Tarly 's ancestral Valyrian steel sword , Heartsbane . In the seventh season Jamie Lannister persuades Lord Randyll to side with the Lannisters against the Tyrells . This goes well initially as the Tarlys help capture Highgarden , but when Daenerys ambushes the Tarly and Lannister forces they are soundly defeated . Daenerys demands that the Tarlys and their few surviving soldiers , now captives , bend the knee . Randyll refuses and is executed by dragonfire . Melessa Tarly ( season 6 ) portrayed by Samantha Spiro . Lady Melessa of House Florent is the wife Lord Randyll Tarly of Horn Hill and mother of Samwell Tarly of the Night 's Watch . She is a sweet , plump , and adoring mother , and has a soft spot for Samwell . When Sam returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on the way to Oldtown , she greets him warmly , and becomes infuriated when Randyll insults Sam and Gilly during dinner . Talla Tarly ( season 6 ) portrayed by Rebecca Benson . Lady Talla is a kind , friendly and unpretentious woman , and is the sister of Samwell Tarly . She greets Sam warmly when he returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on his way to Oldtown . Dickon Tarly ( season 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Freddie Stroma in season 6 , and by Tom Hopper in season 7 . Tom Hopper Dickon is athletic , a good hunter , an excellent swordsman , manly , not particularly bright but the favorite child of his father , Lord Randyll . He is the younger brother of Samwell Tarly , but was pronounced heir when Samwell was sent to the Night 's Watch . He greets Sam warmly when he returns to Horn Hill with Gilly and her baby on their way to Oldtown , but his dismissal of Sam 's claims that he killed a White Walker is what leads Randyll to realize Gilly is a wildling . Dickon acquits himself well enough in his first real battle , but his second - against Daenerys , her Dothraki and her dragon - ends in defeat . Captured , he is urged by his father to bend the knee to Daenerys and save himself , but instead he stands with his father in refusing . He is executed by dragonfire . People of Essos ( edit ) Tycho Nestoris ( season 4 -- 5 , 7 - present ) portrayed by Mark Gatiss . Mark Gatiss Tycho Nestoris is a representative of the Iron Bank of Braavos . He initially refuses to loan Stannis Baratheon money to help him hire mercenaries , but Davos Seaworth changes his mind . In season 5 , Tycho greets Mace Tyrell , who has been sent to renegotiate the royal debt . In season 7 he arrives in King 's Landing to collect the debt , expecting to be met with a default . He is impressed when Cersei , newly enriched by the captured Tyrell treasury , pays the debt in full and he agrees to Cersei 's request for further funding . Izembaro ( season 6 ) portrayed by Richard E. Grant . Richard E. Grant Izembaro is the manager of a Braavosi troupe of actors , in which he also acts . He portrays King Robert Baratheon and Lord Tywin Lannister in the production of The Bloody Hand . He is outwardly dismissive to his actors , and witnesses Arya Stark foil an assassination attempt on one of his actresses , Lady Crane . He subsequently kicks Bianca , the actress who ordered Crane 's death , out of the troupe . Lady Crane ( season 6 ) portrayed by Essie Davis . Lady Crane is the leading actress in Izembaro 's Braavosi theater troupe . She portrays Queen Cersei Lannister in the production of The Bloody Hand . She becomes a target of the Faceless Men on the request of her jealous co-star , Bianca . She is almost killed by Arya Stark , who poisons her rum but briefly speaks with her , realizing she is an innocent women who is a mere victim of someone else 's selfishness , and thwarts the assassination , warning her about Bianca . Crane subsequently mutilates Bianca 's face and has her expelled from the troupe . Shortly after , she finds Arya severely wounded as retribution for the assassination and cares for her , but is herself killed by the Waif , who was sent to kill Arya . The Waif ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Faye Marsay . Faye Marsay The Waif is a sadistic young woman who lives in the House of Black and White , a temple to the Many - faced God , in Braavos . She participates in Arya 's training but repeatedly deems her unfit to become a Faceless Man ( assassin ) . After Arya is struck blind for her unsanctioned killing of Ser Meryn Trant , the Waif repeatedly beats and abuses Arya , though Arya learns how to fight without her eyesight and her vision is soon returned to her . When Arya refuses to kill an innocent target , Lady Crane , the Waif is sent to kill her . Though she stabs Arya multiple times , Arya survives . The Waif then kills Lady Crane and pursues the wounded Arya all over Braavos before cornering her in her hideout . Arya , however , extinguishes the room 's only candle and manages to kill the Waif in the ensuing fight . Arya rips her face off and adds it to the Hall of Faces . Yezzan zo Qaggaz ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Enzo Cilenti . Enzo Cilenti Yezzan zo Qaggaz is a slave - trader from the city of Meereen , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and one of the Great Masters , the former ruling elite of the city . He buys Jorah Mormont and Tyrion Lannister after they are captured by Malko and takes them to a fighting pit to train as gladiators , though he loses both Tyrion and Jorah when they are accepted into Daenerys Targaryen 's inner circle . He , along with Razdal mo Eraz and Belicho Paenymion , negotiates with Tyrion in Daenerys 's absence and they reach an accord to end slavery throughout seven years in exchange for ordering the Sons of the Harpy to stand down , but they go back on their word and order a naval assault on Meereen . When Daenerys 's dragons defeat the slaver fleet , Yezzan is betrayed by Razdal and Belicho and handed over to be killed by Grey Worm , who kills the other two instead . Tyrion instructs Yezzan to warn his friends about angering Daenerys further . Razdal mo Eraz ( season 3 , 6 ) portrayed by George Georgiou , is a slave - trader from the city of Yunkai , on the coast of Slaver 's Bay , and one of the Wise Masters , the ruling elite of the city . He attempts to parley with Daenerys for her to leave Yunkai , but she refuses and takes the city . Later , he helps fund the Sons of the Harpy to resist Daenerys 's rule over Slaver 's Bay and breaks a peace treaty with Tyrion Lannister . He is killed by Grey Worm when the slavers ' attack on Meereen is thwarted . Belicho Paenymion ( season 6 ) portrayed by Eddie Jackson , is a prominent noble of the Free City of Volantis , and a member of the `` Old Blood '' , descendants of the original Valyrian settlers of the city . Like most of the Volantene nobility , Belicho is involved in the slave trade and funds the Sons of the Harpy to resist Daenerys . After breaking a peace pact with Tyrion Lannister , his throat is slit by Grey Worm when their attack on Meereen fails . Kinvara ( season 6 ) portrayed by Ania Bukstein , is the High Priestess of the Red Temple of Volantis , one of the high - ranking leaders in the religion of R'hllor , the Lord of Light . Tyrion Lannister and Varys enlist her help in acquiring the common peoples ' support for Daenerys , whom she believes to be the Prince that Was Promised , destined to defeat the Night King . Vala ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Meena Rayann , is a prostitute in Meereen who is secretly in league with the Sons of the Harpy , a resistance movement against Daenerys Targaryen . Her actions cause the death of several Unsullied and Ser Barristan Selmy . She is later captured by Varys and forced reveal who are funding the Sons of the Harpy on pain of death and her son becoming an orphan . She cooperates and is sent to Pentos with her son to live peacefully . Camello ( season 6 ) portrayed by Kevin Eldon . Kevin Eldon Camello is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Eddard Stark in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Bobono ( season 6 ) portrayed by Leigh Gill , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Tyrion Lannister in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Bianca ( season 6 ) portrayed by Eline Powell , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . She portrays Sansa Stark in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Though she is far less skilled than the lead actress , Lady Crane , she is consumed by jealousy and desires to replace her . She contracts the Faceless Men to have her assassinated , but the assassin , Arya Stark , instead warns Lady Crane about Bianca 's intentions . Lady Crane subsequently mutilates Bianca 's face and Izembaro kicks her out of the troupe . Clarenzo ( season 6 ) portrayed by Rob Callender , is a member of Izembaro 's comedic theatre troupe in Braavos . He portrays Joffrey Baratheon in the production of `` The Bloody Hand '' . Khal Moro ( season 6 ) portrayed by Joe Naufahu . A Dothraki Khal . His khalasar finds Daenerys after she flees Meereen on Drogon 's back . Out of respect for Khal Drogo , Moro takes Daenerys to the Temple of the Dosh Khaleen to live the rest of her life with the widows of former Khals . When Daenerys refuses to submit , Moro and the other Khals threaten her with being raped and killed . Daenerys responds by burning the temple down with the Khals inside and taking over the entire khalasar . High Priestess of the Dosh Khaleen ( season 6 ) portrayed by Souad Faress . The high priestess is the leader of the dosh khaleen , the widows of former Khals . Ornella ( season 6 ) portrayed by Hannah John - Kamen , is a young member of the Dosh khaleen who befriends Daenerys Targaryen . Kraznys mo Nakloz ( season 3 ) portrayed by Dan Hildebrand . A wealthy slaver from the Ghiscari city of Astapor . Sexist and rude , he repeatedly insults to Daenerys in Valyrian , not realizing she speaks the language . He agrees to sell Daenerys 8,000 slave - soldiers called the Unsullied in exchange for one of her dragons , throwing in his translator , Missandei , as a bonus . Daenerys reveals she speaks Valyrian and orders her new army to kill the Astapori slavers . Kraznys is killed by Drogon . Quaithe ( season 2 ) portrayed by Laura Pradelska . Quaithe of the Shadow is an enigmatic priestess of Asshai whom Daenerys meets in Qarth , where she warns Daenerys about the local warlocks . Xaro Xhoan Daxos ( season 2 ) portrayed by Nonso Anozie . Nonso Anozie A rich merchant `` prince '' of Qarth who vouches for Daenerys when she and her then - starving entourage wish to enter the city . He claims extremely humble background , having worked his way to wealth from nothing . He repeatedly asks Daenerys to marry him , but she refuses . Xaro eventually betrays Daenerys , allowing the warlocks to kidnap her dragons and kill several of her people , and crowns himself `` King of Qarth '' as part of a plan to render the city less isolationist . After Daenerys rescues her dragons and returns , she locks him alive in his own vault , finding it to have been empty the whole time . Pyat Pree ( season 2 ) portrayed by Ian Hanmore . Ian Hanmore Pyat Pree is a warlock from the city of Qarth . He tries to lure Daenerys to the House of the Undying , the warlocks ' lair , by stealing her dragons but Daenerys defeats him , rescues her dragons and escapes . The Spice King ( season 2 ) portrayed by Nicholas Blane , is the leader of the Ancient Guild of Spicers , one of the merchant groups vying in Qarth . In the Song of Ice and Fire novels there is no character specifically called ' the Spice King ' . However , there is an ' Ancient Guild of Spicers ' in the city of Qarth . The Spice King is one of many powerful Qarthites whom Daenerys asks for ships and funding to mount a campaign in Westeros , but he is rude to Daenerys in a polite way by pointing out that without an army , she can not regain the Iron Throne . He is killed by the warlock Pyat Pree as part of his coup with Xaro Xoan Daxos . Illyrio Mopatis ( season 1 ) portrayed by Roger Allam . Roger Allam Illyrio Mopatis is a wealthy magister of the free city of Pentos . Illiyrio hosts the Targaryens after their escape from Westeros . He arranges Daenerys ' marriage to Khal Drogo and conspires with Lord Varys for the returning of the Targaryens to power . In season 5 , Varys and Tyrion Lannister take shelter in his mansion when they flee Westeros after the murder of Tywin Lannister . Mirri Maz Duur ( season 1 ) portrayed by Mia Soteriou . Mirri Maz Duur was a `` Maegi '' , or witch - woman , held captive by Khal Drogo 's horde . Before her capture , she had been a godswife ( priestess ) in the Temple of the Great Shepherd . When Drogo and his men attack her town and take her prisoner , Daenerys gives Mirri and the other victims protection from further attacks . When Khal Drogo is wounded in a fight , Daenerys asks for Mirri 's help to cure it , but Mirri betrays her in revenge for the attack on her village , leaving Drogo in a permanent vegetative state and causing the then - pregnant Daenerys to miscarry her son Rhaego . In revenge , Daenerys has Mirri burned to death on Drogo 's funeral pyre . Qotho ( season 1 ) portrayed by Dar Salim . Qotho is a fierce and hot - tempered bloodrider under Khal Drogo . After Drogo 's incapacitation , some of the bloodriders try to stop Daenerys from taking him to the witch Mirri Maz Duur . Qotho kills Quaro in the ensuing fight and is in turn killed by Ser Jorah Mormont . People of Westeros ( edit ) Podrick Payne ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Daniel Portman , Daniel Portman is a young squire assigned to Tyrion Lannister . In Season 2 , he fights alongside Tyrion at the Battle of the Blackwater and saves him from an assassination by Ser Mandon Moore . In Season 4 , Podrick is anonymously offered a knighthood in exchange for testifying against Tyrion at his trial for the murder of King Joffrey , but he does not accept or reject the offer -- Tyrion orders Podrick to leave King 's Landing before he is killed . Tyrion makes his brother , Jaime , assure Podrick 's safety , who assigns him to serve Brienne of Tarth . Podrick initially appears to be incompetent but slowly wins Brienne 's trust . Podrick and Brienne eventually find Arya Stark and Sandor Clegane near the Vale . A brawl ensues between Brienne and Sandor , and Podrick loses sight of Arya , much to Brienne 's annoyance . Podrick and Brienne then search for Sansa , finding her with Petyr Baelish and some Vale knights in an inn . A fight ensues , and Podrick is only barely rescued by Brienne . They decide to follow Sansa and Baelish north . During their journey , Brienne slowly opens up to Podrick , and offers to teach him how to use a sword and defend himself . Brienne and Podrick reach the North and take shelter in a nearby inn , sending Sansa a message to signal for help should she need it . Podrick later alerts Brienne when Stannis arrives with his army to retake Winterfell . Podrick and Brienne later save Sansa and Theon Greyjoy from pursuing Bolton soldiers and Podrick manages to slay one with his newfound skills . He and Brienne escort Sansa to find Jon Snow at Castle Black . Sansa sends Brienne and Podrick to the Riverlands to seek the aid of Brynden Tully , where Podrick briefly reunites with Bronn . When Riverrun falls to the Freys , Brynden apparently sacrifices himself to allow Brienne and Podrick to escape in a boat . Though they are seen by Jaime Lannister , he lets them go . At the parley in the Dragonpit , Pod meets Bronn and at Bronn 's suggestion they go for a drink . Beric Dondarrion ( season 1 , 3 , 6 -- present ) portrayed by David Scott in season 1 and by Richard Dormer from season 3 onwards . Richard Dormer Beric Dondarrion is also known as the Lord of Blackhaven and `` The Lightning Lord '' . In season one , Eddard Stark sends him to arrest Gregor Clegane for terrorizing the Riverlands . After Ned 's arrest , he becomes the leader of an outlaw group known as the `` Brotherhood without Banners '' . In season three , it is revealed that Beric has been killed many times but has been resurrected by his friend Thoros of Myr , a red priest . Because of this miracle , Beric and the rest of the Brotherhood convert to the worship of Thoros 's god , whom they call the Lord of Light . Beric and the Brotherhood harry the Lannister army , focusing on protecting commoners . They find Arya , Gendry , and Hot Pie and offer them shelter , and at the same time capture Sandor Clegane , who had deserted from the Lannister army during the Battle of the Blackwater . Clegane is sentenced to trial by combat , and Beric is his opponent . Despite setting his sword ablaze , Beric is slain by Clegane , but is resurrected by Thoros , and allows Clegane to go free . Beric later confides to Arya that it is the sixth time he has been revived from death , though he has slowly been losing his memories each time . He later meets Melisandre when she comes to fetch Gendry . Beric gives him away in return for gold , which prompts Arya to run away . Years later , the Brotherhood encounters Clegane again , after hanging three of their rogue members , and convince him to join their cause , since they are heading North in order to aid Jon Snow against the coming White Walker army . Trying to go around the end of the Wall at Eastwatch , the three are captured by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane and imprisoned . They later join Jon Snow 's raiding party on their mission to capture a wight . Thoros of Myr ( season 3 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Paul Kaye , Paul Kaye is a red priest who follows the same religion as Melisandre . He later joins the `` Brotherhood Without Banners '' . Thoros was a famous warrior who fought during the Greyjoy rebellion where he wielded a flaming sword in battle . Thoros was initially sent to Westeros as a missionary , to convince King Robert Baratheon to convert to the worship of the Lord of Light , but he became absorbed in the hedonism of Robert 's court , which led him to lose his faith and become a drunkard . Thoros ' faith was renewed during the War of Five Kings when he was able to resurrect his friend Beric using what he believed to be a mundane funeral rite . Since then , Thoros has stayed beside Beric , resurrecting him several more times , though at the cost of some of his memories each time . In the sixth season , he and Beric persuade Sandor Clegane to join their cause , since they are heading North to aid Jon Snow against the White Walkers . In the seventh season , trying to go around the end of the Wall at Eastwatch , the three are captured by a suspicious Tormund Giantsbane and imprisoned . They later join Jon Snow 's raiding party on their mission to capture a wight . Thoros is mauled by an undead polar bear and takes fatal wounds . Hot Pie ( season 1 -- 4 , 7 ) portrayed by Ben Hawkey , is a baker 's boy from King 's Landing recruited by Yoren to join the Watch . He is shown to be a friend of Lommy and together they try to bully Arya , but , instead she beats him . Hot Pie and Arya survive the attack on Yoren 's band by Ser Amory Lorch , along with Gendry and Lommy Greenhands . They are later captured by soldiers of Ser Gregor Clegane , who kill Lommy . Like Arya , Hot Pie is made a servant at Harrenhal , in the kitchens . He escapes Harrenhal with Arya and Gendry and head to Riverrun . On the way , they are captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners , Hot Pie decides to stay at a local Inn to become a cook . In season 4 , Hot Pie meets Brienne of Tarth and Podrick Payne on their journey to find Sansa Stark and tells them that Arya is likely still alive . Then when Arya passes through in season 7 he is able to give her the news that Jon Snow has retaken Winterfell . Septa Unella ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Hannah Waddingham , Hannah Waddingham Unella is a Septa of the Faith of the Seven and a devoted follower of the High Sparrow . She throws Cersei into a cell beneath the Sept of Baelor and repeatedly commands her to confess her sins . When Cersei finally does , Unella and some septas wash Cersei and cut off most of her hair . During Cersei 's walk of atonement , Unella walks behind her , repeatedly ringing a bell and calling out `` Shame ! '' to the crowd . She continues to abuse Margaery until an alliance is made between the Crown and the Faith , and follows Margaery around wherever she goes . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , however , Unella is captured by Cersei 's forces before the Great Sept of Baelor is destroyed , taking the High Sparrow with it , and kept prisoner to be tortured by Gregor Clegane on Cersei 's orders as revenge for the needless abuse Unella once inflicted on her . Lem Lemoncloak ( season 6 ) portrayed by Jóhannes Haukur Jóhannesson , is a member of the Brotherhood without Banners . He leads an attack on Septon Ray 's small community , without Beric Dondarrion 's consent . He is subsequently sentenced to death , and is hanged by Sandor Clegane , the only survivor of the attack . Brother Ray ( season 6 ) portrayed by Ian McShane , Ian McShane is a former mercenary who now serves the Faith of the Seven . He tries to build a new community in the Riverlands and saves Sandor Clegane from death following his brutal fight with Brienne of Tarth . He and the rest of the community , however , are killed by rogue members of the Brotherhood Without Banners , and Ray is hanged from the unfinished sept , which drives Sandor to seek revenge , as Ray was his friend . Olyvar ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Will Tudor , Will Tudor is a spy , sex worker , and brothel manager in the employ of Petyr Baelish . In season 3 , he poses as Loras Tyrell 's squire and has a one - night stand with him at Baelish 's request in order to learn the Tyrells ' true motivations for coming to King 's Landing . In season 4 , he becomes a lover of Oberyn Martell . In season 5 , he continues his affair with Loras . His life is put in danger when the Faith Militant are re-established and they target the city 's homosexuals . He escapes due to being fully clothed during the attack and goes into hiding , but he is approached by Cersei and offered immunity from prosecution if he testifies against Loras at his Holy Inquest . Olyvar does so , implicating both Loras and Margaery in the process . Anguy ( season 3 ) portrayed by Philip McGinley , is a commoner from the Dornish Marches , a member of the Brotherhood Without Banners . He is called `` The Archer '' . Rorge ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Andy Beckwith , is a violent criminal from King 's Landing , Rorge is taken from the Black Cells by Yoren to join the Night 's Watch , which is customary for criminals . He , with the other criminals Jaqen H'Ghar and Biter , is kept caged in a cart for their journey north in order to keep from harming the other recruits . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Arya saves the three men by giving them an axe so that they can break out of their cage , which has been set on fire . The three join the Lannister soldiers for a time . In season 4 , Rorge and Biter attack Arya and Sandor to collect the bounty on Sandor Clegane 's head , but Biter is killed by Sandor and Rorge by Arya . Biter ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Gerard Jordan , is a violent criminal from King 's Landing , Biter is a frightening man who hisses instead of speaking , and his teeth have been filed to points . Like Jaqen H'Ghar and Rorge , Biter collected by Yoren for the Night 's Watch . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Biter and his companions find themselves trapped in the wagon in the middle of a fire , but Arya Stark , throws an axe into the wagon so that they can break free and save themselves . They manage to escape and are later taken into Ser Amory 's service , eventually arriving at Harrenhal . In season 4 , Rorge and Biter attack Arya and Sandor to collect the bounty on Sandor Clegane 's head , but Biter is killed by Sandor and Rorge by Arya . Ros ( season 1 -- 3 ) portrayed by Esmé Bianco , Esmé Bianco is a red - haired sex worker . The Ros of the television adaptation is an amalgam of more than one character from the books , including the unnamed redheaded northern prostitute and Alayaya . She initially lives in a brothel outside the gates of Winterfell , where she is a favorite of Theon Greyjoy , though she has attracted the attention of several others such as Tyrion Lannister and Jon Snow . Later in the season , Ros moves to King 's Landing and is given employment in a brothel owned by Littlefinger . At the start of season 2 , Ros has been promoted , managing the brothel and interviewing new employees . She is later abused by King Joffrey and savagely beaten by Cersei 's men who mistake her for Tyrion 's lover . She later enters an alliance with Varys . Her primary function in season 1 appeared to be one of sexposition , as the backstories and motives of Theon , Littlefinger and Pycelle are all revealed during sexual encounters involving her . In season 2 , she is used mostly as a familiar face for the audience in several key events . Midway through season 3 she is shot dead by King Joffrey after Littlefinger discovers that she has been spying for Varys . Lommy Greenhands ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Eros Vlahos , Eros Vlahos was a dyer 's apprentice before being caught stealing and sent with Yoren to join the watch . When Yoren 's band is attacked by Ser Amory Lorch , Lommy is one of the survivors , though he is injured in the leg , slowing down Arya and the other escapees . They are later captured by soldiers under the command of Ser Gregor Clegane . Polliver kills Lommy when he learns that he can not walk . When the soldiers ask where Gendry is , Arya tells them that Lommy was Gendry , saving the real Gendry 's life . Syrio Forel ( season 1 ) portrayed by Miltos Yerolemou , Miltos Yerolemou is known as the former First Sword of the Sealord of Braavos , is hired by Lord Eddard to train Arya Stark at `` Water Dancing '' , the Braavosi style of sword fighting . Syrio trained Arya using wooden swords filled with lead . He also mentored her on how to move and think like a warrior : to be perceptive , move with grace , and command her fear . After Eddard Stark 's arrest , Cersei Lannister sends men to capture Arya . Syrio orders Arya to run while he holds them off with only a wooden practice sword . He defeats five guardsmen but can not bring down the armored Meryn Trant , who cuts his practice sword in half . Arya escapes . The fate of Syrio after that is unknown . Royal court and officials ( edit ) Qyburn ( season 3 -- present ) portrayed by Anton Lesser , Anton Lesser is an ex-maester who was found by Robb Stark at Harrenhal . He becomes a servant of Roose Bolton . Qyburn lost his title as a maester when he was caught performing human experiments on live patients . Qyburn justifies his actions for the sake of medical knowledge . He tends to Jaime after the latter loses his right hand and travels with him to King 's Landing in the hope of having his title restored . In season 4 , Qyburn cures Jaime of infection , allowing the skin to heal fully and has a solid gold hand forged for him , earning him Cersei 's respect and gratitude . Cersei later enlists his help in curing Gregor Clegane of a deadly poison inflicted on him by Oberyn Martell in the trial by combat . Qyburn warns that his help may `` change '' Clegane , but when Cersei asks if it will make him weaker , he enthusiastically implies the opposite . After Tywin 's death and Varys 's treason and escape , Cersei appoints him the new Master of Whispers , much to Grand Maester Pycelle 's disapproval . When the Queen mother is imprisoned by the Faith Militant , he is the only one to visit her and informs her of her uncle Kevan 's appointment as the new Hand of the King . When Cersei returns to the Red Keep after her Walk of Atonement , Qyburn warmly greets her and presents her the newest member of the Kingsguard , an undead version of Ser Gregor , the results of his experiments . He sways most of Varys 's little birds to his service and learns of the caches of wildfire that the Mad King had stored underneath King 's Landing . After Cersei removes all of her enemies by destroying the Great Sept of Baelor with everyone inside and later crowning herself Queen , she names Qyburn as her Hand . At the parley in the Dragonpit , while everyone else is terrified by the wight and horrified when it continues to fight after being cut in half , Qyburn is instead fascinated , picking up the dismembered wight 's hand and inspecting it as it twitches . Grand Maester Pycelle ( season 1 -- 6 ) portrayed by Julian Glover , Julian Glover is a Grand Maester of the Seven Kingdoms , is an advisor and member of the Small Council . He had served the previous three kings as Grand Maester before Robert 's reign . Pycelle is later revealed to be a spy for the Lannisters , Cersei specifically , and he who informed her of Jon Arryn 's investigation of her affair with Jaime . To prevent himself from being undermined , Tyrion has Pycelle arrested and sent to the dungeons , but Cersei frees and Tywin Lannister reinstates him . A deleted scene from season 3 shows that Tywin is not fooled by Pycelle 's frail old man guise . In season 4 , Pycelle makes false accusations at Tyrion 's trial , claiming that Tyrion had stolen poisons from his office to murder Joffrey . Later on , when he proves unable to save the poisoned Gregor Clegane and openly doubts Qyburn 's abilities , Cersei orders him to leave , giving his position to Qyburn . He later attends Tywin 's funeral and proposes himself as the next Hand of the King Cersei ignores him and appoints Qyburn as the new Master of Whispers . When Cersei is incarcerated by the Faith Militant , Pycelle summons uncle Kevan from Casterly Rock and gives Kevan him the position of Hand of the King . He is present at Cersei 's return to the Red Keep after her Walk of Atonement . He continues to be dismissive towards both Cersei and Jaime , acknowledging that Cersei no longer holds any power . On the day of Cersei and Loras 's trial , however , he is lured to Qyburn 's laboratory by the little birds and stabbed to death , orchestrated by Cersei and Qyburn . Meryn Trant ( season 1 - 5 ) portrayed by Ian Beattie , Ian Beattie Ser Meryn Trant is an obedient member of the Kingsguard . He seems perfectly willing to do whatever Joffrey commands , no matter how vile the order . In Season 1 , as Eddard Stark is being arrested , he is ordered by Cersei to bring her Arya Stark . Arya 's fencing instructor , Syrio Forel , defends Arya from Ser Meryn and is presumably killed . Meryn is present at Tyrion 's trial for Joffrey 's murder , where he recounts some veiled threats Tyrion had made against Joffrey in season 2 , while conveniently omitting that he and Joffrey had been beating Sansa Stark at the time . In season 5 , he attends Tywin Lannister 's funeral , accompanying Cersei . He is later appointed by the latter to travel as a bodyguard to Mace Tyrell to his meeting with the managers of the Iron Bank of Braavos . In Braavos , he attends a brothel and asks for underage girls . He is ambushed there and killed by Arya . The High Septon ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Paul Bentley , is the head the Faith of the Seven , the dominant organized religion of southern Westeros . This septon becomes High Septon in season three after the death of his predecessor by the hands of the rioting mob in King 's Landing . He was the officiant at the wedding ceremony of Tyrion Lannister and Sansa Stark and later at the wedding ceremony of King Joffrey Baratheon and Margaery Tyrell . The High Septon also prepares the body of King Joffrey for his funeral and leads the coronation ceremony of King Tommen Baratheon . He is later present at Tywin 's funeral . He is attacked and humiliated by the Sparrows after being found in a brothel . When he tries to make the Small Council help him get revenge against them , Cersei decides to remove him from his position and has him arrested , giving the position to the High Sparrow . Dontos Hollard ( season 2 , 4 ) portrayed by Tony Way , Ser Dontos Hollard is a knight serving at the court of King 's Landing . He shows up drunk at a tourney for Joffrey 's birthday , so the young king threatens to execute him . Sansa saves his life by suggesting he be made a jester instead . In season 4 , Dontos gives Sansa what he says is his mother 's necklace as a gift and helps smuggle her out of King 's Landing after Joffrey is killed , apparently by Tyrion . Dontos takes her to one of Stannis Baratheon 's ships in Blackwater Bay , to Petyr Baelish . Rather than pay Dontos the promised gold , however , Baelish has his men kill Dontos for fear that he will be bribed into talking , and reveals that the whole time , Dontos was working for him , and leaves the necklace , which contained the poison used to kill Joffrey , with his corpse to implicate Tyrion . Hallyne ( season 2 ) portrayed by Roy Dotrice , Roy Dotrice is the chief `` Wisdom '' of the Order of Pyromancers in King 's Landing . Pyromancers , whose magical skill is questioned by Bronn and Tyrion , are primarily used to produce wildfire , a very dangerous , highly combustible chemical weapon . Tyrion uses his help for the Battle of Blackwater . Ilyn Payne ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Wilko Johnson , Wilko Johnson Ser Ilyn , also called `` The King 's Justice , '' is the mute royal executioner . He lost his tongue for speaking ill of Aerys II during the Mad King 's reign . He carries out Joffrey 's order to execute Eddard Stark and is temporarily given the Stark family sword , Ice . Night 's Watch ( edit ) Eddison Tollett ( season 2 -- present ) portrayed by Ben Crompton , is a steward of the Night 's Watch , known to all as `` Dolorous Edd '' for his dour face and outlook . Despite his continual gloom and doom he is well - liked by the other Brothers in Black , and is one of few Night 's Watchmen to have few if any enemies among his brothers . He is part of the expeditionary force beyond the Wall . In Season 3 he is one of the few remaining survivors from the battle at the Fist of the First men and they manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep . He fights against the mutineers after the death of Lord Commander Mormont . In season 4 , he and Grenn manage to return to Castle Black , but they join Jon Snow on his mission to kill the mutineers . He survives the ensuing battle and is seen dragging Locke 's corpse back to Craster 's Keep with the other slain Night 's Watch brothers . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Eddison remains atop the Wall on Jon 's orders to stop the wildlings from breaching the gate . He sends down flaming oil barrels and ultimately delivers the blow that sends the wildlings retreating by swinging a huge scythe across the Wall , causing the ice to break and sending many falling to their deaths . He lives through the battle and personally burns Grenn 's body at the funeral . In season 5 , he witnesses Mance Rayder 's execution , supports Jon in becoming the new Lord Commander , and drags Janos Slynt into the courtyard when Jon sentences him to die . He begrudgingly agrees to Jon 's proposal to rescue the wildlings from Hardhome before the White Walkers can reach them . He accompanies Jon and the Night 's Watch to Hardhome and is one of the few who escape the massacre alive . Following Jon 's death in a mutiny , he is one of Jon 's loyalists who find his body and barricade themselves inside his quarters , refusing to acknowledge Thorne 's leadership . Davos Seaworth sends him to fetch Tormund and the wildlings for help , and he succeeds just in time , ordering the mutineers locked up . He witnesses Jon 's resurrection by Melisandre , and the mutineers ' execution . Jon relinquishes his command to Edd , naming him the new acting Lord Commander . When Jon leaves Castle Black to retake Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton , Edd shares a good - natured farewell with him . Benjen Stark ( season 1 , 6 -- 7 ) portrayed by Joseph Mawle , is First Ranger of the Night 's Watch . He is the younger brother of Lord Eddard Stark of Winterfell . Early in the series , he leads a group of Rangers beyond the wall to investigate increased wildling activity , but does not return and his fate is unknown . In the close of season 5 , Alliser appears to Jon to deliver word of Benjen 's whereabouts , though this seems to be a mere trick , used to lure Jon to an assassination . Benjen returns in the sixth season to save Bran Stark and Meera Reed from a pack of wights , and reveals that he was stabbed by a White Walker , but then stabbed by a Child of the Forest to stop him turning into a White Walker , a process which left him undead and unable to pass through the Wall . He later takes Bran and Meera back to the Wall and bids them farewell . When Jon Snow is stranded north of the Wall , half - frozen and under attack by wights , Benjen rides in and puts Jon on his horse . Before he is killed he holds off the wights for long enough that Jon can escape . Alliser Thorne ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Owen Teale , Owen Teale is a drill instructor at Castle Black . He fought for Aerys II during Robert 's Rebellion and was sent to the Wall as punishment . He is a bitter , cruel , fanatical and hardened man but knows firsthand what it is like to serve in the Night 's Watch during the winter . The previous winter , he was caught north of the Wall on a ranging mission and he and the other members of his party were forced to eat the rangers who died in order to survive . Thorne returns in Season 4 , now the acting Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch following the death of Jeor Mormont , and becomes friends with Janos Slynt . He advocates Jon 's execution for his actions in season 3 , but Jon is exonerated by Maester Aemon . Thorne later notices that the people like Jon better than him , and will most likely elect Jon as the new Lord Commander , which would make him Thorne 's superior . To avoid this , Thorne , on Slynt 's suggestion , allows Jon to lead a mission to kill the Night 's Watch mutineers in the hopes that Jon will be killed in battle , though Jon survives . Out of spite , Thorne refuses Jon 's proposal to seal off Castle Black to stop the wildlings from breaching . When the wildling army arrives , Alliser grudgingly admits to Jon that he should have listened to him , but valiantly leads his men into battle . Alliser personally duels Tormund Giantsbane , but is wounded . He is last seen being taken inside Castle Black for treatment while yelling for his men to continue fighting . In season 5 , he has been healed but walks with a limp . He appears to be the leading contender for being voted the new official Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . Though he ultimately loses to Jon Snow by one vote in a three - way race , he is named First Ranger by Jon , which he appears to appreciate . When Jon sentences Slynt to execution for insubordination , Thorne briefly blocks Eddison Tollett 's way , but quickly abandons Slynt to his fate . After Jon 's return from Hardhome , he eventually opens the gate for the incoming wildling refugees , showing deep resentment for the new Lord Commander 's ambition to forge an alliance with the wildling tribes . After Davos ' return to the Wall , Alliser dispatches Olly with word of Benjen Stark 's current state ; the ploy is soon uncovered as a mutiny , wherein a disarmed Jon is trapped and stabbed to death . Alliser delivers the first blow , under the call `` For the Watch ! '' and leaves the Lord Commander dying in the snow . Thorne assumes command once again , but only until Edd brings back the wildlings to save Jon 's loyalists from death . Thorne is arrested for his treachery , and after Jon is resurrected , he is hanged for treason . Olly ( season 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Brenock O'Connor , Brenock O'Connor Ois a young boy who lived with his mother and father in a village in the Gift , the land given to the Night 's Watch to support themselves . Their village is attacked by a group of wildlings . His father is killed by Ygritte and his mother by Styr . Styr tells Olly that he is going to eat his dead parents and orders him to tell the men of the Night 's Watch at Castle Black in an attempt to draw them out into the open . He then releases Olly , who reaches Castle Black and informs the men of the approaching wildlings , in the process befriending Jon Snow . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Olly shoots and kills Ygritte from behind in revenge for his father . In season 5 , Jon takes Olly as an apprentice , mirroring his own father - son relationship with Jeor Mormont . When Jon is named the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch , Olly is named Jon 's personal steward . He is unhappy with Jon 's efforts to help the wildlings and participates in Jon 's assassination , stabbing Jon through the heart . When Jon 's loyalists and the wildlings rebel , Olly is arrested along with the mutineers , and after Jon 's resurrection , he is executed by hanging . Othell Yarwyck ( season 1 , 4 -- 6 ) portrayed by Brian Fortune , is First Builder of the Night 's Watch . He is based at Castle Black and is tasked with organizing the builders in maintaining the Wall and the castles belonging to the Watch . He is one of the five black brothers who sit in judgment of Jon Snow for his actions during his time with the wildlings . Later , when Jon proposes that they barricade the gates to Castle Black to stop the wildlings from entering , Alliser Thorne coerces Yarwyck into disagreeing . Yarwyck survives the battle against the wildlings . In season 5 , Jon sends him to rebuild a castle called Greyguard , but the order is annulled when Janos Slynt is executed . He staunchly opposes Jon 's proposal to allow the wildlings to pass through the Wall before the White Walkers reach them and later participates in the mutiny against Jon , being the second to stab him . After Jon is resurrected , Yarwyck and the mutineers are hanged for their treason . Bowen Marsh ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Michael Condron , is First Steward of the Night 's Watch , one of the few authority figures left at Castle Black . He opposes Jon 's proposal to allow the wildlings to pass through the Wall to escape the White Walkers , and later takes part in the mutiny against Jon , being the third to stab him . When Jon is revived by Melisandre , he is executed by hanging . Maester Aemon ( season 1 , 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Peter Vaughan , Aemon Targaryen is the blind old Maester of the Night 's Watch . He is the great - uncle of Viserys and Daenerys Targaryen . By the time of Robert 's Rebellion , he was too old to travel alone and already blind , because of that and of his oaths , he remained at the Wall while all the members of his family , even his great grand - nephews and nieces , were killed by Lannister bannermen . He carries the anger of that incident with him into the events of Game of Thrones . In Season 1 , he names Samwell Tarly his personal steward because of his intellect and love for reading and tries to convince Jon Snow not to desert the Night 's Watch after he hears of his father 's arrest and his brother 's campaign to save him . At the end of Season 3 , when Sam and Gilly return after the mutiny at Craster 's Keep , he sends all the ravens of the Nights Watch with messages to all the kings and lords of Westeros asking for help defending the Wall . In season 4 , he is present at Jon Snow 's trial . Aemon immediately ascertains that Jon is telling the truth and has him exonerated , claiming that he learned how to detect liars merely by growing up in King 's Landing . Moments before the attack on Castle Black , Aemon speaks with Samwell Tarly about his feelings for Gilly . After the battle , he delivers a eulogy for the fallen before they are burned . In season 5 , Aemon oversees the selection of a new Lord Commander . When Jon Snow and Alliser Thorne tie , Aemon breaks the tie by voting for Jon . He later falls ill , and Jon entrusts his care to Sam , who informs him on his great - niece 's exploits in Slaver 's Bay . Aemon later dies of natural causes after Jon 's departure to Hardhome , spending his last moments with Gilly and Sam , the latter delivering a eulogy at his funeral pyre . Janos Slynt ( season 1 -- 2 , 4 -- 5 ) portrayed by Dominic Carter , was the Commander of the King 's Landing city watch . He was bribed by Littlefinger to conspire against Eddard Stark . He later follows Joffrey 's orders to murder all of Robert 's illegitimate children . Due to his untrustworthiness and brutality , Tyrion has Janos exiled to the Night 's Watch . In season 4 , he is shown to be at odds with Jon Snow and suggests that Alliser Thorne get rid of him before he can be elected as the new Lord Commander . During the wildling attack on Castle Black , Janos hides in the food storage closet . In season 5 , Slynt appears to support Thorne as the new Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . When Jon is ultimately elected as the new Lord Commander , Janos refuses to obey Jon 's orders and insults him . Jon responds by sentencing Janos to death . Janos ultimately breaks down , realising that Jon is not bluffing , and begs for mercy . Jon at first seems to relent , but ultimately delivers the blow , beheading Slynt . Grenn ( season 1 -- 4 ) portrayed by Mark Stanley , is a brave but not very bright brother of the Night 's Watch who joins at the same time as Jon . He was abandoned by his father when he was a child and had to steal to survive . In Season 1 , he is initially at odds with Jon Snow , especially after Jon breaks his nose during a training session . Grenn , Pypar and Rast ambush Jon in a shed and threaten to harm him until Tyrion appears and tells them to back off , while advising Jon to sympathise with the other brothers . Jon makes amends by helping to train the others and becomes friends with Grenn . In Season 2 , Grenn is part of Lord Commander Joer Mormont 's ranging mission . Once they reach the Fist of the First Men , he is ordered to find firewood with Eddison Tollet and Samwell Tarly . In the process , they find a hidden stash of dragonglass ( obsidian ) daggers . When the White Walkers and wights approach , Grenn and Edd make a run for it , accidentally leaving Sam behind . In Season 3 , he is one of the few remaining survivors of the battle at the Fist of the First men . On the way back to the Wall , Grenn makes amends with Sam by helping him walk along with Edd and Rast , and they manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep . He fights against the mutineers after the death of Lord Commander Mormont , tackling Karl Tanner in the process , but he is subdued and chained up . In season 4 , he and Edd manage to escape from the keep and make it back to Castle Black , but they later join Jon Snow on his mission to kill the mutineers . He survives the ensuing battle and expresses shock at the sight of Locke 's badly snapped neck , wondering aloud what killed him . In the wildling attack on Castle Black , Grenn is ordered by Jon to take five men and hold the castle gates . A giant breaks his way in , and Grenn and the others manage to kill it at the cost of their own lives . His body is later burned by Edd at the funeral . Pypar ( season 1 , 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Josef Altin , Josef Altin is a brother of the Night 's Watch , informally called `` Pyp '' . He joins at the same time as Jon . Initially , he said that his crime was stealing a wheel of cheese to feed his starving sister . Later , he admits to Jon and Sam that he were merely accused of stealing after refusing the sexual advances of his former lord . In the first season , he is at odds with Jon Snow , who does not hide his superior skills from the other brothers , but he becomes friends with him when Jon , on Tyrion Lannister 's advice , helps to train the other brothers . He is later assigned to the stewards . In season 4 , Pyp participates in the battle against the wildlings at Castle Black with both a sword and a crossbow . He manages to kill one wildling with a crossbow but is himself shot through the neck and killed seconds later by Ygritte and dies in Sam 's arms . His body is later burned at the funeral . Karl Tanner ( season 3 -- 4 ) portrayed by Burn Gorman , Burn Gorman was a steward of the Night 's Watch . In season 3 , Karl survives the Battle at the Fist of the First Men and accompanies the survivors back to the Wall , stopping by Craster 's Keep along the way , where he eyes Craster 's daughters . As tensions between Craster and the brothers of the Watch run higher , particularly after they accuse Craster of starving a fellow ranger to death , Karl challenges Craster and later provokes him into attacking , but he stabs Craster through the mouth and inadvertently triggers a mutiny against Lord Commander Mormont . He is tackled by Grenn , but he subdues him and orders him chained up . In season 4 , Karl is still at Craster 's Keep , lording over it and raping Craster 's daughter - wives . His men eventually catch Bran Stark , Jojen and Meera Reed and Hodor on their quest to find the three - eyed raven and hold them hostage when he learns Bran 's identity . Karl later tries to rape Meera , but he is stopped when Jon Snow leads a band of Night 's Watch brothers to kill the mutineers . Karl fights Jon alone inside Craster 's hut and almost kills him by fighting dirty , but he is stabbed in the back by one of Craster 's wives . Karl moves in to kill her , but Jon stabs him through the mouth from behind . Rast ( season 1 , 3 - 4 ) portrayed by Luke McEwan , was a trainee to the Night 's Watch with a particularly mean spirit . He was arrested for rape and chose the Wall as his punishment . In Season 1 , he is at odds with Jon Snow , who does not hide his superior skills while training , and later threatens him in the armoury with Grenn and Pyp , but he backs off when Tyrion Lannister threatens him . Though Jon later trains him and the other recruits , he does not come to respect Jon and expresses jealousy when Jon is given the sword Longclaw by Lord Commander Jeor Mormont . He takes every opportunity he can to bully Samwell Tarly and only stops when Jon , Grenn and Pyp threaten him . In season 2 , he is part of Mormont 's expedition North of the Wall to find Benjen Stark , and fights in the Battle at the Fist of the First Men . In Season 3 , he is one of the few remaining survivors of that battle and is shown to be visibly upset and angry at the loss of his comrades , taking it out on Sam until Mormont intervenes . They manage to retreat to Craster 's Keep , but Rast grows increasingly angry and resentful of Craster for mistreating them and the others , particularly when a fellow ranger dies of starvation , which Rast attributes to Craster 's stinginess . Rast and Karl Tanner stand up to Craster , resulting in a mutiny in which Karl kills Craster and Rast stabs Mormont in the back for threatening Karl with execution . He and the rest of the mutineers remain at the Keep with Craster 's daughter - wives , although Sam manages to escape , to Rast 's fury . In season 4 , he is visibly uncomfortable with the abuse the mutineers are putting Craster 's daughters through , and is himself being abused by Karl , who spitefully orders Rast to feed Jon 's direwolf , Ghost , who they have caged outside the Keep . When the mutineers capture Bran Stark and his party , Rast recognises Bran as Jon 's brother and taunts Hodor by stabbing him in the leg . Rast later flees from the Keep when Jon leads a band of brothers to kill the mutineers , but he is mauled to death by Ghost , whom Bran had freed . Yoren ( season 1 -- 2 ) portrayed by Francis Magee , is a recruiter for the Night 's Watch . He travels to King 's Landing , where he witnesses Eddard Stark 's execution . Discovering Arya Stark in the crowd , Yoren prevents her from seeing her father 's beheading and disguises her as a boy to hide her among his Night 's Watch recruits and transport her to Winterfell . In the caravan bound for the Wall , Lannister bannerman Ser Amory Lorch demands Yoren hand over a recruit named Gendry . When Yoren refuses , a battle ensues , and Yoren and his men are killed . When he is struck by an arrow he speaks his last words , `` I 've always hated crossbows . Take too long to re-load . '' Before he succumbs to his wound , Yoren kills the man who shot him . Qhorin Halfhand ( season 2 ) portrayed by Simon Armstrong , is an experienced ranger of the Night 's Watch and second - in - command at the Shadow Tower . He is called Halfhand because he lost all the fingers on his right hand except his thumb and forefinger to a wildling axe . Because of this , he was forced to train himself how to fight left - handed . When Qhorin met up with Lord Commander Mormont at the Fist of the First Men , he advised sending three scouting parties into the mountains to determine what Mance had been looking for there , leading one party , including Jon Snow , personally . After becoming separated from Jon , Qhorin searches for him and is captured and his men are killed . While tied up , he discreetly orders Jon to infiltrate the wildlings as a double agent . Later , he sacrifices himself by provoking Jon into a fight , so Jon can gain the wildlings ' trust by killing him . Beyond the Wall ( edit ) Richard Brake Night King ( season 4 -- present ) portrayed by Richard Brake in seasons 4 and 5 , and Vladimir `` Furdo '' Furdik from season 6 , the Night King is the first of and leader of the White Walkers . He converts Craster 's baby sons into White Walkers for his army , and later leads an all - out assault on Hardhome , a wildling settlement . In the ensuing massacre , he witnesses Jon Snow slay one of his lieutenants . In the aftermath , the Night King revives all of the fallen as wights for his army , while sharing a long glance with Jon . The Night King first appeared in Oathkeeper but was not identified until Hardhome . In season 6 , it is revealed through a vision by Bran Stark that the Night King was once of the First Men , the first humans to migrate to Westeros . However , during their wars with the Children of the Forest , the man was kidnapped and forcibly converted into the first White Walker . The Children intended to use them as weapons against the First Men ; however , under the Night King 's leadership , the White Walkers have since gone rogue . The Night King later leads an assault at the cave of the three - eyed raven after breaking its magical seal , where he personally kills the three - eyed raven . In season 7 the Night King throws a spear of ice which kills Daenerys ' dragon Viserion . He touches the dragon and turns it into a wight . When his army reaches the Wall , he rides on Viserion 's back as the dragon 's blue fire destroys the Wall . Three - eyed Raven ( season 4 , 6 ) portrayed by Struan Rodger in season 4 , and Max von Sydow in season 6 , Max von Sydow the Three - eyed Raven is a figure that appears in Bran Stark 's dreams , following his fall and injury . In Bran 's dreams , the raven appears to be trying to lead him into the Stark family crypt , predicting his father 's death . In Season 3 he keeps appearing in Bran 's dreams and wants him to follow him . In season 4 , Bran finally finds him , in the form of a wise old man , who promises to help Bran learn to fly . In season 6 , he trains Bran in greensight and shows him visions of the past . When the Night King marks Bran during a vision gone wrong , he sacrifices himself to allow Bran and Meera to escape . He is slain by the Night King when he attacks with his army . Leaf ( portrayed by Octavia Alexandru in season 4 , and Kae Alexander in season 6 ) appears to rescue Bran , Meera and Hodor from the reanimated skeletons outside the three - eyed raven 's cave and takes them to the three - eyed raven herself . When the Night King attacks with his army , she is killed in the ensuing battle . Wun Weg Wun Dar Wun ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Ian Whyte , Ian Whyte Wun Wun is a giant from Hardhome . He agrees to Jon 's offer to allow the wildlings pass through the Wall to escape the coming White Walkers , and escapes the ensuing massacre . Upon being alerted of Jon 's death , Wun Wun joins the wildlings in returning to Castle Black to overthrow Alliser Thorne . After Jon is revived from the dead , he pleads with the wildlings to help him retake Winterfell from Ramsay Bolton , and Wun Wun is the first to agree . During the Battle of the Bastards , Wun Wun brings down a number of men and manages to breach the gates to Winterfell , but is shot with enough arrows and spears to bring him to his knees , and ultimately shot dead by Ramsay with an arrow to the eye . Dim Dalba ( season 5 -- 6 ) portrayed by Murray McArthur , Dim Dalba is an elderly warrior and raider and one of the prominent leaders in the Free Folk army gathered by Mance Rayder . Following the defeat of the wildling army in the Battle of Castle Black , he leads his followers to the relative safety of Hardhome . In season 6 , he pledges his army to fight for Jon Snow at the battle against the Boltons . Mance Rayder ( season 3 -- 5 ) portrayed by Ciarán Hinds , Ciarán Hinds Mance Rayder is a former ranger of the Night 's Watch who became the `` King - Beyond - the - Wall '' and the new leader of the Wildlings . He was a wildling child who was raised by the Night 's Watch , becoming one of their best rangers but eventually joining the wildlings . Using the training and tactics he learned from the watch , Mance became the seventh King Beyond the Wall , uniting disparate clans by reminding them that the white walkers and other monsters would kill them all . Mance 's goal is to get his people to the safety of the other side of the wall before the White Walkers could reach it . He plans a two - pronged attack on Castle Black , sending Tormund and Jon across the wall with a small party and preparing an army on the other side . After the advance attack on Castle Black fails , Jon leaves Castle Black to hunt Mance down on pretence of parleying with him . Mance realises Jon 's true intentions and is about to kill him when he and his men are ambushed and defeated by Stannis Baratheon and his army . Mance and Stannis briefly exchange insults when Mance refuses to acknowledge him as the King . Mance is taken prisoner by Stannis . In season 5 , Stannis offers to show Mance mercy if he will bend the knee and pledge allegiance to him , but Mance still refuses , fearing that he will lose his people 's respect in the process . On Stannis 's orders , Mance is burned at the stake by Melisandre , although Jon shoots Mance to cut short his suffering . Lord of Bones ( season 2 -- 3 , 5 ) portrayed by Edward Dogliani in seasons 2 and 3 , and Ross O'Hennessy in season 5 ) , Ross O'Hennessy the Lord of Bones was more often than not referred to as `` Rattleshirt '' , a ruthless wildling leader who uses a giant 's skull as a helmet and the bones of his victims for armour . In Season 2 , he captures Jon Snow and in Season 3 delivers him to Mance . In Season 5 he is beaten to death by Tormud Giantsbane at Hardhome when he refuses to hear Tormund 's proposal for an alliance with the Night 's Watch . Styr ( season 4 ) portrayed by Yuri Kolokolnikov , Yuri Kolokolnikov Star was one of Mance Rayder 's lieutenants and the Magnar - `` Lord '' in the Old Tongue of the First Men -- of the Thenn people , a clan of cannibalistic wildlings . In the battle for Castle Black , he is killed by Jon Snow , who smashes his head in with a hammer . Craster ( season 2 -- 3 ) portrayed by Robert Pugh , is a wildling who has an uneasy friendship with the Night 's Watch . He is a short - tempered , incestuous polygamist who takes all his daughters as wives . Jon Snow wonders aloud why he has no sons , and it is later revealed that he sacrifices them to the White Walkers soon after birth . As their only ally beyond the Wall , Commander Mormont and the Nights Watch are forced to endure his insults and outrageous demands . Several members of the Night 's Watch finally lose their patience with Craster after returning defeated from a battle with the White Walkers when he insults their dead and refuses to share more of his supplies with the hungry rangers . He is killed by Karl , who , with his men proceeds , to raid Craster 's supplies and attack his wives and daughters . Orell ( season 3 ) portrayed by Mackenzie Crook , Mackenzie Crook is a wildling raider and warg , a human capable of entering the minds of animals . Orell does n't trust Jon , as he suspects that Jon is still loyal to the Night 's Watch ; he is also jealous of Jon 's relationship with Ygritte . Orell 's suspicions are confirmed when , during a raid at the North , Jon refuses to kill an innocent horse breeder . Orell claims that Jon always was a `` crow '' and a battle ensues . After a few moments of sword fighting , Jon shoves his sword into Orell 's chest and whispers `` You were right the whole time '' , before pulling it out and leaving Orell to die . Orell wargs into the mind of his eagle with his dying breath and attacks Jon , but Jon is able to fight him off . Animals ( edit ) Drogon ( season 1 -- present ) is the black one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is visibly the biggest and Daenerys 's favourite dragon . He is named after Khal Drogo , her late husband . Throughout seasons 2 and 3 , Drogon is loyal to Daenerys , but in season 4 , he roars in her face when she tries to stop him from harming the other dragons over food , which makes her realise that she may be losing control over her dragons . While in Meereen , Daenerys receives two complaints from the citizens of Slaver 's Bay about Drogon 's behaviour , one of them a shepherd whose flock of sheep Drogon torched , and the second a farmer whose three - year - old daughter Drogon killed . Though Drogon disappears before he can be captured , he saves Daenerys from an ambush in Daznak 's Pit and flies off with her on his back , though he is wounded by the Sons of the Harpy in the process . Rhaegal ( season 1 -- present ) is the green one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is named after Daenerys 's deceased brother , Rhaegar Targaryen . When Daenerys begins to lose control over them , she locks Rhaegal and Viserion in the catacombs beneath Meereen . She later goes to visit them , but they attempt to attack her , forcing her to flee . Viserion ( season 1 -- present ) is the yellow one of Daenerys 's three dragons . He is named after Daenerys 's deceased brother , Viserys Targaryen . When Daenerys begins to lose control over them , she locks Rhaegal and Viserion in the catacombs beneath Meereen . She later goes to visit them , but they attempt to attack her , forcing her to flee . Viserion is killed with an ice spear during a battle with the White Walkers beyond the Wall , only to be turned into a wight himself by the Night King . With the Night King riding on his back , Viserion breathes blue fire at the Wall and it begins to disintegrate . Ghost ( seasons 1 -- 6 ) is Jon Snow 's direwolf . He is the albino runt of the litter of puppies , but nevertheless grows into a strong adult . He accompanies Jon to Castle Black . Following the Night 's Watch mutiny , he is imprisoned by Karl and Rast . He is later freed by Bran Stark and mauls Rast to death before re-joining Jon and the loyal Night 's Watch brothers . Though he is taken back to Castle Black , Alliser Thorne spitefully orders Jon to lock Ghost up . When the wildlings reach Castle Black , Jon orders Sam to free Ghost , and the direwolf subsequently helps the Night 's Watch by mauling several wildlings to death . He survives the battle . After Jon departs for Hardhome , Ghost remains at Castle Black and scares off two Night 's Watch bullies after they beat Sam and attempt to rape Gilly . After Jon is murdered Davos and the loyalists bring him to help protect Jon 's body . Once the mutineers led by Alliser Thorne are defeated and arrested thanks to the Wildlings he rests by Jon 's body . Later he is the first to witness Jon come back to life . Once Jon executes the mutineers and reunited with his sister Sansa Ghost leaves Castle Black with Jon . He does n't participate in the battle against the Boltons . After the Starks win he returns to Winterfell with Jon . Summer ( seasons 1 -- 4 , 6 ) is Bran Stark 's direwolf . When an assassin attempts to kill the comatose Bran , Summer tears out his throat with his teeth , saving both Bran and his mother Catelyn . Summer and Shaggydog survive the sacking of Winterfell and join Bran , Rickon and their group on their journey to the Wall to find Jon Snow . When they stumble across Craster 's Keep , Bran mentally takes over Summer 's body to scout the area , but Summer falls into a trap and is imprisoned . He is later freed and continues the journey north with Bran . During the battle with the skeletons outside the three - eyed raven 's cave , Summer mauls several and escapes with Bran into the caves . After the White Walkers and the Wights attack the tree , the group is forced to escape . Only Meera and Bran make it out alive as Hodor , Summer , The Children of The Forest and the Three - Eyed Raven are all slain by the undead while giving Bran time to escape . Shaggydog ( season 1 -- 3 , 6 ) is Rickon Stark 's direwolf . Following the sacking of Winterfell , Shaggydog and Summer join Rickon , Bran and their group on their journey to the Wall to find Jon Snow . Shaggydog accompanies Rickon and Osha to the Great Umber when the journey beyond the wall is deemed too dangerous for Rickon . However , after Greatjon dies , his son Smalljon decides to ally with the Boltons , and goes to Ramsay , to whom he gives Osha and Rickon as hostages , while presenting Shaggydog 's severed head as proof of Rickon 's identity . Nymeria ( season 1 , 7 ) is Arya Stark 's direwolf . On the way to King 's Landing , Joffrey attacks Arya in a play - fight taken too far . Nymeria bites Joffrey in the arm , and she and Arya run away . Knowing that Joffrey will lie to the court , Arya forces Nymeria to flee to prevent her from being killed . A very long time after , Arya reunites with her while in the Riverlands on her way back home to Winterfell , and she learns that she has since joined a pack of wild direwolves . She attempts to urge her to return with her . However , Nymeria refuses , likely due to how long she has been away from home , and remains with her new pack . Grey Wind ( season 1 -- 3 ) is Robb Stark 's direwolf . He accompanies Robb on his campaign against the Lannisters and often fights alongside him in the War of the Five Kings . When Robb is betrayed by Walder Frey and Roose Bolton , Grey Wind is shot dead with crossbows . He and Robb are later decapitated and Grey Wind 's head is sewn onto Robb 's corpse . Lady ( season 1 ) is Sansa Stark 's direwolf . After an incident on the Kingsroad when Nymeria bites Joffrey , Cersei first demands that Nymeria be killed and , when Nymeria can not be found , demands that a wolf be killed . Despite his objections , Ned Stark kills Lady personally , though he sends her body north instead of allowing Cersei to have her skin . See also ( edit ) Characters in A Song of Ice and Fire List of Game of Thrones episodes Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In the novel series , A Song of Ice and Fire , Robin Arryn was named Robert Arryn . The character 's name has been changed to Robin so as to prevent confusion with Robert Baratheon . Jump up ^ In the novel series , A Song of Ice and Fire , Yara Greyjoy was named Asha Greyjoy . The character 's name has been changed to Yara so as to prevent confusion with Osha . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` From HBO '' . Not a Blog . LiveJournal . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Game of Thrones ' Stars Score Hefty Pay Raises for Season 8 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Iain Glen confirms readthrough date '' . Youtube . October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Avery ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` Sophie Turner Drops Massive Spoiler About Sansa Stark 's Fate In Season 8 '' . Jump up ^ `` Maisie Williams Thinks Arya Went Hunting for Trouble This Season '' . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Game Of Thrones ' Actor Says Cut Scene Would 've Explained Confusing Finale Moment '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rory McCann says he 's already training for Clegane Bowl '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Liam Cunningham ( Davos ) talks about the filming schedule for Game of Thrones Season 8 '' . January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bradley confirms return '' . August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shepherd , Jack ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` Game of Thrones season 8 filming looks to be underway '' . The Independent . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.refinery29.com/2017/08/170207/rory-mccann-hafpor-julius-bjornsson-the-hound-the-mountain-game-of-thrones-fight Jump up ^ Stolworthy , Jacob ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` The Night 's Watch WILL be in Game of Thrones season 8 , confirms Lord Commander actor '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/news/game-of-thrones-season-8-filming-cast-belfast-northern-ireland-a8016546.html ^ Jump up to : VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' Winter is Coming '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' You Win Or You Die '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd . `` '' Valar Morghulis '' Review `` . AV Club . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game of Thrones reveals new cast members for Season 3 ! '' . io9.com . July 13 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Season 4 : Three Parts Confirmed ! '' . io9.com . May 28 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones ' Kristian Nairn Has 70 Different Ways of Saying ' Hodor ' '' . Vulture . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` There are 70 Ways to Say ' Hodor ' on GAME OF THRONES and Here They Are Nerdist '' . Nerdist . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Spoilers : Wilf Scolding Is the Actor Who Plays Rhaegar Targaryen '' . Earn The Necklace. 2017 - 08 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 28 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Elio ( August 19 , 2012 ) . `` Two More for S3 : Ramon Tikaram , Dan Hildebrand Join Cast '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Episodes : EP208 : The Prince of Winterfell '' . Westeros.org . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Game of Thrones cast . Official website George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Game_of_Thrones_characters&oldid=809857611 '' Categories : Game of Thrones A Song of Ice and Fire characters Lists of American drama television series characters Lists of fantasy television characters Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2017 Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2016 All articles needing style editing Articles that may be too long from April 2016 Pages with too many photos All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Čeština Español فارسی Français Galego ქართული Latina Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Suomi Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 November 2017 , at 22 : 18 . 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Doves as symbols
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Doves as symbols - wikipedia Doves as symbols Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) White doves at the Blue Mosque Doves , usually white in color , are used in a variety of settings as symbols of love , peace or as messengers . Doves appear in the symbolism of Judaism , Christianity and Paganism , and of both military and pacifist groups . Contents ( hide ) 1 Paganism 2 Judaism 3 Christianity 4 Peace and pacifism in politics 5 Royal Air Force 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Paganism ( edit ) The goddesses Atargatis , Ishtar , Inanna , Astarte and Aphrodite are all depicted with doves . The legendary queen Semiramis was raised by doves , connecting her to the goddesses . In the Epic of Gilgamesh the dove was released to search for the end of the deluge . Judaism ( edit ) J.E. Millais : The Return of the Dove to the Ark ( 1851 ) According to the biblical story ( Genesis 8 : 11 ) , a dove was released by Noah after the flood in order to find land ; it came back carrying a freshly plucked olive leaf ( Hebrew : עלה זית alay zayit ) , a sign of life after the Flood and of God 's bringing Noah , his family and the animals to land . Rabbinic literature interpreted the olive leaf as `` the young shoots of the Land of Israel '' or the dove 's preference for bitter food in God 's service , rather than sweet food in the service of men . The Talmud compares the spirit of God to a dove that hovers over the face of the waters . In post-biblical Judaism , souls are envisioned as bird - like ( Bahir 119 ) , a concept that may be derived from the Biblical notion that dead spirits `` chirp '' ( Isa. 29 : 4 ) . The Guf , or Treasury of Souls is sometimes described as a columbarium , a dove cote . This connects it to a related legend : the `` Palace of the Bird 's Nest '' , the dwelling place of the Messiah 's soul until his advent ( Zohar II : 8a -- 9a ) . The Vilna Gaon explicitly declares that a dove is a symbol of the human soul ( Commentary to Jonah , 1 ) . The dove is also a symbol of the people Israel ( Song of Songs Rabbah 2 : 14 ) , an image frequently repeated in Midrash . Christianity ( edit ) Dove with an olive branch , Catacombs of Domitilla , Rome The use of a dove and olive branch as a symbol of peace originated with the early Christians , who portrayed the act of baptism accompanied by a dove holding an olive branch in its beak and also used the image on their sepulchres . Christians derived the symbol of the dove and olive branch from Greek thought , including its use of the symbol of the olive branch , and the story of Noah and the Flood . Although Jews never used the dove as a symbol of peace , it acquired that meaning among early Christians , confirmed by St Augustine of Hippo in his book On Christian Doctrine and became well established . In Christian Iconography , a dove also symbolizes the Holy Spirit , in reference to Matthew 3 : 16 and Luke 3 : 22 where the Holy Spirit is compared to a dove at the Baptism of Jesus . The early Christians in Rome incorporated into their funerary art the image of a dove carrying an olive branch , often accompanied by the word `` Peace '' . It seems that they derived this image from the simile in the Gospels , combining it with the symbol of the olive branch , which had been used to represent peace by the Greeks and Romans . The dove and olive branch also appeared in Christian images of Noah 's ark . The fourth century Vulgate translated the Hebrew alay zayit ( leaf of olive ) in Genesis 8 : 11 as Latin ramum olivae ( branch of olive ) . By the fifth century , Augustine of Hippo wrote in On Christian Doctrine that `` perpetual peace is indicated by the olive branch ( oleae ramusculo ) which the dove brought with it when it returned to the ark '' . Baptism of Christ , by Francesca , 1449 In the earliest Christian art , the dove represented the peace of the soul rather than civil peace , but from the third century it began to appear in depictions of conflict in the Old Testament , such as Noah and the Ark , and in the Apocrypha , such as Daniel and the lions , the three young men in the furnace , and Susannah and the Elders . Before the Peace of Constantine ( 313 AD ) , in which Rome ceased its persecution of Christians following Constantine 's conversion , Noah was normally shown in an attitude of prayer , a dove with an olive branch flying toward him or alighting on his outstretched hand . According to Graydon Snyder , `` The Noah story afforded the early Christian community an opportunity to express piety and peace in a vessel that withstood the threatening environment '' of Roman persecution . According to Ludwig Budde and Pierre Prigent , the dove referred to the descending of the Holy Spirit rather than the peace associated with Noah . After the Peace of Constantine , when persecution ceased , Noah appeared less frequently in Christian art . Medieval illuminated manuscripts , such as the Holkham Bible , showed the dove returning to Noah with a branch . Wycliffe 's Bible , which translated the Vulgate into English in the 14th century , uses `` a braunche of olyue tre with greene leeuys '' ( `` a branch of olive tree with green leaves '' ) in Gen. 8 : 11 . In the Middle Ages , some Jewish illuminated manuscripts also showed Noah 's dove with an olive branch , for example , the Golden Haggadah ( about 1420 ) . Peace and pacifism in politics ( edit ) White dove with olive branch , stained glass window in the Denis and Saint Sebastian church in Kruft , Germany Doves are often associated with the concept of peace and pacifism . They often appear in political cartoons , on banners and signs at events promoting peace ( such as the Olympic Games , at various anti-war / anti-violence protests , etc . ) , and in pacifist literature . A person who is a pacifist is sometimes referred to as a dove ( similarly , in American politics , a person who advocates the use of military resources as opposed to diplomacy can be referred to as a hawk ) . Picasso 's lithograph , La Colombe ( The Dove ) , a traditional , realistic picture of a pigeon , without an olive branch , was chosen as the emblem for the World Peace Congress in Paris in April 1949 . The dove became a symbol for the peace movement and the ideals of the Communist Party and was used in Communist demonstrations of the period . At the 1950 World Peace Congress in Sheffield , Picasso said that his father had taught him to paint doves , concluding , `` I stand for life against death ; I stand for peace against war . '' At the 1952 World Peace Congress in Berlin , Picasso 's Dove was depicted in a banner above the stage . Anti-communists had their own take on the peace dove : the group Paix et Liberté distributed posters titled La colombe qui fait BOUM ( the dove that goes BOOM ) , showing the peace dove metamorphosing into a Soviet tank . Royal Air Force ( edit ) Tactical Communications Wing RAF The rock dove is , due to its relation to the homing pigeon and thus communications , the main image in the crest of the Tactical Communications Wing , a body within the Royal Air Force . Below the crest is the wing 's motto , `` Ubique Loquimur '' or `` We Speak Everywhere '' . See also ( edit ) Peace symbols References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Norman A. Rubin . `` The Dove '' . Jump up ^ Donald Alexander Mackenzie ( 1915 ) . `` Myths of Babylonia and Assyria '' . www.gutenberg.net . Retrieved 3 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Genesis Rabbah , 33 : 6 Jump up ^ `` Babylonian Talmud Sanhedrin 108b '' . Halakhah.com . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eruvin 18b '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rashi '' . Tachash.org . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Talmud , Tractate Moed , Hagiga 15a '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jewish Encyclopedia '' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Franciscan Fellowship Jump up ^ James Elmes , A General and Bibliographical Dictionary of the Fine Arts , London : Thomas Tegg , 1826 Jump up ^ `` ' ' Catholic Encyclopedia ' ' , Roman Catacombs : Paintings '' . Newadvent.org. 1 November 1908 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Graydon F. Snyder , `` The Interaction of Jews with Non-Jews in Rome '' , in Karl P. Donfreid and Peter Richardson , Judaism and Christianity in Early Rome , Grand Rapids : Wm B. Ferdman , 1998 Jump up ^ Augustine of Hippo , ' ' On Christian Doctrine ' ' . Google Books . ISBN 9781593774943 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Catholic Encyclopedia ' ' , Dove : As an artistic symbol '' . Newadvent.org. 1 May 1909 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Graydon D. Snyder , Ante Pacem : archaeological evidence of church life before Constantine , Macon : Mercer University Press , 2003 Jump up ^ `` John Dominic Crossan , ' ' Inventory of Biblical Scenes on Pre-Constantinian Christian Art ' ' '' . Faculty.maryvillecollege.edu . Archived from the original on 25 March 2012 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` British Library , ' ' The Holkham Bible ' ' '' . Bl.uk. 30 November 2003 . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wycliffe Bible , Gen 8 : 11 '' . Studylight.org . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Narkiss , Bezalel , The Golden Haggadah , London : The British Library , 1997 , p. 22 Jump up ^ British Library , Online Gallery , Sacred Texts . The Golden Haggadah , p. 3 , lower left hand panel . Jump up ^ `` Museum of Modern Art '' . Moma.org. 1949 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Tate Gallery '' . Tate.org.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Modern Masters '' . Bbc.co.uk. 1970 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Princeton University Library '' . Infoshare1.princeton.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 13 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Doves at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doves_as_symbols&oldid=801608419 '' Categories : Columba ( genus ) Symbolism Metaphors referring to birds Legendary birds Fictional columbidae Comparative mythology Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2010 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from April 2012 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Հայերեն Italiano ქართული Nederlands Norsk Occitan Polski Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 18 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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why is a dove a symbol of peace
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Hydrosphere
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Hydrosphere - wikipedia Hydrosphere Jump to : navigation , search The hydrosphere ( from Greek ὕδωρ hydōr , `` water '' and σφαῖρα sphaira , `` sphere '' ) is the combined mass of water found on , under , and above the surface of a planet , minor planet or natural satellite . It has been estimated that there are 1386 million cubic kilometers of water on Earth . This includes water in liquid and frozen forms in groundwater , oceans , lakes and streams . Saltwater accounts for 97.5 % of this amount . Fresh water accounts for only 2.5 % . Of this fresh water , 68.9 % is in the form of ice and permanent snow cover in the Arctic , the Antarctic , and mountain glaciers . 30.8 % is in the form of fresh groundwater . Only 0.3 % of the fresh water on Earth is in easily accessible lakes , reservoirs and river systems . The total mass of the Earth 's hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 10 tonnes , which is about 0.023 % of Earth 's total mass . About 20 × 10 tonnes of this is in Earth 's atmosphere ( for practical purposes , 1 cubic meter of water weighs one tonne ) . Approximately 75 % of Earth 's surface , an area of some 361 million square kilometers ( 139.5 million square miles ) , is covered by ocean . The average salinity of Earth 's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water ( 3.5 % ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Water cycle 2 Recharging reservoirs 3 Specific fresh water availability 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Water cycle ( edit ) Main article : Water cycle The water cycle refers to the transfer of water from one state or reservoir to another . Reservoirs include atmospheric moisture ( snow , rain and clouds ) , streams , oceans , rivers , lakes , groundwater , subterranean aquifers , polar ice caps and saturated soil . Solar energy , in the form of heat and light ( insolation ) , and gravity cause the transfer from one state to another over periods from hours to thousands of years . Most evaporation comes from the oceans and is returned to the earth as snow or rain . Sublimation refers to evaporation from snow and ice . Transpiration refers to the expiration of water through the minute pores or stomata of trees . Evapotranspiration is the term used by hydrologists in reference to the three processes together , transpiration , sublimation and evaporation . Marq de Villiers has described the hydrosphere as a closed system in which water exists . The hydrosphere is intricate , complex , interdependent , all - pervading and stable and `` seems purpose - built for regulating life . '' De Villiers claimed that , `` On earth , the total amount of water has almost certainly not changed since geological times : what we had then we still have . Water can be polluted , abused , and misused but it is neither created nor destroyed , it only migrates . There is no evidence that water vapor escapes into space . '' `` Every year the turnover of water on Earth involves 577,000 km of water . This is water that evaporates from the oceanic surface ( 502,800 km ) and from land ( 74,200 km ) . The same amount of water falls as atmospheric precipitation , 458,000 km on the ocean and 119,000 km on land . The difference between precipitation and evaporation from the land surface ( 119,000 - 74,200 = 44,800 km / year ) represents the total runoff of the Earth 's rivers ( 42,700 km / year ) and direct groundwater runoff to the ocean ( 2100 km / year ) . These are the principal sources of fresh water to support life necessities and man 's economic activities . '' Water is a basic necessity of life . Since 2 / 3 of the Earth is covered by water , the Earth is also called the blue planet and the watery planet . Hydrosphere plays an important role in the existence of the atmosphere in its present form . Oceans are important in this regard . When the Earth was formed it had only a very thin atmosphere rich in hydrogen and helium similar to the present atmosphere of Mercury . Later the gases hydrogen and helium were expelled from the atmosphere . The gases and water vapor released as the Earth cooled became its present atmosphere . Other gases and water vapor released by volcanoes also entered the atmosphere . As the Earth cooled the water vapor in the atmosphere condensed and fell as rain . The atmosphere cooled further as atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolved in to rain water . In turn this further caused the water vapor to condense and fall as rain . This rain water filled the depressions on the Earth 's surface and formed the oceans . It is estimated that this occurred about 4000 million years ago . The first life forms began in the oceans . These organisms did not breathe oxygen . Later , when cyanobacteria evolved , the process of conversion of carbon dioxide into food and oxygen began . As a result , Earth 's atmosphere has a distinctly different composition from that of other planets and allowed for life to evolve on Earth . Recharging reservoirs ( edit ) According to Igor A. Shiklomanov , it takes 2500 years for the complete recharge and replenishment of oceanic waters , 10,000 years for permafrost and ice , 1500 years for deep groundwater and mountainous glaciers , 17 years in lakes and 16 days in rivers . Specific fresh water availability ( edit ) `` Specific water availability is the residual ( after use ) per capita quantity of fresh water . '' Fresh water resources are unevenly distributed in terms of space and time and can go from floods to water shortages within months in the same area . In 1998 76 % of the total population had a specific water availability of less than 5.0 thousand m3 per year per capita . Already by 1998 , 35 % of the global population suffered `` very low or catastrophically low water supplies '' and Shiklomanov predicted that the situation would deteriorate in the twenty - first century with `` most of the Earth 's population will be living under the conditions of low or catastrophically low water supply '' by 2025 . There is only 2.5 % of fresh water in the hydrosphere and only 0.25 % of water is accessible for our use . See also ( edit ) Biosphere Cryosphere Earth 's atmosphere Lithosphere Ocean Pedosphere Water cycle Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ According to planetary geologist , Ronald Greeley , `` Water is very common in the outer solar system . '' Europa holds more water than earth 's oceans . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ὕδωρ , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus Jump up ^ σφαῖρα , Henry George Liddell , Robert Scott , A Greek - English Lexicon , on Perseus ^ Jump up to : World Water Resources : A New Appraisal and Assessment for the 21st Century ( Report ) . UNESCO . 1998 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Kennish , Michael J. ( 2001 ) . Practical handbook of marine science . Marine science series ( 3rd ed . ) . CRC Press . p. 35 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 2391 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Marq de Villiers ( 2003 ) . Water : The Fate of Our Most Precious Resource ( 2 ed . ) . Toronto , Ontario : McClelland & Stewart . p. 453 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7710 - 2641 - 6 . OCLC 43365804 . , revised 2003 Governor General 's Award ( 1999 ) External links ( edit ) Look up hydrosphere in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Ground Water - USGS Water Overviews Outline Data Model Properties States Liquid Ice Vapor Steam Forms Deuterium - depleted Semiheavy Heavy Tritiated Hydronium On Earth Cycle Distribution Hydrosphere Hydrology Hydrobiology Origin Pollution Resources management policy Supply Portal Category Commons Wiktionary Natural resources Air Pollution / quality Ambient standards ( USA ) Index Indoor developing nations Law Clean Air Act ( USA ) Ozone depletion Emissions Airshed Trading Deforestation ( REDD ) Energy Law Resources Fossil fuels ( peak oil ) Geothermal Nuclear Solar sunlight shade Tidal Wave Wind Land Arable peak farmland Degradation Law property Management habitat conservation Minerals mining law sand peak rights Soil conservation fertility health resilience Use planning reserve Life Biodiversity Bioprospecting Biosphere Bushfood Bushmeat Fisheries law management Food Forests genetic resources law management Game law Gene bank Herbalist plants Marine conservation Non-timber forest products Rangeland Seed bank Wildlife conservation management Wood Water Types / location Aquifer storage and recovery Drinking Fresh Groundwater pollution recharge remediation Hydrosphere Ice bergs glacial polar Irrigation Rain harvesting Stormwater Surface water Wastewater reclaimed Aspects Desalination Floods Law Leaching Sanitation Conflict Conservation Peak water Pollution Privatization Quality Right Resources management policy Related Commons enclosure global land tragedy of Economics ecological land Ecosystem services Exploitation overexploitation Earth Overshoot Day Management adaptive Natural capital accounting Nature reserve Systems ecology Urban ecology Wilderness Resource Common - pool Conflict ( perpetuation ) Curse Depletion Extraction Nationalism Renewable / Non-renewable Portals Agriculture and agronomy Energy Environment Fishing Forestry Mining Water Wetlands Category agencies law management ministries organizations Colleges Natural resources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrosphere&oldid=826007406 '' Categories : Aquatic ecology Hydrology Physical geography Global natural environment Water Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) भोजपुरी Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 17 : 48 . 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what proportion of earth's surface do oceans cover what is the average salinity of ocean water
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United States Department of Justice
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United States Department of Justice - wikipedia United States Department of Justice Jump to : navigation , search United States Department of Justice Seal of the United States Department of Justice Flag of the United States Department of Justice The Robert F. Kennedy Building in August 2006 . The building serves as the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Justice . Department overview Formed July 1 , 1870 ; 147 years ago ( 1870 - 07 - 01 ) Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States Headquarters Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building 950 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington , D.C. , United States 38 ° 53 ′ 36 '' N 77 ° 1 ′ 30 '' W / 38.89333 ° N 77.02500 ° W / 38.89333 ; - 77.02500 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 36 '' N 77 ° 1 ′ 30 '' W / 38.89333 ° N 77.02500 ° W / 38.89333 ; - 77.02500 Motto `` Qui Pro Domina Justitia Sequitur '' ( Latin : `` Who prosecutes on behalf of justice ( or the Lady Justice ) '' Employees 113,543 ( 2012 ) Annual budget $31 billion ( 2015 ) Department executives Jeff Sessions , Attorney General Rod Rosenstein , Deputy Attorney General Website www.justice.gov The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ ) , also known as the Justice Department , is a federal executive department of the U.S. government , responsible for the enforcement of the law and administration of justice in the United States , equivalent to the justice or interior ministries of other countries . The department was formed in 1870 during the Ulysses S. Grant administration . In its early years , the DOJ vigorously prosecuted Ku Klux Klan members . The Department of Justice administers several federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and the Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) . The department is responsible for investigating instances of financial fraud , representing the United States government in legal matters ( such as in cases before the Supreme Court ) , and running the federal prison system . The department is also responsible for reviewing the conduct of local law enforcement as directed by the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 . The department is headed by the United States Attorney General , who is nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate and is a member of the Cabinet . The current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Headquarters 3 Organization 3.1 Leadership offices 3.2 Divisions 3.3 Law enforcement agencies 3.4 Offices 3.5 Other offices and programs 4 Finances and budget 5 See also 6 Notes and references 7 External links History ( edit ) The office of the Attorney General was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789 as a part - time job for one person , but grew with the bureaucracy . At one time , the Attorney General gave legal advice to the U.S. Congress as well as the President , but in 1819 the Attorney General began advising Congress alone to ensure a manageable workload . Until March 3 , 1853 , the salary of the Attorney General was set by statute at less than the amount paid to other Cabinet members . Early Attorneys General supplemented their salaries by running private law practices , often arguing cases before the courts as attorneys for paying litigants . Following unsuccessful efforts ( in 1830 and 1846 ) to make Attorney General a full - time job , in 1869 , the U.S. House Committee on the Judiciary , led by Congressman William Lawrence , conducted an inquiry into the creation of a `` law department '' headed by the Attorney General and also composed of the various department solicitors and United States attorneys . On February 19 , 1868 , Lawrence introduced a bill in Congress to create the Department of Justice . President Ulysses S. Grant signed the bill into law on June 22 , 1870 . The Department of Justice officially began operations on July 1 , 1870 . Just prior to the Civil War , in February 1861 , the Confederate States of America established a Department of Justice . Though `` ( t ) he second American department of justice was brought into being on July 1 , 1870 , fifty years of amendments were required before it reached a status comparable to that of its Confederate predecessor . '' Grant appointed Amos T. Akerman as Attorney General and Benjamin H. Bristow as America 's first Solicitor General . Both Akerman and Bristow used the Department of Justice to vigorously prosecute Ku Klux Klan members in the early 1870s . In the first few years of Grant 's first term in office there were 1000 indictments against Klan members with over 550 convictions from the Department of Justice . By 1871 , there were 3000 indictments and 600 convictions with most only serving brief sentences while the ringleaders were imprisoned for up to five years in the federal penitentiary in Albany , New York . The result was a dramatic decrease in violence in the South . Akerman gave credit to Grant and told a friend that no one was `` better '' or `` stronger '' then Grant when it came to prosecuting terrorists . George H. Williams , who succeeded Akerman in December 1871 , continued to prosecute the Klan throughout 1872 until the spring of 1873 during Grant 's second term in office . William 's then placed a moratorium on Klan prosecutions partially because the Justice Department , inundated by cases involving the Klan , did not have the manpower to continue prosecutions . The `` Act to Establish the Department of Justice '' drastically increased the Attorney General 's responsibilities to include the supervision of all United States Attorneys , formerly under the Department of the Interior , the prosecution of all federal crimes , and the representation of the United States in all court actions , barring the use of private attorneys by the federal government . The law also created the office of Solicitor General to supervise and conduct government litigation in the Supreme Court of the United States . With the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 , the federal government took on some law enforcement responsibilities , and the Department of Justice tasked with performing these . In 1884 , control of federal prisons was transferred to the new department , from the Department of Interior . New facilities were built , including the penitentiary at Leavenworth in 1895 , and a facility for women located in West Virginia , at Alderson was established in 1924 . In 1933 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order which gave the Department of Justice responsibility for the `` functions of prosecuting in the courts of the United States claims and demands by , and offsenses ( sic ) against , the Government of the United States , and of defending claims and demands against the Government , and of supervising the work of United States attorneys , marshals , and clerks in connection therewith , now exercised by any agency or officer ... '' Headquarters ( edit ) Main article : Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building The U.S. Department of Justice building was completed in 1935 from a design by Milton Bennett Medary . Upon Medary 's death in 1929 , the other partners of his Philadelphia firm Zantzinger , Borie and Medary took over the project . On a lot bordered by Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenues and Ninth and Tenth Streets , Northwest , it holds over one million square feet ( 93,000 m2 ) of space . The sculptor C. Paul Jennewein served as overall design consultant for the entire building , contributing more than 50 separate sculptural elements inside and outside . Various efforts , none entirely successful , have been made to determine the meaning of the Latin motto appearing on the Department of Justice seal , Qui Pro Domina Justitia Sequitur . It is not even known exactly when the original version of the DOJ seal itself was adopted , or when the motto first appeared on the seal . The most authoritative opinion of the DOJ suggests that the motto refers to the Attorney General ( and thus , by extension , to the Department of Justice ) `` who prosecutes on behalf of justice ( or the Lady Justice ) . '' The motto 's conception of the prosecutor ( or government attorney ) as being the servant of justice itself finds concrete expression in a similarly - ordered English - language inscription ( `` THE UNITED STATES WINS ITS POINT WHENEVER JUSTICE IS DONE ITS CITIZENS IN THE COURTS '' ) in the above - door paneling in the ceremonial rotunda anteroom just outside the Attorney General 's office in the Department of Justice Main Building in Washington , D.C. The building was renamed in honor of former Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy in 2001 . It is sometimes referred to as `` Main Justice . '' Organization ( edit ) Organizational chart for the Dept. of Justice . ( Click to enlarge ) Leadership offices ( edit ) Office of the Attorney General Office of the Deputy Attorney General Office of the Associate Attorney General Office of the United States Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General Office of the Solicitor General of the United States Divisions ( edit ) Division Date Established ( as formal division ) Antitrust Division 1933 Civil Division ( originally called the Claims Division ; adopted current name on February 13 , 1953 ) 1933 Civil Rights Division 1957 Criminal Division 1919 Environment and Natural Resources Division ( ENRD ) ( originally called the Land and Natural Resources Division ; adopted current name in 1990 ) 1909 Justice Management Division ( JMD ) ( originally called the Administrative Division ; adopted current name in 1985 ) 1945 National Security Division ( NSD ) 2007 Tax Division 1933 War Division ( defunct ) 1942 ( disestablished 1945 ) Law enforcement agencies ( edit ) Several federal law enforcement agencies are administered by the Department of Justice : United States Marshals Service ( USMS ) -- The office of U.S. Marshal was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789 . The U.S. Marshals Service was established as an agency in 1969 , and it was elevated to full bureau status under the Justice Department in 1974 . Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) -- On July 26 , 1908 , a small investigative force was created within the Justice Department under Attorney General Charles Bonaparte . The following year , this force was officially named the Bureau of Investigation by Attorney General George W. Wickersham . In 1935 , the bureau adopted its current name . Federal Bureau of Prisons ( BOP ) -- the Three Prisons Act of 1891 created the federal prison system . Congress created the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 1930 by Pub . L. No. 71 -- 218 , 46 Stat. 325 , signed into law by President Hoover on May 14 , 1930 . National Institute of Corrections Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) -- Except for a brief period during Prohibition , ATF 's predecessor bureaus were part of the Department of the Treasury for more than two hundred years . ATF was first established by Department of Treasury Order No. 221 , effective July 1 , 1972 ; this order `` transferred the functions , powers , and duties arising under laws relating to alcohol , tobacco , firearms , and explosives from the Internal Revenue Service to ATF . In 2003 , under the terms of the Homeland Security Act , ATF was split into two agencies -- the new Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives ( ATF ) was transferred to the Department of Justice , while the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau ( TTB ) was retained by the Department of the Treasury . Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA ) Office of the Inspector General ( OIG ) Offices ( edit ) Executive Office for Immigration Review ( EOIR ) Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys ( EOUSA ) Executive Office of the United States Trustee ( EOUST ) Office of Attorney Recruitment and Management ( OARM ) Office of the Chief Information Officer In May 2014 , the Department appointed Joseph Klimavicz as CIO . Klimavicz succeeds Kevin Deeley , who served as acting CIO since November 2013 when the previous office holder , Luke McCormack , left to take the CIO post at the Department of Homeland Security . Office of Dispute Resolution Office of the Federal Detention Trustee ( OFDT ) Office of Immigration Litigation Office of Information Policy Office of Intelligence Policy and Review ( OIPR ) Office of Intergovernmental and Public Liaison ( merged with Office of Legislative Affairs on April 12 , 2012 ) Office of Justice Programs ( OJP ) Bureau of Justice Assistance Bureau of Justice Statistics Community Capacity Development Office National Institute of Justice Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Sex Offender Sentencing , Monitoring , Apprehending , Registering , and Tracking Office ( SMART ) Office for Victims of Crime Office of the Police Corps and Law Enforcement Education Office of Legal Counsel ( OLC ) Office of Legal Policy ( OLP ) Office of Legislative Affairs Office of the Pardon Attorney Office of Privacy and Civil Liberties ( OPCL ) Office of Professional Responsibility ( OPR ) Office of Public Affairs Office on Sexual Violence and Crimes against Children Office of Tribal Justice Office on Violence Against Women Professional Responsibility Advisory Office ( PRAO ) United States Attorneys Offices United States Trustees Offices Office of Community Oriented Policing Services ( COPS ) Community Relations Service Other offices and programs ( edit ) Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States INTERPOL , U.S. National Central Bureau National Drug Intelligence Center ( former ) Obscenity Prosecution Task Force ( former ) United States Parole Commission In March 2003 , the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service was abolished and its functions transferred to the United States Department of Homeland Security . The Executive Office for Immigration Review and the Board of Immigration Appeals , which review decisions made by government officials under Immigration and Nationality law , remain under jurisdiction of the Department of Justice . Similarly the Office of Domestic Preparedness left the Justice Department for the Department of Homeland Security , but only for executive purposes . The Office of Domestic Preparedness is still centralized within the Department of Justice , since its personnel are still officially employed within the Department of Justice . In 2003 , the Department of Justice created LifeAndLiberty.gov , a website that supported the USA PATRIOT Act . It was criticized by government watchdog groups for its alleged violation of U.S. Code Title 18 Section 1913 , which forbids money appropriated by Congress to be used to lobby in favor of any law , actual or proposed . The website has since been taken offline . Finances and budget ( edit ) The Justice Department was authorized a budget for Fiscal Year 2015 of approximately $31 billion . The budget authorization is broken down as follows : Program Funding ( in millions ) Management and Finance General Administration $129 Justice Information Sharing Technology $26 Administrative Reviews and Appeals Executive Office for Immigration Review Office of the Pardon Attorney $351 $347 $4 Office of the Inspector General $89 United States Parole Commission $13 National Security Division $92 Legal Activities Office of the Solicitor General $12 Tax Division $109 Criminal Division $202 Civil Division $298 Environmental and Natural Resources Division $112 Office of Legal Counsel $7 Civil Rights Division $162 Antitrust Division $162 United States Attorneys $1,955 United States Bankruptcy Trustees $226 Law Enforcement Activities United States Marshals Service $2,668 Federal Bureau of Investigation $8,347 Drug Enforcement Administration $2,018 Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives $1,201 Federal Bureau of Prisons $6,894 Interpol - Washington Office $32 Grant Programs Office of Justice Programs $1,427 Office of Community Oriented Policing Services $248 Office on Violence Against Women $410 Mandatory Spending Mandatory Spending $4,011 TOTAL $31,201 See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Capital punishment in the United States Incarceration in the United States Justice Litigation Punishment Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Revision of Original Letter Dated 14 February 1992 , United States Department of Justice . Jump up ^ Madan , Rafael ( Fall 2008 ) . `` The Sign and Seal of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Ave Maria Law Review . 7 : 123 , 191 -- 192 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fraud Section ( FRD ) Department of Justice '' . www.justice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Organization , Mission & Functions Manual : Attorney General , Deputy and Associate DOJ Department of Justice '' . www.justice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Conduct of Law Enforcement Agencies CRT Department of Justice '' . www.justice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Department of Justice : About DOJ '' . Jump up ^ Madan , Rafael ( Fall 2008 ) . `` The Sign and Seal of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Ave Maria Law Review . 7 : 123 , 127 -- 136 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Madan , Rafael ( Fall 2008 ) . `` The Sign and Seal of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Ave Maria Law Review . 7 : 123 , 132 -- 134 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Public Acts of the Forty First Congress '' . Jump up ^ Act of February 21 , 1861 , An Act to organize and establish an Executive Department to be known as the Department of Justice , Prov . C.S. Cong . Jump up ^ William M. Robinson , Justice in Grey , A History of the Judicial System of the Confederate States of America 38 , additionally citing at n. 33 , Albert Langeluttig , The Department of Justice of the United States 12 ( 1927 ) , and Arthur J. Dodge , Origin and Development of the Office of the Attorney General , House Doc . 510 , 70th Cong. , 2d Sess. , at 65 - 78 ( U.S.G.P.O. , 1929 ) . Jump up ^ Smith 2001 , pp. 542 -- 547 . ^ Jump up to : Williams ( 1996 ) , The Great South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials , 1871 -- 1872 , p. 123 Jump up ^ `` Act to Establish the Department of Justice '' . Memory.loc.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` About DOJ - DOJ - Department of Justice '' . Jump up ^ Langeluttig , Albert ( 1927 ) . The Department of Justice of the United States . Johns Hopkins Press . pp. 9 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Langeluttig , Albert ( 1927 ) . The Department of Justice of the United States . Johns Hopkins Press . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Executive Order 6166 , Sec. 5 ( June 12 , 1933 ) , at ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Madan , Rafael ( Fall 2008 ) . `` The Sign and Seal of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Ave Maria Law Review . 7 : 123 , 125 , 191 -- 192 , 203 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Madan , Rafael ( Fall 2008 ) . `` The Sign and Seal of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Ave Maria Law Review . 7 : 123 , 192 -- 203 . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PRESIDENTIAL MEMORANDUM DIRECTS DESIGNATION OF MAIN JUSTICE BUILDING AS THE `` ROBERT F. KENNEDY JUSTICE BUILDING '' `` . U.S. Department of Justice . Retrieved 8 December 2014 . Jump up ^ History of the Antitrust Division , United States Department of Justice . ^ Jump up to : Gregory C. Sisk & Michael F. Noone , Litigation with the Federal Government ( 4th ed . ) ( American Law Institute , 2006 ) , pp. 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ Former Assistant Attorneys General : Civil Division , U.S. Department of Justice . Jump up ^ Kevin Alonso & R. Bruce Anderson , `` Civil Rights Legislation and Policy '' in Postwar America : An Encyclopedia of Social , Political , Cultural , and Economic History ( 2006 , ed . James Ciment ) , p . 233 . Jump up ^ Organization , Mission and Functions Manual : Criminal Division , United States Department of Justice . ^ Jump up to : Arnold W. Reitze , Air Pollution Control Law : Compliance and Enforcement ( Environmental Law Institute , 2001 ) , p. 571 . ^ Jump up to : Cornell W. Clayton , The Politics of Justice : The Attorney General and the Making of Legal Policy ( M.E. Sharpe , Inc. , 1992 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ National Security Cultures : Patterns of Global Governance ( Routledge , 2010 ; eds . Emil J. Kirchner & James Sperling ) , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Nancy Staudt , The Judicial Power of the Purse : How Courts Fund National Defense in Times of Crisis ( University of Chicago Press , 2011 ) , p. 34 . Jump up ^ Civilian Agency Records : Department of Justice Records , National Archived and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Larry K. Gaines & Victor E. Kappeler , Policing in America ( 8th ed. 2015 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 . Jump up ^ United States Marshals Service Then ... and Now ( Office of the Director , United States Marshals Service , U.S. Department of Justice , 1978 ) . Jump up ^ The FBI : A Comprehensive Reference Guide ( Oryz Press , 1999 , ed . Athan G. Theoharis ) , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Mitchel P. Roth , Prisons and Prison Systems : A Global Encyclopedia ( Greenwood , 2006 ) , pp. 278 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Dean J. Champion , Sentencing : A Reference Handbook ( ABC - CLIO , Inc. : 2008 ) , pp. 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ James O. Windell , Looking Back in Crime : What Happened on This Date in Criminal Justice History ? ( CRC Press , 2015 ) , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Transfer of ATF to U.S. Department of Justice , Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives . Jump up ^ Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives Bureau , Federal Register . ^ Jump up to : Malykhina , Elena ( April 25 , 2014 ) . `` Justice Department Names New CIO '' . Government . InformationWeek . Jump up ^ Dotgovwatch.com , October 18 , 2007 Jump up ^ 2015 Department of Justice Budget Authority by Appropriation , United States Department of Justice , Accessed 2015 - 07 - 13 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Department of Justice . Official website USDOJ in the Federal Register Human Rights First ; In Pursuit of Justice : Prosecuting Terrorism Cases in the Federal Courts ( 2009 ) Justice.gov Indictment against internet poker using UIGEA . Agencies under the United States Department of Justice Headquarters : Robert F. 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List of Taggart episodes
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List of Taggart episodes - wikipedia List of Taggart episodes Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Taggart is a Scottish detective television programme , created by Glenn Chandler , who has written many of the episodes , and made by STV Productions for the ITV network . The series revolves around a group of detectives initially in the Maryhill CID of Strathclyde Police , though various storylines have happened in other parts of the Greater Glasgow area , and as of the most recent series the team have operated out of the fictional John Street police station across the street from the City Chambers . It is one of the UK 's longest - running dramas and is the longest - running police drama after the cancellation of The Bill . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pilot ( 1983 ) 2 Series 1 ( 1985 ) 3 Series 2 ( 1986 ) 4 Series 3 ( 1987 ) 5 Christmas Special ( 1987 ) 6 Series 4 ( 1988 ) 7 Christmas Special ( 1988 ) 8 Series 5 ( 1989 ) 9 New Year 's Special ( 1990 ) 10 Series 6 ( 1990 ) 11 Christmas Special ( 1990 ) 12 New Year 's Special ( 1992 ) 13 Series 7 ( 1992 ) 14 Series 8 ( 1992 ) 15 New Year 's Special ( 1993 ) 16 Series 9 ( 1993 ) 17 New Year 's Special ( 1994 ) 18 Series 10 ( 1994 ) 19 Series 11 ( 1995 ) 20 Series 12 ( 1996 ) 21 Series 13 ( 1997 ) 22 Series 14 ( 1998 ) 23 Series 15 ( 1999 ) 24 Series 16 ( 2000 ) 25 New Year 's Special ( 2001 ) 26 Series 17 ( 2002 ) 27 Series 18 ( 2002 - 2003 ) 28 Series 19 ( 2003 - 2004 ) 29 Series 20 ( 2005 ) 30 Series 21 ( 2005 ) 31 Series 22 ( 2006 ) 32 Series 23 ( 2007 ) 33 Series 24 ( 2008 ) 34 Series 25 ( 2008 ) 35 Series 26 ( 2009 ) 36 Series 27 ( 2010 ) 37 References Pilot ( 1983 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) `` Killer '' Glenn Chandler Laurence Moody 125 min . 6 September -- 20 September 1983 ( 6 September -- 20 September 1983 ) TBA A series of young blonde women are found strangled and left near water . Maryhill CID launch an investigation to find the person responsible for the murders . DCI Jim Taggart is asked to head up the investigation , alongside newly graduated sergeant Peter Livingstone . Despite their differences , they must uncover the killer 's identity before he strikes again . First appearance of DCI Jim Taggart ( Mark McManus ) and DS Peter Livingstone ( Alastair Duncan ) Series 1 ( 1985 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) `` Dead Ringer '' Glenn Chandler Laurence Moody 125 min . 2 July -- 16 July 1985 ( 2 July -- 16 July 1985 ) TBA The skeletal remains of a dismembered body are discovered beneath the floorboards of a house in Glasgow , but DCI Taggart and DS Livingstone find themselves sidetracked when the case takes an unexpected twist - a nine - month - old toddler is kidnapped from a multi-storey car park by an unknown assailant , followed by a ransom demand of £ 50,000 . `` Murder in Season '' Glenn Chandler Peter Barber - Fleming 125 min . 23 July -- 6 August 1985 ( 23 July -- 6 August 1985 ) TBA A famous opera singer is accused of murder when the body of her ex-husband's new girlfriend is found on the burnt out shell of his boat . DCI Taggart and DS Livingstone fall out when they come to different conclusions as to who is responsible for the murder . Livingstone suspects that DCI Taggart 's judgment has been clouded by Eleanor 's beauty . First appearance of Superintendent Jack McVitie ( Iain Anders ) and guest starring Isla Blair Series 2 ( 1986 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) `` Knife Edge '' Glenn Chandler Haldane Duncan 125 min . 24 February -- 10 March 1986 ( 24 February -- 10 March 1986 ) TBA The discovery of a severed arm on the side of a busy motorway , followed by the discovery of a severed leg by a fisherman , leads DS Livingstone to investigate a murder in which the murderer is disposing of his victim piece by piece . Meanwhile , DCI Taggart is facing up to his demons at home , questioning whether his marriage is going to last . Alex Norton appears in this episode as murder suspect George Bryce , 16 years before playing DCI Matt Burke . 5 `` Death Call '' Glenn Chandler Haldane Duncan 125 min . 2 September -- 16 September 1986 ( 2 September -- 16 September 1986 ) TBA DCI Taggart and DS Livingstone are called in to investigate the macabre killing of the wife of a wealthy landowner who is found strangled and weighed down with luggage in a reservoir . Her husband was last seen preparing to go to Switzerland with a large sum of money in a holdall . But is the case as open and shut as DCI Taggart suspects ? Guest starring Alan Cumming Series 3 ( 1987 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 6 `` The Killing Philosophy '' Glenn Chandler Haldane Duncan 125 min . 15 April -- 29 April 1987 ( 15 April -- 29 April 1987 ) TBA DCI Taggart and DS Livingstone investigate a failed rape attack by a masked attacker . The case becomes complicated when the victim commits suicide and the attacker strikes yet again , however begins to change his MO by murdering his latest victim . Despite having a new detective sergeant on board , Taggart struggles to identify the motive for murder . First appearance of DC Michael Jardine ( James MacPherson ) 7 `` Funeral Rites '' Glenn Chandler Alan Macmillan 125 min . 9 September -- 23 September 1987 ( 9 September -- 23 September 1987 ) TBA The discovery of a charred corpse in a disused railway tunnel sets DCI Taggart on the gruesome hunt for a ruthless killer in an investigation with sinister undertones of black magic and voodoo . The wife of an arthritic dentist narrowly escapes a series of murder attempts , adding to a complex case for Taggart and DC Jardine . Guest starring Annette Crosbie Christmas special ( 1987 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 8 `` Cold Blood '' Glenn Chandler Haldane Duncan 80 min . 31 December 1987 ( 1987 - 12 - 31 ) TBA Feature - length single episode . A woman shoots her husband dead after discovering that he has been having an affair . DCI Taggart thinks he has the easiest case of his career , however it soon becomes the complete opposite when the post mortem reveals that he was already dead before he was shot , and that his wife could not be responsible . Series 4 ( 1988 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 9 `` Dead Giveaway '' Glenn Chandler Alan Macmillan 125 min . 7 September -- 21 September 1988 ( 7 September -- 21 September 1988 ) TBA A young boy staggers home from a youth club after boxing practice , only to fall into a creek and drown . The grieving father is called in to identify the body and when he is driven home the police find his wife slumped in the hallway . Dr. Stephen Andrews discovers both victims died of rat poisoning and suspicion immediately falls on the husband . 10 `` Root of Evil '' Glenn Chandler Peter Barber - Fleming 125 min . 28 September -- 12 October 1988 ( 28 September -- 12 October 1988 ) TBA During the Glasgow Garden Festival the severed head of loan shark Willie Lomax is found in a blocked drain . He is but the first victim in what appears to be a serial killer taking out murderous revenge on loan sharks . Lomax 's brother , his unhappy son , and the boy 's stepfather , however , may provide clues to take the investigation in a different direction . Guest appearances by Celia Imrie and a young Joe McFadden Christmas special ( 1988 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 11 `` Double Jeopardy '' Glenn Chandler Jim McCann 78 min . 30 December 1988 ( 1988 - 12 - 30 ) TBA Feature - length single episode . When the body of Rowena Bain is discovered in a wood , the forensic evidence suggests that Bain committed suicide , just as she was due to move to Germany with her family . DCI Taggart is suspicious , and he soon discovers that the victim 's sister thinks that Rowena 's husband , Maurice , is responsible for her murder . Co-production with Bayerischer Rundfunk Series 5 ( 1989 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 12 `` Flesh and Blood '' Glenn Chandler Alan Macmillan 130 min . 5 September -- 19 September 1989 ( 5 September -- 19 September 1989 ) TBA DCI Taggart attends the wedding of social worker Jane Ross and former bank robber Charlie Forbes . Janie is later found murdered , having been crushed to death by a car . Meanwhile , a criminal hijacking a truck discovers more than he bargained for when he discovers a cache of explosives , and a chain of seemingly unrelated events begins . New year 's special ( 1990 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 13 `` Love Knot '' Glenn Chandler Peter Barber - Fleming 90 min . 1 January 1990 ( 1990 - 01 - 01 ) TBA Feature - length single episode . A body is dredged up from the bottom of the Clyde , which becomes the eighth body dredged up in the past twelve months . Forensics reveal that an ice pick was used to commit the murder . DCI Taggart and DS Jardine set off on an investigation which takes them way beyond Glasgow and into the Scottish Highlands . John Michie appears , 8 years before playing DI Robbie Ross in the series . Series 6 ( 1990 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 14 `` Hostile Witness '' Glenn Chandler Haldane Duncan 129 min . 1 March -- 15 March 1990 ( 1 March -- 15 March 1990 ) TBA A far - right political party seeking the return of capital punishment are embroiled in a series of murders during a by - election campaign , in which both the candidate and her agent become victims of the killer . DCI Taggart is pressed for a quick result , with strong media interest in the case and Supt . McVitie strapped for manpower . Guest appearance from Robert Carlyle 15 `` Evil Eye '' Glenn Chandler Haldane Duncan 124 min . 4 September -- 18 September 1990 ( 4 September -- 18 September 1990 ) TBA The death of a policeman during an armed raid in London in which a number of diamond thieves managed to get away with a large haul , is traced back to Scotland as DCI Taggart and the team have to contend with a gypsy 's curse . When the matriarch of a gypsy family is found murdered in her caravan , the case takes an unexpected twist . Guest appearances by John Hannah , Jill Gascoine , Maggie Bell , John McGlynn , David O'Hara , and Gary Webster 16 `` Death Comes Softly '' Julian Jones Laurence Moody 128 min . 3 December -- 17 December 1990 ( 3 December -- 17 December 1990 ) TBA When an elderly man is found brutally murdered in his home , DCI Taggart and DS Jardine suspect the daughter and her husband . Then another elderly person is murdered and the detectives struggle to find a connection . Eventually , a Post Office worker who also moonlights in a retirement home comes to their attention . WPC Jackie Reid joins the team . First appearance of WPC Jackie Reid ( Blythe Duff ) Christmas special ( 1990 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 17 `` Rogues ' Gallery '' Stuart Hepburn Alan Macmillan 79 min . 31 December 1990 ( 1990 - 12 - 31 ) TBA Feature - length single episode . When a body is found in the boot of a car being crushed in a scrap metal yard , DCI Taggart and DS Jardine are called to investigate . The grisly details are repeated shortly after when a second body is found in the same scrapyard . Taggart and Jardine investigate a link between drugs and the art world . New year 's special ( 1992 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 18 `` Violent Delights '' Glenn Chandler Alan Macmillan 77 min . 1 January 1992 ( 1992 - 01 - 01 ) TBA Feature - length single episode . When a sixth form student who is spying on his French teacher becomes the prime witness to her husband 's murder , DCI Taggart , newly promoted DC Jackie Reid and DS Jardine have no choice but to exhume an entire graveyard when the prime suspect - an undertaker - refuses to let on where he has buried the parts of his mutilated body . Unfortunately , one of the deceased includes Jean Taggart 's Aunt Hettie ( much despised by Jim ) - who also passes away in the episode and inconveniently interred by the same undertaker . Series 7 ( 1992 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 19 `` Nest of Vipers '' Glenn Chandler Graham Theakston 129 min . 9 January -- 23 January 1992 ( 9 January -- 23 January 1992 ) TBA Two skulls are found on the site of a by - pass road near Glasgow , and DCI Taggart believes it could be that of Janet Gilmour , a 19 - year - old girl who disappeared without trace four years previously . Having become emotionally involved with the case and the victim 's mother , he is eager to catch the person responsible and bring them to justice . 20 `` Double Exposure '' Stuart Hepburn Gordon Flemying 130 min . 30 January -- 13 February 1992 ( 30 January -- 13 February 1992 ) TBA The chief suspect in a murder investigation has the perfect alibi - attendance at the Celtic v Rangers `` Old Firm '' Derby . However , DCI Taggart is sure that he is responsible and is determined to prove his guilt . Meanwhile , a block of flats is the target of escalating racial attacks , and DS Jardine attempts to identify a link between them . Guest starring Jason Isaacs , Meera Syal and Deepak Verma Series 8 ( 1992 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 21 `` The Hit Man '' John Milne Mary McMurray 131 min . 17 September -- 1 October 1992 ( 17 September -- 1 October 1992 ) TBA Taggart and Jardine are investigating the murder of hotel owner Tommy Gatto , who was drugged while flying his private plane . He had been on a fishing trip with friends in the west of Scotland . The beneficiaries of his will are his daughter , Ailsa , and new wife , Mary . However , Mary has been having an affair with the hotel accountant . 22 `` Ring of Deceit '' Stuart Hepburn Mike Vardy 129 min . 8 October -- 22 October 1992 ( 8 October -- 22 October 1992 ) TBA Research scientist Julie Smith refuses an offer of help after her car fails to start outside a railway station . Her body is later discovered at the city rubbish dump . She is the latest victim in a series of assaults on women in South Glasgow , by an assailant known as ' The Mechanic ' , who disables his victim 's cars - but the first to end in murder . New year 's special ( 1993 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 23 `` Fatal Inheritance '' Glenn Chandler Alan Macmillan 77 min . 1 January 1993 ( 1993 - 01 - 01 ) TBA Feature - length single episode . DCI Taggart checks himself into a health farm to keep tabs on Dr. Janet Napier after a `` not proven '' verdict in the court case relating to the murder of her husband 's lover . However , as more murders are committed Taggart must admit that even he might have been wrong about the good doctor 's guilt . Guest starring Hannah Gordon and Henry Ian Cusick Series 9 ( 1993 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 24 `` Death Benefits '' Barry Appleton Alan Bell 127 min . 16 February -- 2 March 1993 ( 16 February -- 2 March 1993 ) TBA Julia Fraser , wife of police sergeant John Fraser , is brutally murdered whilst he is on duty . During a search of his house , a list of names is found , and it appears that the names on the list are related to a series of accidents - and yet as the only connection between them is the list itself , DCI Taggart is left puzzled as to who is responsible . 25 `` Gingerbread '' Glenn Chandler Sarah Hellings 145 min . 20 April -- 4 May 1993 ( 20 April -- 4 May 1993 ) TBA While private detective Tom Barrows searches for missing businessman Philip Chalmers , he is savagely murdered in front of his son by an unknown assailant . Young Simon Burrows and his sister escape , and DS Jardine is first on the scene . Simon copes with his grief by playing detective , but his suspicions are ignored by both his foster parents and Jardine in this tale of storybook witchery . Guest appearances by Hugh Fraser and Vivien Heilbron 26 `` Death Without Dishonour '' Barry Appleton Alan Macmillan 127 min . 11 May -- 25 May 1993 ( 11 May -- 25 May 1993 ) TBA DCI Taggart and the team are made responsible for protecting witnesses involved in a `` cab war '' trial by Supt . McVitie , and as the trial continues , proceedings outside of the courtroom begin to escalate . However , it seems there may be a hidden agenda when the prosecuting barrister is found murdered and several other witnesses are attacked . Guest starring Peter O'Brien and Daniela Nardini 27 `` Instruments of Justice '' Russell Lewis Richard Holthouse 127 min . 30 September -- 14 October 1993 ( 30 September -- 14 October 1993 ) TBA Sean Brady has turned Queen 's evidence against crime boss McLintock . On the way to court , his car is ambushed and a policeman is left seriously injured . Brady escapes and flees , leaving the prosecutor with a hole in his case against McLintock . DCI Taggart falls under suspicion because he authorized the route and Internal Affairs takes a hard - edged line . New year 's special ( 1994 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 28 `` Forbidden Fruit '' Glenn Chandler Mike Vardy 102 min . 1 January 1994 ( 1994 - 01 - 01 ) TBA Feature - length single episode . Joan Matheson arrives in Glasgow to be with her daughter who is expecting her first child . However , she reacts very badly when she learns the baby has been conceived by donor insemination . Shortly after she is found murdered and suspicion falls on her son in law whom she blamed and humiliated at a family meeting . Last appearance of DS Peter Livingstone ( Alastair Duncan ) and guest appearances by Phyllida Law and Sharon Small Series 10 ( 1994 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 29 `` Secrets '' Stuart Hepburn Marcus White 144 min . 6 October -- 20 October 1994 ( 6 October -- 20 October 1994 ) TBA Cameron Friel arrives in Glasgow to attend a literary award hosted by Prof Maggi McLeish . At the ceremony , Friel receives a bullet in an envelope , and Taggart investigates who the sender might be . Meanwhile , Jake Koslewski returns from a charity mission to Romania to discover his wife , an alcohol counselor , has left him for George Proctor , a previous client . Guest appearances by Brian McCardie , Joe McFadden , and John McGlynn . 30 `` Hellfire '' Glenn Chandler Marcus White 97 min . 27 October -- 3 November 1994 ( 27 October -- 3 November 1994 ) TBA James Martin is murdered on Walpurgis night with a chainsaw that involves witch - craft and Satanism . Detective Scott investigates his last case , but is unsuccessful in catching the prime suspect . At his retirement party , he collapses and asks Taggart bring those responsible to justice . Reid , working undercover , becomes convinced of her target 's innocence . Colin McCredie appears , before joining the cast as DC Stuart Fraser . Guest appearances by Isla Blair , Ian Cairns , Bill Murdoch , and Greg Wise . Series 11 ( 1995 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 31 `` Prayer for the Dead '' Barry Appleton Richard Holthouse 125 min . 11 January -- 25 January 1995 ( 11 January -- 25 January 1995 ) TBA Supt McVitie is taken to hospital with a heart attack after a heated argument with Taggart . His wife reacts very badly to Taggart 's temporary promotion to Acting Superintendent , and takes it out on the whole team . Meanwhile , Reid and Jardine begin investigating the death of a drug addict , Scott Graham , who fell from a balcony during a drug fueled party . Last appearance of DCI Jim Taggart ( Mark McManus ) . Colin McCredie appears , before joining the cast as DC Stuart Fraser . 32 `` Black Orchid '' Glenn Chandler Richard Holthouse 90 min . 26 February 1995 ( 1995 - 02 - 26 ) TBA A young girl who attends a hypnotist 's show is found drowned shortly afterwards , leaving the hypnotists ' career in tatters . It appears to be an open and shut case , but was she secretly murdered ? Meanwhile , DI Jardine and DS Reid investigate a series of killings that may have been carried out `` to order '' . DC Stuart Fraser joins the team . First appearance of DC Stuart Fraser ( Colin McCredie ) . Guest starring Amanda Redman . 33 `` Legends '' Barry Appleton Alan Macmillan 125 min . 2 November -- 16 November 1995 ( 2 November -- 16 November 1995 ) TBA Jardine and Reid investigate a killing in a country house swimming pool . One of the victims is Rick Mulvey , former lead guitar of the 60 's pop group , the Adders . Their vocalist died while on tour 25 years ago . Ian Garvey , Kate McCready 's boyfriend is savagely beaten by two bouncers , and the following day , he is knocked down by DC Reid in her car . Series 12 ( 1996 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 34 `` Devil 's Advocate '' Richard Maher Marcus White 127 min . 4 January -- 18 January 1996 ( 4 January -- 18 January 1996 ) TBA When a clever lawyer gains an acquittal for his client on an apparently straightforward murder charge , the team are compelled to restart the investigation from scratch -- but then the killing starts again . A petty thief tries to plea - bargain with some new evidence in the case , while Reid uncovers a blackmail scheme which may have led to murder . Guest appearances by John Duttine , Cal Macaninch , Bill Murdoch , and Billy Boyd . 35 `` Angel Eyes '' Glenn Chandler Marcus White 127 min . 21 March -- 4 April 1996 ( 21 March -- 4 April 1996 ) TBA When a musician is savagely murdered , DI Jardine and the team find themselves embracing the culture of the gay community . When a second murder is committed with the same MO , Jardine is forced to face his deep seated prejudices to uncover the truth behind the murders . DC Fraser realises his secret is no longer safe and is ' outed ' by a former lover . Guest appearances by Ralph Riach , Duncan Duff , and Stuart Bowman . 36 `` Dead Man 's Chest '' Richard Maher Alan Macmillan 129 min . 19 September -- 3 October 1996 ( 19 September -- 3 October 1996 ) TBA A 15 - year - old gold bullion robbery leads DI Jardine and the team on a race against time as one by one the robbers are murdered . With pirates , treasure chests and secret maps to buried treasure muddying the waters , will the team be able to solve the murders and find the lost treasure before the last robber is murdered and buried with his secrets ? Guest appearance by Billy Boyd . Series 13 ( 1997 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 37 `` Apocalypse '' Glenn Chandler Marcus White 125 min . 16 January -- 30 January 1997 ( 16 January -- 30 January 1997 ) TBA A series of bizarre murders of opponents and ex-members of a religious cult have the team baffled . Each murder follows the Biblical plagues of Egypt , which according to the Book of Revelation will proceed Armageddon . There are more than fifty members of the cult , most of whom would kill if asked to do so by the cult leader , David Burns . Who is responsible for that ? 38 `` Babushka '' Robert Smith Derek Lister 125 min . 4 September -- 18 September 1997 ( 4 September -- 18 September 1997 ) TBA The murder of a wealthy local businessman leads DI Jardine and the team to investigate an agency involved in supplying mail order brides and women to order . As Glasgow takes on somewhat of a ' Russian Flavour ' , Jardine , Reid and Fraser attempt to uncover the mystery involving the Anastasia Agency and who is responsible for the businessman 's murder . Series 14 ( 1998 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 39 `` Berserker '' Phil Ford Richard Holthouse 125 min . 1 January -- 15 January 1998 ( 1 January -- 15 January 1998 ) TBA Illegal body building drugs combined with mind bending additives are discovered to be responsible for a series of gym - related deaths in Glasgow . In a race against time to find the source of the drugs , DCI Jardine and the team call on the help of a famous chemistry professor at the University . But is he assisting with the investigation or is he the source ? 40 `` Out of Bounds '' Glenn Chandler Sarah Hellings 105 min . 1 March 1998 ( 1998 - 03 - 01 ) TBA A school master is beaten to death with a cricket bat by an unknown assailant. 60 years later , the body is found by students on a cross country run . Douglas Flemming identifies the bones as Friedrich Zwanziger , a strict disciplinarian who disappeared while collecting beetles . As the investigation proceeds , McVitie discloses that he is on the board of governors . 41 `` Dead Reckoning '' Richard Maher Alan Macmillan 125 min . 15 July -- 29 July 1998 ( 15 July -- 29 July 1998 ) 8.03 7.55 8.21 Barbara Hancock is brutally murdered in the car park outside a plush hotel . While Jardine and Reid are investigating , Fraser assists a distraught Peter Letham to find his missing wife who has not been seen for three days . Jardine and Reid discover their victim was working as an escort . Meanwhile , Letham 's employer starts acting suspiciously . Last appearance of Superintendent Jack McVitie ( Iain Anders ) 42 `` A Few Bad Men '' Julian Spilsbury Richard Holthouse 125 min . 8 October -- 22 October 1998 ( 8 October -- 22 October 1998 ) 8.66 7.58 7.92 Last serialized episode . A soldier is murdered while doing his rounds at night . Jardine and Sergeant Tom Renshaw set out to solve the case . Renshaw is a rather unpleasant character who abuses his men rather than question them . Meanwhile , new DI Robbie Ross and Fraser are investigating counterfeiters at a race meeting , after a horse disappears . First appearance of DI Robbie Ross ( John Michie ) 43 `` Long Time Dead '' Steve Griffiths Danny Hiller 105 min . 1 November 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 01 ) 10.29 Feature - length special . DCI Jardine is hosting the Strathclyde CID Dinner at the Crawford Hotel when the body of the owner is found strangled and dumped in the back lane . A kitchen hand who was behaving strangely immediately becomes the prime suspect . However , he too is murdered before he can be interviewed , and so too is the head chef . Series 15 ( 1999 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 44 `` Bloodlines '' Glenn Chandler Alan Macmillan 105 min . 16 January 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 16 ) 6.94 After serving a life sentence for the murder of a family of five when she was just sixteen , Susan Keller is released from prison . However , shortly after her release , members of her own family begin to die mysteriously . Suspecting that a revenge attack may be on the cards , DCI Jardine attempts to discover who would want to carry out such attacks . 45 `` A Fistful of Chips '' Mark Greig Alan Macmillan 105 min . 7 October 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 07 ) 8.66 Esther Kennedy 's body falls from an overpass and lands on the roof of her boyfriend 's car . The autopsy reveals that she died from a blow to the head and was dead before she fell . The investigation leads the team to a computer chip company where staff are behaving very strangely . Not the least being Paul Kennedy , the victim 's husband . 46 `` Fearful Lightning '' Steve Griffiths Michael Brayshaw 105 min . 21 October 1999 ( 1999 - 10 - 21 ) 8.54 Martin Strange is conducting a clairvoyant service when he is interrupted by Lenny Kerr , an angry young man who accuses him of fraud . After the service Karen Lennox is electrocuted by what appears to be a lightning strike . At first , the team dismiss the death as an unfortunate accident . However , a second death turns up some unusual information . 47 `` For Their Sins '' Danny McCahon Danny Hiller 105 min . 21 November 1999 ( 1999 - 11 - 21 ) 9.60 Paddy Lapsley is found dead on the stairs of a tenement building , the victim of a drug overdose . Dr. Andrews determines the victim was murdered . Suspicion falls on Sean Boyle , who has taken over the project as the local distributor . When he is murdered in a similar way , Rosie Lewis makes a name for herself as the vigilante mother . Series 16 ( 2000 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 48 `` Ghost Rider '' Richard Mayer Michael Brayshaw 105 min . 16 February 2000 ( 2000 - 02 - 16 ) 9.36 A charred body is dragged from the Clyde and identified as DCI Blair MacDonald . Suspicion immediately falls on James Dillon , who has just been released from prison after serving a life sentence for murder . Dillon swore revenge on MacDonald for putting him away . The team soon discover that Patricia Dillon is seeking a retrial to prove her father 's innocence . 49 `` Skin Deep '' Nick Doughty Michael Brayshaw 105 min . 14 September 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 14 ) 7.25 David Grant is found lying in a pool of blood at the local health club . Nikki Jones , with whom the victim has been having an affair with , accuses another member of attempted murder . The investigation leads Jardine to Glena Bennett , who appears to be dealing in illegal diet tablets . When she is found dead in her own home , is determined she was murdered . 50 `` Wavelength '' Mark Greig Danny Hiller 105 min . 21 September 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 21 ) 8.14 Robin Murray returns home to discover his wife has been brutally murdered . Jardine and the team follow the usual leads . The celebrity who has been dumped to make way for the rising star is a natural suspect . So too is a frequent caller who appears to be stalking the grieving husband . Events take a nasty turn when Murray 's panel operator is murdered . 51 `` Football Crazy '' Peter Mills Ian Knox 105 min . 28 September 2000 ( 2000 - 09 - 28 ) 8.53 Reid and her fiancé enjoy their day off watching football . After the match , the referee is found dead from a heart attack . His body has been laid out with a red card in his hand . Dr. Andrews finds he is the victim of disrespect rather than foul play . Sir Archie Drummond , an influential board member , is found crushed beneath a car a few days later . New year 's special ( 2001 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 52 `` Falling in Love '' Brian McGill Danny Hiller 105 min . 10 January 2001 ( 2001 - 01 - 10 ) 8.73 Davie O'Connor is taking his first parachute jump with members from his local tango club . When the chute fails to open , he plummets to a grizzly death . DCI Jardine discovers the line was cut , but also that the victim had terminal cancer . Suspicion immediately falls on Marie Doherty , his fiancée who now stands to inherit a lot of money . Series 17 ( 2002 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 53 `` Death Trap '' Stuart Hepburn Ian Madden 105 min . 14 January 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 14 ) 7.28 Johnny Innes , son of local politician Malcolm , is shot dead after interrupting one of his father 's council meetings . Jardine clashes with Malcolm Innes and is taken off the case - but pursues his own line of enquiry . Embittered Liam Kennedy is a qualified sniper and therefore becomes a major suspect , especially as he has a grudge . First appearance of DCI Matthew Burke ( Alex Norton ) and last appearance of DCI Mike Jardine ( James MacPherson ) 54 `` Fire , Burn '' John Brown Mike Alexander 105 min . 21 January 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 21 ) 7.27 A charred corpse is found in the burnt out remains of a clothing factory . Scott Dewar , owner of a rival factory , is the immediate suspect - but Maureen Wishart reports her husband Derek missing , and he not only worked for Dewar , but had a knowledge of explosives . Meanwhile , DS Reid finds DCI Burke a little too hard to handle after Mike Jardine 's death . 55 `` Watertight '' Michael Jenner Brian Kelly 105 min . 8 July 2002 ( 2002 - 07 - 08 ) 7.11 When teenaged prostitute Dee is found murdered , Robbie goes gunning for Willie Strachan , a man whom he has long suspected of being involved in sex trafficking . However , he is not the only suspect , as law student Craig Colhoune , son of a widowed sheriff who dotes on him , also finds himself in the vicinity with unexplained blood on his sleeve . 56 `` The Friday Event '' Ann - Marie Di Mambro Ian Madden 150 min . 15 -- 16 July 2002 ( 15 -- 16 July 2002 ) 6.27 & 6.56 Two - part special . The apparent suicide of a sixth former at an elite boys ' school turns into a murder enquiry and a journalist , much to the headmaster 's displeasure , publishes an article linking the boy to drug - dealing before he too is murdered . A third body indicates a serial killer and the manner of the murders leads to a famous painter . Series 18 ( 2002 - 2003 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 57 `` Hardman '' Michael Jenner Ian Madden 60 min . 14 December 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 14 ) 7.35 A dock worker is called out to a meeting where he is knocked unconscious , and later , his body is found mangled in a piece of machinery . A payslip identifies the victim as Iain Wilson . Suspicion falls on Budge Kirwell , the brother of the Dee Kirwell , the victim 's girlfriend . He had both motive and opportunity to commit murder - but is he responsible ? 58 `` Fade to Black '' John Brown Brian Kelly 60 min . 21 December 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 21 ) 7.87 A young nurse is found strangled in her home , with no sign of forced entry and two glasses of wine on the table . On finding a large quantity of cash hidden in her flat and signs of an affluent lifestyle , Burke and the team begin to suspect that the murder victim had a secret double life . Meanwhile , Burke is being secretly filmed with a camcorder . 59 `` Blood Money '' Martin McCardie Brian Kelly 60 min . 28 December 2002 ( 2002 - 12 - 28 ) 7.03 A boxing promoter is found strangled with wads of bank notes stuffed in his mouth . Successful fighter Andy Corbett was having an affair with Elaine , the victim 's widow and the ringside doctor , Dr. Heron , has also been behaving suspiciously in trying to get rid of the boxers ' medical record . However , the motive appears to stem from fight fixing . 60 `` New Life '' Robert Fraser Andy Goddard 60 min . 4 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 04 ) 7.01 A top research scientist is blown up in his car , having arrived in Glasgow to address a medical conference . There has been opposition to his research and initially , and Burke and the team investigate possible motives . However , it soon comes to light that there are others within the scientific community who could benefit from his murder . 61 `` Bad Blood '' Michael Jenner Andy Goddard 60 min . 11 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 11 ) 5.73 A Kurdish taxi driver is murdered , and the team are joined by D.S. Fairchild , who is experienced in racially motivated crimes . Whilst the rest of the team warm to her , Burke is peeved as he believes that political correctness is hampering the course of the enquiry , particularly in view of the fact that no - one seems any closer to establishing a motive . 62 `` Halfway House '' Stuart Hepburn Ian Madden 60 min . 18 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 18 ) 6.93 When an anonymous victim is shot dead in a local park , the only clue to identify him is a library card for a city college . This in turn leads to a half - way house for recently released criminals , some of whom are known to the team . Unfortunately , the hostel warden is not keen to cooperate , and the team face a hard time in identifying the victim . 63 `` An Eye for an Eye '' Stuart Hepburn Patrick Harkins 120 min . 25 January 2003 ( 2003 - 01 - 25 ) 6.92 TV Movie special . When a doctor at a clinic for women which advocates birth control is murdered , the immediate suspects are a militant fundamentalist group who oppose abortions . However , drug links between the clinic and a local crime boss extend the scope of the investigation , though Stuart believes the murderer may have a more personal reason . Series 19 ( 2003 - 2004 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 64 `` Penthouse and Pavement '' Robert Fraser Patrick Harkins 90 min . 7 October 2003 ( 2003 - 10 - 07 ) 6.88 A famous novelist is found murdered in an alley the morning after a prestigious book launch , and DCI Burke 's team 's only lead is a drugged and confused prostitute . As the team explore a number of possibilities , Fraser and Reid find the victim enjoyed a secret life amid Glasgow 's sleazy underworld which may have led to murder . 65 `` Atonement '' Julie Dixon Morag Fullarton 90 min . 3 December 2003 ( 2003 - 12 - 03 ) 7.38 Billy McCree is murdered in his workshop , and his severed hand is found next to him . The obvious suspect is Jim Naysmith , just out of jail after a twenty year stretch . Burke investigates the Naysmith gang , whilst Robbie is flattered when Mary , a young law student , asks to shadow him . Gemma , however , believes that Mary may have an ulterior motive . 66 `` Compensation '' Mike Cullen Alan Macmillan 90 min . 30 April 2004 ( 2004 - 04 - 30 ) 6.47 The team travel to rural Fenmore after a farmer is suspiciously killed in a house fire , but find few clues and the villagers unwilling to offer any information . An investigation which combines politics , local history and murder to devastating effect proves less than simple for Burke and the team , as they attempt to piece together the evidence . 67 `` Saints and Sinners '' Chris Dolan Patrick Harkins 90 min . 30 December 2004 ( 2004 - 12 - 30 ) 7.00 When lawyer Richard Flett is shot dead , suspicion initially falls on his widow Adele and his partner Charlie Muir , who were having an affair . However , when Muir is also murdered , Burke uncovers a wholly different motive . A group of residents were taking a company called Arcadia to court on the grounds that they had caused pollution , leading to illness . Series 20 ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 68 `` Puppet on a String '' Julie Dixon Morag Fullarton 90 min . 6 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 06 ) 6.69 Hospital Dr. Mellor is attacked by a masked assailant carrying a syringe full of lethal drugs , but manages to survive the attack . He points the finger at rival doctor Thomas Finn , but Finn has an alibi . The next day , Mellor is found dead , but again Finn has a cast - iron alibi . Was Mellor correct in his suspicions ? Or is Finn in fact entirely innocent ? 69 `` The Wages of Sin '' James McIntyre Alan Macmillan 90 min . 13 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 13 ) 6.36 The Houston family are returning from a funeral when they discover the body of a taxi driver in his car outside the family business . Burke investigates and discovers a link between the victim and the daughter who has just been buried after an overdose . Suspicion falls on the father , Davie Houston , who appears to be involved in money laundering . 70 `` The Ties that Bind '' Stuart Hepburn Patrick Harkins 90 min . 20 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 20 ) 6.16 Burke 's professional life is left hanging in the balance when the body of a librarian is found behind the wheel of his car in the Clyde after an apparent hit and run . The detectives are baffled - it appears that the victim had been tied up and was already dead before the car hit the water . But would Burke be stupid enough to commit murder ? 71 `` In Camera '' John Brown Ian Madden 90 min . 27 January 2005 ( 2005 - 01 - 27 ) 6.26 Robbie is all set to spend a romantic weekend with his new lady love Eve Hamilton . Unfortunately the mood is soured when the corpse of a young man , a photographic assistant , is discovered at the romantic hideaway . Investigating the boy 's death and subsequent others , Robbie begins to discover that Eve is perhaps not as innocent as she would appear . 72 `` Mind Over Matter '' Chris Dolan Morag Fullarton 90 min . 3 February 2005 ( 2005 - 02 - 03 ) 6.21 When the body of 21 - year - old medical student Amy Penn is found by children in a park , the team prepare themselves for a difficult investigation . Heavy rain has destroyed any evidence of her killer , but strangely her body has been sculpted in death into a childlike pose with her thumb in her mouth . Initial enquiries uncover few leads . Series 21 ( 2005 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 73 `` Cause and Effect '' Daniel Boyle Patrick Harkins 90 min . 16 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 16 ) 5.76 As uniform attend a report of a break in , they arrive to find an ex-copper hiding in the corner , and the battered body of an attractive woman lying on the floor . The investigation begins with the victim 's husband , Dennis Pryde , but leads Burke into reuniting with an old colleague , Jack Anderson , who was jailed for five years for corruption . 74 `` A Taste of Money '' Charlie Fletcher Morag Fullarton 90 min . 23 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 23 ) 6.35 When a caustic restaurant critic is found murdered , suspicion falls on the thief who fled the scene at the time of his death . But could a chef with a score to settle be the real culprit ? Burke and the team find themselves becoming immersed in the world of culinary rivalry , which as they discover , turns out to be a very seedy and dark world . 75 `` A Death Foretold '' John Brown James Henry 90 min . 30 September 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 30 ) 6.57 When the body of a student is discovered in an alleyway , a bloodstained leaflet at the scene is traced back to a nearby church . Could the parish priest be involved in the student 's murder ? As the team find themselves investigating a very shady side of religion , a link to the past could prove to be the key to identify the person responsible . 76 `` Running Out of Time '' Stuart Hepburn Ian Madden 90 min . 4 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 04 ) 6.03 Burke is enjoying his vacation when suddenly he is shot in the face by a sniper . Meanwhile , Robbie and Stuart are asked to identify the body of a colleague - DI Meades , who has been shot dead outside his house . The investigation leads them to Stevie Dixon , a small - time criminal who has threatened to kill Meades for arresting him on charges of forgery . 77 `` Cause to Kill '' Martin McCardie James Henry 90 min . 11 November 2005 ( 2005 - 11 - 11 ) 6.65 Burke investigates a copycat killing inspired by a murder committed 20 years ago . With the help of forensic psychologist and author , Irene Russell , he attempts to solve the case before the killer claims more victims . As the case continues , it appears that the ultimate target may be someone who is directly at the heart of the investigation . 78 `` Do or Die '' Mike Cullen Morag Fullarton 90 min . 9 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 09 ) 5.45 Following a poor career appraisal , Robbie aims to redeem himself by going undercover at an army base where a young private died in suspicious circumstances . It is a brutal regime , exemplified by the sadistic Sergeant Kent , but there are two further deaths , both of instructors known for their harsh treatment of the new recruits . 79 `` Dead Man Walking '' Julie Dixon Alan Macmillan 90 min . 16 December 2005 ( 2005 - 12 - 16 ) 5.67 The team investigate the seemingly motiveless murder of a mechanic who is found dead in his garage . Suspicion soon falls on his business partner , Tony Benton , but it turns out that Benton was in fact the intended victim of the crime , and thus , the investigation turns towards the possible motives that people could have for killing Benton . Series 22 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 80 `` Law '' Mike Cullen Ian Madden 90 min . 22 March 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 22 ) 5.91 A teenage girl is last seen wandering through a fairground at 2AM in the fog , and the next day , her strangled body is found under a pile of rubbish . The investigation leads the team to the local carnival , where Burke takes an aggressive stance against the gypsies . Fraser reacts by trying to understand and relate to the itinerant workers to win their trust . 81 `` The Best and the Brightest '' Robert Fraser James Henry 90 min . 29 March 2006 ( 2006 - 03 - 29 ) 6.04 Haemotology student Mia Hassan is murdered in her lab , when she inhales something which induces a severe anaphylactic shock . The only clue to her social life is a man called Luke , allegedly in Seattle , with whom she exchanged e-mails . Pushy media student Jessica Flowers seems to have known Mia better than she claimed , but she is later found dead . Series 23 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 82 `` Users and Losers '' Mike Cullen Ian Madden 90 min . 3 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 03 ) 5.54 A gambler is kicked to death in a back street in Glasgow . When the team search his house , they find £ 50,000 under the floor boards . The serial numbers lead them to a bank robbery which netted 300,000 . Further investigation leads Burke to a stable run by Penny and James Forsyth . The team believes the couple are part of a money laundering scheme . 83 `` The Thirteenth Step '' Robert Fraser Justin Molotnikov 90 min . 17 January 2007 ( 2007 - 01 - 17 ) 5.70 Ex-con Eddie Monroe is found stabbed in a Govan alleyway . Burke meets Angus Ford - a retired police officer who was responsible for Monroe 's arrest and subsequent convictions - who remains adamant that Monroe was a bad man who deserved to die . But who was his killer ? All roads keep leading back to old acquaintance Daniel Tulloch and his family . 84 `` Tenement '' Paul Logue James Henry 90 min . 30 April 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 30 ) 4.48 An activist is found garroted in her own home , and suspicion turns to a property developer , Charlie McEwan , who wants to tear down the building and put up luxury towers . As more people are found murdered with links to the property developer , Ross is investigating a different hit and run accident , whilst falling in love with the victim 's sister . 85 `` Pinnacle '' Tony Philpott Mike Alexander 90 min . 4 July 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 04 ) 5.51 A man jogging through a park stumbles on the mutilated body of Tina Brogan , the CEO of Pinnacle Enterprise . Initial investigations lead to the estranged husband who does not have an alibi for the night . Frank Harris is also in the frame when he discloses that his mother has been cheated out of her home by Pinnacle Enterprise . Series 24 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 85 `` Genesis '' Chris Dolan Ian Madden 90 min . 8 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 08 ) 4.82 The team investigates two murders associated with a fertility clinic . 88 `` Judgement Day '' Mike Cullen Patrick Harkins 60 min . 15 January 2008 ( 2008 - 01 - 15 ) 5.24 The death of DCI Burke 's elderly father leaves him searching for answers 89 `` Island '' Robert Fraser James Henry 60 min . 27 February 2008 ( 2008 - 02 - 27 ) 5.60 A mutilated body is discovered on a remote island 90 `` Trust '' Ian Madden Ian Madden 60 min . 21 April 2008 ( 2008 - 04 - 21 ) 5.23 The body of a hit man who has been tortured and executed is found on wasteland . Burke 's old flame , who left him at the altar decades ago , asks him to make a back - channel investigation into her husband 's business associate . 91 `` A Study in Murder '' Stuart Hepburn Morag Fullarton 60 min . 1 May 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 01 ) 3.81 A college principal is found crushed to death in the lift shaft 92 `` Point of Light '' Paul Logue Patrick Harkins 60 min . 5 June 2008 ( 2008 - 06 - 05 ) 4.93 A private investigator is found lying dead at the bottom of a quarry Series 25 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 93 `` Safer '' Mike Cullen Ian Madden 60 min . 3 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 03 ) 5.26 86 `` The Caring Game '' Michael Jenner James Henry 60 min . 14 November 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) 3.93 94 `` Homesick '' Robert Fraser Patrick Harkins 60 min . 8 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 08 ) 5.30 95 `` Crossing the Line '' Mike Cullen Morag Fullarton 60 min . 15 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 15 ) 6.18 The discovery of skeletons in an old mine shaft in Glasgow opens a murder investigation and ghosts from the past come back to haunt the local community . 87 `` Lifeline '' Robert Fraser Ian Madden 90 min . 30 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 30 ) 5.16 A volunteer at a suicide hot line is murdered , with the murder staged to look like suicide . Jackie is the target of a stalker . Eventually , it turns out the two cases are linked with two other murders . Series 26 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 96 `` Cold Reader '' Dominic Morgan & Matt Harvey Adrian McDowall 60 min . 20 February 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 20 ) 5.97 97 `` Grass '' David Kane Ian Madden 60 min . 30 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 30 ) 4.63 98 `` The Knife Trick '' Stephen Brady Patrick Harkins 60 min . 7 May 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 07 ) 4.73 99 `` So Long Baby '' Morag Fullarton Morag Fullarton 60 min . 19 July 2009 ( 2009 - 07 - 19 ) 4.49 100 `` Fact and Fiction '' Ian Madden Ian Madden 90 min . 24 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 24 ) 4.53 100th Episode Three years earlier Jimmy Melville 's corpse was found floating in a river . His mobile phone was sold on e-bay and at one time had been in the possession of Mark Joffe , a part - time English lecturer and crime writer , whose new novel ' Chaos ' describes a murder identical to Melville 's . He is an arrogant , evasive interviewee but he once had an affair with an Anne Scoular , to whom he was violent and threatening after she left him for Jimmy Melville. This gives Burke 's team an opening , as does the cooperation of an older female colleague spurned by Joffe . Series 27 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Episode Title Written by Directed by Running time Original airdate Viewers ( millions ) 101 `` IOU '' Robert Fraser Mike Alexander 60 min . 18 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 18 ) 5.49 Bank clerk Craig Williams is murdered at the dog - track , where , for a change , he would have won -- forty five grand . Evidence suggests that the race was fixed and the favourite dog nobbled . Had Craig lived he would have claimed his winnings from bookie Niall McShane and his violent son Ged , who threatens the trainer . But then Ged McShane is killed in the same way as Craig . An ex-wife who stood to gain from Craig 's life insurance and a married colleague with whom he had a fling while her husband was abroad are now in the frame alongside the bookie and the trainer . 102 `` Local Hero '' Mike Cullen Adrian McDowall 60 min . 25 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 25 ) 4.27 A body is found hanging from the swing frame in the playground on the recently rejuvenated Allerdykes Estate by a local ' Community Watch ' member doing his early morning check . 103 `` The Rapture '' David Kane Patrick Harkins 60 min . 1 August 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 01 ) 4.32 The last appearance of DC Stuart Fraser : Edward Muir and his son Luke , members of the austere Triune Family religious group , are brutally murdered with open bibles by the corpses , referring to the Rapture or promise of eternal life . Karen , the young daughter of Jackie 's friend Eileen , is also murdered and a bible found by her body . Karen 's lap - top shows that she was dating Luke Muir , against his religion 's rules . The group leader 's family come under suspicion when his wife and younger son reveal they want to leave the Triune Family as Luke did and the other son puts up opposition to their wishes . 104 `` Bad Medicine '' TBA Bill Anderson 60 min . STV : 3 October 2010 ITV : 11 January 2011 ( STV : 3 October 2010 ITV : 11 January 2011 ) 3.47 This series is being aired first on STV , in multi-camera set - up & HD for the first time , and introduces the supporting characters of CS Karen Campbell and Pathologist Duncan Clark as well as the move from Maryhill to the City Centre . Newly qualified doctor Scott Clarkson is found tortured and murdered in an empty warehouse . Two London detectives , Moretti and Casey , the latter an old friend of Burke , arrive in Glasgow whilst investigating a similar case though Jackie and Robbie do not warm to them . Scott 's girlfriend Lucy , another medic , is arrested for manufacturing recreational drugs and admits that Scott also made and sold Ecstasy to pay his student fees . Lucy is arrested and commits suicide in custody after a visit from the London policemen . Were Jackie and Robbie right to be suspicious of the visitors motives ? 105 `` Abuse of Trust '' David Kane & Steve Lightfoot Bill Anderson 60 min . STV : 10 October 2010 ITV : 18 January 2011 ( STV : 10 October 2010 ITV : 18 January 2011 ) 3.35 When union leader for shipworkers Will Ramsey is shot dead it looks to be an open and shut case that it is a corporate killing , but the real motivation and implications lay closer to home . 106 `` Silent Truth '' TBA TBA 60 min . STV : 17 October 2010 ITV : 25 January 2011 ( STV : 17 October 2010 ITV : 25 January 2011 ) Under 2.94 When an Iranian refugee is found burnt to death , it appears at first to be a racially motivated crime . It soon becomes clear to DCI Burke and the rest of the team that there is another motive and when a drug dealer enters the frame , the case is set to be extremely complex for all concerned . First appearance of the supporting character , DC Mita Rahim . 107 `` Fallen Angels '' Lena Rae Jean Stewart 60 min . STV : 24 October 2010 ITV : 1 February 2011 ( STV : 24 October 2010 ITV : 1 February 2011 ) Under 3.70 When the team are called to a flat , they discover three children all dead with a fourth named Callum fighting for his life , DI Ross then discovers the dead body of the children 's father Pete in the bathroom , he therefore becomes the prime suspect but then when forensic tests reveal that Pete died before his own children . The real culprit is still at large and shocks all of the team . 108 `` Bloodsport '' Declan Crogan & David Kane Douglas Mackinnon 60 min . STV : 31 October 2010 ITV : 8 February 2011 ( STV : 31 October 2010 ITV : 8 February 2011 ) 3.56 After the badly beaten body of a man is found dumped on a motorway underpass , his murder is linked to a Fight Club style bare - knuckle boxing venue . Both professional and personal lives collide at Maryhill CID , with one of the detectives having to come face to face with their own demons . 109 `` The Ends of Justice '' TBA Douglas Mackinnon 60 min . STV : 7 November 2010 ITV : 22 February 2011 ( STV : 7 November 2010 ITV : 22 February 2011 ) 3.33 When a busker is fatally stabbed in Glasgow city centre , the newly promoted DI Jackie Reid heads up the investigation . Mita Rahim joins the Maryhill CID team properly while DI Ross suffers a personal heartache . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ There 's Been a Commission -- New Taggart Series Ordered , The Guardian ( 18 February 2010 ) . ( hide ) Taggart Final main characters Jackie Reid ( Blythe Duff ) Robbie Ross ( John Michie ) Matt Burke ( Alex Norton ) Duncan Clark ( Davood Ghadami ) Karen Campbell ( Siobhan Redmond ) Mita Rahim ( Anneika Rose ) Previous characters Jim Taggart ( Mark McManus ) Dr Stephen Andrews ( Robert Robertson ) Jean Taggart ( Harriet Buchan ) Peter Livingstone ( Neil Duncan ) `` The Mint '' Murray ( Tom Watson ) Jack `` The Biscuit '' McVitie ( Iain Anders ) Michael Jardine ( James MacPherson ) Rob Gibson ( Gray O'Brien ) Stuart Fraser ( Colin McCredie ) Dr Gemma Kerr ( Lesley Harcourt ) Ellis Sinclair ( Katrina Bryan ) Production staff Creator Glenn Chandler Producers Marcus Wilson ( 2010 ) Graeme Gordon ( 2001 - 2010 ) Executive producers Margaret Lucifer ( 2010 ) Eric Coulter ( 2001 - 2010 ) See also List of Taggart episodes STV STV Productions STV Player : Taggart Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Taggart_episodes&oldid=802810771 '' Categories : Lists of British crime television series episodes Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from July 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 16 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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List of members of the United Nations Security Council
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List of members of the United Nations Security Council - wikipedia List of members of the United Nations Security Council Membership of the United Nations Security Council is held by the five permanent members and ten elected , non-permanent members . Prior to 1966 , there were six elected members , while the permanent members have in essence not changed since the creation of the United Nations in 1945 , apart from the representation of China . Elected members hold their place on the Council for a two - year term , and half of these places are contested each year . To ensure geographical continuity , a certain number of members is allocated for each of the five UN regional groupings . Contents 1 Current membership 2 Regional Groups 3 Previous and future Security Council composition 4 Membership by year 4.1 Permanent 4.2 Non-permanent ( 1946 -- 1965 ) 4.3 Non-permanent ( 1966 -- present ) 5 List by number of years as Security Council member 6 Future candidacies 7 Non-members 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References Current membership ( edit ) Permanent members Country Regional Group Member since People 's Republic of China Asia - Pacific Group 1971 , replaced the Republic of China France Western European and Others Group 1946 Russian Federation Eastern European Group 1991 , replaced the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United Kingdom Western European and Others Group 1946 United States Western European and Others Group 1946 Non-permanent members Country Regional Group Term began Term ends Bolivia Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) 2017 2018 Equatorial Guinea African Group 2018 2019 Ethiopia African Group 2017 2018 Ivory Coast African Group 2018 2019 Kazakhstan Asia - Pacific Group 2017 2018 Kuwait Asia - Pacific Group 2018 2019 Netherlands * Western European and Others Group 2018 2018 Peru Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) 2018 2019 Poland Eastern European Group 2018 2019 Sweden Western European and Others Group 2017 2018 * During the 2016 Security Council elections , Italy and the Netherlands agreed to split a two - year term , in which Italy would serve from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2017 and the Netherlands would subsequently serve from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2018 . Members of the current UNSC on the map of the world Permanent members Non-permanent members Regional groups ( edit ) African Group Asia - Pacific Group Eastern European Group Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) Western European and Others Group UN member not in any voting group Non-UN state or territory African Group : 3 members Asia - Pacific Group : 2 members Eastern European Group ( CEIT , or Countries with Economies in Transition ) : 1 member Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) : 2 members Western European and Others Group ( WEOG ) : 2 members ; at least one of these must be from Western Europe In addition , one of the non-permanent members of the council is an Arab country , alternately from the African or Asia - Pacific groups . This rule was added to the system in 1967 for it to be applied beginning with 1968 . Each year the UN General Assembly elects five new members for a two - year term ; these elections always begin in October of the year , and continue until the two - thirds majority for the number of countries for each region has been reached . Re-election is allowed , but the term must not be consecutive . Electoral timetable Term beginning in years that are : Odd Even African Group one member two members * Asia - Pacific Group one member one member * Eastern European Group none one member Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) one member one member Western European and Others Group two members none * The representative of Arab nations alternates between these two elected spaces . Previous and Future Security Council composition ( edit ) From 1946 to 1965 , the security council included six non-permanent members . The regional grouping at that time was : Latin America : 2 members Commonwealth of Nations : 1 member Eastern Europe : 1 member Middle East : 1 member Western Europe : 1 member There were some exceptions to this grouping : Liberia took the place of a Western European country in 1961 ; the Ivory Coast substituted a member of the Commonwealth in 1964 -- 1965 ; and the Eastern Europe group included Asian countries from 1956 . As part of a proposed expansion of the Security Council , Brazil , Germany , India and Japan , collectively the Group of 4 or G4 nations , are seeking permanent representation on this body . Italy opposed the expansion of the Security Council through the establishment of the group Uniting for Consensus . Membership by year ( edit ) Permanent ( edit ) Year Permanent seats 1945 -- 1949 Republic of China France Soviet Union United Kingdom United States 1949 -- 1970 Republic of China ( Taiwan ) 1971 -- 1991 People 's Republic of China 1992 -- present Russian Federation Non-permanent ( 1946 -- 1965 ) ( edit ) Year Latin American Seats Commonwealth Seat Eastern European & Asian Seat Middle Eastern Seat Western European Seat 1946 Brazil Mexico Australia Poland Egypt Netherlands 1947 Colombia Syria Belgium 1948 Argentina Canada Ukraine 1949 Cuba Egypt Norway 1950 Ecuador India Yugoslavia 1951 Brazil Turkey Netherlands 1952 Chile Pakistan Greece 1953 Colombia Lebanon Denmark 1954 Brazil New Zealand Turkey 1955 Peru Iran Belgium 1956 Cuba Australia Yugoslavia 1957 Colombia Philippines Iraq Sweden 1958 Panama Canada Japan 1959 Argentina Tunisia Italy 1960 Ecuador Ceylon Poland 1961 Chile Turkey United Arab Republic Liberia 1962 Venezuela Ghana Romania Ireland 1963 Brazil Philippines Morocco Norway 1964 Bolivia Ivory Coast Czechoslovakia 1965 Uruguay Malaysia Jordan Netherlands Non-permanent ( 1966 -- present ) ( edit ) Year African Group Asia - Pacific Group Latin American and Caribbean Group ( GRULAC ) Western European and Others Group Eastern European Group * indicates Arab nations ' representative 1966 Mali Nigeria Uganda Japan Jordan * Argentina Uruguay Netherlands New Zealand Bulgaria 1967 Ethiopia India Brazil Canada Denmark 1968 Algeria * Senegal Pakistan Paraguay Hungary 1969 Zambia Nepal Colombia Finland Spain 1970 Burundi Sierra Leone Syria * Nicaragua Poland 1971 Somalia Japan Argentina Belgium Italy 1972 Guinea Sudan * India Panama Yugoslavia 1973 Kenya Indonesia Peru Australia Austria Cameroon Mauritania Iraq * Costa Rica Byelorussia Tanzania Japan Guyana Italy Sweden 1976 Benin Libya * Pakistan Panama Romania 1977 Mauritius India Venezuela Canada West Germany 1978 Gabon Nigeria Kuwait * Bolivia Czechoslovakia 1979 Zambia Bangladesh Jamaica Norway Portugal 1980 Niger Tunisia * Philippines Mexico East Germany 1981 Uganda Japan Panama Ireland Spain 1982 Togo Zaire Jordan * Guyana Poland Zimbabwe Pakistan Nicaragua Malta Netherlands 1984 Burkina Faso Egypt * India Peru Ukraine 1985 Madagascar Thailand Trinidad and Tobago Australia Denmark 1986 Congo Ghana United Arab Emirates * Venezuela Bulgaria Zambia Japan Argentina West Germany Italy 1988 Algeria * Senegal Nepal Brazil Yugoslavia 1989 Ethiopia Malaysia Colombia Canada Finland 1990 Ivory Coast Zaire Yemen * Cuba Romania 1991 Zimbabwe India Ecuador Austria Belgium 1992 Cape Verde Morocco * Japan Venezuela Hungary 1993 Djibouti Pakistan Brazil New Zealand Spain 1994 Nigeria Rwanda Oman * Argentina Czech Republic 1995 Botswana Indonesia Honduras Germany Italy Egypt * Guinea - Bissau South Korea Chile Poland 1997 Kenya Japan Costa Rica Portugal Sweden 1998 Gabon Gambia Bahrain * Brazil Slovenia 1999 Namibia Malaysia Argentina Canada Netherlands 2000 Mali Tunisia * Bangladesh Jamaica Ukraine 2001 Mauritius Singapore Colombia Ireland Norway 2002 Cameroon Guinea Syria * Mexico Bulgaria 2003 Angola Pakistan Chile Germany Spain Algeria * Benin Philippines Brazil Romania 2005 Tanzania Japan Argentina Denmark Greece 2006 Ghana Congo Qatar * Peru Slovakia 2007 South Africa Indonesia Panama Belgium Italy 2008 Burkina Faso Libya * Vietnam Costa Rica Croatia 2009 Uganda Japan Mexico Austria Turkey Gabon Nigeria Lebanon * Brazil Bosnia and Herzegovina 2011 South Africa India Colombia Germany Portugal 2012 Morocco * Togo Pakistan Guatemala Azerbaijan 2013 Rwanda South Korea Argentina Australia Luxembourg 2014 Chad Nigeria Jordan * Chile Lithuania 2015 Angola Malaysia Venezuela New Zealand Spain 2016 Egypt * Senegal Japan Uruguay Ukraine 2017 Ethiopia Kazakhstan Bolivia Italy Sweden 2018 Ivory Coast Equatorial Guinea Kuwait * Peru Netherlands Poland 2019 South Africa Indonesia Dominican Republic Germany Belgium 2020 TBA TBA TBA TBA TBA List by number of years as Security Council member ( edit ) This list contains the 130 United Nations member states so far elected to the United Nations Security Council , including the five permanent members , all listed by number of years each country has so far spent on the UNSC . Of all the members , 6 have so far ceased to exist , leaving the list with 124 modern nations . These , combined with the 69 modern nations that have never been elected to the UNSC to date ( see Non-members , below ) , make up the entirety of the 193 current members of the UN . Years on the Security Council , as of 2018 , including current year where relevant : Indicates permanent member Indicates current elected member ( 2018 ) Indicates former United Nations member Years Country First Year Most Recent Year Regional Group Notes 71 France 1946 2018 WEOG Permanent member 71 United Kingdom 1946 2018 WEOG Permanent member 71 United States 1946 2018 WEOG Permanent member 46 Soviet Union 1946 1991 E. European Former permanent member , replaced by Russian Federation 46 People 's Republic of China 1971 2018 Asia - Pacific Permanent member 25 Republic of China 1946 1971 Asian Former permanent member , replaced by People 's Republic of China 25 Russian Federation 1991 2018 E. European Permanent member 21 Japan 1958 2017 Asia - Pacific 20 Brazil 1946 2011 GRULAC 18 Argentina 1948 2014 GRULAC 14 Colombia 1947 2012 GRULAC 14 India 1950 2012 Asia - Pacific 14 Pakistan 1952 2013 Asia - Pacific 12 Canada 1948 2000 WEOG 12 Italy 1959 2017 WEOG 10 Australia 1946 2014 WEOG 10 Belgium 1947 2008 WEOG 10 Chile 1952 2015 GRULAC 10 Egypt 1946 2017 African ( Arabic ) Includes 2 years with the seat held in the name of the United Arab Republic , of which for more than 15 months UAR served as the name of modern - day Egypt 10 Germany 1977 2012 WEOG Includes 4 years when the Federal Republic of Germany consisted only of West Germany ( but does not include East Germany 's 2 years , listed separately below ) 10 Nigeria 1966 2015 African 10 Panama 1958 2008 GRULAC 10 Spain 1969 2016 WEOG 10 Venezuela 1962 2016 GRULAC 9 Netherlands 1946 2018 WEOG Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2018 9 Poland 1946 2018 E. European 8 Denmark 1953 2006 WEOG 8 Norway 1949 2002 WEOG 8 Peru 1955 2018 GRULAC 7 Malaysia 1965 2016 Asia - Pacific 7 Mexico 1946 GRULAC 7 New Zealand 1954 2016 WEOG 7 Romania 1962 2005 E. European 7 Syria 1947 2003 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Includes one year ( 1961 ) during which the United Arab Republic was a member , for the greater part of which Syria was a member of that union 7 Turkey 1951 WEOG 7 Ukraine 1948 2016 E. European Includes 4 years of membership under the name of Ukrainian SSR ; Ukrainian SSR held its own seat in the General Assembly while being part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership 7 Yugoslavia 1950 1989 E. European Predecessor of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Croatia , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia and Slovenia 6 Algeria 1968 1989 African ( Arabic ) 6 Austria 1973 WEOG 6 Bulgaria 1966 2003 E. European 6 Costa Rica 2009 GRULAC 6 Cuba 1949 1991 GRULAC 6 Ecuador 1950 1992 GRULAC 6 Gabon 1978 2011 African 6 Ghana 1962 2007 African 6 Indonesia 1973 2008 Asia - Pacific 6 Jordan 1965 2015 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) 6 Morocco 1963 2013 African ( Arabic ) 6 Philippines 1957 Asia - Pacific 6 Portugal 1979 2012 WEOG 6 Sweden 1957 2018 WEOG Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2018 6 Tunisia 1959 2003 African ( Arabic ) 6 Zambia 1969 1988 African 5 Ireland 1962 2002 WEOG 5 Senegal 1968 2017 African 5 Uganda 1966 African Angola 2003 2016 African Bangladesh 1979 2001 Asia - Pacific Benin 1976 2005 African Bolivia 1964 2018 GRULAC Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2018 Burkina Faso 1984 2009 African For first 7 months of membership of the Security council in 1984 was known as Upper Volta . Cameroon 2003 African Côte d'Ivoire 1964 2018 African Ethiopia 1967 2018 African Current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2018 Finland 1969 1990 WEOG Greece 1952 2006 WEOG Guinea 1972 2003 African Guyana GRULAC Hungary 1968 1993 E. European Iraq 1957 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Jamaica 1979 2001 GRULAC Kenya 1973 1998 African Lebanon 1953 2011 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Libya 1976 2009 African ( Arabic ) Mali 1966 2001 African Mauritius 1977 2002 African Nepal 1969 1989 Asia - Pacific Nicaragua 1970 1984 GRULAC Republic of the Congo 1986 2007 African South Korea 2014 Asia - Pacific Rwanda 1994 2014 African South Africa 2007 2012 African Tanzania 2006 African Togo 1982 2013 African Zaire 1982 1991 African Now known as Democratic Republic of the Congo Zimbabwe 1992 African Czechoslovakia 1964 1979 E. European Predecessor of Czech Republic and Slovakia Uruguay 1965 2016 GRULAC Azerbaijan 2012 2013 E. European Was part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership Bahrain 1998 1999 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Bosnia and Herzegovina 2011 E. European Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership Botswana 1995 African Burundi 1970 1971 African Byelorussian SSR E. European Now known as Belarus ; Byelorussian SSR held its own seat in the General Assembly while being part of the Soviet Union during its 45 years of Security Council membership Cape Verde 1992 1993 African Ceylon 1960 1961 Asia - Pacific Now known as Sri Lanka Chad 2014 2015 African ( Arabic ) Was a colony of France from 1900 to 11 August 1960 ; 2 Croatia 2008 2009 E. European Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership Czech Republic 1994 1995 E. European Was also part of Czechoslovakia during its 3 years of Security Council membership Djibouti 1993 1994 African Gambia 1998 1999 African East Germany 1980 1981 E. European Now subsumed into Germany , which has 5 years of Security Council membership since it has included the former territory of East Germany Guatemala 2012 2013 GRULAC Guinea - Bissau 1997 African Honduras 1995 GRULAC Iran 1955 1956 Asia - Pacific Kazakhstan 2017 2018 Asia - Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 26 April 1920 to 25 December 1991 ; current membership of Security Council expires 31 December 2018 Kuwait 1978 2018 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Lithuania 2014 2015 E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 3 August 1940 to 11 March 1990 ; Membership of Security Council expired in December 2015 Luxembourg 2013 2014 WEOG Madagascar 1985 1986 African Malta 1984 WEOG Mauritania African Namibia 1999 2000 African Niger 1980 1981 African Oman 1994 1995 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) Paraguay 1968 1969 GRULAC Sierra Leone 1970 1971 African Singapore 2001 2002 Asia - Pacific Was also part of Malaysia for several months of 1965 during its membership of the Security Council Slovakia 2006 2007 E. European Was also part of Czechoslovakia during its 3 years of Security Council membership Slovenia 1998 1999 E. European Was also part of the SFR Yugoslavia during its 7 years of Security Council membership Somalia 1971 1972 African Sudan 1972 1973 African ( Arabic ) Thailand 1985 1986 Asia - Pacific Trinidad and Tobago 1985 1986 GRULAC Qatar 2006 2007 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) United Arab Emirates 1986 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) United Arab Republic 1961 1962 African ( Arabic ) Predecessor of Syria and Egypt Vietnam 2008 2009 Asia - Pacific Yemen 1990 1991 Asia - Pacific ( Arabic ) The entity elected , and which held the Security Council seat for the first five months of membership , was South Yemen : unification with North Yemen occurred during the time of membership . Liberia 1961 1961 African Served only one year Equatorial Guinea 2018 2018 African Future CANDIDACIES ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : United Nations Security Council election , 2019 ; United Nations Security Council election , 2020 ; United Nations Security Council election , 2021 ; United Nations Security Council election , 2022 ; United Nations Security Council election , 2023 ; and United Nations Security Council election , 2024 The following countries have made known their applications for future United Nations Security Council membership : Africa Asia - Pacific Eastern Europe GRULAC WEOG 2019 ? India , Vietnam Estonia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -- 2020 ? Afghanistan -- ? Ireland , Norway , San Marino , Canada 2021 ? Bahrain , United Arab Emirates Albania ? -- 2022 ? Mongolia -- ? Switzerland , Malta 2023 ? Tajikistan ? Guyana -- 2024 ? Pakistan -- ? Greece , Denmark 2025 ? ? Latvia , Montenegro ? -- 2026 ? The Philippines -- ? Portugal , Austria 2027 ? Republic of Korea ? ? -- 2028 ? Iran -- ? Australia , Finland 2029 ? ? Croatia ? -- 2031 ? ? Armenia ? -- Serbia as a member of the Eastern European Group has also expressed their wish to apply for United Nations Security Council membership in the future , but did not specify any term . Non-members ( edit ) As of July 2011 , there are currently 193 members of the United Nations and five permanent members of the Security Council . The other ten seats are assigned amongst the remaining 188 members . As a result , many members have never been on the Security Council . The following list is a summary of all countries , currently 68 modern nations and three historical ones , that have never been a member of the United Nations Security Council . The three historical UN members listed are Tanganyika , Zanzibar , and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . Member states of the United Nations that have never been members of the United Nations Security Council as of January 2017 . Indicates former United Nations member UN Member state Regional Group Security Council membership as part of another entity Afghanistan Asia - Pacific Albania E. European Andorra WEOG Antigua and Barbuda GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1632 to 1 November 1980 Armenia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 29 November 1920 to 25 December 1991 Bahamas GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1717 to 10 July 1973 Barbados GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1625 to 30 November 1966 Belize GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1862 to 21 September 1981 Bhutan Asia - Pacific Brunei Asia - Pacific Was a protectorate of the United Kingdom from 1888 to 1984 , and was occupied by Japan from 1941 to 1945 Cambodia Asia - Pacific Was a colony of France from 1863 to 9 November 1953 Central African Republic African Was a colony of France from 1894 to 13 August 1960 Comoros African Was a colony of France from 1841 to 6 July 1975 Cyprus Asia - Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 5 November 1914 to 16 August 1960 North Korea Asia - Pacific Dominica GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 3 November 1978 Dominican Republic GRULAC El Salvador GRULAC Eritrea African Was under the administration of the United Kingdom from 1941 to 1947 , then a United Nations Trust Territory from 1947 to 1952 , then part of Ethiopia from 1952 to 24 May 1993 Estonia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 1944 to 20 August 1991 Fiji Asia - Pacific Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1874 to 10 October 1970 Georgia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 25 February 1921 to 25 December 1991 Grenada GRULAC Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1763 to 7 February 1974 Haiti GRULAC Iceland WEOG Israel None / WEOG Part of a League of Nations mandate under United Kingdom administration from 25 April 1920 to 14 May 1948 Kiribati Asian / None Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1892 to 12 July 1979 Kyrgyzstan Asia - Pacific Was part of the Soviet Union from 1 February 1926 to 25 December 1991 Laos Asia - Pacific Was a colony of France from 1893 to 19 July 1949 Latvia E. European Was part of the Soviet Union from 5 August 1940 to 21 August 1991 Lesotho African Was a colony of the United Kingdom from 1884 to 4 October 1966 Liechtenstein WEOG Macedonia E. 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The Phantom of the Opera (Andrew Lloyd Webber song)
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The Phantom of the Opera ( Andrew Lloyd Webber song ) - wikipedia The Phantom of the Opera ( Andrew Lloyd Webber song ) `` The Phantom of the Opera '' is a song from the stage musical of the same name . It was composed by Andrew Lloyd Webber , with lyrics written by Charles Hart and Richard Stilgoe , and additional lyrics by Mike Batt . The song was originally recorded by Sarah Brightman and Steve Harley , which became a UK hit single in 1986 , prior to the musical . In its theatrical debut , it was sung by Brightman and Michael Crawford in their roles as Christine Daaé and the Phantom . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Influences 1.2 Plagiarism allegations 2 Sarah Brightman and Steve Harley version 2.1 Background 2.2 Release 2.3 Music video 2.4 Track listing 2.5 Chart performance 3 Cover versions 4 References Background ( edit ) The song is performed in Act I after the song `` Angel of Music '' ( The Mirror ) and before `` The Music of the Night '' ( and is reprised in Act Two at the end of the song `` Notes / Twisted Every Way '' ) . It takes place as the Phantom escorts Christine by boat to his lair beneath the Opera Garnier . It is sung as a duet by Christine and the Phantom . At the end of the song , Christine sings her highest note in the show , an E6 . In different shows , Sarah Brightman sings this song in different duets with other performers , Antonio Banderas , Chris Thompson , Alessandro Safina , Mario Frangoulis , Colm Wilkinson , Anthony Warlow , John Owen - Jones , Peter Jöback and Erkan Aki . Influences ( edit ) What makes this particular song unique within the musical is its unusual hard rock style , since most of the songs in the musical have a more operatic style . Early in the musical 's production , Andrew Lloyd Webber met Jim Steinman , who described `` The Phantom of the Opera '' as a rock song invading an opera house . This is what inspired the hard rock style of the song , which influenced all of the rock - based instruments in the song including drums and electric guitar . `` The Phantom of the Opera '' song was also specially arranged by the show 's original orchestrator , David Cullen , for a virtuoso cello version for cellist Julian Lloyd Webber , Andrew 's brother , for the CD Lloyd Webber Plays Lloyd Webber . Plagiarism allegations ( edit ) Ray Repp sued Andrew Lloyd Webber over the main melody of Phantom , claiming that it was based on his folk song `` Till You '' which he recorded in 1978 . Webber won the case however , with the counter-claim that the section of `` Phantom '' in question was actually based on Webber 's `` Close Every Door '' , which was written before Till You . Repp ultimately lost the case . In addition , Roger Waters of Pink Floyd had asserted that Andrew Lloyd Webber had plagiarised the intro section from the Pink Floyd song `` Echoes '' , which largely resembles it , although he decided against filing a lawsuit . `` Yeah , the beginning of that bloody Phantom song is from Echoes . * DAAAA - da - da - da - da - da * ( sic ) . I could n't believe it when I heard it . It 's the same time signature -- it 's 12 / 8 -- and it 's the same structure and it 's the same notes and it 's the same everything . It probably is actionable . It really is ! But I think that life 's too long to bother with suing Andrew fucking Lloyd Webber . '' Sarah Brightman and Steve Harley version ( edit ) `` The Phantom of the Opera '' Single by Sarah Brightman and Steve Harley from the album The Phantom of the Opera B - side `` Overture - The Phantom of the Opera '' Released January 1986 Format 7 `` , 12 '' , CD single Genre Musical Length 4 : 38 Label Polydor Records Songwriter ( s ) Andrew Lloyd Webber ( music ) Richard Stilgoe ( lyrics ) Charles Hart ( lyrics ) Mike Batt ( additional lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Mike Batt ( producer ) Andrew Lloyd Webber ( executive producer ) Sarah Brightman singles chronology `` Pie Jesu '' ( 1985 ) Pie Jesu1985 `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ( 1986 ) The Phantom of the Opera1986 `` All I Ask of You '' ( 1986 ) All I Ask of You 1986 Steve Harley singles chronology `` Irresistible '' ( 1985 ) Irresistible 1985 `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ( 1986 ) The Phantom of the Opera1986 `` Heartbeat Like Thunder '' ( 1986 ) Heartbeat Like Thunder 1986 In January 1986 , the original version of `` The Phantom of the Opera '' was released as a single to promote the upcoming musical of the same name . The duet was performed by Sarah Brightman and Steve Harley . The song became a Top 10 hit in the UK , peaking at # 7 , and remaining within the Top 100 for ten weeks . Background ( edit ) In 1984 , Andrew Lloyd Webber and producer Cameron Mackintosh began working on the Phantom of the Opera musical . Sarah Brightman , whom Webber married in 1984 , was set to play the heroine Christine . As development of the musical continued , Webber decided that releasing the title track as a pop single would be a good way of promoting the upcoming musical , and to `` test the water '' in terms of public reception . He stressed that he wanted the song to have a rock ' n ' roll sound , to which producer Mike Batt added an `` electro - pop beat and heavy metal guitars '' . Having worked together on the 1983 single `` Ballerina ( Prima Donna ) '' , Batt phoned Steve Harley with the offer of singing the role of the Phantom on the track , and duly suggested Harley to Webber . Batt believed Harley 's voice was just right for the song . Although he was currently working on his own solo album , having signed a new contract with Mickie Most 's label RAK , Harley `` jumped at the chance '' to record the song . Harley had to audition for the recording of the song at Webber 's home . Speaking to Number One magazine 's Debbi Voller in February 1986 , Harley revealed : `` I do n't mean to boast but after only singing one verse he told me I 'd got the job ! '' He also commented to the Daily Star at the time : `` A friend said he was going to tell Andrew that my voice was just right for the song . I thought he was joking . But I really enjoyed working with Andrew . I 'd love to play the Phantom when he puts the show on stage . '' Speaking of the recording of the song , Harley said : `` I felt a bit like a fish out of water . Sarah would record her part perfectly then leave , and I 'd have to stay until I hit those notes . It really stretched me . '' In the 2005 Behind the Mask documentary , Harley recalled : `` I 'd never done a duet . I knew Sarah could sing with an angelic soprano . I was quite happy to give it a crack , as it were . '' The single was released in January 1986 , and reached # 7 in the UK in early February . At the time of its success , the UK press reported the rumour that Brightman had not wanted to work with Harley due to a negative review he gave on radio years before of one of her previous records . In the 23 March 1986 issue of the Mail on Sunday 's You magazine , Brightman commented : `` That was just a joke . I was very pleased to work with him . Anyway , I did n't say that . I do n't bear grudges . '' Despite the success of the single , the masked nature of the Phantom character , ( particularly in the music video ) , meant that Harley did not gain instant recognition for his role . He commented to the Daily Star in February 1986 : `` It 's crazy . Here I am back in the charts and not even my nearest and dearest know it 's me . But , in a way , I like my face not being seen . It 's great to have fame and anonymity at the same time . '' Being the prime candidate for the role of the Phantom in the musical , Harley ended up auditioning in front of the creative team , and was given the role the following day . He then spent five months rehearsing , including working with producer Hal Prince . He also recorded other tracks from the musical including `` Music of the Night '' and `` All I Ask of You '' . He was surprised to find he was later replaced by Michael Crawford . For Behind the Mask , Cameron Mackintosh said : `` He was n't that experienced as an actor . It became obvious to me , and then I discussed it with Hal and Andrew , who also came to the same conclusion that this was a lovely impulse but not the right decision for the show . '' Harley later recalled : `` What happened is a mystery to me . There was no hint that they were unhappy with me , or that they were seeing anyone behind my back . '' Harley received £ 20,000 compensation after he was removed from the musical , but was given no explanation . It has been suggested that due to suffering from polio as a child , there were doubts as to whether Harley could effectively cope with the part . Release ( edit ) The single was released by Polydor Records on 7 '' and 12 '' vinyl , as well as on CD in Japan . The single was released in the UK , Ireland , America , Canada , Australia , Japan and across Europe including Germany , France , Portugal and Spain . In the UK , a limited edition 7 '' release was issued in addition to the standard one . This limited edition version featured a luminous disc . The B - Side `` Overture - The Phantom of the Opera '' is a two - minute instrumental version of the A-Side . It was written and produced by Andrew Lloyd Webber . On the American 7 '' vinyl release , the B - Side was re-titled `` The Phantom of the Opera ( Instrumental ) '' . The graphic artwork and sleeve design for all versions of the single was created by Dewynters Ltd , London . On the back sleeve of the release , a short passage reads : `` Ladies and Gentlemen , On this recording I have required that Sarah Brightman and Steve Harley perform the theme from the forthcoming musical , which I have instructed Andrew Lloyd Webber to write around my legend ' The Phantom of the Opera . ' Your Obedient Servant , The Phantom '' . The 12 '' version of the single features a seven - minute extended remix of the song , as well as the standard version . Following the original mini CD release of the single in Japan , it was re-issued there again in 1992 on the same format . Brightman and Harley 's version of the song would later appear on the 1994 compilation The Very Best of Andrew Lloyd Webber , as well as another Webber compilation titled Gold - The Definitive Hit Singles Collection , released in 2001 . Music video ( edit ) Directed by Ken Russell , the music video for the single also acted as promotion for the upcoming musical . After the chart success of the single , Webber wanted to further promote the musical , and the resultant video took a week to shoot . In his book Phallic Frenzy : Ken Russell and His Films , author Joseph Lanza noted that the video : `` packs in the gist of the musical 's message and story in just over four minutes . '' In his interview with Number One magazine , Harley spoke of Russell , describing him as `` terribly friendly , though I must admit his work does give the impression that he lives on another planet ! '' The video starts with Brightman as Christine running to her dressing room . On her way there , Raoul gives her a purple flower bouquet , which she takes with her . In her dressing room , she finds a gift box from the Phantom ( portrayed by Harley ) . She opens it and puts the veil inside on her head . Then , she enters the mirror , arriving in the Phantom 's lair , with the Phantom standing across the other side of a lake . Christine crosses the lake on a boat the moves by itself . The closing segment features Christine performing on stage in front of an audience including Raoul . The Phantom , secretly spectating , cuts a rope backstage which causes the chandelier to crash on top of Raoul . The video ends with Christine screaming before blood red drips over and envelops the screen . In the Behind the Mask documentary , Richard Stilgoe described the video as `` wonderful , as over-the - top as you can get '' . Cameron Mackinstosh said : `` Ken Russell came up with the most brilliant , outrageous video . It 's fantastic fun , and completely over-the - top , which of course Andrew and I loved . '' Track listing ( edit ) 7 '' Single `` The Phantom of the Opera '' - 4 : 40 `` Overture - The Phantom of the Opera '' - 2 : 10 7 '' Single ( US release ) `` The Phantom of the Opera '' - 4 : 40 `` The Phantom of the Opera ( Instrumental ) '' - 2 : 10 12 '' Single `` The Phantom of the Opera ( Extended Version ) '' - 7 : 09 `` The Phantom of the Opera '' - 4 : 40 `` Overture - The Phantom of the Opera '' - 2 : 10 12 '' Single ( Canadian promo ) `` The Phantom of the Opera ( Edited Version ) '' - 3 : 44 `` The Phantom of the Opera '' - 4 : 39 CD Single ( Japanese release ) `` The Phantom of the Opera '' - 4 : 44 `` Overture - The Phantom of the Opera '' - 2 : 13 Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Irish Singles Chart 11 UK Singles Chart ( The Official Charts Company ) 7 Cover versions ( edit ) The British guitarist Hank Marvin did an instrumental version of the song on his 1997 album Hank Plays the Music of Tim Rice & Andrew Lloyd Webber . The song `` The Phantom of the Opera '' was covered in 1998 by Charlotte Church and Peter Karrie . It was also covered in 2002 by the Finnish symphonic power metal quintet Nightwish and released on the album Century Child . This particular version of the song , with Tarja Turunen ( soprano ) singing Christine 's part and Marco Hietala ( baritone / tenor ) singing the part of The Phantom , is set in a different register ( one whole tone below ) to the original version written by Andrew Lloyd Webber . On the recorded version , the female vocalisation at the end of the song is quite different from the original , however , when the song is performed live , the vocalisation is the same , although with a slightly different key progression . Tarja Turunen hits E6 in live at the end of the song . She also sings it in her solo concerts . There is also another gothic metal version released in 1999 by Austrian band Dreams of Sanity ( Masquerade album ) . Tarja also performed the song live in Rock in Rio 2011 , along with Brazilian power metal band Angra . Japanese Symphonic Metal band Liv Moon have also covererd the song live , as a duet between lead singer Akane Liv and guitarist Takayoshi Ohmura . The song was also covered by Israeli countertenor David D'Or , backed by the Israeli Philharmonic Orchestra , on David D'Or & the Philharmonic ; Live Concert , released on 1 April 2003 . Power metal band HolyHell also covered the song , with Eric Adams of Manowar making a guest appearance singing the part of The Phantom . The song was also covered by Me First and the Gimme Gimmes on their show - tune album , Are A Drag . Also , in Rufus Wainwright 's song `` Between My Legs '' , from the album Release the Stars , the last 30 seconds plays the main theme from this song . The song was also covered by X Factor finalist , Rhydian Roberts , for which Lord Lloyd Webber wrote a male solo version specially for the artist . The beginning melody for this song was also used in the Alice Cooper concert DVD Live in Montreux before the song `` Department of Youth '' . In about 2001 , the song was covered by Sophie Viskich and Kris Phillips live in Beijing , China . Richard Clayderman has also arranged a piano - orchestral version of the song ; originally found in his album The Best of Andrew Lloyd Webber . In 2011 , Hawaiian - American singer Nicole Scherzinger sang this song at the annual Royal Variety Performance in the United Kingdom , which is often attended by Queen Elizabeth II but was attended by her daughter Princess Anne this year . Nicole Scherzinger was accompanied by four male `` Phantoms '' ( John Owen - Jones , Ramin Karimloo , Simon Bowman and Earl Carpenter ) for the performance , which was performed to make the 25th anniversary of Andrew Lloyd Webber 's 1986 musical . This is used as Kyla Ross ' floor music . She was part of the gold winning gymnastics team at the 2012 Olympics . It is also covered by Vocaloid character Hatsune Miku portraying as Christine . Violinist Lindsey Stirling did an accompanied instrumental version of the song on her Phantom of the Opera single in 2012 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Songs from the Phantom of the Opera - Various Artists Songs , Reviews , Credits AllMusic '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Who the hell does Roger Waters think he is ? '' . Q. November 1992 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sarah Brightman And Steve Harley - The Phantom Of The Opera / Overture The Phantom Of The Opera - Polydor - UK - POSP 800 '' . 45cat . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` SARAH BRIGHTMAN & STEVE HARLEY full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Officialcharts.com. 2016 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Phallic Frenzy : Ken Russell and His Films - Joseph Lanza - Google Books '' . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom Frolic - N.M.E. 8.02. 86 '' . Harleyfanzone.com . Archived from the original on 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Unmasked - Daily Star 3.02. 86 '' . Harleyfanzone.com . Archived from the original on 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom Strikes Again - Bill Hagerty '' . Harleyfanzone.com . Archived from the original on 29 June 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Phantom of the Opera - Article With Lyrics '' . Harleyfanzone.com . Archived from the original on 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kniestedt.com/theatre '' . Kniestedt.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley : Who Was That Masked Man Article & Picture ( s ) : Amazon.co.uk : NewspaperClipping : Books '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Behind the Mask : The Story of ' The Phantom of the Opera ' - Steve Harley Interview - 2005 Documentary Jump up ^ `` 1980s Newspapers '' . Early-sarah-brightman.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rebel Thespian - Readers Letter Reply , Mojo ' 09 '' . Harleyfanzone.com . Archived from the original on 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Brightman , Steve Harley - The Phantom Of The Opera at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Brightman And Steve Harley Discography - All Countries '' . 45cat . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Brightman , Steve Harley , Andrew Lloyd Webber - The Phantom Of The Opera ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Brightman , Steve Harley - The Phantom Of The Opera ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Brightman & Steve Harley , Andrew Lloyd Webber - The Phantom Of The Opera ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Brightman / Steve Harley - The Phantom Of The Opera ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Harley With Sarah Brightman - The Phantom Of The Opera ( Vinyl ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Brightman , Steve Harley - The Phantom Of The Opera ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Sarah Brightman , Steve Harley - The Phantom Of The Opera ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Various , Andrew Lloyd Webber - The Very Best Of Andrew Lloyd Webber ( CD ) at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew Lloyd Webber - Gold - The Definitive Hit Singles Collection at Discogs '' . Discogs.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Phantom Of The Opera '' . Web.archive.org. 2004 - 03 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2004 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Jaclyn Ward . `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . Irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on 3 June 2009 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` David D'Or & The Philharmonic '' . daviddor.com . February 2009 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` David D'Or -- David D'Or and the Philharmonic '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Amazon.com : The Best of Andrew Lloyd Webber : Richard Clayderman : Music The Phantom of the Opera by Gaston Leroux Books The Phantom of the Opera ( 1909 -- 1910 ) Phantom ( 1990 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) The Phantom of Manhattan ( 1999 ) Stage adaptations Phantom of the Opera ( 1976 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 ) Phantom ( 1991 ) Love Never Dies ( 2010 ) Film and television The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Song at Midnight ( 1937 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1962 ) The Phantom of Hollywood ( 1974 ) Phantom of the Paradise ( 1974 ) Opera ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1989 ) Phantom of the Mall : Eric 's Revenge ( 1989 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1990 ) The Phantom Lover ( 1995 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1998 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2004 ) The Phantom of the Opera at the Royal Albert Hall ( 2011 ) Characters Erik Christine Daaé Viscount Raoul de Chagny The Persian Carlotta Madame Giry Meg Giry Joseph Buquet Songs `` The Phantom of the Opera '' `` The Music of the Night '' `` All I Ask of You '' `` Learn to Be Lonely '' `` ' Til I Hear You Sing '' Other Don Juan Triumphant Punjab lasso Adaptations Return of the Phantom Palais Garnier Steve Harley / Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel Steve Harley Barry Wickens Robbie Gladwell James Lascelles Kuma Harada Adam Houghton Jean - Paul Crocker Paul Jeffreys Milton Reame - James Jim Cregan George Ford Duncan Mackay Stuart Elliott Lincoln Anderson Studio albums ( Cockney Rebel ) The Human Menagerie ( 1973 ) The Psychomodo ( 1974 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1975 ) Timeless Flight ( 1976 ) Love 's a Prima Donna ( 1976 ) The Quality of Mercy ( 2005 ) Studio albums ( Steve Harley ) Hobo with a Grin ( 1978 ) The Candidate ( 1979 ) Yes You Can ( 1992 ) Poetic Justice ( 1996 ) Stranger Comes to Town ( 2010 ) Live albums Face to Face : A Live Recording ( 1977 ) Stripped to the Bare Bones ( 1999 ) Acoustic and Pure : Live ( 2003 ) Anytime ! ( A Live Set ) ( as The Steve Harley Band , 2004 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Compilations A Closer Look ( 1975 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 1980 ) The Collection ( 1983 ) Greatest Hits ( 1987 ) Mr Soft ( 1988 ) Live at the BBC ( 1995 ) More Than Somewhat -- The Very Best of Steve Harley ( 1998 ) The Cream of Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ( 1999 ) Best of the ' 70s ( 2000 ) The Cockney Rebel - A Steve Harley Anthology ( 2006 ) The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel ( 2008 ) Cavaliers : An Anthology 1973 - 1974 ( 2012 ) Original Album Series ( 2014 ) Singles ( Cockney Rebel ) `` Sebastian '' `` Judy Teen '' `` Hideaway '' `` Psychomodo '' `` Mr. Soft '' `` Tumbling Down '' Singles ( Steve Harley & Cockney Rebel ) `` Make Me Smile ( Come Up and See Me ) '' `` Mr. Raffles ( Man , It Was Mean ) '' `` Black or White '' `` White , White Dove '' `` Here Comes the Sun '' `` ( I Believe ) Love 's a Prima Donna '' `` ( Love ) Compared with You '' `` The Best Years of Our Lives ( live ) '' `` I Ca n't Even Touch You '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Last Goodbye '' Singles ( Steve Harley ) `` Big Big Deal '' `` Roll the Dice '' `` Someone 's Coming '' `` Freedom 's Prisoner '' `` Ballerina ( Prima Donna ) '' `` Heartbeat Like Thunder '' `` Irresistible '' `` The Phantom of the Opera '' ( with Sarah Brightman ) `` Whatever You Believe '' ( as Anderson , Harley & Batt ) `` When I 'm with You '' `` Star for a Week ( Dino ) '' `` A Friend for Life '' `` Faith & Virtue '' `` For Sale . Baby Shoes . Never Worn '' `` Ordinary People '' Video Live from London ( 1985 ) The Come Back , All is Forgiven Tour : Live ( 1989 ) Live at the Isle of Wight Festival ( 2005 ) Birmingham ( Live with Orchestra & Choir ) ( 2013 ) Related articles Discography List of songs recorded by Steve Harley The Alan Parsons Project Nightwish Tuomas Holopainen Emppu Vuorinen Jukka Nevalainen Marco Hietala Troy Donockley Floor Jansen Tarja Turunen Sami Vänskä Anette Olzon Studio albums Angels Fall First Oceanborn Wishmaster Century Child Once Dark Passion Play Imaginaerum Endless Forms Most Beautiful Live albums From Wishes to Eternity End of Innocence End of an Era Made in Hong Kong ( And in Various Other Places ) Showtime , Storytime Vehicle of Spirit EPs Over the Hills and Far Away Compilations Wishmastour 2000 Tales from the Elvenpath Highest Hopes The Sound of Nightwish Reborn Walking in the Air : The Greatest Ballads Decades Box sets Wishbox Lokikirja Singles `` The Carpenter '' `` Sacrament of Wilderness '' `` Passion and the Opera '' `` Walking in the Air '' `` Sleeping Sun ( Four Ballads of the Eclipse ) '' `` The Kinslayer '' `` Deep Silent Complete '' `` Ever Dream '' `` Bless the Child '' `` Nemo '' `` Wish I Had an Angel '' `` Kuolema Tekee Taiteilijan '' `` The Siren '' `` Sleeping Sun '' `` Eva '' `` Amaranth '' `` Erämaan viimeinen '' `` Bye Bye Beautiful '' `` The Islander '' `` Storytime '' `` The Crow , the Owl and the Dove '' `` Élan '' `` Endless Forms Most Beautiful '' Songs `` FantasMic '' `` Sleepwalker '' `` Beauty of the Beast '' `` Planet Hell '' `` While Your Lips Are Still Red '' `` Last Ride of the Day '' Tours The First Tour of the Angels Oceanborn Europe Tour Wishmaster World Tour World Tour of the Century Once Upon a Tour Dark Passion Play World Tour Imaginaerum World Tour Endless Forms Most Beautiful World Tour Decades : World Tour Related acts Tarja Turunen Almah Altaria Alyson Avenue Auri Barilari Brother Firetribe For My Pain ... Kai Hahto Kotiteollisuus Northern Kings Northward Pain ReVamp Sethian Tapio Wilska Tarot Timo Rautiainen Tony Kakko Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Members Songs recorded Once Upon a Nightwish Imaginaerum ( film ) Music Inspired by the Life and Times of Scrooge Book : Nightwish Category : Nightwish Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_(Andrew_Lloyd_Webber_song)&oldid=840848672 '' Categories : Sarah Brightman songs Songs from The Phantom of the Opera ( 1986 musical ) Vocal duets Nightwish songs Songs with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber Steve Harley songs Songs involved in plagiarism controversies 1986 songs Polydor Records singles Songs with lyrics by Charles Hart ( lyricist ) Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano עברית Português Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 15 : 36 . 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United States presidential election, 1924
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United states presidential election , 1924 - wikipedia United states presidential election , 1924 Jump to : navigation , search United States presidential election , 1924 ← 1920 November 4 , 1924 1928 → 531 electoral votes of the Electoral College 266 electoral votes needed to win Turnout 48.9 % 0.3 pp Nominee Calvin Coolidge John W. Davis Robert M. La Follette Sr . Party Republican Democratic Progressive Home state Massachusetts West Virginia Wisconsin Running mate Charles G. Dawes Charles W. Bryan Burton K. Wheeler Electoral vote 382 136 13 States carried 35 12 Popular vote 15,723,789 8,386,242 4,831,706 Percentage 54.0 % 28.8 % 16.6 % Presidential election results map . Red denotes states won by Coolidge / Dawes , blue denotes those won by Davis / Bryan , light green denotes those won by La Follette / Wheeler . Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state . President before election Calvin Coolidge Republican Elected President Calvin Coolidge Republican The United States presidential election of 1924 was the 35th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 4 , 1924 . Incumbent President Calvin Coolidge , the Republican candidate , was elected to a full term . Coolidge had been vice-president under Warren G. Harding and became president in 1923 when Harding died during his term in office . Coolidge was given credit for a booming economy at home and no visible crises abroad . His candidacy was aided by a split within the Democratic Party . The regular Democratic candidate was John W. Davis , a little - known former congressman and diplomat from West Virginia , and the only person from that state to ever become a candidate for President . Davis was also the first man from a former slave state ( including the border states ) to be a Presidential candidate since the Civil War , although Tennessee 's Andrew Johnson had served as President after Lincoln was assassinated . Since Davis was a conservative , many liberal Democrats bolted the party and backed the third - party campaign of Senator Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin , who ran as the candidate of the Progressive Party and by winning his home state became and remains the only person from Wisconsin to win an electoral vote for president . Garland S. Tucker , in a 2010 book , argues that the election marked the `` high tide of American conservatism , '' as both major candidates campaigned for limited government , reduced taxes , and less regulation . The third place candidate , Robert La Follette , however , campaigned on a contrary platform . Contents ( hide ) 1 Nominations 1.1 Republican Party nomination 1.2 Democratic Party nomination 1.3 Progressive Party nomination 2 Results 2.1 Geography of results 2.1. 1 Cartographic gallery 2.2 Results by state 2.3 Close States 2.3. 1 Statistics 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Nominations ( edit ) Republican party nomination ( edit ) Main article : 1924 Republican National Convention Republican candidates President Calvin Coolidge Senator Hiram Johnson from California Senator Robert M. La Follette from Wisconsin Governor Frank Orren Lowden of Illinois ( Declined to contest ) When Coolidge became president , he was fortunate to have had a stable cabinet that remained untarnished by the scandals of the Harding administration . He won public confidence by taking a hand in settling a serious Pennsylvania coal strike , even though much of the negotiation 's success was largely due to the state 's governor , Gifford Pinchot . However , the more conservative factions within the Republican Party remained unconvinced in the new president 's own conservatism , given his rather liberal record while governor of Massachusetts , and he had not even been their first choice for the vice presidency back in 1920 ; Senator Irvine Lenroot had been the choice of the party bosses then , but the delegates had rebelled . However it should be noted that Coolidge was not popular with the liberal or progressive factions within the party either . Heartened by their victories in the 1922 midterms , the party 's progressives vigorously opposed a continuation of the late Harding 's policies . In the fall of 1923 , Senator Hiram Johnson of California announced his intention of fighting Coolidge in the presidential primaries , and already friends of Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin were planning a third party . Senator William Edgar Borah from Idaho Coolidge decided to head off the immediate threat of Johnson 's candidacy by gaining the endorsement of some of the liberals . He first approached Senator William Borah from Idaho and cultivated his circle by making a conciliatory reference to the Soviet Union in a speech in December . No sooner had the Soviet Union reacted favorably than Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes persuaded the President to reject it . This left Borah on the verge of deserting Coolidge , but the subsequent disclosure of corruption among the Establishment persuaded him to stay and to try to convince Coolidge to align his policies more closely to his own . Coolidge for his part seemed unsure of what ideological posture to assume . His State of the Union address in January was neither liberal nor reactionary . He played Borah by repeatedly promising to fire Attorney General Harry Daugherty and putting it off . In a speech on Lincoln Day Coolidge promised unstinting prosecution that would not mingle the innocent and the guilty -- and managed to keep Borah within his ranks until he no longer feared the senator 's influence . By then , Coolidge had made himself sufficiently strong to replace not only corrupt officeholders but also many Republican stalwarts on the national committee and throughout the party hierarchy , elevating in their stead business friends loyal to him ; Coolidge managed to create a conservative administration that had very little to do with the party establishment . In an effort to try to get at least some of the liberals back into the party ranks , he then offered the vice presidency to the popular Senator Borah . The senator declined , also refusing to nominate Coolidge at that year 's Republican convention which he later decided against attending . Another task for Coolidge , only slightly easier than tightening his hold over the party 's divergent factions , was to rebuild the party organization . A few years before , Will Hays had brought disciplined energy to the office of Republican national chairman . Hays ' replacement , William Butler , lacked his predecessor 's experience , and it fell to Coolidge himself to whip the party into shape . His prime task was to establish control over the party in order to ensure his own nomination . Presidential Secretary Campbell Bascom Slemp Through the power of patronage Coolidge consolidated his hold over Republican officeholders and office - seekers in the South , where the party was made up of little more than those whose positions were awarded through such a system . This allowed him to gain control of southern delegates to the coming Republican convention . He also let it be known that his secretary Campbell Slemp , who favored the policy , would remove African - American Republican leaders in the South in order to attract more white voters to the party . Only California Senator Hiram Johnson challenged Coolidge in the South ; Governor Frank Lowden of Illinois , potentially Coolidge 's most dangerous rival for the nomination , was attending to his state after he had decided 1924 would probably be a Democratic year . When the early Alabama primary resulted in a slate contested between the Coolidge and Johnson forces , an administration - picked committee on delegates awarded Alabama to Coolidge . Johnson formally opened his campaign for the presidential nomination in Cleveland , Ohio on January 2 . He delivered a sharp attack on the Republican National Committee for increasing southern delegate representation in the national convention while also criticizing Coolidge for supplying arms to the Obregón forces in Mexico . `` I shall not concede , '' he said `` that collectors of revenue , U.S. Marshals , postmasters , and other officeholders may themselves alone nominate candidates for the Presidency . '' Johnson later condemned inefficient enforcement of prohibition and argued against Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon 's plan to reduce taxes , which he said favored the wealthiest classes . Johnson 's drive began to falter almost as soon as it had begun . In appealing to the rank and file he moved even further away from the organization Republicans who would chose the nominee . Johnson , moreover , was too much a maverick for the conciliatory role demanded of a national political candidate . In the mid-1920s the major parties had little use for the nonconformists like Johnson or Governor Gifford Pinchot of Pennsylvania , but Johnson in truth could not easily be placed in the political spectrum . He did oppose the administration 's tax reduction program which favored higher income groups , but he spoke against the World Court as he had the League of Nations , opposed the sale of arms to liberal Obregón forces in Mexico , called for an end to all Chinese immigration , and joined the American Legion in calling for the immediate payment of the veterans ' bonus . Senator James Watson To head off the Johnson threat , such as it was , Coolidge used the familiar weapons of his office . Through patronage threats he persuaded Senator James Watson of Indiana to take his own favorite - son candidacy out of the race ; the decision was announced on January 11 after Watson met with William Butler , the President 's campaign manager . To seal the Indiana factions in common cause , Butler made Colonel Carmi Thompson from Cleveland , Ohio associate manager for Coolidge 's preconvention campaign . On January 16 steps were taken to enter Coolidge in Johnson 's own California primary . Two days after that , Coolidge received the endorsement of the anti-prohibitionist Nicholas M. Butler , president of Columbia University . A little later , Governor Pinchot , who had lost control of his state party organization , earned a place in his state 's delegation , further state patronage , and other concessions in exchange for his support of the President . By the end of the month the eastern states were clearly entrenched in their support of Coolidge . In Michigan , where Johnson had won the presidential preference campaign in 1920 , Coolidge backers filed nominating petitions for an old man named Hiram Johnson , hoping to divide the anti-administration vote . This Johnson , who resided in Michigan 's Upper Peninsula , planned no campaign . William Morgan Butler Manager for the Coolidge Campaign But the California senator remained in the race ; it is thought that he might have hoped his candidacy would force Coolidge to adopt a more progressive stance , especially in regards to corruption . Johnson for example was prominent in the movement that led Coolidge to fire Attorney General Daugherty and accept the resignation of Secretary of the Navy Edwin Denby . In an effort to offset Johnson 's popularity in some of the farm states the president also increased the tariff on wheat , and made available further farm loans . His efforts paid off in the first presidential primary in North Dakota ; Coolidge won , La Follette ran second , and Johnson was far behind La Follette . The radical vote was split with Coolidge winning only with a plurality however , and Johnson remained in the race . Later in March , Johnson barely nosed ahead of Coolidge in the South Dakota primary , where Johnson had the personal support of the popular Senator Peter Norbeck . This would be the only primary Johnson would win . During April Coolidge defeated him in swift succession in Michigan , Illinois , Nebraska , Oklahoma , New Jersey and Ohio . Refusing to quit , Johnson allowed his campaign to limp along into early May ; then Coolidge defeated Johnson even in his staunch progressive - Republican state of California , despite Coolidge 's opposition to an outright ban on Chinese immigration . In mid-May the official Coolidge headquarters opened in Cleveland , Ohio under the direction of William Butler , general manager of the Coolidge campaign . When Butler predicted that 1,066 of the 1,109 delegates would favor Coolidge , no one really doubted him , and the Republicans planned a king of outing , like the familiar business conventions , rather than a serious political encounter . The only remotely interesting event would be the choosing of a vice presidential candidate , Coolidge himself had not bothered to decide on a candidate ; evidently he hoped Borah might still run but the other candidates were all acceptable to him . Circumstances affecting the two most recent occupants of that office however gave the dramatic illusion of the importance of the Vice-Presidency . When President Wilson fell ill in 1919 only a heartbeat kept the little - known Thomas R. Marshall from becoming President . Then Harding 's death sent Coolidge to the White House . A man of ability had to be chosen and one who would also bring strength to the ticket in areas where La Follette could potentially run well . When Senator Borah declined the honor , California Republicans started to boost Herbert Hoover , who was credited with helping Coolidge triumph over Johnson in the state 's presidential primary . Particularly since the narrow defeat of Charles E. Hughes in 1916 , discovered only the day after the election when the final tallies were received from California , the state had been looked upon as important ; the imminent candidacy of Robert La Follette , who would appeal to western liberals , made California all the more crucial . The New York Times thought Hoover would make an excellent choice , recognition at last that the vice president must be a man fitted for the presidency . Coolidge never spoke for Hoover and may have hoped he would remain in the cabinet where he was needed . As a dynamic vice president , Hoover would be too visibly the heir apparent for 1928 ; certainly he would overshadow the chief executive in an embarrassing way . Other candidates mentioned prominently included Governor Frank O. Lowden of Illinois , Governor Arthur M. Hyde of Missouri , and Charles G. Dawes , author of the German war reparations payment plan . It was hoped that both the party 's candidates would be chosen on Thursday , June 12 , to avoid the necessity of naming the Vice President on Friday the 13th . Charles Beecher Warren Ambassador to Mexico The platform also came under special consideration in the weeks before the convention . Some Republican liberals threatened to support La Follette 's third party ticket if the document omitted certain planks . Other problems faced the Platform Committee : the veterans ' bonus , tax reform , Chinese immigration , and the World Court -- all issues that cut at least one extremity from the main body of the party . Heading up the Committee on Resolutions , which was enjoined to formulate the party platform , was Charles B. Warren . In fact , however , much of the actual drafting fell to a subcommittee of the national committee , with vice-chairman Ralph Williams of Oregon as its head . Nicholas M. Butler suggested that the platform consist of twelve to fifteen crisp sentences written by President Coolidge . It did indeed turn out to be a short and noncontroversial document . No mention was made of the Ku Klux Klan , and faint praise was given to hopeful plans for joining the World Court and helping the farmer . Apparently the party thought that traditional Republican strength in the areas affected by crop failure and low prices could accommodate a mild rebellion without loss of the section 's electoral votes . The platform spoke of Coolidge 's `` practical idealism '' ; it also observed apologetically that `` time has been too short for the correction of all the ills we received as a heritage from the last Democratic Administration . '' It proposed a conference on `` the use of submarines and poison gas . '' Though the document was drafted by a new breed of Republican such as Ogden Mills from New York - who even recommended the adoption of an anti-Klan plank - rather than party stalwarts like Senator Henry Cabot Lodge from Massachusetts or Senator George Pepper from Pennsylvania , it remained conservative in its blandness . A substitute platform presented by Wisconsin progressives caught a moral tone the other failed to embody , but was defeated without a vote . The convention formally opened from June 10 to 12 . No questions arose over the choice of the presidential nominee . After the delegates tried unsuccessfully to prevail on Governor Frank Lowden of Illinois to run for the vice presidency -- they actually nominated him but he declined -- Charles G. Dawes won the nomination on the third ballot . He defeated Herbert Hoover , the choice of National Chairman Butler , by 682 votes to 234 . Both candidates suffered from unpopularity with one major group of voters : Dawes with organized labor for his opposition to certain strikes , Hoover with wheat farmers for his role in price fixing during the war . Hoover lost because most convention leaders were more sensitive to the farm vote than that of labor , and because the president had not endorsed him . Dawes , a fiery brigadier general of World War I , now fifty - nine years old ( seven years older than Coolidge ) , was well received by the convention and by Republicans generally . No doubt the establishment would have preferred a man of quieter disposition such as Senator Charles Curtis from Kansas , but Dawes ' denunciation of the closed shop pleased them . Since Coolidge had not strongly supported any candidate , congressional leaders and party rebels agreed that `` Hell'n Maria '' Dawes , who had denounced `` pinhead '' politicians before a congressional investigating committee , was available and a strong candidate . His familiarity with the West , which would be the battleground of the campaign , gave needed strength to a ticket headed by a conservative easterner . German - Americans , who could be expected to support La Follette in large numbers , liked Dawes in particular for helping to solve postwar difficulties in Germany through his service on the Reparations Commission . He was billed as the active member of the ticket who would carry on the partisan campaign for Coolidge , much as Richard Nixon would do for the incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1956 . In an episode also suggestive of Nixon 's career , a scandal was raised against Dawes . A dozen years earlier his bank had briefly loaned a banker friend named Lorimer , who had been expelled from the United States Senate , over a million dollars for the purpose of satisfying a state banking law ; eventually , Lorimer 's bank failed , but in 1924 this issue did not resonate with the voters . ( show ) 1924 RNC presidential ballot ( 1 ) 1924 RNC vice presidential ballots ( 1 - 3 ) Presidential ballot Vice presidential ballot 2 Before shifts 2 After shifts Calvin Coolidge 1065 Charles G. Dawes 149 111 49 682.5 Robert M. La Follette 34 Frank Orren Lowden 222 413 766 0 Hiram Johnson 10 Theodore E. Burton 139 288 94 0 Herbert Hoover 0 0 0 234.5 William S. Kenyon 172 95 68 75 George Scott Graham 81 0 0 0 James Eli Watson 79 55 7 45 Charles Curtis 56 31 24 0 Arthur M. Hyde 55 36 36 0 George W. Norris 35 0 0 0 Smith W. Brookhart 0 31 0 0 Frank T. Hines 28 0 0 Charles A. March 28 0 0 0 J. Will Taylor 21 20 27 27 William Purnell Jackson 23 0 0 10 Charles B. Warren 10 23 14 T. Coleman du Pont 0 0 11 Joseph M. Dixon 6 0 0 Everett Sanders 0 0 0 James Harbord 0 0 Albert J. Beveridge 0 0 0 John L. Coulter 0 0 William Wrigley 0 0 John J. Pershing 0 0 0 0 Democratic party nomination ( edit ) Main articles : 1924 Democratic National Convention and Democratic Party ( United States ) presidential primaries , 1924 Democratic candidates John W. Davis from West Virginia , Former Ambassador to the United Kingdom William Gibbs McAdoo from California , Former Secretary of the Treasury Governor Al Smith of New York Senator Oscar Underwood from Alabama Oil Tycoon Edward Laurence Doheny Sizable Democratic gains during the 1922 Midterm elections suggested to many Democrats that the nadir they experienced immediately following the 1920 elections was ending , and that a popular candidate like William Gibbs McAdoo from California , who could draw the popular support of labor and Wilsonians , would stand an excellent chance of winning the coming presidential election . The Teapot Dome scandal added yet even more enthusiasm for party initially , though further disclosures revealed that the corrupt interests had been bipartisan ; Edward Doheny for example , whose name had become synonymous with that of the Teapot Dome scandal , ranked highly in the Democratic party of California , contributing highly to party campaigns , served as chairman of the state party , and was even at one point advanced as a possibly candidate for Vice-President in 1920 . The death of Warren Harding in August 1923 and the succession of Coolidge blunted the effects of the scandals upon the Republican party , including that of Teapot Dome , but up until and into the convention many Democrats believed that the Republicans would be turned out of the White House . The immediate leading candidate of the Democratic party was William Gibbs McAdoo , now sixty years old , who was extremely popular with labor thanks to his wartime record as Director General of the railroads and was , as former President Wilson 's son - in - law , also the favorite of the Wilsonians . However , in January 1924 , unearthed evidence of his relationship with Doheny discomforted many of his supporters . After McAdoo had resigned from the Wilson Administration in 1918 , Joseph Tumulty , Wilson 's secretary , had warned him to avoid association with Doheny . However , in 1919 , McAdoo took Doheny as a client for an unusually large initial fee of $100,000 , in addition to an annual retainer . Not the least perplexing part of the deal involved a million dollar bonus for McAdoo if the Mexican government reach a satisfactory agreement with Washington on oil lands Doheny held south of the Texas border . The bonus was never paid and McAdoo insisted later that it was a casual figure of speech mentioned in jest . At the time , however , he had telegraphed the New York World that he would have received `` an additional fee of $900,000 if my firm had succeeded in getting a satisfactory settlement , '' since the Doheny companies had `` several hundred million dollars of property at stake , our services , had they been effective , would have been rightly compensated by the additional fee . '' In fact , the lawyer received only $50,000 more from Doheny . It was also charged that on matters of interest to his client , Republic Iron and Steel , from whom he received $150,000 , McAdoo neglected the regular channels dictated by propriety and consulted directly with his own appointees in the capital to obtain a fat refund . Edward Mandell `` Colonel '' House Josephus Daniels McAdoo 's connection to Doheny appeared to seriously lessen his desirability as a presidential candidate . In February Colonel House urged him to withdraw from the race , as did Josephus Daniels , Thomas Bell Love , and two important contributors to the Democratic party , Bernard Baruch and Thomas Chadbourne . Some advisers hoped that McAdoo 's chances would improve after a formal withdrawal . William Jennings Bryan , who never doubted McAdoo 's honesty , thought that the Doheny affair had damaged the lawyer 's chances `` seriously , if not fatally . '' Senator Thomas Walsh , who earlier had called McAdoo the greatest Secretary of the Treasury since Alexander Hamilton , informed him with customary curtness : `` You are no longer available as a candidate . '' Breckinridge Long , who would be McAdoo 's floor manager at the June convention , wrote in his diary on February 13 : `` As it stands today we are beat . '' The New York Times , itself convinced that McAdoo had acted in bad taste and against the spirit of the law , reported the widespread opinion that McAdoo had `` been eliminated as a formidable contender for Democratic nomination . '' McAdoo was unpopular for reasons other than his close association with Doheny . Even in 1918 , The Nation was saying that `` his election to the White House would be an unqualified misfortune . '' McAdoo , the liberal journal then believed , had wanted to go to war with Mexico and Germany , and he was held responsible for segregating clerks in the Treasury Department . Walter Lippmann wrote in 1920 that McAdoo `` is not fundamentally moved by the simple moralities , '' and that his `` honest '' liberalism catered only to popular feeling . Liberal critics , believing him a demagogue , gave as evidence his stand for quick payment of the veterans ' bonus . Much of the dissatisfaction with McAdoo on the part of reformers and urban Democrats sprang from his acceptance of the backing of the Ku Klux Klan . James Cox , the 1920 Democratic nominee , indignantly wrote that `` there was not only tacit consent to the Klan 's support , but it was apparent that he and his major supporters were conniving with the Klan . '' Friends insisted that McAdoo 's silence on the matter hid a distaste that the political facts of life kept him from expressing , and especially after the Doheny scandal when he desperately needed support . Thomas Bell Love of Texas - though at one time of a contrary opinion - advised McAdoo not to issue even a mild disclaimer of the Klan . To Bernard Baruch and others , McAdoo explained as a disavowal of the Klan his remarks against prejudice at a 1923 college commencement . But McAdoo could not command the support of unsatisfied liberal spokesmen for The Nation and The New Republic , who favored the candidacy of the Republican Senator Robert La Follette . A further blow to McAdoo was the death on February 3 , 1924 , of Woodrow Wilson , who ironically had outlived his successor in the White House . Father - in - law to the candidate , Wilson might have given McAdoo a welcome endorsement now that the League of Nations had receded as an issue . William Dodd of the University of Chicago wrote to his father that Wilson had been `` counting on '' his daughter 's being in the White House . The New York Times however reported a rumor that Wilson had written to Cox hoping he would again be a candidate in 1924 . These handicaps did not deter McAdoo from campaigning vigorously and effectively in presidential primaries . He won easily against minor candidates whose success might have denied him key delegations in the South and West . Senator Oscar Underwood from Alabama was no match for McAdoo . Opposed to prohibition and the Klan , the Alabamian failed to identify himself with the kind of progressivism that would have won him some compensating support . Nor was Underwood a real southerner ; he had been born in Kentucky and his father had served as a colonel in the Union army . `` He is a New York candidate living in the South , '' said William Jennings Bryan . McAdoo defeated Underwood in Georgia and even split the Alabama delegation . Whatever appeal Underwood had outside of the South the emerging candidacy of Al Smith erased . In their immediate effects the heated primary contests drew to McAdoo the financial support of the millionaires Thomas Chadbourne and Bernard Baruch ( who was indebted to McAdoo for his appointment as head of the War Industries Board ) ; and they strengthened the resolve of Governor Smith , ten years younger than McAdoo , to make a serious try for the nomination , which he had originally sought primarily to block McAdoo on the behalf of the eastern political bosses . The contests also hardened the antagonisms between the candidates , and cut deeper divisions within the electorate . In doing this , they undoubtedly retrieved lost ground for McAdoo and broadened his previously shrinking base of support , drawing to him rural , Klan , and dry elements awakened by the invigorated candidacy of Smith . Senator Kenneth McKellar from Tennessee wrote to his sister Nellie : `` I see McAdoo carried Georgia by such an overwhelming majority that it is likely to reinstate him in the running . '' The Klan seemed to oppose every Democratic candidate except McAdoo . A Klan newspaper rejected Henry Ford because he had given a Lincoln car to a Catholic archbishop ; it flatly rejected Smith as a Catholic from `` Jew York ; '' and it called Underwood the `` Jew , jug , Jesuit candidate . '' The primaries therefore played their part in crystallizing the split within the party that would tear it apart at the forthcoming convention . City immigrants and McAdoo progressives had earlier joined to fight the Mellon tax plans in Congress , since both groups represented people of small means ; deeper social animosities dissolved their alliance , and the urban - rural division rapidly supplanted all others . Frank Walsh , a progressive New York lawyer , wrote : `` If his ( Smith 's ) religion is a bar , of course it is all right with me to bust up the Democratic party on such an issue . '' Representative Cordell Hull More directly , the contest between McAdoo and Smith thrust upon the Democratic national convention a dilemma of a kind no politician would wish to confront . To reject McAdoo and nominate Smith would solidify anti-Catholic feeling and rob the party of millions of otherwise certain votes in the South and elsewhere . But to reject Smith and nominate McAdoo would antagonize American Catholics , who constituted some 16 percent of the population and most of whom could normally be counted upon by the Democrats . Either selection would affect significantly the future of the party . Now in the ostensibly neutral hands of Cordell Hull , the Democratic national convention chairman , party machinery was expected to shift to the victor in the convention , and a respectable run in the fall election would ensure the victor 's continued supremacy in Democratic politics . The selection of New York as the site for the 1924 convention was based in part on the recent success of the party ; in 1922 thirteen Republican congressmen from the state had lost their seats . Gotham ( a nickname for New York city ) had not been chosen for a convention since 1868 . Wealthy New Yorkers , who had outbid other cities , declared their purpose `` to convince the rest of the country that the town was not the red - light menace generally conceived by the sticks . '' Though dry organizations opposed the choice of New York , it won McAdoo 's grudging consent in the fall of 1923 , before the oil scandals made Smith a serious threat to him . McAdoo 's own adopted state , California , had played host to the Democrats in 1920 . The 1924 Democratic National Convention was held from June 24 to July 9 , and while there were a number of memorable moments , none were more crucial to the following proceedings then what occurred after a Platform Committee report on whether to censure the Ku Klux Klan by name came out . McAdoo controlled three of the four convention committees , including this one , and the majority report declared specifically against naming the Klan - although all the Committee members agreed on a general condemnation of bigotry and intolerance . Every effort was made to avoid the necessity of a direct commitment on the issue . Smith did not want to inflame the issue , but the proponents of his candidacy were anxious to identify McAdoo closely with the Klan and possibly to defeat him in a test of strength before the balloting began ; the Smith faction , led by George Brennan of Illinois , therefore demanded that the specific denunciation of the Klan uttered by the committee minority become official . William Jennings Bryan , whose aim was to keep the party together and to maintain harmony among his rural followers , argued that naming the Klan would popularize it , as had the publicity given the organization by the New York World . It was also good politics to avoid the issue , Bryan claimed , since naming it would irredeemably divide the party . Worse still , Bryan believed , denouncing the Klan by name would betray the McAdoo forces , since it had been the Smith camp 's strategy to raise the issue . In contrast to Bryan , former mayor Andrew Erwin of Athens , Georgia , spoke for the anti-Klan plank . In the ensuing vote , the Klan escaped censure by a hair 's breadth ; the vote itself foretold McAdoo 's own defeat in the balloting . Balloting for President beginning on June 30 . McAdoo and Smith each evolved a strategy to build up his own total slowly . Smith 's trick was to plant his extra votes for his opponent , so that McAdoo 's strength might later appear to be waning ; the Californian countered by holding back his full force , though he had been planning a strong early show . But by no sleight of hand could the convention have been swung around to either contestant . With the party split into two assertive parts , the rule requiring a two - thirds majority for nomination crippled the chances of both candidates by giving a veto each could - and did - use . McAdoo himself wanted to drop the two - thirds rule , but his Protestant supporters preferred to keep their veto over a Catholic candidate , and the South regarded the rule as a protection of its interests . At no point in the balloting did Smith receive more than a single vote from the South and scarcely more than 20 votes from the states west of the Mississippi ; he never won more than 368 of the 729 votes needed for nomination , though even this performance was impressive for a Roman Catholic . McAdoo 's strength fluctuated more widely , reaching its highest point of 528 on the seventieth ballot . Since both candidates occasionally received purely strategic aid , the nucleus of their support was probably even less . The remainder of the votes were divided among dark horses and favorite sons who had spun high hopes since the Doheny testimony ; understandably , they hesitated to withdraw their own candidacies as long as the convention was so clearly divided . As time passed , the maneuvers of the two factions took on the character of desperation . Daniel C. Roper even went to Franklin Roosevelt , reportedly to offer Smith second place on a McAdoo ticket . For their part , the Tammany men tried to prolong the convention until the hotel bills were beyond the means of the outlanders ; the Smith backers also attempted to stampede the delegates by packing the galleries with noisy rooters . Senator James Phelan from California , among others , complained of `` New York rowdyism . '' But the rudeness of Tammany , and particularly the booing accord to Bryan when he spoke to the convention , only steeled the resolution of the country delegates . McAdoo and Bryan both tried to reassemble the convention in another city , perhaps Washington , D.C. or St. Louis . As a last resort , McAdoo supporters introduced a motion to eliminate one candidate on each ballot until only five remained , but Smith delegates and those supporting favorite sons managed to defeat the McAdoo strategy . Smith countered by suggesting that all delegates be released from their pledges - to which McAdoo agreed on condition that the two - thirds rule be eliminated - although Smith fully expected that loyalty would prevent the disaffection of Indiana and Illinois votes , both controlled by political bosses friendly to him . Indeed , Senator David Walsh from Massachusetts expressed the sentiment that moved Smith backers : `` We must continue to do all that we can to nominate Smith . If it should develop that he can not be nominated , then McAdoo can not have it either . '' For his part , McAdoo would angrily quit the convention and leave the country once he lost : but the sixty - first inconclusive round - when the convention set a record for length of balloting - was no time to admit defeat . Fmr . Senator and Governor Samuel Moffett Ralston It had seemed for a time that the nomination could go to Samuel Ralston , an Indiana senator and popular former governor . Advanced by the indefatigable boss Thomas Taggart , Ralston 's candidacy might look for some support from Bryan , who had written , `` Ralston is the most promising of the compromise candidates . '' Ralston was also a favorite of the Klan and a second choice of many McAdoo men . In 1922 he had launched an attack on parochial schools that the Klan saw as an endorsement of its own views , and he won several normally Republican counties dominated by the Klan . Commenting on the Klan issue , Ralston said that it would create a bad precedent to denounce any organization by name in the platform . Much of Ralston 's support came from the South and West - states like Oklahoma , Missouri , and Nevada , with their strong Klan elements . McAdoo himself , according to Claude Bowers , said : `` I like the old Senator , like his simplicity , honesty , record '' ; and it was reported that he told Smith supporters he would withdraw only in favor of Ralston . As with John W. Davis , Ralston had few enemies , and his support from men as divergent as Bryan and Taggart cast him as a possible compromise candidate . He passed Davis , the almost consistent third choice of the convention , on the fifty - second ballot ; but Taggart then discouraged the boom for the time being because the McAdoo and Smith phalanxes showed no signs of weakening . On July 8 , the eighty - seventh ballot showed a total for Ralston of 93 votes , chiefly from Indiana and Missouri ; before the day was over , the Ralston total had risen to almost two hundred , a larger tally than Davis had ever received . Most of these votes were drawn from McAdoo , to whom they later returned . Numerous sources indicate that Taggart was not exaggerating when he later said : `` We would have nominated Senator Ralston if he had not withdrawn his name at the last minute . It was a near certainty as anything in politics could be . We had pledges of enough delegates that would shift to Ralston on a certain ballot to have nominated him . '' Ralston himself had wavered on whether to make the race ; despite the doctor 's stern recommendation not to run and the illness of his wife and son , the Senator had told Taggart that he would be a candidate , albeit a reluctant one . But the three - hundred pound Ralston finally telegraphed his refusal to go on with it ; sixty - six years old at the time of the convention , he would die the following year . Governor Charles Wayland Bryan The nomination , stripped of all honor , finally went to John W. Davis , a compromise candidate who won on the one hundred and third ballot after the withdrawal of Smith and McAdoo . Davis had never been a genuine dark horse candidate ; he had almost always been third in the balloting , and by the end of the twenty - ninth round he was the betting favorite of New York gamblers . There had been a Davis movement at the 1920 San Francisco convention of considerable size ; however , Charles Hamlin wrote in his diary , Davis `` frankly said ... that he was not seeking ( the nomination ) and that if nominated he would accept only as a matter of public duty . '' For Vice-President , the Democrats nominated the able Charles W. Bryan , governor of Nebraska , brother of William Jennings Bryan , and for many years editor of The Commoner . Loquacious beyond endurance , Bryan attacked the gas companies of Nebraska and bravely tried such socialistic schemes as a municipal ice plant for Lincoln . In 1922 he had won the governorship by promising to lower taxes . Bryan received little more than the necessary two - thirds vote , and no attempt was made to make the choice unanimous ; booes were sounding through the Garden . The incongruous teaming of the distinguished Wall Street lawyer and the radical from a prairie state provided not a balanced but a schizoid ticket , and because the selection of Bryan was reputed to be a sop to the radicals , many delegates unfamiliar with Davis ' actual record came to identify the lawyer with a conservatism in excess even of that considerable amount he did indeed represent . In his acceptance speech Davis made the perfunctory statement that he would enforce the prohibition law , but his conservatism prejudiced him in favor of personal liberty and home rule and he was frequently denounced as a wet . The dry leader Wayne Wheeler complained of Davis ' `` constant repetition of wet catch phrases like ' personal liberty , ' ' illegal search and seizure , ' and ' home rule ' . '' After the convention Davis tried to satisfy both factions of his party , but his support came principally from the same city elements that had backed Cox in 1920 . ( show ) ( 1 - 20 ) Presidential Ballot 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th J.W. Davis 31 32 34 34 34.5 55.5 55 57 63 57.5 59 60 64.5 64.5 61 63 64 66 84.5 122 McAdoo 431.5 431 437 443.6 443.1 443.1 442.6 444.6 444.6 471.6 476.3 478.5 477 475.5 479 478 471.5 470.5 474 432 Smith 241 251.5 255.5 260 261 261.5 261.5 273.5 278 299.5 303.2 301 303.5 306.5 305.5 305.5 312.5 312.5 311.5 307.5 Cox 59 61 60 59 59 59 59 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 Harrison 43.5 23.5 23.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 31.5 20.5 21.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 0 0 0 0 0 Underwood 42.5 42 42 41.5 41.5 42.5 42.5 48 45.5 43.9 42.5 41.5 40.5 40.5 39.5 41.5 42 39.5 39.5 45.5 Silzer 38 30 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ferris 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 6.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ralston 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30.5 30.5 32.5 31.5 31.5 31 31 31 30 30 31 30 Glass 25 25 29 45 25 25 25 26 25 25 25.5 26 25 24 25 25 44 30 30 25 Ritchie 22.5 21.5 22.5 21.5 42.9 22.9 20.9 19.9 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 18.5 17.5 17.5 Robinson 21 41 41 19 19 19 19 21 21 20 20 19 19 19 20 46 28 22 22 21 J.M. Davis 20 23 20 29 28 27 30 29 32.4 12 11 13.5 11 11 11 11 10 10 9 10 C.W. Bryan 18 18 19 19 19 18 18 16 15 12 11 11 10 11 11 11 11 11 10 11 Brown 17 12.5 12.5 9.9 8.5 8 8 9 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 Sweet 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Saulsbury 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Kendrick 6 6 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Thompson 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Walsh 0 8 W.J. Bryan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Baker 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Berry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Krebs 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Copeland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.5 0 0 Hull 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 Hitchcock 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Dever 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 ( show ) ( 21 - 40 ) Presidential Ballot 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th 31st 32nd 33rd 34th 35th 36th 37th 38th 39th 40th J.W. Davis 125 123.5 129.5 129.5 126 125 128.5 126 124.5 126.5 127.5 128 121 107.5 107 106.5 107 105 71 70 McAdoo 439 438.5 438.5 438.5 436.5 415.5 413 412 415 415.5 415.5 415.5 404.5 445 439 429 444.5 444 499 506.4 Smith 307.5 307.5 308 308 308.5 311.5 316.5 316.5 321 323.5 322.5 322 310.5 311 323.5 323 321 321 320.5 315.1 Cox 60 60 60 60 59 59 59 59 59 57 57 57 57 54 50 55 55 55 55 55 Underwood 45.5 45.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.5 38.5 41.5 Ralston 30 32 32 33 31 32 32 34 34 33 32 32 32 31 33 33.5 32 32 32 31 Glass 24 25 30 29 29 29 29 25 25 24 24 24 24 24 29 24 24 24 25 24 Robinson 22 22 23 22 23 23 23 24 23 23 24 24 23 24 24 24 24 24 23 24 Ritchie 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 18.5 18.5 17.5 17.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 17.5 17.5 18.5 17.5 Saulsbury 12 12 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Walsh 8 8.5 8 9 16 14 7 7 1.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.5 0 J.M. Davis 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Baker 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miller 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pomerene 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Owen 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 24 24 25 25 24 25 5 25 25 24 24 Daniels 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Martin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gaston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gerard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Doheny 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Jackson 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( show ) ( 41 - 60 ) Presidential Ballot 41st 42nd 43rd 44th 45th 46th 47th 48th 49th 50th 51st 52nd 53rd 54th 55th 56th 57th 58th 59th 60th J.W. Davis 70 67 71 71 73 71 70.5 70.5 63.5 64 67.5 59 63 62 62.5 58.5 58.5 40.5 60 60 McAdoo 504.9 503.4 483.4 484.4 483.4 486.9 484.4 483.5 462.5 461.5 442.5 413.5 423.5 427 426.5 430 430 495 473.5 469.5 Smith 317.6 318.6 319.1 319.1 319.1 319.1 320.1 321 320.5 320.5 328 320.5 320.5 320.5 320.5 320.5 320.5 331.5 331.5 330.5 Cox 55 56 54 54 54 54 54 54 53 54 55 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 Underwood 39.5 39.5 40 39 38 37.5 38.5 38.5 42 42.5 43 38.5 42.5 40 40 39.5 39.5 38 40 42 Ralston 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 57 58 63 93 94 92 97 97 97 40.5 42.5 42.5 Glass 24 28.5 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 24 25 24 25 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 Robinson 24 23 44 44 44 44 45 44 45 44 43 42 43 43 43 43 43 23 23 23 Ritchie 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 17.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 Saulsbury 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Owen 24 24 J.M. Davis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cummings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spellacy 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Walsh 0 0 2.5 0 0 Edwards 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C.W. Bryan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 6 7 Battle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 Roosevelt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Behrman 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( show ) ( 61 - 80 ) Presidential Ballot 61st 62nd 63rd 64th 65th 66th 67th 68th 69th 70th 71st 72nd 73rd 74th 75th 76th 77th 78th 79th 80th J.W. Davis 60 60.5 62 61.5 71.5 74.5 75.5 72.5 64 67 67 65 66 78.5 78.5 75.5 76.5 73.5 71 73.5 McAdoo 469.5 469 446.5 488.5 492 495 490 488.5 530 528.5 528.5 527.5 528 510 513 513 513 511 507.5 454.5 Smith 335.5 338.5 315.5 325 336.5 338.5 336.5 336.5 335 334 334.5 334 335 364 366 368 367 363.5 366.5 367.5 Cox 54 49 49 54 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Underwood 42 40 39.5 39.5 40 39.5 46.5 46.5 38 37.5 37.5 37.5 38.5 47 46.5 47.5 47.5 49 50 46.5 Ralston 37.5 38.5 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5 4.5 4.5 6.5 5 5 Glass 25 26 25 25 25 25 25 26 25 25 25 25 25 28 28 29 27 21 17 68 Owen 24 24 24 24 24 22 22 22 0 0 Robinson 23 23 23 24 23 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 23 25 25 24 22.5 28.5 29.5 Ritchie 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 Saulsbury 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 C.W. Bryan 4.5 Walsh 0 0 4.5 6 6 Ferris 0 0 28 24.5 6.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 18 17.5 Walsh 0 0 0 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Baker 0 0 0 0 48 55 54 57 56 56 56 57.5 54 5 0 0 0 Wheeler 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rogers 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coolidge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Daniels 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.5 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kevin 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Roosevelt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gerard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ( show ) ( 81 - 100 ) Presidential Ballot 81st 82nd 83rd 84th 85th 86th 87th 88th 89th 90th 91st 92nd 93rd 94th 95th 96th 97th 98th 99th 100th J.W. Davis 70.5 71 72.5 66 68 65.5 66.5 59.5 64.5 65.5 66.5 69.5 68 81.75 139.25 171.5 183.25 194.75 210 203.5 McAdoo 432 413.5 418 388.5 380.5 353.5 336.5 315.5 318.5 314 318 310 314 395 417.5 421 415.5 406.5 353.5 190 Smith 365 366 368 365 363 360 361.5 362 357 354.5 355.5 355.5 355.5 364.5 367.5 359.5 359.5 354 354 351.5 Glass 73 78 76 72.5 67.5 72.5 71 66.5 66.5 30.5 28.5 26.5 27 37 34 39 39 36 38 35 Underwood 48 49 48.5 40.5 40.5 38 38 39 41 42.5 46.5 45.25 44.75 46.25 44.25 38.5 37.25 38.25 39.5 41.5 Robinson 29.5 28.5 27.5 25 27.5 25 20.5 23 20.5 20 20 20 19 37 31 32 22 25 25 46 Owen 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 Ritchie 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 23.5 23 22.5 22.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 16.5 20.5 21.5 19.5 18.5 17.5 17.5 Ferris 16 12 7.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Walsh 7 1.5 5 5 3.5 5 4.5 4.5 4.5 6 52.5 Saulsbury 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 C.W. Bryan 4.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 9.5 7 7 9 9 15 8 8 8 9 9 7 6 5 5 Ralston 24 24 86 87 92 93 98 100.5 159.5 187.5 196.75 196.25 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 Barnett 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Daniels 0 0 0 0 0 23 19.5 19 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 Roosevelt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Miller 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wheeler 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Coyne 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Baker 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Meredith 0 0 0 0 0 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 0 0 0 37 75.5 Maloney 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 J.M. Davis 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 20 20 22 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cox 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Cummings 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8.5 8.5 8.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Callahan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Copeland 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 Stewart 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Marshall 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Berry 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Gerard 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 ( show ) ( 101 - 103 ) Presidential Ballot 101st 102nd 103rd Before shifts 103rd After shifts J.W. Davis 316 415.5 575.5 844 Underwood 229.5 317 250.5 102.5 Walsh 98 123 84.5 58 Glass 59 67 79 23 Robinson 22.5 21 21 20 Meredith 130 66.5 42.5 15.5 McAdoo 52 21 14.5 11.5 Smith 121 44 10.5 7.5 Gerard 16 7 8 7 Hull Daniels 0 Thompson 0 0 Berry 0 1.5 0 0 Allen 0 0 0 C.W. Bryan 0 0 0 Ritchie 0.5 0.5 0 0 Owen 23 0 0 0 Cummings 9 0 0 0 Houston 9 0 0 0 Murphree 0 0 0 Baker 0 0 0 ( show ) Vice Presidential Ballot First ballot before shifts after shifts Governor C.W. Bryan 332 739 George Berry 270.5 212 Bennett Clark -- 42 Lena Springs 42 18 Colonel Alvin Owsley -- 16 Governor George S. Silzer -- 10 Mayor John F. Hylan 109 6 Governor Jonathan M. Davis -- Progressive party nomination ( edit ) Progressive candidate : Senator Robert M. La Follette from Wisconsin The movement for a significant new third party had its impetus in 1919 when John A.H. Hopkins , earlier a prominent member of the Rooseveltian Progressive Party , organized the Committee of 48 as a progressive political action group . The work of political mobilization begun by the committee was taken up in 1922 by a conference of progressives called by the railroad brotherhoods of Chicago , where La Follette established his position as head of the young movement . The majority of participants at a second meeting that December in Cleveland were trade union officials , the delegates including William Green of the United Mine Workers and Sidney Hillmanof the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America . A quarter of the delegates came from the Nonpartisan League , the Farmer - Labor Party , and Morris Hillquit 's Socialist Party of America , while individual farmers and labor spokesmen comprised the remainder of the progressive conclave . The Forty - Eighters acted as a mediating force between the idealistic Socialists and the pragmatic labor men . Although majority sentiment for an independent party did not crystallize in Cleveland , the dream of a united new liberal party captured the loyalty of many delegates who subsequently turned away from the major parties in 1924 . Out of the Committee of Forty - Eight , some earlier organizations formed by La Follette , and the Chicago conventions grew the Conference for Progressive Political Action . La Follette had told reporters the previous summer that there would be no need for a third ticket unless both parties nominated reactionaries . Then came the Doheny scandals . As it seemed likely at the time that the scandals would eliminate Democratic frontrunner William Gibbs McAdoo , who was popular among railroad unions and other labor groups , the way was paved for the party which was launched at Cleveland in July 1924 . Twelve hundred delegates and nine thousand spectators ratified the nomination of La Follette . The atmosphere was more sober than the one that had prevailed in 1912 , where Theodore Roosevelt elicited much enthusiasm among the delegations . Farmers themselves were sparsely represented ; they were too `` broke '' to come , according to Senator Lynn Frazier . Only one African - American sat in the audience and only one or two eastern intellectuals . Duly accredited delegates appeared for the Food Reform Society of America , the National Unity Committee , and the Davenport Iowa Ethical Society . Many students attended , one of the largest groups coming from Columbia University . Jacob Coxey was present as well as John J. Streeter . Radical labor leaders constituted the main body of the congregation . It was the dream of the Progressives that they might replace the Democrats , and thereby bring a clearer ideological alignment to American politics . The best way to do this , according to John Hopkins , would be to prevent either of the major parties from gaining a majority in the Electoral College and thus force the House of Representatives to choose the President . As the Progressive candidate for President , La Follette became leader of the first formal prominent alliance in American political history between members of organized labor and farm groups , and of these with Socialists and independent radicals . Even the American Federation of Labor , although weakened by a precipitous decline in membership since the First World War , gave La Follette mild backing and so officially supported a presidential candidate for the first time . The Progressive vice-presidential candidate was Senator Burton K. Wheeler from Montana , only one of many Democrats who abandoned the chaos of their own party for La Follette 's , and found there an idealism and dedication unparalleled within any of the other major political organizations of the 1920s . Wheeler explained his defection in his autobiography : `` When the Democratic party goes to Wall Street for a candidate , I must refuse to go with it . '' The Senator added special strength to the ticket , for he had played a major role in bringing to justice Attorney General Harry Daugherty . Moreover , his selection made it plain that the Progressives would seek votes from both major parties . Ill with pneumonia and absent from his Senate desk during most of the spring , sixty - four - year - old La Follette still was a formidable contender . Drawing on a variety of discontents , he could injure the cause of either major party in sections it could ill afford to lose . The long appeal to the farmer in the party platform suggested his major target , but the candidate was addressing every American . In his acceptance speech La Follette urged that military spending be curtailed and soldiers ' bonus paid . At the foundation of La Follette 's program was an attack on monopolies , which he demanded should be `` crushed . '' His Socialist supporters took this as an attack on the capitalistic system in general ; to non-Socialists , including the Senator himself , who believed this encroached on personal liberty , it signified a revival of the policy of trust - busting . The Progressive candidate also called for government ownership of water power and gradual nationalization of the railroads . He also supported the nationalization of cigarette factories and other large industries , strongly supported increased taxation on the wealthy , and supported the right of collective bargaining for factory workers . William Foster , a major figure within the Communist Party , considered La Follette a hopeless reactionary who wanted to break up monopolies and return to an era of small businesses . Results ( edit ) This was the first presidential election in which all American Indians were recognized as citizens and allowed to vote . With the disastrous Democratic Convention having badly divided the Democrats , and with the economy booming , there was little doubt that Coolidge would win the election . His campaign slogan , `` Keep Cool with Coolidge '' , was highly popular . Results by county explicitly indicating the margin of victory for the winning candidate . Shades of red are for Coolidge ( Republican ) , shades of blue are for Davis ( Democratic ) , shades of green are for `` Other ( s ) '' ( Non-Democratic / Non-Republican ) , grey indicates zero recorded votes and white indicates territories not elevated to statehood . The total vote increased 2,300,000 but , because of the great drawing power of the La Follette candidacy , both the Republican and Democratic totals were less . Largely because of the deep inroads made by La Follette in the Democratic vote , Davis polled 750,000 fewer votes than were cast for Cox in 1920 . Coolidge polled 425,000 votes less than Harding had in 1920 . Nonetheless , La Follette 's appeal among liberal Democrats allowed Coolidge to achieve a 25.2 percent margin of victory over Davis in the popular vote ( the second largest since 1824 ) . Davis ' popular vote percentage of 28.8 % remains the lowest of any Democratic presidential candidate ( not counting John C. Breckinridge 's run on a Southern Democratic ticket in 1860 , when the vote was split with Stephen A. Douglas , the main Democratic candidate ) , albeit with several other candidates performing worse in the electoral college . The `` other '' vote amounted to nearly five million , owing in largest part to the 4,832,614 votes cast for La Follette . This candidacy , like that of Roosevelt in 1912 , altered the distribution of the vote throughout the country and particularly in eighteen states in the Middle and Far West . Unlike the Roosevelt vote of 1912 , the La Follette vote included most of the Socialist strength . The La Follette vote was distributed over the nation , and in every state , but its greatest strength lay in the East North Central and West North Central sections . However , La Follette carried no section , and he was second in only two sections , the Mountain and Pacific areas . In twelve states , the La Follette vote was greater than that cast for Davis . In one of these states , Wisconsin , La Follette defeated the Republican ticket also , thus winning one state in the electoral college . The `` other '' vote led the poll in 235 counties , and practically all of these ( 225 ) gave La Follette a plurality . Four counties , three in the South , recorded zero votes , as against seven in 1920 -- this decrease reflecting the Indian Citizenship Act . On the basis of number of counties carried , the Republican Party was weaker than in 1920 , whilst the Democratic Party , despite its heavy losses in numerous states , was stronger than in 1920 . Davis led the poll in 1,279 counties . This was a gain of 183 , due to his recovering lost support in the Confederate and border states . Republican strength in the Middle West and Far West was undermined by La Follette . It is important to note that La Follette ran second in 566 counties . The result of a three - party contest is also reflected in party majorities . Coolidge had a majority in 1,217 counties and Davis in 1,193 counties while La Follette had a majority in 137 counties . The fact that in this election only 540 counties gave no party a majority clearly shows that it was not the kind of division of sentiment which was brought to light in the election of 1912 . The relative position of the Democratic Party may be seen by glancing at the maps for 1904 , 1920 , and 1924 . The similarities in the distribution are striking . The inroads of the La Follette candidacy upon the Democratic Party were in areas where Democratic county majorities had been infrequent in the Fourth Party System . At the same time , the inroads of La Follette 's candidacy upon the Republican Party were in areas where in this national contest their candidate could afford to be second or third in the poll . Thus , Davis carried only the traditionally Democratic Solid South and Oklahoma ; due to liberal Democrats voting for La Follette , Davis lost the popular vote to Coolidge by 25.2 percentage points . Only Warren Harding , who finished 26.2 points ahead of his nearest competitor in the previous election , did better in this category in competition between multiple candidates ( incumbent James Monroe was the only candidate in 1820 and thus took every vote ) . The combined vote for Davis and La Follette over the nation was exceeded by Coolidge by 2,500,000 . Nevertheless , in thirteen states ( four border and nine western ) , Coolidge received only a plurality . The Coolidge vote topped the poll , however , in thirty - five states , leaving the electoral vote for Davis in only twelve . All the states of the former Confederacy voted for Davis ( plus Oklahoma ) , while all of the Union / postbellum states ( except Wisconsin and Oklahoma ) voted for Coolidge . It remains the last time anyone won the Presidency without carrying a single former Confederate state . This was the last election in which Republicans won Massachusetts and Rhode Island until 1952 . The Republicans did so well that they carried New York City , a feat they have not repeated since , and this was also the last election in which they carried Costilla County , Colorado , Maverick County , Texas and Deer Lodge County , Montana , or the City of St. Louis , Missouri . Davis did not carry any counties in twenty of the forty - eight states , two fewer than Cox during the previous election , but nonetheless an ignominy approached since only by George McGovern in his landslide 1972 loss . Davis did not carry one county in any state bordering Canada or the Pacific . The election was the last time a Republican won the presidency without Florida , Oklahoma , and Tennessee , and the last until 2016 that they did so without Virginia . Presidential candidate Party Home state Popular vote Electoral vote Running mate Count Percentage Vice-presidential candidate Home state Electoral vote Calvin Coolidge ( Incumbent ) Republican Massachusetts 15,723,789 54.04 % 382 Charles G. Dawes Illinois 382 John W. Davis Democratic West Virginia 8,386,242 28.82 % 136 Charles W. Bryan Nebraska 136 Robert M. La Follette Progressive Wisconsin 4,831,706 16.61 % 13 Burton K. Wheeler Montana 13 Herman P. Faris Prohibition Missouri 55,951 0.19 % 0 Marie C. Brehm California 0 William Z . Foster Communist Massachusetts 38,669 0.13 % 0 Benjamin Gitlow New York 0 Frank T. Johns Socialist Labor Oregon 28,633 0.10 % 0 Verne L. Reynolds New York 0 Gilbert Nations American District of Columbia 24,325 0.08 % 0 Charles Hiram Randall California 0 Other 7,792 0.03 % -- Other -- Total 29,097,107 100 % 531 531 Needed to win 266 266 Source ( Popular Vote ) : Leip , David . `` 1924 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Source ( Electoral Vote ) : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 31 , 2005 . Popular vote Coolidge 54.04 % Davis 28.82 % La Follette 16.61 % Others 0.53 % Electoral vote Coolidge 71.94 % Davis 25.61 % La Follette 2.45 % Geography of results ( edit ) Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote Cartographic gallery ( edit ) Map of presidential election results by county Map of Republican presidential election results by county Map of Democratic presidential election results by county Map of `` other '' presidential election results by county Cartogram of presidential election results by county Cartogram of Republican presidential election results by county Cartogram of Democratic presidential election results by county Cartogram of `` other '' presidential election results by county Results by state ( edit ) States won by Coolidge / Dawes States won by Davis / Bryan States won by La Follette / Wheeler Calvin Coolidge Republican John W. Davis Democratic Robert La Follette Progressive Herman Faris Prohibition William Foster Communist Frank Johns Socialist Labor Margin State Total State electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % electoral votes # % # Alabama 12 45,005 27.01 - 112,966 67.81 12 8,084 4.85 - 538 0.32 - - - - - - - - 67,961 - 40.79 166,593 AL Arizona 30,516 41.26 26,235 35.47 - 17,210 23.27 - - - - - - - - - - 4,281 5.79 73,961 AZ Arkansas 9 40,564 29.28 - 84,795 61.21 9 13,173 9.51 - - - - - - - - - - - 44,231 - 31.93 138,532 AR California 13 733,250 57.20 13 105,514 8.23 - 424,649 33.13 - 18,365 1.43 - - - - - - - 308,601 24.07 1,281,900 CA Colorado 6 195,171 57.02 6 75,238 21.98 - 69,945 20.44 - 966 0.28 - 562 0.16 - 378 0.11 - 119,933 35.04 342,260 CO Connecticut 7 246,322 61.54 7 110,184 27.53 - 42,416 10.60 - - - - - - - 1,373 0.34 - 136,138 34.01 400,295 CT Delaware 52,441 57.70 33,445 36.80 - 4,979 5.48 - - - - - - - - - - 18,996 20.90 90,885 DE Florida 6 30,633 28.06 - 62,083 56.88 6 8,625 7.90 - 5,498 5.04 - - - - - - - - 31,450 - 28.81 109,154 FL Georgia 14 30,300 18.19 - 123,200 73.96 14 12,691 7.62 - 231 0.14 - - - - - - - - 92,900 - 55.77 166,577 GA Idaho 69,879 47.12 24,256 16.36 - 54,160 36.52 - - - - - - - - - - 15,719 10.60 148,295 ID Illinois 29 1,453,321 58.84 29 576,975 23.36 - 432,027 17.49 - 2,367 0.10 - 2,622 0.11 - 2,334 0.09 - 876,346 35.48 2,470,067 IL Indiana 15 703,042 55.25 15 492,245 38.69 - 71,700 5.64 - 4,416 0.35 - 987 0.08 - - - - 210,797 16.57 1,272,390 IN Iowa 13 537,635 55.03 13 162,600 16.64 - 272,243 27.87 - - - - 4,037 0.41 - - - - 265,392 27.17 976,960 IA Kansas 10 407,671 61.54 10 156,319 23.60 - 98,461 14.86 - - - - - - - - - - 251,352 37.94 662,454 KS Kentucky 13 398,966 48.93 13 374,855 45.98 - 38,465 4.72 - - - - - - - 1,499 0.18 - 24,111 2.96 815,332 KY Louisiana 10 24,670 20.23 - 93,218 76.44 10 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 68,548 - 56.21 121,951 LA Maine 6 138,440 72.03 6 41,964 21.83 - 11,382 5.92 - - - - - - - 406 0.21 - 96,476 50.20 192,192 ME Maryland 8 162,414 45.29 8 148,072 41.29 - 47,157 13.15 - - - - - - - 987 0.28 - 14,342 4.00 358,630 MD Massachusetts 18 703,476 62.26 18 280,831 24.86 - 141,225 12.50 - - - - 2,635 0.23 - 1,668 0.15 - 422,645 37.41 1,129,837 MA Michigan 15 874,631 75.37 15 152,359 13.13 - 122,014 10.51 - 6,085 0.52 - 5,330 0.46 - - - - 722,272 62.24 1,160,419 MI Minnesota 12 420,759 51.18 12 55,913 6.80 - 339,192 41.26 - - - - 4,427 0.54 - 1,855 0.23 - 81,567 9.92 822,146 MN Mississippi 10 8,494 7.55 - 100,474 89.34 10 3,494 3.11 - - - - - - - - - - - 91,980 - 81.79 112,462 MS Missouri 18 648,486 49.58 18 572,753 43.79 - 84,160 6.43 - 1,418 0.11 - - - - 883 0.07 - 75,733 5.79 1,307,958 MO Montana 74,138 42.50 33,805 19.38 - 66,123 37.91 - - - - 357 0.20 - - - - 8,015 4.60 174,423 MT Nebraska 8 218,585 47.09 8 137,289 29.58 - 106,701 22.99 - 1,594 0.34 - - - - - - - 81,296 17.51 464,173 NE Nevada 11,243 41.76 5,909 21.95 - 9,769 36.29 - - - - - - - - - - 1,474 5.48 26,921 NV New Hampshire 98,575 59.83 57,201 34.72 - 8,993 5.46 - - - - - - - - - - 41,374 25.11 164,769 NH New Jersey 14 675,162 62.17 14 297,743 27.41 - 108,901 10.03 - 1,337 0.12 - 1,540 0.14 - 819 0.08 - 377,419 34.75 1,086,079 NJ New Mexico 54,745 48.52 48,542 43.02 - 9,543 8.46 - - - - - - - - - - 6,203 5.50 112,830 NM New York 45 1,820,058 55.76 45 950,796 29.13 - 474,913 14.55 - - - - 8,244 0.25 - 9,928 0.30 - 869,262 26.63 3,263,939 NY North Carolina 12 191,753 39.73 - 284,270 58.89 12 6,651 1.38 - 13 0.00 - - - - - - - - 92,517 - 19.17 482,687 NC North Dakota 5 94,931 47.68 5 13,858 6.96 - 89,922 45.17 - - - - 370 0.19 - - - - 5,009 2.52 199,081 ND Ohio 24 1,176,130 58.33 24 477,888 23.70 - 357,948 17.75 - - - - - - - 3,025 0.15 - 698,242 34.63 2,016,237 OH Oklahoma 10 226,242 42.82 - 255,798 48.41 10 46,375 8.78 - - - - - - - - - - - 29,556 - 5.59 528,415 OK Oregon 5 142,579 51.01 5 67,589 24.18 - 68,403 24.47 - - - - - - - 917 0.33 - 74,176 26.54 279,488 OR Pennsylvania 38 1,401,481 65.34 38 409,192 19.08 - 307,567 14.34 - 9,779 0.46 - 2,735 0.13 - 634 0.03 - 992,289 46.26 2,144,850 PA Rhode Island 5 125,286 59.63 5 76,606 36.46 - 7,628 3.63 - - - - 289 0.14 - 268 0.13 - 48,680 23.17 210,115 RI South Carolina 9 1,123 2.21 - 49,008 96.56 9 620 1.22 - - - - - - - - - - - 47,885 - 94.35 50,752 SC South Dakota 5 101,299 49.69 5 27,214 13.35 - 75,355 36.96 - - - - - - - - - - 25,944 12.73 203,868 SD Tennessee 12 130,882 43.59 - 158,537 52.80 12 10,656 3.55 - 100 0.03 - - - - - - - - 27,655 - 9.21 300,275 TN Texas 20 130,023 19.78 - 484,605 73.70 20 42,881 6.52 - - - - - - - - - - - 354,582 - 53.93 657,509 TX Utah 77,327 49.26 47,001 29.94 - 32,662 20.81 - - - - - - - - - - 30,326 19.32 156,990 UT Vermont 80,498 78.22 16,124 15.67 - 5,964 5.79 - 326 0.32 - - - - - - - 64,374 62.55 102,917 VT Virginia 12 73,312 32.79 - 139,716 62.48 12 10,377 4.64 - - - - - - - 197 0.09 - - 66,404 - 29.70 223,602 VA Washington 7 220,224 52.24 7 42,842 10.16 - 150,727 35.76 - - - - 761 0.18 - 1,004 0.24 - 69,497 16.49 421,549 WA West Virginia 8 288,635 49.45 8 257,232 44.07 - 36,723 6.29 - - - - - - - - - - 31,403 5.38 583,662 WV Wisconsin 13 311,614 37.06 - 68,115 8.10 - 453,678 53.96 13 2,918 0.35 - 3,773 0.45 - 458 0.05 - - 142,064 - 16.90 840,826 WI Wyoming 41,858 52.39 12,868 16.11 - 25,174 31.51 - - - - - - - - - - 16,684 20.88 79,900 WY TOTALS : 531 15,723,789 54.04 382 8,386,242 28.82 136 4,831,706 16.61 13 55,951 0.19 - 38,669 0.13 - 28,633 0.10 - 7,337,547 25.22 29,097,107 US Close states ( edit ) Margin of victory less than 5 % ( 30 electoral votes ) : North Dakota , 2.52 % Kentucky , 2.96 % Maryland , 4.00 % Montana , 4.60 % Margin of victory between 5 % and 10 % ( 69 electoral votes ) : West Virginia , 5.38 % Nevada , 5.48 % New Mexico , 5.50 % Oklahoma , 5.59 % Arizona , 5.79 % Missouri , 5.79 % Tennessee , 9.21 % Minnesota , 9.92 % Statistics ( edit ) Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Republican ) Johnson County , Tennessee 91.32 % Keweenaw County , Michigan 91.15 % Shannon County , South Dakota 88.89 % Leslie County , Kentucky 88.83 % Windsor County , Vermont 88.43 % Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Democratic ) Edgefield County , South Carolina 100.00 % Marlboro County , South Carolina 100.00 % Kershaw County , South Carolina 99.86 % Horry County , South Carolina 99.70 % Marion County , South Carolina 99.68 % Counties with Highest Percent of Vote ( Other ) Comal County , Texas 73.96 % Shawano County , Wisconsin 71.73 % Mercer County , North Dakota 71.62 % Hutchinson County , South Dakota 70.38 % Calumet County , Wisconsin 70.13 % See also ( edit ) History of the United States ( 1918 - 1945 ) Progressive Era United States Senate elections , 1924 and 1925 United States House of Representatives elections , 1924 Second inauguration of Calvin Coolidge References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections '' . The American Presidency Project . UC Santa Barbara . ^ Jump up to : ' What States do Presidents Come From ? ' Jump up ^ Garland S. Tucker III , The High Tide of American Conservatism : Davis , Coolidge and the 1924 Election ( Emerald , 2010 ) Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections 1789 - 1968 ; Arthur M. Schlesinger , jr. ; Pgs 2461 - 2467 Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections 1789 - 1968 ; Arthur M. Schlesinger , jr. ; Pgs 2460 - 2461 Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections 1789 - 1968 ; Arthur M. Schlesinger , jr. ; Pgs 2467 - 2470 Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections 1789 - 1968 ; Arthur M. Schlesinger , jr. ; Pgs 2467 - 2478 Jump up ^ History of American Presidential Elections 1789 - 1968 ; Arthur M. Schlesinger , jr. ; Pgs 2478 - 2480 Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote , 1896 - 1932 -- Google Books . Stanford University Press . 1934 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote , 1896 - 1932 , Edgar E. Robinson , pg. 24 Jump up ^ The Presidential Vote , 1896 -- 1932 , Edgar E. Robinson , pg. 23 Jump up ^ Sullivan , Robert David ; ' How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century ' ; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review ; June 29 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` 1924 Presidential General Election Data - National '' . Uselectionatlas.org . Retrieved March 18 , 2013 . Further reading ( edit ) Davies , Gareth , and Julian E. Zelizer , eds . America at the Ballot Box : Elections and Political History ( 2015 ) pp. 139 - 52 . Hicks , John Donald ( 1955 ) . Republican Ascendancy 1921 - 1933 . New York : Harper and Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 011885 - 7 . MacKay , K.C. ( 1947 ) . The Progressive Movement of 1924 . New York : Octagon Books . ISBN 0 - 374 - 95244 - 2 . McCoy , Donald R. ( 1967 ) . Calvin Coolidge : The Quiet President . New York : Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0350 - 6 . Murray , Robert K. ( 1976 ) . The 103rd Ballot : Democrats and Disaster in Madison Square Garden . New York : Harper and Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 013124 - 1 . Ranson , Edward . The Role of Radio in the American Presidential Election of 1924 : How a New Communications Technology Shapes the Political Process ( Edwin Mellen Press ; 2010 ) 165 pages . Looks at Coolidge as a radio personality , and how radio figured in the campaign , the national conventions , and the election result . Unger , Nancy C. ( 2000 ) . Fighting Bob La Follette : The Righteous Reformer . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2545 - X . External links ( edit ) 1924 popular vote by counties How close was the 1924 election ? -- Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology Election of 1924 in Counting the Votes ( 1920 ← ) United States presidential election , 1924 ( → 1928 ) Democratic Party Convention Primaries Nominee John W. Davis VP nominee Charles W. Bryan Candidates William Gibbs McAdoo Al Smith Oscar Underwood Republican Party Convention Nominee Calvin Coolidge VP nominee Charles G. Dawes Candidates Hiram Johnson Robert M. La Follette , Sr . Progressive Party Nominee Robert M. La Follette , Sr . VP nominee Burton K. Wheeler Third party and independent candidates Communist Party Nominee William Z . Foster VP nominee Benjamin Gitlow Prohibition Party Nominee Herman P. Faris VP nominee Marie C. 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Coolidge ( cousins ) Marcus A. Coolidge , Arthur W. Coolidge , Martha Coolidge ( distant relations ) Edmund Rice ( ancestor ) Rob Roy ( family dog ) ← Warren G. Harding Herbert Hoover → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_1924&oldid=806678074 '' Categories : United States presidential election , 1924 History of the United States ( 1918 -- 45 ) Presidency of Calvin Coolidge 1924 in American politics November 1924 events Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Elections using electoral votes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2017 , at 14 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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the republican ascendancy of the 1920's began with whose election
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"The United States presidential election of 1924 was the 35th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 4, 1924. Incumbent President Calvin Coolidge, the Republican candidate, was elected to a full term."
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United States House of Representatives
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United States House of Representatives - Wikipedia United States House of Representatives For the current United States Congress , see 115th United States Congress . For state - level Houses of Representatives in the United States , see List of United States state legislatures . United States House of Representatives 115th United States Congress Seal of the House Flag of the U.S. House of Representatives Type Type Lower house of the United States Congress Term limits None History New session started January 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 03 ) Leadership Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Since October 29 , 2015 Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Majority Whip Steve Scalise ( R ) Since August 1 , 2014 Minority Whip Steny Hoyer ( D ) Since January 3 , 2011 Structure Seats 435 voting members 6 non-voting members 218 needed for control Political groups Majority ( 235 ) Republican ( 235 ) Minority ( 193 ) Democratic ( 193 ) Vacant ( 7 ) Vacant ( 7 ) Length of term Two years Elections Voting system First - past - the - post in 45 states ; nonpartisan blanket primary with a majoritarian second round in 3 states ; Two - round system in 1 state ; Ranked - choice voting in 1 state . Last election November 8 , 2016 Next election November 6 , 2018 Redistricting State legislatures or redistricting commissions , varies by state Meeting place House of Representatives chamber United States Capitol Washington , D.C. , United States Website www.house.gov This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress , the Senate being the upper chamber . Together they comprise the legislature of the United States . The composition of the House is established by Article One of the United States Constitution . The House is composed of Representatives who sit in congressional districts that are allocated to each of the 50 states on a basis of population as measured by the U.S. Census , with each district entitled to one representative . Since its inception in 1789 , all Representatives have been directly elected . The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435 . As of the 2010 Census , the largest delegation is that of California , with fifty - three representatives . Seven states have the smallest delegation possible , a single representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont , and Wyoming . The House is charged with the passage of federal legislation , known as bills , which , after concurrence by the Senate , are sent to the President for consideration . In addition to this basic power , the House has certain exclusive powers which include the power to initiate all bills related to revenue , the impeachment of federal officers , who are sent to trial before the Senate , and in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for President , the duty falls upon the House to elect one of the top three recipients of electors for that office , with one vote given to each state for that purpose . The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House , who is elected by the members thereof and is therefore traditionally the leader of the controlling party . The Speaker and other floor leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conference , depending on whichever party has more voting members . The House meets in the south wing of the United States Capitol . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Membership , qualifications and apportionment 2.1 Apportionments 2.2 Redistricting 2.3 Qualifications 2.4 Elections 2.5 Non-voting delegates 2.6 Terms 3 Comparison to the Senate 4 Salary and benefits 4.1 Salaries 4.2 Titles 4.3 Pension 4.4 Tax deductions 4.5 Health benefits 4.6 Personnel , mail and office expenses 4.7 Travel allowance 5 Officers 5.1 Member officials 5.1. 1 Leadership and partisanship 5.2 Non-member officials 6 Procedure 6.1 Daily procedures 6.2 Passage of legislation 7 Committees 8 Legislative functions 9 Checks and balances 10 Latest election results and current party standings 10.1 Current standing 10.2 End of previous Congress 11 References 11.1 Surveys 11.2 Notes 12 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States House of Representatives Under the Articles of Confederation , the Congress of the Confederation was a unicameral body in which each state was equally represented , and in which each state had a veto over most action . After eight years of a more limited confederal government under the Articles , numerous political leaders such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton initiated the Constitutional Convention in 1787 , which received the Confederation Congress 's sanction to `` amend the Articles of Confederation '' . All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates . Representation of all political parties as percentage in House of Representatives over time Historical graph of party control of the Senate and House as well as the presidency The issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention . Edmund Randolph 's Virginia Plan called for a bicameral Congress : the lower house would be `` of the people '' , elected directly by the people of the United States and representing public opinion , and a more deliberative upper house that would represent the individual states , and would be less susceptible to variations of mass sentiment , would be elected by the lower house . The House is referred to as the lower house , with the Senate being the upper house , although the United States Constitution does not use that terminology . Both houses ' approval is necessary for the passage of legislation . The Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia , Massachusetts , and Pennsylvania , as it called for representation based on population . The smaller states , however , favored the New Jersey Plan , which called for a unicameral Congress with equal representation for the states . Eventually , the Convention reached the Connecticut Compromise or Great Compromise , under which one house of Congress ( the House of Representatives ) would provide representation proportional to each state 's population , whereas the other ( the Senate ) would provide equal representation amongst the states . The Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states ( nine out of the 13 ) in 1788 , but its implementation was set for March 4 , 1789 . The House began work on April 1 , 1789 , when it achieved a quorum for the first time . During the first half of the 19th century , the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues , including slavery . The North was much more populous than the South , and therefore dominated the House of Representatives . However , the North held no such advantage in the Senate , where the equal representation of states prevailed . Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery . One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso , which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican -- American War . Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , which began soon after several southern states attempted to secede from the Union . The war culminated in the South 's defeat and in the abolition of slavery . All southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war , and therefore the Senate did not hold the balance of power between North and South during the war . The years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party , which many Americans associated with the Union 's victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery . The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877 ; the ensuing era , known as the Gilded Age , was marked by sharp political divisions in the electorate . The Democratic Party and Republican Party each held majorities in the House at various times . Republican Speaker of the House Thomas Brackett Reed ( 1895 -- 1899 ) The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw a dramatic increase in the power of the Speaker of the House . The rise of the Speaker 's influence began in the 1890s , during the tenure of Republican Thomas Brackett Reed . `` Czar Reed '' , as he was nicknamed , attempted to put into effect his view that `` The best system is to have one party govern and the other party watch . '' The leadership structure of the House also developed during approximately the same period , with the positions of Majority Leader and Minority Leader being created in 1899 . While the Minority Leader was the head of the minority party , the Majority Leader remained subordinate to the Speaker . The Speakership reached its zenith during the term of Republican Joseph Gurney Cannon , from 1903 to 1911 . The powers of the Speaker included chairmanship of the influential Rules Committee and the ability to appoint members of other House committees . These powers , however , were curtailed in the `` Revolution of 1910 '' because of the efforts of Democrats and dissatisfied Republicans who opposed Cannon 's arguably heavy - handed tactics . The Democratic Party dominated the House of Representatives during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 1945 ) , often winning over two - thirds of the seats . Both Democrats and Republicans were in power at various times during the next decade . The Democratic Party maintained control of the House from 1955 until 1995 . In the mid-1970s , there were major reforms of the House , strengthening the power of sub-committees at the expense of committee chairs and allowing party leaders to nominate committee chairs . These actions were taken to undermine the seniority system , and to reduce the ability of a small number of senior members to obstruct legislation they did not favor . There was also a shift from the 1990s to greater control of the legislative program by the majority party ; the power of party leaders ( especially the Speaker ) grew considerably . The Republicans took control of the House in 1995 , under the leadership of Speaker Newt Gingrich . Gingrich attempted to pass a major legislative program , the Contract with America , on which the House Republicans had been elected , and made major reforms of the House , notably reducing the tenure of committee chairs to three two - year terms . Many elements of the Contract did not pass Congress , were vetoed by President Bill Clinton , or were substantially altered in negotiations with Clinton . The Republicans held on to the House until 2006 , when the Democrats won control and Nancy Pelosi was subsequently elected by the House as the first female Speaker . The Republicans retook the House in 2011 , with the largest shift of power since the 1930s . Membership , qualifications and apportionment ( edit ) This article is part of a series on the United States House of Representatives History of the United States House of Representatives Members Current members ( by seniority by age non-voting ) Former members Hill committees ( DCCC NRCC ) Congressional districts Speaker of the United States House of Representatives ( list ) Party leaders Democratic Caucus Republican Conference Politics and procedure Committee of the Whole Closed session ( list ) Saxbe fix Committees ( list ) Procedures Origination Clause Quorum call Unanimous consent Salaries Apportionment ( Huntington -- Hill method ) Redistricting Gerrymandering Articles of impeachment Self - executing rule Rules suspension General ticket Plural district Places United States Capitol House office buildings ( Cannon Ford Longworth Rayburn ) Apportionments ( edit ) Main article : United States congressional apportionment Under Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution , seats in the House of Representatives are apportioned among the states by population , as determined by the census conducted every ten years . Each state is entitled to at least one Representative , however small its population . The only constitutional rule relating to the size of the House states : `` The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand , but each State shall have at Least one Representative . '' Congress regularly increased the size of the House to account for population growth until it fixed the number of voting House members at 435 in 1911 . In 1959 , upon the admission of Alaska and Hawaii , the number was temporarily increased to 437 ( seating one Representative from each of those states without changing existing apportionment ) , and returned to 435 four years later , after the reapportionment consequent to the 1960 census . The Constitution does not provide for the representation of the District of Columbia or of territories . The District of Columbia and the territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , and the U.S. Virgin Islands are each represented by one non-voting delegate . Puerto Rico elects a Resident Commissioner , but other than having a four - year term , the Resident Commissioner 's role is identical to the delegates from the other territories . The five Delegates and Resident Commissioner may participate in debates ; prior to 2011 , they were also allowed to vote in committees and the Committee of the Whole when their votes would not be decisive . Redistricting ( edit ) Main article : Redistricting States that are entitled to more than one Representative are divided into single - member districts . This has been a federal statutory requirement since 1967 . Prior to that law , general ticket representation was used by some states . States typically redraw district boundaries after each census , though they may do so at other times , such as the 2003 Texas redistricting . Each state determines its own district boundaries , either through legislation or through non-partisan panels . `` Malapportionment '' is unconstitutional and districts must be approximately equal in population ( see Wesberry v. Sanders ) . Additionally , Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 prohibits redistricting plans that are intended to , or have the effect of , discriminating against racial or language minority voters . Aside from malapportionment and discrimination against racial or language minorities , federal courts have allowed state legislatures to engage in gerrymandering for the benefit of political parties or incumbents . In a 1984 case , Davis v. Bandemer , the Supreme Court held that gerrymandered districts could be struck down on the basis of the Equal Protection Clause , but the Court did not articulate a standard for when districts are impermissibly gerrymandered . However , the Court overruled Davis in 2004 in Vieth v. Jubelirer , and Court precedent currently holds gerrymandering to be a political question . According to calculations made by Burt Neuborne using criteria set forth by the American Political Science Association , about 40 seats , less than 10 % of the House membership , are chosen through a genuinely contested electoral process , given partisan gerrymandering . Qualifications ( edit ) Article I , Section 2 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for representatives . Each representative must : ( 1 ) be at least twenty - five years old ; ( 2 ) have been a citizen of the United States for the past seven years ; and ( 3 ) be ( at the time of the election ) an inhabitant of the state he or she represents . Members are not required to live in the districts they represent , but they traditionally do . The age and citizenship qualifications for representatives are less than those for senators . The constitutional requirements of Article I , Section 2 for election to Congress are the maximum requirements that can be imposed on a candidate . Therefore , Article I , Section 5 , which permits each House to be the judge of the qualifications of its own members does not permit either House to establish additional qualifications . Likewise a State could not establish additional qualifications . Disqualification : under the Fourteenth Amendment , a federal or state officer who takes the requisite oath to support the Constitution , but later engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States , is disqualified from becoming a representative . This post -- Civil War provision was intended to prevent those who sided with the Confederacy from serving . However , disqualified individuals may serve if they gain the consent of two - thirds of both houses of Congress . Elections ( edit ) All 435 voting seats of the current House shown grouped by state , largest to smallest Population per U.S. Representative allocated to each of the 50 states and D.C. , ranked by population . Since D.C. ( ranked 50th ) receives no voting seats in the House , its bar is absent . Current U.S. congressional districts Elections for representatives are held in every even - numbered year , on Election Day the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November . By law , Representatives must be elected from single - member districts . After a census is taken ( in a year ending in 0 ) , the year ending in 2 is the first year in which elections for U.S. House districts are based on that census ( with the Congress based on those districts starting its term on the following Jan. 3 ) . In most states , major party candidates for each district are nominated in partisan primary elections , typically held in spring to late summer . In some states , the Republican and Democratic parties choose their respective candidates for each district in their political conventions in spring or early summer , which often use unanimous voice votes to reflect either confidence in the incumbent or the result of bargaining in earlier private discussions . Exceptions can result in so - called floor fight -- convention votes by delegates , with outcomes that can be hard to predict . Especially if a convention is closely divided , a losing candidate may contend further by meeting the conditions for a primary election . The courts generally do not consider ballot access rules for independent and third party candidates to be additional qualifications for holding office and there are no federal regulations regarding ballot access . As a result , the process to gain ballot access varies greatly from state to state , and in the case of a third party may be affected by results of previous years ' elections . In 1967 , the United States Congress passed the Uniform Congressional District Act , which requires almost all representatives be elected from single - member - districts , Following the Wesberry v. Sanders decision , Congress was motivated by fears that courts would impose at - large plurality districts on states that did not redistrict to comply with the new mandates for districts roughly equal in population , and Congress also sought to prevent attempts by southern states to use such voting systems to dilute the vote of racial minorities . Several states have used multi-member districts in the past , although only two states ( Hawaii and New Mexico ) used multi-member districts in 1967 . Hawaii and New Mexico were made exempt from the Uniform Congressional District Act , and are free to use multi-member districts , although neither state chooses to do so . Louisiana is unique in that it holds an all - party `` primary election '' on the general Election Day with a subsequent runoff election between the top two finishers ( regardless of party ) if no candidate received a majority in the primary . The states of Washington and California now use a similar ( though not identical ) system to that used by Louisiana . Seats vacated during a term are filled through special elections , unless the vacancy occurs closer to the next general election date than a pre-established deadline . The term of a member chosen in a special election usually begins the next day , or as soon as the results are certified . Non-voting delegates ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Additionally , Washington D.C. and the five inhabited U.S. territories each elect a non-voting delegate . With the exception of the Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , each representative and delegate serves for a two - year term . They have a voice and can introduce bills on the floor , but can not vote there . Terms ( edit ) Representatives and Delegates serve for two - year terms , while the Resident Commissioner serves for four years . The Constitution permits the House to expel a member with a two - thirds vote . In the history of the United States , only five members have been expelled from the House ; in 1861 , three were removed for supporting the Confederate states ' secession : John Bullock Clark ( D - MO ) , John William Reid ( D - MO ) and Henry Cornelius Burnett ( D - KY ) . Michael Myers ( D - PA ) was expelled after his criminal conviction for accepting bribes in 1980 , and James Traficant ( D - OH ) was expelled in 2002 following his conviction for corruption . The House also has the power to formally censure or reprimand its members ; censure or reprimand of a member requires only a simple majority , and does not remove that member from office . Comparison to the Senate ( edit ) As a check on the regional , popular , and rapidly changing politics of the House , the Senate has several distinct powers . For example , the `` advice and consent '' powers ( such as the power to approve treaties ) are a sole Senate privilege . The House , however , has the exclusive power to initiate bills for raising revenue , to impeach officials , and to choose the President in the event that a presidential candidate fails to get a majority of the Electoral College votes . The Senate and House are further differentiated by term lengths and the number of districts represented : the Senate has longer terms of six years , fewer members ( currently one hundred , two for each state ) , and ( in all but seven delegations ) larger constituencies per member . The Senate is informally referred to as the `` upper '' house , and the House of Representatives as the `` lower '' house . Salary and benefits ( edit ) Salaries ( edit ) As of December 2014 , the annual salary of each Representative is $ 174,000 . The Speaker of the House and the Majority and Minority Leaders earn more : $223,500 for the Speaker and $193,400 for their party leaders ( the same as Senate leaders ) . A cost - of - living - adjustment ( COLA ) increase takes effect annually unless Congress votes to not accept it . Congress sets members ' salaries ; however , the Twenty - seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits a change in salary ( but not COLA ) from taking effect until after the next election of the whole House . Representatives are eligible for retirement benefits after serving for five years . Outside pay is limited to 15 % of congressional pay , and certain types of income involving a fiduciary responsibility or personal endorsement are prohibited . Titles ( edit ) Representatives use the prefix `` The Honorable '' before their names . A member of the House is referred to as a representative , congressman , or congresswoman . While senators are members of Congress , the terms congressman and congresswoman are not generally used by them . Pension ( edit ) All members of Congress are automatically ( without the option of withdrawal ) enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System , a pension system also used for federal civil servants . They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service ( two and one - half terms in the House ) . The FERS is composed of three elements : Social Security The FERS basic annuity , a monthly pension plan based on the number of years of service and the average of the three highest years of basic pay The Thrift Savings Plan , a 401 ( k ) - like defined contribution plan for retirement account into which participants can deposit up to a maximum of $18,000 in 2017 . Their employing agency matches employee contributions up to 5 % of pay . Members of Congress may retire with full benefits at age 62 after five years of service , at age 50 after twenty years of service , and at any age after twenty - five years of service . They may retire with reduced benefits at ages 55 to 59 after five years of service . Depending on birth year , they may receive a reduced pension after ten years of service if they are between 55 years and 57 years of age . Tax deductions ( edit ) Members of Congress are permitted to deduct up to $3,000 of living expenses per year incurred while living away from their district or home state . Health benefits ( edit ) Prior to 2014 , members of Congress and their staff had access to essentially the same health benefits as federal civil servants ; they could voluntarily enroll in the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program ( FEHBP ) , an employer - sponsored health insurance program , and were eligible to participate in other programs , such as the Federal Flexible Spending Account Program ( FSAFEDS ) . However , Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) provided that the only health plans that the federal government can make available to members of Congress and certain congressional staff are those created under the ACA or offered through a health care exchange . The Office of Personnel Management promulgated a final rule to comply with Section 1312 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( D ) . Under the rule , effective January 1 , 2014 , members and designated staff are no longer able to purchase FEHBP plans as active employees . However , if members enroll in a health plan offered through a Small Business Health Options Program ( SHOP ) exchange , they remain eligible for an employer contribution toward coverage , and members and designated staff who are eligible for retirement may enroll in a FEHBP plan upon retirement . The ACA and the final rule do not affect members ' or staffers ' eligibility for Medicare benefits . The ACA and the final rule also do not affect members ' and staffers ' eligibility for other health benefits related to federal employment , so current members and staff are eligible to participate in FSAFEDS ( which has three options within the program ) , the Federal Employees Dental and Vision Insurance Program , and the Federal Long Term Care Insurance Program . There is an Office of the Attending Physician at the U.S. Capitol , which current members may seek health care from for an annual fee . The attending physician provides routine exams , consultations , and certain diagnostics , and may write prescriptions ( although it does not dispense them ) . The office does not provide vision or dental care . Current members ( but not their dependents , and not former members ) may also receive medical and emergency dental care at military treatment facilities . There is no charge for outpatient care if it is provided in the National Capital Region , but members are billed at full reimbursement rates ( set by the Department of Defense ) for inpatient care . ( Outside the National Capital Region , charges are at full reimbursement rates for both inpatient and outpatient care ) . Personnel , mail and Office expenses ( edit ) House members are eligible for a Member 's Representational Allowance ( MRA ) to support them in their official and representational duties to their district . The MRA is calculated based on three components : one for personnel , one for official office expenses and one for official or franked mail . The personnel allowance is the same for all members ; the office and mail allowances vary based on the members ' district 's distance from Washington , D.C. , the cost of office space in the member 's district , and the number of non-business addresses in their district . These three components are used to calculate a single MRA that can fund any expense -- even though each component is calculated individually , the franking allowance can be used to pay for personnel expenses if the member so chooses . In 2011 this allowance averaged $1.4 million per member , and ranged from $1.35 to $1.67 million . The Personnel allowance was $944,671 per member in 2010 . Each member may employ no more than 18 permanent employees . Members ' employees ' salary is capped at $168,411 as of 2009 . Travel allowance ( edit ) Each member - elect and one staffer can be paid for one round trip between their home in their congressional district and Washington , D.C. for organization caucuses . Officers ( edit ) Member officials ( edit ) The party with a majority of seats in the House is known as the majority party . The next - largest party is the minority party . The Speaker , committee chairs , and some other officials are generally from the majority party ; they have counterparts ( for instance , the `` ranking members '' of committees ) in the minority party . Then House Speaker Nancy Pelosi , Then Majority Leader Steny Hoyer , and Then Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller confer with President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in 2009 . The Constitution provides that the House may choose its own Speaker . Although not explicitly required by the Constitution , every Speaker has been a member of the House . The Constitution does not specify the duties and powers of the Speaker , which are instead regulated by the rules and customs of the House . Speakers have a role both as a leader of the House and the leader of their party ( which need not be the majority party ; theoretically , a member of the minority party could be elected as Speaker with the support of a fraction of members of the majority party ) . Under the Presidential Succession Act ( 1947 ) , the Speaker is second in the line of presidential succession behind the Vice President . The Speaker is the presiding officer of the House but does not preside over every debate . Instead , s / he delegates the responsibility of presiding to other members in most cases . The presiding officer sits in a chair in the front of the House chamber . The powers of the presiding officer are extensive ; one important power is that of controlling the order in which members of the House speak . No member may make a speech or a motion unless s / he has first been recognized by the presiding officer . Moreover , the presiding officer may rule on a `` point of order '' ( a member 's objection that a rule has been breached ) ; the decision is subject to appeal to the whole House . Speakers serve as chairs of their party 's steering committee , which is responsible for assigning party members to other House committees . The Speaker chooses the chairmen of standing committees , appoints most of the members of the Rules Committee , appoints all members of conference committees , and determines which committees consider bills . Each party elects a floor leader , who is known as the Majority Leader or Minority Leader . The Minority Leader heads their party in the House , and the Majority Leader is their party 's second - highest - ranking official , behind the Speaker . Party leaders decide what legislation members of their party should either support or oppose . Each party also elects a Whip , who works to ensure that the party 's members vote as the party leadership desires . The current majority whip in the House of Representatives is Steve Scalise , who is a member of the Republican Party . The current minority whip is Steny Hoyer , who is a member of the Democratic Party . The whip is supported by chief deputy whips . In the 112th Congress , the Democratic Party has an additional Assistant Minority Leader , Jim Clyburn , who ranks between the whips and the caucus / conference chair . After the whips , the next ranking official in the House party 's leadership is the Party Conference Chair ( styled as the Republican Conference Chair and Democratic Caucus Chair ) . After the Conference Chair , there are differences between each party 's subsequent leadership ranks . After the Democratic Caucus Chair is the Campaign Committee Chair ( Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee ) , then the co-chairs of the Steering Committee . For the Republicans it is the Chair of the House Republican Policy Committee , followed by the Campaign Committee Chairman ( styled as the National Republican Congressional Committee ) . The chairs of House committees , particularly influential standing committees such as Appropriations , Ways and Means , and Rules , are powerful but not officially part of House leadership hierarchy . Until the post of Majority Leader was created , the Chair of Ways and Means was the de facto majority leader . Leadership and partisanship ( edit ) When the Presidency and Senate are controlled by a different party from the one controlling the House , the Speaker can become the de facto `` leader of the opposition '' . Some notable examples include Tip O'Neill in the 1980s , Newt Gingrich in the 1990s , and John Boehner in the 2010s . Since the Speaker is a partisan officer with substantial power to control the business of the House , the position is often used for partisan advantage . In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party , the Speaker normally takes a low profile and defers to the President . For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto `` leader of the opposition '' , often more so than the Senate Minority Leader , due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership . Non-member officials ( edit ) The House is also served by several officials who are not members . The House 's chief such officer is the Clerk , who maintains public records , prepares documents , and oversees junior officials , including pages , until the discontinuation of the House pages in 2011 . The Clerk also presides over the House at the beginning of each new Congress pending the election of a Speaker . Another officer is the Chief Administrative Officer , responsible for the day - to - day administrative support to the House of Representatives . This includes everything from payroll to foodservice . The position of Chief Administrative Officer ( CAO ) was created by the 104th Congress following the 1994 mid-term elections , replacing the positions of Doorkeeper and Director of Non-Legislative and Financial Services ( created by the previous congress to administer the non-partisan functions of the House ) . The CAO also assumed some of the responsibilities of the House Information Services , which previously had been controlled directly by the Committee on House Administration , then headed by Representative Charlie Rose of North Carolina , along with the House `` Folding Room '' . The Chaplain leads the House in prayer at the opening of the day . There is also a Sergeant at Arms , who as the House 's chief law enforcement officer maintains order and security on House premises . Finally , routine police work is handled by the United States Capitol Police , which is supervised by the Capitol Police Board , a body to which the Sergeant at Arms belongs , and chairs in even - numbered years . Procedure ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the United States House of Representatives Daily procedures ( edit ) Like the Senate , the House of Representatives meets in the United States Capitol in Washington , D.C. At one end of the chamber of the House is a rostrum from which the Speaker , Speaker Pro Tempore , or ( when in the Committee of the Whole ) the Chair presides . The lower tier of the rostrum is used by clerks and other officials . Members ' seats are arranged in the chamber in a semicircular pattern facing the rostrum and are divided by a wide central aisle . By tradition , Democrats sit on the left of the center aisle , while Republicans sit on the right , facing the presiding officer 's chair . Sittings are normally held on weekdays ; meetings on Saturdays and Sundays are rare . Sittings of the House are generally open to the public ; visitors must obtain a House Gallery pass from a congressional office . Sittings are broadcast live on television and have been streamed live on C - SPAN since March 19 , 1979 , and on HouseLive , the official streaming service operated by the Clerk , since the early 2010s . The procedure of the House depends not only on the rules , but also on a variety of customs , precedents , and traditions . In many cases , the House waives some of its stricter rules ( including time limits on debates ) by unanimous consent . A member may block a unanimous consent agreement ; in practice , objections are rare . The presiding officer , the Speaker of the House enforces the rules of the House , and may warn members who deviate from them . The Speaker uses a gavel to maintain order . The box in which legislation is placed to be considered by the House is called the hopper . In one of its first resolutions , the U.S. House of Representatives established the Office of the Sergeant at Arms . In an American tradition adopted from English custom in 1789 by the first Speaker of the House , Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania , the Mace of the United States House of Representatives is used to open all sessions of the House . It is also used during the inaugural ceremonies for all Presidents of the United States . For daily sessions of the House , the sergeant at Arms carries the mace in front of the Speaker in procession to the rostrum . It is placed on a green marble pedestal to the Speaker 's right . When the House is in committee , the mace is moved to a pedestal next to the desk of the Sergeant at Arms . The Constitution provides that a majority of the House constitutes a quorum to do business . Under the rules and customs of the House , a quorum is always assumed present unless a quorum call explicitly demonstrates otherwise . House rules prevent a member from making a point of order that a quorum is not present unless a question is being voted on . The presiding officer does not accept a point of order of no quorum during general debate , or when a question is not before the House . During debates , a member may speak only if called upon by the presiding officer . The presiding officer decides which members to recognize , and can therefore control the course of debate . All speeches must be addressed to the presiding officer , using the words `` Mr. Speaker '' or `` Madam Speaker '' . Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in speeches ; other members must be referred to in the third person . In most cases , members do not refer to each other only by name , but also by state , using forms such as `` the gentleman from Virginia '' , `` the distinguished gentlewoman from California '' , or `` my distinguished friend from Alabama '' . There are 448 permanent seats on the House Floor and four tables , two on each side . These tables are occupied by members of the committee that have brought a bill to the floor for consideration and by the respective party leadership . Members address the House from microphones at any table or `` the well , '' the area immediately in front of the rostrum . Passage of legislation ( edit ) Per the constitution , the House determines the rules according to which it passes legislation . The rules are in principle open to change with each new Congress , but in practice each new session amends a standing set of rules built up over the history of the body in an early resolution published for public inspection . Before legislation reaches the floor of the House , the Rules Committee normally passes a rule to govern debate on that measure ( which then must be passed by the full House before it becomes effective ) . For instance , the committee determines if amendments to the bill are permitted . An `` open rule '' permits all germane amendments , but a `` closed rule '' restricts or even prohibits amendment . Debate on a bill is generally restricted to one hour , equally divided between the majority and minority parties . Each side is led during the debate by a `` floor manager '' , who allocates debate time to members who wish to speak . On contentious matters , many members may wish to speak ; thus , a member may receive as little as one minute , or even thirty seconds , to make his / her point . When debate concludes , the motion in question is put to a vote . In many cases , the House votes by voice vote ; the presiding officer puts the question , and members respond either `` yea '' or `` aye '' ( in favor of the motion ) or `` nay '' or `` no '' ( against the motion ) . The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote . A member may however challenge the presiding officer 's assessment and `` request the yeas and nays '' or `` request a recorded vote '' . The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one - fifth of the members present . In practice , however , members of congress second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy . Some votes are always recorded , such as those on the annual budget . A recorded vote may be taken in one of three different ways . One is electronically . Members use a personal identification card to record their votes at 46 voting stations in the chamber . Votes are usually held in this way . A second mode of recorded vote is by teller . Members hand in colored cards to indicate their votes : green for `` yea '' , red for `` nay '' , and orange for `` present '' ( i.e. , to abstain ) . Teller votes are normally held only when electronic voting breaks down . Finally , the House may conduct a roll call vote . The Clerk reads the list of members of the House , each of whom announces their vote when their name is called . This procedure is only used rarely ( such as for the election of a Speaker ) because of the time consumed by calling over four hundred names . Voting traditionally lasts for , at most , fifteen minutes , but it may be extended if the leadership needs to `` whip '' more members into alignment . The 2003 vote on the prescription drug benefit was open for three hours , from 3 : 00 to 6 : 00 a.m. , to receive four additional votes , three of which were necessary to pass the legislation . The 2005 vote on the Central American Free Trade Agreement was open for one hour , from 11 : 00 p.m. to midnight . An October 2005 vote on facilitating refinery construction was kept open for forty minutes . Presiding officers may vote like other members . They may not , however , vote twice in the event of a tie ; rather , a tie vote defeats the motion . Committees ( edit ) Further information : United States congressional committee and List of current United States House of Representatives committees The House uses committees and their subcommittees for a variety of purposes , including the review of bills and the oversight of the executive branch . The appointment of committee members is formally made by the whole House , but the choice of members is actually made by the political parties . Generally , each party honors the preferences of individual members , giving priority on the basis of seniority . Historically , membership on committees has been in rough proportion to the party 's strength in the House as a whole , with two exceptions : on the Rules Committee , the majority party fills nine of the thirteen seats ; and on the Ethics Committee , each party has an equal number of seats . However , when party control in the House is closely divided , extra seats on committees are sometimes allocated to the majority party . In the 109th Congress , for example , the Republicans controlled about 53 % of the House as a whole , but had 54 % of the Appropriations Committee members , 55 % of the members on the Energy and Commerce Committee , 58 % of the members on the Judiciary Committee , and 69 % of the members on the Rules Committee . The largest committee of the House is the Committee of the Whole , which , as its name suggests , consists of all members of the House . The Committee meets in the House chamber ; it may consider and amend bills , but may not grant them final passage . Generally , the debate procedures of the Committee of the Whole are more flexible than those of the House itself . One advantage of the Committee of the Whole is its ability to include otherwise non-voting members of Congress . Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees , each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues , such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs . Each standing committee considers , amends , and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction . Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills ; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House . Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch . In discharging their duties , standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence . The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee , the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence , and from time to time may establish committees that are temporary and advisory in nature , such as the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming . This latter committee , created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th , has no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress . The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees , which include members of the Senate and House . Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies ; for instance , the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress . Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports ; for example , there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation . Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees . Hence , the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees . Each House committee and subcommittee is led by a chairman ( always a member of the majority party ) . From 1910 to the 1970s , committee chairs were powerful . Woodrow Wilson in his classic study , suggested : Power is nowhere concentrated ; it is rather deliberately and of set policy scattered amongst many small chiefs . It is divided up , as it were , into forty - seven seigniories , in each of which a Standing Committee is the court - baron and its chairman lord - proprietor . These petty barons , some of them not a little powerful , but none of them within the reach of the full powers of rule , may at will exercise almost despotic sway within their own shires , and may sometimes threaten to convulse even the realm itself . From 1910 to 1975 committee and subcommittee chairmanship was determined purely by seniority ; congressmembers sometimes had to wait 30 years to get one , but their chairship was independent of party leadership . The rules were changed in 1975 to permit party caucuses to elect chairmen , shifting power upward to the party leaders . In 1995 , Republicans under Newt Gingrich set a limit of three two - year terms for committee chairs . The chairman 's powers are extensive ; he controls the committee / subcommittee agenda , and may prevent the committee from dealing with a bill . The senior member of the minority party is known as the Ranking Member . In some committees like Appropriations , partisan disputes are few . Legislative functions ( edit ) Most bills may be introduced in either House of Congress . However , the Constitution states , `` All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives '' . As a result of the Origination Clause , the Senate can not initiate bills imposing taxes . This provision barring the Senate from introducing revenue bills is based on the practice of the British Parliament , in which only the House of Commons may originate such measures . Furthermore , congressional tradition holds that the House of Representatives originates appropriation bills . Although it can not originate revenue bills , the Senate retains the power to amend or reject them . Woodrow Wilson wrote the following about appropriations bills : ( T ) he constitutional prerogative of the House has been held to apply to all the general appropriations bills , and the Senate 's right to amend these has been allowed the widest possible scope . The upper house may add to them what it pleases ; may go altogether outside of their original provisions and tack to them entirely new features of legislation , altering not only the amounts but even the objects of expenditure , and making out of the materials sent them by the popular chamber measures of an almost totally new character . The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law . Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill ; if there are differences , they may be resolved by a conference committee , which includes members of both bodies . For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate , see Act of Congress . The President may veto a bill passed by the House and Senate . If he does , the bill does not become law unless each House , by a two - thirds vote , votes to override the veto . Checks and balances ( edit ) The Constitution provides that the Senate 's `` advice and consent '' is necessary for the President to make appointments and to ratify treaties . Thus , with its potential to frustrate Presidential appointments , the Senate is more powerful than the House . The Constitution empowers the House of Representatives to impeach federal officials for `` Treason , Bribery , or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' and empowers the Senate to try such impeachments . The House may approve `` articles of impeachment '' by a simple majority vote ; however , a two - thirds vote is required for conviction in the Senate . A convicted official is automatically removed from office and may be disqualified from holding future office under the United States . No further punishment is permitted during the impeachment proceedings ; however , the party may face criminal penalties in a normal court of law . In the history of the United States , the House of Representatives has impeached sixteen officials , of whom seven were convicted . ( Another , Richard Nixon , resigned after the House Judiciary Committee passed articles of impeachment but before a formal impeachment vote by the full House . ) Only two Presidents of the United States have ever been impeached : Andrew Johnson in 1868 and Bill Clinton in 1998 . Both trials ended in acquittal ; in Johnson 's case , the Senate fell one vote short of the two - thirds majority required for conviction . Under the Twelfth Amendment , the House has the power to elect the President if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College . The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . The Constitution provides that `` the votes shall be taken by states , the representation from each state having one vote . '' It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes . In the history of the United States , the House has only had to choose a President twice . In 1800 , which was before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment , it elected Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr . In 1824 , it elected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford . ( If no vice-presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes , the Senate elects the Vice President from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes . ) Latest election results and current party standings ( edit ) See also : United States House of Representatives elections , 2016 and 115th United States Congress Current standing ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 235 32 Democratic Party 193 12 Independent 0 0 Vacant 7 0 Total 435 6 End of previous Congress ( edit ) Affiliation Members Delegates / resident commissioner ( non-voting ) State majorities Republican Party 246 0 Democratic Party 187 5 Independent 0 0 Vacant 0 Total 435 6 U.S. representative bibliography ( congressional memoirs ) Third - party members of the United States House of Representatives Women in the United States House of Representatives At - large References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : See Public Law 62 - 5 of 1911 , though Congress has the authority to change that number . The Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the size of the House at 435 . Jump up ^ United States House of Representatives , Ballotpedia . Accessed November 23 , 2016 . `` There are seven states with only one representative : Alaska , Delaware , Montana , North Dakota , South Dakota , Vermont and Wyoming . '' Jump up ^ Section 7 of Article 1 of the Constitution Jump up ^ Article 1 , Section 2 , and in the 12th Amendment Jump up ^ `` Party In Power -- Congress and Presidency -- A Visual Guide To The Balance of Power In Congress , 1945 -- 2008 '' . Uspolitics.about.com . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Delegates of the Continental Congress Who Signed the United States Constitution '' , United States House of Representatives . Accessed February 19 , 2017 . `` While some believed the Articles should be ' corrected and enlarged as to accomplish the objects proposed by their institution , ' the Virginia Plan called for completely replacing it with a strong central government based on popular consent and proportional representation ... The Virginia Plan received support from states with large populations such as Pennsylvania , Massachusetts , and South Carolina . A number of smaller states , however , proposed the ' New Jersey Plan , ' drafted by William Paterson , which retained the essential features of the original Articles : a unicameral legislature where all states had equal representation , the appointment of a plural executive , and a supreme court of limited jurisdiction ... The committee 's report , dubbed the Great Compromise , ironed out many contentious points . It resolved the delegates ' sharpest disagreement by prescribing a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the House and equal state representation in the Senate . After two more months of intense debates and revisions , the delegates produced the document we now know as the Constitution , which expanded the power of the central government while protecting the prerogatives of the states . '' Jump up ^ Neuman , Scott ( November 3 , 2010 ) . `` Obama , GOP Grapple With power shift '' . NPR . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Article I , Section 2 . Jump up ^ `` New House Majority Introduces Rules Changes '' . NPR . January 5 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See H. Res. 78 , passed January 24 , 2007 . On April 19 , 2007 , the House of Representatives passed the DC House Voting Rights Act of 2007 , a bill `` to provide for the treatment of the District of Columbia as a Congressional district for purposes of representation in the House of Representatives , and for other purposes '' by a vote of 241 -- 177 . That bill proposes to increase the House membership by two , making 437 members , by converting the District of Columbia delegate into a member , and ( until the 2010 census ) grant one membership to Utah , which is the state next in line to receive an additional district based on its population after the 2000 Census . The bill was under consideration in the U.S. Senate during the 2007 session . Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c `` no district to elect more than one Representative '' Jump up ^ `` Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act '' . Civil Rights Division Voting FAQ . US Dept. of Justice . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bazelon , Emily ( November 9 , 2012 ) . `` The Supreme Court may gut the Voting Rights Act and make gerrymandering much worse '' . Slate . Jump up ^ Eaton , Whitney M. ( May 2006 ) . `` Where Do We Draw the Line ? Partisan Gerrymandering and the State of Texas '' . University of Richmond Law Review . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Burt Neuborne Madison 's Music : On Reading the First Amendment , The New Press 2015 Jump up ^ David Cole , ' Free Speech , Big Money , Bad Elections , ' in New York Review of Books , November 5 , 2015 pp. 24 - 25 p. 24 . Jump up ^ `` Qualifications of Members of Congress '' . Onecle Inc . Retrieved January 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ See Powell v. McCormack , a U.S. Supreme Court case from 1969 Jump up ^ 2 U.S.C. § 2c ^ Jump up to : Schaller , Thomas ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Multi-Member Districts : Just a Thing of the Past ? '' . University of Virginia Center for Politics . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 1967 Single - Member District Mandate '' . fairvote.org . Jump up ^ `` Expulsion , Censure , Reprimand , and Fine : Legislative Discipline in the House of Representatives '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Senate Legislative Process , U.S. Senate . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Legislative Branch Archived January 20 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , The White House . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Salaries and Benefits of U.S. Congress Members '' . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida A. ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schaffer v. Clinton Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Retirement Benefits for Members of Congress '' . CRS Report for Congress . United States Senate . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . CRS Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Annie L. Mach & Ada S. Cornell , Health Benefits for Members of Congress and Certain Congressional Staff , Congressional Research Service , February 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brudnick , Ida A. ( September 27 , 2017 ) . Members ' Representational Allowance : History and Usage ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Congressional Research Service . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brudnick , Ida . `` Congressional Salaries and Allowances '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved September 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Article I , Legal Information Institute , Cornell University Law School . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Rostrum '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Explore Capitol Hill : House Chamber '' . Architect of the Capitol . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2006 ) . The Congress of the United States : A Student Companion ( 3 ed . ) . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 9780195309249 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Lowenthal , Alan . `` Congress U '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` What 's in the House Chamber '' . Retrieved November 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Access to Congress '' . Digital Media Law Project . Berkman Center for Internet and Society . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` U.S. House of Representatives '' . The District . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davis , Susan ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Not everyone is a fan of C - SPAN cameras in Congress '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Basic Training : Roadblocks at the Final Legislative Stages '' . House of Representatives . Republican Committee on Rules . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Larchuk , Travis ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Passing One Of Many , Many Gavels '' . NPR . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Hopper '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Historian . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . `` Legislative FAQ : 7 . How do Representatives introduce bills ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bedini , Silvio ( 1997 ) . The Mace and the Gavel : Symbols of Government in America , Volume 87 , Part 4 . Philadelphia : American Philosophical Society . pp. 23 -- 26 . ISBN 0871698749 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CRS Annotated Constitution '' . Cornell University Law School . Legal Information Institute . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 43 : Quorums . U.S. Government Printing Office . p. 733 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Legislative FAQ : 6 . How do Representatives obtain permission to speak ? '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Office of the Clerk . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives The House Floor '' . Clerk.house.gov . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The House Explained '' . House.gov . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sessions , Pete . `` About the Committee on Rules -- History and Processes '' . U.S. House of Representatives . Committee on Rules . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : House Practice : A Guide to the Rules , Precedents and Procedures of the House , Chapter 58 . Voting . U.S. Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . `` The Legislative Process : House Floor '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Singer , Michelle ( March 29 , 2007 ) . `` Under the Influence '' . CBS News . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Henry , Ed ; Barrett , Ted ( July 28 , 2005 ) . `` House narrowly approves CAFTA '' . CNN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refinery Bill Passes Amid Partisan Split '' . FOX News . Associated Press . October 8 , 2005 . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sidlow , Edward ; Henschen , Beth ( 2009 ) . America at Odds , Alternate Edition ( 6 ed . ) . Belmont , California : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 246 . ISBN 0495503703 . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://rules.house.gov/110/comm_history.html Archived July 30 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Rules -- Committee on Standards of Official Conduct '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics ( 1885 , Boston : Houghton , Mifflin ) Jump up ^ Wilson , Woodrow . Congressional Government : A Study in American Politics , pp. 155 -- 156 ( Transaction Publishers 2002 ) ( quotation marks omitted ) . Jump up ^ https://pressgallery.house.gov/member-data/party-breakdown Jump up ^ The one independent delegate , Gregorio Sablan , caucused with the Democrats Surveys ( edit ) Currie , James T . The United States House of Representatives . Krieger , 1988 . MacNeil , Neil ( 1963 ) . Forge of Democracy : The House of Representatives . New York : D. McKay . Peters , Ronald M. , Jr ( 1997 ) . The American Speakership : The Office in Historical Perspective ( 2nd ed . ) . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5758 - 9 . Polsby , Nelson W. ( 2004 ) . How Congress Evolves : Social Bases of Institutional Change . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516195 - 5 . Poole , Keith T. ; Howard Rosenthal ( 1997 ) . Congress : A Political - Economic History of Roll Call Voting . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 514242 - X . Remini , Robert V. ( 2006 ) . The House : The History of the House of Representatives . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 088434 - 7 . Sinclair , Barbara ( 1983 ) . Majority Leadership in the U.S. House . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2933 - X . Julian E. Zelizer , ed. ( 2004 ) . The American Congress : The Building of Democracy . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 17906 - 2 . Notes ( edit ) Abramowitz , Alan I. ; Saunders , Kyle L. ( 1998 ) . Ideological Realignment in the US Electorate. 60 . Journal of Politics . pp. 634 -- 652 . Adler , E. Scott ( 2002 ) . Why Congressional Reforms Fail : Reelection and the House Committee System ... Univ. of Chicago Press . Albert , Carl ; Goble , Danney ( 1990 ) . Little Giant : The Life and Times of Speaker Carl Albert . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . , Speaker in the 1970s Barone , Michael ; Ujifusa , Grant ( 2005 ) . The Almanac of American Politics 2006 : The Senators , the Representatives and the Governors : Their Records and Election Results , Their States and Districts . , Published every two years since 1975 ; enormous detail on every state and district and member . Barry , John M. ( 1989 ) . The Ambition and the Power : The Fall of Jim Wright . A True Story of Washington . Viking . , Speaker in the 1980s Berard , Stanley P. ( 2001 ) . Southern Democrats in the U.S. House of Representatives . Univ. of Oklahoma Press . Berman , Daniel M. ( 1964 ) . In Congress Assembled : The Legislative Process in the National Government . London : The Macmillan Company . , Biographical Directory of the United States Congress , 1774 -- 2005 . Washington : Government Printing Office . 2005 . , Prepared by the Office of the Clerk , Office of History and Preservation , United States House of Representatives . Contains biographical entries for every Member of Congress . Also online at Biographical Directory . Brady , David W. ( 1973 ) . Congressional Voting in a Partisan Era : A Study of the McKinley Houses and a Comparison to the Modern House of Representatives . Univ . Press of Kansas . Brady , David W. ; McCubbins , Mathew D. ( 2002 ) . Party , Process , and Political Change in Congress : New Perspectives on the History of Congress . Congressional Quarterly , massive , highly detailed summary of Congressional activity , and major executive and judicial decisions ; based on Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report and the annual CQ almanac . 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The Logic of Delegation : Congressional Parties and the Appropriations Process . Univ. of Chicago Press . Klingman , Peter D. ( 1976 ) . Josiah Walls : Florida 's Black Congressman of Reconstruction . Univ . Press of Florida . Grant de Pauw , Linda ; Bickford , Charlene Bangs ; Bowling , Kenneth R. , eds. ( 1992 -- 2006 ) . Documentary History of the First Federal Congress of the United States of America , March 4 , 1789 -- March 3 , 1791 . , 14 volumes of primary documents Lowitt , Richard ( 1963 ) . George W. Norris : The Making of a Progressive , 1861 -- 1912 . 1 . Syracuse Univ . Press . , leader of Republican insurgents in 1910 Margulies , Herbert F. ( 1996 ) . Reconciliation and Revival : James R. Mann and the House Republicans in the Wilson Era ... Greenwood . Merriner , James L. ( 1999 ) . Mr. Chairman : Power in Dan Rostenkowski 's America . Southern Illinois Univ . Press . Patterson , James ( 1967 ) . 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Somewhere Somehow (album)
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Somewhere Somehow ( album ) - wikipedia Somewhere Somehow ( album ) Jump to : navigation , search Somewhere Somehow Studio album by We the Kings Released December 16 , 2013 Recorded 2013 in Los Angeles , California Genre Pop Length 50 : 49 Label Ozone Entertainment Producer Steve Shebby Travis Clark Blake Healy David Immerman We the Kings chronology Party , Fun , Love , and Radio EP ( 2012 ) Party , Fun , Love , and Radio EP 2012 Somewhere Somehow ( 2013 ) Stripped ( 2014 ) Stripped 2014 Singles from Somewhere Somehow `` Just Keep Breathing '' Released : April 5 , 2013 `` Find You There '' Released : May 5 , 2013 `` Any Other Way '' Released : June 15 , 2013 `` Art of War '' Released : December 10 , 2013 Somewhere Somehow is the fourth studio album by American rock band We the Kings . It is the first album without bassist Drew Thomsen , who was replaced by Charles Trippy . Keyboardist Coley O'Toole was also added into the lineup . After parting ways with S - Curve Records , the group released the single `` Just Keep Breathing '' in April 2013 . Over the next couple of months , the band released `` Find You There '' and `` Any Other Way '' as singles before going on the Summer Fest tour . In late September , the band started a campaign to crowd - fund their next album ; it eventually received over $149,000 from 2,309 people . The band recorded in Los Angeles , California , working with Blake Healy , Steve Shebby and David Immerman , all of whom co-wrote and produced songs on the album . The album was announced for release with the title Vitam Regum , before it was changed to Somewhere Somehow a week later . `` Art of War '' was released as a single in early December . Somewhere Somehow was released on December 16 through Ozone Entertainment . Following a U.S. tour in March 2014 , the group toured Japan and Australia , before joining Warped Tour . A music video was released for `` That Feeling '' in mid-January 2015 . Somewhere Somehow peaked at number 44 on the Billboard 200 , and reached the top 10 on several other Billboard charts . It also charted in the top 20 on several UK charts . Despite receiving a mixed critical reception , Clark regarded the album as `` a huge success ! '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Production 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Commercial performance and legacy 6 Track listing 7 Personnel 8 Chart performance 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Following the release of Sunshine State of Mind ( 2011 ) , bassist Drew Thomsen left We the Kings , citing exhaustion from touring . The band recruited Charles Trippy to replace Thomsen and brought in keyboardist Coley O'Toole , both of whom the band knew from the Bradenton music scene . The band toured throughout 2012 , leaving them little time to compose new material . Vocalist / guitarist Travis Clark managed to write one new song during the Christmas break , `` Just Keep Breathing '' . The group parted ways with their previous record label S - Curve in 2013 . After consulting their manager , Bret Disend , We the Kings released `` Just Keep Breathing '' as a single on April 5 , 2013 . Considered a success by Broadway World , the song would go on to sell over 149,000 copies in one month . Following this up a month later , the group released `` Find You There '' on May 5 . It would go on to sell 93,000 copies . By this point , the band had four songs demoed . A month later , the band released `` Any Other Way '' on June 15 . In July and August , the band went on the Summer Fest tour , with support from Breathe Carolina , The Ready Set and T. Mills . Composition ( edit ) Clark said the freedom of working without a label `` lent a sense of relaxation to the ( writing ) process and a stress - free environment . '' Not wishing to write the same album twice , Clark explained that the band `` wanted ( the new album ) to feel ' groovy ' '' , so he spent more time composing the songs . The album 's sound has been described as pop by professional reviewers . According to Clark , `` Find You There '' is about `` find ( ing ) that one special person / or thing that gives ( someone ) their life purpose . '' `` Art of War '' was written for inclusion on The Hunger Games soundtrack ( 2012 ) , but was left off . `` Just Keep Breathing '' is about being bullied as child for having red hair . Clark co-wrote every song on the album with outside writers . `` Queen of Hearts '' , `` That Feeling '' , and `` Phoenix Hearts '' were co-written with Steve Shebby . `` Find You There '' , `` I Feel Alive '' , `` I Like It '' , `` See You in My Dreams '' , and `` Say It Now '' were co-written with Blake Healy . `` Die Young Live Forever '' was co-written with Healy and Ryan Daly . `` Any Other Way '' was co-written with Healy and Fransisca Hall . `` Art of War '' was co-written with Healy , Kevin Bard , Taylor Clark , and Dylan Quagliato . `` Sad Song '' was co-written with Bard and David Immerman , and `` Just Keep Breathing '' was co-written with Healy and Bard . Production ( edit ) We the Kings planned to release one single per month but they grew impatient . They decided to dedicate two months of studio time to writing a new album . On September 26 , 2013 , We the Kings set up a crowd - funding campaign on the website IndieGoGo to record a new album with a target goal of $35,000 . The band offered 12 perks to fans who could receive rewards for their contribution such as a `` Thank You '' in the album 's credits section , or spending a day in the studio . While the campaign ran for 30 days , the goal was met within 24 hours . The group received $67,000 in a matter of two days and eventually received at total of $149,483 from 2,309 contributors . Initially , the group thought that this figure was an error . After being contacted , IndieGoGo confirmed the amount was correct . Clark commented that their fans `` can expect this to be the best album we 've ever made , because there are no strings attached . We are the ones deciding everything about this album and with your help we can truly make the best WTK album yet . '' Recording took place in Los Angeles , California . All of the album 's songs except for `` Queen of Hearts '' , `` That Feeling '' , `` Phoenix Hearts '' , and `` Sad Song '' were produced by Blake Healy and Clark . `` Queen of Hearts '' , `` That Feeling '' and `` Phoenix Hearts '' were produced by Steve Shebby and Clark . `` Sad Song '' was produced by David Immerman , Shebby , and Clark . Joe Bucci performed additional drums on `` Queen of Hearts '' . `` Die Young Live Forever '' features guitar parts by Jose Carreon of TheKingsMen , who had contributed enough money to the IndieGoGo project to allow him to record with the band . `` Sad Song '' features guest vocals by singer - songwriter Elena Coats . Mixing was done by Jeff Julliano at Fused , located in Harbeson , Delaware . Additional editing was done by Garrett Davi . The album was mastered by Brad Blackwood at Euphoric Mastering . Release ( edit ) On November 26 , 2013 , the band announced their new album , Vitam Regum , for release . On December 3 , it was announced that the band had changed the album title to Somewhere Somehow . Two days later , the band revealed the album 's artwork . On December 10 , the single `` Art of War '' was released . Five days later , a lyric video was released for `` Art of War '' . Somewhere Somehow was released on December 16 through Ozone Entertainment and We the Kings . Some of the money raised from the crowd - funded campaign went towards marketing the album . On January 30 , 2014 , the band released a lyric video for `` I Like It '' . In March , the band went on a tour of the U.S. titled The Art of Tour with support from This Century and Crash the Party . Following this , the band toured Japan and Australia . From mid-June to early August , the band went on the 2014 edition of Warped Tour . Eight of the album 's songs were re-recorded acoustically for inclusion on Stripped , which was released in November 2014 . On January 16 , 2015 the band released a music video for `` That Feeling '' . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Newsday B+ SoSoActive 4 / 10 AllMusic reviewer Mark Deming called the album a `` polished , heartfelt set of contemporary pop '' with the group 's `` most accessible work to date . '' Reviewing the album for Newsday , Glenn Gamboa called it the group 's `` best album yet '' , complete with `` strong pop hooks and pristine production . '' Gamboa noted that the band was continually improving their `` sound , making everything catchier and harder - hitting . '' Marcus Clark of SoSoActive called the `` over produced pop '' backing tracks `` decent but I just ca n't ( enjoy ) it . '' Referring to the album as `` pop garbage with no kind of appeal '' , he was unsure why the album was as popular as it was . Commercial performance and legacy ( edit ) Somewhere Somehow sold more copies on its release than the group 's previous three albums , debuting at number 44 on the Billboard 200 . It also charted at number 3 on the Independent Albums chart , number 5 on the Alternative Albums chart , number 6 on the Top Rock Albums chart , and number 8 on the Digital Albums chart . In the UK , the album charted at number 88 on the Albums Chart , number 17 on the Downloads Chart , number 7 on the Independent Albums Chart , and number 1 on the Independent Albums Breakers Chart . The album also charted at number 81 on the Scottish Albums Chart . Clark later called it `` a huge success ! '' In 2015 , the group found out that `` Sad Song '' had become their most popular song , despite the song not having a music video nor being performed live on tour . They noticed that the song had accumulated around 20 million plays on Spotify , which Clark initially presumed to be a mistake . Previously , `` Check Yes Juliet '' was the group 's most popular song , selling 2,000 copies per week . `` Sad Song '' , however , was selling 3,000 copies per week . Clark called it `` so strange . ( ... ) I just remember finding out that it happened and just being so blown away that for once in our career , we let our fans choose , kind of accidentally , which song we were going to go with . '' Track listing ( edit ) Credits per booklet . `` Queen of Hearts '' ( Travis Clark , Steve Shebby ) -- 3 : 34 `` Find You There '' ( Clark , Blake Healy ) -- 3 : 40 `` I Feel Alive '' ( Clark , Healy ) -- 3 : 52 `` I Like It '' ( Clark , Healy ) -- 3 : 19 `` That Feeling '' ( Clark , Shebby ) -- 3 : 58 `` See You in My Dreams '' ( Clark , Healy ) -- 4 : 29 `` Die Young Live Forever '' ( Clark , Healy , Ryan Daly ) -- 3 : 13 `` Phoenix Hearts '' ( Clark , Shebby ) -- 4 : 04 `` Any Other Way '' ( Clark , Healy , Fransisca Hall ) -- 3 : 44 `` Say It Now '' ( Clark , Healy ) -- 4 : 22 `` Art of War '' ( Clark , Healy , Kevin Bard , Taylor Clark , Dylan Quagliato ) -- 4 : 35 `` Sad Song '' ( feat . Elena Coats ) ( Clark , Bard , David Immerman ) -- 3 : 46 `` Just Keep Breathing '' ( Clark , Healy , Bard ) -- 4 : 05 Personnel ( edit ) Personnel per booklet , except where noted . We the Kings Travis Clark -- lead vocals , guitar Hunter Thomsen -- guitar Charles Trippy -- bass guitar Danny Duncan -- drums Coley O'Toole -- keys , guitar , backing vocals Additional musicians Joe Bucci -- additional drums ( track 1 ) Jose Carreon -- additional guitar ( track 7 ) Production Garrett Davi -- additional editing Brad Blackwood -- mastering Evan Blaire -- art direction Josiah Van Dien -- photography Steve Shebby -- producer ( tracks 1 , 5 , 8 and 12 ) Travis Clark -- producer ( all tracks ) Blake Healy -- producer ( tracks 2 -- 4 , 6 , 7 , 9 -- 11 and 13 ) David Immerman -- producer ( track 12 ) Jeff Juliano -- mixing Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 2015 ) Peak position Scottish Albums Chart 81 UK Albums Chart 88 UK Downloads Chart 17 UK Independent Albums Chart 7 UK Independent Albums Breakers Chart U.S. Billboard 200 44 U.S. Billboard Alternative Albums 5 U.S. Billboard Digital Albums 8 U.S. Billboard Independent Albums U.S. Billboard Top Rock Albums 6 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mar , Maria ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` An Interview With We The Kings : The Art Of War '' . The Aquarian Weekly . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Parker , Chris ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Pop - poppers We the Kings ditch the majors and find success going it alone '' . Charleston City Paper . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Common , Tyler ( April 5 , 2013 ) . `` We The Kings release new single , `` Just Keep Breathing '' `` . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Music News Desk ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` We the Kings Turn to Indiegogo to Fund Fourth Album '' . Broadway World . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bird , Michele ( May 5 , 2013 ) . `` We The Kings release new song , `` Find You There '' `` . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Any Other Way - We the Kings Release Information , Reviews and Credits '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Common , Tyler ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` We The Kings announce `` Summer Fest '' tour with Breathe Carolina , the Ready Set and T. Mills `` . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Duan , Crystal ( March 12 , 2014 ) . `` Q - and - A with Travis Clark of We The Kings '' . Move . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Deming , Mark . `` Somewhere Somehow - We the Kings Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , Marcus ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` Music Week in Review Dec 17th : B.O.B. , Lorde , Talib Kweli , Future and more '' . SoSoActive . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Graves , Shahlin ( May 6 , 2013 ) . `` WE THE KINGS - listen to new song , ' Find You There ' . '' . Coup de Main Magazine . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gamboa , Glenn ( December 23 , 2013 ) . `` We The Kings ' ' Somewhere , Somehow ' review : Their best album yet '' . Newsday . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Somewhere Somehow ( Booklet ) . We the Kings . Ozone Entertainment , We the Kings. 2013 . none . Jump up ^ Wade , Kim ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` We the Kings bring tour to Armstrong '' . Do Savannah . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Crane , Matt ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` We The Kings launch IndieGoGo campaign for new album '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Luzar , Charles ( September 28 , 2013 ) . `` ' We The Kings ' Turns To Indiegogo Over Indie Labels For 4th Album '' . Crowd Fund Insider . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McCummings , Zakiya ( June 12 , 2015 ) . `` We the Kings '' . Anchorage Press . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ DeAndrea , Joe ( September 27 , 2013 ) . `` We The Kings Indiegogo '' . AbsolutePunk.net . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Tatangelo , Wade ( December 24 , 2013 ) . `` Interview : Travis Clark of Bradenton 's We the Kings '' . Ticket Sarasota . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bird , Michele ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` We The Kings announce new album , ' Vitam Regum ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bird , Michele ( December 3 , 2013 ) . `` We The Kings announce new album title , ' Somewhere Somehow ' '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bird , Michele ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` We The Kings reveal ' Somewhere Somehow ' album cover '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Art of War - We the Kings Release Information , Reviews and Credits '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bird , Michele ( December 15 , 2013 ) . `` We The Kings premiere `` Art Of War '' lyric video `` . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tate , Jason ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` We the Kings Album Cover '' . AbsolutePunk.net . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bird , Michele ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` We The Kings release `` I Like It '' lyric video `` . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bird , Michele ( February 18 , 2014 ) . `` We The Kings added to Warped Tour 2014 lineup '' . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatangelo , Wade ( December 25 , 2014 ) . `` We the Kings singer ready for a family '' . Ticket Sarasota . Retrieved September 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Crane , Matt ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` We The Kings release `` That Feeling '' music video `` . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Brittany ( February 26 , 2014 ) . `` Buzznet Exclusive : 21 Questions With Travis Clark Of We The Kings ! '' . Buzznet . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` We the Kings - Chart history ( Billboard 200 ) '' . billboard.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` We the Kings - Chart history ( Independent Albums ) '' . billboard.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` We the Kings - Chart history ( Alternative Albums ) '' . billboard.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` We the Kings - Chart history ( Top Rock Albums ) '' . billboard.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` We the Kings - Chart history ( Digital Albums ) '' . billboard.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2015 . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . officialcharts.com . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Album Downloads Chart Top 100 '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50 '' . officialcharts.com . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Independent Album Breakers Chart Top 20 '' . officialcharts.com . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . officialcharts.com . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Rachel ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Contrary to popular belief , `` Check Yes Juliet '' is n't We The Kings ' most popular song `` . Alternative Press . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2016 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Somewhere Somehow at YouTube ( streamed copy where licensed ) ( hide ) We the Kings Travis Clark Hunter Thomsen Danny Duncan Charles Trippy Coley O'Toole Andrew `` Drew '' Thomsen Studio albums We the Kings ( 2007 ) Smile Kid ( 2009 ) Sunshine State of Mind ( 2011 ) Somewhere Somehow ( 2013 ) Stripped ( 2014 ) Strange Love ( 2015 ) Extended plays Between the Ink and the Paper Secret Valentine EP Party , Fun , Love , and Radio EP Singles `` We 'll Be a Dream '' `` Check Yes Juliet '' `` Just Keep Breathing '' Related articles Discography S - Curve Records Internet Killed Television Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somewhere_Somehow_(album)&oldid=794698630 '' Categories : 2013 albums We the Kings albums Crowdfunded albums Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2017 , at 15 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who wrote sad song by we the kings
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1942451919622676198
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Devon Bostick
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Devon Bostick - wikipedia Devon Bostick Devon Bostick Bostick in 2016 . ( 1991 - 11 - 13 ) November 13 , 1991 ( age 26 ) Toronto , Ontario , Canada Occupation Actor Years active 1998 -- present Devon Bostick ( born November 13 , 1991 ) is a Canadian actor best known for playing the lead role of Simon in the Atom Egoyan directed film Adoration , Brent in Saw VI , Rodrick Heffley in the first three Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies and Jasper Jordan on The CW show The 100 from 2014 to 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.3 Music video 3 References 4 External links Life and career ( edit ) Bostick in 2008 Bostick was born in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . His mother , Stephanie Gorin , is a casting agent in Toronto , who works in stage and screen , and his father , Joe Bostick , is an actor as well as a film fight coordinator . His maternal grandparents are English immigrants , and his father is of part Norwegian descent . Devon began acting when in grade five . He is a graduate of the Etobicoke School of the Arts in Toronto . He has had roles in the television series Degrassi : The Next Generation , Flashpoint and in the film Citizen Duane , and appeared in the series premiere of Rookie Blue . His film work has included roles in Godsend , Fugitive Pieces and The Stone Angel . In Adoration , he plays Simon , a boy who is being raised by his uncle ( played by Scott Speedman ) after his parents ' death . He also appears in an online spoof trailer for a hoax movie called `` Ice Fortress '' . He had roles in The Poet , a World War II drama starring Roy Scheider and Colm Feore , Saw VI as Brent and Assassin 's Creed : Lineage as Ezio Auditore . Bostick also played Erica 's deceased brother Leo in CBC Television 's series Being Erica , and Rodrick Heffley in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 The Truth About the Head Boy Godsend Zachary Clark Wells 2005 Land of the Dead Brian 2006 King of Sorrow Low Man 2006 Aruba Mark 2006 Citizen Duane Maurie Balfour 2006 American Pie Presents The Naked Mile High School Student # 4 Direct - to - video 2007 The Poet Guard # 1 2007 Fugitive Pieces Ben -- Teen 2007 The Stone Angel Young Marvin 2007 Saw IV Derek Scenes Cut 2008 Adoration Simon 2008 The Dreaming Boy 2009 Survival of the Dead Boy 2009 Saw VI Brent Assassin 's Creed : Lineage Ezio Auditore da Firenze Short film Diary of a Wimpy Kid Rodrick Heffley Verona Christopher Short film 2011 The Entitled Dean Taylor 2011 Hidden 3D Lucas 2011 The Sacrifice Mike Direct - to - video 2011 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Rodrick Rules Rodrick Heffley 2012 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Dog Days 2012 Diary of a Wimpy Kid : Class Clown 2012 Dead Before Dawn 3D Casper Galloway 2012 A Dark Truth Renaldo 2013 The Art of the Steal Ponch 2014 Small Time Freddy Klein 2015 Regression Roy Gray 2015 Being Charlie Adam 2017 Okja Silver Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1998 Exhibit A : Secrets of Forensic Science Son 1 episode 2002 -- 2003 Odyssey 5 Gothic Teen 2 episodes 2003 DC 9 / 11 : Time of Crisis Fireman 's son Television film 2003 Jake 2.0 Young Kid 1 episode 1 - 800 - Missing Zack 1 episode Hustle The Kid Television film 2005 Knights of the South Bronx Darren Television film 2006 -- 2007 Degrassi : The Next Generation Nic 3 episodes 2007 Stump Ryan TV series 2007 A Life Interrupted Young Bobby Television film 2007 The Altar Boy Gang Terry Television film 2008 Princess Older boy Television film 2008 Roxy Hunter and the Horrific Halloween Drew Television film 2009 The Good Germany Dale Mackay 1 episode 2009 Guns Boy # 3 2 episodes 2009 The Border Ali Jabir 1 episode 2009 Being Erica Leo Strange 13 episodes Rookie Blue Martin Blentz 1 episode Flashpoint Paul 1 episode Haven Jimmy 1 episode 2011 She 's the Mayor Doctor Jimmy 1 episode 2011 The Listener Bennie 1 episode 2013 Aim High Marcus Anderson Web series , 10 episodes 2014 -- 2017 The 100 Jasper Jordan Main cast ( Season 1 -- 4 ) Music video ( edit ) Year Song Artist Director 2015 Til It Happens to You Lady Gaga Catherine Hardwicke References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lederman , Marsha ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` Devon Bostick 's not really evil -- he just acts that way '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Jump up ^ Ouzounian , Richard ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` Devon Bostick : Not just another wimpy kid '' . The Star . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Twitter '' . Mobile.twitter.com . March 1 , 2013 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Devon Bostick . IMDb Jump up ^ Martha 's Nautical News . November 2007 Jump up ^ Lacey , Liam ( May 24 , 2008 ) . `` Egoyan brings post-9 / 11 vision to Cannes '' . Toronto : The Globe and Mail . Retrieved May 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dinoff , Dustin ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Contemporary World Cinema : Film Diary : Citizen Duane '' . Playback . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Leydon , Joe ( May 3 , 2004 ) . `` Godsend '' . Variety . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Writer , Staff ( February 18 , 2009 ) . `` Being Erica '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Caims , Bryan ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! We Chat With ' Saw VI ' Star Devon Bostick '' . FEARnet . Horror Entertainment . Retrieved September 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official Cast Reveal number 2 Dead Before Dawn '' . Deadbeforedawnthemovie.com . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Etan Vlessing ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Bostick , Sutherland to star in Dead Before Dawn '' Playback `` . Playbackonline.ca . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devon Bostick . Devon Bostick on IMDb Devon Bostick on Twitter BNF : cb165839132 ( data ) GND : 1026438101 ISNI : 0000 0000 8028 6141 LCCN : no2010090951 VIAF : 121664154 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devon_Bostick&oldid=848316127 '' Categories : 1991 births Living people People from Etobicoke Male actors from Toronto Canadian people of English descent Canadian people of Norwegian descent Canadian male child actors Canadian male film actors Canadian male television actors Canadian drummers Male drummers 20th - century Canadian male actors 21st - century Canadian male actors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018 , at 05 : 29 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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the guy who plays rodrick in diary of a wimpy kid
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"Devon Bostick (born November 13, 1991) is a Canadian actor best known for playing the lead role of Simon in the Atom Egoyan directed film Adoration, Brent in Saw VI, Rodrick Heffley in the first three Diary of a Wimpy Kid movies and Jasper Jordan on The CW show The 100 from 2014 to 2017.\n"
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"Devon Bostick"
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Unsolved (U.S. TV series)
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Unsolved ( U.S. tv series ) - wikipedia Unsolved ( U.S. tv series ) Jump to : navigation , search Unsolved Genre Drama Based on Murder Rap : The Untold Story of Biggie Smalls & Tupac Shakur Murder Investigations by Greg Kading Composer ( s ) Joseph Trapanese Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Anthony Hemingway Mark Taylor Greg Kading Kyle Long Camera setup Single - camera Production company ( s ) HemingwayTaylor Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network USA Network Original release February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) -- present ( present ) Unsolved is an American true crime anthology television series . The first season is based on the murders of rappers Tupac and Biggie Smalls in the late - 1990s . It premiered February 27 , 2018 on USA Network . The 10 - episode first season titled The Murders of Tupac and the Notorious B.I.G. chronicles the dual police investigations of Detective Greg Kading ( Josh Duhamel ) and Detective Russell Poole ( Jimmi Simpson ) into the controversial murders of two of the rap industry 's most legendary players , Tupac Shakur ( Marcc Rose ) and The Notorious B.I.G. ( Wavyy Jonez ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 2 Episodes 3 Development 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Wavyy Jonez as Christopher Wallace Marcc Rose as Tupac Shakur Josh Duhamel as Detective Greg Kading Jimmi Simpson as Detective Russell Poole Bokeem Woodbine as Officer Daryn Dupree Jamie McShane as Detective Fred Miller Brent Sexton as Detective Brian Tyndall Luke James as Sean `` Puffy '' Combs Aisha Hinds as Voletta Wallace LeToya Luckett as Sharitha Golden Donald Faison as Jacques Agnant Funkmaster Flex as himself Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Wherever It Leads '' Anthony Hemingway Kyle Long February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) 1.60 `` Nobody Talks '' Anthony Hemingway Kyle Long March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 1.13 `` The Mack '' Ernest Dickerson Denitria Harris - Lawrence March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 1.01 `` Take Your Best Shot '' Anthony Hemingway Chris Downey March 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 20 ) 1.04 5 `` The Art of War '' Kate Woods Jameal Turner March 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 27 ) 0.95 6 `` East Coast , West Coast '' Erica Watson Tash Gray April 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 0.84 7 `` Half the Job '' Darren Grant Samir Mehta April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 0.81 8 `` Tupac Amaru Shakur '' Anthony Hemingway Denitria Harris - Lawrence & Jameal Turner April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) 0.76 9 `` Christopher '' Kate Woods Chris Downey April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 0.77 10 `` Unsolved ? '' Anthony Hemingway Kyle Long May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 0.71 Development ( edit ) The series was ordered on May 12 , 2017 . Emmy winner Anthony Hemingway directed the pilot and will executive produce the series , along with Mark Taylor through their Hemingway - Taylor production company . Kyle Long wrote the pilot and will also executive produce . Greg Kading , who will also serve as co-executive producer , led multiple law - enforcement task forces investigating the murders and authored the book Murder Rap : The Untold Story of Biggie Smalls & Tupac Shakur Murder Investigations . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the series holds an approval rating of 75 % with an average rating of 5.93 / 10 based on 24 reviews . Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the series a score of 67 out of 100 based on 16 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews . '' Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wherever It Leads '' February 27 , 2018 0.7 1.60 0.4 0.74 2.35 `` Nobody Talks '' March 6 , 2018 0.4 1.13 0.3 N / A 0.7 N / A `` The Mack '' March 13 , 2018 0.4 1.01 0.3 N / A 0.7 N / A `` Take Your Best Shot '' March 20 , 2018 0.4 1.04 0.3 N / A 0.7 N / A 5 `` The Art of War '' March 27 , 2018 0.4 0.95 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` East Coast , West Coast '' April 3 , 2018 0.3 0.84 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A 7 `` Half the Job '' April 10 , 2018 0.3 0.81 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A 8 `` Tupac Amaru Shakur '' April 17 , 2018 0.3 0.76 N / A N / A N / A N / A 9 `` Christopher '' April 24 , 2018 0.3 0.77 0.3 N / A 0.6 N / A 10 `` Unsolved ? '' May 1 , 2018 0.3 0.71 N / A N / A N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - USA Locks February 27 10 / 9c Premiere Date for `` Unsolved : The Murders of Tupac and The Notorious B.I.G. '' TheFutonCritic.com `` . thefutoncritic.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cast & Info Unsolved '' . USA Network . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Calvario , Liz ( 6 March 2017 ) . `` ' Unsolved ' : Marcc Rose And Wavyy Jonez Cast As Tupac And Biggie In USA 's Murder Mystery Pilot '' . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` ' Unsolved ' : Josh Duhamel , Jimmi Simpson & Bokeem Woodbine To Topline USA Pilot On Tupac Shakur & Biggie Smalls Murders '' . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( 12 May 2017 ) . `` Tupac - Biggie Smalls Series ' Unsolved ' Greenlit at USA Network '' . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( 22 March 2017 ) . `` ' Unsolved ' : Luke James , Aisha Hinds & Letoya Luckett Cast In USA 's Tupac Shakur Biggie Smalls Pilot '' . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - unsolved , on usa '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( February 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 2.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.13. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.20. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 3.27. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.3. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.10. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.17. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 4.24. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 5.1. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 2017 - 05 - 12 ) . `` ' Unsolved ' Drama About Tupac & Biggie 's Murders Gets USA Network Series Order '' . Deadline . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Unsolved : The Murders of Tupac and The Notorious B.I.G. ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Unsolved : The Murders of Tupac and The Notorious B.I.G. reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' stays atop the cable Live + 7 ratings for Feb. 26 - March 4 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Atlanta ' and ' The Alienist ' make more solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 5 -- 11 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Fosters ' finale doubles in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 12 - 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Krypton ' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for March 19 - 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fixer Upper ' finale goes out strong : Cable Live + 7 ratings for April 2 - 8 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Last O.G. ' scores for TBS in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 9 - 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Suits ' finale gets solid bump in cable Live + 7 ratings for April 23 - 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website at USA Network Unsolved on IMDb Greg Kading Anthony Hemingway Russell Poole ( hide ) USA Network original programming Current American Ninja Warrior : Ninja vs. Ninja ( since 2017 ) Chrisley Knows Best ( since 2014 ) Colony ( since 2016 ) Mr. Robot ( since 2015 ) Queen of the South ( since 2016 ) Shooter ( since 2016 ) The Sinner ( since 2017 ) Suits ( since 2011 ) Unsolved ( since 2018 ) Westminster Dog Show WWE Raw ( 1993 -- 2000 , since 2005 ) WWE SmackDown ( since 2016 ) WWE Tribute to the Troops ( since 2005 ) Former 1970s debuts NBA on USA NHL on USA USA Thursday Game of the Week 1980s debuts Airwolf Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( 1985 ) American Bandstand Bumper Stumpers Chain Reaction Commander USA 's Groovie Movies Dance Party USA The Dick Cavett Show The Hitchhiker Jackpot Love Me , Love Me Not Night Flight PGA Tour on USA Radio 1990 Southwest Championship Wrestling Tuesday Night Fights Tuesday Night Titans U.S. Open Tennis Championship USA Cartoon Express USA Saturday Nightmares USA Up All Night WWF All American Wrestling WWF Prime Time Wrestling 1990s debuts Beyond Reality Campus Cops Claude 's Crib Crush Duckman Eco-Challenge Farmclub.com Free 4 All G vs E Highlander : The Animated Series The Huntress La Femme Nikita Lost on Earth Manhattan , AZ Mortal Kombat : Defenders of the Realm The Net Night Flight Pacific Blue Quicksilver The Savage Dragon Silk Stalkings Street Fighter Strip Poker The Superman / Batman Adventures Swamp Thing Ultraforce USA Action Extreme Team USA High The War Next Door Weird Science Wing Commander Academy World League of American Football WWF Action Zone WWF Heat WWF LiveWire WWF Mania 2000s debuts The 4400 Burn Notice Cannonball Run 2001 Cover Me Combat Missions Cool Money D.C. Sniper : 23 Days of Fear The Dead Zone Dr. Steve - O Frankenstein Helen of Troy In Plain Sight Kojak The Last Ride Law & Order : Criminal Intent Monk Nashville Star Peacemakers Psych Royal Pains Spartacus The Starter Wife miniseries TV series Stealing Christmas Smush Three Wise Guys To Love and Die Touching Evil Traffic Underfunded White Collar 2010s debuts Benched Common Law Complications Covert Affairs Damnation Dig Donny ! Eyewitness Fairly Legal Falling Water First Impressions Graceland Necessary Roughness Political Animals Playing House Rush Satisfaction Sirens WWE Tough Enough Upcoming Miz & Mrs. ( 2018 ) Second City ( TBA ) The Purge ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unsolved_(U.S._TV_series)&oldid=842724850 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2018 American television series debuts English - language television programs USA Network shows Serial drama television series Television series by Universal Television American anthology television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 08 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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unsolved murders of biggie and tupac episode 10
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A Bug's Life
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A Bug 's Life - Wikipedia A Bug 's Life Jump to : navigation , search For the video game , see A Bug 's Life ( video game ) . A Bug 's Life Theatrical release poster Directed by John Lasseter Produced by Darla K. Anderson Kevin Reher Screenplay by Andrew Stanton Donald McEnery Bob Shaw Story by John Lasseter Andrew Stanton Joe Ranft Starring Dave Foley Kevin Spacey Julia Louis - Dreyfus Music by Randy Newman Cinematography Sharon Calahan Edited by Lee Unkrich Production company Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date November 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 25 ) Running time 95 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $120 million Box office $363.3 million A Bug 's Life is a 1998 American computer - animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures . Directed by John Lasseter , the film involves a misfit ant named Flik that is looking for `` tough warriors '' to save his colony from greedy grasshoppers , only to recruit a group of bugs that turn out to be an inept circus troupe . The film stars the voices of Dave Foley , Kevin Spacey and Julia Louis - Dreyfus . The film is inspired by Aesop 's fable The Ant and the Grasshopper . Production began shortly after the release of Toy Story in 1995 . The screenplay was penned by Stanton and comedy writers Donald McEnery and Bob Shaw . The ants in the film were redesigned to be more appealing , and Pixar 's animation unit employed new technical innovations in computer animation . During production , the filmmakers became embroiled in a public feud with DreamWorks Animation due to the production of their similar film Antz , which was released the same year . Randy Newman composed the music for the film . The film was released on November 25 , 1998 , and was a box office success , surpassing competition and grossing $363 million in receipts . It received positive reviews from film critics , who commended the storyline , witty dialogue and animation , while others unfavorably compared it to Antz . The film has been released multiple times on home video . It was Roddy McDowall 's final role before his death . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Voice cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Art design and animation 4 Controversy 5 Music 6 Reception 6.1 Critical reception 6.2 Box office 6.3 Awards and honors 7 Home media 8 Media and merchandise 8.1 Attached short film 8.2 Video game 8.3 Theme park attractions 9 See also 10 References 11 Future reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Ant Island is a colony of ants led by the Queen and her daughter , Princess Atta . Every season , they are forced to give food to a gang of marauding grasshoppers led by Hopper . One day , when Flik , an individualist and would - be inventor , inadvertently knocks the offering into a stream with his latest invention , a grain harvesting device , Hopper demands twice as much food as compensation . When Flik suggests in earnest that they seek help from other stronger bugs , the other ants see it as an opportunity to remove him and send him off . At the `` bug city '' , which is a heap of trash under a trailer , the naïve Flik mistakes a troupe of Circus Bugs who were recently dismissed by their greedy ringmaster , P.T. Flea , for the warrior bugs he seeks . The bugs , in turn , mistake Flik for a talent agent and accept his offer to travel with him back to Ant Island . During a welcome ceremony upon their arrival , the Circus Bugs and Flik both discover their mutual misunderstandings . The Circus Bugs attempt to leave but are attacked by a bird ; while fleeing , they save Dot , Atta 's younger sister , gaining the ants ' respect in the process . At Flik 's request , they continue the ruse of being `` warriors '' so the troupe can continue to enjoy the hospitality of the ants . Hearing that Hopper fears birds inspires Flik to create a false bird to scare away the grasshoppers . Meanwhile , Hopper tells his gang how greatly the ants outnumber them and worries that they will eventually rebel against them . The ants finish constructing the fake bird , but during a celebration , P.T. Flea arrives searching for his troupe and inadvertently reveals their secret . Outraged by Flik 's deception , the ants exile him and desperately gather food for a new offering to the grasshoppers . However , when Hopper returns to discover the mediocre offering , he takes over the island and demands the ants ' winter food supply , planning to assassinate the Queen afterwards . Overhearing the plan , Dot has Flik and the Circus Bugs return to Ant Island . After rescuing the Queen , Flik launches the bird ; it initially fools the grasshoppers , but P.T. Flea , also mistaking it for a real bird , burns it , exposing it as a decoy . Hopper beats Flik in retaliation and says that the ants are humble and lowly life forms who live to serve the grasshoppers . However , Flik responds that Hopper actually fears the colony , because he has always known what they are capable of , inspiring the ants and the Circus Bugs to fight back against the grasshoppers . The ants attempt to force Hopper out of Ant Island , but it suddenly begins to rain . In the ensuing chaos , Hopper kidnaps Flik and flees . After the Circus Bugs fail to catch them , Atta rescues Flik . As Hopper pursues them , Flik lures him to the nest of the bird he , Dot , and the Circus Bugs encountered earlier . Thinking that the bird is another decoy , Hopper taunts it before discovering it is real , and is captured and eaten alive by its chicks . Sometime later , Flik has improved his inventions and the quality of life for Ant Island , and Atta professes her love for him , and they give Hopper 's brother Molt , and a few ants to P.T. Flea . Atta and Dot respectively become the new queen and princess . The ants congratulate Flik as a hero and bid a fond farewell to the circus troupe , who promise to return in the future . Voice cast ( edit ) Dave Foley as Flik , an inventive , but mostly accident - prone , ant Kevin Spacey as Hopper , the leader of the grasshopper gang Julia Louis - Dreyfus as Princess Atta , the soon - to - be queen of the colony Hayden Panettiere as Dot , Princess Atta 's younger sister and initially Flik 's only friend in the ant colony Phyllis Diller as the Queen , the leader of the ant colony Richard Kind as Molt , Hopper 's dim - witted younger brother David Hyde Pierce as Slim , a walking stick and Francis and Heimlich 's friend Joe Ranft as Heimlich , a plump German - accented caterpillar that longs to be a butterfly Denis Leary as Francis , a short - tempered ladybug that is constantly mistaken for a female Jonathan Harris as Manny , a praying mantis and magician in P.T. Flea 's circus Madeline Kahn as Gypsy , a gypsy moth and Manny 's beautiful wife and assistant Bonnie Hunt as Rosie , a black widow spider and Dim 's tamer Michael McShane as Tuck and Roll , twin pillbugs from Hungary John Ratzenberger as P.T. Flea , the owner of the circus Brad Garrett as Dim , a rhinoceros beetle that plays the `` Ferocious Beast '' in the circus act Roddy McDowall as Mr. Soil , the lead thespian Edie McClurg as Dr. Flora , the doctor of the ant colony Alex Rocco as Thorny , Princess Atta 's assistant David Ossman as Cornelius , an elderly ant Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) John Lasseter , the director of A Bug 's Life , at the Austin Film Festival in October 2011 . During the summer of 1994 , Pixar 's story department began turning their thoughts to their next film . The storyline for A Bug 's Life originated from a lunchtime conversation between John Lasseter , Andrew Stanton , Pete Docter , and Joe Ranft , the studio 's head story team ; other films such as Monsters , Inc. and Finding Nemo were also conceived at this lunch . Lasseter and his story team had already been drawn to the idea of insects serving as characters . Like toys , insects were within the reach of computer animation back then , due to their relatively simple surfaces . Stanton and Ranft wondered whether they could find a starting point in Aesop 's fable The Ant and the Grasshopper . Walt Disney had produced his own version with a cheerier ending decades earlier in the 1934 short film The Grasshopper and the Ants . In addition , Walt Disney Feature Animation ( now Walt Disney Animation Studios ) had considered producing a film in the late - 1980s entitled Army Ants , that centered around a pacifist ant living in a militaristic colony , but this never fully materialized . As Stanton and Ranft discussed the adaptation , they rattled off scenarios and storylines springing from their premise . Lasseter liked the idea and offered some suggestions . The concept simmered until early - 1995 , when the story team began work on the second film in earnest . During an early test screening for Toy Story in San Rafael in June 1995 , they pitched the film to Disney CEO Michael Eisner . Eisner thought the idea was fine and they submitted a treatment to Disney in early - July under the title Bugs . Disney approved the treatment and gave notice on July 7 that it was exercising the option of a second film under the original 1991 agreement between Disney and Pixar . Lasseter assigned the co-director job to Stanton ; both worked well together and had similar sensibilities . Lasseter had realized that working on a computer - animated feature as a sole - director was dangerous while the production of Toy Story was in process . In addition , Lasseter believed that it would relieve stress and that the role would groom Stanton for having his own position as a lead director . Writing ( edit ) In The Ant and the Grasshopper , a grasshopper squanders the spring and summer months on singing while the ants put food away for the winter ; when winter comes , the hungry grasshopper begs the ants for food , but the ants turn him away . Andrew Stanton and Joe Ranft hit on the notion that the grasshopper could just take the food . After Stanton had completed a draft of the script , he came to doubt one of the story 's main pillars -- that the Circus Bugs that had come to the colony to cheat the ants would instead stay and fight . He thought the Circus Bugs were unlikable characters as liars and that it was unrealistic for them to undergo a complete personality change . Also , no particularly good reason existed for Circus Bugs to stay with the ant colony during the second act . Although the film was already far along , Stanton concluded that the story needed a different approach . Stanton took one of the early circus bug characters , Red the red ant , and changed him into the character Flik . The Circus Bugs , no longer out to cheat the colony , would be embroiled in a comic misunderstanding as to why Flik was recruiting them . Lasseter agreed with this new approach , and comedy writers Donald McEnery and Bob Shaw spent a few months working on further polishing with Stanton . The characters `` Tuck and Roll '' were inspired by a drawing that Stanton did of two bugs fighting when he was in the second grade . Lasseter had come to envision the film as an epic in the tradition of David Lean 's 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia . Casting ( edit ) The voice cast was heavy with television situation - comedy stars of the time : Flik was voiced by Dave Foley ( from NewsRadio ) , Princess Atta was voiced by Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( from Seinfeld ) , Molt was voiced by Richard Kind ( from Spin City ) , Slim was voiced by David Hyde Pierce ( from Frasier ) and Dim was voiced by Brad Garrett ( from Everybody Loves Raymond ) . Joe Ranft , member of Pixar 's story team , played Heimlich the caterpillar at the suggestion of Lasseter 's wife , Nancy , who had heard him playing the character on a scratch vocal track . Several of the film 's voice actors would voice characters in later Pixar films : Foley returned for Monsters University , Kind for Cars , Cars 2 , Toy Story 3 , and Inside Out ; and Garrett for Finding Nemo and Ratatouille . The casting of Hopper , the film 's villain , proved problematic . Lasseter 's top choice was Robert De Niro , who repeatedly turned the part down , as did a succession of other actors . Kevin Spacey met John Lasseter at the 1995 Academy Awards and Lasseter asked Spacey if he would be interested in doing the voice of Hopper . Spacey was delighted and signed on immediately . Art design and animation ( edit ) It was more difficult for animators during the production of A Bug 's Life than that of Toy Story , as computers ran sluggishly due to the complexity of the character models . Lasseter and Stanton had two supervising animators to assist with directing and reviewing the animation : Rich Quade and Glenn McQueen . The first sequence to be animated and rendered was the circus sequence that culminated with P.T. Flea 's `` Flaming Wall of Death '' . Lasseter placed this scene first in the pipeline because he believed it was `` less likely to change '' . Lasseter thought it would be useful to look at a view of the world from an insect 's perspective . Two technicians obliged by creating a miniature video camera on Lego wheels , which they dubbed as the `` Bugcam '' . Fastened to the end of a stick , the Bugcam could roll through grass and other terrain and send back an insect 's - eye outlook . Lasseter was intrigued by the way grass , leaves , and flower petals formed a translucent canopy , as if the insects were living under a stained - glass ceiling . The team also later sought inspiration from Microcosmos ( 1996 ) , a French documentary on love and violence in the insect world . The transition from treatment to storyboards took on an extra layer of complexity due to the profusion of storylines . Where Toy Story focused heavily on Woody and Buzz , with the other toys serving mostly as sidekicks , A Bug 's Life required in - depth storytelling for several major groups of characters . Character design also presented a new challenge , in that the designers had to make ants appear likable . Although the animators and the art department studied insects more closely , natural realism would give way to the film 's larger needs . The team took out mandibles and designed the ants to stand upright , replacing their normal six legs with two arms and two legs . The grasshoppers , in contrast , received a pair of extra appendages to appear less attractive . The story 's scale also required software engineers to accommodate new demands . Among these was the need to handle shots with crowds of ants . The film would include more than 400 such shots in the ant colony , some with as many as 800 . It was impractical for animators to control them individually , but neither could the ants remain static for even a moment without appearing lifeless , or move identically . Bill Reeves , one of the film 's two supervising technical directors , dealt with the quandary by leading the development of software for autonomous ants . The animators would only animate four or five groups of about eight individual `` universal ants '' . Each one of these `` universal ants '' would later be randomly distributed throughout the digital set . The program also allowed each ant to be automatically modified in subtle ways ( e.g. different color of eye or skin , different heights , different weights , etc . ) . This ensured that no two ants were the same . It was partly based on Reeves 's invention of particle systems a decade and a half earlier , which had let animators use masses of self - guided particles to create effects like swirling dust and snow . The animators also employed subsurface scattering -- developed by Pixar co-founder Edwin Catmull during his graduate student days at the University of Utah in the 1970s -- to render surfaces in a more lifelike way . This would be the first time that subsurface scattering would be used in a Pixar film , and a small team at Pixar worked out the practical problems that kept it from working in animation . Catmull asked for a short film to test and showcase subsurface scattering and the result , Geri 's Game ( 1997 ) , was attached alongside A Bug 's Life in its theatrical release . Controversy ( edit ) During the production of A Bug 's Life , a public feud erupted between DreamWorks ' Jeffrey Katzenberg , and Pixar 's Steve Jobs and John Lasseter . Katzenberg , former chairman of Disney 's film division , had left the company in a bitter feud with CEO Michael Eisner . In response , he formed DreamWorks SKG with Steven Spielberg and David Geffen and planned to rival Disney in animation . After DreamWorks ' acquisition of Pacific Data Images ( PDI ) -- long Pixar 's contemporary in computer animation -- Lasseter and others at Pixar were dismayed to learn from the trade papers that PDI 's first project at DreamWorks would be another ant film , to be called Antz . By this time , Pixar 's project was well - known within the animation community . Both Antz and A Bug 's Life center on a young male , a drone with oddball tendencies that struggles to win a princess 's hand by saving their society . Whereas A Bug 's Life relied chiefly on visual gags , Antz was more verbal and revolved more around satire . The script of Antz was also heavy with adult references , whereas Pixar 's film was more accessible to children . It was clear that Lasseter and Jobs believed that the idea was stolen by Katzenberg . Katzenberg had stayed in touch with Lasseter after the acrimonious Disney split , often calling to check up . In October 1995 , when Lasseter was overseeing postproduction work on Toy Story at the Universal lot 's Technicolor facility in Universal City , where DreamWorks was also located , he called Katzenberg and dropped by with Stanton . When Katzenberg asked what they were doing next , Lasseter described what would become A Bug 's Life in detail . Lasseter respected Katzenberg 's judgment and felt comfortable using him as a sounding board for creative ideas . Lasseter had high hopes for Toy Story , and he was telling friends throughout the tight - knit computer - animation business to get cracking on their own films . `` If this hits , it 's going to be like space movies after Star Wars '' for computer animation companies , he told various friends . `` I should have been wary , '' Lasseter later recalled . `` Jeffrey kept asking questions about when it would be released . '' When the trades indicated production on Antz , Lasseter , feeling betrayed , called Katzenberg and asked him bluntly if it were true , who in turn asked him where he had heard the rumor . Lasseter asked again , and Katzenberg admitted it was true . Lasseter raised his voice and would not believe Katzenberg 's story that a development director had pitched him the idea long ago . Katzenberg claimed Antz came from a 1991 story pitch by Tim Johnson that was related to Katzenberg in October 1994 . Another source gives Nina Jacobson , one of Katzenberg 's executives , as the person responsible for the Antz pitch . Lasseter , who normally did not use profane language , cursed at Katzenberg and hung up the phone . Lasseter recalled that Katzenberg began explaining that Disney was `` out to get him '' and that he realized that he was just cannon fodder in Katzenberg 's fight with Disney . In truth , Katzenberg was the victim of a conspiracy : Eisner had decided not to pay him his contract - required bonus , convincing Disney 's board not to give him anything . Katzenberg was further angered by the fact that Eisner scheduled Bugs to open the same week as The Prince of Egypt , which was then intended to be DreamWorks ' first animated release . Lasseter grimly relayed the news to Pixar employees but kept morale high . Privately , Lasseter told other Pixar executives that he and Stanton felt terribly let down by Katzenberg . Katzenberg moved the opening of Antz from spring 1999 to October 1998 to compete with Pixar 's release . David Price writes in his 2008 book The Pixar Touch that a rumor , `` never confirmed '' , was that Katzenberg had given PDI `` rich financial incentives to induce them to whatever it would take to have Antz ready first , despite Pixar 's head start '' . Jobs was furious and called Katzenberg and began yelling . Katzenberg made an offer : He would delay production of Antz if Jobs and Disney would move A Bug 's Life so that it did not compete with The Prince of Egypt . Jobs believed it `` a blatant extortion attempt '' and would not go for it , explaining that there was nothing he could do to convince Disney to change the date . Katzenberg casually responded that Jobs himself had taught him how to conduct similar business long ago , explaining that Jobs had come to Pixar 's rescue by making the deal for Toy Story , as Pixar was near bankruptcy at that time . `` I was the one guy there for you back then , and now you 're allowing them to use you to screw me , '' Katzenberg said . He suggested that if Jobs wanted to , he could simply slow down production on A Bug 's Life without telling Disney . If he did , Katzenberg said , he would put Antz on hold . Lasseter also claimed Katzenberg had phoned him with the proposition , but Katzenberg denied these charges later . As the release dates for both films approached , Disney executives concluded that Pixar should keep silent on the DreamWorks battle . Regardless , Lasseter publicly dismissed Antz as a `` schlock version '' of A Bug 's Life . Lasseter , who claimed to have never seen Antz , told others that if DreamWorks and PDI had made the film about anything other than insects , he would have closed Pixar for the day so the entire company could go see it . Jobs and Katzenberg would not back down and the rivaling ant films provoked a press frenzy . `` The bad guys rarely win , '' Jobs told the Los Angeles Times . In response , DreamWorks ' head of marketing Terry Press suggested , `` Steve Jobs should take a pill . '' Despite the successful box office performance of both Antz and A Bug 's Life , tensions would remain high between Jobs and Katzenberg for many years . According to Jobs , Katzenberg came to Jobs after the success of Shrek ( 2001 ) and insisted he had never heard the pitch for A Bug 's Life , reasoning that his settlement with Disney would have given him a share of the profits if that were so . Although the contention left all parties estranged , Pixar and PDI employees kept up the old friendships that had arisen from spending a long time together in computer animation . Music ( edit ) A Bug 's Life : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Randy Newman Released October 27 , 1998 Recorded 1998 Genre Score Length 47 : 32 Label Walt Disney Randy Newman chronology Michael ( 1996 ) Michael 1996 A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Pleasantville ( 1998 ) Pleasantville 1998 Pixar soundtrack chronology Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story 1995 A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) A Bug 's Life1998 Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Toy Story 2 1999 The film 's score was composed and conducted by Randy Newman . The soundtrack album was produced and released on October 27 , 1998 , by Walt Disney Records . The album 's first track is a song called `` The Time of Your Life '' written and performed by Newman , while all the other 19 tracks are orchestral cues . The album is no longer manufactured into physical media , but is available for purchase on iTunes . The time duration is 47 minutes and 32 seconds . Out of five stars , Allmusic , Empire Online , and Film Tracks rated the album three stars . Movie Wave rated it four and a half . The score won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition . Reception ( edit ) Critical reception ( edit ) On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 92 % , based on 85 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A Bug 's Life is a rousing adventure that blends animated thrills with witty dialogue and memorable characters -- and another smashing early success for Pixar . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Todd McCarthy of Variety gave the film a positive review , saying `` Lasseter and Pixar broke new technical and aesthetic ground in the animation field with Toy Story , and here they surpass it in both scope and complexity of movement while telling a story that overlaps Antz in numerous ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying `` A Bug 's Life , like Toy Story , develops protagonists we can root for , and places them in the midst of a fast - moving , energetic adventure . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying `` Will A Bug 's Life suffer by coming out so soon after Antz ? Not any more than one thriller hurts the chances for the next one . Antz may even help business for A Bug 's Life by demonstrating how many dramatic and comedic possibilities can be found in an anthill . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film four out of five stars , saying `` What A Bug 's Life demonstrates is that when it comes to bugs , the most fun ones to hang out with hang exclusively with the gang at Pixar . '' Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` A Bug 's Life is one of the great movies -- a triumph of storytelling and character development , and a whole new ballgame for computer animation . Pixar Animation Studios has raised the genre to an astonishing new level '' . Richard Corliss of Time gave the film a positive review , saying `` The plot matures handsomely ; the characters neatly converge and combust ; the gags pay off with emotional resonance . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying `` A Bug 's Life may be the single most amazing film I 've ever seen that I could n't fall in love with . '' Paul Clinton of CNN gave the film a positive review , saying `` A Bug 's Life is a perfect movie for the holidays . It contains a great upbeat message ... it 's wonderful to look at ... it 's wildly inventive ... and it 's entertaining for both adults and kids . '' Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three and a half stars out of four , and compared the movie to `` Akira Kurosawa 's Seven Samurai ( with a little of another art - film legend , Federico Fellini , tossed in ) . '' where `` As in Samurai , the colony here is plagued every year by the arrival of bandits . '' On the contrary , Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post gave the film a negative review , saying `` Clever as it is , the film lacks charm . One problem : too many bugs . Second , bigger world for two purposes : to feed birds and to irk humans . '' Box Office ( edit ) A Bug 's Life grossed approximately $33,258,052 on its opening weekend , ranking number 1 for that weekend . It managed to retain its number 1 spot for two weeks . The film grossed $162.8 million in its United States theatrical run , covering its estimated production costs of $120 million . The film made $200,460,294 in foreign countries , pushing its worldwide gross to $363.3 million , surpassing the competition from DreamWorks Animation 's Antz . Awards and honors ( edit ) Main article : List of Pixar awards and nominations ( feature films ) § A Bug 's Life A Bug 's Life won a number of awards and numerous nominations . The film won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards for Best Animated Film ( tied with The Prince of Egypt ) and Best Family Film , the Satellite Award for Best Animated Film and the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition by Randy Newman . It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score , the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and the BAFTA Award for Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects . In 2008 , the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Animation Films list . Home media ( edit ) A Bug 's Life was released on VHS and DVD on April 20 , 1999 . On August 1 , 2000 , it was rereleased on VHS and DVD under the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection banner . On May 27 , 2003 , another DVD was released as a 2 - disc Collector 's Edition . This DVD was fully remastered and has substantial bonus features . On May 19 , 2009 , the film was released on Blu - ray . Media and merchandise ( edit ) Attached short film ( edit ) Main article : Geri 's Game The film 's theatrical and video releases include Geri 's Game , an Academy Award winning Pixar short made in 1997 , a year before this film was released . Video game ( edit ) Main article : A Bug 's Life ( video game ) A game , based on the film , was developed by Traveller 's Tales and Tiertex Design Studios and released by Sony Computer Entertainment , Disney Interactive , THQ and Activision for various systems . The game 's storyline was similar to the film 's , with a few changes . However , unlike the film , the game received mixed to negative reviews . Aggregating review website GameRankings gave the Nintendo 64 version 54.40 % , the PlayStation version 51.90 % and the Game Boy Color version 36.63 % . GameSpot gave the PlayStation version a 2.7 / 10 , concluding that it was `` obvious that Disney was more interested in producing a $40 advertisement for its movie than in developing a playable game . '' IGN gave the Nintendo 64 version a 6.8 / 10 , praising the presentation and sound by stating `` It was upbeat , cheery look and feel very much like the movie of the same name with cheery , happy tunes and strong sound effects but again criticised the gameplay by saying the controls were sluggish with stuttering framerate and tired gameplay mechanics '' . while they gave the PlayStation version a 4 / 10 , criticizing the gameplay as slow and awkward but praising the presentation as cinematic . Theme park attractions ( edit ) A Bug 's Land is a section of Disney California Adventure that is inspired by A Bug 's Life . One of the main attractions is the 3D show It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! which is also in Disney 's Animal Kingdom . The Disney California Adventure nighttime show World of Color features a segment that includes Heimlich , the caterpillar from the film . See also ( edit ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal Animation portal Cartoon portal 1990s portal List of animated feature - length films List of Pixar films List of computer - animated films List of Disney animated films based on fairy tales List of films featuring insects Antz References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( November 25 , 1998 ) . `` A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) '' . The New York Times . 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Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Monji , Jana . `` A Bug 's Life Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1998 ) '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life -- Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Stack ( November 25 , 1998 ) . `` '' Bug 's '' Has Legs / Cute insect adventure a visual delight `` . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( November 30 , 1998 ) . `` Cinema : Bugs Funny '' . Time . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( November 20 , 1998 ) . `` A Bug 's Life Review Movie Reviews and News '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' A Bug 's Life ' hits a bulls - eye -- November 20 , 1998 '' . CNN . November 20 , 1998 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( November 25 , 1998 ) . `` Movie Review : ' A Bug 's Life Disney 's Venture Into The Insect World Squashes ' Antz ' -- November 25 , 1998 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' A Bug 's Life ' ( G ) '' . The Washington Post . November 25 , 1998 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for November 27 -- 29 , 1998 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 4 -- 6 , 1998 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 11 -- 13 , 1998 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A-Bug - s - Life -- Cast , Crew , Director and Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life DVD '' . Blu-ray.com. April 20 , 1999 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( November 25 , 1998 ) . `` A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life ( Nintendo 64 ) reviews at '' . GameRankings . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life for Nintendo 64 '' . GameRankings. April 30 , 1999 . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney / Pixar A Bug 's Life for PlayStation '' . GameRankings . October 31 , 1998 . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney / Pixar A Bug 's Life for Game Boy Color '' . GameRankings . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Disney / Pixar A Bug 's Life Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life -- IGN '' . Uk.ign.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life -- IGN '' . Uk.ign.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Tough to be a Bug ! Walt Disney World Resort '' . Disney . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . Future reading ( edit ) Price , David ( 2008 ) . The Pixar Touch . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 307 - 26575 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Bug 's Life Official website Information at Pixar 's site A Bug 's Life on IMDb A Bug 's Life at the TCM Movie Database A Bug 's Life at The Big Cartoon DataBase A Bug 's Life at AllMovie Pixar Feature films Released Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL E ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Brave ( 2012 ) Monsters University ( 2013 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Cars 3 ( 2017 ) Upcoming Coco ( 2017 ) The Incredibles 2 ( 2018 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Short films Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Geri 's Game ( 1997 ) For the Birds ( 2000 ) Mike 's New Car ( 2002 ) Boundin ' ( 2003 ) Jack - Jack Attack ( 2005 ) Mr. Incredible and Pals ( 2005 ) One Man Band ( 2005 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Lifted ( 2006 ) Your Friend the Rat ( 2007 ) Presto ( 2008 ) Rescue Squad Mater ( 2008 ) Mater the Greater ( 2008 ) El Materdor ( 2008 ) BURN - E ( 2008 ) Tokyo Mater ( 2008 ) Partly Cloudy ( 2009 ) Dug 's Special Mission ( 2009 ) George & A.J. ( 2009 ) Day & Night ( 2010 ) La Luna ( 2011 ) Hawaiian Vacation ( 2011 ) Small Fry ( 2011 ) Partysaurus Rex ( 2012 ) The Legend of Mor'du ( 2012 ) The Blue Umbrella ( 2013 ) Party Central ( 2013 ) Lava ( 2014 ) Sanjay 's Super Team ( 2015 ) Riley 's First Date ? ( 2015 ) Piper ( 2016 ) Lou ( 2017 ) Series Cars Toons ( 2008 -- 14 ) Toy Story Toons ( 2011 -- 12 ) Compilations Tiny Toy Stories ( 1996 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 1 ( 2007 ) Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales ( 2010 ) Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 2 ( 2012 ) Other work Beach Chair ( 1986 ) Light & Heavy ( 1990 ) Surprise ( 1991 ) Television specials Toy Story of Terror ! ( 2013 ) Toy Story That Time Forgot ( 2014 ) Franchises Toy Story ( 1995 -- present ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 -- 13 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 -- 16 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 -- present ) Cars ( 2006 -- present ) Associated productions The Adventures of André and Wally B. ( 1984 ) It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! ( 1998 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command : The Adventure Begins ( 2000 ) Buzz Lightyear of Star Command ( 2000 -- 01 ) Exploring the Reef ( 2003 ) Turtle Talk with Crush ( 2004 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Borrowed Time ( 2016 ) Documentaries The Pixar Story ( 2007 ) Products Pixar Image Computer RenderMan Marionette People John Lasseter Edwin Catmull Steve Jobs Alvy Ray Smith Jim Morris See also List of Pixar characters List of Pixar awards and nominations feature films short films List of Pixar film references Computer Graphics Lab Industrial Light & Magic Lucasfilm Animation Circle 7 Animation Pixar Canada A Computer Animated Hand The Works The Shadow King Pixar universe The Walt Disney Studios Book John Lasseter Directed Feature films Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Short films Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Cars Toons ( 2008 ) Produced Short films The Adventures of André and Wally B. ( 1984 ) Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Written Feature films Toy Story ( 1995 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Cars 2 ( 2011 ) Planes ( 2013 ) The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) Short films Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) Tin Toy ( 1988 ) Knick Knack ( 1989 ) Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) Studios Walt Disney Animation Studios Pixar Animation Studios DisneyToon Studios Other businesses Lasseter Family Winery Films by Andrew Stanton Written and directed A Bug 's Life ( 1998 , co-directed ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) John Carter ( 2012 ) Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Written only Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) BURN - E ( 2008 , short ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature 1998 -- 2000 A Bug 's Life -- John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton / The Prince of Egypt -- Simon Wells , Brenda Chapman , and Steve Hickner ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 -- John Lasseter , Lee Unkrich , and Ash Brannon ( 1999 ) Chicken Run -- Peter Lord and Nick Park ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 Shrek -- Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson ( 2001 ) Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich ( 2003 ) The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) Cars -- John Lasseter and Joe Ranft ( 2006 ) Ratatouille -- Brad Bird and Jan Pinkava ( 2007 ) WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) Up -- Pete Docter and Bob Peterson ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph -- Rich Moore ( 2012 ) Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 ) The Lego Movie -- Phil Lord and Christopher Miller ( 2014 ) Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Ronnie del Carmen ( 2015 ) Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 ) Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Family Film Anastasia ( 1997 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) October Sky ( 1999 ) My Dog Skip ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Satellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Men in Black ( 1997 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Chicken Run ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) The Triplets of Belleville ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) WALL - E ( 2008 ) Fantastic Mr. Fox ( 2009 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Rise of the Guardians ( 2012 ) The Wind Rises ( 2013 ) Song of the Sea ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) My Life as a Zucchini ( 2016 ) The Ant and the Grasshopper from Aesop 's Fables by Aesop Film The Grasshopper and the Ants ( 1934 ) Porky 's Bear Facts ( 1941 ) Encore ( 1951 ) A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) Literature The Grasshopper & the Ants ( 2015 ) Music Cigale The Grasshoppers TV Warm and Cozy Related Symphony No. 1 ( Shostakovich ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Bug%27s_Life&oldid=805000629 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films A Bug 's Life 1998 animated films 1990s American animated films 1990s computer - animated films 1990s fantasy films American children 's adventure films American children 's animated comedy films American children 's fantasy films American films Films about royalty Best Animated Feature Broadcast Film Critics Association Award winners Fictional ants Film scores by Randy Newman Films about animals Films about insects Films directed by John Lasseter Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Pixar animated films Screenplays by John Lasseter Screenplays by Joe Ranft Screenplays by Andrew Stanton Walt Disney Pictures films Films set on islands Works based on fables Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Good articles Use mdy dates from October 2015 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 12 : 50 . 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Puerto Rico
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Puerto Rico - Wikipedia Puerto Rico This article is about the U.S. territory . For other uses , see Puerto Rico ( disambiguation ) . `` Porto Rico '' and `` Borinquen '' redirect here . For other uses , see Porto Rico ( disambiguation ) and Borinquen ( disambiguation ) . Coordinates : 18 ° 12 ′ N 66 ° 30 ′ W / 18.2 ° N 66.5 ° W / 18.2 ; - 66.5 Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( Spanish ) Unincorporated territory Flag Coat of arms Motto : `` Joannes est nomen ejus '' ( Latin ) `` John is his name '' Anthem : `` La Borinqueña '' `` The Borinquenian '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' Great Seal Status Unincorporated territory Capital and largest city San Juan 18 ° 27 ′ N 66 ° 6 ′ W / 18.450 ° N 66.100 ° W / 18.450 ; - 66.100 Official languages Spanish English Common languages 94.7 % Spanish 5.3 % English Ethnic groups 75.8 % White 12.4 % Black 3.3 % Two or more races 0.5 % American Indian & Alaskan Native 0.2 % Asian < 0.1 % Pacific Islander 7.8 % Other Demonym Puerto Rican ( formal ) American ( since 1917 ) Boricua ( colloquial ) Government Commonwealth President Donald Trump ( R ) Governor Ricardo Rosselló ( NPP ) Delegate Resident Commissioner Jenniffer González ( NPP ) President of the Senate Thomas Rivera Schatz ( NPP ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Johnny Méndez ( NPP ) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Maite Oronoz Rodríguez Legislature Legislative Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Commonwealth within the United States Cession from Spain December 10 , 1898 Treaty of Paris ratified April 11 , 1899 U.S. citizenship granted March 2 , 1917 Constitution adopted July 25 , 1952 Area Total 9,104 km ( 3,515 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 1.6 Population 2017 estimate 3,337,177 ( 130th ) 2010 census 3,725,789 Density 375 / km ( 971.2 / sq mi ) ( 29th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $125.861 billion ( 75th ) Per capita $38,126 ( 29th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $103.676 billion ( 62th ) Per capita $30,586 ( 32nd ) Gini ( 2011 ) 53.1 high HDI ( 2015 ) 0.845 very high 40th Currency United States dollar ( USD ) Time zone Atlantic ( UTC − 4 ) Summer ( DST ) no longer observed ( UTC − 4 ) Drives on the right Calling code + 1 - 787 , + 1 - 939 ISO 3166 code PR Internet TLD . pr ^ `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' serves as the national anthem for the United States of America and its territories . ^ The term ' Commonwealth ' does not describe or provide for any specific political status or relationship . It has , for example , been applied to both states and territories . When used in connection with areas under U.S. sovereignty that are not states , the term broadly describes an area that has a constitution of its adoption . Puerto Rico ( Spanish for `` Rich Port '' ) , officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( Spanish : Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico , lit . `` Free Associated State of Puerto Rico '' ) and briefly called Porto Rico , is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea , approximately 1,000 miles ( 1,600 km ) southeast of Miami , Florida . An archipelago among the Greater Antilles , Puerto Rico includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller ones , such as Mona , Culebra , and Vieques . The capital and most populous city is San Juan . Its official languages are Spanish and English , though Spanish predominates . The island 's population is approximately 3.4 million . Puerto Rico 's history , tropical climate , natural scenery , traditional cuisine , and tax incentives make it a destination for travelers from around the world . Originally populated by the indigenous Taíno people , the island was claimed in 1493 by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage . Later it endured invasion attempts from the French , Dutch , and British . Four centuries of Spanish colonial government influenced the island 's cultural landscapes with waves of African slaves , Canarian , and Andalusian settlers . In the Spanish Empire , Puerto Rico played a secondary , but strategic role when compared to wealthier colonies like Peru and the mainland parts of New Spain . Spain 's distant administrative control continued up to the end of the 19th century , helping to produce a distinctive creole Hispanic culture and language that combined elements from the Native Americans , Africans , and Iberians . In 1898 , following the Spanish -- American War , the United States acquired Puerto Rico under the terms of the Treaty of Paris . The treaty took effect on April 11 , 1899 . Puerto Ricans are by law citizens of the United States and may move freely between the island and the mainland . As it is not a state , Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the United States Congress , which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950 . However , Puerto Rico does have one non-voting member of the House called a Resident Commissioner . As residents of a U.S. territory , American citizens in Puerto Rico are disenfranchised at the national level and do not vote for president and vice president of the United States , and do not pay federal income tax on Puerto Rican income . Like other territories and the District of Columbia , Puerto Rico does not have U.S. senators . Congress approved a local constitution in 1952 , allowing U.S. citizens on the territory to elect a governor . A 2012 referendum showed a majority ( 54 % of those who voted ) disagreed with `` the present form of territorial status '' . A second question asking about a new model , had full statehood the preferred option among those who voted for a change of status , although a significant number of people did not answer the second question of the referendum . A fifth referendum was held on June 11 , 2017 , with `` Statehood '' and `` Independence / Free Association '' initially as the only available choices . At the recommendation of the Department of Justice , an option for the `` current territorial status '' was added . The referendum showed an overwhelming support for statehood , with 97.18 % voting for it , although the voter turnout had a historically low figure of only 22.99 % of the registered voters casting their ballots . In early 2017 , the Puerto Rican government - debt crisis posed serious problems for the government . The outstanding bond debt had climbed to $70 billion at a time with 12.4 % unemployment . The debt had been increasing during a decade long recession . This was the second major financial crisis to affect the island after the Great Depression when the U.S. government , in 1935 , provided relief efforts through the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration . On May 3 , 2017 , Puerto Rico 's financial oversight board in the U.S. District Court for Puerto Rico filed the debt restructuring petition which was made under Title III of PROMESA . By early August 2017 , the debt was $72 billion with a 45 % poverty rate . In late September 2017 , Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico , causing devastating damage . The island 's electrical grid was largely destroyed , with repairs expected to take months to complete , provoking the largest power outage in American history . Recovery efforts were somewhat slow in the first few months , and over 200,000 residents had moved to Florida alone by late November 2017 . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Pre-Columbian era 2.2 Spanish colony ( 1493 -- 1898 ) 2.2. 1 Conquest and early settlement 2.2. 2 Colonization , the Habsburgs 2.2. 3 Late colonial period 2.2. 4 Politics of liberalism 2.3 American era ( 1898 -- present ) 2.3. 1 United States unincorporated organized territory ( 1900 -- 1952 ) 2.3. 1.1 U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship 2.3. 2 United States unincorporated organized territory with commonwealth constitution ( 1952 -- present ) 2.3. 3 Estado Libre Asociado 2.4 Referendums on statehood or independence 2.5 United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization 2.5. 1 International status 2.6 21st century 2.7 Political status 2.8 Hurricane Maria 2.8. 1 Rebuilding efforts 2.8. 2 Death toll 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Biodiversity 4 Demographics 4.1 Population makeup 4.1. 1 Population genetics 4.2 Immigration and emigration 4.3 Population distribution 4.4 Languages 4.5 Religion 5 Government 5.1 Political parties and elections 5.2 Law 5.3 Political status 5.3. 1 Within the United States 5.4 Foreign and intergovernmental relations 5.5 Military 5.6 Administrative divisions 6 Economy 6.1 Heavy debt load 6.2 Public finances 6.3 Cost of living 7 Education 8 Public health and safety 8.1 Crime 9 Culture 9.1 Architecture 9.2 Arts 9.3 Literature 9.4 Media 9.5 Music 9.6 Cuisine 9.7 Philately 9.8 Sports 10 Infrastructure 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Etymology Puerto Rico means `` rich port '' in Spanish . Puerto Ricans often call the island Borinquén -- a derivation of Borikén , its indigenous Taíno name , which means `` Land of the Valiant Lord '' . The terms boricua and borincano derive from Borikén and Borinquen respectively , and are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage . The island is also popularly known in Spanish as la isla del encanto , meaning `` the island of enchantment '' . Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista , in honor of Saint John the Baptist , while the capital city was named Ciudad de Puerto Rico ( `` Rich Port City '' ) . Eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico , while San Juan became the name used for the main trading / shipping port and the capital city . The island 's name was changed to `` Porto Rico '' by the United States after the Treaty of Paris of 1898 . The anglicized name was used by the U.S. government and private enterprises . The name was changed back to Puerto Rico by a joint resolution in Congress introduced by Félix Córdova Dávila in 1931 . The official name of the entity in Spanish is Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( `` free associated state of Puerto Rico '' ) , while its official English name is Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . History Main article : History of Puerto Rico Pre-columbian era A reconstructed Taíno village at the Tibes Ceremonial Center The ancient history of the archipelago which is now Puerto Rico is not well known . Unlike other indigenous cultures in the New World ( Aztec , Maya and Inca ) which left behind abundant archeological and physical evidence of their societies , scant artifacts and evidence remain of the Puerto Rico 's indigenous population . Scarce archaeological findings and early Spanish accounts from the colonial era constitute all that is known about them . The first comprehensive book on the history of Puerto Rico was written by Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra in 1786 , nearly three centuries after the first Spaniards landed on the island . The first known settlers were the Ortoiroid people , an Archaic Period culture of Amerindian hunters and fishermen who migrated from the South American mainland . Some scholars suggest their settlement dates back about 4,000 years . An archeological dig in 1990 on the island of Vieques found the remains of a man , designated as the `` Puerto Ferro Man '' , which was dated to around 2000 BC . The Ortoiroid were displaced by the Saladoid , a culture from the same region that arrived on the island between 430 and 250 BC . The Igneri tribe migrated to Puerto Rico between 120 and 400 AD from the region of the Orinoco river in northern South America . The Arcaico and Igneri co-existed on the island between the 4th and 10th centuries . Between the 7th and 11th centuries , the Taíno culture developed on the island . By approximately 1000 AD , it had become dominant . At the time of Columbus ' arrival , an estimated 30,000 to 60,000 Taíno Amerindians , led by the cacique ( chief ) Agüeybaná , inhabited the island . They called it Boriken , meaning `` the great land of the valiant and noble Lord '' . The natives lived in small villages , each led by a cacique . They subsisted by hunting and fishing , done generally by men , as well as by the women 's gathering and processing of indigenous cassava root and fruit . This lasted until Columbus arrived in 1493 . Spanish colony ( 1493 -- 1898 ) Further information : Captaincy General of Puerto Rico Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) , Puerto Rico 's first governor Conquest and early settlement When Columbus arrived in Puerto Rico during his second voyage on November 19 , 1493 , the island was inhabited by the Taíno . They called it Borikén ( Borinquen in Spanish transliteration ) . Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista , in honor of St John the Baptist . Having reported the findings of his first travel , Columbus brought with him this time a letter from King Ferdinand empowered by a papal bull that authorized any course of action necessary for the expansion of the Spanish Empire and the Christian faith . Juan Ponce de León , a lieutenant under Columbus , founded the first Spanish settlement , Caparra , on August 8 , 1508 . He later served as the first governor of the island . Eventually , traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico , and San Juan became the name of the main trading / shipping port . At the beginning of the 16th century , the Spanish people began to colonize the island . Despite the Laws of Burgos of 1512 and other decrees for the protection of the indigenous population , some Taíno Indians were forced into an encomienda system of forced labor in the early years of colonization . The population suffered extremely high fatalities from epidemics of European infectious diseases . Colonization , the habsburgs In 1520 , King Charles I of Spain issued a royal decree collectively emancipating the remaining Taíno population . By that time , the Taíno people were few in number . Enslaved Africans had already begun to be imported to compensate for the native labor loss , but their numbers were proportionate to the diminished commercial interest Spain soon began to demonstrate for the island colony . Other nearby islands , like Cuba , Saint - Domingue , and Guadeloupe , attracted more of the slave trade than Puerto Rico , probably because of greater agricultural interests in those islands , on which colonists had developed large sugar plantations and had the capital to invest in the Atlantic slave trade . From the beginning of the country , the colonial administration relied heavily on the industry of enslaved Africans and creole blacks for public works and defenses , primarily in coastal ports and cities , where the tiny colonial population had hunkered down . With no significant industries or large - scale agricultural production as yet , enslaved and free communities lodged around the few littoral settlements , particularly around San Juan , also forming lasting Afro - creole communities . Meanwhile , in the island 's interior , there developed a mixed and independent peasantry that relied on a subsistence economy . This mostly unsupervised population supplied villages and settlements with foodstuffs and , in relative isolation , set the pattern for what later would be known as the Puerto Rican Jíbaro culture . By the end of the 16th century , the Spanish Empire was diminishing and , in the face of increasing raids from European competitors , the colonial administration throughout the Americas fell into a `` bunker mentality '' . Imperial strategists and urban planners redesigned port settlements into military posts with the objective of protecting Spanish territorial claims and ensuring the safe passing of the king 's silver - laden Atlantic Fleet to the Iberian Peninsula . San Juan served as an important port - of - call for ships driven across the Atlantic by its powerful trade winds . West Indies convoys linked Spain to the island , sailing between Cádiz and the Spanish West Indies . The colony 's seat of government was on the forested Islet of San Juan and for a time became one of the most heavily fortified settlements in the Spanish Caribbean earning the name of the `` Walled City '' . The islet is still dotted with the various forts and walls , such as La Fortaleza , Castillo San Felipe del Morro , and Castillo San Cristóbal , designed to protect the population and the strategic Port of San Juan from the raids of the Spanish European competitors . Hendricksz 1625 attack on San Juan , Puerto Rico In 1625 , in the Battle of San Juan , the Dutch commander Boudewijn Hendricksz tested the defenses ' limits like no one else before . Learning from Francis Drake 's previous failures here , he circumvented the cannons of the castle of San Felipe del Morro and quickly brought his 17 ships into the San Juan Bay . He then occupied the port and attacked the city while the population hurried for shelter behind the Morro 's moat and high battlements . Historians consider this event the worst attack on San Juan . Though the Dutch set the village on fire , they failed to conquer the Morro , and its batteries pounded their troops and ships until Hendricksz deemed the cause lost . Hendricksz 's expedition eventually helped propel a fortification frenzy . Constructions of defenses for the San Cristóbal Hill were soon ordered so as to prevent the landing of invaders out of reach of the Morro 's artillery . Urban planning responded to the needs of keeping the colony in Spanish hands . Late colonial period Hacienda La Fortuna . A sugar mill complex in Puerto Rico painted by Francisco Oller in 1885 ( Brooklyn Museum ) During the late 16th and early 17th centuries , Spain concentrated its colonial efforts on the more prosperous mainland North , Central , and South American colonies . With the advent of the lively Bourbon Dynasty in Spain in the 1700s , the island of Puerto Rico began a gradual shift to more imperial attention . More roads began connecting previously isolated inland settlements to coastal cities , and coastal settlements like Arecibo , Mayaguez , and Ponce began acquiring importance of their own , separate from San Juan . By the end of the 18th century , merchant ships from an array of nationalities threatened the tight regulations of the Mercantilist system , which turned each colony solely toward the European metropole and limited contact with other nations . U.S. ships came to surpass Spanish trade and with this also came the exploitation of the island 's natural resources . Slavers , which had made but few stops on the island before , began selling more enslaved Africans to growing sugar and coffee plantations . The increasing number of Atlantic wars in which the Caribbean islands played major roles , like the War of Jenkins ' Ear , the Seven Years ' War and the Atlantic Revolutions , ensured Puerto Rico 's growing esteem in Madrid 's eyes . On April 17 , 1797 , Sir Ralph Abercromby 's fleet invaded the island with a force of 6,000 -- 13,000 men , which included German soldiers and Royal Marines and 60 to 64 ships . Fierce fighting continued for the next days with Spanish troops . Both sides suffered heavy losses . On Sunday April 30 the British ceased their attack and began their retreat from San Juan . By the time independence movements in the larger Spanish colonies gained success , new waves of loyal creole immigrants began to arrive in Puerto Rico , helping to tilt the island 's political balance toward the Crown . The 16th - century fort , Castillo San Felipe del Morro , in San Juan , Puerto Rico In 1809 , to secure its political bond with the island and in the midst of the European Peninsular War , the Supreme Central Junta based in Cádiz recognized Puerto Rico as an overseas province of Spain . This gave the island residents the right to elect representatives to the recently convened Spanish parliament ( Cádiz Cortes ) , with equal representation to mainland Iberian , Mediterranean ( Balearic Islands ) and Atlantic maritime Spanish provinces ( Canary Islands ) . Ramón Power y Giralt , the first Spanish parliamentary representative from the island of Puerto Rico , died after serving a three - year term in the Cortes . These parliamentary and constitutional reforms were in force from 1810 to 1814 , and again from 1820 to 1823 . They were twice reversed during the restoration of the traditional monarchy by Ferdinand VII . Immigration and commercial trade reforms in the 19th century increased the island 's ethnic European population and economy and expanded the Spanish cultural and social imprint on the local character of the island . Minor slave revolts had occurred on the island throughout the years , with the revolt planned and organized by Marcos Xiorro in 1821 being the most important . Even though the conspiracy was unsuccessful , Xiorro achieved legendary status and is part of Puerto Rico 's folklore . Politics of liberalism The flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the `` Intentona de Yauco '' revolt In the early 19th century , Puerto Rico spawned an independence movement that , due to harsh persecution by the Spanish authorities , convened in the island of St. Thomas . The movement was largely inspired by the ideals of Simón Bolívar in establishing a United Provinces of New Granada and Venezuela , that included Puerto Rico and Cuba . Among the influential members of this movement were Brigadier General Antonio Valero de Bernabé and María de las Mercedes Barbudo . The movement was discovered , and Governor Miguel de la Torre had its members imprisoned or exiled . With the increasingly rapid growth of independent former Spanish colonies in the South and Central American states in the first part of the 19th century , the Spanish Crown considered Puerto Rico and Cuba of strategic importance . To increase its hold on its last two New World colonies , the Spanish Crown revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 as a result of which 450,000 immigrants , mainly Spaniards , settled on the island in the period up until the American conquest . Printed in three languages -- Spanish , English , and French -- it was intended to also attract non-Spanish Europeans , with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity if new settlers had stronger ties to the Crown . Hundreds of non Spanish families , mainly from Corsica , France , Germany , Ireland , Italy and Scotland , also immigrated to the island . Free land was offered as an incentive to those who wanted to populate the two islands , on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church . The offer was very successful , and European immigration continued even after 1898 . Puerto Rico still receives Spanish and European immigration . The Lares Revolutionary Flag Poverty and political estrangement with Spain led to a small but significant uprising in 1868 known as Grito de Lares . It began in the rural town of Lares , but was subdued when rebels moved to the neighboring town of San Sebastián . Leaders of this independence movement included Ramón Emeterio Betances , considered the `` father '' of the Puerto Rican independence movement , and other political figures such as Segundo Ruiz Belvis . Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873 , `` with provisions for periods of apprenticeship '' . Abolition Park in Ponce , Puerto Rico Leaders of `` El Grito de Lares '' went into exile in New York City . Many joined the Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee , founded on December 8 , 1895 , and continued their quest for Puerto Rican independence . In 1897 , Antonio Mattei Lluberas and the local leaders of the independence movement in Yauco organized another uprising , which became known as the Intentona de Yauco . They raised what they called the Puerto Rican flag , which was adopted as the national flag . The local conservative political factions opposed independence . Rumors of the planned event spread to the local Spanish authorities who acted swiftly and put an end to what would be the last major uprising in the island to Spanish colonial rule . In 1897 , Luis Muñoz Rivera and others persuaded the liberal Spanish government to agree to grant limited self - government to the island by royal decree in the Autonomic Charter , including a bicameral legislature . In 1898 , Puerto Rico 's first , but short - lived , quasi-autonomous government was organized as an `` overseas province '' of Spain . This bilaterally agreed - upon charter maintained a governor appointed by the King of Spain -- who held the power to annul any legislative decision -- and a partially elected parliamentary structure . In February , Governor - General Manuel Macías inaugurated the new government under the Autonomic Charter . General elections were held in March and the new government began to function on July 17 , 1898 . American era ( 1898 -- present ) Main article : Puerto Rican Campaign Bombardment of San Juan during the Spanish -- American War In 1890 , Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan , a member of the Navy War Board and leading U.S. strategic thinker , published a book titled The Influence of Sea Power upon History in which he argued for the establishment of a large and powerful navy modeled after the British Royal Navy . Part of his strategy called for the acquisition of colonies in the Caribbean , which would serve as coaling and naval stations . They would serve as strategic points of defense with the construction of a canal through the Isthmus of Panama , to allow easier passage of ships between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . The first company of Puerto Ricans enlisted in the U.S. Army , 1899 William H. Seward , the former Secretary of State under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson , had also stressed the importance of building a canal in Honduras , Nicaragua or Panama . He suggested that the United States annex the Dominican Republic and purchase Puerto Rico and Cuba . The U.S. Senate did not approve his annexation proposal , and Spain rejected the U.S. offer of 160 million dollars for Puerto Rico and Cuba . Since 1894 , the United States Naval War College had been developing contingency plans for a war with Spain . By 1896 , the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence had prepared a plan that included military operations in Puerto Rican waters . Except for one 1895 plan , which recommended annexation of the island then named Isle of Pines ( later renamed as Isla de la Juventud ) , a recommendation dropped in later planning , plans developed for attacks on Spanish territories were intended as support operations against Spain 's forces in and around Cuba . Recent research suggests that the U.S. did consider Puerto Rico valuable as a naval station , and recognized that it and Cuba generated lucrative crops of sugar -- a valuable commercial commodity which the United States lacked , before the development of the sugar beet industry in the United States . Children in a company housing settlement , 1941 On July 25 , 1898 , during the Spanish -- American War , the U.S. invaded Puerto Rico with a landing at Guánica . As an outcome of the war , Spain ceded Puerto Rico , along with the Philippines and Guam , then under Spanish sovereignty , to the U.S. under the Treaty of Paris , which went into effect on April 11 , 1899 . Spain relinquished sovereignty over Cuba , but did not cede it to the U.S. United States unincorporated organized territory ( 1900 -- 1952 ) The United States and Puerto Rico began a long - standing metropolis - colony relationship . In the early 20th century , Puerto Rico was ruled by the military , with officials including the governor appointed by the President of the United States . The Foraker Act of 1900 gave Puerto Rico a certain amount of civilian popular government , including a popularly elected House of Representatives . The upper house and governor were appointed by the United States . The First Supreme Court of Puerto Rico , appointed pursuant to the Foraker Act Its judicial system was constructed to follow the American legal system ; a Puerto Rico Supreme Court and a United State District Court for the territory were established . It was authorized a non-voting member of Congress , by the title of `` Resident Commissioner '' , who was appointed . In addition , this Act extended all U.S. laws `` not locally inapplicable '' to Puerto Rico , specifying , in particular , exemption from U.S. Internal Revenue laws . The Act empowered the civil government to legislate on `` all matters of legislative character not locally inapplicable '' , including the power to modify and repeal any laws then in existence in Puerto Rico , though the U.S. Congress retained the power to annul acts of the Puerto Rico legislature . During an address to the Puerto Rican legislature in 1906 , President Theodore Roosevelt recommended that Puerto Ricans become U.S. citizens . In 1914 , the Puerto Rican House of Delegates voted unanimously in favor of independence from the United States , but this was rejected by the U.S. Congress as `` unconstitutional '' , and in violation of the 1900 Foraker Act . U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship In 1917 , the U.S. Congress passed the Jones -- Shafroth Act , popularly called the Jones Act , which granted Puerto Ricans , born on or after , April 25 , 1898 , U.S. citizenship . Opponents , which included all of the Puerto Rican House of Delegates , who voted unanimously against it , said that the U.S. imposed citizenship in order to draft Puerto Rican men into the army as American entry into World War I became likely . The same Act provided for a popularly elected Senate to complete a bicameral Legislative Assembly , as well as a bill of rights . It authorized the popular election of the Resident Commissioner to a four - year term . Soldiers of the 65th Infantry training in Salinas , Puerto Rico ( August 1941 ) Natural disasters , including a major earthquake and tsunami in 1918 , and several hurricanes , and the Great Depression impoverished the island during the first few decades under U.S. rule . Some political leaders , such as Pedro Albizu Campos , who led the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , demanded change in relations with the United States . He organized a protest at the University of Puerto Rico in 1935 , in which four were killed by police . In 1936 , U.S. Senator Millard Tydings introduced a bill supporting independence for Puerto Rico , but it was opposed by Luis Muñoz Marín of the Liberal Party of Puerto Rico . ( Tydings had co-sponsored the Tydings -- McDuffie Act , which provided independence to the Philippines after a 10 - year transition under a limited autonomy . ) All the Puerto Rican parties supported the bill , but Muñoz Marín opposed it . Tydings did not gain passage of the bill . In 1937 , Albizu Campos ' party organized a protest in which numerous people were killed by police in Ponce . The Insular Police , resembling the National Guard , opened fire upon unarmed cadets and bystanders alike . The attack on unarmed protesters was reported by the U.S. Congressman Vito Marcantonio and confirmed by the report of the Hays Commission , which investigated the events . The commission was led by Arthur Garfield Hays , counsel to the American Civil Liberties Union . Nineteen people were killed and over 200 were badly wounded , many in their backs while running away . The Hays Commission declared it a massacre and police mob action , and it has since been known as the Ponce massacre . In the aftermath , on April 2 , 1943 , Tydings introduced a bill in Congress calling for independence for Puerto Rico . This bill ultimately was defeated . During the latter years of the Roosevelt -- Truman administrations , the internal governance was changed in a compromise reached with Luis Muñoz Marín and other Puerto Rican leaders . In 1946 , President Truman appointed the first Puerto Rican - born governor , Jesús T. Piñero . Since 2007 , the Puerto Rico State Department has developed a protocol to issue certificates of Puerto Rican citizenship to Puerto Ricans . In order to be eligible , applicants must have been born in Puerto Rico ; born outside of Puerto Rico to a Puerto Rican -- born parent ; or be an American citizen with at least one year of residence in Puerto Rico . United States unincorporated organized territory with Commonwealth Constitution ( 1952 -- present ) In 1947 , the U.S. granted Puerto Ricans the right to democratically elect their own governor . In 1948 , Luis Muñoz Marín became the first popularly elected governor of Puerto Rico . Painting of bayonet charge by the U.S. 65th Infantry Regiment , made up of Puerto Rican troops , against a Chinese division during the Korean War A bill was introduced before the Puerto Rican Senate which would restrain the rights of the independence and nationalist movements in the island . The Senate at the time was controlled by the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD ) , and was presided over by Luis Muñoz Marín . The bill , also known as the Gag Law ( Spanish : Ley de la Mordaza ) , was approved by the legislature on May 21 , 1948 . It made it illegal to display a Puerto Rican flag , to sing a pro-independence tune , to talk of independence , or to campaign for independence . The bill , which resembled the Smith Act passed in the United States , was signed and made into law on June 10 , 1948 , by the U.S. appointed governor of Puerto Rico , Jesús T. Piñero , and became known as `` Law 53 '' ( Spanish : Ley 53 ) . In accordance with this law , it would be a crime to print , publish , sell , exhibit , organize or help anyone organize any society , group or assembly of people whose intentions are to paralyze or destroy the insular government . Anyone accused and found guilty of disobeying the law could be sentenced to ten years of prison , be fined $10,000 ( U.S. ) , or both . According to Dr. Leopoldo Figueroa , a member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives , the law was repressive and in violation of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution , which guarantees Freedom of Speech . He asserted that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico . The law was repealed in 1957 . Estado Libre Asociado In 1950 , the U.S. Congress granted Puerto Ricans the right to organize a constitutional convention via a referendum that gave them the option of voting their preference , `` yes '' or `` no '' , on a proposed U.S. law that would organize Puerto Rico as a `` commonwealth '' that would continue United States sovereignty over Puerto Rico and its people . Puerto Rico 's electorate expressed its support for this measure in 1951 with a second referendum to ratify the constitution . The Constitution of Puerto Rico was formally adopted on July 3 , 1952 . The Constitutional Convention specified the name by which the body politic would be known . On February 4 , 1952 , the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word Commonwealth , meaning a `` politically organized community '' or `` state '' , which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system . Puerto Rico officially designates itself with the term `` Commonwealth of Puerto Rico '' in its constitution , as a translation into English of the term to `` Estado Libre Asociado '' ( ELA ) . In 1967 Puerto Rico 's Legislative Assembly polled the political preferences of the Puerto Rican electorate by passing a plebiscite act that provided for a vote on the status of Puerto Rico . This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice among three status options ( commonwealth , statehood , and independence ) . In subsequent plebiscites organized by Puerto Rico held in 1993 and 1998 ( without any formal commitment on the part of the U.S. Government to honor the results ) , the current political status failed to receive majority support . In 1993 , Commonwealth status won by a plurality of votes ( 48.6 % versus 46.3 % for statehood ) , while the `` none of the above '' option , which was the Popular Democratic Party - sponsored choice , won in 1998 with 50.3 % of the votes ( versus 46.5 % for statehood ) . Disputes arose as to the definition of each of the ballot alternatives , and Commonwealth advocates , among others , reportedly urged a vote for `` none of the above '' . In 1950 , the U.S. Congress approved Public Law 600 ( P.L. 81 - 600 ) , which allowed for a democratic referendum in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution . This Act was meant to be adopted in the `` nature of a compact '' . It required congressional approval of the Puerto Rico Constitution before it could go into effect , and repealed certain sections of the Organic Act of 1917 . The sections of this statute left in force were entitled the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act . U.S. Secretary of the Interior Oscar L. Chapman , under whose Department resided responsibility of Puerto Rican affairs , clarified the new commonwealth status in this manner : `` The bill ( to permit Puerto Rico to write its own constitution ) merely authorizes the people of Puerto Rico to adopt their own constitution and to organize a local government ... The bill under consideration would not change Puerto Rico 's political , social , and economic relationship to the United States . '' External video Puerto Rico , U.S. Embassy in Vienna , October 24 , 2014 View newsreel scenes in Spanish of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s on YouTube On October 30 , 1950 , Pedro Albizu Campos and other nationalists led a three - day revolt against the United States in various cities and towns of Puerto Rico , in what is known as the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s . The most notable occurred in Jayuya and Utuado . In the Jayuya revolt , known as the Jayuya Uprising , the Puerto Rican governor declared martial law , and attacked the insurgents in Jayuya with infantry , artillery and bombers under control of the Puerto Rican commander . The Utuado uprising culminated in what is known as the Utuado massacre . On November 1 , 1950 , Puerto Rican nationalists from New York City , Griselio Torresola and Oscar Collazo , attempted to assassinate President Harry S. Truman at his temporary residence of Blair House . Torresola was killed during the attack , but Collazo was wounded and captured . He was convicted of murder and sentenced to death , but President Truman commuted his sentence to life . After Collazo served 29 years in a federal prison , President Jimmy Carter commuted his sentence to times served and he was released in 1979 . Pedro Albizu Campos served many years in a federal prison in Atlanta , for seditious conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government in Puerto Rico . The Constitution of Puerto Rico was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6 , 1952 , and 82 % of the voters in a March referendum . It was modified and ratified by the U.S. Congress , approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year , and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25 , 1952 . This was the anniversary of July 25 , 1898 , landing of U.S. troops in the Puerto Rican Campaign of the Spanish -- American War , until then celebrated as an annual Puerto Rico holiday . A shantytown along the Martin Peña Channel ( 1973 ) Puerto Rico adopted the name of Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico ( literally `` Associated Free State of Puerto Rico '' ) , officially translated into English as Commonwealth , for its body politic . `` The United States Congress legislates over many fundamental aspects of Puerto Rican life , including citizenship , the currency , the postal service , foreign policy , military defense , communications , labor relations , the environment , commerce , finance , health and welfare , and many others . '' During the 1950s and 1960s , Puerto Rico experienced rapid industrialization , due in large part to Operación Manos a la Obra ( `` Operation Bootstrap '' ) , an offshoot of FDR 's New Deal . It was intended to transform Puerto Rico 's economy from agriculture - based to manufacturing - based to provide more jobs . Puerto Rico has become a major tourist destination , as well as a global center for pharmaceutical manufacturing . Referendums on statehood or independence Four referendums have been held since the late 20th century to resolve the political status . The 2012 referendum showed a majority ( 54 % of the voters ) in favor of a change in status , with full statehood the preferred option of those who wanted a change . Because there were almost 500,000 blank ballots in the 2012 referendum , creating confusion as to the voters ' true desire , Congress decided to ignore the vote . The first three plebiscites provided voters with three options : statehood , free association , and independence . The Puerto Rican status referendum , 2017 in June 2017 was going to offer only two options : Statehood and Independence / Free Association . However , a letter from the Donald Trump administration recommended adding the Commonwealth , the current status , in the plebiscite . The option had been removed from this plebiscite in response to the results of the plebiscite in 2012 which asked whether to remain in the current status and No had won . The Trump administration cited changes in demographics during the past 5 years to add the option once again . Amendments to the plebiscite bill were adopted making ballot wording changes requested by the Department of Justice , as well as adding a `` current territorial status '' option . While 97 percent voted in favor of statehood , the turnout was low ; only some 23 percent voted . After the ballots were counted the Justice Department was non-committal . The Justice Department had asked for the 2017 plebiscite to be postponed but the Rosselló government chose not to do so . After the outcome was announced , the department told the Associated Press that it had `` not reviewed or approved the ballot 's language '' . Former Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá ( 2005 -- 2009 ) is convinced that statehood is not the solution for either the U.S. or for Puerto Rico `` for economic , identity and cultural reasons '' . He pointed out that voter turnout for the 2017 referendum was extremely low , and suggests that a different type of mutually - beneficial relationship should be found . If the federal government agrees to discuss an association agreement , the conditions would be negotiated between the two entities . The agreement might cover topics such as the role of the U.S. military in Puerto Rico , the use of the U.S. currency , free trade between the two entities , and whether Puerto Ricans would be U.S. citizens . The three current Free Associated States ( Marshall Islands , Micronesia and Palau ) use the American dollar , receive some financial support and the promise of military defense if they refuse military access to any other country . Their citizens are allowed to work in the U.S. and serve in its military . Governor Ricardo Rosselló is strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to `` solve our 500 - year - old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option ... It 's a civil rights issue ... 3.5 million citizens seeking an absolute democracy , '' he told the news media . Benefits of statehood include an additional $10 billion per year in federal funds , the right to vote in presidential elections , higher Social Security and Medicare benefits , and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy . The latter is currently prohibited . Statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with the financial crisis , since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection . According to the Government Development Bank , this might be the only solution to the debt crisis . Congress has the power to vote to allow Chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood , but in late 2015 there was very little support in the House for this concept . Other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and Medicaid funding , the right to vote in Presidential elections and the higher ( federal ) minimum wage . Subsequent to the 2017 referendum , Puerto Rico 's legislators are also expected to vote on a bill that would allow the Governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress . In spite of the outcome of the referendum , and the so - called Tennessee Plan ( above ) , action by the United States Congress would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution . United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization Since 1953 , the UN has been considering the political status of Puerto Rico and how to assist it in achieving `` independence '' or `` decolonization '' . In 1978 , the Special Committee determined that a `` colonial relationship '' existed between the U.S. and Puerto Rico . The UN 's Special Committee on Decolonization has often referred to Puerto Rico as a `` nation '' in its reports , because , internationally , the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity . Most recently , in a June 2016 report , the Special Committee called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self - determination in Puerto Rico . More specifically , the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self - determination and independence ... allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner , and to address their urgent economic and social needs , including unemployment , marginalization , insolvency and poverty `` . International status On November 27 , 1953 , shortly after the establishment of the Commonwealth , the General Assembly of the United Nations approved Resolution 748 , removing Puerto Rico 's classification as a non-self - governing territory . The General Assembly did not apply the full list of criteria which was enunciated in 1960 when it took favorable note of the cessation of transmission of information regarding the non-self - governing status of Puerto Rico . According to the White House Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Political Status in its December 21 , 2007 report , the U.S. , in its written submission to the UN in 1953 , never represented that Congress could not change its relationship with Puerto Rico without the territory 's consent . It stated that the U.S. Justice Department in 1959 reiterated that Congress held power over Puerto Rico pursuant to the Territorial Clause of the U.S. Constitution . In 1993 the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit stated that Congress may unilaterally repeal the Puerto Rican Constitution or the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act and replace them with any rules or regulations of its choice . In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill , the U.S. House Committee on Resources stated , `` Puerto Rico 's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self - government under Resolution 1541 '' ( the three established forms of full self - government being stated in the report as ( 1 ) national independence , ( 2 ) free association based on separate sovereignty , or ( 3 ) full integration with another nation on the basis of equality ) . The report concluded that Puerto Rico `` ... remains an unincorporated colony and does not have the status of ' free association ' with the United States as that status is defined under United States law or international practice '' , that the establishment of local self - government with the consent of the people can be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress , and that U.S. Congress can also withdraw the U.S. citizenship of Puerto Rican residents of Puerto Rico at any time , for a legitimate Federal purpose . The application of the U.S. Constitution to Puerto Rico is limited by the Insular Cases . In 2006 , 2007 , 2009 , 2010 , and 2011 the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed resolutions calling on the United States to expedite a process `` that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self - determination and independence '' , and to release all Puerto Rican political prisoners in U.S. prisons , to clean up , decontaminate and return the lands in the islands of Vieques and Culebra to the people of Puerto Rico , to perform a probe into U.S. human rights violations on the island and a probe into the killing by the FBI of pro-independence leader Filiberto Ojeda Rios . 21st century Further information : Proposed political status for Puerto Rico ; Puerto Rican status referendum , 2012 ; and President 's Task Force on Puerto Rico 's Status Puerto Rican status referendum , 2012 Location Puerto Rico Date November 6 , 2012 ; 5 years ago ( 2012 - 11 - 06 ) Voting system simple majority for the first question first - past - the - post for the second question Should Puerto Rico continue its current territorial status ? Yes 46.00 % No 54.00 % Which non-territorial option do you prefer ? Statehood 61.16 % Sovereign Free Associated State 33.34 % Independence 5.49 % There were 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots counted alongside the 1,363,854 ballots which indicated a choice for one of the non-territorial alternatives . Under Puerto Rico Law , these ballots are not considered cast votes and are therefore not reflected in the final tally . On July 15 , 2009 , the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization approved a draft resolution calling on the Government of the United States to expedite a process that would allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise fully their inalienable right to self - determination and independence . On April 29 , 2010 , the U.S. House voted 223 -- 169 to approve a measure for a federally sanctioned process for Puerto Rico 's self - determination , allowing Puerto Rico to set a new referendum on whether to continue its present form of commonwealth , or to have a different political status . If Puerto Ricans voted to continue as a commonwealth , the Government of Puerto Rico was authorized to conduct additional plebiscites at intervals of every eight years from the date on which the results of the prior plebiscite were certified ; if Puerto Ricans voted to have a different political status , a second referendum would determine whether Puerto Rico would become a U.S. state , an independent country , or a sovereign nation associated with the U.S. that would not be subject to the Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution . During the House debate , a fourth option , to retain its present form of commonwealth ( sometimes referred to as `` the status quo '' ) political status , was added as an option in the second plebiscite . Immediately following U.S. House passage , H.R. 2499 was sent to the U.S. Senate , where it was given two formal readings and referred to the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources . On December 22 , 2010 , the 111th United States Congress adjourned without any Senate vote on H.R. 2499 , killing the bill . The latest Task Force report was released on March 11 , 2011 . The report suggested a two - plebiscite process , including a `` first plebiscite that requires the people of Puerto Rico to choose whether they wish to be part of the United States ( either via Statehood or Commonwealth ) or wish to be independent ( via Independence or Free Association ) . If continuing to be part of the United States were chosen in the first plebiscite , a second vote would be taken between Statehood and Commonwealth . '' On June 14 , 2011 , President Barack Obama `` promised to support ' a clear decision ' by the people of Puerto Rico on statehood '' . That same month , the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed a resolution and adopted a consensus text introduced by Cuba 's delegate on June 20 , 2011 , calling on the United States to expedite a process `` that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self - determination and independence '' . On November 6 , 2012 , a two - question referendum took place , simultaneous with the general elections . The first question asked voters whether they wanted to maintain the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution . The second question posed three alternate status options if the first question was approved : statehood , independence or free association . For the first question , 54 percent voted against the current Commonwealth status . For the second question , 61.16 % voted for statehood , 33.34 % for a sovereign free associated state , and 5.49 % for independence . There were also 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots , which are not reflected in the final tally , as they are not considered cast votes under Puerto Rico law . On December 11 , 2012 , Puerto Rico 's Legislature passed a concurrent resolution to request to the President and the U.S. Congress action on November 6 , 2012 plebiscite results . But on April 10 , 2013 , with the issue still being widely debated , the White House announced that it will seek $2.5 million to hold another referendum , this next one being the first Puerto Rican status referendum to be financed by the U.S. Federal government . In December 2015 , the U.S. Government submitted a brief as Amicus Curiae to the U.S. Supreme Court related to the case Commonwealth of Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle . The U.S. Government official position is that the U.S. Constitution does not contemplate `` sovereign territories '' . That the Court has consistently recognized that `` there is no sovereignty in a Territory of the United States but that of the United States itself '' . and a U.S. territory has `` no independent sovereignty comparable to that of a state . That is because `` the Government of a territory owes its existence wholly to the United States '' . Congress 's plenary authority over federal territories includes the authority to permit self - government , whereby local officials administer a territory 's internal affairs . On June 9 , 2016 , in Commonwealth of Puerto Rico vs Sanchez Valle , a 6 -- 2 majority of the Supreme Court of the United States determined that Puerto Rico is a territory and lacks Sovereignty . On June 30 , 2016 , the President of the United States of America signed a new law approved by U.S. Congress , H.R. 5278 : PROMESA , establishing a Control Board over the Puerto Rico Government . This board will have a significant degree of federal control involved in its establishment and operations . In particular , the authority to establish the control board derives from the federal government 's constitutional power to `` make all needful rules and regulations '' regarding U.S. territories ; The President would appoint all seven voting members of the board ; and the board would have broad sovereign powers to effectively overrule decisions by Puerto Rico 's legislature , governor , and other public authorities . Political status The latest referendum on statehood , independence , or an associated republic was held on November 6 , 2012 . The people of Puerto Rico made history by requesting , for the first time ever , the conclusion of the island 's current territorial status . Almost 78 % of registered voters participated in a plebiscite held to resolve Puerto Rico 's status , and a slim but clear majority ( 54 % ) disagreed with Puerto Rico maintaining its present territorial status . Furthermore , among the possible alternatives , sixty - one percent ( 61 % ) of voters chose the statehood option , while one third of the ballots were submitted blank . On December 11 , 2012 , the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico enacted a concurrent resolution requesting the President and the Congress of the United States to respond to the referendum of the people of Puerto Rico , held on November 6 , 2012 , to end its current form of territorial status and to begin the process to admit Puerto Rico as a State . The initiative has not made Puerto Rico into a state . Hurricane Maria A neighborhood in Puerto Rico heavily damaged by the storm . In late September 2017 , Hurricane Maria hit the island as a Category 4 storm causing severe damage to homes , other buildings and infrastructure . The recovery as of late November was slow but progress had been made . Electricity was restored to two - thirds of the island , although there was some doubt as to the number of residents getting reliable power . In January 2018 , it was reported that close to 40 percent of the island 's customers still did not have electricity . The vast majority had access to water but were still required to boil it . The number still living in shelters had dropped to 982 with thousands of others living with relatives . The official death toll at the time was 58 but some sources indicated that the actual number is much higher . A dam on the island was close to failure and officials were concerned about additional flooding from this source . Thousands had left Puerto Rico , with close to 200,000 having arrived in Florida alone . Those who were then living on the mainland experienced difficulty in getting health care benefits . A The New York Times report on November 27 said it was understandable that Puerto Ricans wanted to leave the island . `` Basic essentials are hard to find and electricity and other utilities are unreliable or entirely inaccessible . Much of the population has been unable to return to jobs or to school and access to health care has been severely limited . '' The Center for Puerto Rican Studies at New York 's Hunter College estimated that some half million people , about 14 % of the population , may permanently leave by 2019 . The total damage on the island was estimated as up to $95 billion . By the end of November , FEMA had received over a million applications for aid and had approved about a quarter of those . The US government had agreed in October to provide funding to rebuild and up to $4.9 billion in loans to help the island 's government . FEMA had $464 million earmarked to help local governments rebuild public buildings and infrastructure . Bills for other funding were being considered in Washington but little progress had been made on those . A November 28 , 2017 report by the Sierra Club included this comment : `` It will take years to rebuild Puerto Rico , not just from the worst hurricane to make landfall since 1932 , but to sustainably overcome environmental injustices which made Maria 's devastation even more catastrophic '' . In May , 2017 , the Natural Resources Defense Council reported that Puerto Rico 's water system was the worst as measured by the Clean Water Act . 70 % of the population drank water that violated U.S. law . Rebuilding efforts A tourism web site report in March 2018 indicated that all airports were operating , although Luis Munoz Marin Airport would not be back to handling the full number of flights until July 2018 . Some 90 % of the island was receiving electricity , although the power structure would require another $17.6 billion for full rebuilding , according to the United States Department of Energy . Nearly all residents had access to telecommunications service and running water . All hospitals were operating . Some 83 % of hotel rooms were available for use and the cruise ship port was receiving ships ; 58 arrived in San Juan in February . The island was encouraging operators to increase the number of tourists . Reports in April 2018 stated that Puerto Rico will receive $18.5 billion from the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development to help rebuild homes and infrastructure . This was substantially less than the $46 billion requested by the governor . However , the island was expecting to receive approximately $50 billion for disaster relief over the subsequent six years mostly via the Federal Emergency Management Agency . At that time , nearly 2800 families were living in FEMA - sponsored short - term housing across 34 states and Puerto Rico . Nearly half of the schools are operating at only 60 % classroom capacity . Over 280 public schools would not reopen in the fall ; 827 were expected to be operational . Almost 40,000 students left the island 's schools since May 2017 ; some of these were in schools in the mainland U.S. ( Before the hurricanes , Puerto Rico had planned to close 179 schools due to inadequate numbers of students . ) Death toll The official number of Hurricane Maria - related deaths as reported by the government of Puerto Rico is 64 . The Commonwealth has commissioned George Washington University to assess the death toll and is awaiting that report . An academic study based on household surveys and reported in the New England Journal of Medicine estimated that the number of hurricane - related deaths during the period September 20 , 2017 to December 31 , 2017 was around 4,600 ( range 793 - 8,498 ) Geography Main articles : Geography of Puerto Rico and Geology of Puerto Rico A map of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico consists of the main island of Puerto Rico and various smaller islands , including Vieques , Culebra , Mona , Desecheo , and Caja de Muertos . Of these five , only Culebra and Vieques are inhabited year - round . Mona , which has played a key role in maritime history , is uninhabited most of the year except for employees of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources . There are many other even smaller islets , like Monito , which is near to Mona , Isla de Cabras and La Isleta de San Juan , both located on the San Juan Bay . The latter is the only inhabited islet with communities like Old San Juan and Puerta de Tierra , and connected to the main island by bridges . The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has an area of 13,790 square kilometers ( 5,320 sq mi ) , of which 8,870 km ( 3,420 sq mi ) is land and 4,921 km ( 1,900 sq mi ) is water . Puerto Rico is larger than two U.S. states , Delaware and Rhode Island . The maximum length of the main island from east to west is 180 km ( 110 mi ) , and the maximum width from north to south is 65 km ( 40 mi ) . Puerto Rico is the smallest of the Greater Antilles . It is 80 % of the size of Jamaica , just over 18 % of the size of Hispaniola and 8 % of the size of Cuba , the largest of the Greater Antilles . The island is mostly mountainous with large coastal areas in the north and south . The main mountain range is called `` La Cordillera Central '' ( The Central Range ) . The highest elevation in Puerto Rico , Cerro de Punta 1,338 meters ( 4,390 ft ) , is located in this range . Another important peak is El Yunque , one of the highest in the Sierra de Luquillo at the El Yunque National Forest , with an elevation of 1,065 m ( 3,494 ft ) . The coast at Patillas , Puerto Rico Puerto Rico has 17 lakes , all man - made , and more than 50 rivers , most originating in the Cordillera Central . Rivers in the northern region of the island are typically longer and of higher water flow rates than those of the south , since the south receives less rain than the central and northern regions . Puerto Rico is composed of Cretaceous to Eocene volcanic and plutonic rocks , overlain by younger Oligocene and more recent carbonates and other sedimentary rocks . Most of the caverns and karst topography on the island occurs in the northern region in the carbonates . The oldest rocks are approximately 190 million years old ( Jurassic ) and are located at Sierra Bermeja in the southwest part of the island . They may represent part of the oceanic crust and are believed to come from the Pacific Ocean realm . Puerto Rico lies at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates and is being deformed by the tectonic stresses caused by their interaction . These stresses may cause earthquakes and tsunamis . These seismic events , along with landslides , represent some of the most dangerous geologic hazards in the island and in the northeastern Caribbean . The most recent major earthquake occurred on October 11 , 1918 , and had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the Richter scale . It originated off the coast of Aguadilla , several kilometers off the northern coast , and was accompanied by a tsunami . It caused extensive property damage and widespread losses , damaging infrastructure , especially bridges . It resulted in an estimated 116 deaths and $4 million in property damage . The failure of the government to move rapidly to provide for the general welfare contributed to political activism by opponents and eventually to the rise of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party . The Puerto Rico Trench , the largest and deepest trench in the Atlantic , is located about 115 km ( 71 mi ) north of Puerto Rico at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates . It is 280 km ( 170 mi ) long . At its deepest point , named the Milwaukee Deep , it is almost 8,400 m ( 27,600 ft ) deep . Climate Puerto Rico seen from space ( STS - 34 mission ) Main article : Climate of Puerto Rico The climate of Puerto Rico in the Köppen climate classification is tropical rainforest . Temperatures are warm to hot year round , averaging near 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) in lower elevations and 70 ° F ( 21 ° C ) in the mountains . Easterly trade winds pass across the island year round . Puerto Rico has a rainy season which stretches from April into November . The mountains of the Cordillera Central are the main cause of the variations in the temperature and rainfall that occur over very short distances . The mountains can also cause wide variation in local wind speed and direction due to their sheltering and channeling effects adding to the climatic variation . The island has an average temperature of 82.4 ° F ( 28 ° C ) throughout the year , with an average minimum temperature of 66.9 ° F ( 19 ° C ) and maximum of 85.4 ° F ( 30 ° C ) . Daily temperature changes seasonally are quite small in the lowlands and coastal areas . The temperature in the south is usually a few degrees higher than the north and temperatures in the central interior mountains are always cooler than those on the rest of the island . Between the dry and wet season , there is a temperature change of around 6 ° F ( 3.3 ° C ) . This is mainly due to the warm waters of the tropical Atlantic Ocean , which significantly modify cooler air moving in from the north and northwest . Coastal waters temperatures around the years are about 75 ° F ( 24 ° C ) in February to 85 ° F ( 29 ° C ) in August . The highest temperature ever recorded was 99 ° F ( 37 ° C ) at Arecibo , while the lowest temperature ever recorded was 40 ° F ( 4 ° C ) in the mountains at Adjuntas , Aibonito , and Corozal . The average yearly precipitation is 1,687 mm ( 66 in ) . hide Climate data for San Juan Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Average high ° C ( ° F ) 28 ( 83 ) 29 ( 84 ) 29 ( 85 ) 30 ( 86 ) 31 ( 88 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 32 ( 89 ) 30 ( 86 ) 29 ( 84 ) 31 ( 87 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 22 ( 72 ) 22 ( 72 ) 23 ( 73 ) 23 ( 74 ) 24 ( 76 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 26 ( 78 ) 25 ( 77 ) 24 ( 75 ) 23 ( 73 ) 24 ( 75 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 95.5 ( 3.76 ) 62.7 ( 2.47 ) 49.5 ( 1.95 ) 118.9 ( 4.68 ) 149.9 ( 5.90 ) 112 ( 4.41 ) 128.8 ( 5.07 ) 138.7 ( 5.46 ) 146.6 ( 5.77 ) 142 ( 5.59 ) 161.3 ( 6.35 ) 127.5 ( 5.02 ) 1,433.4 ( 56.43 ) Average rainy days 17 13 12 13 17 15 19 18 17 17 18 19 196 Average relative humidity ( % ) 78.0 75.5 73.9 75.0 77.2 77.0 78.0 77.6 77.7 78.2 78.6 78.3 77.1 Mean daily sunshine hours 8 8 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8.6 Source : `` Average Weather for San Juan , PR '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved March 22 , 2014 . Puerto Rico experiences the Atlantic hurricane season , similar to the remainder of the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic oceans . On average , a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones , which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than El Niño . A cyclone of tropical storm strength passes near Puerto Rico , on average , every five years . A hurricane passes in the vicinity of the island , on average , every seven years . Since 1851 , the Lake Okeechobee Hurricane of September 1928 is the only hurricane to make landfall as a Category 5 hurricane . In the busy 2017 Atlantic hurricane season , Puerto Rico avoided a direct hit by the Category 5 Hurricane Irma on September 8 , 2017 , but high winds caused a loss of electrical power to some one million residents . Almost 50 % of hospitals were operating with power provided by generators . The Category 4 Hurricane Jose , as expected , veered away from Puerto Rico . A short time later , the devastating Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico as a Category 4 hurricane , with sustained 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) winds , powerful rains and widespread flooding causing tremendous destruction , including the electrical grid , which could remain out for 4 -- 6 months . With such widespread destruction and a great need for supplies -- everything from drinking water , food , medicine and personal care items to fuel for generators and construction materials for rebuilding the island -- Gov. Rossello and several Congressmen called on the federal government to waive the WWI - era Jones Act ( protectionist provisions : ships made and owned in U.S. , and with U.S. crews ) , which essentially double Puerto Rico 's cost for shipped goods relative to neighboring islands . On September 28 , U.S. President Donald Trump waived the Act for ten days . Biodiversity Main articles : Fauna of Puerto Rico and Flora of Puerto Rico Common Coquí Species endemic to the archipelago number 239 plants , 16 birds and 39 amphibians / reptiles , recognized as of 1998 . Most of these ( 234 , 12 and 33 respectively ) are found on the main island . The most recognizable endemic species and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the coquí , a small frog easily identified by the sound of its call , from which it gets its name . Most coquí species ( 13 of 17 ) live in the El Yunque National Forest , a tropical rainforest in the northeast of the island previously known as the Caribbean National Forest . El Yunque is home to more than 240 plants , 26 of which are endemic to the island . It is also home to 50 bird species , including the critically endangered Puerto Rican amazon . Across the island in the southwest , the 40 km ( 15 sq mi ) of dry land at the Guánica Commonwealth Forest Reserve contain over 600 uncommon species of plants and animals , including 48 endangered species and 16 endemic to Puerto Rico . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Puerto Rico and Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico Population density , Census 2000 The population of Puerto Rico has been shaped by Amerindian settlement , European colonization , slavery , economic migration , and Puerto Rico 's status as unincorporated territory of the United States . Population makeup Main article : Puerto Rican people Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1765 44,883 -- 1775 70,250 + 56.5 % 1800 155,426 + 121.2 % 1815 220,892 + 42.1 % 1832 350,051 + 58.5 % 1846 447,914 + 28.0 % 1860 583,308 + 30.2 % 1877 731,648 + 25.4 % 1887 798,565 + 9.1 % 1899 953,243 + 19.4 % 1910 1,118,012 + 17.3 % 1920 1,299,809 + 16.3 % 1930 1,543,913 + 18.8 % 1940 1,869,255 + 21.1 % 1950 2,210,703 + 18.3 % 1960 2,349,544 + 6.3 % 1970 2,712,033 + 15.4 % 1980 3,196,520 + 17.9 % 3,522,037 + 10.2 % 2000 3,808,610 + 8.1 % 3,725,789 − 2.2 % 2016 3,411,307 − 8.4 % 1765 -- 2010 2016 Estimate The estimated population of Puerto Rico as of July 1 , 2015 , was 3,474,182 , a 6.75 % decrease since the 2010 United States Census . From 2000 to 2010 , the population decreased , the first such decrease in census history for Puerto Rico . It went from the 3,808,610 residents registered in the 2000 Census to 3,725,789 in the 2010 Census . A declining and aging population presents additional problems for the society . The U.S. Census Bureau 's estimate for July 1 , 2016 was 3,411,307 people , down substantially from the 2010 data which had indicated 3,725,789 people . Continuous European immigration and high natural increase helped the population of Puerto Rico grow from 155,426 in 1800 , to almost a million by the close of the 19th century . A census conducted by royal decree on September 30 , 1858 , gave the following totals of the Puerto Rican population at that time : 341,015 were Free colored ; 300,430 identified as Whites ; and 41,736 were slaves . During the 19th century hundreds of families arrived in Puerto Rico , primarily from the Canary Islands and Andalusia , but also from other parts of Spain such as Catalonia , Asturias , Galicia and the Balearic Islands and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain 's former colonies in South America . Settlers from outside Spain also arrived in the islands , including from Corsica , France , Lebanon , China , Portugal , Ireland , Scotland , Germany and Italy . This immigration from non-Hispanic countries was the result of the Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815 ( `` Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 '' ) , which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with land allotments in the interior of the island , provided they paid taxes and continued to support the Catholic Church . Racial and Ethnic Composition in Puerto Rico ( 2015 Census est . ) Ethnicity White 75.8 % Black or African American 12.4 % Asian 0.2 % Two or more races 3.3 % American Indian 0.5 % Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0.1 % Other races 7.8 % Between 1960 and 1990 the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or ethnicity . The 2000 United States Census included a racial self - identification question in Puerto Rico . According to the census , most Puerto Ricans identified as White and Hispanic ; few identified as Black or some other race . Population genetics A recent population genetics study conducted in Puerto Rico suggests that between 52.6 % and 84 % of the population possess some degree of Amerindian mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) in their maternal ancestry , usually in a combination with other ancestries such as aboriginal Guanche North - West African ancestry brought by Spanish settlers from the Canary Islands . In addition , these DNA studies show Amerindian ancestry in addition to the Taíno . One genetic study on the racial makeup of Puerto Ricans ( including all races ) found them to be roughly around 61 % West Eurasian / North African ( overwhelmingly of Spanish provenance ) , 27 % Sub-Saharan African and 11 % Native American . Another genetic study from 2007 , claimed that `` the average genomewide individual ( ie . Puerto Rican ) ancestry proportions have been estimated as 66 % , 18 % , and 16 % , for European , West African , and Native American , respectively . '' Other study estimates 63.7 % European , 21.2 % ( Sub-Saharan ) African , and 15.2 % Native American ; European ancestry is more prevalent in the West and in Central Puerto Rico , African in Eastern Puerto Rico , and Native American in Northern Puerto Rico . A Pew Research survey indicated a literacy rate of 90.4 % ( adult population ) in 2012 based on data from the United Nations and a life expectancy of 79.3 years . Immigration and emigration Racial groups Year Population White Mixed ( mainly biracial white European and black African ) Black Asian Other 2000 3,808,610 80.5 % ( 3 064 862 ) 11.0 % ( 418 426 ) 8.0 % ( 302 933 ) 0.2 % ( 7 960 ) 0.4 % ( 14 429 ) 3,725,789 75.8 % ( ' 2 824 148 ) 11.1 % ( ' 413 563 ) 12.4 % ( ' 461 998 ) 0.2 % ( ' 7 452 ) 0.6 % ( ' 22 355 ) Puerto Rico has recently become the permanent home of over 100,000 legal residents . The vast majority of recent immigrants , both legal and illegal , come from the Dominican Republic and Haiti . Other sources sending in significant numbers of recent immigrants include Cuba , Mexico , Colombia , Panama , Jamaica , Venezuela , Spain , and Nigeria . Also , there are many non-Puerto Rican U.S. citizens settling in Puerto Rico , from the mainland United States and the U.S. Virgin Islands , as well as Nuyoricans ( stateside Puerto Ricans ) coming back to Puerto Rico . Most recent immigrants settle in and around San Juan . Emigration is a major part of contemporary Puerto Rican history . Starting soon after World War II , poverty , cheap airfares , and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the United States , particularly to the Northeastern states , and Florida . This trend continued even as Puerto Rico 's economy improved and its birth rate declined . Puerto Ricans continue to follow a pattern of `` circular migration '' , with some migrants returning to the island . In recent years , the population has declined markedly , falling nearly 1 % in 2012 and an additional 1 % ( 36,000 people ) in 2013 due to a falling birthrate and emigration . According to the 2010 Census , the number of Puerto Ricans living in the United States outside of Puerto Rico far exceeds those living in Puerto Rico . Emigration exceeds immigration . As those who leave tend to be better educated than those that remain , this accentuates the drain on Puerto Rico 's economy . Based on the July 1 , 2016 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau , the population of the Commonwealth had declined by 314,482 people since the 2010 Census data had been tabulated . Population distribution The most populous city is the capital , San Juan , with approximately 371,400 people based on a 2015 estimate by the Census Bureau . Other major cities include Bayamón , Carolina , Ponce , and Caguas . Of the ten most populous cities on the island , eight are located within what is considered San Juan 's metropolitan area , while the other two are located in the south ( Ponce ) and west ( Mayagüez ) of the island . Largest cities or towns in Puerto Rico 2010 Census Rank Name Metropolitan Statistical Area Pop . San Juan Bayamón San Juan San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 395,326 Carolina Ponce Bayamón San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 208,116 Carolina San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 176,762 Ponce Ponce 166,327 5 Caguas San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 142,893 6 Guaynabo San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 97,924 7 Arecibo San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 96,440 8 Toa Baja San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 89,609 9 Mayagüez Mayagüez 89,080 10 Trujillo Alto San Juan - Caguas - Guaynabo 74,842 Languages The official languages of the executive branch of government of Puerto Rico are Spanish and English , with Spanish being the primary language . Spanish is , and has been , the only official language of the entire Commonwealth judiciary system , despite a 1902 English - only language law . However , all official business of the U.S. District Court for the District of Puerto Rico is conducted in English . English is the primary language of less than 10 % of the population . Spanish is the dominant language of business , education and daily life on the island , spoken by nearly 95 % of the population . The U.S. Census Bureau 's 2015 update provides the following facts : 94.1 % of adults speak Spanish , 5.8 % speak only English , 78.3 % do not speak English `` very well '' . In Puerto Rico , public school instruction is conducted almost entirely in Spanish . There have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1,400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in English only . Objections from teaching staff are common , perhaps because many of them are not fully fluent in English . English is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school . The languages of the deaf community are American Sign Language and its local variant , Puerto Rican Sign Language . The Spanish of Puerto Rico has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the Spanish spoken elsewhere . As a product of Puerto Rican history , the island possesses a unique Spanish dialect . Puerto Rican Spanish utilizes many Taíno words , as well as English words . The largest influence on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico is that of the Canary Islands . Taíno loanwords are most often used in the context of vegetation , natural phenomena , and native musical instruments . Similarly , words attributed to primarily West African languages were adopted in the contexts of foods , music , and dances , particularly in coastal towns with concentrations of descendants of Sub-Saharan Africans . Religion Religious affiliation in Puerto Rico ( 2014 ) Roman Catholic ( 56 % ) Protestant ( 33 % ) Other ( 3 % ) Irreligious ( 8 % ) The Roman Catholic Church was brought by Spanish colonists and gradually became the dominant religion in Puerto Rico . The first dioceses in the Americas , including that of Puerto Rico , were authorized by Pope Julius II in 1511 . One Pope , John Paul II , visited Puerto Rico in October 1984 . All municipalities in Puerto Rico have at least one Catholic church , most of which are located at the town center , or plaza . African slaves brought and maintained various ethnic African religious practices associated with different peoples ; in particular , the Yoruba beliefs of Santería and / or Ifá , and the Kongo - derived Palo Mayombe . Some aspects were absorbed into syncretic Christianity . Protestantism , which was suppressed under the Spanish Catholic regime , has slightly reemerged under United States rule , making contemporary Puerto Rico more interconfessional than in previous centuries , although Catholicism continues to be the dominant religion . The first Protestant church , Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad , was established in Ponce by the Anglican Diocese of Antigua in 1872 . It was the first non-Roman Catholic Church in the entire Spanish Empire in the Americas . Pollster Pablo Ramos stated in 1998 that the population was 38 % Roman Catholic , 28 % Pentecostal , and 18 % were members of independent churches , which would give a Protestant percentage of 46 % if the last two populations are combined . Protestants collectively added up to almost two million people . Another researcher gave a more conservative assessment of the proportion of Protestants : Puerto Rico , by virtue of its long political association with the United States , is the most Protestant of Latin American countries , with a Protestant population of approximately 33 to 38 percent , the majority of whom are Pentecostal . David Stoll calculates that if we extrapolate the growth rates of evangelical churches from 1960 -- 1985 for another twenty - five years Puerto Rico will become 75 percent evangelical . ( Ana Adams : `` Brincando el Charco ... '' in Power , Politics and Pentecostals in Latin America , Edward Cleary , ed. , 1997 . p. 164 ) . The data provided for 2014 by Pew Research Center , is summarized in the chart to the right . An Associated Press article in March 2014 stated that `` more than 70 percent of whom identify themselves as Catholic '' but provided no source for this information . The CIA World Factbook reports that 85 % of the population of Puerto Rico identifies as Roman Catholic , while 15 % identify as Protestant and Other . Neither a date or a source for that information is provided and may not be recent . A 2013 Pew Research survey found that only about 45 % of Puerto Rican adults identified themselves as Catholic , 29 % as Protestant and 20 % as unaffiliated with a religion . The people surveyed by Pew consisted of Puerto Ricans living in the 50 states and DC and may not be indicative of those living in the Commonwealth . By 2014 , a Pew Research report , with the sub-title Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region , indicated that only 56 % of Puerto Ricans were Catholic and that 33 % were Protestant ; this survey was completed between October 2013 and February 2014 . An Eastern Orthodox community , the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos / St. Spyridon 's Church is located in Trujillo Alto , and serves the small Orthodox community . This affiliation accounted for under 1 % of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report . In 1940 , Juanita García Peraza founded the Mita Congregation , the first religion of Puerto Rican origin . Taíno religious practices have been rediscovered / reinvented to a degree by a handful of advocates . Similarly , some aspects of African religious traditions have been kept by some adherents . In 1952 , a handful of American Jews established the island 's first synagogue ; this religion accounts for under 1 % of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report . The synagogue , called Sha'are Zedeck , hired its first rabbi in 1954 . Puerto Rico has the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean , numbering 3000 people ( date not stated ) , and is the only Caribbean island in which the Conservative , Reform and Orthodox Jewish movements all are represented . In 2007 , there were about 5,000 Muslims in Puerto Rico , representing about 0.13 % of the population . Eight mosques are located throughout the island , with most Muslims living in Río Piedras and Caguas , most of these Muslims are of Palestinian and Jordanian descent . There is also a Bahá'í community on the island . In 2015 , the 25,832 Jehovah 's Witnesses represented about 0.70 % of the population , with 324 congregations . The Padmasambhava Buddhist Center , whose followers practice Tibetan Buddhism , as well as Nichiren Buddhism have branches in Puerto Rico . There are several atheist activist and educational organizations , and an atheistic parody religion called the Pastafarian Church of Puerto Rico . Roman Catholic Cathedral of San Juan Bautista . Anglican Iglesia Santísima Trinidad in Ponce Islamic Center at Ponce Inside Sha'are Zedeck in San Juan Government Main articles : Government of Puerto Rico and Politics of Puerto Rico Governor of Puerto Rico , Ricardo Rosselló Puerto Rico has 8 senatorial districts , 40 representative districts and 78 municipalities . It has a republican form of government with separation of powers subject to the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United States . Its current powers are all delegated by the United States Congress and lack full protection under the United States Constitution . Puerto Rico 's head of state is the President of the United States . The government of Puerto Rico , based on the formal republican system , is composed of three branches : the executive , legislative , and judicial branch . The executive branch is headed by the governor , currently Ricky Rosselló . The legislative branch consists of a bicameral legislature called the Legislative Assembly , made up of a Senate as its upper chamber and a House of Representatives as its lower chamber . The Senate is headed by the President of the Senate , currently Thomas Rivera Schatz , while the House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker of the House , currently Johnny Méndez . The governor and legislators are elected by popular vote every four years with the last election held in November 2016 . The judicial branch is headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico , currently Maite Oronoz Rodríguez . Members of the judicial branch are appointed by the governor with the advice and consent of the Senate . Puerto Rico is represented in the United States Congress by a nonvoting delegate , the Resident Commissioner , currently Jenniffer González . Current congressional rules have removed the Commissioner 's power to vote in the Committee of the Whole , but the Commissioner can vote in committee . Puerto Rican elections are governed by the Federal Election Commission and the State Elections Commission of Puerto Rico . While residing in Puerto Rico , Puerto Ricans can not vote in U.S. presidential elections , but they can vote in primaries . Puerto Ricans who become residents of a U.S. state can vote in presidential elections . Puerto Rico hosts consulates from 41 countries , mainly from the Americas and Europe , with most located in San Juan . As an unincorporated territory of the United States , Puerto Rico does not have any first - order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. government , but has 78 municipalities at the second level . Mona Island is not a municipality , but part of the municipality of Mayagüez . Municipalities are subdivided into wards or barrios , and those into sectors . Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected for a four - year term . The municipality of San Juan ( previously called `` town '' ) , was founded first , in 1521 , San Germán in 1570 , Coamo in 1579 , Arecibo in 1614 , Aguada in 1692 and Ponce in 1692 . An increase of settlement saw the founding of 30 municipalities in the 18th century and 34 in the 19th . Six were founded in the 20th century ; the last was Florida in 1971 . Political parties and elections Main article : Political party strength in Puerto Rico The difference between the incumbent party , the PPD , and its opponent , the PNP , was a mere 0.6 % in the last election . This difference is common as the political landscape experiences political cycles between both parties , with the PPD ruling all branches of government for 36 of the past 64 years . The PNP , on the other hand , has ruled both the executive and legislative branch concurrently for 16 years . The other 12 years experienced a divided government . Since 1952 , Puerto Rico has had three main political parties : the Popular Democratic Party ( PPD in Spanish ) , the New Progressive Party ( PNP in Spanish ) and the Puerto Rican Independence Party ( PIP ) . The three parties stand for different political status . The PPD , for example , seeks to maintain the island 's status with the U.S. as a commonwealth , while the PNP , on the other hand , seeks to make Puerto Rico a state of the United States . The PIP , in contrast , seeks a complete separation from the United States by seeking to make Puerto Rico a sovereign nation . In terms of party strength , the PPD and PNP usually hold about 47 % of the vote each while the PIP holds only about 5 % . After 2007 , other parties emerged on the island . The first , the Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party ( PPR in Spanish ) was registered that same year . The party claims that it seeks to address the islands ' problems from a status - neutral platform . But it ceased to remain as a registered party when it failed to obtain the required number of votes in the 2008 general election . Four years later , the 2012 election saw the emergence of the Movimiento Unión Soberanista ( MUS ; English : Sovereign Union Movement ) and the Partido del Pueblo Trabajador ( PPT ; English : Working People 's Party ) but none obtained more than 1 % of the vote . Other non-registered parties include the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party , the Socialist Workers Movement , and the Hostosian National Independence Movement . Law Main articles : Constitution of Puerto Rico and Law of Puerto Rico The insular legal system is a blend of civil law and the common law systems . Puerto Rico is the only current U.S. possession whose legal system operates primarily in a language other than American English : namely , Spanish . Because the U.S. federal government operates primarily in English , all Puerto Rican attorneys must be bilingual in order to litigate in English in U.S. federal courts , and litigate federal preemption issues in Puerto Rican courts . Title 48 of the United States Code outlines the role of the United States Code to United States territories and insular areas such as Puerto Rico . After the U.S. government assumed control of Puerto Rico in 1901 , it initiated legal reforms resulting in the adoption of codes of criminal law , criminal procedure , and civil procedure modeled after those then in effect in California . Although Puerto Rico has since followed the federal example of transferring criminal and civil procedure from statutory law to rules promulgated by the judiciary , several portions of its criminal law still reflect the influence of the California Penal Code . The judicial branch is headed by the Chief Justice of the Puerto Rico Supreme Court , which is the only appellate court required by the Constitution . All other courts are created by the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico . There is also a Federal District Court for Puerto Rico . Someone accused of a criminal act at the federal level may not be accused for the same act in a Commonwealth court , unlike a state court , since Puerto Rico as a territory lacks sovereignty separate from Congress as a state does . Such a parallel accusation would constitute double jeopardy . Political status Main articles : Political status of Puerto Rico and Proposed political status for Puerto Rico The nature of Puerto Rico 's political relationship with the U.S. is the subject of ongoing debate in Puerto Rico , the United States Congress , and the United Nations . Specifically , the basic question is whether Puerto Rico should remain a U.S. territory , become a U.S. state , or become an independent country . Within the United States The Capitol of Puerto Rico , home of the Legislative Assembly in Puerto Rico Constitutionally , Puerto Rico is subject to the plenary powers of the United States Congress under the territorial clause of Article IV of the U.S. Constitution . Laws enacted at the federal level in the United States apply to Puerto Rico as well , regardless of its political status . Their residents do not have voting representation in the U.S. Congress . Like the different states of the United States , Puerto Rico lacks `` the full sovereignty of an independent nation '' , for example , the power to manage its `` external relations with other nations '' , which is held by the U.S. federal government . The Supreme Court of the United States has indicated that once the U.S. Constitution has been extended to an area ( by Congress or the courts ) , its coverage is irrevocable . To hold that the political branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they , not this Court , say `` what the law is '' . Puerto Ricans `` were collectively made U.S. citizens '' in 1917 as a result of the Jones - Shafroth Act . U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico can not vote for the U.S. president , though both major parties , Republican and Democratic , run primary elections in Puerto Rico to send delegates to vote on a presidential candidate . Since Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory ( see above ) and not a U.S. state , the United States Constitution does not fully enfranchise U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico . Only fundamental rights under the American federal constitution and adjudications are applied to Puerto Ricans . Various other U.S. Supreme Court decisions have held which rights apply in Puerto Rico and which ones do not . Puerto Ricans have a long history of service in the U.S. Armed Forces and , since 1917 , they have been included in the U.S. compulsory draft whensoever it has been in effect . Though the Commonwealth government has its own tax laws , Puerto Ricans are also required to pay many kinds of U.S. federal taxes , not including the federal personal income tax for Puerto Rico - sourced income , but only under certain circumstances . In 2009 , Puerto Rico paid $3.742 billion into the U.S. Treasury . Residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security , and are thus eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement . They are excluded from the Supplemental Security Income ( SSI ) , and the island actually receives a smaller fraction of the Medicaid funding it would receive if it were a U.S. state . Also , Medicare providers receive less - than - full state - like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico , even though the latter paid fully into the system . While a state may try an individual for the same crime he / she was tried in federal court , this is not the case in Puerto Rico . Being a U.S. territory , Puerto Rico 's authority to enact a criminal code derives from Congress and not from local sovereignty as with the states . Thus , such a parallel accusation would constitute double jeopardy and is constitutionally impermissible . In 1992 , President George H.W. Bush issued a memorandum to heads of executive departments and agencies establishing the current administrative relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . This memorandum directs all federal departments , agencies , and officials to treat Puerto Rico administratively as if it were a state , insofar as doing so would not disrupt federal programs or operations . Many federal executive branch agencies have significant presence in Puerto Rico , just as in any state , including the Federal Bureau of Investigation , Federal Emergency Management Agency , Transportation Security Administration , Social Security Administration , and others . While Puerto Rico has its own Commonwealth judicial system similar to that of a U.S. state , there is also a U.S. federal district court in Puerto Rico , and Puerto Ricans have served as judges in that Court and in other federal courts on the U.S. mainland regardless of their residency status at the time of their appointment . Sonia Sotomayor , a New Yorker of Puerto Rican descent , serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . Puerto Ricans have also been frequently appointed to high - level federal positions , including serving as United States Ambassadors to other nations . Foreign and intergovernmental relations This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Foreign and intergovernmental relations of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico is subject to the Commerce and Territorial Clause of the Constitution of the United States and , therefore , is restricted on how it can engage with other nations , sharing the opportunities and limitations that state governments have albeit not being one . As is the case with state governments , regardless , it has established several trade agreements with other nations , particularly with Hispanic American countries such as Colombia and Panamá . It has also established trade promotion offices in many foreign countries , all Spanish - speaking , and within the United States itself , which now include Spain , the Dominican Republic , Panama , Colombia , Washington , D.C. , New York City and Florida , and has included in the past offices in Chile , Costa Rica , and Mexico . Such agreements require permission from the U.S. Department of State ; most , are simply allowed by existing laws or trade treaties between the United States and other nations which supersede trade agreements pursued by Puerto Rico and different U.S. states . At the local level , Puerto Rico established by law that the international relations which states and territories are allowed to engage must be handled by the Department of State of Puerto Rico , an executive department , headed by the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico , who also serves as the territory 's lieutenant governor . It is also charged to liaise with general consuls and honorary consuls based in Puerto Rico . The Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration , along with the Office of the Resident Commissioner , manage all its intergovernmental affairs before entities of or in the United States ( including the federal government of the United States , local and state governments of the United States , and public or private entities in the United States ) . Both entities frequently assist the Department of State of Puerto Rico in engaging with Washington , D.C. - based ambassadors and federal agencies that handle Puerto Rico 's foreign affairs , such as the U.S. Department of State , the Agency for International Development , and others . The current Secretary of State is Víctor Suárez Meléndez from the Popular Democratic Party and member of the Democratic Party of the United States , while the current Director of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration is Juan Eugenio Hernández Mayoral also from the Popular Democratic and member of the Democratic Party . The Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico , the delegate elected by Puerto Ricans to represent them before the federal government , including the U.S. Congress , sits in the United States House of Representatives , serves and votes on congressional committees , and functions in every respect as a legislator except being denied a vote on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor , also engages in foreign affairs to the same extent as other members of Congress . The current Resident Commissioner is Pedro Pierluisi from the New Progressive Party and member of the Democratic Party of the United States . Many Puerto Ricans have served as United States ambassadors to different nations and international organizations , such as the Organization of American States , mostly but not exclusively in Latin America . For example , Maricarmen Aponte , a Puerto Rican and now an Acting Assistant Secretary of State , previously served as U.S. ambassador to El Salvador . Military Main article : Military of Puerto Rico As it is a territory of the United States of America , the defense of Puerto Rico is provided by the United States as part of the Treaty of Paris with the President of the United States as its commander - in - chief . Puerto Rico has its own Puerto Rico National Guard , and its own state defense force , the Puerto Rico State Guard , which by local law is under the authority of the Puerto Rico National Guard . The commander - in - chief of both local forces is the governor of Puerto Rico who delegates his authority to the Puerto Rico Adjutant General , currently Brigadier General Isabelo Rivera . The Adjutant General , in turn , delegates the authority over the State Guard to another officer but retains the authority over the Puerto Rico National Guard as a whole . U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico ( including the United States Virgin Islands ) throughout the 20th century U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico were part of the U.S. Atlantic Command ( LANTCOM after 1993 USACOM ) , which had authority over all U.S. military operations that took place throughout the Atlantic . Puerto Rico had been seen as crucial in supporting LANTCOM 's mission until 1999 , when U.S. Atlantic Command was renamed and given a new mission as United States Joint Forces Command . Puerto Rico is currently under the responsibility of United States Northern Command . Both the Naval Forces Caribbean ( NFC ) and the Fleet Air Caribbean ( FAIR ) were formerly based at the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station . The NFC had authority over all U.S. Naval activity in the waters of the Caribbean while FAIR had authority over all U.S. military flights and air operations over the Caribbean . With the closing of the Roosevelt Roads and Vieques Island training facilities , the U.S. Navy has basically exited from Puerto Rico , except for the ships that steam by , and the only significant military presence in the island is the U.S. Army at Ft Buchanan , the Puerto Rican Army and Air National Guards , and the U.S. Coast Guard . Protests over the noise of bombing practice forced the closure of the naval base . This resulted in a loss of 6,000 jobs and an annual decrease in local income of $300 million . A branch of the U.S. Army National Guard is stationed in Puerto Rico -- known as the Puerto Rico Army National Guard -- which performs missions equivalent to those of the Army National Guards of the different states of the United States , including ground defense , disaster relief , and control of civil unrest . The local National Guard also incorporates a branch of the U.S. Air National Guard -- known as the Puerto Rico Air National Guard -- which performs missions equivalent to those of the Air National Guards of each one of the U.S. states . Ohio - class ballistic missile submarine USS Maryland , Roosevelt Roads Naval Station , 1997 At different times in the 20th century , the U.S. had about 25 military or naval installations in Puerto Rico , some very small ones , as well as large installations . The largest of these installations were the former Roosevelt Roads Naval Station in Ceiba , the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility ( AFWTF ) on Vieques , the National Guard training facility at Camp Santiago in Salinas , Fort Allen in Juana Diaz , the Army 's Fort Buchanan in San Juan , the former U.S. Air Force Ramey Air Force Base in Aguadilla , and the Puerto Rico Air National Guard at Muñiz Air Force base in San Juan . The former U.S. Navy facilities at Roosevelt Roads , Vieques , and Sabana Seca have been deactivated and partially turned over to the local government . Other than U.S. Coast Guard and Puerto Rico National Guard facilities , there are only two remaining military installations in Puerto Rico : the U.S. Army 's small Ft. Buchanan ( supporting local veterans and reserve units ) and the PRANG ( Puerto Rico Air National Guard ) Muñiz Air Base ( the C - 130 Fleet ) . In recent years , the U.S. Congress has considered their deactivations , but these have been opposed by diverse public and private entities in Puerto Rico -- such as retired military who rely on Ft. Buchanan for the services available there . Puerto Ricans have participated in many of the military conflicts in which the United States has been involved . For example , they participated in the American Revolution , when volunteers from Puerto Rico , Cuba , and Mexico fought the British in 1779 under the command of General Bernardo de Gálvez ( 1746 -- 1786 ) , and have continued to participate up to the present - day conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan . A significant number of Puerto Ricans participate as members and work for the U.S. Armed Services , largely as National Guard members and civilian employees . The size of the overall military - related community in Puerto Rico is estimated to be 100,000 individuals . This includes retired personnel . Fort Buchanan has about 4,000 military and civilian personnel . In addition , approximately 17,000 people are members of the Puerto Rico Army and Air National Guards , or the U.S. Reserve forces . Puerto Rican soldiers have served in every U.S. military conflict from World War I to the current military engagement known by the United States and its allies as the War against Terrorism . The 65th Infantry Regiment , nicknamed `` The Borinqueneers '' from the original Taíno name of the island ( Borinquen ) , is a Puerto Rican regiment of the United States Army . The regiment 's motto is Honor et Fidelitas , Latin for Honor and Fidelity . The 65th Infantry Regiment participated in World War I , World War II , the Korean War , and the War on Terror and in 2014 was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal , presented by President Barack Obama , for its heroism during the Korean War . Administrative divisions Main article : Municipalities of Puerto Rico There are no counties , as there are in 48 of the 50 United States . There are 78 municipalities . Municipalities are subdivided into barrios , and those into sectors . Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected to four - year terms . A map of Puerto Rico showing its municipalities Economy Main articles : Economy of Puerto Rico and Puerto Rico government - debt crisis Puerto Rico 's gross domestic product ( GDP ) by economic sector The economy of Puerto Rico is classified as a high income economy by the World Bank and as the most competitive economy in Latin America by the World Economic Forum but Puerto Rico currently has a public debt of $72.204 billion ( equivalent to 103 % of GNP ) , and a government deficit of $2.5 billion . According to World Bank , gross national income per capita of Puerto Rico in 2013 is $23,830 ( PPP , International Dollars ) , ranked as 63rd among all sovereign and dependent territories entities in the world . Its economy is mainly driven by manufacturing ( primarily pharmaceuticals , textiles , petrochemicals and electronics ) followed by the service industry ( primarily finance , insurance , real estate and tourism ) . In recent years , the territory has also become a popular destination for MICE ( meetings , incentives , conferencing , exhibitions ) , with a modern convention centre district overlooking the Port of San Juan . The geography of Puerto Rico and its political status are both determining factors on its economic prosperity , primarily due to its relatively small size as an island ; its lack of natural resources used to produce raw materials , and , consequently , its dependence on imports ; as well as its territorial status with the United States , which controls its foreign policy while exerting trading restrictions , particularly in its shipping industry . Puerto Rico experienced a recession from 2006 to 2011 , interrupted by 4 quarters of economic growth , and entered into recession again in 2013 , following growing fiscal imbalance and the expiration of the IRS Section 936 corporate incentives that the U.S. Internal Revenue Code had applied to Puerto Rico . This IRS section was critical to the economy , as it established tax exemptions for U.S. corporations that settled in Puerto Rico , and allowed their insular subsidiaries to send their earnings to the parent corporation at any time , without paying federal tax on corporate income . Puerto Rico has surprisingly been able to maintain a relatively low inflation in the past decade while maintaining a purchasing power parity per capita higher than 80 % of the rest of the world . Academically , most of Puerto Rico 's economic woes stem from federal regulations that expired , have been repealed , or no longer apply to Puerto Rico ; its inability to become self - sufficient and self - sustainable throughout history ; its highly politicized public policy which tends to change whenever a political party gains power ; as well as its highly inefficient local government which has accrued a public debt equal to 68 % of its gross domestic product throughout time . In comparison to the different states of the United States , Puerto Rico is poorer than Mississippi ( the poorest state of the U.S. ) with 41 % of its population below the poverty line . When compared to Latin America , Puerto Rico has the highest GDP per capita in the region . Its main trading partners are the United States itself , Ireland , and Japan , with most products coming from East Asia , mainly from China , Hong Kong , and Taiwan . At a global scale , Puerto Rico 's dependency on oil for transportation and electricity generation , as well as its dependency on food imports and raw materials , makes Puerto Rico volatile and highly reactive to changes in the world economy and climate . Puerto Rico 's agricultural sector represents less than 1 % of GNP . Heavy debt load In early 2017 , the Puerto Rican government - debt crisis posed serious problems for the government which was saddled with outstanding bond debt that had climbed to $70 billion at a time with a 45 percent poverty rate and 12.4 % unemployment that is more than twice the mainland U.S. average . The debt had been increasing during a decade long recession . The Commonwealth had been defaulting on many debts , including bonds , since 2015 . With debt payments due , the Governor was facing the risk of a government shutdown and failure to fund the managed health care system . `` Without action before April , Puerto Rico 's ability to execute contracts for Fiscal Year 2018 with its managed care organizations will be threatened , thereby putting at risk beginning July 1 , 2017 the health care of up to 900,000 poor U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico '' , according to a letter sent to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Health and Human Services . They also said that `` Congress must enact measures recommended by both Republicans and Democrats that fix Puerto Rico 's inequitable health care financing structure and promote sustained economic growth . '' Initially , the oversight board created under PROMESA called for Puerto Rico 's governor Ricardo Rosselló to deliver a fiscal turnaround plan by January 28 . Just before that deadline , the control board gave the Commonwealth government until February 28 to present a fiscal plan ( including negotiations with creditors for restructuring debt ) to solve the problems . A moratorium on lawsuits by debtors was extended to May 31 . It is essential for Puerto Rico to reach restructuring deals to avoid a bankruptcy - like process under PROMESA . An internal survey conducted by the Puerto Rican Economists Association revealed that the majority of Puerto Rican economists reject the policy recommendations of the Board and the Rosselló government , with more than 80 % of economists arguing in favor of auditing the debt . In early August 2017 , the island 's financial oversight board ( created by PROMESA ) planned to institute two days off without pay per month for government employees , down from the original plan of four days per month ; the latter had been expected to achieve $218 million in savings . Governor Rossello rejected this plan as unjustified and unnecessary . Pension reforms were also discussed including a proposal for a 10 % reduction in benefits to begin addressing the $50 billion in unfunded pension liabilities . Public finances Main articles : Puerto Rico government - debt crisis , Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico , and public debt of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico has an operating budget of about U.S. $9.8 billion with expenses at about $10.4 billion , creating a structural deficit of $775 million ( about 7.9 % of the budget ) . The practice of approving budgets with a structural deficit has been done for 18 consecutive years starting in 2000 . Throughout those years , including present time , all budgets contemplated issuing bonds to cover these projected deficits rather than making structural adjustments . This practice increased Puerto Rico 's cumulative debt , as the government had already been issuing bonds to balance its actual budget for four decades since 1973 . The 2012 Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico Projected deficits added substantial burdens to an already indebted nation which accrued a public debt of $71 B or about 70 % of Puerto Rico 's gross domestic product . This sparked an ongoing government - debt crisis after Puerto Rico 's general obligation bonds were downgraded to speculative non-investment grade ( `` junk status '' ) by three credit rating agencies . In terms of financial control , almost 9.6 % -- or about $1.5 billion -- of Puerto Rico 's central government budget expenses for FY2014 is expected to be spent on debt service . Harsher budget cuts are expected as Puerto Rico must now repay larger chunks of debts in the following years . For practical reasons the budget is divided into two aspects : a `` general budget '' which comprises the assignments funded exclusively by the Department of Treasury of Puerto Rico , and the `` consolidated budget '' which comprises the assignments funded by the general budget , by Puerto Rico 's government - owned corporations , by revenue expected from loans , by the sale of government bonds , by subsidies extended by the federal government of the United States , and by other funds . Both budgets contrast each other drastically , with the consolidated budget being usually thrice the size of the general budget ; currently $29 B and $9.0 B respectively . Almost one out of every four dollars in the consolidated budget comes from U.S. federal subsidies while government - owned corporations compose more than 31 % of the consolidated budget . The critical aspects come from the sale of bonds , which comprise 7 % of the consolidated budget -- a ratio that increased annually due to the government 's inability to prepare a balanced budget in addition to being incapable of generating enough income to cover all its expenses . In particular , the government - owned corporations add a heavy burden to the overall budget and public debt , as none is self - sufficient . For example , in FY2011 the government - owned corporations reported aggregated losses of more than $1.3 B with the Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority ( PRHTA ) reporting losses of $409 M , the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority ( PREPA ; the government monopoly that controls all electricity on the island ) reporting losses of $272 M , while the Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority ( PRASA ; the government monopoly that controls all water utilities on the island ) reported losses of $112 M . Losses by government - owned corporations have been defrayed through the issuance of bonds compounding more than 40 % of Puerto Rico 's entire public debt today . Holistically , from FY2000 -- FY2010 Puerto Rico 's debt grew at a compound annual growth rate ( CAGR ) of 9 % while GDP remained stagnant . This has not always provided a long - term solution . In early July 2017 for example , the PREPA power authority was effectively bankrupt after defaulting in a plan to restructure $9 billion in bond debt ; the agency planned to seek Court protection . In terms of protocol , the governor , together with the Puerto Rico Office of Management and Budget ( OGP in Spanish ) , formulates the budget he believes is required to operate all government branches for the ensuing fiscal year . He then submits this formulation as a budget request to the Puerto Rican legislature before July 1 , the date established by law as the beginning of Puerto Rico 's fiscal year . While the constitution establishes that the request must be submitted `` at the beginning of each regular session '' , the request is typically submitted during the first week of May as the regular sessions of the legislature begin in January and it would be impractical to submit a request so far in advance . Once submitted , the budget is then approved by the legislature , typically with amendments , through a joint resolution and is referred back to the governor for his approval . The governor then either approves it or vetoes it . If vetoed the legislature can then either refer it back with amendments for the governor 's approval , or approve it without the governor 's consent by two - thirds of the bodies of each chamber . Once the budget is approved , the Department of Treasury disburses funds to the Office of Management and Budget which in turn disburses the funds to the respective agencies , while the Puerto Rico Government Development Bank ( the government 's intergovernmental bank ) manages all related banking affairs including those related to the government - owned corporations . Cost of living A map of Jones Act carrier routes for Puerto Rico The cost of living in Puerto Rico is high and has increased over the past decade . San Juan 's in particular is higher than Atlanta , Dallas , and Seattle but lower than Boston , Chicago , and New York City . One factor is housing prices which are comparable to Miami and Los Angeles , although property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the United States . Statistics used for cost of living sometimes do not take into account certain costs , such as the high cost of electricity , which has hovered in the 24 ¢ to 30 ¢ range per kilowatt / hour , two to three times the national average , increased travel costs for longer flights , additional shipping fees , and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers `` outside the continental United States '' . While some online stores do offer free shipping on orders to Puerto Rico , many merchants exclude Hawaii , Alaska , Puerto Rico and other United States territories . The household median income is stated as $19,350 and the mean income as $30,463 in the U.S. Census Bureau 's 2015 update . The report also indicates that 45.5 % of individuals are below the poverty level . The median home value in Puerto Rico ranges from U.S. $100,000 to U.S. $214,000 , while the national median home value sits at $119,600 . Flying into the capital San Juan . One of the most cited contributors to the high cost of living in Puerto Rico is the Merchant Marine Act of 1920 , also known as the Jones Act , which prevents foreign - flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports , a practice known as cabotage . Because of the Jones Act , foreign ships inbound with goods from Central and South America , Western Europe , and Africa can not stop in Puerto Rico , offload Puerto Rico - bound goods , load mainland - bound Puerto Rico - manufactured goods , and continue to U.S. ports . Instead , they must proceed directly to U.S. ports , where distributors break bulk and send Puerto Rico - bound manufactured goods to Puerto Rico across the ocean by U.S. - flagged ships . The local government of Puerto Rico has requested several times to the U.S. Congress to exclude Puerto Rico from the Jones Act restrictions without success . The most recent measure has been taken by the 17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico through R. Conc . del S. 21 . These measures have always received support from all the major local political parties . In 2013 the Government Accountability Office published a report which concluded that `` repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs '' and that `` shippers believed that opening the trade to non-U.S. - flag competition could lower costs '' . However , the same GAO report also found that `` ( shippers ) doing business in Puerto Rico that GAO contacted reported that the freight rates are often -- although not always -- lower for foreign carriers going to and from Puerto Rico and foreign locations than the rates shippers pay to ship similar cargo to and from the United States , despite longer distances . Data were not available to allow us to validate the examples given or verify the extent to which this difference occurred . '' Ultimately , the report concluded that `` ( the ) effects of modifying the application of the Jones Act for Puerto Rico are highly uncertain '' for both Puerto Rico and the United States , particularly for the U.S. shipping industry and the military preparedness of the United States . Education Main article : Education in Puerto Rico The first school in Puerto Rico was the Escuela de Gramática ( Grammar School ) . It was established by Bishop Alonso Manso in 1513 , in the area where the Cathedral of San Juan was to be constructed . The school was free of charge and the courses taught were Latin language , literature , history , science , art , philosophy and theology . Education in Puerto Rico is divided in three levels -- Primary ( elementary school grades 1 -- 6 ) , Secondary ( intermediate and high school grades 7 -- 12 ) , and Higher Level ( undergraduate and graduate studies ) . As of 2002 , the literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1 % ; by gender , it was 93.9 % for males and 94.4 % for females . According to the 2000 Census , 60.0 % of the population attained a high school degree or higher level of education , and 18.3 % has a bachelor 's degree or higher . Instruction at the primary school level is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 18 . As of 2010 , there are 1539 public schools and 806 private schools . The largest and oldest university system is the public University of Puerto Rico ( UPR ) with 11 campuses . The largest private university systems on the island are the Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mendez which operates the Universidad del Turabo , Metropolitan University and Universidad del Este . Other private universities include the multi-campus Inter American University , the Pontifical Catholic University , Universidad Politécnica de Puerto Rico , and the Universidad del Sagrado Corazón . Puerto Rico has four schools of Medicine and three ABA - approved Law Schools . Public health and safety As of 2015 , medical care in Puerto Rico had been heavily impacted by emigration of doctors to the mainland and underfunding of the Medicare and Medicaid programs which serve 60 % of the island 's population . Affordable medical insurance under the Affordable Care Act is not available in Puerto Rico as , since Puerto Ricans pay no income tax , no subsidies are available . The city of San Juan has a system of triage , hospital , and preventive care health services . The municipal government sponsors regular health fairs in different areas of the city focusing on health care for the elderly and the disabled . In 2017 , there were 69 hospitals in Puerto Rico . There are twenty hospitals in San Juan , half of which are operated by the government . The largest hospital is the Centro Médico de Río Piedras ( the Río Piedras Medical Center ) . Founded in 1956 , it is operated by the Medical Services Administration of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico , and is actually a network of eight hospitals : San Juan Municipal Hospital : This hospital is operated by the San Juan municipal government . Industrial Hospital : This is the hospital for Puerto Rico government employees , whether municipal or Commonwealth government employees . Normally , injured police officers and firefighters are cared for here . San Juan Pediatric Hospital -- Also operated by the San Juan municipal government . Pediatric Hospital : Operated by the government of the Commonwealth , this is the main trauma hospital for pediatric cases . Centro Medico Emergency Room : This is the main hospital for trauma cases for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean . Centro Cardiovascular del Caribe ( Caribbean Cardiovascular Center ) : This is the main hospital for open heart surgery in the Caribbean . It features a hotel for the patients ' families . Psychiatric Hospital : The main psychiatric hospital in Puerto Rico . Operated by the government of Puerto Rico . Psychiatric Correctional Hospital : It is both a hospital and correctional facility . It is operated jointly by the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and the Medical Services Administration . The city of San Juan operates nine other hospitals . Of these , eight are Diagnostic and Treatment Centers located in communities throughout San Juan . These nine hospitals are : La Perla Puerta de Tierra Llorens Torres Puerto Nuevo San José Río Piedras Sabana Llana Hoare Santurce Parada 19 There are also ten private hospitals in San Juan . These are : Hospital Metropilitano Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Expreso Hospital de Veteranos : The main Veterans hospital in the Caribbean . Operated by the U.S. Veteran Healthcare System . Ashford Presbyterian Hospital Hospital Pavia Hato Rey Hospital Pavia Santurce San Jorge Children 's Hospital : The most well known children 's hospital in the San Juan Metropolitan Area . Hospital San Gerardo : Located at the Cupey neighborhood , is a small hospital but is also specialized in psychiatry and elderly . Hospital del Maestro ( Teachers Hospital ) : Located in Hato Rey , this hospital is operated by the Puerto Rico Teachers Association . The city of Ponce is served by several clinics and hospitals . There are four comprehensive care hospitals : Hospital Dr. Pila , Hospital San Cristobal , Hospital San Lucas , and Hospital de Damas . In addition , Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca specializes in the treatment of cancer , and Hospital Siquiátrico specializes in mental disorders . There is also a U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Outpatient Clinic that provides health services to U.S. veterans . The U.S. Veterans Administration will build a new hospital in the city to satisfy regional needs . Hospital de Damas is listed in the U.S. News & World Report as one of the best hospitals under the U.S. flag . Ponce has the highest concentration of medical infrastructure per inhabitant of any municipality in Puerto Rico . On the island of Culebra , there is a small hospital in the island called Hospital de Culebra . It also offers pharmacy services to residents and visitors . For emergencies , patients are transported by plane to Fajardo on the main island . The town of Caguas has three hospitals : Hospital Hima San Pablo , Menonita Caguas Regional Hospital , and the San Juan Bautista Medical Center . The town of Cayey is served by the Hospital Menonita de Cayey , and the Hospital Municipal de Cayey . Reforma de Salud de Puerto Rico ( Puerto Rico Health Reform ) -- locally referred to as La Reforma ( The Reform ) -- is a government - run program which provides medical and health care services to the indigent and impoverished , by means of contracting private health insurance companies , rather than employing government - owned hospitals and emergency centers . The Reform is administered by the Puerto Rico Health Insurance Administration . Crime See also : Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico The overall rate of crime is low in Puerto Rico . The territory has a high firearm homicide rate . The homicide rate of 19.2 per 100,000 inhabitants was significantly higher than any U.S. state in 2014 . Most homicide victims are gang members and drug traffickers with about 80 % of homicides in Puerto Rico being drug related . Culture Main article : Culture of Puerto Rico Modern Puerto Rican culture is a unique mix of cultural antecedents : including European ( predominantly Spanish , Italian , French , German and Irish ) , African , and , more recently , some North American and lots of South Americans . A large number of Cubans and Dominicans have relocated to the island in the past few decades . From the Spanish , Puerto Rico received the Spanish language , the Catholic religion and the vast majority of their cultural and moral values and traditions . The United States added English - language influence , the university system and the adoption of some holidays and practices . On March 12 , 1903 , the University of Puerto Rico was officially founded , branching out from the `` Escuela Normal Industrial '' , a smaller organization that was founded in Fajardo three years before . Much of Puerto Rican culture centers on the influence of music and has been shaped by other cultures combining with local and traditional rhythms . Early in the history of Puerto Rican music , the influences of Spanish and African traditions were most noticeable . The cultural movements across the Caribbean and North America have played a vital role in the more recent musical influences which have reached Puerto Rico . The official symbols of Puerto Rico are the reinita mora or Puerto Rican spindalis ( a type of bird ) , the flor de maga ( a type of flower ) , and the ceiba or kapok ( a type of tree ) . The unofficial animal and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the coquí , a small frog . Other popular symbols of Puerto Rico are the jíbaro ( the `` countryman '' ) , and the carite . Architecture Main article : Architecture of Puerto Rico The architecture of Puerto Rico demonstrates a broad variety of traditions , styles and national influences accumulated over four centuries of Spanish rule , and a century of American rule . Spanish colonial architecture , Ibero - Islamic , art deco , post-modern , and many other architectural forms are visible throughout the island . From town to town , there are also many regional distinctions . Old San Juan Old San Juan is one of the two barrios , in addition to Santurce , that made up the municipality of San Juan from 1864 to 1951 , at which time the former independent municipality of Río Piedras was annexed . With its abundance of shops , historic places , museums , open air cafés , restaurants , gracious homes , tree - shaded plazas , and its old beauty and architectonical peculiarity , Old San Juan is a main spot for local and internal tourism . The district is also characterized by numerous public plazas and churches including San José Church and the Cathedral of San Juan Bautista , which contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León . It also houses the oldest Catholic school for elementary education in Puerto Rico , the Colegio de Párvulos , built in 1865 . The oldest parts of the district of Old San Juan remain partly enclosed by massive walls . Several defensive structures and notable forts , such as the emblematic Fort San Felipe del Morro , Fort San Cristóbal , and El Palacio de Santa Catalina , also known as La Fortaleza , acted as the primary defenses of the settlement which was subjected to numerous attacks . La Fortaleza continues to serve also as the executive mansion for the Governor of Puerto Rico . Many of the historic fortifications are part of San Juan National Historic Site . During the 1940s , sections of Old San Juan fell into disrepair , and many renovation plans were suggested . There was even a strong push to develop Old San Juan as a `` small Manhattan '' . Strict remodeling codes were implemented to prevent new constructions from affecting the common colonial Spanish architectural themes of the old city . When a project proposal suggested that the old Carmelite Convent in San Juan be demolished to erect a new hotel , the Institute had the building declared as a historic building , and then asked that it be converted to a hotel in a renewed facility . This was what became the Hotel El Convento in Old San Juan . The paradigm to reconstruct and renovate the old city and revitalize it has been followed by other cities in the Americas , particularly Havana , Lima and Cartagena de Indias . Ponce Creole is an architectural style created in Ponce , Puerto Rico , in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . This style of Puerto Rican buildings is found predominantly in residential homes in Ponce that developed between 1895 and 1920 . Ponce Creole architecture borrows heavily from the traditions of the French , the Spaniards , and the Caribbean to create houses that were especially built to withstand the hot and dry climate of the region , and to take advantage of the sun and sea breezes characteristic of the southern Puerto Rico 's Caribbean Sea coast . It is a blend of wood and masonry , incorporating architectural elements of other styles , from Classical revival and Spanish Revival to Victorian . Arts Main article : Puerto Rican art Puerto Rican art reflects many influences , much from its ethnically diverse background . A form of folk art , called santos evolved from the Catholic Church 's use of sculptures to convert indigenous Puerto Ricans to Christianity . Santos depict figures of saints and other religious icons and are made from native wood , clay , and stone . After shaping simple , they are often finished by painting them in vivid colors . Santos vary in size , with the smallest examples around eight inches tall and the largest about twenty inches tall . Traditionally , santos were seen as messengers between the earth and Heaven . As such , they occupied a special place on household altars , where people prayed to them , asked for help , or tried to summon their protection . Also popular , caretas or vejigantes are masks worn during carnivals . Similar masks signifying evil spirits were used in both Spain and Africa , though for different purposes . The Spanish used their masks to frighten lapsed Christians into returning to the church , while tribal Africans used them as protection from the evil spirits they represented . True to their historic origins Puerto Rican caretas always bear at least several horns and fangs . While usually constructed of papier - mâché , coconut shells and fine metal screening are sometimes used as well . Red and black were the typical colors for caretas but their palette has expanded to include a wide variety of bright hues and patterns . Literature Main article : Puerto Rican literature Eugenio María de Hostos Puerto Rican literature evolved from the art of oral story telling to its present - day status . Written works by the native islanders of Puerto Rico were prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government . Only those who were commissioned by the Spanish Crown to document the chronological history of the island were allowed to write . Diego de Torres Vargas was allowed to circumvent this strict prohibition for three reasons : he was a priest , he came from a prosperous Spanish family , and his father was a Sergeant Major in the Spanish Army , who died while defending Puerto Rico from an invasion by the Dutch armada . In 1647 , Torres Vargas wrote Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico ( `` Description of the Island and City of Puerto Rico '' ) . This historical book was the first to make a detailed geographic description of the island . The book described all the fruits and commercial establishments of the time , mostly centered in the towns of San Juan and Ponce . The book also listed and described every mine , church , and hospital in the island at the time . The book contained notices on the State and Capital , plus an extensive and erudite bibliography . Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico was the first successful attempt at writing a comprehensive history of Puerto Rico . Some of Puerto Rico 's earliest writers were influenced by the teachings of Rafael Cordero . Among these was Dr. Manuel A. Alonso , the first Puerto Rican writer of notable importance . In 1849 he published El Gíbaro , a collection of verses whose main themes were the poor Puerto Rican country farmer . Eugenio María de Hostos wrote La peregrinación de Bayoán in 1863 , which used Bartolomé de las Casas as a spring board to reflect on Caribbean identity . After this first novel , Hostos abandoned fiction in favor of the essay which he saw as offering greater possibilities for inspiring social change . In the late 19th century , with the arrival of the first printing press and the founding of the Royal Academy of Belles Letters , Puerto Rican literature began to flourish . The first writers to express their political views in regard to Spanish colonial rule of the island were journalists . After the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish -- American War and the island was ceded to the Americans as a condition of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 , writers and poets began to express their opposition to the new colonial rule by writing about patriotic themes . Alejandro Tapia y Rivera , also known as the Father of Puerto Rican Literature , ushered in a new age of historiography with the publication of The Historical Library of Puerto Rico . Cayetano Coll y Toste was another Puerto Rican historian and writer . His work The Indo - Antillano Vocabulary is valuable in understanding the way the Taínos lived . Dr. Manuel Zeno Gandía in 1894 wrote La Charca and told about the harsh life in the remote and mountainous coffee regions in Puerto Rico . Dr. Antonio S. Pedreira , described in his work Insularismo the cultural survival of the Puerto Rican identity after the American invasion . With the Puerto Rican diaspora of the 1940s , Puerto Rican literature was greatly influenced by a phenomenon known as the Nuyorican Movement . Puerto Rican literature continued to flourish and many Puerto Ricans have since distinguished themselves as authors , journalists , poets , novelists , playwrights , screenwriters , essayists and have also stood out in other literary fields . The influence of Puerto Rican literature has transcended the boundaries of the island to the United States and the rest of the world . Over the past fifty years , significant writers include Ed Vega , Luis Rafael Sánchez , Piri Thomas , Giannina Braschi , and Miguel Piñero . Esmeralda Santiago has written an autobiographical trilogy about growing up in modern Puerto Rico as well as an historical novel , Conquistadora , about life on a sugar plantation during the mid-19th century . Media Main article : Media in Puerto Rico The media in Puerto Rico includes local radio stations , television stations and newspapers , the majority of which are conducted in Spanish . There are also three stations of the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service . Newspapers with daily distribution are El Nuevo Dia , El Vocero and Indice , Metro , and Primera Hora . El Vocero is distributed free of charge as well as Indice and Metro . Newspapers distributed on a weekly or regional basis include Claridad , La Perla del Sur , La Opinion , Vision , and La Estrella del Norte , among others . Several television channels provide local content in the island . These include WIPR - TV , Telemundo , Univision Puerto Rico , WAPA - TV , and WKAQ - TV . Music Main article : Music of Puerto Rico Play media A dancer performs typical bomba choreography . The music of Puerto Rico has evolved as a heterogeneous and dynamic product of diverse cultural resources . The most conspicuous musical sources have been Spain and West Africa , although many aspects of Puerto Rican music reflect origins elsewhere in Europe and the Caribbean and , over the last century , from the U.S. Puerto Rican music culture today comprises a wide and rich variety of genres , ranging from indigenous genres like bomba , plena , aguinaldo , danza and salsa to recent hybrids like reggaeton . Puerto Rico has some national instruments , like the cuatro ( Spanish for `` four '' ) . The cuatro is a local instrument that was made by the `` Jibaro '' or people from the mountains . Originally , the Cuatro consisted of four steel strings , hence its name , but currently the Cuatro consists of five double steel strings . It is easily confused with a guitar , even by locals . When held upright , from right to left , the strings are G , D , A , E , B . In the realm of classical music , the island hosts two main orchestras , the Orquesta Sinfónica de Puerto Rico and the Orquesta Filarmónica de Puerto Rico . The Casals Festival takes place annually in San Juan , drawing in classical musicians from around the world . With respect to opera , the legendary Puerto Rican tenor Antonio Paoli was so celebrated , that he performed private recitals for Pope Pius X and the Czar Nicholas II of Russia . In 1907 , Paoli was the first operatic artist in world history to record an entire opera -- when he participated in a performance of Pagliacci by Ruggiero Leoncavallo in Milan , Italy . Over the past fifty years , Puerto Rican artists such as Jorge Emmanuelli , Yomo Toro , Ramito , Jose Feliciano , Bobby Capo , Rafael Cortijo , Ismael Rivera , Chayanne , Tito Puente , Eddie Palmieri , Ray Barreto , Dave Valentin , Omar Rodríguez - López , Hector Lavoe , Ricky Martin , Marc Anthony and Luis Fonsi have gained fame internationally . Cuisine Main article : Puerto Rican cuisine Cuchifritos ( Carnitas ) in New York Puerto Rican cuisine has its roots in the cooking traditions and practices of Europe ( Spain ) , Africa and the native Taínos . In the latter part of the 19th century , the cuisine of Puerto Rico was greatly influenced by the United States in the ingredients used in its preparation . Puerto Rican cuisine has transcended the boundaries of the island , and can be found in several countries outside the archipelago . Basic ingredients include grains and legumes , herbs and spices , starchy tropical tubers , vegetables , meat and poultry , seafood and shellfish , and fruits . Main dishes include mofongo , arroz con gandules , pasteles , alcapurrias and pig roast ( or lechón ) . Beverages include maví and piña colada . Desserts include flan , arroz con dulce ( sweet rice pudding ) , piraguas , brazo gitanos , tembleque , polvorones , and dulce de leche . Locals call their cuisine cocina criolla . The traditional Puerto Rican cuisine was well established by the end of the 19th century . By 1848 the first restaurant , La Mallorquina , opened in Old San Juan . El Cocinero Puertorriqueño , the island 's first cookbook was published in 1849 . Plantain `` arañitas '' and `` tostones rellenos '' From the diet of the Taíno people come many tropical roots and tubers like yautía ( taro ) and especially Yuca ( cassava ) , from which thin cracker - like casabe bread is made . Ajicito or cachucha pepper , a slightly hot habanero pepper , recao / culantro ( spiny leaf ) , achiote ( annatto ) , peppers , ají caballero ( the hottest pepper native to Puerto Rico ) , peanuts , guavas , pineapples , jicacos ( cocoplum ) , quenepas ( mamoncillo ) , lerenes ( Guinea arrowroot ) , calabazas ( tropical pumpkins ) , and guanabanas ( soursops ) are all Taíno foods . The Taínos also grew varieties of beans and some maize / corn , but maize was not as dominant in their cooking as it was for the peoples living on the mainland of Mesoamerica . This is due to the frequent hurricanes that Puerto Rico experiences , which destroy crops of maize , leaving more safeguarded plants like conucos ( hills of yuca grown together ) . Spanish / European influence is also seen in Puerto Rican cuisine . Wheat , chickpeas ( garbanzos ) , capers , olives , olive oil , black pepper , onions , garlic , cilantrillo ( cilantro ) , oregano , basil , sugarcane , citrus fruit , eggplant , ham , lard , chicken , beef , pork , and cheese all came to Borikén ( Puerto Rico 's native Taino name ) from Spain . The tradition of cooking complex stews and rice dishes in pots such as rice and beans are also thought to be originally European ( much like Italians , Spaniards , and the British ) . Early Dutch , French , Italian , and Chinese immigrants influenced not only the culture but Puerto Rican cooking as well . This great variety of traditions came together to form La Cocina Criolla . Coconuts , coffee ( brought by the Arabs and Corsos to Yauco from Kafa , Ethiopia ) , okra , yams , sesame seeds , gandules ( pigeon peas in English ) sweet bananas , plantains , other root vegetables and Guinea hen , all come to Puerto Rico from Africa . Philately Main article : Puerto Rico on stamps San Juan 450th 1971 issue Puerto Rico has been commemorated on four U.S. postal stamps and four personalities have been featured . Insular Territories were commemorated in 1937 , the third stamp honored Puerto Rico featuring ' La Fortaleza ' , the Spanish Governor 's Palace . The first free election for governor of the U.S. colony of Puerto Rico was honored on April 27 , 1949 , at San Juan , Puerto Rico . ' Inauguration ' on the 3 - cent stamp refers to the election of Luis Munoz Marin , the first democratically elected governor of Puerto Rico . San Juan , Puerto Rico was commemorated with an 8 - cent stamp on its 450th anniversary issued September 12 , 1971 , featuring a sentry box from Castillo San Felipe del Morro . In the `` Flags of our nation series '' 2008 -- 2012 , of the fifty - five , five territorial flags were featured . Forever stamps included the Puerto Rico Flag illustrated by a bird issued 2011 . Four Puerto Rican personalities have been featured on U.S. postage stamps . These include Roberto Clemente in 1984 as an individual and in the Legends of Baseball series issued in 2000 . Luis Muñoz Marín in the Great Americans series , on February 18 , 1990 , Julia de Burgos in the Literary Arts series , issued 2010 , and José Ferrer in the Distinguished American series , issued 2012 . Sports Main article : Sports in Puerto Rico Baseball was one of the first sports to gain widespread popularity in Puerto Rico . The Puerto Rico Baseball League serves as the only active professional league , operating as a winter league . No Major League Baseball franchise or affiliate plays in Puerto Rico , however , San Juan hosted the Montreal Expos for several series in 2003 and 2004 before they moved to Washington , D.C. and became the Washington Nationals . The Puerto Rico national baseball team has participated in the World Cup of Baseball winning one gold ( 1951 ) , four silver and four bronze medals , the Caribbean Series ( winning fourteen times ) and the World Baseball Classic . On March 2006 , San Juan 's Hiram Bithorn Stadium hosted the opening round as well as the second round of the newly formed World Baseball Classic . Puerto Rican baseball players include Hall of Famers Roberto Clemente , Orlando Cepeda and Roberto Alomar , enshrined in 1973 , 1999 , and 2011 respectively . Boxing , basketball , and volleyball are considered popular sports as well . Wilfredo Gómez and McWilliams Arroyo have won their respective divisions at the World Amateur Boxing Championships . Other medalists include José Pedraza , who holds a silver medal , and three boxers who finished in third place , José Luis Vellón , Nelson Dieppa and McJoe Arroyo . In the professional circuit , Puerto Rico has the third-most boxing world champions and it is the global leader in champions per capita . These include Miguel Cotto , Félix Trinidad , Wilfred Benítez and Gómez among others . The Puerto Rico national basketball team joined the International Basketball Federation in 1957 . Since then , it has won more than 30 medals in international competitions , including gold in three FIBA Americas Championships and the 1994 Goodwill Games August 8 , 2004 , became a landmark date for the team when it became the first team to defeat the United States in an Olympic tournament since the integration of National Basketball Association players . Winning the inaugural game with scores of 92 -- 73 as part of the 2004 Summer Olympics organized in Athens , Greece . Baloncesto Superior Nacional acts as the top - level professional basketball league in Puerto Rico , and has experienced success since its beginning in 1930 . Puerto Rico Islanders fans at a soccer game . Puerto Rico is also a member of FIFA and CONCACAF . In 2008 , the archipelago 's first unified league , the Puerto Rico Soccer League , was established . Other sports include professional wrestling and road running . The World Wrestling Council and International Wrestling Association are the largest wrestling promotions in the main island . The World 's Best 10K , held annually in San Juan , has been ranked among the 20 most competitive races globally . The `` Puerto Rico All Stars '' team , which has won twelve world championships in unicycle basketball . Organized Streetball has gathered some exposition , with teams like `` Puerto Rico Street Ball '' competing against established organizations including the Capitanes de Arecibo and AND1 's Mixtape Tour Team . Six years after the first visit , AND1 returned as part of their renamed Live Tour , losing to the Puerto Rico Streetballers . Consequently , practitioners of this style have earned participation in international teams , including Orlando `` El Gato '' Meléndez , who became the first Puerto Rican born athlete to play for the Harlem Globetrotters . Orlando Antigua , whose mother is Puerto Rican , in 1995 became the first Hispanic and the first non-black in 52 years to play for the Harlem Globetrotters . Puerto Rico has representation in all international competitions including the Summer and Winter Olympics , the Pan American Games , the Caribbean World Series , and the Central American and Caribbean Games . Puerto Rico hosted the Pan Am Games in 1979 ( officially in San Juan ) , and The Central American and Caribbean Games were hosted in 1993 in Ponce and in 2010 in Mayagüez . Puerto Rican athletes have won nine medals in Olympic competition ( one gold , two silver , six bronze ) , the first one in 1948 by boxer Juan Evangelista Venegas . Monica Puig won the first gold medal for Puerto Rico in the Olympic Games by winning the Women 's Tennis singles title in Rio 2016 . Infrastructure Main articles : Transportation in Puerto Rico , Communications in Puerto Rico , Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority , and Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority Puerto Rico interstate highways Cities and towns in Puerto Rico are interconnected by a system of roads , freeways , expressways , and highways maintained by the Highways and Transportation Authority under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Transportation , and patrolled by the Puerto Rico Police Department . The island 's metropolitan area is served by a public bus transit system and a metro system called Tren Urbano ( in English : Urban Train ) . Other forms of public transportation include seaborne ferries ( that serve Puerto Rico 's archipelago ) as well as Carros Públicos ( private mini buses ) . Puerto Rico has three international airports , the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Carolina , Mercedita Airport in Ponce , and the Rafael Hernández Airport in Aguadilla , and 27 local airports . The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport is the largest aerial transportation hub in the Caribbean . The Tren Urbano system at Bayamón Station Puerto Rico has nine ports in different cities across the main island . The San Juan Port is the largest in Puerto Rico , and the busiest port in the Caribbean and the 10th busiest in the United States in terms of commercial activity and cargo movement , respectively . The second largest port is the Port of the Americas in Ponce , currently under expansion to increase cargo capacity to 1.5 million twenty - foot containers ( TEUs ) per year . The Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority ( PREPA ) -- Spanish : Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica ( AEE ) -- is an electric power company and the government - owned corporation of Puerto Rico responsible for electricity generation , power transmission , and power distribution in Puerto Rico . PREPA is the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico , effectively making it a government monopoly . The Authority is ruled by a Governing Board appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent of the Senate of Puerto Rico , and is run by an Executive Director . Telecommunications in Puerto Rico includes radio , television , fixed and mobile telephones , and the Internet . Broadcasting in Puerto Rico is regulated by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . As of 2007 , there were 30 TV stations , 125 radio stations and roughly 1 million TV sets on the island . Cable TV subscription services are available and the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service also broadcast on the island . See also Puerto Rico portal United States portal New Spain portal Caribbean portal Book : Puerto Rico Outline of Puerto Rico Index of Puerto Rico - related articles Military history of Puerto Rico Privileges and Immunities Clause * Puerto Rico ( proposed state ) Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007 ( H.R. 900 & S. 1936 ) Sovereigntism ( Puerto Rico ) Voting rights in Puerto Rico Notes Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico '' pronunciations : English : / ˌpɔːrtə ˈriːkoʊ / or / ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ / ; Spanish : ( ˈpweɾto ˈriko ) , rural , locally also ( ˈpwelto ˈχiko ; ˈʀ̥iko ) . Jump up ^ The Spanish word for commonwealth is typically mancomunidad . Jump up ^ In 1932 , the U.S. Congress officially back - corrected the former Anglicization of Porto Rico into the Spanish name Puerto Rico . It had been using the former spelling in its legislative and judicial records since it acquired the territory . Patricia Gherovici states that both `` Porto Rico '' and `` Puerto Rico '' were used interchangeably in the news media and documentation before , during , and after the U.S. conquest of the island in 1898 . The `` Porto '' spelling , for instance , was used in the Treaty of Paris , but `` Puerto '' was used by The New York Times that same year . Nancy Morris clarifies that `` a curious oversight in the drafting of the Foraker Act caused the name of the island to be officially misspelled '' . However , Gervasio Luis Garcia traces the Anglicized spelling to a National Geographic article from 1899 , after which the spelling was kept by many agencies and entities because of the ethnic and linguistic pride of the English - speaking citizens of the American mainland . Jump up ^ Proyecto Salón Hogar ( in Spanish ) `` Los españoles le cambiaron el nombre de Borikén a San Juan Bautista ya la capital le llamaron Ciudad de Puerto Rico . Con los años , Ciudad de Puerto Rico pasó a ser San Juan , y San Juan Bautista pasó a ser Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Today , Puerto Ricans are also known as Boricuas , or people from Borinquen . Jump up ^ Vicente Yañez Pinzón is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico , but he never arrived from Spain . Jump up ^ PBS , to which they had no natural immunity . For example , a smallpox outbreak in 1518 -- 1519 killed much of the Island 's indigenous population . `` The first repartimiento in Puerto Rico is established , allowing colonists fixed numbers of Tainos for wage - free and forced labor in the gold mines . When several priests protest , the crown requires Spaniards to pay native laborers and to teach them the Christian religion ; the colonists continue to treat the natives as slaves . '' Jump up ^ Tavenner ( 2010 ) `` The Taíno people living ( in Puerto Rico ) at the time ( ... ) were forced into slavery . '' Jump up ^ Poole ( 2011 ) `` ( The Taíno ) began to starve ; many thousands fell prey to smallpox , measles and other European diseases for which they had no immunity ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ PBS `` ( The Taíno ) eventually succumbed to the Spanish soldiers and European diseases that followed Columbus 's arrival in the New World in 1492 . '' Jump up ^ Yale University `` ( ... ) the high death rate among the Taíno due to enslavement and European diseases ( smallpox , influenza , measles , and typhus ) persisted . '' Jump up ^ Cockcroft ( 2001 ; in Spanish ) `` ( La Ley 53 ) fué llamada la ' pequeña ley Smith ' , debido a la semejanza con la Ley Smith de Estados Unidos ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ However , as Robert William Anderson states on page 14 of his book `` Party Politics in Puerto Rico '' ( Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . 1965 . ) , No one disputes the ambiguous status of the current Commonwealth . It is illustrated in the very different images conjured up by the English term `` commonwealth '' and the Spanish version , Estado Libre Asociado ( literally , free associated state ) . The issue seems to be whether this ambiguity is a purposeful virtue or a disguised colonial vice . Jump up ^ pr.gov ( in Spanish ) `` La manufactura es el sector principal de la economía de Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ pr.gov ( in Spanish ) `` Algunas de las industrias más destacadas dentro del sector de la manufactura son : las farmacéuticas , los textiles , los petroquímicos , las computadoras , la electrónica y las compañías dedicadas a la manufactura de instrumentos médicos y científicos , entre otros . '' Jump up ^ Torrech San Inocencio ( 2011 ; in Spanish ) `` Con los más de $1,500 millones anuales que recibimos en asistencia federal para alimentos podríamos desarrollar una industria alimentaria autosuficiente en Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Millán Rodriguez ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Los representantes del Pueblo en la Junta de Gobierno de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica ( ... ) denunciaron ayer que la propuesta del Gobernador para hacer cambios en la composición del organismo institucionaliza la intervención político partidista en la corporación pública y la convierte en una agencia del Ejecutivo ... '' Jump up ^ Vera Rosa ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Aunque Puerto Rico mueve entre el sector público y privado $15 billones en el área de salud , las deficiencias en el sistema todavía no alcanzan un nivel de eficiencia óptimo . '' Jump up ^ Vera Rosado ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Para mejorar la calidad de servicio , que se impacta principalmente por deficiencias administrativas y no por falta de dinero ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ González ( 2012 ; in Spanish ) `` ( ... ) al analizarse la deuda pública de la Isla contra el Producto Interno Bruto ( PIB ) , se ubicaría en una relación deuda / PIB de 68 % aproximadamente . '' Jump up ^ Bauzá ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` La realidad de nuestra situación económica y fiscal es resultado de años de falta de acción . Al Gobierno le faltó creatividad , innovación y rapidez en la creación de un nuevo modelo económico que sustentara nuestra economía . Tras la eliminación de la Sección 936 , debimos ser proactivos , y no lo fuimos . '' Jump up ^ Quintero ( 2013 ; in Spanish ) `` Los indicadores de una economía débil son muchos , y la economía en Puerto Rico está sumamente debilitada , según lo evidencian la tasa de desempleo ( 13.5 % ) , los altos niveles de pobreza ( 41.7 % ) , los altos niveles de quiebra y la pérdida poblacional . '' Jump up ^ Walsh ( 2013 ) `` In each of the last six years , Puerto Rico sold hundreds of millions of dollars of new bonds just to meet payments on its older , outstanding bonds -- a red flag . It also sold $2.5 billion worth of bonds to raise cash for its troubled pension system -- a risky practice -- and it sold still more long - term bonds to cover its yearly budget deficits . '' Jump up ^ PRGDB `` Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18 , 2013 '' p. 142 Jump up ^ MRGI ( 2008 ) `` Many female migrants leave their families behind due to the risk of illegal travel and the high cost of living in Puerto Rico . '' Jump up ^ Rivera . `` Housing prices in Puerto Rico are comparable to Miami or Los Angeles , but property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the US . '' Jump up ^ FRBNY ( 2011 ) `` ... home values vary considerably across municipios : for the metro area overall , the median value of owner - occupied homes was estimated at $126,000 ( based on data for 2007 -- 09 ) , but these medians ranged from $214,000 in Guaynabo to around $100,000 in some of the outlying municipios . The median value in the San Juan municipio was estimated at $170,000 . '' Jump up ^ Santiago ( 2021 ) `` Local detractors of the Jones Act ( ... ) for many years have unsuccessfully tried to have Puerto Rico excluded from the law 's provisions ( ... ) '' Jump up ^ JOC ( 2013 ) `` Repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs '' Jump up ^ JOC ( 2013 ) `` The GAO report said its interviews with shippers indicated they ( ... ) believed that opening the trade to non-U.S. - flag competition could lower costs . '' References Jump up ^ `` P. Rico Senate declares Spanish over English as first official language '' . News Report . San Juan , Puerto Rico . Agencia EFE . September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico 2011 -- 2015 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census : Puerto Rico Profile '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : http://www.easternct.edu/inthenews/files/2016/01/Eastern-Talk-Explains-Puerto-Ricos-Status-Chronicle_20170925_03_1.pdf Puerto Rico 's Status Explained . ECSU Takes A Look At Island 's History . Michelle Firestone . September 25 , 2017 . Retrieved 11 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Population Change : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2017 for Puerto Rico '' . United States Census Bureau . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GDP , PPP ( current international $ ) '' . Jump up ^ `` GDP per capita , PPP ( current international $ ) '' , World Development Indicators database , World Bank . Database updated on May 8 , 2014 . Accessed on May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` World Bank World Development Indicators , July 2013 '' . World Bank . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Global Competitiveness Report 2014 -- 2015 ( Puerto Rico ) '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . Jump up ^ `` Household Income for States : 2010 and 2011 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . September 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fuentes - Ramírez , Ricardo R. ( 2017 ) . `` Human Development Index Trends and Inequality in Puerto Rico 2010 -- 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Ceteris Paribus : Journal of Socio - Economic Research . 7 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Definition of Terms -- 1120 Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Manual Volume 7 -- Consular Affairs . U.S. Department of State . Jump up ^ Amaral , Patrícia & Ana Maria Carvalho ( 2014 ) . Portuguese - Spanish Interfaces : Diachrony , synchrony , and contact . Philadelphia : John Benjamins Publishing Company . p. 130 . ISBN 9789027258007 . Jump up ^ Pedro A. Malavet ( 2004 ) . America 's colony : the political and cultural conflict between the United States and Puerto Rico . NYU Press . pp. 43 , 181 note 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5680 - 5 . Jump up ^ To change the name of the island of `` Porto Rico '' to `` Puerto Rico , '' S.J. Res 36 , 72nd Congress , enacted 1932 . ( 47 Stat. 158 ) Jump up ^ Patricia Gherovici ( 2003 ) . The Puerto Rican syndrome . Other Press , LLC . pp. 140 -- 141 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 892746 - 75 - 7 . Jump up ^ Historian , Office of the ( January 1 , 2013 ) . Hispanic Americans in Congress , 1822 -- 2012 . Government Printing Office . ISBN 9780160920684 . Jump up ^ Secretary 's , Puerto Rico ; Office , Puerto Rico Secretary 's ( January 1 , 1903 ) . Register of Porto Rico . Office of the Secretary . Jump up ^ Deusen , Richard James Van ; Deusen , Elizabeth Kneipple Van ( 1931 ) . Porto Rico : A Caribbean Isle . Henry Holt . Jump up ^ Sciences , New York Academy of ( 1922 ) . Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands . New York Academy of Sciences . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Caban , Pedro A. ( 2009 ) . Constructing A Colonial People : Puerto Rico And The United States , 1898 -- 1932 . Westview Press . p. 10 . ISBN 0786748176 . Jump up ^ Santiago - Valles , Kelvin A. ( 1994 ) . Subject People and Colonial Discourses : Economic Transformation and Social Disorder in Puerto Rico , 1898 -- 1947 . SUNY Press . p. ix . ISBN 0791415899 . Jump up ^ Lipski , John M. ( 2005 ) . A History of Afro - Hispanic Language : Five Centuries , Five Continents . Cambridge University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 1107320372 . Jump up ^ 8 U.S. Code § 1402 -- Persons born in Puerto Rico on or after April 11 , 1899 ( 1941 ) Retrieved : January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Igartúa -- de la Rosa v. United States ( Igartúa III ) Archived March 16 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , 417 F. 3d 145 ( 1st Cir. 2005 ) ( en banc ) , GREGORIO IGARTÚA , ET AL. , Plaintiffs , Appellants , v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , ET AL. , Defendants , Appellees . 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( 2012 ) . `` ¡ Adelante Hermanas de la Raza ! , Josefina Silva de Cintron and Puerto Rican Women 's Feminismo . -- The New York 's World Fair : 1939 -- 1940 '' . Exploring the Decolonial Imaginary : Four Transnational Lives . New York : MacMillan . ISBN 9781137012845 . Note : The phase `` The Island of Enchantment '' has been traced back to a travel guide by that title that Theodore Roosevelt , Jr. offered in House & Garden magazine in 1938 Jump up ^ `` Historia de Puerto Rico '' . Proyectosalonhogar.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain ; December 10 , 1898 '' . The Avalon Project . Yale Law School . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crafting an Identity '' . History , Art & Archives . Office of the Historian and the Clerk of the House 's Office of Art and Archives . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abbad y Lasierra , Iñigo . 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University of Groningen . Jump up ^ Arthur C. Aufderheide ; Conrado Rodríguez - Martín ; Odin Langsjoen ( 1998 ) . The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology . Cambridge University Press . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 55203 - 5 . Jump up ^ Kohn , George C. ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence : From Ancient Times to the Present . Infobase Publishing . p. 160 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 6935 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Masterpiece Theatre American Collection Almost a Woman Puerto Rico : A Timeline '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mary Hilaire Tavenner ( 2010 ) . Puerto Rico , 2006 : Memoirs of A Writer in Puerto Rico . Xlibris Corporation . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4568 - 1004 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` History , Travel , Arts , Science , People , Places Smithsonian '' . Smithsonianmag.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` taino '' . Pbs.org . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Efrén Rivera Ramos ( 2007 ) . American Colonialism in Puerto Rico : The Judicial and Social Legacy . Markus Wiener Publishers . pp. 54 -- 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55876 - 410 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Porto Rico En Fete : President 's Auto Tour Amid Shower of Roses : He Promises Citizenship '' . The Washington Post . November 22 , 1906 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Juan Gonzalez ; Harvest of Empire , pp. 60 -- 63 ; Penguin Press , 2001 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311928 - 9 Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ; Sparrow , Bartholomew H. ( 2005 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . pp. 166 , 178 . U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act , chap. 190 , 39 Stat. 951 ( 1971 ) ( codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 ( 1987 ) ) Jump up ^ `` Sistema de Alerta de Tsunamis de Puerto Rico y el Caribe '' ( in Spanish ) . 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It is reported in the Congressional record , and various other publications elsewhere , that among those shot in the back was a 7 - year - old girl , Georgina Maldonado , who `` was killed through the back while running to a nearby church '' Jump up ^ Antonio de la Cova . `` Photos of police shooting with rifles ( from positions previously occupied by marchers and bystanders ) at bystanders running away '' . Latinamericanstudies.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld ( 1948 -- 2008 ) ' ; by : Dr. Carmelo Delgado Cintrón Archived March 27 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cockcroft , James ( 2001 ) . América Latina y Estados Unidos : historia y política país por país ( in Spanish ) . Siglo XXI Editores . ISBN 9682323320 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rican History '' . Topuertorico.org . January 13 , 1941 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría '' . Issuu.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Political Status of Puerto Rico : Options for Congress . Report RL32933 . By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett , Congressional Research Service . Dated June 19 , 2009 . p. 29 . Table B - 1 : Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda , 1967 -- 1998 . p. 29 ... Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary '' . Electionspuertorico.org . November 14 , 1993 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1998 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary '' . Electionspuertorico.org . December 13 , 1998 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Act of July 3 , 1950 , Ch. 446 , 64 Stat. 319 . Jump up ^ `` View of Congress , the Courts and the Federal Government '' . Puertoricousa.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` On The Nature of Commonwealth V '' . Puertorico-herald.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . 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( Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . 2007 . p. 56 . ) Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- in Spanish '' . Lexjuris.com . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico -- ( English translation ) '' . Topuertorico.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ; Sparrow , Bartholomew H ( 2005 ) . The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion , 1803 -- 1898 . Ed. by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . ( Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 . Cloth , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4983 - 6 . Paper , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 4 . ) pp. 166 -- 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4984 - 5 . Retrieved November 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Pharmaceutical Industry '' . September 20 , 2006 . Retrieved November 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami Herald . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Willie , Santana , ( January 1 , 2016 ) . `` Incorporating the Lonely Star : How Puerto Rico Became Incorporated and Earned a Place in the Sisterhood of States '' . Tennessee Journal of Law & Policy . 9 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ `` El Senado aprueba enmiendas a la ley del plebiscito '' . Elnuevodia.com. April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pilkington , Ed ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico governor to take statehood case to Washington but faces US snub '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` - The Washington Post '' . Washington Post . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Clash looms as Puerto Rico prepares to send reps to Washington , after statehood vote '' . Foxnews.com . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` What 's a Free Associated State ? '' . Puerto Rico Report . Puerto Rico Report . February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Statehood , Independence , or Free Association Referendum ( 2017 ) '' . Ballotpedia . BALLOTPEDIA . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . With my vote , I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through : ( 1 ) Free Association : Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of Puerto Rico . The Free Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association , the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations . Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities . Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government ; ( 2 ) Proclamation of Independence , I demand that the United States Government , in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory , recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico . My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights , duties , powers , and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics , my support of Puerto Rican citizenship , and a `` Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation '' between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process Jump up ^ Wyss , Jim . `` Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag ? '' . Miami Herald . Miami . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Coto , Danica ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood '' . The Washington Post . DC . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2017 . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Gillian B. ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Why Puerto Rican Statehood Matters So Much Right Now '' . The Atlantic . The Atlantic Monthly Group . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Six words : the ability to file for bankruptcy Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico goes to polls Sunday on statehood issue despite criticism over costs , timing '' . Nbcnews.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico governor approves Tennessee Plan -- Caribbean Business '' . caribbeanbusiness.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ López , Ana M. ( 2014 ) . `` Puerto Rico at the United Nations '' . The North American Congress on Latin America . The North American Congress on Latin America . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peoples , United Nations : Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and ( November 22 , 2005 ) . `` Report of the Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries & Peoples : 60th Session Supplement '' . United Nations Publications -- via Google Books . 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( November 27 , 1953 ) , `` Cessation of transmission o the information under article 73 e of the Charter in respect of Puerto Rico '' . Jump up ^ GA Resolution 1541 Archived May 14 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( December 15 1960 ) , `` Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for in article 73 e of the Charter . ( See ANNEX ) . '' ^ Jump up to : `` Report by the President 's task force on Puerto Rico 's Status '' ( PDF ) . December 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 16 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Art . IV , Sec. 3 , clause 2 , U.S. Constitution . Jump up ^ `` United States v. Sanchez , 992 F. 2D 1143 ( 1993 ) United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit ( Paragraphs 44 -- 46 ) '' . ftp.resources.com . June 4 , 1993 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Status Field Hearing '' . 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Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States to Expedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process : Text Also Requests General Assembly to Consider Question ; Urges Clean Up of Vieques Island , Release of Puerto Rican Political Prisoners . ( June 14 , 2007 ) Archived January 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ June 15 , 2009 . Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Self - determination Process for Puerto Rico . Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association . ( June 15 , 2009 ) Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ June 21 , 2010 . Special Committee on Decolonization Passes Text Urging General Assembly to Consider Formally Situation Concerning Puerto Rico : Draft Resolution Calls on United States to Expedite Island 's Self - Determination . ( June 21 , 2010 ) Archived January 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ June 20 , 2011 . Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States , in Consensus Text , to Speed up Process Allowing Puerto Rico to Exercise Self - Determination : Nearly 25 Petitioners Underscore Gravity of Situation on Island , Buckling Under Economic Strain ; Vigorous Opposition to Death Penalty Also Expressed . ( June 20 , 2011 ) Retrieved April 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : casiano communications ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` UN decolonization committee eyes PR '' . Caribbeanbusinesspr.com . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Article 2.003 ( 54 ) , Puerto Rico Election Code for the 21st Century , Act No. 78 of 2011 ( in English ) . Retrieved on August 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence , Statehood , Free Association '' . General Assembly of the United Nations . June 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` US lawmakers clear path for new Puerto Rico referendum '' . Agence France - Presse. April 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Text of H.R. 2499 : Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2010 '' . govtrack.us. April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 2499 : Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2010 -- Bill Overview '' . Jump up ^ `` REPORT BY THE PRESIDENT 'S TASK FORCE ON PUERTO RICO 'S STATUS '' ( PDF ) . The White House . March 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ In Visit to Puerto Rico , Obama Offers ( and Seeks Out ) Support . Helene Cooper . New York Times . June 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ley Numero 283 del 28 de diciembre de 2011 . Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico . December 28 , 2011 . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fortuño calls for status vote next August . Archived November 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . John Marino . Caribbean Business . Released on October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved December 8 , 2011 . 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Policy.house.gov . June 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans favor statehood for first time '' . CNN . November 7 , 2012 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans opt for statehood '' . Fox News . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Sutter , John D. ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) . `` Puerto Rico updates Hurricane Maria death toll '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Governor Asks DOJ To Investigate Island 's Public Power Utility '' . NPR . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico : This is not how the island usually does Christmas '' . CNN . 2017 - 12 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico After Hurricane Maria '' . Sierra Club . 2017 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Displaced Puerto Ricans face obstacles getting health care '' . Salon.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ By RICK ROJASNOV. 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 26 ) . `` Added to the Storm 's Toll , Guilt and Heartache for Puerto Ricans Who Fled - The New York Times '' . Nytimes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ by Creede Newton29 Nov 2017 20 : 18 GMT ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) . `` Puerto Rico crisis ongoing months after Hurricane Maria News '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ Doreli , Oren ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's water woes raise fears of health crisis '' . USA Today . New York City . pp. 1A , 2A . 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CIA . Retrieved April 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Caribbean National Forest -- El Yunque Trail # 15 '' . GORP.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Los Lagos de Puerto Rico '' . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2004 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 29 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ( archived from on June 29 , 2007 ) . ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ Andrzej Pisera ; Michael Martínez ; Hernan Santos ( May 2006 ) . `` Late Cretaceous Siliceous Sponges From El Rayo Formation , Puerto Rico '' . Journal of Paleontology . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved May 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Earthquake History of Puerto Rico '' . U.S. Geological Survey . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Uri ten Brink . `` Explorations : Puerto Rico Trench 2003 -- Cruise Summary and Results '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . 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Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Martínez - Cruzado , J.C. ; Toro - Labrador , G. ; Ho - Fung , V. ; Estévez - Montero , M.A. ; Lobaina - Manzanet , A. ; Padovani - Claudio , D.A. ; Sánchez - Cruz , H. ; Ortiz - Bermúdez , P. ; Sánchez - Crespo , A. ( 2001 ) . `` Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals substantial Native American ancestry in Puerto Rico '' . Human Biology . 73 ( 4 ) : 491 -- 511 . doi : 10.1353 / hub. 2001.0056 . PMID 11512677 . Jump up ^ Lorena Madrigal , Madrigal ( 2006 ) . Human biology of Afro - Caribbean populations . Cambridge University Press , 2006 . p. 121 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 81931 - 2 . Jump up ^ Bonilla ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Ancestral proportions and their association with skin pigmentation and bone mineral density in Puerto Rican women from New York City '' . Hum Genet. 115 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 58 . doi : 10.1007 / s00439 - 004 - 1125 - 7 . PMID 15118905 . Jump up ^ Martinez - Cruzado ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Reconstructing the population history of Puerto Rico by means of mtDNA phylogeographic analysis '' . Am J Phys Anthropol. 128 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 55 . doi : 10.1002 / ajpa. 20108 . PMID 15693025 . Jump up ^ `` Your Regional Ancestry : Reference Populations '' . The Genographic Project . Jump up ^ Tang , Hua ; Choudhry , Shweta ; Mei , Rui ; Morgan , Martin ; Rodríguez - Clintron , William ; González Burchard , Esteban ; Risch , Neil ( August 1 , 2007 ) . `` Recent Genetic Selection in the Ancestral Admixture of Puerto Ricans '' . The American Journal of Human Genetics . 81 ( 3 ) : 626 -- 633 . doi : 10.1086 / 520769 . PMC 1950843 . PMID 17701908 . Jump up ^ Via , Mark ; Gignoux , Christopher R. ; Roth , Lindsey ; Fejerman , Laura ; Galander , Joshua ; Choudhry , Shweta ; Toro - Labrador , Gladys ; Viera - Vera , Jorge ; Oleksyk , Taras K. ; Beckman , Kenneth ; Ziv , Elad ; Risch , Neil ; González Burchard , Esteban ; Nartínez - Cruzado , Juan Carlos ( 2011 ) . `` History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico '' . PLoS ONE . 6 ( 1 ) : e16513 . Bibcode : 2011PLoSO ... 616513V . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0016513 . PMC 3031579 . PMID 21304981 . ^ Jump up to : `` Demography -- Puerto Rico '' . Pew Research . Pew Research , DC . January 2017 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples -- Puerto Rico : Dominicans '' . Minority Rights Group International . 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Other Border : Puerto Rico 's Seas '' . Latino USA . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived January 14 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Portadilla de Revista '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Haiti Immigrants Using Puerto Rico As Gateway To U.S. In New Migrant Route '' . The Huffington Post . May 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ James Bargent . `` Dominican People Smugglers Trafficked Cubans to Puerto Rico '' . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's population swap : The middle class for millionaires '' . BBC . May 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' . Jump up ^ `` Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus '' . The New York Times . February 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quick Facts -- San Juan '' . US Census . U.S. Department of Commerce . 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . 2015 ACS 5 - Year Population Estimate Jump up ^ `` Población de Puerto Rico por Municipios 2010 y 2000 '' . Elections Puerto Rico . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Language '' , Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language , Ed . Tom McArthur , Oxford University Press , 1998 . Jump up ^ Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior , 92 D.P.R. 596 ( 1965 ) . Translation taken from the English text , 92 P.R.R. 580 ( 1965 ) , pp. 588 -- 89 . See also LOPEZ - BARALT NEGRON , `` Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior : Espanol : Idioma del proceso judicial '' , 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico . 396 ( 1967 ) , and VIENTOS - GASTON , `` Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma '' , 36 Rev. Col. Ab . ( P.R. ) 843 ( 1975 ) . Jump up ^ The Status of Languages in Puerto Rico . Muniz - Arguelles , Luis . University of Puerto Rico . c. 1988 . Page 466 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Annual Population Estimates 2007 '' . Factfinder.census.gov . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño Proposes Plan For Island 's Public Schools To Teach In English Instead Of Spanish . Archived August 31 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Danica Coto . Huffington Latino Voices. 05 / 08 / 12 ( May 8 , 2012 ) . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Language Education Policy in Puerto Rico '' . Language Education Policy Studies . International Association for Language Education Policy Studies . 2013 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Key findings about Puerto Rico '' . March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Latin America '' . November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Herbermann , Charles , ed. ( 1913 ) . `` Porto Rico '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York : Robert Appleton Company . Jump up ^ `` Sobre Nosotros '' . Episcopalpr.org . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . 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Puerto Ricans in this statistical profile are people who self - identified as Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin ; this means either they themselves were born in Puerto Rico1 or they were born in the 50 U.S. states , the District of Columbia or elsewhere , but trace their family ancestry to Puerto Rico . Jump up ^ `` Religion in Latin America '' . Pew Research . Pew Research Center . November 13 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome '' . Parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Latin American issues Vol. 3 '' . Webpub.allegheny.edu . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo : La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo ; by Delma S. Arrigoitia ; Publisher : Ediciones Puerto ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 942347 - 52 - 4 Jump up ^ `` Korber House '' . Prairieschooltraveler.com . 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Jump up ^ 2016 Yearbook of Jehovah 's Witnesses , pp. 184 -- 85 Jump up ^ `` Budda Net '' . Buddhanet.net . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Iglesia Pastafariana de Puerto Rico '' . Facebook . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico , Article I , Section 2 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of State . Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty '' . State.gov . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Department of State . Foreign Affairs Manual : Volume 7 -- Consular Affairs ( 7 FAM 1120 ) , ' Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions ' , pp. 1 -- 3 . '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved December 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rules of the House of Representatives . Rule III . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Primary Election Report Notice '' . Fec.gov . February 2 , 2008 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Presidential Primary Dates and Candidates Filling Datelines for Ballot Access '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Consulados . Link to Puerto Rico '' . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2004 . Retrieved February 3 , 2009 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Mayagüez . Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico '' . Enciclopediapr.org . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LinktoPR.com -- Fundación de los Pueblos '' . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2004 . Retrieved April 21 , 2004 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Martínez Torres , Juez ( Judge ) ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Opinión del Tribunal emitida por el Juez Asociado señor Martínez Torres '' ( PDF ) . Legal Document . El Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special committee on decolonization approves text calling on United States to expedite Puerto Rican self - determination process '' ( Press release ) . Department of Public Information , United Nations General Assembly . June 13 , 2006 . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Keith Bea ( May 25 , 2005 ) . `` Political Status of Puerto Rico : Background , Options , and Issues in the 109th Congress '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved October 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ U.S. Const . art . IV , § 3 , cl. 2 ( `` The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the colony or other Property belonging to the United States ... '' ) . Jump up ^ Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 , 261 ( 1901 ) , commenting on an earlier Supreme Court decision , Loughborough v. Blake , 18 U.S. ( 5 Wheat . ) 317 ( 1820 ) ; Rasmussen v. United States , 197 U.S. 516 , 529 -- 530 , 536 ( 1905 ) ( concurring opinions of Justices Harlan and Brown ) , that once the Constitution has been extended to an area , its coverage is irrevocable ; Boumediene v. Bush -- That where the Constitution has been once formally extended by Congress to territories , neither Congress nor the territorial legislature can enact laws inconsistent therewith . The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire , dispose of , and govern territory , not the power to decide when and where its terms apply . Jump up ^ The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion : 1803 -- 1898 . By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow . New York : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . 2005 . pp. 166 , 178 . `` U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act , chap. 190 , 39 Stat. 951 ( 1971 ) ( codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 ( 1987 ) '' ) Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Topic : Citizenship '' . U.S. Constitution Online . Retrieved June 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans pay import / export taxes '' . Stanford.wellsphere.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Ricans pay federal commodity taxes '' . Stanford.wellsphere.com . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Internal Revenue Service . ' , Topic 903 -- Federal Employment Tax in Puerto Rico ' , '' . Irs.gov . December 18 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reuters , ' Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform ' , 24 September 2009 '' . Reuters . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Brett . `` The Heritage Foundation , 11 March 2009 . `` D.C. Voting Rights : No Representation ? No Taxation ! '' , By Robert A. Book , PhD `` . Heritage.org . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association , CEO Summit , Federal and Local Incentives : Where we are , Where We Want to be . Amaya Iraolagoitia , Partner , Tax Dept '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Committee on Taxation . An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Members of the military must pay federal income tax Jump up ^ `` Table 5 . Internal Revenue Gross Collections , by Type of Tax and State , Fiscal year 2009 '' ( XLS ) . Internal Revenue Service . Jump up ^ Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform . Reuters . September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News & Media '' . PRFAA . July 6 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . 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Note : The count of 25 military installations included the branch component of the Roosevelt Roads Naval facility on the island of Vieques , as distinct from the Roosevelt Roads Naval station in Cieba ^ Jump up to : Meléndez , Edwin ; Meléndez , Edgardo ; Colonial Dilemma ; South End Press ; Boston ; 1993 Jump up ^ Maryland General Assembly ( April 8 , 1997 ) . `` Participation of Hispanics in the American Revolution '' . SJR2 . Retrieved August 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Danny Nieves . `` Special Announcements '' . Valerosos.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense , Reserve Affairs ; `` Official Guard and Reserve Manpower Strengths and Statistics -- Summary End Fiscal Year 1996 ; '' 1996 Jump up ^ World Bank Indicators ; World Bank . `` World Bank Indicators 2012 : Puerto Rico '' . Retrieved February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Klaus ( 2013 ) . `` The Global Competitiveness Report 2013 -- 2014 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum . 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Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Millán Rodríguez , Yamilet ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Denuncian politización de Junta AEE '' . El Vocero ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Vera Rosado , Ileanexis ( May 17 , 2013 ) . `` Ineficiencia arropa a los recursos económicos de salud '' . El Vocero ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ González , Jenisabel ( June 13 , 2012 ) . `` Debemos más de lo que producimos '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bauzá , Nydia ( December 2 , 2013 ) . `` García Padilla insiste en que heredó un país `` en cantos '' `` . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Nick Brown , Reuters ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks '' . Fiscal Times . The Fiscal Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . The bipartisan , seven - member oversight board was created under the federal Puerto Rico rescue law known as PROMESA , passed by the U.S. Congress last year . It is charged with helping the island manage its finances and navigate its way out of the economic jam , including by negotiating restructuring deals with creditors . Jump up ^ `` '' Economistas se Oponen a las Reformas para `` estimular la economía '' `` . El Nuevo Día. 20 February 2017 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Bases , Daniel ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico to furlough workers , proposes pension plan reform '' . Cnbc.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castrodad , José ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` La Estadidad es una , única , uniforme e irreversible '' . El Vocero . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2014 . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Mary ( October 7 , 2013 ) . `` Worsening Debt Crisis Threatens Puerto Rico '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Cómo Puerto Rico llegó a tener crédito chatarra ? '' . El Nuevo Día ( in Spanish ) . February 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Puerto Rico Government Development Bank . October 18 , 2013 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` San Juan 2023 o la decadencia de un País '' . Centro Para Una Nueva Economía . Center for a New Economy . Jump up ^ `` SERVICIO DE LA DEUDA '' ( PDF ) . ``. pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Reporte General sobre Deuda Pública '' ( PDF ) . ``. pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Mary Williams ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's Power Authority Effectively Files for Bankruptcy '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PROCESO PRESUPUESTARIO '' ( PDF ) . 2.pr.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Fort Buchanan , Puerto Rico '' . Military Installations . Department of Defense . Retrieved June 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico 's Cost of Living Skyrockets '' . Huffingtonpost.com . September 29 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Alvarez , Lizette ( February 8 , 2014 ) . `` Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Home -- El Nuevo Día '' . Elnuevodia.com . August 31 , 2013 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MIDA concluye alto costo de vida es la preocupación mayor del boricua '' . Primerahora.com . February 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dougherty , Conor ( August 14 , 2007 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's Economic Slump Weighs Hard on Consumers '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Coto , Danica ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Life in Puerto Rico becomes costlier amid crisis '' . Nbclatino.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Cost of Living Survey 2011 '' . Mercer.com . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rivera , Magaly . `` Moving to Puerto Rico '' . Welcome to Puerto Rico ! . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico '' . Federal Reserve Bank of New York . August 2011 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gutierrez , Elías . `` Impact of the Coastwise Trade Laws on the Transportation System of the United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Santiago , Jaime ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Jones Act requirement comes under new light '' . Caribbean Business . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` R. Conc . del S. 21 '' ( Microsoft Word ) ( in Spanish ) . Puerto Rico Office of Legislative Services . May 6 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Senado aprueba proyecto para pedir trato preferencial en leyes de cabotaje '' . NotiCel ( in Spanish ) . June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAO 's Jones Act Report Is Inconclusive '' . The Journal of Commerce . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` GAO - 13 - 260 , Puerto Rico : Characteristics of the Island 's Maritime Trade and Potential Effects of Modifying the Jones Act '' ( PDF ) . United States Government Accountability Office . March 2013 . Jump up ^ Nicolas Kanellos , `` Hispanic Firsts '' , Visible Ink Press ( ISBN 0 - 7876 - 0519 - 0 ) , p. 40 . Jump up ^ `` CIA FactBook '' . Cia.gov . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Perfil del Sistema Educativo -- Año Escolar 2010 -- 2011 '' . estadisticas.gobierno.pr . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lizette Alvarez ; Abby Goodnough ( August 2 , 2015 ) . `` Puerto Ricans Brace for Crisis in Health Care '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 ... more than 60 percent of residents receive Medicare or Medicaid ... Jump up ^ Dorell , Oren ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Puerto Rico 's health system ' on life support ' after blow '' . USA Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 1B , 2B . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hospital San Lucas Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Resolucion Conjunta . Hon . Seilhamer Rodríguez . 16th Assembly -- 3rd Session . Senate of Puerto Rico . Joint Resolution Number 402 . March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denuncian crisis en hospital siquiátrico . Archived March 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Reinaldo Millán . La Perla del Sur . Ponce , Puerto Rico . November 9 , 2011 . Year 30 . No. 1458 . Page 14 . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ VA Clinic Archived January 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ponce tendrá su Hospital de Veteranos . Archived March 22 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jason Rodríguez Grafal . La Perla del Sur . Ponce , Puerto Rico . October 10 , 2012 . Year 30 . Issue 1506 . Page 11 . ( Title in printed version : `` Sera en Ponce : Con luz verde federal el nuevo Hospital de Veteranos '' . ) Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ U.S. News and World Report . Archived April 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Hospital de Damas : among the best . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Culebra Overview Archived June 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . on Let 's Go Jump up ^ Triple - S Management Corporation Annual Report ( Form 10 - K ) for the fiscal year ended on December 31 , 2005 , pursuant to Section 13 or 15 ( d ) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 , accessed on November 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Table 5 '' . Jump up ^ Chalabi , Mona ( July 22 , 2012 ) . `` Gun homicides and gun ownership listed by country '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Latin American Herald Tribune -- 80 % of Puerto Rico Murders Called Drug - Related '' . Laht.com . Jump up ^ Giovannetti , Jorge L. `` Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico : Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols '' , in Musical Migrations : Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas , ed . Frances R. Aparicio and Cándida F. Jáquez , 81 -- 98 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rican Music TV '' . Puerto Rican Music TV . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Randall Peffer ( 2002 ) . Puerto Rico , a Travel Guide . Lonely Planet . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74059 - 274 - 1 . Jump up ^ National Geographic Archived March 2 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Puerto Rico in the Great Depression '' . Newdeal.feri.org . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Yvonne . A Taste of Puerto Rico : Traditional and New Dishes from the Puerto Rican Community . Penguin group , 1997 . p. 3 Jump up ^ 3 - cent Puerto Rico Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Rod , Steven J. Puerto Rico Election Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ San Juan Issue Arago : people , postage & the post . Viewed March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Flags of our nation series 2008 -- 2012 , Arago : people , postage & the post '' , National Postal Museum . Viewed March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Roberto Clemente ( 1934 -- 1972 ) '' p. 178 , `` Legends of Baseball '' p. 254 , Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 Jump up ^ `` Great Americans Issue '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 183 Jump up ^ `` Literary Arts '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 308 Jump up ^ `` Distinguished Americans '' Scott 's Specialized Catalogue , 2013 , ISBN 0 - 89487 - 475 - 6 , p. 317 Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Clemente '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Orlando Cepeda '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Alomar '' . Baseballhall.org . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Olympics 2004 Basketball Shock defeat for USA '' . BBC News . August 15 , 2004 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jesús Omar Rivera ( October 29 , 2008 ) . `` Boricuas lucíos en una rueda '' ( in Spanish ) . Primera Hora . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Raul Sosa ( July 27 , 2012 ) . `` AND1 & PR Streetball Put on a Show ! '' . BoricuaBallers.com . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Joshua Hammann ( October 14 , 2008 ) . `` Melendez adds a new country to Globetrotters ' resume '' . ESPN . Retrieved November 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Non-Black Player Joins Globetrotters '' . New York Times . Antigua &Amp ; Barbuda . December 28 , 1995 . Retrieved August 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who is Mónica Puig the Puerto Rico player who won the gold medal in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games women 's tennis final ? '' . Rio2016.com . August 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2016 . Retrieved August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waldstein , David ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` Monica Puig , Puerto Rico 's Favorite Daughter ( and Only Gold Medalist ) '' . NYTimes.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Aeropuertos Internacionales y Regionales ( Spanish ) '' . Puerto Rico Ports Authority . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About the Project -- Overview '' . Port of the Americas Authority . Retrieved July 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ley de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica de Puerto Rico '' ( PDF ) . Presupuesto.gobierno.pr . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Puerto Rico profile '' , BBC News , May 23 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Communications : Puerto Rico '' , World Factbook , U.S. Central Intelligence Agency , December 9 , 2013 . Retrieved January 8 , 2014 . Further reading Isar P. Godreau , Scripts of Blackness : Race , Cultural nationalism , and U.S. Colonialism in Puerto Rico . Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press , 2015 . External links Find more aboutPuerto Ricoat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Official website ( in Spanish ) Investment Tourism Department Of Economic Development and Commerce `` Puerto Rico '' . Country profiles . BBC . `` Puerto Rico '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . `` Datos y Estadisticas de Puerto Rico y sus Municipios '' ( Data and Statistics about Puerto Rico and It 's Municipalities ) . Tendencias PR ( in Spanish ) . `` Puerto Rico '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . Puerto Rico at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Geography Wikimedia Atlas of Puerto Rico Geographic data related to Puerto Rico at OpenStreetMap United States government `` Application of the U.S. Constitution in U.S. Insular Areas '' ( PDF ) . November 1997 . `` Puerto Rico State Guide '' . LOC . United Nations ( U.N. ) Declaration on Puerto Rico `` Special Committee on Decolonization Calls Upon United States to Expedite Puerto Rico 's Self - Determination Process '' . Special Committee on Decolonization . Press release . U.N. General Assembly . June 14 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . 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what is puerto rico called to the us
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"Puerto Rico[a] (Spanish for \"Rich Port\"), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit. \"Free Associated State of Puerto Rico\")[b] and briefly called Porto Rico,[c][18][19][20] is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the northeast Caribbean Sea, approximately 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida.\n"
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"Commonwealth of Puerto Rico"
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List of Stanley Cup champions
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List of Stanley Cup champions - wikipedia List of Stanley Cup champions Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the winning teams . For players who have played on winning teams , see Stanley Cup winning players . The Stanley Cup The Stanley Cup is a trophy awarded annually to the playoff champion club of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) ice hockey league . It was donated by the Governor General of Canada Lord Stanley of Preston in 1892 , and is the oldest professional sports trophy in North America . Inscribed the Dominion Hockey Challenge Cup , the trophy was first awarded to Canada 's amateur ice hockey clubs who won the trophy as the result of challenge games and league play . Professional clubs came to dominate the competition in the early years of the twentieth century , and in 1913 the two major professional ice hockey organizations , the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) ( forerunner of the NHL ) and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) , reached a gentlemen 's agreement in which their respective champions would face each other in an annual series for the Stanley Cup . After a series of league mergers and folds , it became the de facto championship trophy of the NHL in 1926 , though it was nominally still subject to external challenge . After 1947 , the Cup became the de jure NHL championship prize . From 1914 to the end of the 2017 season , the trophy has been won 99 times . 23 different teams have won the cup , 18 of which are still active in the NHL . Prior to that , the challenge cup was held by nine different teams . The Montreal Canadiens have won the Stanley Cup 24 times and made the finals an additional ten times . There were two years when the Stanley Cup was not awarded : 1919 , because of the Spanish flu epidemic , and 2005 , because of the NHL lockout . Contents ( hide ) 1 Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) 2 NHA / NHL vs. PCHA / WCHL / WHL champions ( 1915 -- 1926 ) 3 NHL champions ( since 1927 ) 4 Appearances 4.1 Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) 4.2 Stanley Cup Finals era ( since 1915 ) 4.2. 1 Active teams 4.2. 2 Defunct teams 5 See also 6 References 6.1 General 6.2 Specific 7 External links Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) The first Challenge Cup champions : Montreal Hockey Club See also : List of Stanley Cup challenge games The origins of the Challenge era come from the method of play of the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada prior to 1893 . From 1887 to 1893 , the league did not play a round - robin format , but rather challenges between teams of the association that year , with the winner of the series being the ' interim ' champion , with the final challenge winner becoming the league champion for the year . The Stanley Cup kept the tradition going , but added league championships as another way that a team could win the trophy . If a team in the same league as the current champion won the league championship , it would then inherit the Cup , without a challenge . The only time this rule was not followed was in 1904 , when the Ottawa Senators club withdrew from its league , the CAHL . The trustees ruled that the Cup stayed with Ottawa , instead of the CAHL league champion . During the challenge cup period , none of the leagues that played for the trophy had a formal playoff system to decide their respective champions ; whichever team finished in first place after the regular season won the league title . A playoff would only be played if teams tied for first - place in their leagues at the end of the regular season . Challenge games were played until 1912 at any time during hockey season by challenges approved and / or ordered by the Stanley Cup trustees . In 1912 , Cup trustees declared that it was only to be defended at the end of the champion team 's regular season . In 1908 , the Allan Cup was introduced as the trophy for Canada 's amateurs , as the Stanley Cup became a symbol of professional hockey supremacy . This table lists the outcome of all Stanley Cup wins , including successful victories and defenses in challenges , and league championships for the challenge era . Date Winning team Coach Losing team Playoff format Score Winning goal March 17 , 1893 Montreal Hockey Club ( AHAC ) Harry Shaw ( mgr . ) 1893 AHAC champions , no challengers March 22 , 1894 Montreal Hockey Club ( AHAC ) Harry Shaw ( mgr . ) Ottawa HC ( AHAC ) Single - elimination ( 1894 AHAC championship playoff ) 3 -- 1 Billy Barlow ( 9 : 00 , third qtr ) March 9 , 1895 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) 1895 AHAC Champion March 9 , 1895 Montreal Hockey Club ( AHAC ) Harry Shaw ( mgr . ) Queen 's University ( OHA ) Single - elimination 5 -- 1 February 14 , 1896 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Jack Armytage ( capt . ) Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Single - elimination 2 -- 0 Jack Armytage ( 10 : 00 , first half ) February 29 , 1896 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Jack Armytage ( capt . ) 1896 MHA champion December 30 , 1896 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Single - elimination 6 -- 5 Ernie McLea ( 28 : 00 , second half ) March 6 , 1897 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) 1897 AHAC Champion December 27 , 1897 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Mike Grant ( capt . ) Ottawa Capitals ( CCHA ) Single - elimination 15 -- 2 March 5 , 1898 Montreal Victorias ( AHAC ) Frank Richardson - playing 1898 AHAC Champion February 15 -- 18 , 1899 Montreal Victorias ( CAHL ) Frank Richardson - Playing Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Two - game total goals 5 -- 3 Robert MacDougall ( second half ) March 4 , 1899 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy 1899 CAHL Champion March 14 , 1899 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy Queen 's University ( OHA ) Single - elimination 6 -- 2 Harry Trihey February 12 -- 15 , 1900 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Harry Trihey ( second half ) March 7 , 1900 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy Halifax Crescents ( MaPHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 ( 10 -- 2 , 11 -- 0 ) March 10 , 1900 Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Barney Dunphy 1900 CAHL Champion January 29 -- 31 , 1901 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) Montreal Shamrocks ( CAHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Dan Bain ( 4 : 00 , OT ) February 19 , 1901 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) Winnipeg HC ( MHA ) Single - elimination ( 1901 MHA championship ) 4 -- 3 January 21 -- 23 , 1902 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) Toronto Wellingtons ( OHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Fred Scanlon ( 9 : 00 , second half ) March 1902 Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Dan Bain ( capt . ) 1902 MHA Champion March 13 -- 17 , 1902 Montreal HC ( CAHL ) Clarence McKerrow Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Jack Marshall ( first half ) January 29 -- 31 , February 2 -- 4 , 1903 Montreal HC ( CAHL ) Desse Browne Winnipeg Victorias ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Tom Phillips March 7 -- 10 , 1903 Ottawa HC ( CAHL ) Alf Smith Montreal Victorias ( CAHL ) Two - game total goals ( 1903 CAHL championship playoff ) 9 -- 1 Suddy Gilmour ( 4 : 34 , first half , second game ) March 12 -- 14 , 1903 Ottawa HC ( CAHL ) Alf Smith Rat Portage Thistles ( MNWHA ) Two - game total goals 10 -- 4 Frank McGee ( 8 : 20 , first half ) December 30 , 1903 , January 1 -- 4 , 1904 Ottawa HC ( CAHL ) Alf Smith - playing Winnipeg Rowing Club ( MHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Frank McGee ( 11 : 00 , second half ) February 23 -- 25 , 1904 Ottawa HC Alf Smith - playing Toronto Marlboros ( OHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Arthur Moore ( 9 : 38 , first half ) March 2 , 1904 Ottawa HC Alf Smith - playing Montreal Wanderers ( FAHL ) Two - game total goals March 9 -- 11 , 1904 Ottawa HC Alf Smith - playing Brandon Wheat Cities ( MNWHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Frank McGee ( 18 : 00 , first half ) January 13 -- 16 , 1905 Ottawa HC ( FAHL ) Alf Smith - playing Dawson City Nuggets Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Harry Westwick ( 12 : 15 , first half ) March 3 , 1905 Ottawa HC ( FAHL ) Alf Smith - playing 1905 FAHL Champion March 7 -- 9 -- 11 , 1905 Ottawa HC ( FAHL ) Alf Smith - playing Rat Portage Thistles ( MHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 1 Frank McGee February 27 -- 28 , 1906 Ottawa HC ( ECAHA ) Alf Smith - playing Queen 's University ( OHA ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Harvey Pulford ( 10 : 00 , second half ) March 6 -- 8 , 1906 Ottawa HC ( ECAHA ) Alf Smith - playing Smiths Falls HC ( FAHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Frank McGee ( 17 : 45 , first half ) March 14 -- 17 , 1906 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford - playing Ottawa HC ( ECAHA ) Two - game total goals ( 1906 ECAHA championship playoff ) 12 -- 10 Lester Patrick December 27 -- 29 , 1906 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford - playing New Glasgow Cubs ( MaHL ) Two - game total goals 17 -- 5 January 21 -- 23 , 1907 Kenora Thistles ( MPHL ) James Link Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Two - game total goals 12 -- 8 Roxy Beaudro March 16 -- 18 , 1907 Kenora Thistles ( MPHL ) James Link Brandon Wheat Cities ( MPHL ) Best - of - three ( 1907 MPHL championship ) 2 -- 0 Fred Whitcroft ( 19 : 00 , first half ) March 23 -- 25 , 1907 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Lester Patrick ( capt . ) Kenora Thistles ( MPHL ) Two - game total goals 12 -- 8 Ernest `` Moose '' Johnson January 9 -- 13 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Ottawa Victorias ( FAHL ) Two - game total goals 22 -- 4 Frank Glass ( 25 : 00 , first half , first game ) March 7 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) 1908 ECAHA Champions March 10 -- 12 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Winnipeg Maple Leafs ( MPHL ) Two - game total goals 20 -- 8 March 14 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECAHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Toronto ( OPHL ) Single - elimination 6 -- 4 Ernest `` Moose '' Johnson December 28 -- 30 , 1908 Montreal Wanderers ( ECHA ) Cecil Blachford ( capt . ) Edmonton Hockey Club ( AAHA ) Two - game total goals 13 -- 10 Walter Smaill ( 33 : 45 , second half , second game ) March 6 , 1909 Ottawa HC ( ECHA ) Pete Green 1909 ECHA champions January 5 -- 7 , 1910 Ottawa HC ( CHA ) Pete Green Galt HC ( OPHL ) Two - game total goals 15 -- 4 Hamby Shore ( 10 : 10 , first half , first game ) January 18 -- 20 , 1910 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green Edmonton Hockey Club ( AAHA ) Two - game total goals 21 -- 11 Bruce Stuart ( 23 : 45 , first half ) March 9 , 1910 Montreal Wanderers ( NHA ) Frank Glass ( capt . ) 1910 NHA Champion March 12 , 1910 Montreal Wanderers ( NHA ) Frank Glass ( capt . ) Berlin Dutchmen ( OPHL ) Single - elimination 7 -- 3 Harry Hyland ( 22 : 00 , first half ) March 10 , 1911 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green 1911 NHA Champions March 13 , 1911 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green Galt HC ( OPHL ) Single - elimination 7 -- 4 Marty Walsh ( 5 : 00 , third ) March 16 , 1911 Ottawa HC ( NHA ) Pete Green Port Arthur Bearcats ( New Ontario Hockey League ) Single - elimination 13 -- 4 Marty Walsh ( 4 : 30 , second ) March 5 , 1912 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Charles Nolan 1912 NHA Champions March 11 -- 13 , 1912 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Charles Nolan Moncton Victorias ( MaPHL ) Best - of - three 2 -- 0 Joe Malone ( 18 : 00 , first ) March 5 , 1913 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Joe Malone ( capt . ) 1913 NHA Champions March 8 -- 10 , 1913 Quebec Bulldogs ( NHA ) Joe Malone ( capt . ) Sydney Millionaires ( MaPHL ) Two - game total goals 20 -- 5 Tommy Smith ( 3 : 10 , second , first game ) March 7 -- 11 , 1914 Toronto Hockey Club ( NHA ) Jack Marshall ( playing - mgr . ) Montreal Canadiens ( NHA ) Two - game total goals ( 1914 NHA championship playoff ) 6 -- 2 Scotty Davidson ( 2 : 00 , third , second game ) March 14 -- 17 -- 19 , 1914 Toronto Hockey Club ( NHA ) Jack Marshall ( playing - mgr . ) Victoria Aristocrats ( PCHA ) Best - of - five 3 -- 0 Harry Cameron ( 7 : 00 , third ) Notes ^ A. Although the Montreal Victorias won the AHAC title in 1895 , the Stanley Cup trustees had already accepted a challenge from the 1894 Cup champion Montreal HC and Queen 's University . As a compromise , the trustees decided that if the Montreal HC won the challenge match , the Victorias would become the Stanley Cup champions . The Montreals eventually won the game , 5 -- 1 , and their crosstown rivals were awarded the Cup . ^ B. Intended to be a best - of - three series , Ottawa Capitals withdrew their challenge after the first game . ^ C. The January 31 ( a Saturday ) game was tied 2 -- 2 at midnight and the Mayor of Westmount refused to allow play to continue on Sunday . The game was played on February 2 ( a Monday ) and the January 31 game was considered to be void . ^ D. For most of 1904 , the Ottawa Hockey Club was not affiliated with any league . ^ E. The Montreal Wanderers were disqualified as the result of a dispute . After game one ended tied at the end of regulation , 5 -- 5 , the Wanderers refused to play overtime with the current referee , and then subsequently refused to play the next game of the series in Ottawa . ^ F. During the series , it was revealed that the Victoria club had not filed a formal challenge . A letter arrived from the Stanley Cup trustees on March 17 , stating that the trustees would not let the Stanley Cup travel west , as they did not consider Victoria a proper challenger because they had not formally notified the trustees . However , on March 18 , Trustee William Foran stated that it was a misunderstanding . PCHA president Frank Patrick had not filed a challenge because he had expected Emmett Quinn , president of the NHA to make all of the arrangements in his role as hockey commissioner , whereas the trustees thought they were being deliberately ignored . In any case , all arrangements had been ironed out and the Victoria challenge was accepted . Sources Coleman , Charles L. ( 1964 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup , vol. 1 , 1893 -- 1926 inc . Sherbrooke , Quebec : Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Limited . Montreal Gazette Ottawa Citizen Ottawa Journal Winnipeg Tribune NHA / NHL vs. PCHA / WCHL / WHL champions ( 1915 -- 1926 ) ( edit ) Several days after the Victoria Aristocrats -- Toronto Hockey Club series , Stanley Cup trustee William Foran wrote to NHA president Emmett Quinn that the trustees are `` perfectly satisfied to allow the representatives of the three pro leagues ( NHA , PCHA , and Maritime ) to make all arrangements each season as to the series of matches to be played for the Cup . '' Maritime league did not challenge for cup in 1914 , and folded after 1915 season . The Stanley Cup championship finals alternated between the East and the West each year , with games played alternately under NHA or PCHA rules . The Cup trustees agreed to this new arrangement , because after the Allan Cup became the highest prize for amateur hockey teams in Canada , the trustees had become dependent on the top two professional leagues to bolster the prominence of the trophy . After the New Westminster Royal moved to Portland in the summer of 1914 becoming the Portland Rosebuds , an American - based team , the trustees issued a statement that the Cup was no longer for the best team in Canada , but now for the best team in the world . In March 1916 , the Rosebuds became the first American team to play in the Stanley Cup championship final . In 1917 , the Seattle Metropolitans became the first American team to win the Cup . After that season , the NHA was suspended and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) took its place . In 1919 , the Spanish influenza epidemic forced the Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans to cancel their series tied at 2 -- 2 -- 1 , marking the first time the Stanley Cup was not awarded . The format for the Stanley Cup championship changed in 1922 , with the creation of the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) . Now three leagues competed for the Cup and this necessitated a semi-final series between two league champions , with the third having a bye directly to the final . In 1924 , the PCHA folded and only the Vancouver and Victoria teams entered the WCHL . With the loss of the PCHA , the championship reverted to a single series . After their win in 1925 , the Victoria Cougars became the last team outside the NHL to win the Stanley Cup . For the 1925 -- 26 season the WCHL was renamed the Western Hockey League ( WHL ) . With the Victoria Cougars ' loss in 1926 , it would be the last time a non-NHL team competed for the Stanley Cup . Numbers in parentheses in the table indicate the number of times that team has appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals , as well as each respective teams ' Stanley Cup Finals record to date . Year Winning team Coach Games Losing team Coach Winning goal 1915 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Frank Patrick - playing 3 -- 0 Ottawa Senators ( NHA ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Frank Shaughnessy ( mgr . ) Barney Stanley ( 5 : 30 , second ) 1916 Montreal Canadiens ( NHA ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Newsy Lalonde - playing 3 -- 2 Portland Rosebuds ( PCHA ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Edward Savage ( mgr . ) George Prodgers ( 17 : 20 , third ) 1917 Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Pete Muldoon 3 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens ( NHA ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Newsy Lalonde - playing Bernie Morris ( 7 : 55 , first ) 1918 Toronto Arenas ( NHL ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Dick Carroll 3 -- 2 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Frank Patrick - playing Corb Denneny ( 10 : 30 , third ) 1919 Montreal Canadiens ( NHL ) vs. Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) -- Series cancelled after the fifth game because of the flu epidemic -- Stanley Cup not awarded 1920 Ottawa Senators ( NHL ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Pete Green 3 -- 2 Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) ( 3 , 1 -- 1 ) Pete Muldoon Jack Darragh ( 5 : 00 , third ) 1921 Ottawa Senators ( NHL ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Pete Green 3 -- 2 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Frank Patrick - playing Jack Darragh ( 9 : 40 , second ) 1922 Toronto St. Pats ( NHL ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) George O'Donoghue 3 -- 2 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Frank Patrick - playing Babe Dye ( 4 : 20 , first ) 1923 Ottawa Senators ( NHL ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Pete Green 2 -- 0 Edmonton Eskimos ( WCHL ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ken McKenzine Punch Broadbent ( 11 : 23 , first ) 1924 Montreal Canadiens ( NHL ) ( 4 , 2 -- 1 ) Léo Dandurand 2 -- 0 Calgary Tigers ( WCHL ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Eddie Oatman - playing Howie Morenz ( 4 : 55 , first ) 1925 Victoria Cougars ( WCHL ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Lester Patrick 3 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens ( NHL ) ( 5 , 2 -- 2 ) Léo Dandurand Gizzy Hart ( 2 : 35 , second ) 1926 Montreal Maroons ( NHL ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Eddie Gerard 3 -- 1 Victoria Cougars ( WHL ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lester Patrick Nels Stewart ( 2 : 50 , second ) NHL champions ( since 1927 ) ( edit ) The WHL folded in 1926 , and its assets were bought by the NHL . This left the NHL as the only league left competing for the Cup . Other leagues and clubs have issued challenges , but from that year forward , no non-NHL team has played for it , leading it to become the de facto championship trophy of the NHL . In 1947 , the NHL reached an agreement with trustees P.D. Ross and Cooper Smeaton to grant control of the Cup to the NHL , allowing the league itself to reject challenges from other leagues that may have wished to play for the Cup . A 2006 Ontario Superior Court case found that the trustees had gone against Lord Stanley 's conditions in the 1947 agreement . The NHL has agreed to allow other teams to play for the Cup should the league not be operating , as was the case in the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . Since 1927 , the league 's playoff format , deciding which teams advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals , has changed multiple times . In some systems that were previously used , playoff teams were seeded regardless of division or conference . From 1942 to 1967 , the Cup was competed for by the league 's six teams , also known as the Original Six . After the 1967 NHL Expansion , the Stanley Cup was competed for by the winners of each conference . Since 1982 , the Finals have been played between the league 's conference playoff champions . Numbers in parentheses in the table indicate the number of times that team has appeared in the Stanley Cup Finals , as well as each respective teams ' Stanley Cup Finals record to date . Year Winning team Coach Games Losing team Coach Winning goal 1927 Ottawa Senators ( C ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Dave Gill 2 -- 0 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Art Ross Cy Denneny ( 7 : 30 , second ) 1928 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Lester Patrick - playing 3 -- 2 Montreal Maroons ( C ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Eddie Gerard Frank Boucher ( 3 : 35 , third ) 1929 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Cy Denneny - playing 2 -- 0 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lester Patrick Bill Carson ( 18 : 02 , third ) 1930 Montreal Canadiens ( C ) ( 6 , 3 -- 2 ) Cecil Hart 2 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( A ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Art Ross Howie Morenz ( 1 : 00 , second ) 1931 Montreal Canadiens ( C ) ( 7 , 4 -- 2 ) Cecil Hart 3 -- 2 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Dick Irvin Johnny Gagnon ( 9 : 59 , second ) 1932 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Dick Irvin 3 -- 0 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Lester Patrick Ace Bailey ( 15 : 07 , third ) 1933 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Lester Patrick 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Dick Irvin Bill Cook ( 7 : 34 , OT ) 1934 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Tommy Gorman 3 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jack Adams Mush March ( 10 : 05 , second OT ) 1935 Montreal Maroons ( C ) ( 2 , 2 -- 1 ) Tommy Gorman 3 -- 0 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin Baldy Northcott ( 16 : 18 , second ) 1936 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Jack Adams 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Dick Irvin Pete Kelly ( 9 : 45 , third ) 1937 Detroit Red Wings ( A ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Jack Adams 3 -- 2 New York Rangers ( A ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Lester Patrick Marty Barry ( 19 : 22 , first ) 1938 Chicago Black Hawks ( A ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Bill Stewart 3 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( C ) ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Dick Irvin Carl Voss ( 16 : 45 , second ) 1939 Boston Bruins ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Art Ross 4 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin Roy Conacher ( 17 : 54 , second ) 1940 New York Rangers ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Frank Boucher 4 -- 2 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Dick Irvin Bryan Hextall ( 2 : 07 , OT ) 1941 Boston Bruins ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Cooney Weiland 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Jack Adams Bobby Bauer ( 8 : 43 , second ) 1942 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Jack Adams Pete Langelle ( 9 : 48 , third ) 1943 Detroit Red Wings ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Jack Adams 4 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Art Ross Joe Carveth ( 12 : 09 , first ) 1944 Montreal Canadiens ( 8 , 5 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 0 Chicago Black Hawks ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Paul Thompson Toe Blake ( 9 : 12 , OT ) 1945 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Jack Adams Babe Pratt ( 12 : 14 , third ) 1946 Montreal Canadiens ( 9 , 6 -- 2 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Dit Clapper Toe Blake ( 11 : 06 , third ) 1947 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 12 , 6 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens ( 10 , 6 -- 3 ) Dick Irvin Ted Kennedy ( 14 : 39 , third ) 1948 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 13 , 7 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Tommy Ivan Harry Watson ( 11 : 13 , first ) 1949 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 14 , 8 -- 6 ) Hap Day 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan Cal Gardner ( 19 : 45 , second ) 1950 Detroit Red Wings ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 3 New York Rangers ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Lynn Patrick Pete Babando ( 8 : 31 , second OT ) 1951 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 15 , 9 -- 6 ) Joe Primeau 4 -- 1 Montreal Canadiens ( 11 , 6 -- 4 ) Dick Irvin Bill Barilko ( 2 : 53 , OT ) 1952 Detroit Red Wings ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 0 Montreal Canadiens ( 12 , 6 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin Metro Prystai ( 6 : 50 , first ) 1953 Montreal Canadiens ( 13 , 7 -- 5 ) Dick Irvin 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Lynn Patrick Elmer Lach ( 1 : 22 , OT ) 1954 Detroit Red Wings ( 12 , 6 -- 6 ) Tommy Ivan 4 -- 3 Montreal Canadiens ( 14 , 7 -- 6 ) Dick Irvin Tony Leswick ( 4 : 20 , OT ) 1955 Detroit Red Wings ( 13 , 7 -- 6 ) Jimmy Skinner 4 -- 3 Montreal Canadiens ( 15 , 7 -- 7 ) Dick Irvin Gordie Howe ( 19 : 49 , second ) 1956 Montreal Canadiens ( 16 , 8 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings ( 14 , 7 -- 7 ) Jimmy Skinner Maurice Richard ( 15 : 08 , second ) 1957 Montreal Canadiens ( 17 , 9 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Milt Schmidt Dickie Moore ( 0 : 14 , second ) 1958 Montreal Canadiens ( 18 , 10 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( 10 , 3 -- 7 ) Milt Schmidt Bernie Geoffrion ( 19 : 26 , second ) 1959 Montreal Canadiens ( 19 , 11 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 1 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 16 , 9 -- 7 ) Punch Imlach Marcel Bonin ( 9 : 55 , second ) 1960 Montreal Canadiens ( 20 , 12 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 0 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 17 , 9 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach Jean Beliveau ( 8 : 16 , first ) 1961 Chicago Black Hawks ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Rudy Pilous 4 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings ( 15 , 7 -- 8 ) Sid Abel Ab McDonald ( 18 : 49 , second ) 1962 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 18 , 10 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 2 Chicago Black Hawks ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Rudy Pilous Dick Duff ( 14 : 14 , third ) 1963 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 19 , 11 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 1 Detroit Red Wings ( 16 , 7 -- 9 ) Sid Abel Eddie Shack ( 13 : 28 , third ) 1964 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 20 , 12 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( 17 , 7 -- 10 ) Sid Abel Andy Bathgate ( 3 : 04 , first ) 1965 Montreal Canadiens ( 21 , 13 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 3 Chicago Black Hawks ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Billy Reay Jean Beliveau ( 0 : 14 , first ) 1966 Montreal Canadiens ( 22 , 14 -- 7 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 2 Detroit Red Wings ( 18 , 7 -- 11 ) Sid Abel Henri Richard ( 2 : 20 , OT ) 1967 Toronto Maple Leafs ( 21 , 13 -- 8 ) Punch Imlach 4 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens ( 23 , 14 -- 8 ) Toe Blake Jim Pappin ( 19 : 24 , second ) 1968 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 24 , 15 -- 8 ) Toe Blake 4 -- 0 St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Scotty Bowman J.C. Tremblay ( 11 : 40 , third ) 1969 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 25 , 16 -- 8 ) Claude Ruel 4 -- 0 St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Scotty Bowman John Ferguson ( 3 : 02 , third ) 1970 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Harry Sinden 4 -- 0 St. Louis Blues ( W ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Scotty Bowman Bobby Orr ( 0 : 40 , OT ) 1971 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 26 , 17 -- 8 ) Al MacNeil 4 -- 3 Chicago Black Hawks ( W ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Billy Reay Henri Richard ( 2 : 34 , third ) 1972 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Tom Johnson 4 -- 2 New York Rangers ( E ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Emile Francis Bobby Orr ( 11 : 18 , first ) 1973 Montreal Canadiens ( E ) ( 27 , 18 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 2 Chicago Black Hawks ( W ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Billy Reay Yvan Cournoyer ( 8 : 13 , third ) Philadelphia Flyers ( W ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Fred Shero 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( E ) ( 13 , 5 -- 8 ) Bep Guidolin Rick MacLeish ( 14 : 48 , first ) Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Fred Shero 4 -- 2 Buffalo Sabres ( PW ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Floyd Smith Bob Kelly ( 0 : 11 , third ) 1976 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 28 , 19 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Fred Shero Guy Lafleur ( 14 : 18 , third ) 1977 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 29 , 20 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 14 , 5 -- 9 ) Don Cherry Jacques Lemaire ( 4 : 32 , OT ) 1978 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 30 , 21 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 15 , 5 -- 10 ) Don Cherry Mario Tremblay ( 9 : 20 , first ) 1979 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 31 , 22 -- 8 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 1 New York Rangers ( CC ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Fred Shero Jacques Lemaire ( 1 : 02 , second ) 1980 New York Islanders ( CC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Flyers ( CC ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Pat Quinn Bob Nystrom ( 7 : 11 , OT ) 1981 New York Islanders ( CC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 1 Minnesota North Stars ( PW ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Glen Sonmor Wayne Merrick ( 5 : 37 , first ) 1982 New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 0 Vancouver Canucks ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Roger Neilson Mike Bossy ( 5 : 00 , second ) New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Al Arbour 4 -- 0 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Glen Sather Mike Bossy ( 12 : 39 , first ) 1984 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 1 New York Islanders ( PW ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Al Arbour Ken Linseman ( 0 : 38 , second ) 1985 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 1 Philadelphia Flyers ( PW ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Mike Keenan Paul Coffey ( 17 : 57 , first ) 1986 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 32 , 23 -- 8 ) Jean Perron 4 -- 1 Calgary Flames ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Bob Johnson Bobby Smith ( 10 : 30 , third ) Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 3 Philadelphia Flyers ( PW ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Mike Keenan Jari Kurri ( 14 : 59 , second ) 1988 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Glen Sather 4 -- 0 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 16 , 5 -- 11 ) Terry O'Reilly Wayne Gretzky ( 9 : 44 , second ) 1989 Calgary Flames ( CC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Terry Crisp 4 -- 2 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 33 , 23 -- 9 ) Pat Burns Doug Gilmour ( 11 : 02 , third ) 1990 Edmonton Oilers ( CC ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) John Muckler 4 -- 1 Boston Bruins ( PW ) ( 17 , 5 -- 12 ) Mike Milbury Craig Simpson ( 9 : 31 , second ) 1991 Pittsburgh Penguins ( PW ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Bob Johnson 4 -- 2 Minnesota North Stars ( CC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bob Gainey Ulf Samuelsson ( 2 : 00 , first ) 1992 Pittsburgh Penguins ( PW ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Chicago Blackhawks ( CC ) ( 10 , 3 -- 7 ) Mike Keenan Ron Francis ( 7 : 59 , third ) 1993 Montreal Canadiens ( PW ) ( 34 , 24 -- 9 ) Jacques Demers 4 -- 1 Los Angeles Kings ( CC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Barry Melrose Kirk Muller ( 3 : 51 , second ) 1994 New York Rangers ( EC ) ( 10 , 4 -- 6 ) Mike Keenan 4 -- 3 Vancouver Canucks ( WC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Pat Quinn Mark Messier ( 13 : 29 , second ) 1995 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jacques Lemaire 4 -- 0 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 19 , 7 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman Neal Broten ( 7 : 56 , second ) Colorado Avalanche ( WC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Marc Crawford 4 -- 0 Florida Panthers ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Doug MacLean Uwe Krupp ( 4 : 31 , third OT ) 1997 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 20 , 8 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Philadelphia Flyers ( EC ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Terry Murray Darren McCarty ( 13 : 02 , second ) 1998 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 21 , 9 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 0 Washington Capitals ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Ron Wilson Martin Lapointe ( 2 : 26 , second ) 1999 Dallas Stars ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Ken Hitchcock 4 -- 2 Buffalo Sabres ( EC ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Lindy Ruff Brett Hull ( 14 : 51 , third OT ) 2000 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Larry Robinson 4 -- 2 Dallas Stars ( WC ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Ken Hitchcock Jason Arnott ( 8 : 20 , second OT ) 2001 Colorado Avalanche ( WC ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Bob Hartley 4 -- 3 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Larry Robinson Alex Tanguay ( 4 : 57 , second ) 2002 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 22 , 10 -- 12 ) Scotty Bowman 4 -- 1 Carolina Hurricanes ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Paul Maurice Brendan Shanahan ( 14 : 04 , second ) 2003 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Pat Burns 4 -- 3 Mighty Ducks of Anaheim ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Mike Babcock Michael Rupp ( 2 : 22 , second ) Tampa Bay Lightning ( EC ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) John Tortorella 4 -- 3 Calgary Flames ( WC ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Darryl Sutter Ruslan Fedotenko ( 14 : 38 , second ) 2005 Season cancelled due to the 2004 -- 05 NHL lockout . 2006 Carolina Hurricanes ( EC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Peter Laviolette 4 -- 3 Edmonton Oilers ( WC ) ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Craig MacTavish Frantisek Kaberle ( 4 : 18 , second ) 2007 Anaheim Ducks ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Randy Carlyle 4 -- 1 Ottawa Senators ( EC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Bryan Murray Travis Moen ( 15 : 44 , second ) 2008 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 23 , 11 -- 12 ) Mike Babcock 4 -- 2 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Michel Therrien Henrik Zetterberg ( 7 : 36 , third ) 2009 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Dan Bylsma 4 -- 3 Detroit Red Wings ( WC ) ( 24 , 11 -- 13 ) Mike Babcock Maxime Talbot ( 10 : 07 , second ) Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Joel Quenneville 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Flyers ( EC ) ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Peter Laviolette Patrick Kane ( 4 : 06 , OT ) 2011 Boston Bruins ( EC ) ( 18 , 6 -- 12 ) Claude Julien 4 -- 3 Vancouver Canucks ( WC ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Alain Vigneault Patrice Bergeron ( 14 : 37 , first ) 2012 Los Angeles Kings ( WC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Darryl Sutter 4 -- 2 New Jersey Devils ( EC ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Peter DeBoer Jeff Carter ( 12 : 45 , first ) 2013 Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Joel Quenneville 4 -- 2 Boston Bruins ( EC ) ( 19 , 6 -- 13 ) Claude Julien Dave Bolland ( 19 : 01 , third ) 2014 Los Angeles Kings ( WC ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Darryl Sutter 4 -- 1 New York Rangers ( EC ) ( 11 , 4 -- 7 ) Alain Vigneault Alec Martinez ( 14 : 43 , second OT ) 2015 Chicago Blackhawks ( WC ) ( 13 , 6 -- 7 ) Joel Quenneville 4 -- 2 Tampa Bay Lightning ( EC ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Jon Cooper Duncan Keith ( 17 : 13 , second ) 2016 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Mike Sullivan 4 -- 2 San Jose Sharks ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Peter DeBoer Kris Letang ( 7 : 46 , second ) 2017 Pittsburgh Penguins ( EC ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Mike Sullivan 4 -- 2 Nashville Predators ( WC ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Peter Laviolette Patric Hornqvist ( 18 : 25 , third ) Appearances ( edit ) Challenge Cup era ( 1893 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) Legend : SC = successful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship ( win ) ; UC = unsuccessful Stanley Cup challenge or defense of championship ( loss ) ; Years in bold denote a Stanley Cup win . Team SC UC Total Win % Appearances Ottawa HC 17 19 . 895 1894 , 1903 ( 2 ) , 1904 ( 4 ) , 1905 ( 3 ) , 1906 ( 2 ) , 1906 , 1909 , 1910 ( 2 ) , 1911 ( 3 ) Montreal Wanderers 10 12 . 833 1904 , 1906 ( 2 ) , 1907 , 1907 , 1908 ( 5 ) , 1910 ( 2 ) Winnipeg Victorias 6 5 11 . 545 1896 ( 2 ) , 1896 , 1899 , 1900 , 1901 ( 2 ) , 1902 ( 2 ) , 1902 , 1903 Montreal Victorias 6 8 . 750 1895 , 1896 , 1896 , 1897 ( 2 ) , 1898 , 1899 , 1903 Montreal Shamrocks 5 6 . 833 1899 ( 2 ) , 1900 ( 3 ) , 1901 Montreal HC 5 0 5 1.000 1893 , 1894 , 1895 , 1902 , 1903 Quebec Bulldogs 0 1.000 1912 ( 2 ) , 1913 ( 2 ) Rat Portage / Kenora Thistles 5 . 400 1903 , 1905 , 1907 ( 2 ) , 1907 Toronto Blueshirts 0 1.000 1914 ( 2 ) Queen 's University 0 . 000 1895 , 1899 , 1906 Brandon Wheat Cities 0 . 000 1904 , 1907 Edmonton HC 0 . 000 1908 , 1910 Galt HC 0 . 000 1910 , 1911 Winnipeg Maple Leafs 0 . 000 1901 , 1908 The following 16 teams unsuccessfully challenged for a Stanley Cup only once : Berlin Dutchmen ( 1910 ) , Dawson City Nuggets ( 1905 ) , Halifax Crescents ( 1900 ) , Moncton Victorias ( 1912 ) , Montreal Canadiens ( 1914 ) , New Glasgow Cubs ( 1906 ) , Ottawa Capitals ( 1897 ) , Ottawa Victorias ( 1908 ) , Port Arthur Bearcats ( 1911 ) , Smiths Falls ( 1906 ) , Sydney Millionaires ( 1913 ) , Toronto Marlboros ( 1904 ) , Toronto Professionals ( 1908 ) , Toronto Wellingtons ( 1902 ) , Victoria Aristocrats ( 1914 ) , Winnipeg Rowing Club ( 1904 ) . Stanley Cup Finals era ( since 1915 ) ( edit ) Active teams ( edit ) Unless marked otherwise , teams played in the NHL exclusively at the time they competed for the Stanley Cup . A bolded year denotes a Stanley Cup win . Apps Team Wins Losses Win % Years of appearance ( in Stanley Cup Finals ) 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Montreal Canadiens 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 . 727 1916 , 1917 , 1919 , 1924 , 1925 , 1930 , 1931 , 1944 , 1946 , 1947 , 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1957 , 1958 , 1959 , 1960 , 1965 , 1966 , 1967 , 1968 , 1969 , 1971 , 1973 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1986 , 1989 , 1993 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Detroit Red Wings 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 . 458 1934 , 1936 , 1937 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1945 , 1948 , 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1954 , 1955 , 1956 , 1961 , 1963 , 1964 , 1966 , 1995 , 1997 , 1998 , 2002 , 2008 , 2009 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 Toronto Maple Leafs 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 . 619 1918 , 1922 , 1932 , 1933 , 1935 , 1936 , 1938 , 1939 , 1940 , 1942 , 1945 , 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1951 , 1959 , 1960 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1967 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 Boston Bruins 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 . 316 1927 , 1929 , 1930 , 1939 , 1941 , 1943 , 1946 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 , 1970 , 1972 , 1974 , 1977 , 1978 , 1988 , 1990 , 2011 , 2013 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Chicago Blackhawks 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 . 462 1931 , 1934 , 1938 , 1944 , 1961 , 1962 , 1965 , 1971 , 1973 , 1992 , 2010 , 2013 , 2015 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New York Rangers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 . 364 1928 , 1929 , 1932 , 1933 , 1937 , 1940 , 1950 , 1972 , 1979 , 1994 , 2014 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Philadelphia Flyers 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 . 250 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1980 , 1985 , 1987 , 1997 , 2010 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Edmonton Oilers 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 714 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 2006 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Pittsburgh Penguins 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 833 1991 , 1992 , 2008 , 2009 , 2016 , 2017 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New York Islanders 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 800 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New Jersey Devils 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 600 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2003 , 2012 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 Dallas Stars 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . 250 1981 , 1991 , 1999 , 2000 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Los Angeles Kings 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 667 1993 , 2012 , 2014 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Calgary Flames 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 333 1986 , 1989 , 2004 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 St. Louis Blues 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . 000 1968 , 1969 , 1970 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Vancouver Canucks 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 . 000 1982 , 1994 , 2011 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Colorado Avalanche 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 1.000 1996 , 2001 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Anaheim Ducks 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 2003 , 2007 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Carolina Hurricanes 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 2002 , 2006 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Tampa Bay Lightning 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 500 2004 , 2015 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Buffalo Sabres 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 . 000 1975 , 1999 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 Washington Capitals 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 1998 , 2018 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Florida Panthers 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Nashville Predators 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2017 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Ottawa Senators 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2007 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 San Jose Sharks 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 . 000 2016 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Vegas Golden Knights 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 -- 2018 Four active teams have yet to make a Stanley Cup Finals appearance . Two of these teams have remained in the same location since their inceptions : Columbus Blue Jackets ( 17 seasons , 4 playoffs ) Minnesota Wild ( 17 seasons , 9 playoffs , 1 division title ) The other two teams have relocated and have not made the Finals in either location : Atlanta Thrashers ( 11 seasons , 1 playoff , 1 division title ) / Winnipeg Jets ( 7 seasons , 2 playoffs ) Winnipeg Jets ( original team ) ( 17 seasons , 11 playoffs ) / Phoenix - Arizona Coyotes ( 21 seasons , 8 playoffs , 1 division title ) Five relocated teams that have won the Stanley Cup in their current locations and never appeared in the Finals in their former locations : Quebec Nordiques ( 16 seasons , 9 playoffs , 2 division titles ) -- won 2 Stanley Cups as Colorado Avalanche Kansas City Scouts ( 2 seasons , never made playoff contention ) / Colorado Rockies ( 6 seasons , 1 playoff ) -- won 3 Stanley Cups as New Jersey Devils Oakland Seals - California Golden Seals ( 9 seasons , 2 playoffs ) / Cleveland Barons ( 2 seasons , never made playoff contention ) -- merged with Minnesota North Stars who lost twice in the Finals then won the Stanley Cup once as Dallas Stars Atlanta Flames ( 8 seasons , 6 playoffs ) -- won Stanley Cup once as Calgary Flames Hartford Whalers ( 18 seasons , 8 playoffs , 1 division title ) -- won Stanley Cup once as Carolina Hurricanes Defunct teams ( edit ) Listed after the team name is the name of the affiliated league ( s ) when the team competed for the Stanley Cup . A bold year denotes a Stanley Cup win . Appearances Team Wins Losses Win % Years of Appearance 5 Ottawa Senators ( NHA / NHL ) . 800 1915 , 1920 , 1921 , 1923 , 1927 Vancouver Millionaires ( PCHA / WCHL ) . 250 1915 , 1918 , 1921 , 1922 Montreal Maroons ( NHL ) . 667 1926 , 1928 , 1935 Seattle Metropolitans ( PCHA ) . 500 1917 , 1919 , 1920 Victoria Cougars ( WCHL / WHL ) . 500 1925 , 1926 Portland Rosebuds ( PCHA ) 0 . 000 1916 Edmonton Eskimos ( WCHL ) 0 . 000 1923 Calgary Tigers ( WCHL ) 0 . 000 1924 Notes The Montreal Canadiens and the Seattle Metropolitans appearance totals include the 1919 Stanley Cup Finals that ended with a no - decision because of the Spanish flu epidemic . It is not considered an official series win or loss by either team . The franchise known today as the Toronto Maple Leafs won the Cup in 1918 as the Toronto Hockey Club ( later engraved on the Stanley Cup as the Toronto Arenas in 1947 ) , and in 1922 as the Toronto St. Patricks . The Chicago Blackhawks were known as the Chicago Black Hawks prior to the 1986 -- 87 season . The Dallas Stars totals include two series losses as the Minnesota North Stars . The Anaheim Ducks totals include one series loss as the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim . The modern Ottawa Senators ( 1992 -- present ) are the namesake of the original Senators ( 1883 -- 1934 ) . See also ( edit ) Book : Stanley Cup Book : Stanley Cup finals Stanley Cup winning players NHL Conference Finals List of NHL franchise post-season droughts List of NHL franchise post-season appearance streaks References ( edit ) General ( edit ) `` List of winners of the Stanley Cup '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . `` Stanley Cup - winning goals '' . National Hockey League . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . `` STC List of winners of the Stanley Cup '' . LegendsofHockey.net . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . `` Stanley Cup Playoffs -- Winners and Finalists Since 1893 '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Coleman , Charles ( 1964 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vol. 1 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Coleman , Charles ( 1966 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vol. 2 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Coleman , Charles ( 1969 ) . The Trail of the Stanley Cup vol. 3 . Sherbrooke Daily Record Company Ltd. , NHL . Diamond , Dan ; Zweig , Eric ; Duplacey , James ( 2003 ) . The Ultimate Prize : The Stanley Cup . Andrews McMeel Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7407 - 3830 - 5 . Diamond , Dan , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Official National Hockey League Stanley Cup Centennial Book . Firefly Books . ISBN 1 - 895565 - 15 - 4 . Holzman , Morey ( 2002 ) . Deceptions and Doublecross . Dundurn Press . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 413 - 2 . McCarthy , Dave , ed. ( 2008 ) . The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book / 2009 . Dan Diamond Associates . ISBN 978 - 1 - 894801 - 14 - 0 . Podnieks , Andre ( 2004 ) . Lord Stanley 's Cup . Hockey Hall of Fame . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 55168 - 261 - 3 . Specific ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Fun Facts '' . NHL.com . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Quebec Bulldogs 1911 -- 12 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2008 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ `` Champions of the World '' . Winnipeg Tribune . February 15 , 1896 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Winnipeg Men Win '' . Ottawa Journal . February 15 , 1896 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` After the puck '' . The Globe . March 2 , 1896 . p. 06 . Jump up ^ `` Victorias Always Win '' . The Globe and Mail . February 20 , 1901 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Championship Goes To Kenora Thistles '' . Winnipeg Tribune . February 19 , 1907 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Vics Lost First Stanley Cup Game to Wanderers '' . Ottawa Citizen . January 10 , 1908 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Edmonton 7 -- 6 '' . The Montreal Gazette . December 31 , 1908 . p. 2 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ottawas Smothered Galt in Stanley Cup Match '' . The Ottawa Citizen . January 6 , 1910 . p. 9 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Not in Quebec 's Class '' . The Montreal Gazette . March 9 , 1913 . p. 14 . Retrieved April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Torontos Win Championship of NHA From Canadiens '' . The Toronto Sunday World . March 12 , 1914 . p. 8 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Torontos Beat Victoria 2 to 1 -- Roughest Game of Year '' . The Toronto Sunday World . March 20 , 1914 . p. 8 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Coleman 1964 , p. 82 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Contest May Not Be for the Mug , After All is Said '' . Saskatoon Phoenix . March 18 , 1914 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` A Tempest In a Teapot '' . Montreal Daily Mail . March 19 , 1914 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Muddle Cleared Up '' . Toronto Globe and Mail . March 19 , 1914 . Jump up ^ `` Three Pro Leagues as to Stanley Cup '' . Toronto World . March 25 , 1914 . p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Diamond 1993 , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Diamond 1993 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Seattle Metropolitans 1916 -- 17 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Podnieks 2004 , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , pp. 20 -- 21 . ^ Jump up to : Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Cup Winners : Victoria Cougars 1924 -- 25 '' . Hockey Hall of Fame . Retrieved July 11 , 2006 . Jump up ^ See Holzman2002 . The Toronto NHL franchise ( not using any nickname ) was operated by the Toronto Arena Company , but only became a legal entity in the fall of 1918 as the Toronto Arena Hockey Club . Jump up ^ Diamond , Zweig & Duplacey 2003 , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : `` Court : Non-NHL teams could vie for Cup '' . TSN . February 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Amateurs taking NHL to court to play for Cup '' . ESPN . April 13 , 2005 . Retrieved October 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Holzman 2002 . External links ( edit ) List of winners of the Stanley Cup List of winning rosters of the Stanley Cup Stanley Cup Finals Stanley Cup awarded on challenge basis 1893 -- 1914 , by prearranged inter-league competitions 1915 -- 1926 , to NHL champion since 1927 1890s -- 1900s 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910s -- 1920s 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s -- 1940s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s -- 1960s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s -- 1980s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s -- 2000s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s -- 2020s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 See also Stanley Cup Stanley Cup ring Champions Players Challenge games Conference Finals Championship seasons Engravings Traditions and anecdotes Conn Smythe Trophy Broadcasters Television ratings Overtime winners Game seven Officials Book : Stanley Cup Finals Category : Stanley Cup Finals Portal : Ice hockey Stanley Cup playoffs Stanley Cup Champions Finals Conference Finals Challenge games List of playoff series Conn Smythe Trophy Game seven 1910s 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930s 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950s 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970s 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010s 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 Category : Stanley Cup playoffs Ice hockey portal National Hockey League Eastern Conference Western Conference Atlantic Division Boston Bruins Buffalo Sabres Detroit Red Wings Florida Panthers Montreal Canadiens Ottawa Senators Tampa Bay Lightning Toronto Maple Leafs Metropolitan Division Carolina Hurricanes Columbus Blue Jackets New Jersey Devils New York Islanders New York Rangers Philadelphia Flyers Pittsburgh Penguins Washington Capitals Central Division Chicago Blackhawks Colorado Avalanche Dallas Stars Minnesota Wild Nashville Predators St. Louis Blues Winnipeg Jets Pacific Division Anaheim Ducks Arizona Coyotes Calgary Flames Edmonton Oilers Los Angeles Kings San Jose Sharks Vancouver Canucks Vegas Golden Knights Events Seasons structure Stanley Cup Playoffs Conference Finals Finals Champions Winning players Traditions and anecdotes Presidents ' Trophy All - Star Game Draft Players Association Retired jersey numbers All - Star Teams Awards Captains Outdoor games Winter Classic Heritage Classic Stadium Series Hockey Day America Canada International games Kraft Hockeyville History Lore Organizational changes Potential expansion All - time standings All - time playoff series Defunct teams NHA Original Six 1967 expansion WHA merger Others Streaks Droughts Hall of Fame Members Rivalries Arenas Rules Fighting Violence Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Collective bargaining agreement Lockouts Television and radio coverage Attendance figures Portal 2017 -- 18 season List of NHL - related topics History Pre-NHL seasons National Hockey Association 1917 -- 42 1942 -- 67 1967 -- 92 1992 -- present All - time standings All - time team performance Seasons Most frequent playoff series Retired numbers First NHL player by country Ice hockey in Canada Ice hockey in the United States Personnel Famous linemates Captains Head coaches General managers Owners Notable families Presidents and Commissioners Referees and linesmen Records League records ( individual , team ) Statistical leaders ( by country of birth ) Points , career ( min . 1000 ) Assists , career ( min . 1000 ) Goals , career ( min . 500 ) Points , season ( min . 100 ) Goals , season ( min . 50 ) 50 goals in 50 games Games , career ( min . 1000 ) Consecutive games , career ( min . 500 ) PIMs , career ( min . 2000 ) 5 + goals , game 8 + points , game Goaltender wins , career ( min . 300 ) Goaltenders who have scored Wayne Gretzky 's records Gordie Howe 's records Related International games with NHL teams International games with NHL players World Cup of Hockey Hockey Fights Cancer Other Trade deadline Player salaries Team payrolls Video games Mascots National Hockey League lore Advanced statistics NHL uniform Triple Gold Club Components Stanley Cup champions Ice Hockey World Championships medalists Ice hockey at the Olympic Games medalists Players Patrice Bergeron Rob Blake Sidney Crosby Pavel Datsyuk Viacheslav Fetisov Peter Forsberg Alexei Gusarov Jaromír Jágr Tomas Jonsson Valeri Kamensky Niklas Kronwall Igor Larionov Nicklas Lidström Håkan Loob Vladimir Malakhov Fredrik Modin Alexander Mogilny Mats Näslund Scott Niedermayer Corey Perry Chris Pronger Joe Sakic Mikael Samuelsson Brendan Shanahan Jiří Šlégr Eric Staal Jonathan Toews Henrik Zetterberg Coaches Mike Babcock Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Stanley_Cup_champions&oldid=843555537 '' Categories : Stanley Cup champions Lists of sports championships Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from May 2015 Articles needing more detailed references Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 22 : 23 . 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when was the last time a canadian team was in the stanley cup
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"\n\nYear\nWinning team\nCoach\nGames\nLosing team\nCoach\nWinning goal\n\n\n1927\nOttawa Senators (C) (5, 4–1)\nDave Gill\n2–0–2\nBoston Bruins (A) (1, 0–1)\nArt Ross\nCy Denneny (7:30, second)\n\n\n1928\nNew York Rangers (A) (1, 1–0)\nLester Patrick-playing\n3–2\nMontreal Maroons (C) (2, 1–1)\nEddie Gerard\nFrank Boucher (3:35, third)\n\n\n1929\nBoston Bruins (A) (2, 1–1)\nCy Denneny-playing\n2–0\nNew York Rangers (A) (2, 1–1)\nLester Patrick\nBill Carson (18:02, third)\n\n\n1930\nMontreal Canadiens (C) (6, 3–2)\nCecil Hart\n2–0\nBoston Bruins (A) (3, 1–2)\nArt Ross\nHowie Morenz (1:00, second)\n\n\n1931\nMontreal Canadiens (C) (7, 4–2)\nCecil Hart\n3–2\nChicago Black Hawks (A) (1, 0–1)\nDick Irvin\nJohnny Gagnon (9:59, second)\n\n\n1932\nToronto Maple Leafs (C) (3, 3–0)\nDick Irvin\n3–0\nNew York Rangers (A) (3, 1–2)\nLester Patrick\nAce Bailey (15:07, third)\n\n\n1933\nNew York Rangers (A) (4, 2–2)\nLester Patrick\n3–1\nToronto Maple Leafs (C) (4, 3–1)\nDick Irvin\nBill Cook (7:34, OT)\n\n\n1934\nChicago Black Hawks (A) (2, 1–1)\nTommy Gorman\n3–1\nDetroit Red Wings (A) (1, 0–1)\nJack Adams\nMush March (10:05, second OT)\n\n\n1935\nMontreal Maroons (C) (2, 2–1)\nTommy Gorman\n3–0\nToronto Maple Leafs (C) (5, 3–2)\nDick Irvin\nBaldy Northcott (16:18, second)\n\n\n1936\nDetroit Red Wings (A) (2, 1–1)\nJack Adams\n3–1\nToronto Maple Leafs (C) (6, 3–3)\nDick Irvin\nPete Kelly (9:45, third)\n\n\n1937\nDetroit Red Wings (A) (3, 2–1)\nJack Adams\n3–2\nNew York Rangers (A) (5, 2–3)\nLester Patrick\nMarty Barry (19:22, first)\n\n\n1938\nChicago Black Hawks (A) (3, 2–1)\nBill Stewart\n3–1\nToronto Maple Leafs (C) (7, 3–4)\nDick Irvin\nCarl Voss (16:45, second)\n\n\n1939\nBoston Bruins (4, 2–2)\nArt Ross\n4–1\nToronto Maple Leafs (8, 3–5)\nDick Irvin\nRoy Conacher (17:54, second)\n\n\n1940\nNew York Rangers (6, 3–3)\nFrank Boucher\n4–2\nToronto Maple Leafs (9, 3–6)\nDick Irvin\nBryan Hextall (2:07, OT)\n\n\n1941\nBoston Bruins (5, 3–2)\nCooney Weiland\n4–0\nDetroit Red Wings (4, 2–2)\nJack Adams\nBobby Bauer (8:43, second)\n\n\n1942\nToronto Maple Leafs (10, 4–6)\nHap Day\n4–3\nDetroit Red Wings (5, 2–3)\nJack Adams\nPete Langelle (9:48, third)\n\n\n1943\nDetroit Red Wings (6, 3–3)\nJack Adams\n4–0\nBoston Bruins (6, 3–3)\nArt Ross\nJoe Carveth (12:09, first)\n\n\n1944\nMontreal Canadiens (8, 5–2)\nDick Irvin\n4–0\nChicago Black Hawks (4, 2–2)\nPaul Thompson\nToe Blake (9:12, OT)\n\n\n1945\nToronto Maple Leafs (11, 5–6)\nHap Day\n4–3\nDetroit Red Wings (7, 3–4)\nJack Adams\nBabe Pratt (12:14, third)\n\n\n1946\nMontreal Canadiens (9, 6–2)\nDick Irvin\n4–1\nBoston Bruins (7, 3–4)\nDit Clapper\nToe Blake (11:06, third)\n\n\n1947\nToronto Maple Leafs (12, 6–6)\nHap Day\n4–2\nMontreal Canadiens (10, 6–3)\nDick Irvin\nTed Kennedy (14:39, third)\n\n\n1948\nToronto Maple Leafs (13, 7–6)\nHap Day\n4–0\nDetroit Red Wings (8, 3–5)\nTommy Ivan\nHarry Watson (11:13, first)\n\n\n1949\nToronto Maple Leafs (14, 8–6)\nHap Day\n4–0\nDetroit Red Wings (9, 3–6)\nTommy Ivan\nCal Gardner (19:45, second)\n\n\n1950\nDetroit Red Wings (10, 4–6)\nTommy Ivan\n4–3\nNew York Rangers (7, 3–4)\nLynn Patrick\nPete Babando (8:31, second OT)\n\n\n1951\nToronto Maple Leafs (15, 9–6)\nJoe Primeau\n4–1\nMontreal Canadiens (11, 6–4)\nDick Irvin\nBill Barilko (2:53, OT)\n\n\n1952\nDetroit Red Wings (11, 5–6)\nTommy Ivan\n4–0\nMontreal Canadiens (12, 6–5)\nDick Irvin\nMetro Prystai (6:50, first)\n\n\n1953\nMontreal Canadiens (13, 7–5)\nDick Irvin\n4–1\nBoston Bruins (8, 3–5)\nLynn Patrick\nElmer Lach (1:22, OT)\n\n\n1954\nDetroit Red Wings (12, 6–6)\nTommy Ivan\n4–3\nMontreal Canadiens (14, 7–6)\nDick Irvin\nTony Leswick (4:20, OT)\n\n\n1955\nDetroit Red Wings (13, 7–6)\nJimmy Skinner\n4–3\nMontreal Canadiens (15, 7–7)\nDick Irvin\nGordie Howe (19:49, second)\n\n\n1956\nMontreal Canadiens (16, 8–7)\nToe Blake\n4–1\nDetroit Red Wings (14, 7–7)\nJimmy Skinner\nMaurice Richard (15:08, second)\n\n\n1957\nMontreal Canadiens (17, 9–7)\nToe Blake\n4–1\nBoston Bruins (9, 3–6)\nMilt Schmidt\nDickie Moore (0:14, second)\n\n\n1958\nMontreal Canadiens (18, 10–7)\nToe Blake\n4–2\nBoston Bruins (10, 3–7)\nMilt Schmidt\nBernie Geoffrion (19:26, second)\n\n\n1959\nMontreal Canadiens (19, 11–7)\nToe Blake\n4–1\nToronto Maple Leafs (16, 9–7)\nPunch Imlach\nMarcel Bonin (9:55, second)\n\n\n1960\nMontreal Canadiens (20, 12–7)\nToe Blake\n4–0\nToronto Maple Leafs (17, 9–8)\nPunch Imlach\nJean Beliveau (8:16, first)\n\n\n1961\nChicago Black Hawks (5, 3–2)\nRudy Pilous\n4–2\nDetroit Red Wings (15, 7–8)\nSid Abel\nAb McDonald (18:49, second)\n\n\n1962\nToronto Maple Leafs (18, 10–8)\nPunch Imlach\n4–2\nChicago Black Hawks (6, 3–3)\nRudy Pilous\nDick Duff (14:14, third)\n\n\n1963\nToronto Maple Leafs (19, 11–8)\nPunch Imlach\n4–1\nDetroit Red Wings (16, 7–9)\nSid Abel\nEddie Shack (13:28, third)\n\n\n1964\nToronto Maple Leafs (20, 12–8)\nPunch Imlach\n4–3\nDetroit Red Wings (17, 7–10)\nSid Abel\nAndy Bathgate (3:04, first)\n\n\n1965\nMontreal Canadiens (21, 13–7)\nToe Blake\n4–3\nChicago Black Hawks (7, 3–4)\nBilly Reay\nJean Beliveau (0:14, first)\n\n\n1966\nMontreal Canadiens (22, 14–7)\nToe Blake\n4–2\nDetroit Red Wings (18, 7–11)\nSid Abel\nHenri Richard (2:20, OT)\n\n\n1967\nToronto Maple Leafs (21, 13–8)\nPunch Imlach\n4–2\nMontreal Canadiens (23, 14–8)\nToe Blake\nJim Pappin (19:24, second)\n\n\n1968\nMontreal Canadiens (E) (24, 15–8)\nToe Blake\n4–0\nSt. Louis Blues (W) (1, 0–1)\nScotty Bowman\nJ. C. Tremblay (11:40, third)\n\n\n1969\nMontreal Canadiens (E) (25, 16–8)\nClaude Ruel\n4–0\nSt. Louis Blues (W) (2, 0–2)\nScotty Bowman\nJohn Ferguson (3:02, third)\n\n\n1970\nBoston Bruins (E) (11, 4–7)\nHarry Sinden\n4–0\nSt. Louis Blues (W) (3, 0–3)\nScotty Bowman\nBobby Orr (0:40, OT)\n\n\n1971\nMontreal Canadiens (E) (26, 17–8)\nAl MacNeil\n4–3\nChicago Black Hawks (W) (8, 3–5)\nBilly Reay\nHenri Richard (2:34, third)\n\n\n1972\nBoston Bruins (E) (12, 5–7)\nTom Johnson\n4–2\nNew York Rangers (E) (8, 3–5)\nEmile Francis\nBobby Orr (11:18, first)\n\n\n1973\nMontreal Canadiens (E) (27, 18–8)\nScotty Bowman\n4–2\nChicago Black Hawks (W) (9, 3–6)\nBilly Reay\nYvan Cournoyer (8:13, third)\n\n\n1974\nPhiladelphia Flyers (W) (1, 1–0)\nFred Shero\n4–2\nBoston Bruins (E) (13, 5–8)\nBep Guidolin\nRick MacLeish (14:48, first)\n\n\n1975\nPhiladelphia Flyers (CC) (2, 2–0)\nFred Shero\n4–2\nBuffalo Sabres (PW) (1, 0–1)\nFloyd Smith\nBob Kelly (0:11, third)\n\n\n1976\nMontreal Canadiens (PW) (28, 19–8)\nScotty Bowman\n4–0\nPhiladelphia Flyers (CC) (3, 2–1)\nFred Shero\nGuy Lafleur (14:18, third)\n\n\n1977\nMontreal Canadiens (PW) (29, 20–8)\nScotty Bowman\n4–0\nBoston Bruins (PW) (14, 5–9)\nDon Cherry\nJacques Lemaire (4:32, OT)\n\n\n1978\nMontreal Canadiens (PW) (30, 21–8)\nScotty Bowman\n4–2\nBoston Bruins (PW) (15, 5–10)\nDon Cherry\nMario Tremblay (9:20, first)\n\n\n1979\nMontreal Canadiens (PW) (31, 22–8)\nScotty Bowman\n4–1\nNew York Rangers (CC) (9, 3–6)\nFred Shero\nJacques Lemaire (1:02, second)\n\n\n1980\nNew York Islanders (CC) (1, 1–0)\nAl Arbour\n4–2\nPhiladelphia Flyers (CC) (4, 2–2)\nPat Quinn\nBob Nystrom (7:11, OT)\n\n\n1981\nNew York Islanders (CC) (2, 2–0)\nAl Arbour\n4–1\nMinnesota North Stars (PW) (1, 0–1)\nGlen Sonmor\nWayne Merrick (5:37, first)\n\n\n1982\nNew York Islanders (PW) (3, 3–0)\nAl Arbour\n4–0\nVancouver Canucks (CC) (1, 0–1)\nRoger Neilson\nMike Bossy (5:00, second)\n\n\n1983\nNew York Islanders (PW) (4, 4–0)\nAl Arbour\n4–0\nEdmonton Oilers (CC) (1, 0–1)\nGlen Sather\nMike Bossy (12:39, first)\n\n\n1984\nEdmonton Oilers (CC) (2, 1–1)\nGlen Sather\n4–1\nNew York Islanders (PW) (5, 4–1)\nAl Arbour\nKen Linseman (0:38, second)\n\n\n1985\nEdmonton Oilers (CC) (3, 2–1)\nGlen Sather\n4–1\nPhiladelphia Flyers (PW) (5, 2–3)\nMike Keenan\nPaul Coffey (17:57, first)\n\n\n1986\nMontreal Canadiens (PW) (32, 23–8)\nJean Perron\n4–1\nCalgary Flames (CC) (1, 0–1)\nBob Johnson\nBobby Smith (10:30, third)\n\n\n1987\nEdmonton Oilers (CC) (4, 3–1)\nGlen Sather\n4–3\nPhiladelphia Flyers (PW) (6, 2–4)\nMike Keenan\nJari Kurri (14:59, second)\n\n\n1988\nEdmonton Oilers (CC) (5, 4–1)\nGlen Sather\n4–0\nBoston Bruins (PW) (16, 5–11)\nTerry O'Reilly\nWayne Gretzky (9:44, second)\n\n\n1989\nCalgary Flames (CC) (2, 1–1)\nTerry Crisp\n4–2\nMontreal Canadiens (PW) (33, 23–9)\nPat Burns\nDoug Gilmour (11:02, third)\n\n\n1990\nEdmonton Oilers (CC) (6, 5–1)\nJohn Muckler\n4–1\nBoston Bruins (PW) (17, 5–12)\nMike Milbury\nCraig Simpson (9:31, second)\n\n\n1991\nPittsburgh Penguins (PW) (1, 1–0)\nBob Johnson\n4–2\nMinnesota North Stars (CC) (2, 0–2)\nBob Gainey\nUlf Samuelsson (2:00, first)\n\n\n1992\nPittsburgh Penguins (PW) (2, 2–0)\nScotty Bowman\n4–0\nChicago Blackhawks (CC) (10, 3–7)\nMike Keenan\nRon Francis (7:59, third)\n\n\n1993\nMontreal Canadiens (PW) (34, 24–9)\nJacques Demers\n4–1\nLos Angeles Kings (CC) (1, 0–1)\nBarry Melrose\nKirk Muller (3:51, second)\n\n\n1994\nNew York Rangers (EC) (10, 4–6)\nMike Keenan\n4–3\nVancouver Canucks (WC) (2, 0–2)\nPat Quinn\nMark Messier (13:29, second)\n\n\n1995\nNew Jersey Devils (EC) (1, 1–0)\nJacques Lemaire\n4–0\nDetroit Red Wings (WC) (19, 7–12)\nScotty Bowman\nNeal Broten (7:56, second)\n\n\n1996\nColorado Avalanche (WC) (1, 1–0)\nMarc Crawford\n4–0\nFlorida Panthers (EC) (1, 0–1)\nDoug MacLean\nUwe Krupp (4:31, third OT)\n\n\n1997\nDetroit Red Wings (WC) (20, 8–12)\nScotty Bowman\n4–0\nPhiladelphia Flyers (EC) (7, 2–5)\nTerry Murray\nDarren McCarty (13:02, second)\n\n\n1998\nDetroit Red Wings (WC) (21, 9–12)\nScotty Bowman\n4–0\nWashington Capitals (EC) (1, 0–1)\nRon Wilson\nMartin Lapointe (2:26, second)\n\n\n1999\nDallas Stars (WC) (3, 1–2)\nKen Hitchcock\n4–2\nBuffalo Sabres (EC) (2, 0–2)\nLindy Ruff\nBrett Hull (14:51, third OT)\n\n\n2000\nNew Jersey Devils (EC) (2, 2–0)\nLarry Robinson\n4–2\nDallas Stars (WC) (4, 1–3)\nKen Hitchcock\nJason Arnott (8:20, second OT)\n\n\n2001\nColorado Avalanche (WC) (2, 2–0)\nBob Hartley\n4–3\nNew Jersey Devils (EC) (3, 2–1)\nLarry Robinson\nAlex Tanguay (4:57, second)\n\n\n2002\nDetroit Red Wings (WC) (22, 10–12)\nScotty Bowman\n4–1\nCarolina Hurricanes (EC) (1, 0–1)\nPaul Maurice\nBrendan Shanahan (14:04, second)\n\n\n2003\nNew Jersey Devils (EC) (4, 3–1)\nPat Burns\n4–3\nMighty Ducks of Anaheim (WC) (1, 0–1)\nMike Babcock\nMichael Rupp (2:22, second)\n\n\n2004\nTampa Bay Lightning (EC) (1, 1–0)\nJohn Tortorella\n4–3\nCalgary Flames (WC) (3, 1–2)\nDarryl Sutter\nRuslan Fedotenko (14:38, second)\n\n\n2005\nSeason cancelled due to the 2004–05 NHL lockout.\n\n\n2006\nCarolina Hurricanes (EC) (2, 1–1)\nPeter Laviolette\n4–3\nEdmonton Oilers (WC) (7, 5–2)\nCraig MacTavish\nFrantisek Kaberle (4:18, second)\n\n\n2007\nAnaheim Ducks (WC) (2, 1–1)\nRandy Carlyle\n4–1\nOttawa Senators (EC) (1, 0–1)\nBryan Murray\nTravis Moen (15:44, second)\n\n\n2008\nDetroit Red Wings (WC) (23, 11–12)\nMike Babcock\n4–2\nPittsburgh Penguins (EC) (3, 2–1)\nMichel Therrien\nHenrik Zetterberg (7:36, third)\n\n\n2009\nPittsburgh Penguins (EC) (4, 3–1)\nDan Bylsma\n4–3\nDetroit Red Wings (WC) (24, 11–13)\nMike Babcock\nMaxime Talbot (10:07, second)\n\n\n2010\nChicago Blackhawks (WC) (11, 4–7)\nJoel Quenneville\n4–2\nPhiladelphia Flyers (EC) (8, 2–6)\nPeter Laviolette\nPatrick Kane (4:06, OT)\n\n\n2011\nBoston Bruins (EC) (18, 6–12)\nClaude Julien\n4–3\nVancouver Canucks (WC) (3, 0–3)\nAlain Vigneault\nPatrice Bergeron (14:37, first)\n\n\n2012\nLos Angeles Kings (WC) (2, 1–1)\nDarryl Sutter\n4–2\nNew Jersey Devils (EC) (5, 3–2)\nPeter DeBoer\nJeff Carter (12:45, first)\n\n\n2013\nChicago Blackhawks (WC) (12, 5–7)\nJoel Quenneville\n4–2\nBoston Bruins (EC) (19, 6–13)\nClaude Julien\nDave Bolland (19:01, third)\n\n\n2014\nLos Angeles Kings (WC) (3, 2–1)\nDarryl Sutter\n4–1\nNew York Rangers (EC) (11, 4–7)\nAlain Vigneault\nAlec Martinez (14:43, second OT)\n\n\n2015\nChicago Blackhawks (WC) (13, 6–7)\nJoel Quenneville\n4–2\nTampa Bay Lightning (EC) (2, 1–1)\nJon Cooper\nDuncan Keith (17:13, second)\n\n\n2016\nPittsburgh Penguins (EC) (5, 4–1)\nMike Sullivan\n4–2\nSan Jose Sharks (WC) (1, 0–1)\nPeter DeBoer\nKris Letang (7:46, second)\n\n\n2017\nPittsburgh Penguins (EC) (6, 5–1)\nMike Sullivan\n4–2\nNashville Predators (WC) (1, 0–1)\nPeter Laviolette\nPatric Hornqvist (18:25, third)\n\n"
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Philippine criminal law
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Philippine criminal law - wikipedia Philippine criminal law Jump to : navigation , search Philippine Criminal Laws is the body of law and defining the penalties thereof in the Philippines . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 The Revised Penal Code 2.1 Degree of Consummation of Crimes 2.2 Circumstances that Affect Criminal Liability 2.3 Participation in Crimes 2.4 Murder 3 Special Penal Laws 4 References History ( edit ) When the Spanish Colonizers conquered the Philippines , the Spanish Codigo Penal was made applicable and extended to the Philippines by Royal Decree of 1870 . This was replaced with the old Penal Code which was put in place by Spanish authorities , and took effect in the Philippines on July 14 , 1876 . This law was effective in the Philippines until the American colonization of the Philippines . It was only on December 8 , 1930 , when it was amended , under Act . No. 3815 , with the enactment of the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines ( the `` Revised Penal Code '' ) . The Revised Penal Code ( edit ) Main article : Revised Penal Code of the Philippines The Revised Penal Code took effect on January 1 , 1932 . It is composed of two parts -- Book One of the Revised Penal Code provides the general provisions on the application of the law , and the general principles of criminal law . It defines felonies and circumstances which affect criminal liability , justifying circumstances and circumstances which exempt , mitigate or aggravate criminal liability , and defines the classification , duration , and effects of criminal penalties . Finally , it provides for the extinction and survival of criminal and civil liabilities in crimes . Book Two of the Revised Penal Code on the other hand defines the specific crimes and the penalties imposable for each crime . Crimes are classified into crimes against national security ( such as treason , espionage and piracy ) , crimes against the fundamental laws of the state ( rebellion , coup d'etat , sedition and public disorders ) , crimes against public interest ( counterfeiting of currency , falsification of public documents ) , crimes against public morals , crimes committed by public officers , crimes against persons ( parricide , murder , physical injuries , rape ) , crimes against security ( kidnapping ) , and crimes against property ( robbery , theft ) , among others . Criminal negligence is also an offense under the Revised Penal Code . Under the Revised Penal Code , acts and omissions punishable by law are called felonies . Thus , to be considered as a felony there must be an act or omission . Degree of consummation of crimes ( edit ) Felonies can be consummated , frustrated , and attempted . A felony is consummated when all the elements necessary for its execution and accomplishment are present . It is frustrated when the offender performs all the acts of execution which would produce the felony as a consequence but which , nevertheless , do not produce it by reason of causes independent of the will of the perpetrator . There is an attempt when the offender commences the commission of a felony directly or overt acts , and does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce the felony by reason of some cause or accident other than his own spontaneous desistance . Conspiracy exists when two or more persons come to an agreement concerning the commission of a felony and decide to commit it . Conspiracy can also be proven based on the idea of `` unity of purpose '' and acts leading to a common design . There is proposal when the person who has decided to commit a felony proposes its execution to some other person or persons . Conspiracy and proposal to commit a felony are generally not punishable , except for conspiracy and proposal to commit treason , coup d'Etat , and rebellion . Whilst not generally punishable , conspiracy can determine the degree of participation in criminal offenses in order to determine criminal liability . Circumstances that affect criminal liability ( edit ) The presence of certain circumstances have the effect of removing , mitigating or aggravating criminal liability of persons . Persons who commit crimes when justifying circumstances are present do not incur criminal or civil liability . Acting in self - defense is one of these justifying circumstances . The presence of exempting circumstances on the other hand will exempt the perpetrator from criminal liability but not from civil liability . Some of these exempting circumstances are imbecility or youth . On the other hand , the presence of one or more mitigating circumstances when a crime is committed , can serve to reduce the penalty imposed . An example is voluntary surrender . Lastly , the presence of aggravating circumstances will increase the penalty imposed under the crime , upon conviction . Some examples are contempt or insult to public authority . Participation in crimes ( edit ) Under the Revised Penal Code , when more than one person participated in the commission of the crime , the law looks into their participation because in punishing offenders , the Revised Penal Code classifies them as principals , accomplices , or accessories . A persons can be liable as a principal for ( a ) taking a direct part in the execution of the felony , ( b ) directly forcing or inducing others to commit it , or ( c ) cooperate in the commission of the offense by another act without which it would not have been accomplished . Accomplices are persons who , while not acting as a principal , cooperate in the execution of the offense by previous or simultaneous acts . Lastly , accessories are those who , having knowledge of the commission of the crime , and without having participated therein , either as principals or accomplices , take part subsequent to its commission by : ( a ) profiting themselves or assisting the offender to profit by the effects of the crime , ( b ) concealing or destroying the body of the crime , or the effects or instruments thereof , in order to prevent its discovery , or ( c ) harboring , concealing , or assisting in the escape of the principals of the crime . Principals are punished more severely than accomplices , who are punished more severely than accessories . However , when there is conspiracy , there will no longer be a distinction as to whether a person acted as a principal , accomplice or accessory , because when there is conspiracy , the criminal liability of all will be the same , because the act of one is the act of all . Murder ( edit ) Article 248 of the Revised Penal Code defines murder as killing someone other than a family member with any of the following six circumstances : With treachery ( see below ) , taking advantage of superior strength , with the aid of armed men , or employing means to weaken the defense , or of means or persons to insure or afford impunity ; In consideration of a price , reward , or promise ; By means of inundation , fire , poison , explosion , shipwreck , stranding of a vessel , derailment or assault upon a railroad , fall of an airship , by means of motor vehicles , or with the use of any other means involving great waste and ruin ; On occasion of any calamities enumerated in the preceding paragraph , or of an earthquake , eruption of a volcano , destructive cyclone , epidemic , or any other public calamity ; With evident premeditation ; With cruelty , by deliberately and inhumanly augmenting the suffering of the victim , or outraging or scoffing at his person or corps . Murder is punishable by reclusión perpetua ( 20 to 40 years ' incarceration ) . Without any of these six aggravating circumstances , a killing is instead homicide punishable by reclusión temporal . A murder is committed `` with treachery '' by employing means , methods , or forms in the execution , which tend directly and specially to insure its execution , without risk to the offender arising from the defense which the offended party might make . The essence of treachery is that the attack comes without a warning and in a swift , deliberate , and unexpected manner , affording the hapless , unarmed , and unsuspecting victim no chance to resist or escape . For treachery to be considered , two elements must concur : ( 1 ) the employment of means of execution that gives the persons attacked no opportunity to defend themselves or retaliate ; and ( 2 ) the means of execution were deliberately or consciously adopted . Special Penal Laws ( edit ) Apart from the crimes penalized in the Revised Penal Code , several other pieces of criminal legislation have been passed , penalizing acts such as illegal possession and trafficking of dangerous drugs , money laundering , and illegal possession of firearms . These laws are called `` Special Penal Laws '' and they form part of Philippine Criminal Laws . There are certain differences between crimes punished under the Revised Penal Code and Special Penal Laws . Violations of the crimes listed in the Revised Penal Code are referred to as mala in se , which literally means , that the act is inherently evil or bad or wrongful in itself . On the other hand , violations of Special Penal Laws are generally referred to as malum prohibitum or an act that is wrong because it is prohibited . Thus , no criminal intent is needed in order to find a person liable for crimes punished under Special Penal Laws . As long as the act is committed , then it is punishable as a crime under law . Note , however , that not all violations of Special Penal Laws are mala prohibita . While intentional felonies are always mala in se , it does not follow that prohibited acts done in violation of special laws are always mala prohibita . There are some important distinctions between crimes punishable under the Revised Penal Code and Special Penal Laws . One of them is that in crimes punished under the Revised Penal Code , the moral trait of the offender is considered . This is why liability would only arise when there is criminal intent or negligence in the commission of the punishable act . In crimes punished under Special Penal Laws , the moral trait of the offender is not considered ; it is enough that the prohibited act was voluntarily done . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Revised Penal Code , Art . 246 , as amended , pdf p. 67 . ^ Jump up to : Revised Penal Code , Art . 248 , as amended , pdf p. 67 . Jump up ^ People v. Dela Cruz y Balobal , G.R. No. 188353 ( Sup . Ct. , 16 Feb. 2010 ) . Republic Act No. 386 , the Civil Code of the Philippines ( 1949 ) . Act No. 3815 , the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines ( 1930 ) . The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines . Luis B. Reyes , The Revised Penal Code : Criminal Law 20 ( 1998 , 14th ed . ) . Antonio L. Gregorio , Fundamentals of Criminal Law Review 50 - 51 ( 1997 ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippine_criminal_law&oldid=798735529 '' Categories : Criminal codes Philippine criminal law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 14 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what are considered criminal cases in the philippines
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Japanese cuisine
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Japanese cuisine - wikipedia Japanese cuisine `` Japanese breakfast '' redirects here . For the rock musician , see Japanese Breakfast . Osechi , new year special dishes in three - tiered box Part of a series on the Culture of Japan History People Languages Traditions ( show ) Values Etiquette Marriage Funerals Tea ceremony Geisha Onsen / Sentō Clothing Games Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion ( show ) Buddhism Christian New religions Shinto Art ( show ) Ikebana Bonsai Gardens Pottery and porcelain Literature ( show ) Manga Poetry Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Media ( show ) Television Cinema Mobile phone culture Anime Sport ( show ) Martial arts Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Architecture Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Organisations ( show ) Museums Japan portal Japanese cuisine encompasses the regional and traditional foods of Japan , which have developed through centuries of social and economic changes . The traditional cuisine of Japan ( 和食 , washoku ) is based on rice with miso soup and other dishes ; there is an emphasis on seasonal ingredients . Side dishes often consist of fish , pickled vegetables , and vegetables cooked in broth . Seafood is common , often grilled , but also served raw as sashimi or in sushi . Seafood and vegetables are also deep - fried in a light batter , as tempura . Apart from rice , staples include noodles , such as soba and udon . Japan also has many simmered dishes such as fish products in broth called oden , or beef in sukiyaki and nikujaga . Dishes inspired by foreign food -- in particular Chinese food like ramen , fried dumplings , and gyōza -- as well as foods like spaghetti , curry , and hamburgers have become adopted with variants for Japanese tastes and ingredients . Historically , the Japanese shunned meat , but with the modernization of Japan in the 1880s , meat - based dishes such as tonkatsu and yakiniku have become common . Japanese cuisine , particularly sushi , has become popular throughout the world . In 2011 , Japan overtook France in number of Michelin - starred restaurants and has maintained the title since . Contents 1 Overview of traditional Japanese cuisine 2 Seasonality 3 Traditional ingredients 3.1 Meat consumption 3.2 Cooking oil 3.3 Seasonings 4 Dishes 5 Salads 6 Cooking techniques 7 List of dishes 8 Classification 8.1 Kaiseki 8.2 Vegetarian 9 Rice 10 Noodles 11 Sweets 12 Beverages 12.1 Tea 12.2 Beer 12.3 Sake 12.4 Shōchū 12.5 Whisky 12.6 Wine 13 Regional cuisine 14 Traditional table settings 15 Dining etiquette 15.1 Tables and sitting 15.2 Itadakimasu and Gochisōsama 15.3 Hot towels 15.4 Bowls 15.5 Soy sauce 15.6 Chopsticks 15.7 Communal dish 15.8 Eat what is given 15.9 Drinking 16 Dishes for special occasions 17 Imported and adapted foods 17.1 Yōshoku - Foreign ( Western ) food , dishes 17.2 Okonomiyaki 17.3 Tonkatsu 17.4 Curry 17.5 Ramen 17.6 Wafū burgers ( Japanese Styled - Burgers ) 17.7 Italian 18 Outside Japan 18.1 Taiwan 18.2 China 18.3 Thailand 18.4 Indonesia 18.5 Philippines 18.6 Australia 18.7 United Kingdom 18.8 Canada 18.9 United States 18.10 Mexico 18.11 Brazil 19 Cultural heritage 20 Food controversies 21 See also 22 References 22.1 Bibliography 23 Further reading 24 External links Overview of traditional Japanese cuisine ( edit ) A Japanese meal including tempura , sashimi , and miso soup Japanese cuisine is based on combining the staple food , which is steamed white rice or gohan ( 御飯 ) , with one or several okazu or main dishes and side dishes . This may be accompanied by a clear or miso soup and tsukemono ( pickles ). The phrase ichijū - sansai ( 一 汁 三 菜 , `` one soup , three sides '' ) refers to the makeup of a typical meal served , but has roots in classic kaiseki , honzen , and yūsoku cuisine . The term is also used to describe the first course served in standard kaiseki cuisine nowadays . Rice is served in its own small bowl ( chawan ) , and each main course item is placed on its own small plate ( sara ) or bowl ( hachi ) for each individual portion . This is done even in Japanese homes . It contrasts with the Western - style dinners at home , where each individual takes helpings from the large serving dishes of food presented at the middle of the dining table . Japanese style traditionally abhors different flavored dishes touching each other on a single plate , so different dishes are given their own individual plates as mentioned , or are partitioned using leaves , etc . Placing okazu on top of rice and `` soiling '' it is also frowned upon by old - fashioned etiquette . Breakfast at a ryokan ( Japanese inn ) , featuring grilled mackerel , Kansai style dashimaki egg , tofu in kaminabe ( paper pot ) Though this tradition originated from Classical Chinese dining formalities , especially after the adoption of Buddhism with its tea ceremony , and became most popular and common during and after the Kamakura period , such as the Kaiseki . Japanese cuisine keeps such tradition still , whereas in modern times such practice is in sharp contrast to present day Chinese cuisine , where placing food on rice is standard , However the exception is the popular donburi . The small rice bowl or chawan ( lit . `` tea bowl '' ) doubles as a word for the large tea bowls in tea ceremonies . Thus in common speech , the drinking cup is referred to as yunomi - jawan or yunomi for the purpose of distinction . In the olden days , among the nobility , each course of a full - course Japanese meal would be brought on serving napkins called zen ( 膳 ) , which were originally platformed trays or small dining tables . In the modern age , faldstool trays or stackup - type legged trays may still be seen used in zashiki , i.e. tatami - mat rooms , for large banquets or at a ryokan type inn . Some restaurants might use the suffix - zen ( 膳 ) as a more sophisticated though dated synonym to the more familiar teishoku ( 定食 ) , since the latter basically is a term for a combo meal served at a taishū - shokudō , akin to a diner . Teishoku means a meal of fixed menu , a dinner à prix fixe served at shokudō ( 食堂 , `` dining hall '' ) or ryōriten ( 料理 店 , `` restaurant '' ) , which is somewhat vague ( shokudō can mean a diner - type restaurant or a corporate lunch hall ) ; but e.g. Ishikawa , Hiroyoshi ( 石川 弘義 ) ( 1991 ) . Taishū bunka jiten ( snippet ) . Kōbundō . p. 516 . defines it as fare served at teishoku dining hall ( 定食 食堂 , teishoku - shokudō ) , etc. , a diner - like establishment . Seasonality ( edit ) Kaiseki appetizers on a legged tray Emphasis is placed on seasonality of food or shun ( 旬 ) , and dishes are designed to herald the arrival of the four seasons or calendar months . Seasonality means taking advantage of the `` fruit of the mountains '' ( 山の幸 , yama no sachi , alt . `` bounty of the mountains '' ) ( e.g. bamboo shoots in spring , chestnuts in the autumn ) as well as the `` fruit of the sea '' ( 海 の 幸 , umi no sachi , alt . `` bounty of the sea '' ) as they come into season . Thus the first catch of skipjack tunas ( 初鰹 , hatsu - gatsuo ) that arrives with the Kuroshio Current has traditionally been greatly prized . If something becomes available rather earlier than what is usual for the item in question , the first crop or early catch is called hashiri . Use of ( inedible ) tree leaves and branches as decor is also characteristic of Japanese cuisine . Maple leaves are often floated on water to exude coolness or ryō ( 涼 ) , sprigs of nandina are popularly used . The haran ( Aspidistra ) and sasa bamboo leaves were often cut into shapes , and placed underneath or used as separators . Traditional ingredients ( edit ) Further information : History of Japanese cuisine and List of Japanese ingredients A characteristic of traditional Japanese food is the sparing use of red meat , oils and fats , and dairy products . Use of ingredients such as soy sauce , miso , and umeboshi tends to result in dishes with high salt content , though there are low - sodium versions of these available . Meat consumption ( edit ) Yakiniku As Japan is an island nation surrounded by an ocean , its people have always taken advantage of the abundant seafood supply . It is the opinion of some food scholars that the Japanese diet always relied mainly on `` grains with vegetables or seaweeds as main , with poultry secondary , and red meat in slight amounts '' even before the advent of Buddhism which placed an even stronger taboo . The eating of `` four - legged creatures '' ( 四 足 , yotsuashi ) was spoken of as taboo , unclean or something to be avoided by personal choice through the Edo period . The consumption of whale and terrapin meat were not forbidden under this definition . Despite this , the consumption of red meat did not completely disappear in Japan . Eating wild game -- as opposed to domesticated livestock -- was tolerated ; in particular , trapped hare was counted using the measure word wa ( 羽 ) , a term normally reserved for birds . Vegetable consumption has dwindled while processed foods have become more prominent in Japanese households due to the rising costs of general foodstuffs . Nonetheless , Kyoto vegetables , or Kyoyasai , are rising in popularity and different varieties of Kyoto vegetables are being revived . Cooking oil ( edit ) Generally speaking , traditional Japanese cuisine is prepared with little cooking oil . A major exception is the deep - frying of foods . This cooking method was introduced during the Edo period due to influence from Western ( formerly called nanban - ryōri ( 南蛮 料理 ) ) and Chinese cuisine , and became commonplace with the availability of cooking oil due to increased productivity . Dishes such as tempura , aburaage , and satsuma age are now part of established traditional Japanese cuisine . Words such as tempura or hiryōzu ( synonymous with ganmodoki ) are said to be of Portuguese origin . Also , certain homey or rustic sorts of traditional Japanese foods such as kinpira , hijiki , and kiriboshi daikon usually involve stir - frying in oil before stewing in soy sauce . Some standard osōzai or obanzai dishes feature stir - fried Japanese greens with either age or chirimen - jako , dried sardines . Seasonings ( edit ) The use of soy sauce is prevalent in Japanese cuisine See also Japanese seasonings Traditional Japanese food is typically seasoned with a combination of dashi , soy sauce , sake and mirin , vinegar , sugar , and salt . These are typically the only seasonings used when grilling or braising an item . A modest number of herbs and spices may be used during cooking as a hint or accent , or as a means of neutralizing fishy or gamy odors present . Examples of such spices include ginger and takanotsume ( 鷹 の 爪 ) red pepper . This contrasts conceptually with barbecue or stew , where a blend of seasonings is used before and during cooking . Once a main dish has been cooked , spices such as minced ginger and various pungent herbs may be added as a garnish , called tsuma . With certain milder items , a dollop of wasabi and grated daikon ( daikon - oroshi ) , or Japanese mustard are provided as condiments . A sprig of mitsuba or a piece of yuzu rind floated on soups are called ukimi . Minced shiso leaves and myoga often serve as yakumi , a type of condiment paired with tataki of katsuo or soba . Finally , a dish may be garnished with minced seaweed in the form of crumpled nori or flakes of aonori . Shichimi is also a very popular spice mixture often added to soups , noodles and rice cakes , Shichimi is a chilli based spice mix which containing 7 spices : chilli , sansho , orange peel , black sesame , white sesame , hemp , ginger , and nori . Dishes ( edit ) A typical Japanese dish of grilled fish with accompaniments Further information : okazu ( or sōzai ( 惣菜 ) ) ; List of okazu In the aforementioned stock phrase ichijū - sansai ( 一 汁 三 菜 , `` one soup , three sides '' ) , the word sai ( 菜 ) has the basic meaning of `` vegetable '' , but secondarily means any accompanying dish including fish or meat . It figures in the Japanese word for appetizer , zensai ( 前菜 ) ; main dish , shusai ( 主 菜 ) ; or sōzai ( 惣菜 ) ( formal synonym for okazu - considered somewhat of a housewife 's term ) . Salads ( edit ) Japanese vegetable salads often add seafood The o - hitashi or hitashi - mono ( おひたし ) is boiled green - leaf vegetables bunched and cut to size , steeped in dashi broth , eaten with dashes of soy sauce . Another item is sunomono ( 酢の物 , `` vinegar item '' ) , which could be made with wakame seaweed , or be something like a kōhaku namasu ( 紅白 な ます , `` red white namasu '' ) made from thin toothpick slices of daikon and carrot . The so - called vinegar that is blended with the ingredient here is often sanbaizu ( 三杯酢 , `` three cupful / spoonful vinegar '' ) which is a blend of vinegar , mirin , and soy sauce . A tosazu ( 土佐 酢 , `` Tosa vinegar '' ) adds katsuo dashi to this . Note sparing use of oil , compared with Western salads . An aemono ( 和え物 ) is another group of items , describable as a sort of `` tossed salad '' or `` dressed '' ( though aemono also includes thin strips of squid or fish sashimi ( itozukuri ) etc. similarly prepared ) . One types are goma - ae ( 胡麻和え ) where usually vegetables such as green beans are tossed with white or black sesame seeds ground in a suribachi mortar bowl , flavored additionally with sugar and soy sauce . Shira - ae ( 白和え ) adds tofu ( bean curd ) in the mix . An aemono is tossed with vinegar - white miso mix and uses wakegi scallion and baka - gai ( バカガイ / 馬鹿 貝 , a trough shell ( Mactra sinensis ) as standard . Cooking techniques ( edit ) Different cooking techniques are applied to each of the three okazu ; they may be raw ( sashimi ) , grilled , simmered ( sometimes called boiled ) , steamed , deep - fried , vinegared , or dressed . List of dishes ( edit ) Main article : List of Japanese dishes This article contains embedded lists that may be poorly defined , unverified or indiscriminate . Please help to clean it up to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . Where appropriate , incorporate items into the main body of the article . ( January 2013 ) Tempura battered and deep fried seafood and vegetables Yakitori grilled chicken Below are listed some of the most common dishes : grilled and pan-fried dishes ( yakimono 焼き物 ) , stewed / simmered / cooked / boiled dishes ( nimono 煮物 ) , stir - fried dishes ( itamemono 炒め 物 ) , steamed dishes ( mushimono 蒸し物 ) , deep - fried dishes ( agemono 揚げ物 ) , sliced raw fish ( sashimi 刺身 ) , soups ( suimono 吸い物 and shirumono 汁物 ) , pickled / salted vegetables ( tsukemono 漬け物 ) , dishes dressed with various kinds of sauce ( aemono 和え物 ) , vinegared dishes ( su - no - mono 酢の物 ) , delicacies , food of delicate flavor ( chinmi 珍味 ) . Classification ( edit ) Kaiseki ( edit ) Japanese Kaiseki ryori Kaiseki , closely associated with tea ceremony ( chanoyu ) , is a high form of hospitality through cuisine . The style is minimalist , extolling the aesthetics of wabi - sabi . Like the tea ceremony , appreciation of the diningware and vessels is part of the experience . In the modern standard form , the first course consists of ichijū - sansai ( one soup , three dishes ) , followed by the serving of sake accompanied by dish ( es ) plated on a square wooden bordered tray of sorts called hassun ( 八 寸 ) . Sometimes another element called shiizakana ( 強 肴 ) is served to complement the sake , for guests who are heavier drinkers . The tea ceremony kaiseki ( 懐石 ) is often confounded with another kaiseki - ryōri ( 会席 料理 ) , which is an outgrowth of meals served at a gathering for haiku and renga composition , which turned into a term for sumptuous sake - accompanied banquet , or shuen ( 酒宴 ) . Vegetarian ( edit ) Nattō , Japanese soybean - based vegetarian food Strictly vegetarian food is rare since even vegetable dishes are flavored with the ubiquitous dashi stock , usually made with katsuobushi ( dried skipjack tuna flakes ) , and are therefore pescetarian more often than carnivorous . An exception is shōjin - ryōri ( 精進 料理 ) , vegetarian dishes developed by Buddhist monks . However , the advertised shōjin - ryōri at public eating places includes some non-vegetarian elements . Regarding vegetarianism , it is worth mentioning fucha - ryōri ( 普 茶 料理 ) , introduced from China by the Ōbaku sect ( a sub-sect of Zen Buddhism ) , and which some sources still regard as part of `` Japanese cuisine '' . The sect in Japan was founded by the priest Ingen ( d . 1673 ) , and is headquartered in Uji , Kyoto . The Japanese name for the common green bean takes after this priest who allegedly introduced the New World crop via China . An interesting aspect of the fucha - ryōri practiced at the temple is the wealth of modoki - ryōri ( もどき 料理 , `` mock foods '' ) , one example being mock - eel , made from strained tofu , with nori seaweed used expertly to mimic the black skin . The secret ingredient used is grated gobō ( burdock ) roots . Dr. Masakazu Tada , Honorary Vice-President of the International Vegetarian Union for 25 years from 1960 , stated that `` Japan was vegetarian for a 1,000 years '' . Although this is not totally true , British journalist J. W. Robertson Scott reported in the 1920s that the society was 90 % vegetarian. 50 -- 60 % of the population ate fish only on festive occasions , probably more because of poverty than for any other reason . Rice ( edit ) Main article : Japanese rice Gyudon beef rice bowl ( right ) and niku shoyu ramen beef noodle ( left ) . Rice has been the staple food for the Japanese historically . Its fundamental importance is evident from the fact that the word for cooked rice , gohan and meshi , also stands for a `` meal '' . While rice has a long history of cultivation in Japan , its use as a staple has not been universal . Notably , in northern areas ( northern Honshū and Hokkaidō ) , other grain such as wheat were more common into the 19th century . In most of Japan , rice used to be consumed for almost every meal , and although a 2007 survey showed that 70 % of Japanese still eat it once or twice a day , its popularity is now declining . In the 20th century there has been a shift in dietary habits , with an increasing number of people choosing wheat based products ( such as bread and noodles ) over rice . Japanese rice is short - grained and becomes sticky when cooked . Most rice is sold as hakumai ( 白米 , `` white rice '' ) , with the outer portion of the grains ( 糠 , nuka ) polished away . Unpolished brown rice ( 玄米 , genmai ) is considered less desirable , but its popularity has been increasing . Noodles ( edit ) Main article : Japanese noodles Udon noodles Soba noodles Japanese noodles often substitute for a rice - based meal . Soba ( thin , grayish - brown noodles containing buckwheat flour ) and udon ( thick wheat noodles ) are the main traditional noodles , while ramen is a modern import and now very popular . There are also other , less common noodles . Japanese noodles , such as soba and udon , are eaten as a standalone , and usually not with a side dish , in terms of general custom . It may have toppings , but they are called gu ( 具 ) . The fried battered shrimp tempura sitting in a bowl of tempura - soba would be referred to as `` the shrimp '' or `` the tempura '' , and not so much be referred to as a topping ( gu ) . The identical toppings , if served as a dish to be eaten with plain white rice could be called okazu , so these terms are context - sensitive . Hot noodles are usually served in a bowl already steeped in their broth and are called kakesoba or kakeudon . Cold soba arrive unseasoned and heaped atop a zaru or seiro , and are picked up with a chopstick and dunked in their dip sauce . The broth is a soy - dashi - mirin type of mix ; the dip is similar but more concentrated ( heavier on soy sauce ) . In the simple form , yakumi ( condiments and spices ) such as shichimi , nori , finely chopped scallions , wasabi , etc. are added to the noodles , besides the broth / dip sauce . Udon may also be eaten in kama - age style , piping hot straight out of the boiling pot , and eaten with plain soy sauce and sometimes with raw egg also . Sweets ( edit ) Main article : Wagashi See also : List of Japanese desserts and sweets Traditional Japanese sweets are known as wagashi . Ingredients such as red bean paste and mochi are used . More modern - day tastes includes green tea ice cream , a very popular flavor . Almost all manufacturers produce a version of it . Kakigōri is a shaved ice dessert flavored with syrup or condensed milk . It is usually sold and eaten at summer festivals . A dessert very popular among the children in Japan are dorayaki . They are sweet pancakes filled with a sweet red bean paste . They are mostly eaten at room temperature but are also considered very delicious hot . See also the list of sweets . Beverages ( edit ) Main article : List of Japanese dishes § Tea and other drinks Tea ( edit ) Green tea may be served to most japanese dishes . It is produced in Japan and prepared in various forms such as matcha , the tea used in the Japanese tea ceremony . Beer ( edit ) Main article : Beer in Japan Beer production started in Japan in the 1860s . The most commonly consumed beers in Japan are pale - colored light lagers , with an alcohol strength of around 5.0 % ABV . Lager beers are the most commonly produced beer style in Japan , but beer - like beverages , made with lower levels of malts called Happoshu ( 発泡 酒 , literally , `` bubbly alcohol '' ) or non-malt Happousei ( 発泡 性 , literally `` effervescence '' ) have captured a large part of the market as tax is substantially lower on these products . Beer and its varieties have a market share of almost 2 / 3 of alcoholic beverages . Small local microbreweries have also gained increasing popularity since the 1990s , supplying distinct tasting beers in a variety of styles that seek to match the emphasis on craftsmanship , quality , and ingredient provenance often associated with Japanese food . Sake ( edit ) Sake is a brewed rice beverage that typically contains 15 % -- 17 % alcohol and is made by multiple fermentation of rice . At traditional formal meals , it is considered an equivalent to rice and is not simultaneously taken with other rice - based dishes , although this notion is typically no longer applied to modern , refined , premium ( `` ginjo '' ) sake , which bear little resemblance to the sakes of even 100 years ago . Side dishes for sake are particularly called sakana or otsumami . Sake is brewed in a highly labor - intensive process more similar to beer production than winemaking , hence , the common description of sake as rice `` wine '' is misleading . Sake is made with , by legal definition , strictly just four ingredients : special rice , water , koji , and special yeast . As of 2014 , Japan has some 1500 registered breweries , which produce thousands of different sakes . Sake characteristics and flavor profiles vary with regionality , ingredients , and the styles ( maintained by brewmaster guilds ) that brewery leaders want to produce . Sake flavor profiles lend extremely well to pairing with a wide variety of cuisines , including non-Japanese cuisines . Shochu ( edit ) Shōchū is a distilled spirit that is typically made from barley , sweet potato , buckwheat , or rice . Shōchū is produced everywhere in Japan , but its production started in Kyushu . Whisky ( edit ) Main article : Japanese whisky Japanese whisky began commercial production in the early 20th century , and is now extremely popular , primarily consumed in highballs ( ハイ ボール , haibōru ) . It is produced in the Scottish style , with malt whisky produced since the 1980s , and has since won top international awards , since the 2000s . Wine ( edit ) A domestic wine production exists since the 1860s yet most wine is imported . The total market share of wine on alcoholic beverages is about 3 % . Regional cuisine ( edit ) Main article : Japanese regional cuisine Japanese cuisine offers a vast array of regional specialties known as kyōdo - ryōri ( 郷土 料理 ) , many of them originating from dishes prepared using traditional recipes with local ingredients . Foods from the Kantō region taste very strong . For example , the dashi - based broth for serving udon noodles is heavy on dark soy sauce , similar to soba broth . On the other hand , Kansai region foods are lightly seasoned , with clear udon noodles . made with light soy sauce . Traditional table settings ( edit ) The traditional Japanese table setting has varied considerably over the centuries , depending primarily on the type of table common during a given era . Before the 19th century , small individual box tables ( hakozen , 箱 膳 ) or flat floor trays were set before each diner . Larger low tables ( chabudai , ちゃぶ台 ) that accommodated entire families were gaining popularity by the beginning of the 20th century , but these gave way to Western - style dining tables and chairs by the end of the 20th century . Traditional Japanese table setting is to place a bowl of rice on your left and to place a bowl of miso soup on your right side at the table . Behind these , each okazu is served on its own individual plate . Based on the standard three okazu formula , behind the rice and soup are three flat plates to hold the three okazu ; one to far back left , one at far back right , and one in the center . Pickled vegetables are often served on the side but are not counted as part of the three okazu . Chopsticks are generally placed at the very front of the tray near the diner with pointed ends facing left and supported by a chopstick rest , or hashioki . Dining etiquette ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section is written like a travel guide rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . If a travel guide is intended , use of Wikivoyage is strongly suggested . ( September 2015 ) See also : ja : 日本 の 食事 作法 , ja : 犬 食い , and ja : 片付け 食い Tables and sitting ( edit ) Many restaurants and homes in Japan are equipped with Western - style chairs and tables . However , traditional Japanese low tables and cushions , usually found on tatami floors , are also very common . Tatami mats , which are made of straw , can be easily damaged and are hard to clean , thus shoes or any type of footwear are always taken off when stepping on tatami floors . When dining in a traditional tatami room , sitting upright on the floor is common . In a casual setting , men usually sit with their feet crossed and women sit with both legs to one side . Only men are supposed to sit cross-legged . The formal way of sitting for both sexes is a kneeling style known as seiza . To sit in a seiza position , one kneels on the floor with legs folded under the thighs and the buttocks resting on the heels . When dining out in a restaurant , the customers are guided to their seats by the host . The honored or eldest guest will usually be seated at the center of the table farthest from the entrance . In the home , the most important guest is also seated farthest away from the entrance . If there is a tokonoma , or alcove , in the room , the guest is seated in front of it . The host sits next to or closest to the entrance . Itadakimasu and gochisōsama ( edit ) In Japan , it is customary to say itadakimasu ( `` I ( humbly ) receive '' ) before starting to eat a meal . When saying itadakimasu , both hands are put together in front of the chest or on the lap . Itadakimasu is preceded by complimenting the appearance of food . The Japanese attach as much importance to the aesthetic arrangement of the food as its actual taste . Before touching the food , it is polite to compliment the host on his artistry . It is also a polite custom to wait for the eldest guest at the table to start eating before the other diners start . Another customary and important etiquette is to say go - chisō - sama deshita ( `` It was a feast '' ) to the host after the meal and the restaurant staff when leaving . Hot towels ( edit ) Before eating , most dining places provide either a hot or cold towel or a plastic - wrapped wet napkin ( o - shibori ) . This is for cleaning hands before eating ( and not after ) . It is rude to use them to wash the face or any part of the body other than the hands , though some Japanese men use their o - shibori to wipe their faces in less formal places . Accept o - shibori with both hands when handed the towel by a server . When finished , fold or roll up the oshibori and place it on the table . It is impolite to use o - shibori towels to wipe any spills on the table . Bowls ( edit ) The rice or the soup is eaten by picking up the bowl with the left hand and using chopsticks ( hashi ) with the right , or vice versa if one is left - handed . Traditionally , chopsticks were held in the right hand and the bowl in the left . Japanese children were taught to distinguish left from right as `` the right hand holds the chopsticks , the left hand holds the bowl '' -- but left - handed eating is acceptable today . Bowls may be lifted to the mouth , but should not be touched by the mouth except when drinking soup . The Japanese customarily slurp noodle soup dishes like ramen , udon , and soba . When slurping noodles quickly , the soup clings to the noodles , making the dish more flavourful . Soy sauce ( edit ) Soy sauce ( shōyu ) is not usually poured over most foods at the table ; a dipping dish is usually provided . Soy sauce is , however , meant to be poured directly onto tōfu and grated daikon dishes , and in the raw egg when preparing tamago kake gohan ( `` egg on rice '' ) . In particular , soy sauce should never be poured onto rice or into soup . Chopsticks ( edit ) See also : ja : 嫌い 箸 The proper usage of chopsticks ( hashi ) is the most important table etiquette in Japan . Chopsticks are never left sticking vertically into rice , as this resembles incense sticks ( which are usually placed vertically in sand during offerings to the dead ) . This may easily offend some Japanese people . Using chopsticks to spear food or to point is also frowned upon and it is considered very bad manners to bite chopsticks . Other important chopsticks rules to remember include the following : Hold chopsticks towards their end , and not in the middle or the front third . Chopsticks not in use should be laid down in front of the meal with the tip to the left . This is also the correct position in which to place chopsticks after the meal 's conclusion . Do not pass food with chopsticks directly to somebody else 's chopsticks . This technique is only used at funerals , where the bones of the cremated body of the dead person are passed from person to person in this manner . Do not move chopsticks around in the air too much or play with them . Do not move around plates or bowls with chopsticks . To separate a piece of food into two pieces , exert controlled pressure on the chopsticks while moving them apart from each other . Communal dish ( edit ) When taking food from a communal dish , unless they are family or very close friends , one should turn the chopsticks around to grab the food ; it is considered more sanitary . Alternatively , one could have a separate set of chopsticks for communal dishes . Eat what is given ( edit ) It is customary to eat rice to the last grain . Being a picky eater is frowned upon , and it is not customary to ask for special requests or substitutions at restaurants . It is considered ungrateful to make these requests especially in circumstances where one is being hosted , as in a business dinner environment . After eating , try to move all dishes back to the same position they were at the start of the meal . This includes replacing the lids on dishes and putting one 's chopsticks on the chopstick holder or back into their paper slip . Good manners dictate that one respects the selections of the host . However , this can be set aside for a diner with allergies such as a peanut allergy , or a religious prohibition against certain foods like pork . Drinking ( edit ) Even in informal situations , drinking alcohol starts with a toast ( kanpai , 乾杯 ) when everyone is ready . Do not start drinking until everybody is served and has finished the toast . It is not customary to pour oneself a drink ; rather , people are expected to keep each other 's drinks topped up . When someone moves to pour one 's drink , one should hold one 's glass with both hands and thank the pourer . Dishes for special occasions ( edit ) In Japanese tradition some dishes are strongly tied to a festival or event . These dishes include : Botamochi , a sticky rice dumpling with sweet azuki paste served in spring , while a similar sweet Ohagi is served in autumn . Chimaki ( steamed sweet rice cake ) : Tango no sekku and Gion Festival . Hamo ( a type of fish , often eel ) and sōmen : Gion Festival . Osechi : New Year . Sekihan , is red rice , which is served for any celebratory occasion . It is usually sticky rice cooked with azuki , or red bean , which gives the rice its distinctive red color . Soba : New Year 's Eve . This is called toshi koshi soba ( ja : 年越し そば ) ( literally `` year crossing soba '' ) . Chirashizushi , Ushiojiru ( clear soup of clams ) and amazake : Hinamatsuri . In some regions every 1st and 15th day of the month people eat a mixture of rice and azuki ( azuki meshi ( 小豆 飯 ) , see Sekihan ) . Grilled robata style in the shell to highlight its sweetness with fresh lime Imported and adapted foods ( edit ) Japan has a long history of importing food from other countries , some of which are now part of Japan 's most popular cuisine . Ramen is considered an important part to their culinary history , to the extent where in survey of 2,000 Tokyo residents , instant ramen came up many times as a product they thought was an outstanding Japanese invention . Believed to have originated in China , Ramen became popular in Japan after the Second Sino - Japanese war ( 1937 - 1945 ) , when many Chinese students were displaced to Japan . Curry is another popular imported dish and is ranked near the top of nearly all Japanese surveys for favorite foods . The average Japanese eats curry at least once a week . The origins of curry , as well many other foreign imports such as pan or bread are linked to the emergence of Yoshoku , or western cuisine . Yoshoku can be traced as far back as the late Muromachi period ( 1336 - 1573 ) during a culinary revolution called namban ryori ( 南蛮 料理 ) , which means `` Southern barbarian cooking '' , as it is rooted in European cuisine . This cuisine style was first seen in Nagasaki , which served as the point of contact between Europe and Japan at that point in time . Food items such as potatoes , corn , dairy products , as well as the hard candy kompeito ( 金平糖 ) , spread during this time . This cuisine became popular in the Meiji period , which is considered by many historians to be when Japan first opened itself to the outside world . Today , many of these imported items still hold a heavy presence in Japan . Foods imported from Portugal in the 16th century Other adapted cuisines in Japan Yōshoku - foreign ( Western ) food , dishes ( edit ) Main article : Yōshoku Japan today abounds with home - grown , loosely Western - style food . Many of these were invented in the wake of the 1868 Meiji Restoration and the end of national seclusion , when the sudden influx of foreign ( in particular , Western ) culture led to many restaurants serving Western food , known as yōshoku ( 洋食 ) , a shortened form of seiyōshoku ( 西 洋食 , `` Western cuisine '' ) , opening up in cities . Restaurants that serve these foods are called yōshokuya ( 洋食 屋 , `` Western cuisine restaurants '' ) . Many yōshoku items from that time have been adapted to a degree that they are now considered Japanese and are an integral part of any Japanese family menu . Many are served alongside rice and miso soup , and eaten with chopsticks . Yet , due to their origins these are still categorized as yōshoku as opposed to the more traditional washoku ( 和食 , `` Japanese cuisine '' ) . Okonomiyaki ( edit ) Main article : okonomiyaki Japanese pancake , Okonomiyaki Okonomiyaki is a savoury pancake containing a variety of ingredients . Tonkatsu ( edit ) Tonkatsu pork cutlet Main article : tonkatsu Tonkatsu is a breaded , deep - fried pork cutlet . Curry ( edit ) Main article : Japanese curry Curry was introduced to Japan by the British in the Meiji period . Japanese versions of curry can be found in foods such as curry udon , curry bread , and katsu - carē , tonkatsu served with curry . They very commonly come with rice beside the curry on the dish . This can be eaten during dinner most of the time . Ramen ( edit ) Ramen noodles Chinese - style wheat noodles served in a meat stock broth known as ramen have become extremely popular over the last century . Wafū burgers ( Japanese styled - burgers ) ( edit ) Hamburger chains include McDonald 's , Burger King , First Kitchen , Lotteria and MOS Burger . Many chains developed uniquely Japanese versions of American fast food such as the teriyaki burger , kinpira ( sauté ) rice burger , fried shrimp burgers , and green tea milkshakes . Italian ( edit ) High - class Japanese chefs have preserved many Italian seafood dishes that are forgotten in other countries . These include pasta with prawns , lobster ( a specialty known in Italy as pasta all'aragosta ) , crab ( an Italian specialty ; in Japan it is served with a different species of crab ) , and pasta with sea urchin sauce ( sea urchin pasta being a specialty of the Puglia region ) . Outside Japan ( edit ) California roll , a fusion makizushi created outside of Japan . Many countries have imported portions of Japanese cuisine . Some may adhere to the traditional preparations of the cuisines , but in some cultures the dishes have been adapted to fit the palate of the local populace . In 1970s sushi travelled from Japan to Canada and the United States , it was modified to suit the American palate , and re-entered the Japanese market as `` American Sushi '' . An example of this phenomenon is the California roll , which was created in North America in the 1970s , rose in popularity across the United States through the 1980s , and thus sparked Japanese food 's -- more precisely , sushi 's -- global popularity . In 2014 , Japanese Restaurant Organization has selected potential countries where Japanese food is becoming increasingly popular , and conducted research concerning the Japanese restaurants abroad . These key nations are Taiwan , Hong Kong , China , Singapore , Thailand and Indonesia . This was meant as an effort to promote Japanese cuisine and to expand the market of Japanese ingredients , products and foodstuffs . Numbers of Japanese foodstuff and seasoning brands such as Ajinomoto , Kikkoman , Nissin and Kewpie mayonnaise , are establishing production base in other Asian countries , such as China , Thailand and Indonesia . Taiwan ( edit ) Japan and Taiwan have shared a close historical and cultural relations . Taiwan has adapted many Japanese food items . Tianbula ( Oden ) , a Taiwanese version of tempura , only barely resembles the original , being more a variant of oden . Taiwanese versions of oden are known locally as olen . China ( edit ) Ramen has been exported back to China in recent years where it is known as ri shi la mian ( 日 式 拉麵 , `` Japanese lamian '' ) . Japanese ramen chains serve ramen alongside distinctly Japanese dishes such as tempura and yakitori . Skewered versions of oden is a common convenience store item in Shanghai where it is known as guandongzhu ( 关东煮 ) . Thailand ( edit ) In Southeast Asia , Thailand is the largest market for Japanese food . This is partly because Thailand is a popular tourist destination , having large numbers of Japanese expatriats , as well as local population has developed a taste for authentic Japanese cuisine . According to the Organisation that Promote Japanese Restaurants Abroad ( JRO ) , the number of Japanese restaurants in Thailand jumped about 2.2-fold from 2007 's figures to 1,676 in June 2012 . In Bangkok , Japanese restaurants accounts for 8.3 percent of all restaurants , following those that serve Thai . Numbers of Japanese chain restaurants has established their business in Thailand , such as Yoshinoya gyudon restaurant chain , Gyu - Kaku yakiniku restaurant chain and Kourakuen ramen restaurant chain . Indonesia ( edit ) Chicken teriyaki bento set , including salmon sashimi , gyoza , salad and miso soup , served in a Japanese restaurant in Jakarta . In the ASEAN region , Indonesia is the second largest market for Japanese food , after Thailand . Japanese cuisine has been increasingly popular as the growth of the Indonesian middle - class expecting higher quality foods . This is also contributed to the fact that Indonesia has large numbers of Japanese expatriates . The main concern is the halal issue . As a Muslim majority country , Indonesians expected that Japanese food served there are halal according to Islamic dietary law , which means no pork and alcohol allowed . Japanese restaurants in Indonesia often offer a set menu which include rice served with an array of Japanese favourites in a single setting . A set menu might include a choice of yakiniku or sukiyaki , including a sample of sushi , tempura , gyoza and miso soup . Quite authentic Japanese style izakaya and ramen shops can be found in Little Tokyo ( Melawai ) area in Blok M , South Jakarta , serving both Japanese expats and local clienteles . Today , Japanese restaurants can be found in most of Indonesian major cities , with high concentration in Greater Jakarta area , Bandung , Surabaya and Bali . In some cases , Japanese cuisine in Indonesia is often slanted to suit Indonesian taste . Hoka Hoka Bento in particular is an Indonesian - owned Japanese fast food restaurant chain that cater to the Indonesian clientele . As a result the foods served there have been adapted to suit Indonesians ' taste . Examples of the change include stronger flavours compared to the authentic subtle Japanese taste , the preference for fried food , as well as the addition of sambal to cater to the Indonesians ' preference for hot and spicy food . Japanese food popularity also had penetrated street food culture , as modest Warjep or Warung Jepang ( Japanese food stall ) offer Japanese food such as tempura and takoyaki , at very moderately low prices . This is also pushed further by the Japanese convenience stores operating in Indonesia , such as 7 - Eleven and Lawson offering Japanese favourites such as oden , chicken katsu ( deep - fried chicken cutlet ) , chicken teriyaki and onigiri . Some chefs in Indonesian sushi establishment has created a Japanese - Indonesian fusion cuisine , such as krakatau roll , gado - gado roll , rendang roll and gulai ramen . The idea of fusion cuisine between spicy Indonesian Padang and Japanese cuisine was thought because both cuisine traditions are well - liked by Indonesians . Nevertheless , some of these Japanese eating establishments might strive to serve the authenthic Japanese cuisine abroad . Numbers of Japanese chain restaurants has established their business in Indonesia , such as Yoshinoya gyudon restaurant chain , Gyu - Kaku yakiniku restaurant chain and Ajisen Ramen restaurant chain . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , Japanese cuisine is also popular among the local population . The Philippines have been exposed to the influences from the Japanese , Indian and Chinese . The cities of Davao and Metro Manila probably have the most Japanese influence in the country . The popular dining spots for Japanese nationals are located in Makati City , which is called as `` Little Tokyo '' , a small area filled with restaurants specializing in different types of Japanese food . Some of the best Japanese no - frills restaurants in the Philippines can be found in Makati 's `` Little Tokyo '' area . Australia ( edit ) Japanese cuisine is very popular in Australia , and Australians are becoming increasingly familiar with traditional Japanese foods . Restaurants serving Japanese cuisine feature prominently in popular rankings , including Gourmet Traveller and The Good Food Guide . Sushi in particular has been described as being `` as popular as sandwiches '' , particularly in large cities like Melbourne , Sydney , or Brisbane . As such , sushi bars are a mainstay in shopping centre food courts , and are extremely common in cities and towns all over the country . United kingdom ( edit ) A branch of Kokoro in Sutton High Street , Sutton , Greater London Japanese food restaurant chains in the UK include Wagamama , YO ! Sushi , Nudo Sushi Box , Wasabi and Kokoro . Canada ( edit ) In Canada , Japanese cuisine has become quite popular . Sushi , sashimi , and instant ramen are highly popular at opposite ends of the income scale , with instant ramen being a common low - budget meal . Sushi and sashimi takeout began in Vancouver and Toronto , and is now common throughout Canada . The largest supermarket chains all carry basic sushi and sashimi , and Japanese ingredients and instant ramen are readily available in most supermarkets . Most mid-sized mall food courts feature fast - food teppan cooking . Izakaya restaurants have surged in popularity . United States ( edit ) The Canada - born popular makizushi California roll has been influential in sushi 's global popularity ; as of 2015 the country has about 4,200 sushi restaurants . It is one of the most popular styles of sushi in the US market . Japanese cuisine is an integral part of food culture in Hawaii as well as in other parts of the United States . Popular items are sushi , sashimi , and teriyaki . Kamaboko , known locally as fish cake , is a staple of saimin , a noodle soup . Sushi , long regarded as quite exotic in the west until the 1970s , has become a popular health food in parts of North America , Western Europe and Asia . Two of the first Japanese restaurants in the United States were Saito and Nippon . Restaurants such as these popularized dishes such as sukiyaki and tempura , while Nippon was the first restaurant in Manhattan to have a dedicated sushi bar . Nippon was also one of the first Japanese restaurants in the U.S. to grow and process their own soba and responsible for creation of the now standard beef negimayak i dish . Mexico ( edit ) In Mexico , certain Japanese restaurants have created what is known as `` sushi Mexicano '' , in which spicy sauces and ingredients accompany the dish or are integrated in sushi rolls . The habanero and serrano chiles have become nearly standard and are referred to as chiles toreados , as they are fried , diced and tossed over a dish upon request . A popular sushi topping , `` Tampico '' , is made by blending chiles , mayonnaise , and imitation crab . Cream cheese and avocado are often added to makizushi . Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , Japanese food is widespread due to the large Japanese - Brazilian population living in the country , which represents the largest Japanese community living outside Japan . Over the past years , many restaurant chains such as Koni Store have opened , selling typical dishes such as the popular temaki . Yakisoba , which is readily available in all supermarkets , and often included in non-Japanese restaurant menus . Cultural Heritage ( edit ) In February 2012 , the Agency for Cultural Affairs recommended that ' Washoku : Traditional Dietary Cultures of the Japanese ' be added to the UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity . On December 4 , 2013 , `` Washoku , traditional dietary cultures ( sic ) of the Japanese , notably for the celebration of New Year '' was added to UNESCO 's Intangible Cultural Heritage , bringing the number of Japanese assets listed on UNESCO 's Intangible Cultural Heritage list to 22 . Food controversies ( edit ) Whale meat sashimi , one of the most controversial Japanese dishes Japanese obsession with fresh food -- which manifested in certain aspect of Japanese cuisine traditions of eating live seafood , which includes Ikizukuri and Odori ebi , has gained criticism -- condemned as a form of animal cruelty . Japanese cuisine is heavily dependent on seafood products . Compared to other developed countries , the Japanese eat more fish than any of them , consuming about 27 kilograms of seafood per capita annually . An aspect of environmental concern is Japanese appetite for seafood , which might lead to depletion of natural ocean resources through overfishing . For example , Japan consumes 80 % of the global supply of blue fin tuna , a popularly sought sushi and sashimi ingredient , which might lead to its extinction due to commercial overfishing . Another environmental concern is commercial whaling and the consumption of whale meat , since Japan is the world 's largest market of whale meat . See also ( edit ) Japan portal Food portal Bento Culture of Japan Cuisine of Okinawa Fake food in Japan Honzen - ryōri Japanese New Year Kaiseki List of Japanese condiments List of Japanese cooking utensils List of Japanese dishes List of Japanese desserts and sweets List of Japanese soups and stews List of Japanese ingredients List of Japanese restaurants References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 読売 新聞 大阪 本社 ( 2005 ) . 雑学 新聞 . PHP 研究 所 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 569 - 64432 - 5 . , p. 158 , explains that in the tea kaiseki , the Jump up ^ Kondo , Tamami ( 近藤 珠 實 ) ( 2010 ) . 日本 の 作法 と しきたり : 四季 の 行事 と 冠 婚 葬祭 、 その 由来 と 常識 ( Nihon no saho to shikitari : shiki no gyoji to kankon sosai , sono yurai to joshiki ) ( preview ) . PHP 研究 所 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 569 - 77764 - 1 . , p. 185 Jump up ^ Shinmura 1976 ^ Jump up to : Kenkyusha 's New Japanese - English Dictionary , ISBN 4 - 7674 - 2015 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Heibonsha 1969 Jump up ^ `` A Day in the Life : Seasonal Foods '' Archived January 16 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Japan Forum Newsletter No. September 14 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Hepburn 1888 dictionary `` hashiri : The first fruits , or first caught fish of the season '' Jump up ^ Ehara , Ayako ( 1999 ) . `` School Meals and Japan 's Changing Diet '' ( snippet ) . Japan echo . Japan Echo Inc. 26 . , quote : `` Relatively alien to the traditional Japanese diet were meat , oil and fats , and dairy products ... '' Jump up ^ Heibonsha 1964 , vol. 17 , p. 355 , `` Nihon ryori '' , section by Toshio Yanagihara Jump up ^ Heibonsha 1964 , vol. 17 , p. 356 , `` Nihon ryori '' , section by Motoyama : `` 日本 人 の 食料 は もともと 穀類 を 中心 として 菜 藻 を 主 とし 、 鳥 肉 が これ に つぎ 、 獣肉 は わす が で あっ た が 、 仏教 渡来 後 ... '' Jump up ^ Cawthorn 1997 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Morimatsu , Yoshiaki ; Hinonishi , Sukenori ; Sakamoto , Taro ( 1957 ) . `` 風俗 辞典 '' . 東京 堂 出版 . `` 天武 天皇 三 年 に 牛 ・ 馬. 犬 ・ 猿 , 鶏 の 肉 を 食べ ゐ こと 古 禁じ て から 肉食 が 演じ 、 江戸 時代 に なっ て も 四 足 ・ 二 足 を 食べ ない 家 が 多かっ た. もっとも 野獣 の 肉 は 食用 に 供 した . '' Jump up ^ Pulvers , Roger ( March 6 , 2011 ) . `` Japanese families ' nutritional values pay dearly for ' progress ' '' . The Japan Times . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ochiai , H. ( 2014 , November 25 ) . Is it a potato or a prawn ? : Kyoto farmers make a name selling strangely shaped vegetables , The Japan News by the Yomiuri Shimbun , the-japan-news.com/news/article/0001713547 ^ Jump up to : Fukuta , Ajio ( 福田 アジオ ) ( 1999 ) . Nihon minzoku daijiten ( 日本 民俗 大 辞典 ) . 1 . Yoshikawa Kobunkan ( 吉川 弘文 館 ) . , p. 16 安土 , 桃山 時代 から 江戸 時代 にかけて 南蛮 料理 や 中国 料理 の 影響 と 油 の 生産 増大 に 伴い 、 油揚 や 天麩羅 , 素 揚 , 薩摩 撝 など 副 食物 として Jump up ^ Today , What Way . `` Food in Japan is not just about Sushi - Japanese Food Adventure '' . What Way Today . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Shinmura 1976 Kōjien Jump up ^ Shinmura 1976 Kōjien under okazu says `` formerly a ladies ' term ( 婦人 語 ) '' Jump up ^ Andoh 2012 , p. 20 `` spinach steeped in broth '' ; p. 63 `` ( spinach ) blanched and then marinated '' in smoky broth . Jump up ^ Shimbo 2000 , p. 237 : `` Ohitashi literally means ' dipped item , ' although the dressing is actually poured over the leaf vegetables . '' ^ Jump up to : Shimbo 2000 , p. 147 `` wakame and cucumber in sanbaizu dressing ( sunomono ) '' ; p. 74 `` sanbaizu '' recipe Jump up ^ Tsuji , Fisher & Reichl 2006 , p. 429 . ^ Jump up to : Tsuji , Fisher & Reichl 2006 , pp. 241 -- 253 Jump up ^ `` 腹 が 鳴る なり 万福寺 黄檗宗 大 本山 万福寺 ( 宇治 市 ) '' . ひびき 紀行 . Asahi Shimbun . September 3 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2012 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Nagatomo , Akiko ( 長友 麻希子 ) ( September 3 , 2011 ) . `` 普 茶 料理 '' . 「 京都 」 × ( もっと ) ワ かる . Industry and Tourism Bureau , City of Kyoto . Retrieved May 2012 . Check date values in : accessdate = ( help ) Jump up ^ Andoh 2010 , p. 188 - gives a recipe . Jump up ^ Kiple & Ornelas 2001 , p. 1176 ^ Jump up to : Kobayashi , Kazuhiko ; Smil , Vaclav ( 2012 ) . Japan 's Dietary Transition and Its Impacts . MA , USA : Massachusetts Institute of Technology . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01782 - 4 . Jump up ^ Hosking , Richard ( 1995 ) . A Dictionary of Japanese Food - Ingredients and Culture . Tuttle . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 2042 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What is Shochu ? '' . Retrieved December 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese drinking '' . Jump up ^ Jo , Andrew . `` Japanese food includes dishes such as delicious Soba and Udon noodles '' . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Introduction to Japanese Food , retrieved January 8 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : `` Japan Etiquette '' . Etiquette Scholar . Yellowstone Publishing , LLC . Retrieved 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Golden Rules for Japanese Chopstick Manners , Emiko ( November 2009 ) . `` 10 '' . Japan Talk . Jump up ^ Davidson , Alan ( 2003 ) . Seafood of South - East Asia : a comprehensive guide with recipes . Ten Speed Press . p. 34 . ISBN 1 - 58008 - 452 - 4 . Jump up ^ Tsuji , Shizuo ; M.F.K. Fisher ( 2007 ) . Japanese Cooking : A Simple Art ( 25 ed . ) . Kodansha International . pp. 280 -- 281 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7700 - 3049 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mente , Boye Lafayette De ( 2007 ) . Dining Guide to Japan : Find the Right Restaurant , Order the Right Dish , and . Tuttle Publishing . p. 70 . ISBN 4 - 8053 - 0875 - 3 . Jump up ^ Ayao , Okumura . `` Japan 's Ramen Romance . '' Japan Quarterly 48.3 ( 2001 ) : 66 . ProQuest Asian Business & Reference ^ Jump up to : Seligman , Lucy . `` The History of Japanese Cuisine . '' Japan Quarterly 41.2 ( 1994 ) : 165 . PAO Liberal Arts Collection 1 . Jump up ^ Morieda Takashi . `` The Unlikely Love Affair with Curry and Rice . '' Japan Quarterly 47.2 ( 2000 ) : 66 . ProQuest Asian Business & Reference . Jump up ^ `` The Globalization of Asian Cuisines : Transnational Networks and Culinary Contact Zones '' . Jump up ^ Iris - Aya Laemmerhirt ( 2014 ) . Embracing Differences : Transnational Cultural Flows between Japan and the United States , Volume 36 of Edition Kulturwissenschaft . transcript Verlag . pp. 102 -- 103 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8394 - 2600 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Azi Fitriyanti ( January 25 , 2014 ) . `` Japanese Cuisine in Indonesia Focuses on Taste , Menus Food Safety '' . Antara News . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Burgeoning growth of Japanese cuisine in Thailand '' . The Nation . September 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chicken Teriyaki bento set '' . Ichiban Sushi . Jump up ^ `` 7 Best Japanese Resto in Jakarta 's Little Tokyo ( Melawai ) '' . Wanderbites . Jump up ^ `` New : Suntiang , When Padang Marries Japanese Food '' . Culinary Bonanza . February 6 , 2014 . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Resty Woro Yuniar ( 21 February 2014 ) . `` Food Fridays : When Rendang Said ' I Do ' to Sushi '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ I. Christianto ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` Enjoying internationally popular Japanese food '' . The Jakarta Post . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Yoshinoya Indonesia '' . Jump up ^ Cheryl M. Arcibal ( July 8 , 2013 ) . `` Latest Japanese resto in town wants to conquer Pinoy bellies with pork and ramen Food '' . Philstar.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Japanese Diasporas : Unsung Pasts , Conflicting Presents and Uncertain Futures - Google Books . Books.google.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Tiu , Cheryl ( December 31 , 2012 ) . `` Best of Manila CNN Travel '' . Travel.cnn.com . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Food and Australia 's Changing Palate '' . Peril Magazine . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Restaurants of Australia '' . Top 10 Restaurants . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Japanese Culture in Australia '' . Australian Good Food Guide . Retrieved 26 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Renton , Alex ( February 26 , 2006 ) . `` How Sushi ate the World '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Passy , Charles ( 2015 - 08 - 26 ) . `` Meet the Pilot Who Doubles as Block Island 's Chinese - Food Delivery Guy '' . The Wall Street Journal . pp. A1 . Retrieved 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Claiborne , Craig . `` Restaurants on Review ; Variety of Japanese Dishes Offered , But Raw Fish Is Specialty on Menu '' . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The chef , obsessed : Nobuyoshi Kuraoka established his own local buckwheat farm to achieve the perfect soba noodle '' . Politico PRO . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Fabricant , Florence . `` ADAPTING AMERICAN FOODS TO JAPANESE CUISINE '' . Retrieved 2018 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kugel , Seth ( November 9 , 2008 ) . `` Rio de Janeiro : Koni Stores '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese cuisine to be nominated for UNESCO world heritage list '' . Mainichi Daily News . February 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2012 . Retrieved February 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ UNESCO Culture Sector - Intangible Heritage - 2003 Convention : . Unesco.org . Retrieved on May 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese cuisine added to UNESCO intangible heritage list '' . Mainichi Daily News . December 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2013 . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Russell , Jennifer ( 15 October 2015 ) . `` At least it 's fresh ! Diners scream in shock when their half - eaten sashimi comes back to life and JUMPS off the plate '' . Mail Online . Jump up ^ McCurry , Justin ( 10 November 2016 ) . `` Trouble at Tsukiji : world 's biggest fish market caught in controversy '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Whale meat trade continues in East Asia '' . WWF . Jump up ^ `` Whaling in Japan '' . WDC . Bibliography ( edit ) Hara , Reiko ( 2006 ) International Cuisine : Japan ISBN 0 - 340 - 90577 - 8 . Further reading ( edit ) ( language dictionaries ) Hepburn , James Curtis ( 1888 ) . A Japanese - English and English - Japanese Dictionary . Tokyo : Z.P. Maruya & Company . ( 4th edition ) , 962pp Shinmura , Izuru ( 1976 ) . 広辞苑 ( Kōjien ) . Iwanami ... Japanese dictionary . Kindaichi , Kyosuke ( 金田一 京助 ) ( 1997 ) , 新 明解 国語 辞典 ( Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten ) ( 5th ed . ) , 三省堂 , ISBN 978 - 4 - 385 - 13099 - 6 Kindaichi , Kyosuke ( 金田一 京助 ) ( 1974 ) , 新 明解 国語 辞典 ( Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten ) ( 2nd ed . ) , 三省堂 ( encyclopedias and topical dictionaries ) Heibonsha ( 1969 ) ( 1968 ) . 世界 百科 事典 ( Sekai hyakka jiten ) . ( world encyclopedia , in Japanese ) . Morimoto , Yoshiaki ( 森末 義彰 ) ; Hinonishi , Sukenori ( 日野 西 資 孝 ) ; Sakamoto , Taro ( 坂本 太郎 ) ( 1958 ) , 風俗 辞典 ( Fūzoku Jiten ) ( snippet ) , 東京 堂 出版 ( Tokyodo shuppan ) Kiple , Kenneth F. ; Ornelas , Kriemhild ( 2000 ) . The Cambridge World History of Food . 2 . Cambridge , UK : ColuCambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40216 - 6 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2012 . ( Cuisine titles ) Cwiertka , Katarzyna Joanna ( 2006 ) , Modern Japanese Cuisine : Food , Power And National Identity ( preview ) , Reaktion Books , ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 298 - 0 Rath , Eric C. ( 2010 ) , Food and Fantasy in Early Modern Japan ( preview ) , University of California Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 26227 - 0 ( cookbooks ) Andoh , Elizabeth ( 2010 ) , Kansha : Celebrating Japan 's Vegan and Vegetarian Traditions ( preview ) , Random House Digital , Inc. , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58008 - 955 - 5 Andoh , Elizabeth ( 2012 ) , Washoku : Recipes from the Japanese Home Kitchen ( preview ) , Random House Digital , Inc. , ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 81355 - 8 Shimbo , Hiroko ( 2000 ) , The Japanese Kitchen : 250 Recipes in a Traditional Spirit ( preview ) , Harvard Common Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 55832 - 177 - 9 Tsuji , Shizuo ; Fisher , M.F.K. ; Reichl , Ruth ( 2006 ) , 風俗 辞典 ( Fūzoku Jiten ) ( preview ) , Kodansha International , ISBN 978 - 4 - 7700 - 3049 - 8 ( monograms ) Cawthorn , M.W. ( 1997 ) . `` Meat consumption from stranded whales and marine mammals in New Zealand : Public health and other issues '' ( PDF ) . Conservation Advisory Science Notes . Wellington , New Zealand : Department of Conservation . No. 164 . ISSN 1171 - 9834 . ( guides ) Hamano , Fumiko ( 浜野 史子 ) ( 2010 ) , Nihon de kurasō ( 日本 で 暮らそ う ) ( preview ) , Jt b publishing , ISBN 978 - 4 - 533 - 07976 - 4 ( illusr . with diagrams ) External links ( edit ) Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Cuisine of Japan Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cuisine of Japan . Wikivoyage has travel information for Japanese cuisine . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Cuisine of Japan . 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Magnesium sulfate
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Magnesium sulfate - wikipedia Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate hexahydrate Anhydrous magnesium sulfate Epsomite ( heptahydrate ) Names IUPAC name Magnesium sulfate Other names Epsom salt ( heptahydrate ) English salt Bitter salts Bath salts Identifiers CAS Number 7487 - 88 - 9 ( anhydrous ) 14168 - 73 - 1 ( monohydrate ) 24378 - 31 - 2 ( tetrahydrate ) 15553 - 21 - 6 ( pentahydrate ) 13778 - 97 - 7 ( hexahydrate ) 10034 - 99 - 8 ( heptahydrate ) 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 32599 ChEMBL ChEMBL1200456 ChemSpider 22515 DrugBank DB00653 ECHA InfoCard 100.028. 453 E number E518 ( acidity regulators , ... ) PubChem CID 24083 RTECS number OM4500000 UNII ML30MJ2U7I InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / Mg. H2O4S / c ; 1 - 5 ( 2 , 3 ) 4 / h ; ( H2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) / q + 2 ; / p - 2 Key : CSNNHWWHGAXBCP - UHFFFAOYSA - L InChI = 1 / Mg. H2O4S / c ; 1 - 5 ( 2 , 3 ) 4 / h ; ( H2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) / q + 2 ; / p - 2 Key : CSNNHWWHGAXBCP - NUQVWONBAQ SMILES ( show ) ( Mg + 2 ). ( O - ) S ( ( O - ) ) ( = O ) = O Properties Chemical formula MgSO Molar mass 120.366 g / mol ( anhydrous ) 138.38 g / mol ( monohydrate ) 174.41 g / mol ( trihydrate ) 210.44 g / mol ( pentahydrate ) 228.46 g / mol ( hexahydrate ) 246.47 g / mol ( heptahydrate ) Appearance white crystalline solid Odor odorless Density 2.66 g / cm ( anhydrous ) 2.445 g / cm ( monohydrate ) 1.68 g / cm ( heptahydrate ) 1.512 g / cm ( 11 - hydrate ) Melting point anhydrous decomposes at 1,124 ° C monohydrate decomposes at 200 ° C heptahydrate decomposes at 150 ° C undecahydrate decomposes at 2 ° C Solubility in water anhydrous 26.9 g / 100 mL ( 0 ° C ) 35.1 g / 100 mL ( 20 ° C ) 50.2 g / 100 mL ( 100 ° C ) heptahydrate 113 g / 100 mL ( 20 ° C ) Solubility 1.16 g / 100 mL ( 18 ° C , ether ) slightly soluble in alcohol , glycerol insoluble in acetone Magnetic susceptibility ( χ ) − 50 10 cm / mol Refractive index ( n ) 1.523 ( monohydrate ) 1.433 ( heptahydrate ) Structure Crystal structure monoclinic ( hydrate ) Pharmacology ATC code A06AD04 ( WHO ) A12CC02 ( WHO ) B05XA05 ( WHO ) D11AX05 ( WHO ) V04CC02 ( WHO ) Hazards Safety data sheet External MSDS NFPA 704 0 0 Related compounds Other cations Beryllium sulfate Calcium sulfate Strontium sulfate Barium sulfate Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . N verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt with the formula MgSO ( H O ) where 0 ≤ x ≤ 7 . It is often encountered as the heptahydrate sulfate mineral epsomite ( MgSO 7H O ) , commonly called Epsom salt . The overall global annual usage in the mid-1970s of the monohydrate was 2.3 million tons , of which the majority was used in agriculture . Epsom salt has been traditionally used as a component of bath salts . Epsom salt can also be used as a beauty product . Athletes use it to soothe sore muscles , while gardeners use it to improve crops . It has a variety of other uses : for example , Epsom salt is also effective in the removal of splinters . Contents 1 Hydrates and anhydrous material , production 2 Uses 2.1 Medical 2.2 Agriculture 2.3 Food preparation 2.4 Chemistry 2.5 Niche uses 3 Minerals 4 Double salts 5 Safety 6 References 7 External links Hydrates and anhydrous material , production ( edit ) A variety of hydrates are known . The heptahydrate ( epsomite ) readily loses one equivalent of water to form the hexahydrate . Epsom salt takes its name from a bitter saline spring in Epsom in Surrey , England , where the salt was produced from the springs that arise where the porous chalk of the North Downs meets non-porous London clay . The monohydrate , MgSO H O is found as the mineral kieserite . It can be prepared by heating the hexahydrate to approximately 150 ° C. Further heating to approximately 200 ° C gives anhydrous magnesium sulfate . Upon further heating , the anhydrous salt decomposes into magnesium oxide ( MgO ) and sulfur trioxide ( SO ) . The heptahydrate can be prepared by neutralizing sulfuric acid with magnesium carbonate or oxide , but it is usually obtained directly from natural sources . Uses ( edit ) Medical ( edit ) See also : Magnesium sulfate ( medical use ) It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines , the most important medications needed in a basic health system . Magnesium sulfate is a common mineral pharmaceutical preparation of magnesium , commonly known as Epsom salt , used both externally and internally . Magnesium sulfate is highly water - soluble and solubility is inhibited with lipids typically used in lotions . Lotions often employ the use of emulsions or suspensions to include both oil and water - soluble ingredients . Hence , magnesium sulfate in a lotion may not be as freely available to migrate to the skin nor to be absorbed through the skin , hence both studies may properly suggest absorption or lack thereof as a function of the carrier ( in a water solution vs. in an oil emulsion / suspension ) . Temperature and concentration gradients may also be contributing factors to absorption . Externally , magnesium sulfate paste is used to treat skin inflammations such as small boils or localised infections . Known in the UK as ' drawing paste ' it is also used to remove splinters . The standard British Pharmacopoeia composition is dried Magnesium Sulfate 47.76 % w / w , Phenol 0.49 % w / w. and glycerol ( E422 ) . Epsom salt is used as bath salts and for isolation tanks . Magnesium sulfate is the main preparation of intravenous magnesium . Internal uses include : Oral magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a saline laxative or osmotic purgative . Replacement therapy for hypomagnesemia Magnesium sulfate is a antiarrhythmic agent for torsades de pointes in cardiac arrest under the ECC guidelines and for managing quinidine - induced arrhythmias . As a bronchodilator after beta - agonist and anticholinergic agents have been tried , e.g. in severe exacerbations of asthma , magnesium sulfate can be nebulized to reduce the symptoms of acute asthma . It is commonly administered via the intravenous route for the management of severe asthma attacks . Magnesium sulfate is effective in decreasing the risk that pre-eclampsia progresses to eclampsia. IV magnesium sulfate is used to prevent and treat seizures of eclampsia . It reduces the systolic blood pressure but does n't alter the diastolic blood pressure , so the blood perfusion to the fetus is n't compromised . It is also commonly used for eclampsia where compared to diazepam or phenytoin it results in better outcomes . Agriculture ( edit ) In agriculture , magnesium sulfate is used to increase magnesium or sulfur content in soil . It is most commonly applied to potted plants , or to magnesium - hungry crops , such as potatoes , roses , tomatoes , lemon trees , carrots , and peppers . The advantage of magnesium sulfate over other magnesium soil amendments ( such as dolomitic lime ) is its high solubility , which also allows the option of foliar feeding . Solutions of magnesium sulfate are also nearly neutral , compared with alkaline salts of magnesium as found in limestone ; therefore , the use of magnesium sulfate as a magnesium source for soil does not significantly change the soil pH . Food preparation ( edit ) Magnesium sulfate is used as a brewing salt in beer . It may also be used as a coagulant for making tofu . Chemistry ( edit ) Anhydrous magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a desiccant in organic synthesis due to its affinity for water . During work - up , an organic phase is treated with anhydrous magnesium sulfate . The hydrated solid is then removed with filtration or decantation . Other inorganic sulfate salts such as sodium sulfate and calcium sulfate may be used in the same way . Niche uses ( edit ) Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is also used to maintain the magnesium concentration in marine aquaria which contain large amounts of stony corals , as it is slowly depleted in their calcification process . In a magnesium - deficient marine aquarium , calcium and alkalinity concentrations are very difficult to control because not enough magnesium is present to stabilize these ions in the saltwater and prevent their spontaneous precipitation into calcium carbonate . Minerals ( edit ) Magnesium sulfates are common minerals in geological environments . Their occurrence is mostly connected with supergene processes . Some of them are also important constituents of evaporitic potassium - magnesium ( K - Mg ) salts deposits . Bright spots observed by the Dawn Spacecraft in Occator Crater on the dwarf planet Ceres are most consistent with reflected light from magnesium sulfate hexahydrate . Almost all known mineralogical forms of MgSO are hydrates . Epsomite is the natural analogue of `` Epsom salt '' . Another heptahydrate , the copper - containing mineral alpersite ( Mg , Cu ) SO 7H O , was recently recognized . Both are , however , not the highest known hydrates of MgSO , due to the recent terrestrial find of meridianiite , MgSO 11H O , which is thought to also occur on Mars . Hexahydrite is the next lower ( 6 ) hydrate . Three next lower hydrates -- pentahydrite , starkeyite , and especially sanderite are rare . Kieserite is a monohydrate and is common among evaporitic deposits . Anhydrous magnesium sulfate was reported from some burning coal dumps . Double salts ( edit ) Double salts containing magnesium sulfate exist , for example there are several known sodium magnesium sulfates and potassium magnesium sulfates . Safety ( edit ) An abnormally elevated plasma concentration of magnesium is called hypermagnesemia . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Industrial Inorganic Chemistry , Karl Heinz Büchel , Hans - Heinrich Moretto , Dietmar Werner , John Wiley & Sons , 2d edition , 2000 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 527 - 61333 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Quick Cures / Quack Cures : Is Epsom Worth Its Salt ? '' . Wall Street Journal . April 9 , 2012 . Archived from the original on 12 April 2012 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Lucia Odochian `` Study of the nature of the crystallization water in some magnesium hydrates by thermal methods , '' Archived 26 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry , Volume 45 , Number 6 , December , 1995 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02547437 Jump up ^ `` WHO Model List of Essential Medicines '' ( PDF ) . World Health Organization . April 2015 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 13 May 2015 . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Does Epsom Salt Work ? '' . www.PainScience.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Pharmaceutical Information -- Magnesium Sulfate '' . RxMed . Archived from the original on 3 April 2009 . Retrieved 6 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` CPR and First Aid : Antiarrhythmic Drugs During and Immediately After Cardiac Arrest ( section ) '' . American Heart Association . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Previous ACLS guidelines addressed the use of magnesium in cardiac arrest with polymorphic ventricular tachycardia ( ie , torsades de pointes ) or suspected hypomagnesemia , and this has not been reevaluated in the 2015 Guidelines Update . These previous guidelines recommended defibrillation for termination of polymorphic VT ( ie , torsades de pointes ) , followed by consideration of intravenous magnesium sulfate when secondary to a long QT interval . ^ Jump up to : Blitz M , Blitz S , Hughes R , Diner B , Beasley R , Knopp J , Rowe BH . Aerosolized magnesium sulfate for acute asthma : a systematic review . Chest 2005 ; 128 : 337 - 44 . doi : 10.1378 / chest. 128.1. 337 PMID 16002955 . Jump up ^ Duley , L ; Gülmezoglu , AM ; Henderson - Smart , DJ ; Chou , D ( Nov 10 , 2010 ) . `` Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre-eclampsia '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 11 ) : CD000025 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000025. pub2 . PMID 21069663 . Jump up ^ Duley , L ; Henderson - Smart , DJ ; Walker , GJ ; Chou , D ( Dec 8 , 2010 ) . `` Magnesium sulphate versus diazepam for eclampsia '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 12 ) : CD000127 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000127. pub2 . PMID 21154341 . Jump up ^ Duley , L ; Henderson - Smart , DJ ; Chou , D ( Oct 6 , 2010 ) . `` Magnesium sulphate versus phenytoin for eclampsia '' . The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ( 10 ) : CD000128 . doi : 10.1002 / 14651858. CD000128. pub2 . PMID 20927719 . Jump up ^ `` Pubchem : magnesium sulfate '' . Archived from the original on 18 October 2016 . Jump up ^ US The present invention relates to a novel process for producing packed tofu , particularly a process for producing long - life packed tofu from sterilized soybean milk . 6042851 , Matsuura , Masaru ; Masaoki Sasaki & Jun Sasakib et al. , `` Process for producing packed tofu '' , published 28 Mar 2000 Jump up ^ `` Do - It - Yourself Magnesium Supplements for the Reef Aquarium '' . Reefkeeping. 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2008 . Jump up ^ M.C. De Sanctis ; E. Ammannito ; A. Raponi ; S. Marchi ; T.B. McCord ; H.Y. McSween ; F. Capaccioni ; M.T. Capria ; F.G. Carrozzo ; M. Ciarniello ; A. Longobardo ; F. Tosi ; S. Fonte ; M. Formisano ; A. Frigeri ; M. Giardino ; G. Magni ; E. Palomba ; D. Turrini ; F. Zambon ; J. - P. Combe ; W. Feldman ; R. Jaumann ; L.A. McFadden ; C.M. Pieters ( 2015 ) . `` Ammoniated phyllosilicates with a likely outer Solar System origin on ( 1 ) Ceres '' . Nature . 528 : 241 -- 244 . doi : 10.1038 / nature16172 . PMID 26659184 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Ronald C. ; Hammarstrom , Jane M. ; Seal , II , Robert R ( Feb 2006 ) . `` Alpersite ( Mg , Cu ) SO 7H O , a new mineral of the melanterite group , and cuprian pentahydrite : Their occurrence within mine waste '' . American Mineralogist. 91 ( 2 -- 3 ) : 261 -- 269 . doi : 10.2138 / am. 2006.1911 . External links ( edit ) International Chemical Safety Cards -- Magnesium Sulfate Magnesium compounds MgB MgBr MgCO MgC O MgC H O MgC H O MgCl Mg ( ClO ) MgF MgH Mg ( HCO ) MgI Mg ( NO ) MgO MgO Mg ( OH ) MgPo MgS MgSO MgSO MgU O Mg Al Mg Si Mg SiO Mg Si O Mg N Mg ( PO ) Mg ( CrO ) Drugs for constipation ( laxatives and cathartics ) ( A06 ) Stool softeners Docusate Stimulant laxatives Bisacodyl Bisoxatin Cascara Castor oil Dantron Oxyphenisatine Phenolphthalein Senna glycosides Sodium picosulfate Bulk - forming laxatives Dietary fiber Ethulose Ispaghula Methylcellulose Polycarbophil calcium Sterculia Triticum Lubricant laxatives Liquid paraffin Mineral oil White petrolatum ( petroleum jelly ) Osmotic laxatives Lactitol Lactulose Laminarid Magnesium carbonate Magnesium citrate Magnesium hydroxide ( milk of magnesia ) Magnesium oxide Magnesium peroxide Magnesium sulfate Mannitol Pentaerythritol Polyethylene glycol ( macrogol ) Sodium phosphate Sodium sulfate Sodium tartrate Sorbitol Enemas Bisacodyl Dantron Glycerol Oil Sodium laurilsulfate Sodium lauryl sulfoacetate Sodium phosphate Sorbitol Opioid antagonists Alvimopan Methylnaltrexone bromide Naloxegol Naloxone ( Oxycodone / naloxone ) Others Linaclotide Lubiprostone Oxyphenisatine Prucalopride Tegaserod Ulimorelin Mineral supplements ( A12 ) Major Calcium β - hydroxy - β - methylbutyrate carbonate chloride + cholecalciferol citrate glubionate glucoheptonate gluconate glycerylphosphate hydroxyapatite lactate gluconate lactate pangamate phosphate Magnesium aspartate chloride citrate gluconate glycinate lactate levulinate malate orotate oxide pidolate sulfate taurate Phosphorus adenosine triphosphate disodium hydroxyapatite monosodium phosphate Potassium bicarbonate bitartrate chloride citrate gluconate Sodium chloride sulfate Sulfur L - cysteine L - cystine L - glutathione L - methionine methylsulfonylmethane N - acetyl - L - cysteine R - α - lipoic acid S - adenosyl methionine taurine Trace Copper gluconate Iodine potassium iodide Iron ( II ) fumarate ( II ) sulfate Selenium selenate selenite Zinc acetate L - aspartate L - carnosine gluconate oxide proteinate sulfate Ultratrace Chromium ( III ) picolinate ( III ) chloride Fluorine fluoride monofluorophosphate Lithium aspartate carbonate orotate Vanadium ( IV ) sulfate WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Other hematological agents Antianemic preparations ( B03 ) Erythropoietins Darbepoetin alfa Methoxy polyethylene glycol - epoetin beta Peginesatide Iron supplements Ferrous ascorbate Ferrous aspartate Ferrous carbonate Ferrous chloride Ferrous fumarate Ferrous gluconate Ferrous glycine sulfate Ferrous iodine Ferrous succinate Ferrous sulfate Ferrous tartrate Iron sucrose Sodium ferric gluconate complex Blood substitutes and perfusion solutions ( B05 ) Dextran Gelatin agents Hemoglobin crosfumaril Hemoglobin raffimer Hydroxyethyl starch Icodextrin Mannitol Serum albumin Sorbitol Enzymes ( B06AA ) Bromelain Chymotrypsin Deoxyribonuclease Fibrinolysin Hyaluronidase Streptokinase Trypsin Drugs used i hereditary angioedema ( B06AC ) C1 - inhibitor Conestat alfa Ecallantide Icatibant Antiarrhythmic agents ( C01B ) Channel blockers class I ( Na channel blockers ) class Ia ( Phase 0 → and Phase 3 → ) Ajmaline Disopyramide Hydroquinidine Lorajmine Prajmaline Procainamide Quinidine Sparteine class Ib ( Phase 3 ← ) IV Lidocaine enteral Aprindine Mexiletine Tocainide class Ic ( Phase 0 → ) Encainide Ethacizine Flecainide Indecainide Lorcainide Moracizine Propafenone class III ( Phase 3 → , K channel blockers ) Amiodarone Bretylium Bunaftine Celivarone Dofetilide Dronedarone E-4031 Ibutilide Nifekalant Sotalol Tedisamil Vernakalant class IV ( Phase 4 → , Ca channel blockers ) Diltiazem Verapamil Receptor agonists and antagonists class II ( Phase 4 → , β blockers ) Nadolol Pindolol Propranolol cardioselective Acebutolol Atenolol Esmolol Metoprolol A agonist Adenosine Benzodiazepines Barbiturates muscarinic antagonist : Atropine Disopyramide Quinidine muscarinic agonist : Digoxin α receptors Amiodarone Bretylium Quinidine Verapamil Ion transporters Na / K - ATPase Digitoxin Digoxin Ouabain WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Other dermatological preparations ( D11 ) Anti-seborrheics Antiandrogens Bicalutamide Cyproterone acetate Flutamide Spironolactone Antifungals Bifonazole Cetrimonium bromide ( cetrimide ) Ciclopirox olamine ( ciclopirox ) Climbazole Clotrimazole Ketoconazole Miconazole Piroctone olamine Selenium disulfide ( selenium sulfide ) Xenysalate Zinc pyrithione ( pyrithione zinc ) Antihistamines Calcineurin inhibitors Cyclosporin Pimecrolimus Tacrolimus Isotretinoin Keratolytics Coal tar Resorcinol Salicylic acid Sulfur Urea ( urea - containing cream ) Lithium salts Lithium gluconate Lithium succinate Topical corticosteroids ( e.g. , hydrocortisone ) Skin lightening Hydroquinone Mequinol Monobenzone Skin darkening Afamelanotide Melanotan II Anti-inflammatories Oxaceprol Gamolenic acid Pimecrolimus Tacrolimus Alitretinoin Alopecia treatments 5α - Reductase inhibitors Alfatradiol Dutasteride Finasteride Saw palmetto extract Antiandrogens Bicalutamide Cyproterone acetate Flutamide Spironolactone Topilutamide ( fluridil ) Potassium channel openers Minoxidil Others Nepidermin Hair growth inhibitors 5α - Reductase inhibitors Dutasteride Finasteride Antiandrogens Bicalutamide Cyproterone acetate Flutamide Spironolactone Eflornithine Others Androgens ( e.g. , testosterone ) Brimonidine Calcium gluconate Estrogens ( e.g. , estradiol ) Hyaluronic acid Magnesium sulfate Pregnenolone acetate Progestogens ( e.g. , progesterone ) Povidone - iodine Tiratricol Tocolytics / labor repressants ( G02CA ) β adrenoreceptor agonists Buphenine Fenoterol Hexoprenaline Ritodrine Terbutaline Oxytocin antagonists Atosiban NSAIDs Indometacin Calcium channel blockers Nifedipine Myosin inhibitors Magnesium sulfate Diagnostic agents ( V04 ) Digestive system Diabetes Glucose Tolbutamide Fat absorption Vitamin A concentrates Bile duct patency Ceruletide Magnesium sulfate Sincalide Sorbitol Liver functional capacity Galactose Sulfobromophthalein Gastric secretion Betazole Caffeine and sodium benzoate Cation exchange resins Histamine phosphate Methylthioninium chloride Pentagastrin Exocrine pancreatic function Bentiromide Pancreozymin cholecystokinin Secretin Endocrine system Pituitary function cortisol Corticorelin Metyrapone GH Pralmorelin Sermorelin Somatorelin Thyroid function Protirelin Thyrotropin Fertility disturbances Gonadorelin Tuberculosis Tuberculin Renal function Alsactide Aminohippuric acid Indigo carmine Inulin and other polyfructosans Phenolsulfonphthalein Compounds containing the sulfate group H SO He Li SO BeSO esters ROSO ( RO ) SO ( NH ) SO ( N H ) HSO ( NH OH ) SO NOHSO HOSO Ne Na SO NaHSO MgSO Al ( SO ) Al SO ( OAc ) Si SO HSO HSO ( HSO ) Cl Ar K SO KHSO CaSO Sc ( SO ) TiOSO VSO V ( SO ) VOSO CrSO Cr ( SO ) MnSO FeSO Fe ( SO ) CoSO NiSO CuSO Cu SO ( Cu ( NH ) ( H O ) ) SO ZnSO Ga ( SO ) Ge As Se Br Kr RbHSO Rb SO SrSO Y ( SO ) Zr ( SO ) Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh PdSO Ag SO CdSO In ( SO ) SnSO Sb ( SO ) Te Xe Cs SO CsHSO BaSO Hf Ta Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg SO HgSO Tl SO Tl ( SO ) PbSO Bi ( SO ) Po At Rn Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og ↓ La Ce ( SO ) Ce ( SO ) Pr ( SO ) Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb ( SO ) Lu Ac Th Pa U ( SO ) UO SO Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_sulfate&oldid=857956903 '' Categories : Magnesium compounds Sulfates Laxatives Desiccants Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Webarchive template wayback links Chemical articles with multiple compound IDs Multiple chemicals in an infobox that need indexing Chemical articles with multiple CAS registry numbers Articles without KEGG source Articles with changed EBI identifier ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata E number from Wikidata Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes Use dmy dates from June 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2018 , at 03 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the chemical formula of epsom salt
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"Magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt with the formula MgSO4(H2O)x where 0≤x≤7. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate sulfate mineral epsomite (MgSO4·7H2O), commonly called Epsom salt. The overall global annual usage in the mid-1970s of the monohydrate was 2.3 million tons, of which the majority was used in agriculture.[1]\n"
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"MgSO4·7H2O"
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7336212570474665282
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Somatic nervous system
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Somatic nervous system - wikipedia Somatic nervous system Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Somatic nervous system 1 . ( Brain ) Precentral gyrus : the origin of nerve signals initiating movement . 2 . ( Cross Section of Spinal Cord ) Corticospinal tract : Mediator of message from brain to skeletal muscles . 3 . Axon : the messenger cell that carries the command to contract muscles . 4 . Neuromuscular junction : the messenger axon cell tells muscle cells to contract at this intersection Details Part of Peripheral nervous system Identifiers FMA 9904 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The somatic nervous system ( SNS or voluntary nervous system ) is the part of the peripheral nervous system associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles . The somatic nervous system consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves , and efferent nerves or motor nerves . Afferent nerves are responsible for relaying sensation from the body to the central nervous system ; efferent nerves are responsible for sending out commands from the CNS to the body , stimulating muscle contraction ; they include all the non-sensory neurons connected with skeletal muscles and skin . The a - of afferent and the e - of efferent correspond to the prefixes ad - ( to , toward ) and ex - ( out of ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 2.1 Reflex arcs 3 Other animals 4 See also 5 References Structure ( edit ) There are 43 segments of nerves in the human body . With each segment , there is a pair of sensory and motor nerves . In the body , 31 segments of nerves are in the spinal cord and 12 are in the brain stem . Besides these , thousands of association nerves are also present in the body . Thus somatic nervous system consists of two parts : Spinal nerves : They are peripheral nerves that carry sensory information into and motor commands out of the spinal cord . Cranial nerves : They are the nerve fibers that carry information into and out of the brain stem . They include smell , vision , eye , eye muscles , mouth , taste , ear , neck , shoulders , and tongue . Function ( edit ) The somatic nervous system controls all voluntary muscular systems within the body , and the process of voluntary reflex arcs . The basic route of nerve signals within the efferent somatic nervous system involves a sequence that begins in the upper cell bodies of motor neurons ( upper motor neurons ) within the precentral gyrus ( which approximates the primary motor cortex ) . Stimuli from the precentral gyrus are transmitted from upper motor neurons and down the corticospinal tract , via axons to control skeletal ( voluntary ) muscles . These stimuli are conveyed from upper motor neurons through the ventral horn of the spinal cord , and across synapses to be received by the sensory receptors of alpha motor neurons ( large lower motor neurons ) of the brainstem and spinal cord . Upper motor neurons release a neurotransmitter , acetylcholine , from their axon terminal knobs , which are received by nicotinic receptors of the alpha motor neurons . In turn , alpha motor neurons relay the stimulus . From there , acetylcholine is released from the axon terminal knobs of alpha motor neurons and received by postsynaptic receptors ( Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors ) of muscles , thereby relaying the stimulus to contract muscle fibers . Reflex arcs ( edit ) A reflex arc is a neural circuit that creates a more or less automatic link between a sensory input and a specific motor output . Reflex circuits vary in complexity -- the simplest spinal reflexes are mediated by a two - element chain , of which in the human body there is only one , also called a monosynaptic reflex ( there is only one synapse between the two neurones taking part in the arc : sensory and motor ) . The singular example of a monosynaptic reflex is the patellar reflex . The next simplest reflex arc is a three - element chain , beginning with sensory neurons , which activate interneurons in the spinal cord , which then activate motor neurons . Some reflex responses , such as withdrawing the hand after touching a hot surface , are protective , but others , such as the patellar reflex ( `` knee jerk '' ) activated by tapping the patellar tendon , contribute to ordinary behaviour . Other animals ( edit ) In invertebrates , depending on the neurotransmitter released and the type of receptor it binds , the response in the muscle fiber could either be excitatory or inhibitory . For vertebrates , however , the response of a skeletal striated muscle fiber to a neurotransmitter -- always acetylcholine ( ACh ) -- can only be excitatory . See also ( edit ) Autonomic nervous system Enteric nervous system Nervous system References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` somatic nervous system '' at Dorland 's Medical Dictionary ( hide ) Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Rhombencephalon Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somatic_nervous_system&oldid=825192060 '' Categories : Somatic nervous system Sensory systems Peripheral nervous system Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from March 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Íslenska Italiano עברית Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 00 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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somatic nervous system consists of nerve fibers that connect the cns to the
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[
"The somatic nervous system consists of afferent nerves or sensory nerves, and efferent nerves or motor nerves. Afferent nerves are responsible for relaying sensation from the body to the central nervous system; efferent nerves are responsible for sending out commands from the CNS to the body, stimulating muscle contraction; they include all the non-sensory neurons connected with skeletal muscles and skin. The a- of afferent and the e- of efferent correspond to the prefixes ad- (to, toward) and ex- (out of)."
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"the body"
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Judicial interpretation
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Judicial interpretation - wikipedia Judicial interpretation Jump to : navigation , search This article is incomplete . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( January 2018 ) Judicial interpretation Forms Constitutional interpretation Statutory interpretation General rules of interpretation Plain meaning rule Mischief rule Golden rule General theories of interpretation Living Constitution / living tree doctrine Originalism ( original meaning ) Original intent ( legislative intent , legislative history ) Strict constructionism Textualism Purposive approach Judicial interpretation refers to different ways that the judiciary uses to interpret the law , particularly constitutional documents and legislation . This is an important issue in some common law jurisdictions such as the United States , Australia and Canada , because the supreme courts of those nations can overturn laws made by their legislatures via a process called judicial review . For example , the United States Supreme Court has decided such topics as the legality of slavery as in the Dred Scott decision , and desegregation as in the Brown v Board of Education decision , and abortion rights as in the Roe v Wade decision . As a result , how justices interpret the constitution , and the ways in which they approach this task has a political aspect . Terms describing types of judicial interpretation can be ambiguous ; for example , the term judicial conservatism can vary in meaning depending on what is trying to be `` conserved '' . One can look at judicial interpretation along a continuum from judicial restraint to judicial activism , with different viewpoints along the continuum . Contents ( hide ) 1 Basis for judicial interpretation 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Basis for judicial interpretation ( edit ) In the United States , there are different ways to do judicial interpretation : Balancing happens when judges weigh one set of interests or rights against an opposing set , typically used to make rulings in First Amendment cases . For example , cases involving freedom of speech sometimes require justices to make a distinction between legally permissible speech and speech that can be restricted or banned for , say , reasons of safety , and the task then is for justices to balance these conflicting claims . The balancing approach was criticized by Supreme Court justice Felix Frankfurter who argued that the Constitution gives no guidance about how to weigh or measure divergent interests . Doctrinalism considers how various parts of the Constitution have been `` shaped by the Court 's own jurisprudence '' , according to Finn . Functionalism . Founders ' Intent involves judges trying to gauge the intentions of the authors of the Constitution . Problems can arise when judges try to determine which particular Founders or Framers to consult , as well as trying to determine what they meant based on often sparse and incomplete documentation . Originalism involves judges trying to apply the `` original '' meanings of different constitutional provisions . To determine the original meaning , a constitutional provision is interpreted in its original context , i.e. the historical , literary , and political context of the framers . From that interpretation , the underlying principle is derived which is then applied to the contemporary situation . Former Supreme Court justice Antonin Scalia believed that the text of the constitution should mean the same thing today as it did when it had been written . A report in the Washington Post suggested that originalism was the `` view that the Constitution should be interpreted in accordance with its original meaning -- that is , the meaning it had at the time of its enactment . '' `` Meaning '' based on original principles . Prudentialism discourages judges from setting broad rules for possible future cases , and advises courts to play a limited role . Precedent is judges deciding a case by looking to the decision of a previous and similar case according to the legal principle of stare decisis , by finding a rule or principle in an earlier case to guide their judgment in a current case . Strict constructionism involves judges interpreting the text only as it was written ; once a clear meaning has been established , there is no need for further analysis , based on this way , which advocates that judges should avoid drawing inferences from previous statutes or the constitution and instead focus on exactly what was written . For example , Justice Hugo Black argued that the First Amendment 's wording in reference to certain civil rights that Congress shall make no law should mean exactly that : no law , no exceptions . Structuralism is a way judges use by searching for the meaning of a particular constitutional principle only by `` reading it against the larger constitutional document or context , '' according to Finn . Judges try to understand how a particular ruling fits within the larger structure of the entire constitution . Textualism primarily interprets the law based on the ordinary meaning of the legal text . See also ( edit ) Constitutional economics Constitutionalism Jurisprudence Legal interpretation in South Africa Rule according to higher law Separation of powers Statutory interpretation References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : John E. Finn ( 2006 ) . `` Part I : Lecture 4 : The Court and Constitutional Interpretation '' . Civil Liberties and the Bill of Rights . The Teaching Company . pp. 52 , 53 , 54 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Blake , Aaron ( February 1 , 2017 ) . `` Neil Gorsuch , Antonin Scalia and originalism , explained '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 ... the view that law laid down by the framers in the Constitution remains binding until we legally change it , such as through the amendment process ... Jump up ^ `` The Judiciary : The Power of the Federal Judiciary '' , The Social Studies Help Center External links ( edit ) Quotations related to judicial interpretation at Wikiquote Course notes advantages / disadvantages of different approaches ( hide ) Jurisprudence Legal theory Critical legal studies Comparative law Economic analysis International legal theory Legal history Philosophy of law Sociology of law Philosophers Alexy Allan Aquinas Aristotle Austin Beccaria Bentham Betti Bickel Blackstone Bobbio Bork Brożek Cardozo Castanheira Neves Chafee Coleman Del Vecchio Durkheim Dworkin Ehrlich Feinberg Fineman Finnis Frank Fuller Gardner George Green Grisez Grotius Gurvitch Habermas Han Hart Hegel Hobbes Hohfeld Hägerström Jellinek Jhering Kant Kelsen Köchler Kramer Llewellyn Lombardía Luhmann Lundstedt Lyons MacCormick Marx Nussbaum Olivecrona Pashukanis Perelman Petrazycki Pontes de Miranda Posner Pound Puchta Radbruch Rawls Raz Reale Reinach Renner Ross Rumi Savigny Scaevola Schmitt Shang Simmonds Somló Suárez Tribe Unger Voegelin Waldron Walzer Weber Theories Analytical jurisprudence Deontological ethics Interpretivism Legalism Legal moralism Legal positivism Legal realism Libertarian theories of law Natural law Paternalism Utilitarianism Virtue jurisprudence Concepts Dharma Fa Judicial interpretation Justice Legal system Li Rational - legal authority Related articles Law Political philosophy more ... Law portal Philosophy portal WikiProject Law WikiProject Philosophy changes Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Judicial_interpretation&oldid=840675577 '' Categories : Interpretation ( philosophy ) Legal reasoning Judiciaries Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles to be expanded from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Čeština Deutsch Español 한국어 עברית Lietuvių 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English Slovenčina Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 12 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what are the two major ways of interpreting the constitution and how do they differ
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List of California state high school football champions
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List of California state high school football champions - wikipedia List of California state high school football champions Jump to : navigation , search Below is a list of California state and regional high school football champions sanctioned by the California Interscholastic Federation since the organization began holding state championship games in 2006 . High schools in the state are divided into four divisions ( three prior to 2008 ) based roughly on enrollment ; since 2008 , there has also been an Open Division for which all schools are eligible . Starting in 2015 , a new format was implemented to increase the number of state bowl games from 5 to 13 , thus allowing every CIF Section champion to qualify . Contents ( hide ) 1 State Champions 2 Regional Champions 2.1 Northern California Champions 2.2 Southern California Champions 3 References State Champions ( edit ) Year Open Division Division I Division II Division III Division IV 2006 Not awarded Canyon ( Santa Clarita ) def . De La Salle ( Concord ) 27 - 13 Lutheran ( Orange ) def . Palo Alto 42 - 28 Oaks Christian ( Westlake Village ) def . Cardinal Newman ( Santa Rosa ) 27 - 20 OT Not awarded 2007 Not awarded De La Salle ( Concord ) def . Centennial ( Corona ) 37 - 31 Oceanside def . Novato 28 - 14 St. Bonaventure ( Ventura ) def . Central Catholic ( Modesto ) 35 - 21 Not awarded 2008 Grant Union ( Sacramento ) def . Long Beach Poly 25 - 20 Centennial ( Corona ) def . De La Salle ( Concord ) 21 - 16 Cathedral Catholic ( San Diego ) def . St. Mary 's ( Stockton ) 37 - 34 St. Bonaventure ( Ventura ) def . Cardinal Newman ( Santa Rosa ) 28 - 6 St. Margaret 's Episcopal ( San Juan Capistrano ) def. Hamilton Union ( Hamilton City ) 59 - 7 2009 De La Salle ( Concord ) def . Crenshaw ( Los Angeles ) 28 - 14 Oceanside def . Bellarmine ( San Jose ) 24 - 19 Servite ( Anaheim ) def . Rocklin 33 - 30 Serra ( Gardena ) def . Marin Catholic 24 - 20 Modesto Christian ( Modesto ) def . Francis Parker ( San Diego ) 44 - 40 De La Salle ( Concord ) def . Servite ( Anaheim ) 48 - 8 Palo Alto def . Centennial ( Corona ) 15 - 13 Folsom def . Serra ( Gardena ) 48 - 20 Escalon def . Madison ( San Diego ) 30 - 14 Bishop 's ( La Jolla ) def . Brookside Christian ( Stockton ) 40 - 14 2011 De La Salle ( Concord ) def . Westlake ( Westlake Village ) 35 - 0 Santa Margarita Catholic ( Rancho Santa Margarita ) def . Bellarmine ( San Jose ) 42 - 37 Helix ( La Mesa ) def . Del Oro ( Loomis ) 35 - 24 Washington Union ( Fresno ) def . Campolindo ( Moraga ) 21 - 16 Sierra Canyon ( Chatsworth ) def . Le Grand 34 - 13 2012 De La Salle ( Concord ) def . Centennial ( Corona ) 48 - 28 Granite Bay def . Long Beach Poly 21 - 20 Serra ( Gardena ) def . Oakdale 42 - 15 Madison ( San Diego ) def . Marin Catholic 38 - 35 Central Catholic ( Modesto ) def . Santa Fe Christian ( Solana Beach ) 66 - 7 2013 St. John Bosco ( Bellflower ) def . De La Salle ( Concord ) 20 - 14 Bakersfield def . Del Oro ( Loomis ) 56 - 26 Chaminade ( West Hills ) def . Enterprise ( Redding ) 41 - 9 Corona del Mar ( Newport Beach ) def . Sacred Prep ( Atherton ) 27 - 15 Central Catholic ( Modesto ) def . Bakersfield Christian 36 - 23 2014 De La Salle ( Concord ) def . Centennial ( Corona ) 63 - 42 Folsom def . Oceanside 68 - 7 Redlands East Valley def . Clayton Valley Charter ( Concord ) 34 - 33 Campolindo ( Moraga ) def . El Capitan ( Lakeside ) 35 - 28 Central Catholic ( Modesto ) def . St. Margaret 's Episcopal ( San Juan Capistrano ) 31 - 19 Year Open Division Open Division Small Schools Division 1 - AA Division 1 - A Division 2 - AA Division 2 - A Division 3 - AA Division 3 - A Division 4 - AA Division 4 - A Division 5 - AA Division 5 - A Division 6 - AA Division 6 - A 2015 De La Salle ( Concord ) def . Centennial ( Corona ) 28 - 21 Central Catholic ( Modesto ) def . San Marino 56 - 21 Mission Viejo def . Bellarmine ( San Jose ) 24 - 0 Narbonne ( Los Angeles ) def . Clayton Valley Charter ( Concord ) 28 - 14 Del Oro ( Loomis ) def . Camarillo 16 - 13 Citrus Hill ( Perris ) def . St. Francis ( Mountain View ) 23 - 20 La Mirada def . Campolindo ( Moraga ) 27 - 3 Rancho Bernardo ( San Diego ) def . Sacred Heart Prep ( Atherton ) 35 - 14 Hanford def . Bonita Vista ( Chula Vista ) 33 - 21 Sierra ( Manteca ) def . Chowchilla 20 - 15 Mater Dei Catholic ( Chula Vista ) def . Immanuel ( Reedley ) 56 - 21 St. Bernard 's ( Eureka ) def . Saddleback Valley Christian ( San Juan Capistrano ) 28 - 21 East Nicolaus def . Coronado 16 - 6 Not awarded 2016 St. John Bosco ( Bellflower ) def . De La Salle ( Concord ) 56 - 33 Not awarded Cathedral Catholic ( San Diego ) def . St. Mary 's ( Stockton ) 38 - 35 OT San Clemente def . Del Oro ( Loomis ) 22 - 17 Madison ( San Diego ) def . Valley Christian ( San Jose ) 21 - 17 Sierra Canyon ( Chatsworth ) def . Serra ( San Mateo ) 42 - 40 Paraclete def . Menlo - Atherton 39 - 21 Oakdale def . Bishop 's ( La Jolla ) 47 - 0 Campolindo ( Moraga ) def . Bakersfield Christian 31 - 7 Pleasant Valley def . St. Anthony ( Long Beach ) 50 - 49 OT Bishop O'Dowd ( Oakland ) def . Valley View 43 - 24 McClymonds ( Oakland ) def . La Jolla Country Day 20 - 17 Rancho Christian def . Amador ( Sutter Creek , CA ) 38 - 13 St. Patrick - St. Vincent ( Vallejo ) def . Strathmore 29 - 28 2017 Mater Dei ( Santa Ana ) def . De La Salle ( Concord ) 52 - 21 Not awarded Folsom def . Helix ( La Mesa ) 49 - 42 Narbonne ( Los Angeles ) def . Pittsburg 28 - 21 Serra ( San Mateo ) def . Cajon ( San Bernardino ) 38 - 14 St. Francis ( Mountain View ) def. Grace Brethren 22 - 13 Bishop Diego ( Santa Barbara ) def . Shasta ( Redding ) 41 - 6 Steele Canyon ( Spring Valley ) def . Half Moon Bay 44 - 42 Crenshaw ( Los Angeles ) def . Placer ( Auburn ) 46 - 43 Milpitas def . Southwest ( El Centro ) 45 - 41 McClymonds ( Oakland ) def . Golden West ( Visalia ) 42 - 12 Fortuna def . Katella ( Anaheim ) 54 - 33 Strathmore def . Orange 31 - 29 Galileo ( San Francisco ) def . Vincent Memorial ( Calexico ) 38 - 20 Regional champions ( edit ) Northern California Champions ( edit ) Year Open Division Division I Division II Division III Division IV 2006 Not awarded De La Salle ( Concord ) * Palo Alto * Cardinal Newman ( Santa Rosa ) * Not awarded 2007 Not awarded De La Salle ( Concord ) * Novato * Central Catholic ( Modesto ) * Not awarded 2008 Grant Union ( Sacramento ) * De La Salle ( Concord ) * St. Mary 's ( Stockton ) * Cardinal Newman ( Santa Rosa ) * Hamilton Union ( Hamilton City ) * 2009 De La Salle ( Concord ) * Bellarmine ( San Jose ) * Rocklin * Marin Catholic * Modesto Christian ( Modesto ) * De La Salle ( Concord ) * Palo Alto * Folsom * Escalon * Brookside Christian ( Stockton ) * 2011 De La Salle ( Concord ) * Bellarmine ( San Jose ) * Del Oro ( Loomis ) * Campolindo ( Moraga ) * Le Grand * 2012 De La Salle ( Concord ) def . Folsom 49 - 15 Granite Bay def . St. Ignatius ( San Francisco ) 45 - 17 Oakdale def . Clayton Valley Charter ( Concord ) 27 - 24 Marin Catholic def . Sutter 23 - 7 Central Catholic ( Modesto ) def . McClymonds ( Oakland ) 42 - 12 2013 De La Salle ( Concord ) def . Folsom 45 - 17 Del Oro ( Loomis ) def . Serra ( San Mateo ) 28 - 20 Enterprise ( Redding ) def . Manteca 27 - 21 Sacred Prep ( Atherton ) def . El Cerrito 42 - 7 Central Catholic ( Modesto ) def . McClymonds ( Oakland ) 17 - 14 2014 De La Salle ( Concord ) * * Folsom def . Grant Union ( Sacramento ) 52 - 21 Clayton Valley Charter ( Concord ) def . Oakdale 28 - 7 Campolindo ( Moraga ) def . Sutter 35 - 14 Central Catholic ( Modesto ) def . Capital Christian ( Sacramento ) 35 - 14 Year Open Division Open Division Small Schools Division 1 - AA Division 1 - A Division 2 - AA Division 2 - A Division 3 - AA Division 3 - A Division 4 - AA Division 4 - A Division 5 - AA Division 5 - A Division 6 - AA Division 6 - AA Play - in Game Division 6 - A Division 6 - A Play - in Game 2015 De La Salle ( Concord ) * * Central Catholic ( Modesto ) def . Marin Catholic 49 - 14 Bellarmine ( San Jose ) def . Folsom 42 - 35 Clayton Valley Charter ( Concord ) def . Oak Grove ( San Jose ) 21 - 3 Del Oro ( Loomis ) def . Liberty ( Bakersfield ) 28 - 24 St. Francis ( Mountain View ) def . Pleasant Valley 29 - 7 Campolindo ( Moraga ) def . Milpitas 27 - 24 Sacred Heart Prep ( Atherton ) def . McClymonds ( Oakland ) 56 - 20 Hanford def . Sonora 42 - 18 Sierra ( Manteca ) def . Sutter 17 - 13 Immanuel ( Reedley ) def . Bradshaw Christian ( Sacramento ) 31 - 21 St. Bernard 's ( Eureka ) def . Fall River 55 - 0 East Nicolaus def . Stone Ridge Christian ( Merced ) 34 - 14 Stone Ridge Christian def . Mission ( San Francisco ) 70 - 21 Not awarded Not awarded 2016 De La Salle ( Concord ) * * Not awarded St. Mary 's ( Stockton ) def . Freedom ( Oakley ) 49 - 40 Del Oro ( Loomis ) def . Bakersfield 57 - 16 Valley Christian ( San Jose ) def . Cardinal Newman ( Santa Rosa ) 31 - 6 Serra ( San Mateo ) def . Sanger 49 - 36 Menlo - Atherton def . Manteca 49 - 21 Oakdale def . Sutter 27 - 10 Campolindo ( Moraga ) def . Palma ( Salinas ) 30 - 21 Pleasant Valley def . Milpitas 24 - 21 Bishop O'Dowd ( Oakland ) def . Capital Christian ( Sacramento ) 24 - 21 McClymonds ( Oakland ) def . East Nicolaus 45 - 26 Amador ( Sutter Creek , CA ) def . Mendota 21 - 14 Amador ( Sutter Creek , CA ) def . Lincoln ( San Francisco ) 45 - 20 St. Patrick - St. Vincent ( Vallejo ) def . Brookside Christian ( Stockton ) 47 - 18 Brookside Christian ( Stockton ) def . Biggs 52 - 30 2017 De La Salle ( Concord ) * * Not awarded Folsom def . Central ( Fresno ) 54 - 35 Pittsburg def . Granite Bay 37 - 14 Serra ( San Mateo ) def . Tulare Union 76 - 43 St. Francis ( Mountain View ) def . Manteca 28 - 23 Shasta ( Redding ) def . Marin Catholic 40 - 27 Half Moon Bay def . Sutter 28 - 7 Placer ( Auburn ) def . Salinas 43 - 42 OT Milpitas def . Campolindo ( Moraga ) 52 - 38 McClymonds ( Oakland ) def . East Nicolaus 35 - 12 Fortuna def . Bear River ( Grass Valley ) 34 - 20 Strathmore def . St. Patrick - St. Vincent ( Vallejo ) 49 - 35 Strathmore def . Hilmar 53 - 52 2OT Galileo ( San Francisco ) def . Rio Vista 20 - 14 Not awarded Southern California champions ( edit ) Year Open Division Division I Division II Division III Division IV 2006 Not awarded Canyon ( Santa Clarita ) * Lutheran ( Orange ) * Oaks Christian ( Westlake Village ) * Not awarded 2007 Not awarded Centennial ( Corona ) * Oceanside * St. Bonaventure ( Ventura ) * Not awarded 2008 Long Beach Poly * Centennial ( Corona ) * Cathedral Catholic ( San Diego ) * St. Bonaventure ( Ventura ) * St. Margaret 's Episcopal ( San Juan Capistrano ) * 2009 Crenshaw ( Los Angeles ) * Oceanside * Servite ( Anaheim ) * Serra ( Gardena ) * Francis Parker ( San Diego ) * Servite ( Anaheim ) * Centennial ( Corona ) * Serra ( Gardena ) * Madison ( San Diego ) * Bishop 's ( La Jolla ) * 2011 Westlake ( Westlake Village ) * Santa Margarita Catholic ( Rancho Santa Margarita ) * Helix ( La Mesa ) * Washington Union ( Fresno ) * Sierra Canyon ( Chatsworth ) * 2012 Centennial ( Corona ) def . Narbonne ( Los Angeles ) 41 - 34 Long Beach Poly def . Clovis North 28 - 7 Serra ( Gardena ) def . Edison High School ( Huntington Beach , California ) 27 - 10 Madison ( San Diego ) def . Monrovia 21 - 17 Santa Fe Christian ( Solana Beach ) def . Rio Hondo Prep ( Arcadia ) 30 - 28 2013 St. John Bosco ( Bellflower ) def . Centennial ( Corona ) 70 - 49 Bakersfield def . Mission Hills ( San Marcos ) 35 - 28 Chaminade ( West Hills ) def . Hart ( Newhall ) 28 - 10 Corona del Mar ( Newport Beach ) def . Nordhoff ( Ojai ) 24 - 8 Bakersfield Christian def . View Park ( Los Angeles ) 40 - 8 2014 Centennial ( Corona ) * * Oceanside def . Edison ( Fresno ) 37 - 22 Redlands East Valley def . Ridgeview ( Bakersfield ) 59 - 42 El Capitan ( Lakeside ) def . Paso Robles 41 - 0 St. Margaret 's Episcopal ( San Juan Capistrano ) def . Christian ( El Cajon ) 48 - 21 Year Open Division Open Division Small Schools Division 1 - AA Division 1 - A Division 2 - AA Division 2 - A Division 3 - AA Division 3 - A Division 4 - AA Division 4 - A Division 5 - AA Division 5 - A Division 6 - AA Division 6 - A 2015 Centennial ( Corona ) * * San Marino def . Sierra Canyon 36 - 35 Mission Viejo def . Helix ( La Mesa ) 32 - 28 Narbonne ( Los Angeles ) def . Ridgeview ( Bakersfield ) 35 - 20 Camarillo def . La Habra 63 - 49 Citrus Hill ( Perris ) def . Calabasas 56 - 21 La Mirada def . Oceanside 36 - 14 Rancho Bernardo ( San Diego ) def . Oak Hills ( Hesperia ) 31 - 30 Bonita Vista ( Chula Vista ) def . Canyon ( Anaheim ) 24 - 21 Chowchilla def . Fairfax ( Los Angeles ) 28 - 16 Mater Dei Catholic ( Chula Vista ) def . Notre Dame ( Riverside ) 21 - 14 Saddleback Valley Christian ( San Juan Capistrano ) def . Kennedy ( Delano ) 59 - 45 Coronado def . Belmont ( Los Angeles ) 14 - 0 Not awarded 2016 St. John Bosco ( Bellflower ) * * Not awarded Cathedral Catholic ( San Diego ) def . Narbonne ( Los Angeles ) 35 - 28 San Clemente def . Edison ( Huntington Beach ) 39 - 35 Madison ( San Diego ) def . Calabasas 60 - 53 OT Sierra Canyon ( Chatsworth ) def . Los Angeles 21 - 6 Paraclete def . Mater Dei Catholic ( Chula Vista ) 34 - 18 Bishop 's ( La Jolla ) def . Valley Christian ( Cerritos ) 29 - 8 Bakersfield Christian def . Selma 28 - 27 St. Anthony ( Long Beach ) def . Yorba Linda 55 - 23 Valley View def . San Gorgonio ( San Bernardino ) 31 - 14 La Jolla Country Day def . Arroyo ( El Monte ) 63 - 42 Rancho Christian def. Franklin ( Los Angeles ) 56 - 21 Strathmore def . Horizon Christian Academy ( San Diego ) 62 - 22 2017 Mater Dei ( Santa Ana ) * * Not awarded Helix ( La Mesa ) def . Oaks Christian ( Westlake Village ) 28 - 13 Narbonne ( Los Angeles ) def . Paraclete 56 - 14 Cajon ( San Bernardino ) def . Rancho Verde ( Moreno Valley ) 70 - 23 Grace Brethren def . Aquinas 24 - 8 Bishop Diego ( Santa Barbara ) def . Quartz Hill 41 - 7 Steele Canyon ( Spring Valley ) def . El Modena ( Orange ) 28 - 26 Crenshaw ( Los Angeles ) def . El Camino ( Oceanside ) 13 - 10 Southwest ( El Centro ) def . San Joaquin Memorial ( Frenso ) 31 - 28 Golden West ( Visalia ) def . Big Bear 41 - 21 Katella ( Anaheim ) def . Monte Vista ( Spring Valley ) 36 - 35 Orange def . Caruthers 46 - 43 OT Vincent Memorial ( Calexico ) def . Huntington Park 40 - 18 Listed in years from 2006 - 2011 is Regional Selection for each division . Regional Games began in 2012 . Open Division regional champions are selected effective 2014 and advance directly to Open Division State Championship . Listed in respective years is Open Division regional selection . Due to the number of section divisions , a play - in game is conducted in the North for Division VI - AA and Division VI - A. Listed in respective years is result of Division VI - AA North play - in game and Division VI - A North play - in game . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ State Football Championship Results - Retrieved September 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ 2013 State Football Divisions - Retrieved September 2 , 2013 Jump up ^ MaxPreps California Bowl Game Rankings - Retrieved September 12 , 2015 Jump up ^ 2013 CIF State Football Championship Bowl Games - Retrieved August 27 , 2014 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Jump up ^ ( 6 ) Jump up ^ ( 7 ) Jump up ^ ( 8 ) Jump up ^ ( 9 ) Jump up ^ ( 10 ) Jump up ^ ( 11 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_California_state_high_school_football_champions&oldid=817083713 '' Categories : American football in California California sports - related lists Lists of people by educational affiliation in California Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 01 : 17 . About Wikipedia
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who has won the most cif football championships
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Stem cell
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Stem cell - wikipedia Stem cell Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the cell type . For the medical therapy , see Stem cell therapy . Stem cell Transmission electron micrograph of an adult stem cell displaying typical ultrastructural characteristics . Details Identifiers Latin Cellula praecursoria Code TH H2. 00.01. 0.00001 TH H1. 00.01. 0.00028 , H2. 00.01. 0.00001 FMA 63368 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide ( through mitosis ) to produce more stem cells . They are found in multicellular organisms . In mammals , there are two broad types of stem cells : embryonic stem cells , which are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts , and adult stem cells , which are found in various tissues . In adult organisms , stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body , replenishing adult tissues . In a developing embryo , stem cells can differentiate into all the specialized cells -- ectoderm , endoderm and mesoderm ( see induced pluripotent stem cells ) -- but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs , such as blood , skin , or intestinal tissues . There are three known accessible sources of autologous adult stem cells in humans : Bone marrow , which requires extraction by harvesting , that is , drilling into bone ( typically the femur or iliac crest ) . Adipose tissue ( lipid cells ) , which requires extraction by liposuction . Blood , which requires extraction through apheresis , wherein blood is drawn from the donor ( similar to a blood donation ) , and passed through a machine that extracts the stem cells and returns other portions of the blood to the donor . Stem cells can also be taken from umbilical cord blood just after birth . Of all stem cell types , autologous harvesting involves the least risk . By definition , autologous cells are obtained from one 's own body , just as one may bank his or her own blood for elective surgical procedures . Adult stem cells are frequently used in various medical therapies ( e.g. , bone marrow transplantation ) . Stem cells can now be artificially grown and transformed ( differentiated ) into specialized cell types with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves . Embryonic cell lines and autologous embryonic stem cells generated through somatic cell nuclear transfer or dedifferentiation have also been proposed as promising candidates for future therapies . Research into stem cells grew out of findings by Ernest A. McCulloch and James E. Till at the University of Toronto in the 1960s . Contents ( hide ) 1 Properties 1.1 Self - renewal 1.2 Potency definition 1.3 Identification 2 Embryonic 3 Fetal 4 Adult 5 Amniotic 6 Induced pluripotent 7 Lineage 8 Treatments 8.1 Disadvantages 9 Research 9.1 Treatment 10 See also 11 References 12 External links Properties ( edit ) The classical definition of a stem cell requires that it possesses two properties : Self - renewal : the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state . Potency : the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types . In the strictest sense , this requires stem cells to be either totipotent or pluripotent -- to be able to give rise to any mature cell type , although multipotent or unipotent progenitor cells are sometimes referred to as stem cells . Apart from this it is said that stem cell function is regulated in a feed back mechanism . Self - renewal ( edit ) Two mechanisms exist to ensure that a stem cell population is maintained : Obligatory asymmetric replication : a stem cell divides into one mother cell that is identical to the original stem cell , and another daughter cell that is differentiated . Stochastic differentiation : when one stem cell develops into two differentiated daughter cells , another stem cell undergoes mitosis and produces two stem cells identical to the original . Potency definition ( edit ) Main article : Cell potency Pluripotent , embryonic stem cells originate as inner cell mass ( ICM ) cells within a blastocyst . These stem cells can become any tissue in the body , excluding a placenta . Only cells from an earlier stage of the embryo , known as the morula , are totipotent , able to become all tissues in the body and the extraembryonic placenta . Human embryonic stem cells A : Stem cell colonies that are not yet differentiated . B : Nerve cells , an example of a cell type after differentiation . Potency specifies the differentiation potential ( the potential to differentiate into different cell types ) of the stem cell . Totipotent ( a.k.a. omnipotent ) stem cells can differentiate into embryonic and extraembryonic cell types . Such cells can construct a complete , viable organism . These cells are produced from the fusion of an egg and sperm cell . Cells produced by the first few divisions of the fertilized egg are also totipotent . Pluripotent stem cells are the descendants of totipotent cells and can differentiate into nearly all cells , i.e. cells derived from any of the three germ layers . Multipotent stem cells can differentiate into a number of cell types , but only those of a closely related family of cells . Oligopotent stem cells can differentiate into only a few cell types , such as lymphoid or myeloid stem cells . Unipotent cells can produce only one cell type , their own , but have the property of self - renewal , which distinguishes them from non-stem cells ( e.g. progenitor cells , which can not self - renew ) . Identification ( edit ) In practice , stem cells are identified by whether they can regenerate tissue . For example , the defining test for bone marrow or hematopoietic stem cells ( HSCs ) is the ability to transplant the cells and save an individual without HSCs . This demonstrates that the cells can produce new blood cells over a long term . It should also be possible to isolate stem cells from the transplanted individual , which can themselves be transplanted into another individual without HSCs , demonstrating that the stem cell was able to self - renew . Properties of stem cells can be illustrated in vitro , using methods such as clonogenic assays , in which single cells are assessed for their ability to differentiate and self - renew . Stem cells can also be isolated by their possession of a distinctive set of cell surface markers . However , in vitro culture conditions can alter the behavior of cells , making it unclear whether the cells shall behave in a similar manner in vivo . There is considerable debate as to whether some proposed adult cell populations are truly stem cells . Embryonic ( edit ) Main article : Embryonic stem cell Embryonic stem ( ES ) cells are the cells of the inner cell mass of a blastocyst , an early - stage embryo . Human embryos reach the blastocyst stage 4 -- 5 days post fertilization , at which time they consist of 50 -- 150 cells . ES cells are pluripotent and give rise during development to all derivatives of the three primary germ layers : ectoderm , endoderm and mesoderm . In other words , they can develop into each of the more than 200 cell types of the adult body when given sufficient and necessary stimulation for a specific cell type . They do not contribute to the extra-embryonic membranes or the placenta . During embryonic development these inner cell mass cells continuously divide and become more specialized . For example , a portion of the ectoderm in the dorsal part of the embryo specializes as ' neurectoderm ' , which will become the future central nervous system . Later in development , neurulation causes the neurectoderm to form the neural tube . At the neural tube stage , the anterior portion undergoes encephalization to generate or ' pattern ' the basic form of the brain . At this stage of development , the principal cell type of the CNS is considered a neural stem cell . These neural stem cells are pluripotent , as they can generate a large diversity of many different neuron types , each with unique gene expression , morphological , and functional characteristics . The process of generating neurons from stem cells is called neurogenesis . One prominent example of a neural stem cell is the radial glial cell , so named because it has a distinctive bipolar morphology with highly elongated processes spanning the thickness of the neural tube wall , and because historically it shared some glial characteristics , most notably the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein ( GFAP ) . The radial glial cell is the primary neural stem cell of the developing vertebrate CNS , and its cell body resides in the ventricular zone , adjacent to the developing ventricular system . Neural stem cells are committed to the neuronal lineages ( neurons , astrocytes , and oligodendrocytes ) , and thus their potency is restricted . Nearly all research to date has made use of mouse embryonic stem cells ( mES ) or human embryonic stem cells ( hES ) derived from the early inner cell mass . Both have the essential stem cell characteristics , yet they require very different environments in order to maintain an undifferentiated state . Mouse ES cells are grown on a layer of gelatin as an extracellular matrix ( for support ) and require the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor ( LIF ) in serum media . A drug cocktail containing inhibitors to GSK3B and the MAPK / ERK pathway , called 2i , has also been shown to maintain pluripotency in stem cell culture . Human ES cells are grown on a feeder layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts ( MEFs ) and require the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor ( bFGF or FGF - 2 ) . Without optimal culture conditions or genetic manipulation , embryonic stem cells will rapidly differentiate . A human embryonic stem cell is also defined by the expression of several transcription factors and cell surface proteins . The transcription factors Oct - 4 , Nanog , and Sox2 form the core regulatory network that ensures the suppression of genes that lead to differentiation and the maintenance of pluripotency . The cell surface antigens most commonly used to identify hES cells are the glycolipids stage specific embryonic antigen 3 and 4 and the keratan sulfate antigens Tra - 1 - 60 and Tra - 1 - 81 . By using human embryonic stem cells to produce specialized cells like nerve cells or heart cells in the lab , scientists can gain access to adult human cells without taking tissue from patients . They can then study these specialized adult cells in detail to try and catch complications of diseases , or to study cells reactions to potentially new drugs . The molecular definition of a stem cell includes many more proteins and continues to be a topic of research . There are currently no approved treatments using embryonic stem cells . The first human trial was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in January 2009 . However , the human trial was not initiated until October 13 , 2010 in Atlanta for spinal cord injury research . On November 14 , 2011 the company conducting the trial ( Geron Corporation ) announced that it will discontinue further development of its stem cell programs . ES cells , being pluripotent cells , require specific signals for correct differentiation -- if injected directly into another body , ES cells will differentiate into many different types of cells , causing a teratoma . Differentiating ES cells into usable cells while avoiding transplant rejection are just a few of the hurdles that embryonic stem cell researchers still face . Due to ethical considerations , many nations currently have moratoria or limitations on either human ES cell research or the production of new human ES cell lines . Because of their combined abilities of unlimited expansion and pluripotency , embryonic stem cells remain a theoretically potential source for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease . Mouse embryonic stem cells with fluorescent marker Human embryonic stem cell colony on mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder layer Fetal ( edit ) The primitive stem cells located in the organs of fetuses are referred to as fetal stem cells . There are two types of fetal stem cells : Fetal proper stem cells come from the tissue of the fetus proper , and are generally obtained after an abortion . These stem cells are not immortal but have a high level of division and are multipotent . Extraembryonic fetal stem cells come from extraembryonic membranes , and are generally not distinguished from adult stem cells . These stem cells are acquired after birth , they are not immortal but have a high level of cell division , and are pluripotent . Adult ( edit ) Main article : Adult stem cell Stem cell division and differentiation . A : stem cell ; B : progenitor cell ; C : differentiated cell ; 1 : symmetric stem cell division ; 2 : asymmetric stem cell division ; 3 : progenitor division ; 4 : terminal differentiation Adult stem cells , also called somatic ( from Greek σωματικóς , `` of the body '' ) stem cells , are stem cells which maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found . They can be found in children , as well as adults . Pluripotent adult stem cells are rare and generally small in number , but they can be found in umbilical cord blood and other tissues . Bone marrow is a rich source of adult stem cells , which have been used in treating several conditions including liver cirrhosis , chronic limb ischemia and endstage heart failure . The quantity of bone marrow stem cells declines with age and is greater in males than females during reproductive years . Much adult stem cell research to date has aimed to characterize their potency and self - renewal capabilities . DNA damage accumulates with age in both stem cells and the cells that comprise the stem cell environment . This accumulation is considered to be responsible , at least in part , for increasing stem cell dysfunction with aging ( see DNA damage theory of aging ) . Most adult stem cells are lineage - restricted ( multipotent ) and are generally referred to by their tissue origin ( mesenchymal stem cell , adipose - derived stem cell , endothelial stem cell , dental pulp stem cell , etc . ) . Muse cells ( multi-lineage differentiating stress enduring cells ) are a recently discovered pluripotent stem cell type found in multiple adult tissues , including adipose , dermal fibroblasts , and bone marrow . While rare , muse cells are identifiable by their expression of SSEA - 3 , a marker for undifferentiated stem cells , and general mesenchymal stem cells markers such as CD105 . When subjected to single cell suspension culture , the cells will generate clusters that are similar to embryoid bodies in morphology as well as gene expression , including canonical pluripotency markers Oct4 , Sox2 , and Nanog . Adult stem cell treatments have been successfully used for many years to treat leukemia and related bone / blood cancers through bone marrow transplants . Adult stem cells are also used in veterinary medicine to treat tendon and ligament injuries in horses . The use of adult stem cells in research and therapy is not as controversial as the use of embryonic stem cells , because the production of adult stem cells does not require the destruction of an embryo . Additionally , in instances where adult stem cells are obtained from the intended recipient ( an autograft ) , the risk of rejection is essentially non-existent . Consequently , more US government funding is being provided for adult stem cell research . Amniotic ( edit ) Multipotent stem cells are also found in amniotic fluid . These stem cells are very active , expand extensively without feeders and are not tumorigenic . Amniotic stem cells are multipotent and can differentiate in cells of adipogenic , osteogenic , myogenic , endothelial , hepatic and also neuronal lines . Amniotic stem cells are a topic of active research . Use of stem cells from amniotic fluid overcomes the ethical objections to using human embryos as a source of cells . Roman Catholic teaching forbids the use of embryonic stem cells in experimentation ; accordingly , the Vatican newspaper `` Osservatore Romano '' called amniotic stem cells `` the future of medicine '' . It is possible to collect amniotic stem cells for donors or for autologuous use : the first US amniotic stem cells bank was opened in 2009 in Medford , MA , by Biocell Center Corporation and collaborates with various hospitals and universities all over the world . Induced pluripotent ( edit ) Main article : Induced pluripotent stem cell Adult stem cells have limitations with their potency ; unlike ESCs , they are not able to differentiate into cells from all three germ layers . As such , they are deemed multipotent . However , reprogramming allows for the creation of pluripotent cells , induced pluripotent stem cells , from adult cells . It is important to note that these are not adult stem cells , but adult cells ( e.g. epithelial cells ) reprogrammed to give rise to cells with pluripotent capabilities . Using genetic reprogramming with protein transcription factors , pluripotent stem cells with ESC - like capabilities have been derived . The first demonstration of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells was conducted by Shinya Yamanaka and his colleagues at Kyoto University . They used the transcription factors Oct3 / 4 , Sox2 , c - Myc , and Klf4 to reprogram mouse fibroblast cells into pluripotent cells . Subsequent work used these factors to induce pluripotency in human fibroblast cells . Junying Yu , James Thomson , and their colleagues at the University of Wisconsin -- Madison used a different set of factors , Oct4 , Sox2 , Nanog and Lin28 , and carried out their experiments using cells from human foreskin . However , they were able to replicate Yamanaka 's finding that inducing pluripotency in human cells was possible . It is important to note that iPSCs and ESCs are not equivalent . They have many similar properties , such as pluripotency and differentiation potential , the expression of pluripotency genes , epigenetic patterns , embryoid body and teratoma formation , and viable chimera formation . However , similar does not mean they are the same . In fact , there are many differences within these properties . Importantly , the chromatin of iPSCs appears to be more `` closed '' or methylated than that of ESCs . Similarly , the gene expression pattern between ESCs and iPSCs , or even iPSCs sourced from different origins . There are thus questions about the `` completeness '' of reprogramming and the somatic memory of induced pluripotent stem cells . Despite this , inducing adult cells to be pluripotent appears to be viable . As a result of the success of these experiments , Ian Wilmut , who helped create the first cloned animal Dolly the Sheep , has announced that he will abandon somatic cell nuclear transfer as an avenue of research . Furthermore , induced pluripotent stem cells provide several therapeutic advantages . Like ESCs , they are pluripotent . They thus have great differentiation potential ; theoretically , they could produce any cell within the human body ( if reprogramming to pluripotency was `` complete '' ) . Moreover , unlike ESCs , they potentially could allow doctors to create a pluripotent stem cell line for each individual patient . In fact , frozen blood samples can be used as a source of induced pluripotent stem cells , opening a new avenue for obtaining the valued cells . Patient specific stem cells allow for the screening for side effects before drug treatment , as well as the reduced risk of transplantation rejection . Despite their current limited use therapeutically , iPSCs hold create potential for future use in medical treatment and research . Lineage ( edit ) Main article : Stem cell line To ensure self - renewal , stem cells undergo two types of cell division ( see Stem cell division and differentiation diagram ) . Symmetric division gives rise to two identical daughter cells both endowed with stem cell properties . Asymmetric division , on the other hand , produces only one stem cell and a progenitor cell with limited self - renewal potential . Progenitors can go through several rounds of cell division before terminally differentiating into a mature cell . It is possible that the molecular distinction between symmetric and asymmetric divisions lies in differential segregation of cell membrane proteins ( such as receptors ) between the daughter cells . An alternative theory is that stem cells remain undifferentiated due to environmental cues in their particular niche . Stem cells differentiate when they leave that niche or no longer receive those signals . Studies in Drosophila germarium have identified the signals decapentaplegic and adherens junctions that prevent germarium stem cells from differentiating . Treatments ( edit ) Main article : Stem cell therapy Stem cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition . Bone marrow transplant is a form of stem cell therapy that has been used for many years without controversy . No stem cell therapies other than bone marrow transplant are widely used . Disadvantages ( edit ) Stem cell treatments may require immunosuppression because of a requirement for radiation before the transplant to remove the person 's previous cells , or because the patient 's immune system may target the stem cells . One approach to avoid the second possibility is to use stem cells from the same patient who is being treated . Pluripotency in certain stem cells could also make it difficult to obtain a specific cell type . It is also difficult to obtain the exact cell type needed , because not all cells in a population differentiate uniformly . Undifferentiated cells can create tissues other than desired types . Some stem cells form tumors after transplantation ; pluripotency is linked to tumor formation especially in embryonic stem cells , fetal proper stem cells , induced pluripotent stem cells . Fetal proper stem cells form tumors despite multipotency . Research ( edit ) Further information : Consumer Watchdog vs. Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation Some of the fundamental patents covering human embryonic stem cells are owned by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation ( WARF ) -- they are patents 5,843,780 , 6,200,806 , and 7,029,913 invented by James A. Thomson . WARF does not enforce these patents against academic scientists , but does enforce them against companies . In 2006 , a request for the US Patent and Trademark Office ( USPTO ) to re-examine the three patents was filed by the Public Patent Foundation on behalf of its client , the non-profit patent - watchdog group Consumer Watchdog ( formerly the Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights ) . In the re-examination process , which involves several rounds of discussion between the USPTO and the parties , the USPTO initially agreed with Consumer Watchdog and rejected all the claims in all three patents , however in response , WARF amended the claims of all three patents to make them more narrow , and in 2008 the USPTO found the amended claims in all three patents to be patentable . The decision on one of the patents ( 7,029,913 ) was appealable , while the decisions on the other two were not . Consumer Watchdog appealed the granting of the ' 913 patent to the USPTO 's Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences ( BPAI ) which granted the appeal , and in 2010 the BPAI decided that the amended claims of the ' 913 patent were not patentable . However , WARF was able to re-open prosecution of the case and did so , amending the claims of the ' 913 patent again to make them more narrow , and in January 2013 the amended claims were allowed . In July 2013 , Consumer Watchdog announced that it would appeal the decision to allow the claims of the ' 913 patent to the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ( CAFC ) , the federal appeals court that hears patent cases . At a hearing in December 2013 , the CAFC raised the question of whether Consumer Watchdog had legal standing to appeal ; the case could not proceed until that issue was resolved . Treatment ( edit ) Diseases and conditions where stem cell treatment is being investigated . Diseases and conditions where stem cell treatment is being investigated include : Diabetes Rheumatoid arthritis Parkinson 's disease Alzheimer 's disease Osteoarthritis Stroke and traumatic brain injury repair Learning disability due to congenital disorder Spinal cord injury repair Heart infarction Anti-cancer treatments Baldness reversal Replace missing teeth Repair hearing Restore vision and repair damage to the cornea Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Crohn 's disease Wound healing Male infertility due to absence of spermatogonial stem cells Research is underway to develop various sources for stem cells , and to apply stem cell treatments for neurodegenerative diseases and conditions , diabetes , heart disease , and other conditions . Research is also underway in generating organoids using stem cells , which would allow for further understanding of human development , organogenesis , and modeling of human diseases . In more recent years , with the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells , and with scientists ' growing ability to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and techniques to create induced pluripotent stem cells , controversy has crept in , both related to abortion politics and to human cloning . Hepatotoxicity and drug - induced liver injury account for a substantial number of failures of new drugs in development and market withdrawal , highlighting the need for screening assays such as stem cell - derived hepatocyte - like cells , that are capable of detecting toxicity early in the drug development process . See also ( edit ) Cell bank Human genome Meristem Partial cloning Plant stem cell Stem cell controversy Stem cell marker Shinya Yamanaka References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Tuch BE ( 2006 ) . `` Stem cells -- a clinical update '' . Australian Family Physician. 35 ( 9 ) : 719 -- 21 . PMID 16969445 . 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Jump up ^ Anderson , Querida ( 2008 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Osiris Trumpets Its Adult Stem Cell Product '' . Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News . Mary Ann Liebert , Inc. p. 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 06 . ( subtitle ) Procymal is being developed in many indications , GvHD being the most advanced Jump up ^ Gurtner GC , Callaghan MJ , Longaker MT ( 2007 ) . `` Progress and potential for regenerative medicine '' . Annu. Rev. Med. 58 : 299 -- 312 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. med. 58.082405. 095329 . PMID 17076602 . Bone marrow transplantation is , as of 2009 , the only established use of stem cells . Jump up ^ Hanna V , Gassei K , Orwig KE ( 2015 ) . `` Stem Cell Therapies for Male Infertility : Where Are We Now and Where Are We Going ? '' . Biennial Review of Infertility . Bone marrow transplantation is , as of 2009 , the only established use of stem cells . Jump up ^ Bubela T , Li MD , Hafez M , Bieber M , Atkins H ( 2012 ) . `` Is belief larger than fact : Expectations , optimism and reality for translational stem cell research '' . BMC Med. 10 : 133 . doi : 10.1186 / 1741 - 7015 - 10 - 133 . PMC 3520764 . PMID 23131007 . Jump up ^ Ader , M. , & Tanaka , E.M. ( 2014 ) . Modeling human development in 3D culture . Current Opinion in Cell Biology , 31 , 23 - 28 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ceb. 2014.06. 013 Jump up ^ Greenhough S , Hay DC ( 2012 ) . `` Stem Cell - Based Toxicity Screening : Recent Advances in Hepatocyte Generation '' . Pharm Med. 26 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 89 . doi : 10.1007 / BF03256896 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stem cells . General Library resources about Stem cell Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Stem Cell Basics Courtesy of the National Institutes of Health Nature Reports Stem Cells : Introductory material , research advances and debates concerning stem cell research . Understanding Stem Cells : A View of the Science and Issues from the National Academies Wound healing Blood vessels Angiogenesis Intussusception Vasculogenesis Other Fibrosis Maggot therapy Granulation tissue Growth factor Scar Stem cell Stem cells Sources / types Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells Cancer stem cells Induced pluripotent stem cells Induced stem cells Cell potency Totipotent Zygote Spore Morula Pluripotent Embryonic stem cell Callus Multipotent Progenitor cell : Endothelial stem cell Hematopoietic stem cell Mesenchymal stem cell Neural stem cell Unipotent Precursor cell Related articles Cellular differentiation Stem cell therapy Stem cell controversy Stem cell line Stem cell laws Stem cell laws and policy in the United States Epigenetics in stem cell differentiation Commons Breakthrough of the Year Science journal 1996 : HIV understanding 1997 : Dolly the sheep 1998 : Accelerating universe 1999 : Stem cell 2000 : Whole genome sequencing 2001 : Nanocircuits or Molecular circuit 2002 : RNA interference 2003 : Dark energy 2004 : Spirit rover 2005 : Evolution in action 2006 : Poincaré conjecture proof 2007 : Human genetic variation 2008 : Cellular reprogramming 2009 : Ardipithecus ramidus 2010 : First quantum machine 2011 : HPTN 052 clinical trial 2012 : Higgs boson discovery 2013 : Cancer immunotherapy 2014 : Rosetta comet mission 2015 : CRISPR genome - editing method 2016 : First observation of gravitational waves GND : 4665329 - 6 NDL : 01143628 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stem_cell&oldid=814897460 '' Categories : Stem cells Induced stem cells Biotechnology Cell biology Cloning Developmental biology Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 15 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Knox County Schools
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Knox County schools - wikipedia Knox County schools Andrew Johnson Building , district headquarters Knox County Schools is the school district that operates all public schools in Knox County , Tennessee . It is headquartered in the Andrew Johnson Building in downtown Knoxville . Contents 1 History 2 Statistics 3 Schools 3.1 Elementary schools 3.2 Middle schools 3.3 High schools 3.4 Special schools 4 Governance and strategic planning 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Before the 1987 - 1988 school year , the city of Knoxville and Knox County operated separate school districts . In that year the two systems were consolidated into Knox County Schools . List of Knox County School Superintendents ( 1869 - Present ) M.C Wilcott 1869 - 1873 Thomas Conner Karns 1873 - 1875 H.M Brothers 1875 - 1876 H.G Hampstead 1877 - 1878 Frank Smith 1879 - 1880 William Gibbs 1881 - 1883 John Shipe 1883 - 1885 James Saylor 1886 - 1888 J.C Ford 1889 - 1896 D.P Duggan 1897 - 1900 Sam Hill 1901 - 1907 E.R Cate 1907 - 1910 Monroe Wilson 1911 - 1917 William Stooksbury 1917 - 1922 William Morris 1923 - 1934 Leonard Brickey 1934 - 1946 Mildred Doyle 1946 - 1976 Earl Hofmeister 1976 - 1992 Allen Morgan 1992 - 1998 Roy Mullins 1998 - 1999 Charles Lindsey 1999 - 2007 Roy Mullins 2007 - 2008 James McIntyre 2008 - 2016 Buzz Thomas 2016 - 2017 ( interim ) Bob Thomas 2017 - Present Mildred Doyle holds the record for longest time as superintendent ( 30 years ) . Mildred Doyle is also the only women to ever hold the office of superintendent of Knox County ( county or city ) . Lists of Knox County City School Superintendents ( 1871 - 1988 ) Alenander Baird 1871 - 1875 Reverend H.T Morton 1875 - 1878 R.D.S Robertson 1877 - 1881 Albert Ruth 1881 - 1897 J.H. McCallie 1897 - 1901 Albert Ruth 1901 - 1907 Seymour Mynders 1907 - 1911 Walter Miller 1910 - 1924 Homer Shepherd 1926 - 1931 Harry Clark 1932 - 1941 Thomas Prince 1941 - 1949 Wilson New 1949 - 1954 Thomas Johnston 1954 - 1964 Olin Adams , Jr. 1964 - 1971 Elmer Aslinger 1971 - 1973 Roy Wallace 1973 - 1975 James Newman 1975 - 1984 Fred Bedelle , Jr. 1984 - 1987 Statistics ( edit ) The district has 88 schools ( including 50 elementary schools , 14 middle schools , 14 high schools , 11 special schools ) with 8,339 employees serving approximately 57,800 students in the cities of Knoxville and Farragut as well as all other communities in the county . There are 3,927 classroom teachers , 85 principals , and 126 assistant principals . The system has another 549 certified personnel plus 3,652 support staff . All middle and high schools are accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and 96 % of the elementary schools are accredited . As of April 2012 , there were 1,431 students enrolled in Pre-K , 27,168 K - 5 , 12,879 grades 6 - 8 , 16,230 grades 9 - 12 , and 104 in non-traditional schools . Of the student population , 76.6 % are white , 5.3 % Hispanic , 2.2 % Asian / Pacific Island , and 13.9 % African - American . Schools ( edit ) The district has a total of 88 schools . Elementary schools ( edit ) Knox County operates 50 elementary schools . A.L. Lotts est. 1993 Adrian Burnett est. 1976 Amherst est. 2005 Ball Camp est. 1931 Bearden est. 1938 Beaumont Magnet Elementary and Honors / Fine Arts Academy est. 1936 Belle Morris est. 1930 Blue Grass est. 1938 Bonny Kate est. 1932 Brickey - McCloud est. 2003 Carter est. 1938 Cedar Bluff est. 1975 Chilhowee Intermediate est. 1928 Christenberry est. 1996 Copper Ridge est. 1979 Corryton est. 1936 Dogwood est. 1995 East Knox County est. 1979 Farragut Intermediate est. 1984 Farragut Primary est. 1989 Fountain City est. 1931 Gap Creek est. 1933 Gibbs est. 2006 Green Magnet Math and Science Academy est. 1956 Halls est. 1986 Hardin Valley est. 2000 Inskip est. 1948 Karns est. 1992 Lonsdale est. 1935 Maynard est. 1926 Mooreland Heights est. 1931 Mount Olive est. 1952 New Hopewell est. 1952 Northshore est. 2013 Norwood est. 1954 Pleasant Ridge est. 1948 Pond Gap est. 1954 Powell est. 1968 Ritta est. 1966 Rocky Hill est. 1940 Sarah Moore Greene Magnet Technology Academy est. 1972 Sequoyah est. 1930 Shannondale est. 1955 South Knoxville est. 1955 Spring Hill est. 1955 Sterchi est. 1959 Sunnyview Primary est. 1963 West Haven est. 1958 West Hills est. 1958 West View est. 1950 Middle schools ( edit ) The district operates 16 middle schools , enrolling grades 6 - 8 . Bearden Middle est. 1978 Carter Middle est. 1948 Cedar Bluff Middle est. 1964 Farragut Middle est. 1984 Gibbs Middle est. 2018 Gresham Middle est. 1931 Halls Middle est. 1981 Hardin Valley Middle est. 2018 Holston Middle est. 1956 Karns Middle est. 1974 Northwest Middle est. 1966 Powell Middle est. 1974 South - Doyle Middle est. 1967 Vine Middle est. 1951 West Valley Middle est. 1999 Whittle Springs Middle est. 1959 High schools ( edit ) The district operates 15 high schools . These are : Austin - East High School , Knoxville est. 1951 Bearden High School , Knoxville est. 1939 Carter High School , Strawberry Plains est. 1972 Career Magnet Academy , located at Pellissippi State Community College Central High School , Knoxville est. 1971 Farragut High School , Farragut est. 1904 Fulton High School , Knoxville est. 1949 Gibbs High School , Corryton est. 1952 Halls High School , Halls Crossroads est. 1970 Hardin Valley Academy , western Knox County est. 2008 Karns High School , Karns est. 1981 L&N STEM Academy , located in former L&N railroad station Powell High School , Powell est. 1949 South - Doyle High School , southern Knox County est. 1967 West High School , Knoxville est. 1950 Special schools ( edit ) There are 10 Knox County schools offering special or non-traditional programs . Included are three vocational high school programs : Byington - Solway Career and Technical Education Center , located at Karns High School Lincoln Park Technology and Trade Center North Knox Career and Technical Education Center , located at Halls High School The Knox County Adult High School offers day and evening high school classes for adult students ( age 18 and older ) desiring to complete a regular high school diploma . It is housed in the historic Knoxville High School building . Knox County public preschools are : Fair Garden Preschool Sam E. Hill Family Community Center Other special schools are : Fort Sanders Educational Development Center , offering special education services , primarily for children of preschool age The Knoxville Adaptive Education Center , a special school for students with mental health needs , including three elementary , three middle , and seven high school classrooms at the school , plus similar `` satellite '' classrooms in other county schools Richard Yoakley Alternative School Ridgedale Alternative School Dr. Paul L. Kelley Vounteer Academy Governance and strategic planning ( edit ) Knox County Schools is governed by a nine - member elected board of education and directed by an appointed superintendent . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Central Office Contacts . '' Knox County Schools . Retrieved on September 9 , 2015 . `` Physical Address : 912 South Gay Street , Knoxville , Tennessee 37902 '' Jump up ^ Ed Young and Harry Green , School System Consolidation , TACIR Staff Education Brief 8 , Tennessee Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations , November 2005 Jump up ^ `` Knox County Schools : Facts and Figures '' , Knox County Schools website , archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 19 , retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 Jump up ^ Board of Education , Knox County Schools website External links ( edit ) Knox County Schools Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knox_County_Schools&oldid=841474939 '' Categories : School districts in Tennessee Education in Knox County , Tennessee Knoxville , Tennessee Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 02 : 37 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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European migrant crisis
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European migrant crisis - Wikipedia European migrant crisis Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 2010s crisis . For the 1940s crisis , see World War II evacuation and expulsion . For the 2015 migrant crisis in Finland , see European migrant crisis ( Finland ) . See also : Timeline of the European migrant crisis This article 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2017 ) Operation Triton : Irish Naval Service personnel from the LÉ Eithne rescuing migrants , 15 June 2015 Syrian and Iraqi immigrants getting off a boat from Turkey on the Greek island of Lesbos . The European migrant crisis , or the European refugee crisis , is a term given to a period beginning in 2015 when rising numbers of people arrived in the European Union ( EU ) , travelling across the Mediterranean Sea or overland through Southeast Europe . These people included asylum seekers , but also others , such as economic migrants and some hostile agents , including Islamic State militants disguised as refugees or migrants . Most of the migrants came from Muslim - majority countries of regions south and east of Europe , including Western Asia , South Asia and Africa . By religious affiliation , the majority of entrants were Muslim ( usually Sunni Muslim ) , with a small component of non-Muslim minorities ( including Yazidis , Assyrians , Mandeans , etc . ) . According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , the top three nationalities of entrants of the over one million Mediterranean Sea arrivals between January 2015 and March 2016 were Syrian ( 46.7 % ) , Afghan ( 20.9 % ) and Iraqi ( 9.4 % ) . Of the migrants arriving in Europe by sea in 2015 , 58 % were adult males over 18 years of age , 17 % were adult females over 18 years of age and 25 % were minors under 18 years of age . The number of deaths at sea rose to record levels in April 2015 , when five boats carrying almost 2,000 migrants to Europe sank in the Mediterranean Sea , with a combined death toll estimated at more than 1,200 people . The shipwrecks took place in a context of ongoing conflicts and refugee crises in several Asian and African countries , which increased the total number of forcibly displaced people worldwide at the end of 2014 to almost 60 million , the highest level since World War II . Amid an upsurge in the number of sea arrivals in Italy from Libya in 2014 , several European Union governments refused to fund the Italian - run rescue option Operation Mare Nostrum , which was replaced by Frontex 's Operation Triton in November 2014 . In the first six months of 2015 , Greece overtook Italy as the first EU country of arrival , becoming , in the summer 2015 , the starting point of a flow of refugees and migrants moving through Balkan countries to Northern European countries , mainly Germany and Sweden . Since April 2015 the European Union has struggled to cope with the crisis , increasing funding for border patrol operations in the Mediterranean , devising plans to fight migrant smuggling , launching Operation Sophia and proposing a new quota system both to relocate asylum seekers among EU states for processing of refugee claims to alleviate the burden on countries on the outer borders of the Union , and to resettle asylum - seekers who have been determined to be genuine refugees . Individual countries have at times reintroduced border controls within the Schengen Area , and rifts have emerged between countries willing to allow entry of asylum - seekers for processing of refugee claims and others countries trying to discourage their entry for processing . According to Eurostat , EU member states received over 1.2 million first - time asylum applications in 2015 , more than double that of the previous year . Four states ( Germany , Hungary , Sweden and Austria ) received around two - thirds of the EU 's asylum applications in 2015 , with Hungary , Sweden and Austria being the top recipients of asylum applications per capita . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Schengen Area and Dublin Regulation 1.2 Carrier 's responsibility 1.3 Statistics on the EU 's foreign - born population prior to 2015 1.4 Global refugee crisis 1.5 Background to the crisis in Greece and Italy 2 Migration 2.1 Statistics 2.1. 1 Sea and land arrivals to the EU 2.1. 1.1 2014 2.1. 1.2 2015 2.1. 1.3 2016 2.1. 2 2017 2.1. 3 Asylum applications 2.1. 3.1 2014 2.1. 3.2 2015 2.1. 3.3 2016 2.2 Origins and motivations 2.3 Migrant routes , development and responses in individual countries 2.3. 1 Austria 2.3. 2 Croatia 2.3. 3 Denmark 2.3. 4 France 2.3. 5 Finland 2.3. 6 Germany 2.3. 7 Greece 2.3. 8 Hungary 2.3. 9 Italy 2.3. 10 Malta 2.3. 11 Melilla and Ceuta ( Spain ) 2.3. 12 Norway 2.3. 13 Slovenia 2.3. 14 Sweden 2.3. 15 Switzerland 2.3. 16 Turkey 2.4 Triggers of the summer 2015 crisis 2.5 Closure of green borders 2.6 Deaths and incidents 3 Reactions 3.1 European Union 3.1. 1 Border patrol operations 3.1. 2 Relocation and resettlement of asylum seekers 3.1. 3 EU `` Safe countries of origin '' list 3.1. 4 Valletta Summit on Migration 3.1. 5 Negotiations with Turkey 3.1. 5.1 EU - Turkey deal 3.1. 6 Effects on Dublin and Schengen rules 3.1. 7 EU member states 3.2 International 3.2. 1 Libya 4 Political debate 4.1 European People 's Party 4.2 Party of European Socialists 4.3 Eurosceptic parties 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) Schengen area and Dublin Regulation ( edit ) Main articles : Schengen Area and Dublin Regulation The Schengen Area European Union members legally obliged to join Schengen at a future date Countries with open borders In the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 , 26 European countries ( 22 of the 28 European Union member states , plus four European Free Trade Association states ) joined together to form an area where border checks on internal Schengen borders ( i.e. between member states ) are abolished , and instead checks are restricted to the external Schengen borders and countries with external borders are obligated to enforce border control regulations . Countries may reinstate internal border controls for a maximum of two months for `` public policy or national security '' reasons . The Dublin regulation determines the EU member state responsible to examine an asylum application to prevent asylum applicants in the EU from `` asylum shopping '' , where applicants send their applications for asylum to numerous EU member states to get the best `` deal , '' instead of just having `` safety countries '' , or `` asylum orbiting '' , where no member state takes responsibility for an asylum seeker . By default ( when no family reasons or humanitarian grounds are present ) , the first member state that an asylum seeker entered and in which they have been fingerprinted is responsible . If the asylum seeker then moves to another member state , they can be transferred back to the member state they first entered . This has led many to criticise the Dublin rules for placing too much responsibility for asylum seekers on member states on the EU 's external borders ( like Italy , Greece and Hungary ) , instead of devising a burden - sharing system among EU states . Carrier 's responsibility ( edit ) Article 26 of the Schengen Convention says that carriers which transport people into the Schengen area shall , if they transport people who are refused entry into the Schengen Area , be responsible to pay for the return of the refused people , and pay penalties . Further clauses on this topic are found in EU directive 2001 / 51 / EC . This has had the effect that migrants without a visa are not allowed on aircraft , boats or trains going into the Schengen Area , so migrants without a visa have resorted to migrant smugglers . Humanitarian visas are in general not given to refugees who want to apply for asylum . The laws on migrant smuggling ban helping migrants to pass any national border if the migrants are without a visa or other permission to enter . This has caused many airlines to check for visas and refuse passage to migrants without visas , including through international flights inside the Schengen Area . After being refused air passage , many migrants then attempt to travel overland to their destination country . According to a study carried out for the European Parliament , `` penalties for carriers , who assume some of the control duties of the European police services , either block asylum - seekers far from Europe 's borders or force them to pay more and take greater risks to travel illegally '' . Statistics on the EU 's Foreign - born population prior to 2015 ( edit ) Main article : Immigration to Europe Immigration of non-EU nationals ( green ) , asylum applicants ( orange ) and illegal border - crossings ( blue ) in the European Union , 2010 -- 2014 The foreign - born population residing in the EU in 2014 was 33 million people , or 7 % of the total population of the 28 EU countries ( above 500 million people ) . By comparison , the foreign - born population is 7.7 % in Russia , 13 % in the United States , 20 % in Canada , 27 % in Australia and 1.63 % of the total population in Japan . Between 2010 and 2013 , around 1.4 million non-EU nationals , excluding asylum seekers and refugees , immigrated into the EU each year using regular means , with a slight decrease since 2010 . Prior to 2014 , the number of asylum applications in the EU peaked in 1992 ( 672,000 ) , 2001 ( 424,000 ) and 2013 ( 431,000 ) . In 2014 it reached 626,000 . According to the UNHCR , the EU countries with the biggest numbers of recognised refugees at the end of 2014 were France ( 252,264 ) , Germany ( 216,973 ) , Sweden ( 142,207 ) and the United Kingdom ( 117,161 ) . No European state was among the top ten refugee - hosting countries in the world . Prior to 2014 , the number of illegal border crossings detected by Frontex at the external borders of the EU peaked in 2011 , with 141,051 total ( sea and land combined ) . Global refugee crisis ( edit ) See also : Refugee crisis , List of countries by refugee population , Arab Winter , and Refugees of the Syrian Civil War This map shows the distribution of refugees and asylum seekers at the end of 2015 , in the regions of : Middle East , Africa , Europe . It also shows the top 8 worldwide countries of origin of refugees . Data in millions . Note that Turkey is out of scale , hosting 2.7 M refugees . Palestinian refugees are not included . UNHCR data . According to the UNHCR , the number of forcibly displaced people worldwide reached 59.5 million at the end of 2014 , the highest level since World War II , with a 40 % increase taking place since 2011 . Of these 59.5 million , 19.5 million were refugees ( 14.4 million under UNHCR 's mandate , plus 5.1 million Palestinian refugees under UNRWA 's mandate ) , and 1.8 million were asylum - seekers . The rest were persons displaced within their own countries ( internally displaced persons ) . The 14.4 million refugees under UNHCR 's mandate were around 2.7 million more than at the end of 2013 ( + 23 % ) , the highest level since 1995 . Among them , Syrian refugees became the largest refugee group in 2014 ( 3.9 million , 1.55 million more than the previous year ) , overtaking Afghan refugees ( 2.6 million ) , who had been the largest refugee group for three decades . Six of the ten largest countries of origin of refugees were African : Somalia , Sudan , South Sudan , the Democratic Republic of Congo , the Central African Republic and Eritrea . Developing countries hosted the largest share of refugees ( 86 % by the end of 2014 , the highest figure in more than two decades ) ; the least developed countries alone provided asylum to 25 % of refugees worldwide . Even though most Syrian refugees were hosted by neighbouring countries such as Turkey , Lebanon and Jordan , the number of asylum applications lodged by Syrian refugees in Europe steadily increased between 2011 and 2015 , totaling 813,599 in 37 European countries ( including both EU members and non-members ) as of November 2015 ; 57 % of them applied for asylum in Germany or Serbia . The largest single recipient of new asylum seekers worldwide in 2014 was the Russian Federation , with 274,700 asylum requests , 99 % of them lodged by Ukrainians fleeing from the war in Donbass ; . Background to the crisis in Greece and Italy ( edit ) Main articles : Libyan Crisis , Operation Mare Nostrum , and Operation Triton Greek , Turkish and Bulgarian borders and the course of the Evros River ( also known as Maritsa River ) Between 2007 and 2011 , large numbers of migrants from the Middle East and Africa crossed between Turkey and Greece , leading Greece and the European Border Protection agency Frontex to upgrade border controls . In 2012 , immigrant influx into Greece by land decreased by 95 % after the construction of a fence on that part of the Greek -- Turkish frontier which does not follow the course of the Maritsa River . In 2015 , Bulgaria followed by upgrading a border fence to prevent migrant flows through Turkey . In 2008 , Berlusconi 's government in Italy and Gaddafi 's government in Libya signed a treaty including cooperation between the two countries in stopping irregular migration from Libya to Italy ; this led to a policy of forcibly returning to Libya boat migrants intercepted by the Italian coast guard at sea . The cooperation collapsed following the outbreak of the Libyan civil war in 2011 , and in 2012 the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Italy had violated the European Convention on Human Rights by returning migrants to Libya , as it exposed the migrants to the risk of being subjected to ill - treatment in Libya and violated the prohibition of collective expulsions . Since 2011 , and particularly since 2014 , instability and the Second Civil War in Libya have made departures from the north - African country to Italy easier , with no central authority controlling Libya 's ports and dealing with European countries , and migrant smuggling networks flourishing . The war could also have forced to leave many African immigrants residing in Libya , which used to be itself a destination country for migrants looking for better jobs . The 2013 Lampedusa migrant shipwreck involved `` more than 360 '' deaths , leading the Italian government to establish Operation Mare Nostrum , a large - scale naval operation that involved search and rescue , with some migrants brought aboard a naval amphibious assault ship . In 2014 , the Italian government ended the operation , calling the costs too large for one EU state alone to manage ; Frontex assumed the main responsibility for search and rescue operations . The Frontex operation is called Operation Triton . The Italian government had requested additional funds from the EU to continue the operation but member states did not offer the requested support . The UK government cited fears that the operation was acting as `` an unintended ' pull factor ' , encouraging more migrants to attempt the dangerous sea crossing and thereby leading to more tragic and unnecessary deaths '' . The operation consisted of two surveillance aircraft and three ships , with seven teams of staff who gathered intelligence and conducted screening / identification processing . Its monthly budget was estimated at € 2.9 million . Migration ( edit ) Statistics ( edit ) Sea and land arrivals to the EU ( edit ) 2014 ( edit ) Sea and land arrivals to the EU in 2014 by nationality Syria 79,169 Eritrea 34,586 Unspecified sub-Saharan nationals 26,341 Afghanistan 22,132 Kosovo 22,069 Mali 10,575 Albania 9,323 The Gambia 8,730 Nigeria 8,715 Somalia 7,676 Others 54,216 Total 283,532 According to the International Organization for Migration ( IOM ) , up to 3,072 people died or disappeared in 2014 in the Mediterranean while trying to migrate to Europe . Overall estimates are that over 22,000 migrants died between 2000 and 2014 . In 2014 , 283,532 migrants irregularly entered the European Union , mainly following the Central Mediterranean , Eastern Mediterranean and Western Balkan routes . 220,194 migrants crossed EU sea borders in the Central , Eastern and Western Mediterranean ( a 266 % increase compared to 2013 ) . Half of them had come from Syria , Eritrea and Afghanistan . Of those arriving in Southern Europe in 2014 , the vast majority ( 170,664 , a 277 % increase compared to 2013 ) arrived in Italy through Libya , whereas a minority ( 50,834 , a 105 % increase ) arrived in Greece through Turkey . 62,000 applied for asylum in Italy , but most Syrians and Eritreans , who comprised almost half of the arrivals in Italy in 2014 , did not stop in Italy , but continued their journey towards northern Europe , Germany and Sweden in particular . 2015 ( edit ) In 2015 , a shift took place , with Greece overtaking Italy as the primary point of arrival and surpassing in the first six months of 2015 the numbers for the whole of 2014 : 67,500 people arrived in Italy , mainly coming from Eritrea ( 25 % ) , Nigeria ( 10 % ) and Somalia ( 10 % ) , whereas 68,000 arrived on the islands of Greece , mainly coming from Syria ( 57 % ) and Afghanistan ( 22 % ) . In total , 137,000 migrants crossed the Mediterranean into Europe in the first six months of 2015 . As of 17 April 2015 , the total number of migrants reaching the Italian coasts was 21,191 since 1 January 2015 , with a decrease during the month of March due to bad weather conditions , and a surge since 10 April , bringing the total number of arrivals in line with the number recorded in the same period in 2014 . However , the death toll in the first four months of 2014 was 96 , compared with 500 in the same period in 2015 ; this number excluded the victims of the devastating shipwrecks on 13 and 19 April . Mediterranean sea arrivals to Greece and Italy from January 2015 to September 2016 , according to UNHCR data In early August 2015 , the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees said that 250,000 migrants had arrived in Europe by sea so far in 2015 , 124,000 in Greece and 98,000 in Italy . According to Frontex , July set a new record for a single month , with 107,500 migrants estimated to have entered the EU . Frontex detected 615,492 irregular entries into the EU in the third quarter of 2015 and 978,338 entries in the fourth quarter , bringing the total number of detections of irregular entries at EU sea and land external borders in 2015 to 1.82 million ( 872,938 in Greece , 764,038 in Hungary and Croatia and 153,946 in Italy ) , associated with an estimated one million individuals irregularly entering the EU ( because most migrants following the Western Balkan route were double - counted when arriving in Greece and then when entering the EU for the second time through Hungary or Croatia ) . According to IOM and UNHCR estimates , around one million migrants and refugees arrived in Europe till 21 December 2015 , three to four times more than in 2014 . Just 3 % ( 34,215 ) came by land to Bulgaria and Greece ; the rest came by sea to Greece , Italy , Spain , Cyprus and Malta . The vast majority arrived by sea in Greece ( 816,752 ) ; 150,317 arrived by sea in Italy , with a slight drop from 170,000 in 2014 . Half of those crossing the Mediterranean were from Syria , 20 % were from Afghanistan and 7 % from Iraq . IOM estimated that a total of 3,692 migrants and refugees lost their lives in the Mediterranean in 2015 -- over 400 more than in 2014 -- of whom 2,889 in the Central Mediterranean and 731 in the Aegean sea . 2016 ( edit ) Total monthly Mediterranean Sea arrivals in the EU , 2014 - 2016 , according to UNHCR 's data In January and February 2016 , over 123,000 migrants landed in Greece , compared to about 4,600 in the same period of 2015 . In March , following the closing of the Western Balkan route by Macedonia and the entry into force of the EU - Turkey deal on 20 March , the number of migrants arriving in Greece dropped to 26,460 , less than half the figure recorded in February . Syrians , Afghans and Iraqis continued to account for the largest share of the migrants arriving in Greece . This downward trend continued in April , when only 2,700 migrants arrived in Greece , decreasing by 90 % compared to the previous month . Meanwhile , due to improved weather conditions , the number of mainly African migrants crossing the sea to Italy doubled between February and March , reaching nearly 9,600 in March 2016 , compared to 2,283 in March 2015 . In April , on the contrary , the number of migrants arriving in Italy ( 8,370 ) dropped by 13 % compared to the previous month and by 50 % compared to the same month in 2015 ; despite this , Italy exceeded the totals for Greece for the first time since June 2015 . On 16 April , a shipwreck of a large boat between Libya and Italy was reported , in which as many as 500 people may have died , in one of the worst disasters since April 2015 . More than 66,000 mostly African migrants have arrived in Italy since the start of 2016 . The mass influx of migrants into Europe was not seen favorably in many European Union countries . Many citizens disapproved of the EU 's handling of the migrant crisis , with 94 % of Greeks and 88 % of Swedes disapproving of the measures taken , among other countries with similar disapproval rates . This contributed to the creation and implementation of the EU - Turkey Refugee Agreement , which was signed in March 2016 . From that point on , the numbers of refugees entering Greece decreased . In February 2016 , the last full month before the deal , 57,066 migrants arrived in Greece via the sea ; from that point on , discounting March , the highest number of migrants reaching Greece via the sea was 3,650 ( in April ) . While there is no direct connection to the implementation of the Eu - Turkey deal , the number of migrants arriving in Italy in that same time period has increased . From March 2016 to October 2016 , 140,358 migrants have arrived in Italy via the sea , which averages out to roughly 20,051 migrants per month . Overall the number of migrants arriving into the EU has dropped , but the EU still is creating agencies and plans to mitigate the crisis . In addition to the EU - Turkey Refugee Agreement , the European Border and Coast Guard Agency was launched on October 6 , 2016 . 2017 ( edit ) Data from the United Nations ' migration agency showed that the number of migrants who entered Europe in the first half of 2017 was 35 % of the number from the first half of 2016 . The agency said 73,189 migrants entered Europe by sea through June 11 , 2017 . Of those , 85 % landed in Italy while the rest disembarked in Greece , Cyprus and Spain . Asylum applications ( edit ) Asylum applicants by year and by sex Source Eurostat : EU 27 ; EU28 . Asylum applicants by sex Source Eurostat Number of first time asylum applicants Year 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Total EU28 225 150 263 835 259 400 309 040 335 290 431 090 626 960 1 322 825 1 259 955 5 033 545 Germany 26 845 32 910 48 475 53 235 77 485 126 705 202 645 476 510 745 155 1 789 965 Hungary 3 175 4 665 2 095 1 690 2 155 18 895 42 775 177 135 29 430 282 015 Sweden 24 785 24 175 31 850 29 650 43 855 54 270 81 180 162 450 28 790 481 005 Austria 12 715 15 780 11 045 14 420 17 415 17 500 28 035 88 160 42 255 247 325 Italy 30 140 17 640 10 000 40 315 17 335 26 620 64 625 83 540 122 960 413 175 France 41 840 47 620 52 725 57 330 61 440 66 265 64 310 76 165 84 270 551 965 Netherlands 15 250 16 135 15 100 14 590 13 095 13 060 24 495 44 970 20 945 177 640 Belgium 15 165 21 615 26 080 31 910 28 075 21 030 22 710 44 660 18 280 229 525 United Kingdom - 31 665 24 335 26 915 28 800 30 585 32 785 40 160 38 785 254 030 Switzerland 16 520 15 900 15 425 23 615 28 400 21 305 23 555 39 445 27 140 211 305 Finland 3 670 4 910 3 085 2 915 3 095 3 210 3 620 32 345 5 605 62 455 Norway 14 395 17 125 10 015 8 990 9 675 11 930 11 415 31 110 3 485 118 140 Denmark 2 350 3 720 5 065 3 945 6 045 7 170 14 680 20 935 6 180 70 090 Bulgaria 745 855 1 025 890 1 385 7 145 11 080 20 365 19 420 62 910 Spain 4 515 3 005 2 740 3 420 2 565 4 485 5 615 14 780 15 755 56 880 Greece 19 885 15 925 10 275 9 310 9 575 8 225 9 430 13 205 51 110 146 940 Poland 8 515 10 590 6 540 6 885 10 750 15 240 8 020 12 190 12 305 91 035 Ireland 3 855 2 680 1 935 1 290 955 945 1 450 3 275 2 245 18 630 Luxembourg 455 480 780 2 150 2 050 1 070 1 150 2 505 2 160 12 800 Cyprus 3 920 3 200 2 875 1 770 1 635 1 255 1 745 2 265 2 940 21 605 Malta 2 605 2 385 175 1 890 2 080 2 245 1 350 1 845 1 930 16 505 Czech Republic 1 645 1 235 775 750 740 695 1 145 1 515 1 475 9 975 Romania 1 175 960 885 1 720 2 510 1 495 1 545 1 260 1 880 13 430 Portugal 160 140 155 275 295 500 440 895 1 460 4 320 Iceland 70 35 40 75 115 125 170 345 1 125 2 100 Latvia 55 60 65 340 205 195 375 330 350 1 975 Slovakia 895 805 540 490 730 440 330 330 145 4 705 Lithuania 520 450 495 525 645 400 440 315 430 4 220 Slovenia 255 190 240 355 295 270 385 275 1 310 3 575 Estonia 15 40 35 65 75 95 155 230 175 885 Croatia - - - - - 1 075 450 210 2 225 3 960 Liechtenstein 20 280 105 75 70 55 65 150 80 900 Total 256 155 297 175 284 985 341 795 373 550 464 505 662 165 1 393 875 1 291 785 5 365 990 2014 ( edit ) According to Eurostat , EU member states received 626,065 asylum applications in 2014 , the highest number since the 672,000 applications received in 1992 . The main countries of origin of asylum seekers , accounting for almost half of the total , were Syria ( 20 % ) , Afghanistan ( 7 % ) , Kosovo ( 6 % ) , Eritrea ( 6 % ) and Albania In 2014 , decisions on asylum applications in the EU made at the first instance resulted in more than 160,000 asylum seekers being granted protection status , while a further 23,000 received protection status on appeal . The rate of recognition of asylum applicants was 45 % at the first instance and 18 % on appeal . The main beneficiaries of protection status , accounting for more than half of the total , were Syrians ( 68,300 or 37 % ) , Eritreans ( 14,600 or 8 % ) and Afghans ( 14,100 or 8 % ) . Four states -- Germany , Sweden , Italy and France -- received around two - thirds of the EU 's asylum applications and granted almost two - thirds of protection status in 2014 . Sweden , Hungary and Austria were among the top recipients of EU asylum applications per capita , when adjusted for their own populations , with 8.4 asylum seekers per 1,000 inhabitants in Sweden , 4.3 in Hungary and 3.2 in Austria . 2015 ( edit ) Asylum applicants in EU and EFTA states , January -- December 2015 . The height of the bars indicates the number of asylum applicants per country . Colours indicate the percentage of asylum applicants in relation to the population . In 2015 , EU member states received 1,255,640 first time asylum applications , a number more than double that of the previous year . The highest number of first time applicants was registered in Germany ( with 441,800 applicants , or 35 % of all applicants in EU states ) , followed by Hungary ( 174,400 , or 14 % ) , Sweden ( 156,100 , or 12 % ) , Austria ( 85,500 , or 7 % ) , Italy ( 83,200 , or 7 % ) and France ( 70,600 , or 6 % ) . Compared with the population , the highest number was registered in Hungary ( with 17.7 asylum seekers per 1,000 inhabitants ) , Sweden ( 16 ) , Austria ( 10 ) , Finland ( 5.9 ) and Germany ( 5.4 ) . The three main countries of citizenship of asylum applicants , accounting for more than half of the total , were Syria ( with 362,800 applicants , or 29 % of the total ) , Afghanistan ( 178,200 , or 14 % ) and Iraq ( 121,500 , or 10 % ) , followed by Kosovo ( 5 % ) , Albania ( 5 % ) , Pakistan ( 4 % ) , Eritrea ( 3 % ) , Nigeria ( 2 % ) and Iran ( 2 % ) . Number of first time asylum applications received by the top ten recipients in the EU - 28 , January -- December 2015 . The top ten recipients account for more than 90 % of the total asylum applications received in the EU - 28 . 333,350 asylum applicants were granted protection in the EU in 2015 following a positive decision on their asylum application . The main beneficiaries of protection status were citizens of Syria ( 50 % of the total number of persons granted protection in the EU ) , Eritrea ( 8 % ) , Iraq ( 7 % ) , Afghanistan ( 5 % ) , Iran ( 2 % ) , Somalia ( 2 % ) and Pakistan ( 2 % ) . The EU countries who granted protection to the highest number of asylum seekers were Germany ( who granted protection to 148,200 people ) , Sweden ( 34,500 ) , Italy ( 29,600 ) and France ( 26,000 ) . The rate of recognition , i.e. the share of positive decisions in the total number of decisions , was 52 % for first instance decisions in the EU and 14 % for decisions on appeal . The citizenships with the highest recognition rates at first instance were Syria ( 97.2 % ) , Eritrea ( 89.8 % ) , Iraq ( 85.7 % ) , Afghanistan ( 67 % ) , Iran ( 64.7 % ) , Somalia ( 63.1 % ) and Sudan ( 56 % ) . Countries of origin of asylum applicants in the EU and EFTA States between 1 January and 30 June 2015 In the first three months of 2015 , the number of new asylum applicants in the EU was 184,800 , increasing by 86 % if compared with the same quarter in the previous year but remaining stable if compared to the last quarter of 2014 . More than half applied for asylum in Germany ( 40 % ) or Hungary ( 18 % ) . The main nationalities of the applicants were Kosovo ( 48,875 or 26 % ) , Syria ( 29,100 or 16 % ) and Afghanistan ( 12,910 or 7 % ) . In the second quarter of 2015 , 213,200 people applied for asylum in the EU , up by 15 % compared with the previous quarter . 38 % applied for asylum in Germany , followed by Hungary ( 15 % ) and Austria ( 8 % ) . The main countries of citizenship of asylum seekers , accounting for more than half of the total , were Syria ( 21 % ) , Afghanistan ( 13 % ) , Albania ( 8 % ) , Iraq ( 6 % ) and Kosovo ( 5 % ) . In the third quarter of 2015 ( July -- September ) , EU countries received 413,800 first time asylum applications , almost double the number registered in the previous quarter . Germany and Hungary were the top recipients , with 26 % each of total applicants . One third of asylum seekers were Syrians ( 33 % ) , followed by Afghans ( 14 % ) and Iraqis ( 11 % ) . In the fourth quarter of 2015 , there were 426,000 first time applicants , mainly Syrians ( 145,130 ) , Afghans ( 79,255 ) and Iraqis ( 53,585 ) . The top recipients were Germany ( 38 % of the total ) , Sweden ( 21 % ) and Austria ( 7 % ) . In August 2015 , the German government announced that it expected to receive 800,000 asylum applications by the end of the year . Data released by Germany 's Federal Office for Migration and Refugees ( BAMF ) in January 2016 showed that Germany received 476,649 asylum applications in 2015 , mainly from Syrians ( 162,510 ) , Albanians ( 54,762 ) , Kosovars ( 37,095 ) , Afghans ( 31,902 ) , Iraqis ( 31,379 ) , Serbians ( 26,945 ) , Macedonians ( 14,131 ) , Eritreans ( 10,990 ) and Pakistanis ( 8,472 ) . In 2015 , Germany made 282,762 decisions on asylum applications ; the overall asylum recognition rate was 49.8 % ( 140,915 decisions were positive , so that applicants were granted protection ) . The most successful applicants were Syrians ( 101,419 positive decisions , with a 96 % recognition rate ) , Eritreans ( 9,300 positive decisions ; 92.1 % recognition rate ) and Iraqis ( 14,880 positive decisions ; 88.6 % recognition rate ) . Sweden received 162,877 asylum applications in 2015 , mainly from Syrians ( 51,338 ) , Afghans ( 41,564 ) , Iraqis ( 20,857 ) , Eritreans ( 7,231 ) and Somalis ( 5,465 ) . In 2015 , Sweden granted protection to 32,631 asylum applicants , whereas it rejected 9,524 applications ( the proportion of positive decisions out of materially considered applications was 77 % ) . The main beneficiaries of protection were Syrians ( 18,523 positive decisions , with a 100 % recognition rate ) , Eritreans ( 6,542 positive decisions ; 100 % recognition rate ) and Afghans ( 1,088 positive decisions ; 74 % recognition rate ) . 2016 ( edit ) In 2016 , according to Eurostat , most of the non EU28 asylum seeker in EU 28 origin from Syria . Syria , Afghanistan and Iraq together makes 50 % of the grand total . Origins and motivations ( edit ) Nationalities of the Mediterranean sea arrivals to Greece and Italy in 2015 , according to UNHCR data Ascertaining motivation is complex , but , according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees , most of the people arriving in Europe in 2015 were refugees , fleeing war and persecution in countries such as Syria , Afghanistan , Iraq and Eritrea : according to UNHCR data , 84 % of Mediterranean Sea arrivals in 2015 came from the world 's top ten refugee - producing countries . According to UNHCR , the top ten nationalities of Mediterranean Sea arrivals in 2015 were Syria ( 49 % ) , Afghanistan ( 21 % ) , Iraq ( 8 % ) , Eritrea ( 4 % ) , Pakistan ( 2 % ) , Nigeria ( 2 % ) , Somalia ( 2 % ) , Sudan ( 1 % ) , the Gambia ( 1 % ) and Mali ( 1 % ) . Asylum seekers of seven nationalities had an asylum recognition rate of over 50 % in EU States in the first quarter of 2015 , meaning that they obtained protection over half the time they applied : Syrians ( 94 % recognition rate ) , Eritreans ( 90 % ) , Iraqis ( 88 % ) , Afghans ( 66 % ) , Iranians ( 65 % ) , Somalis ( 60 % ) and Sudanese ( 53 % ) . Migrants of these nationalities accounted for 90 % of the arrivals in Greece and 47 % of the arrivals in Italy between January and August 2015 , according to UNHCR data . Wars fueling the crisis are the Syrian Civil War and the Iraq War , the War in Afghanistan , the War in Somalia and the War in Darfur . Refugees from Eritrea , one of the most repressive states in the world , flee from indefinite military conscription and forced labour . Some ethnicities or religions from an originating country are more represented among the migrants than others , for instance Kurds make up 80 to 90 percent of all Turkish refugees in Germany . Migrants from the Western Balkans ( Kosovo , Albania , Serbia ) and parts of West Africa ( The Gambia , Nigeria ) are more likely to be economic migrants , fleeing poverty and lack of jobs , many of them hoping for a better lifestyle and job offers , without valid claims to refugee status . The majority of asylum applicants from Serbia , Macedonia and Montenegro are Roma people who feel discriminated against in their countries of origin . The influx from states like Nigeria and Pakistan is a mix of economic migrants and refugees fleeing from violence and war such as Boko Haram insurgency in north - east Nigeria and the War in North - West Pakistan . According to UNHCR data , 58 % of the refugees and migrants arriving in Europe by sea in 2015 were men , 17 % were women and 25 % were children . Of the asylum applications received in Sweden in 2015 , 70 % were by men ( including minors ) . Men search for a safe place to live and work before attempting to reunite later with their families . In war - torn countries , men are also at greater risk of being forced to fight or of being killed . Among people arriving in Europe there were also large numbers of women and unaccompanied children . Europe has received a record number of asylum applications from unaccompanied child refugees in 2015 , as they became separated from their families in war , or their family could not afford to send more than one member abroad . Younger refugees also have better chances of receiving asylum . Some argue that migrants have been seeking to settle preferentially in those national destinations offering more generous social welfare benefits and hosting more established Middle Eastern and African immigrant communities . Others argue that migrants are attracted to more tolerant societies with stronger economies , and that the chief motivation for leaving Turkey is that they are not permitted to leave camps or work . A large number of refugees in Turkey have been faced with rather difficult living circumstances . Thus , many refugees arriving in southern Europe continue their journey in attempts to reach northern European countries such as Germany , which are observed as having more prominent outcomes of security . In contrast to Germany , historically a popular final destination for the EU migrants , France saw its popularity erode in 2015 among migrants seeking asylum . Refugees coming specifically from the Middle East have been attempting to seek asylum in Europe rather than in countries surrounding their own neighboring regions . In 2015 , over 80 % of the refugees whom arrived in Europe by sea , came from Syria , Iraq and Afghanistan . Routes in which these refugees face while attempting to arrive in Europe , are most often extremely dangerous . The jeopardy to endure such routes also supports the arguments behind certain refugees ' preferential motivations of seeking asylum within European nations . Migrant routes , development and responses in individual countries ( edit ) As of May 2017 , Frontex ( the European border and coast guard agency ) identifies the following eight main routes on sea and on land used by irregular migrants to enter the EU : Migrants along the Western Balkan route crossing from Serbia into Hungary , 24 August 2015 Western African route ( Sea passage from West African countries , into the Canary Islands , i.e. territory of Spain ) Western Mediterranean route ( Sea passage from North Africa to southern coast of Spain , also including the land route through the borders of Ceuta and Melilla . ) Central Mediterranean route ( Sea passage from North Africa ( particularly Egypt and Libya ) towards Italy and Malta across the Mediterranean Sea . ) Most migrants taking to sea on this route do so on vessels operated by people smugglers . NGOs such as Save the Children , MSF and German organisation Sea Eye operate search - and - rescue ships in this area bringing migrants to Europe . Apulia and Calabria route ( Sea passage of migrants from Turkey and Egypt who enter Greece and then cross the Ionian Sea towards southern Italy . Since October 2014 classified by Frontex as a subset of the Central Mediterranean route . ) Albania -- Greece circular route ( Large number of illegal land border crossings whereby economic migrants from Albania cross into Greece for seasonal jobs and then return home . ) Western Balkan route ( Land and sea route from the Greek - Turkish border , through Macedonia and Serbia into Hungary or Croatia . Mostly used by Asian immigrants ( from Syria , Afghanistan and Iraq ) but also used by large numbers of migrants from Western Balkan countries themselves , primarily Kosovo ) . Eastern Mediterranean route ( Passage used by migrants , mostly Asian , crossing from Turkey into EU via Greece , Bulgaria or Cyprus . Large portions of these migrants continue along the Western Balkan route towards Hungary . ) Eastern Borders route ( The 6,000 km long land border between EU 's eastern member countries and Russia , Belarus , Ukraine and Moldova . ) In addition : An Arctic route ( from Russia via to Sør - Varanger in Norway ) had emerged by September 2015 and was becoming one of the fastest - growing routes to enter Western Europe by November 2015. . This route was closed for a while in 2016 , after Russia and Norway decided to curb movement through Salla and Lotta for migrants , allowing only Russian , Norwegian and Belarusian citizens to access it . Frontex tracks and publishes data on numbers of illegal crossings along the main six routes twice a year . The following table shows the data for the period up to and including the year 2015 : Main migration routes into the European Union Illegal border crossings ( land and sea ) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Western African route 7004316000000000000 ♠ 31,600 7004125000000000000 ♠ 12,500 7003920000000000000 ♠ 9,200 7003225000000000000 ♠ 2,250 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 7002340000000000000 ♠ 340 7002170000000000000 ♠ 170 7002250000000000000 ♠ 250 7002275000000000000 ♠ 275 7002874000000000000 ♠ 874 7002671000000000000 ♠ 671 Western Mediterranean route N / A N / A 7003650000000000000 ♠ 6,500 7003665000000000000 ♠ 6,650 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 7003845000000000000 ♠ 8,450 7003640000000000000 ♠ 6,400 7003680000000000000 ♠ 6,800 7003784000000000000 ♠ 7,840 7003716400000000000 ♠ 7,164 7004102310000000000 ♠ 10,231 Central Mediterranean route N / A N / A 7004398000000000000 ♠ 39,800 7004110000000000000 ♠ 11,000 7003450000000000000 ♠ 4,500 7004643000000000000 ♠ 64,300 7004159000000000000 ♠ 15,900 7004400000000000000 ♠ 40,000 7005170760000000000 ♠ 170,760 7005153946000000000 ♠ 153,946 7005181459000000000 ♠ 181,459 Apulia and Calabria route N / A N / A N / A 7002807000000000000 ♠ 807 7003278800000000000 ♠ 2,788 7003525900000000000 ♠ 5,259 7003477200000000000 ♠ 4,772 7003500000000000000 ♠ 5,000 Circular Albania -- Greece route N / A N / A 7004420000000000000 ♠ 42,000 7004400000000000000 ♠ 40,000 7004353000000000000 ♠ 35,300 7003530000000000000 ♠ 5,300 7003550000000000000 ♠ 5,500 7003870000000000000 ♠ 8,700 7003884000000000000 ♠ 8,840 7003893200000000000 ♠ 8,932 7003512100000000000 ♠ 5,121 Western Balkan route N / A N / A N / A 7003309000000000000 ♠ 3,090 7003237000000000000 ♠ 2,370 7003465000000000000 ♠ 4,650 7003639000000000000 ♠ 6,390 7004199500000000000 ♠ 19,950 7004433600000000000 ♠ 43,360 7005764038000000000 ♠ 764,038 7005130261000000000 ♠ 130,261 Eastern Mediterranean route N / A N / A 7004523000000000000 ♠ 52,300 7004400000000000000 ♠ 40,000 7004557000000000000 ♠ 55,700 7004570000000000000 ♠ 57,000 7004372000000000000 ♠ 37,200 7004248000000000000 ♠ 24,800 7004508300000000000 ♠ 50,830 7005885386000000000 ♠ 885,386 7005182277000000000 ♠ 182,277 Eastern Borders route N / A N / A 7003133500000000000 ♠ 1,335 7003105000000000000 ♠ 1,050 7003105000000000000 ♠ 1,050 7003105000000000000 ♠ 1,050 7003160000000000000 ♠ 1,600 7003130000000000000 ♠ 1,300 7003127000000000000 ♠ 1,270 7003192000000000000 ♠ 1,920 7003134900000000000 ♠ 1,349 Totals N / A N / A N / A 7005104847000000000 ♠ 104,847 7005106908000000000 ♠ 106,908 7005146349000000000 ♠ 146,349 7004779320000000000 ♠ 77,932 7005106800000000000 ♠ 106,800 7005283175000000000 ♠ 283,175 7006182226000000000 ♠ 1,822,260 7005500248000000000 ♠ 500,248 Source : Frontex Austria ( edit ) See also : Austrian border barrier Migrants in Austria in November 2015 On 27 August 2015 , 71 migrants were found dead in an unventilated food truck near Vienna . As an official response to this event , on 31 August 2015 , Austria began inspections of vehicles for smuggled immigrants entering from across the border with Hungary , leading to vehicular backups of 19 km ( 12 mi ) and trains stalled for hours . Late on 4 September 2015 , Chancellor Werner Faymann of Austria , in conjunction with Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany , announced that migrants would be allowed to cross the border from Hungary into Austria and onward to Germany , and early on 5 September 2015 , buses with migrants began crossing the Austro - Hungarian border . Austria noted that 6,500 migrants had crossed the border by the afternoon of 5 September 2015 , with 2,200 already on their way to Germany . On 14 September 2015 , Austria followed Germany 's suit and instituted border controls of its own at the border with Hungary . Austrian authorities also deployed the Austrian Army to the border with Hungary . On 19 September 2015 , Austria permitted entry to approximately 10,000 migrants from Slovenia and Hungary . Austria has taken on the role of regulator of the flow of migrants destined for Germany by feeding , housing and providing them health care in transit . On 28 October 2015 , Austria decided to build a fence along its border with Slovenia ( that has a total length of 91 km ) to `` be able to control the migrants in an orderly manner '' , said Minister of the Interior Johanna Mikl - Leitner . On 20 January 2016 , Austria announced it would limit the number of asylum applicants to 37,500 in each of the next four years , compared to the 90,000 applications in 2015 . On 19 February 2016 , Austria started putting a daily cap of 80 asylum seekers allowed to enter the country to apply for Austrian asylum , and a maximum of 3,200 allowed daily to transit towards other countries ( de facto most of them to Germany ) . The EU 's migration commissioner said the cap was incompatible with Austria 's obligations under EU and international law . The EU Council of Ministers ' legal team however concluded that Austria 's moves are not illegal . Croatia ( edit ) Croatia , an EU member state since 2013 , shares a land border ( 527 km ) with Serbia and therefore experienced a strong inflow of migrants from Serbia after Hungary erected a fence on its border with Serbia . Nearly 80 % of the border consists of the Danube River , but there is a 70 kilometer - long segment of land border in Syrmia , in the forests and fields near Tovarnik . Also , parts of the Croatia - Serbia border are known minefields , which represent a considerable threat . According to the Croatian Minister of Interior Ranko Ostojić , `` police in the area have enough people and equipment to protect the Croatian border against illegal immigrants '' . Croatian President Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović and First Deputy Prime Minister Vesna Pusić have so far rejected the option of building a fence along the Croatian border with Serbia . Croatian Prime Minister Zoran Milanović said his country is ready to help refugees coming to Europe , insisting that people fleeing conflict should be given the right to remain in the EU . On 15 September 2015 , Croatia started to experience the first major waves of refugees , who carved out a new route through Europe after Hungary sealed its borders . On 15 September 2015 , Hungary announced it would start arresting people crossing the border illegally , and as of early 16 September , Hungary had detained 519 people and pressed criminal charges against 46 for trespassing . Thousands of migrants were subsequently led to pursue alternative routes through Croatia from Serbia . After Hungary closed its border with Serbia on 15 September , migrants headed towards the Serbian town of Šid , less than 10 kilometers from the Croatian border . Several buses filled with migrants arrived on the Croatian border crossing of Tovarnik , where the Croatian Vukovar - Srijem County Care and Rescue teams as well as the Croatian Red Cross were on standby awaiting migrants . On 17 September , as of 3 : 30 am , more than 5,000 migrants had arrived in Tovarnik . Interior Minister Ranko Ostojić said Croatia was `` absolutely full '' by the evening of 17 September 2015 , and Croatia decided to close its border with Serbia . Train lines from Serbia via Croatia to Slovenia were closed until further notice . As of 6 October 2015 , 125,000 had entered Croatia in the space of three weeks . Between mid-September and mid-October 2015 , about 200,000 migrants had passed through Croatia , most moving on to Hungary . On 17 October 2015 , Hungary closed its border with Croatia to migrants , forcing diversion of migrants to Slovenia instead . However , Slovenia , with a population of only two million , stated that it would only be able to admit 2,500 people per day , stranding thousands of migrants in Croatia as well as Serbia and Macedonia , while new migrants continued to add to this backlog . In late December 2015 , Slovenia put up a razor - wire fence on the border with western Croatian regions of Istria and Gorski kotar , the latter of which is a habitat of the lynx and the brown bear , both of which are endangered and protected by law in Croatia . Local hunters have found deer killed by the fence . The WWF and the inhabitants of the regions from both sides of the border have protested against the decision to put up the razor - wire fence . On 9 March 2016 , Croatia started implementing border restrictions on the border with Serbia , aiming to reinstate the Schengen rules . Denmark ( edit ) Starting on 6 September 2015 , large groups of migrants who declined to apply for asylum in Germany started passing the Danish borders with the majority heading for Sweden . Initially the Danish police attempted to register all migrants in accordance with EU rules , but many refused ( instead wishing to seek asylum in Sweden ) , eventually resulting in a scuffle of about 50 people on 9 September at the Padborg Rail Station . On 9 September , Denmark suspended all rail and ferry links with Germany ( reopened the following day ) . On the same day parts of the E45 motorway was closed for vehicles to avoid accidents as hundreds of migrants were walking along it in southern Jutland towards Sweden . It was reopened a few hours later when the walking migrants exited the motorway . After initial uncertainty surrounding the rules , it was decided that migrants wishing to continue to other Nordic countries and refusing to seek asylum in Denmark would be allowed to pass . In the five weeks following 6 September alone , approximately 28,800 migrants passed the Danish borders. 3,500 of these applied for asylum in Denmark and the remaining continued to other Nordic countries . After Sweden introduced ID checks on the Danish border to prevent undocumented migrants from coming to Sweden , Denmark also reintroduced border controls on the Danish - German border in January 2016 , wanting to avoid predicted accumulation of illegal migrants on their way to Sweden as one of the reasons for this decision . In October 2016 Danish immigration minister Inger Støjberg authorities reported 50 cases of suspected radicalised asylum seekers at asylum centres . The reports encompassed everything from adult Islamic State sympathisers celebrating terror attacks to violent children who dress up as IS fighters decapitating teddy bears . Støjberg expressed her consternation at asylum seekers ostensibly fleeing war yet simultaneously supporting violence . Asylum centres having detected radicalisation routinely report their findings to police . The 50 incidents were reported between 17 November 2015 until 14 September 2016 . In October 2017 the Danish migration agency Udlændingestyrelsen rejected over 600 asylum applications because the applicants had lied about their national identity in order to achieve preferential treatment . France ( edit ) See also : Calais Jungle Sudanese migrants in Calais , October 2015 Migrants entering France illegally by train from Italy were returned to Italy by French police since border controls were introduced in July 2015 . Due to `` poor housing '' , lower social benefits and a thorough asylum application process France is not commonly considered attractive enough to seek asylum in . Thus many of them seek to enter the United Kingdom , resulting in camps of migrants around Calais , where one of the Eurotunnel entrances is located . During the summer of 2015 , at least nine people died in attempts to reach Britain , including falling from , or being hit by trains , and drowning in a canal at the Eurotunnel entrance . Migrants from the camps also attempt to enter trucks bound for the UK , with some truck drivers being threatened by migrants , and cargo being stolen or damaged . In response , a UK financed fence was built along the A 216 highway in Calais . At the camp near Calais , known as the Jungle , riots broke out when authorities started to demolish the illegally constructed campsite on 29 January 2015 . Amid the protests , which included hunger strikes , thousands of refugees living in the camp were relocated to France 's `` first international - standard refugee camp '' of La Liniere refugee camp in Grande - Synthe which replaced the predecessor encampment at Basroch refugee camp . Finland ( edit ) Main article : European migrant crisis ( Finland ) On 13 September 2015 , it was reported that the local authorities had estimated the flow of 300 asylum seekers per day entering via the northern land border from Sweden into Tornio , which is the main route of migration flow into Finland . The total number of asylum seekers for the year was reported to be over 2.6 times the total amount for the whole of the previous year . During October 2015 , 7,058 new asylum seekers arrived in Finland . In mid-October the number of asylum seekers entering Finland during 2015 reached 27,000 , which is , in relation to the country 's size , the fourth - largest in Europe . In late November , the number passed 30,000 , nearly ten-fold increase compared to the previous year . More than 60 % of asylum seekers who arrived during 2015 came from Iraq . In late October , The Finnish Immigration Service ( Migri ) changed its guidelines about areas in Iraq which are recognized as safe by the Finnish authorities , putting Iraqi asylum seekers under closer scrutiny . The Interior Minister Petteri Orpo estimated that two in three of recent asylum seekers come to Finland in hopes of higher standard of living . In November , the Permanent Secretary of the Interior Ministry stated that approximately 60 -- 65 % of the recent applications for asylum will be denied . In September , the processing time of an asylum application was estimated to be extended from normal six months up to two years . In late November , the reception centers were reported to be running out of space , forcing the authorities resorting to refurbished shipping containers and tents to house new asylum seekers . Interior Minister Petteri Orpo has announced that special repatriation centers would be established . These centers would be inhabited by the asylum seekers whose applications were declined . While he stressed that these camps would not be prisons , he described the inhabitants would be under strict surveillance . In January 2016 , Yle , Finland 's national public - broadcasting company , reported that a Russian border guard had admitted that the Federal Security Service was enabling migrants to enter Finland . Germany ( edit ) See also : Asylum in Germany Migrants in Germany in October 2015 Germany has been the most sought - after final destination in the EU migrant and refugee crisis . Thousands of migrants continued to pour into Germany from Austria as of 6 September 2015 . Germany 's asylum practice is to be based on article 16a of her Basic Law . After the development of the migrant crisis Germany decided to use the derogation possibility of article 17 of the Dublin III Regulation for humanitarian reasons . According to The Wall Street Journal , this `` unilateral '' open - arms policy triggered both a domestic and an international backlash . However , Germany immediately began to deploy a quota system to distribute asylum seekers among all German states . In September 2015 the federal states , responsible for accommodation , reached the brink of their capacities and criticised the Government in Berlin for its `` inconsiderate '' approach to the crisis . The Interior Minister announced on 13 September 2015 the introduction of temporary controls on the southern border with Austria and explained the measure with reference to security concerns . The restrictions incorporated a temporary suspension of rail travel from Austria and allowed spot checks on automobiles . Protesters gather outside Cologne Cathedral after New Year 's Eve sexual assaults in Germany , January 2016 On 5 October the German tabloid Bild claimed to possess a secret document stating that the number of asylum seekers would increase to 1.5 million by the end of 2015 . This report was immediately disclaimed by the German ministry of the interior which restated its own estimate of 800,000 applicants `` only '' . Germany has followed a policy of treating migrants under 18 years of age as `` children first and refugees second , '' giving them − according to the Convention on the Rights of the Child − the same rights as German children . In late October 2015 , the small village of Sumte , population 102 , was told by Lower Saxony officials that it would receive 750 asylum - seekers . In January 2016 , 18 of 31 men suspected of violent assaults on women in Cologne on New Year 's Eve were identified as asylum seekers , prompting calls by German officials to deport convicted criminals who may be seeking asylum ; these sexual attacks along with the wave of terrorist attacks brought about a fresh wave of anti-immigrant protests across Europe . Between January and December 2015 , 1,091,894 arrivals of asylum seekers were registered in Germany 's `` EASY '' system for the first distribution of asylum seekers among Germany 's federal states ; however , asylum applications in 2015 were only 476,649 , because many asylum seekers had not formally applied for asylum yet or did not stop in Germany and moved on to other EU states . In February 2016 , the German government admitted that it had lost track of around 13 per cent of the 1.1 million people registered as asylum seekers on arrival in 2015 , because they never arrived at the refugee accommodation they were assigned . The German government said that probably many of the missing asylum seekers simply went to other European countries , while others continued to live illegally in Germany . Merkel 's immigration policies are being criticised in the Christian Social Union , e.g. by the CSU - chairman Horst Seehofer . In October 2016 Angela Merkel travelled to African countries Mali and Niger . The diplomatic visit took place in order to discuss how their governments could improve conditions which cause people to flee those countries and how illegal migration through and from these countries could be reduced . In November 2016 Germany security officials cracked down on the militant salafist organisation Die Wahre Religion as these preachers had targeted newly arrived migrants with their violent form of Islam . In January 2017 it was reported by Deutsche Welle that welfare authorities in Braunschweig had been targeted in 300 cases of migrant fraud as individuals registered many identities in order to receive multiple welfare payouts . Each case of migrant fraud averaged thousands of euros of loss , with the most prolific fraudster having registered 12 identities . The majority of the cases concerned Sudanese migrants . Authorities had at times been overwhelmed by registering 2000 migrants per day and normal checks like fingerprints are now retroactively required . A report by the German Federal Criminal Police Office on crime in the context of immigration found that immigrants were responsible for ; 16.6 % of all theft , 10 % of fraud , 11 % of all violent crime , 7.6 % of drug crime , 9.1 % of sexual crimes and 15 % of all crime resulting in loss of life . 2016 saw a 52.7 % increase in immigrant crime in 2016 alone . The percentage of sexual offenses where at least one suspect was an immigrant increased from 1.8 % in 2012 to 9.1 % in 2016 . Greece ( edit ) Play media 13 December 2015 : A group of Syrian refugees arrive by boat from Turkey to airport area of Mytilini , Lesvos island , Greece . Migrants arrive from the Middle East making the 6 - kilometre ( 4 mi ) water crossing to the Greek islands of Chios , Kos , Lesbos , Leros , Kastellorizo , Agathonisi , Farmakonisi , Rhodes , Samos , Symi and other islands which are close to Turkey and are thus a quick and easy access border into Europe . Some arrive via the Evros border crossing from Turkey . As of June 2015 , 124,000 migrants had arrived into Greece , a 750 % increase from 2014 , mainly refugees stemming from the wars in Syria , Iraq and Afghanistan . Greece appealed to the European Union for assistance , whilst the UNCHR European Director Vincent Cochetel said facilities for migrants on the Greek islands were `` totally inadequate '' and the islands in `` total chaos '' . Island groups of the Aegean Sea Frontex 's Operation Poseidon , aimed at patrolling the Aegean Sea , is badly underfunded and undermanned , with only 11 coastal patrol vessels , one ship , two helicopters , two aircraft and a budget of € 18 million . Human traffickers charge illegal immigrants $1,000 to $1,500 for the 25 - minute boat ride from Bodrum , Turkey to Kos . In August 2015 , `` hundreds '' of boats made the crossing carrying illegal immigrants every night . The migrants travel onward to Thessaloniki in the mainland of Greece and estimate that it will cost them € 3,000 to € 4,000 to reach Germany , and € 10,000 or € 12,000 to reach Britain . Desperate migrants have fought brawls over places in boats leaving Bodrum for Kos . Airlines charge passengers usually less than $400 for oneway economy class tickets from Turkey to Germany or Britain , but a rule in the Schengen Agreement requires airlines to check that all passengers have a visa or are exempt from visa . In September 2015 , the photos of dead 3 - year - old Alan Kurdi , who drowned when he and his family were in a small inflatable boat which capsized shortly after leaving Bodrum trying to reach the Greek island of Kos , made headlines around the world . Konstantinos Vardakis , the top EU diplomat in Baghdad , told The New York Times that at least 250 Iraqis per day had been landing on Greek islands between mid-August and early September 2015 . On 27 January 2016 , the European Commission accused Greece of neglecting its obligations under the Schengen agreement to carry out external border controls , saying that a visit by EU inspectors in November 2015 found that Greece was failing to identify and register arrivals properly , to fingerprint everyone and to check travel documents for authenticity and against security databases . On 12 February , the EU gave Greece a three months deadline to fix its border controls , or other member states could be authorized to extend border controls for up to two years instead of the normal six months . Migrants crossing the Aegean Sea from Turkey to the Greek island of Lesbos , January 2016 On 11 February , NATO announced that it was going to deploy ships in the Aegean Sea to deter people smugglers taking migrants from Turkey to Greece , the first 3 ships being the Royal Canadian Navy 's HMCS Fredericton ( FFH 337 ) , Turkish Naval Forces 's TCG Barbaros ( F - 244 ) and German Navy 's FGS Bonn ( A1413 ) from NATO 's SNMG2 . NATO chief Jens Stoltenberg said the mission would not be about `` stopping or pushing back refugee boats '' , but about intelligence gathering and sharing information with Turkey and Greece , both NATO allies . On 1 March 2016 , the Greek government asked the EU for 480 million euros in emergency funds to shelter 100,000 refugees . The Republic of Macedonia closed its border with Greece on 9 March 2016 where 12,000 to 13,000 migrants were stuck at Idomeni on the Greek side , while the total number of migrants throughout Greece are estimated to be more than 50,000 . After the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt Greek authorities on a number of Aegean islands have called for emergency measures to curtail a growing flow of refugees from Turkey , the number of migrants and refugees willing to make the journey across the Aegean has increased noticeably . At Athens officials voiced worries that Turkish monitors overseeing the deal in Greece had been abruptly pulled out after the failed coup with little sign of them being replaced . Also , the mayor of Kos , expressed concern in a letter to the Greek Prime Minister sighting the growing influx of refugees and migrants after the failed coup . The Association of Greek Tourism Enterprises ( SETE ) warned about the prospect of another flare - up in the refugee / migrant crisis due to the Turkish political instability . In September 2016 , Greek volunteers of the `` Hellenic Rescue Team '' and human rights activist Efi Latsoudi were awarded the Nansen Refugee Award by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) `` for their tireless volunteer work '' to aid refugees arriving in Greece during the 2015 refugee crisis . Hungary ( edit ) See also : Hungarian border barrier Hungarian border barrier Migrants taking the Western Balkan route cross into the Schengen Area first in Greece . In June 2015 , Hungary said it was contemplating countermeasures against the influx of illegal immigrants from Serbia , a non-EU and non-Schengen state . On 17 June 2015 , the Hungarian government announced the construction of a 4 - metre - high ( 13 ft ) , 175 - kilometre - long ( 109 mi ) fence along its southern border with Serbia . The European Commission warned EU members against steps that contravene EU obligations and urged members like Hungary to find other ways to cope with an inflow of illegal migrants . The first phase of the construction was finished at the end of August and Prime Minister Viktor Orbán announced that it would be fully completed by the end of 2015 . On 3 September 2015 , Hungary 's prime minister , Viktor Orbán , defended the country 's management of the migrant situation internally , notwithstanding chaos at Budapest 's main international rail station , while criticising Germany and Europe overall for not dissuading migrants from entering Europe . On the same day , Hungarian police let migrants board a train in Budapest heading west , then stopped it in Bicske and tried to transport migrants to a registration camp there . The migrants refused to cooperate and remained on the train , which did not travel further west . Syrian refugees at the Budapest Keleti railway station , 4 September 2015 On 4 September 2015 , about a thousand of the migrants at Railway Station East ( Keleti Pályaudvar ) set off by foot toward Austria and Germany . On the same night , the Hungarian government decided to send buses to transport illegal migrants to Hegyeshalom , on the border with Austria . On 14 September 2015 , it was reported that the Hungarian police were blocking the route from Serbia , and that the regular entry - point was heavily manned with officers , soldiers and helicopters hovering above , sealing this border with a razor wire and detaining migrants crossing the border illegally with the threat of arrest and criminal charges . On 15 September 2015 , Hungary sealed its border with Serbia . Several hundred migrants broke the fence between Hungary and Serbia twice on Wednesday , 16 September , and threw chunks of concrete and water bottles over the fence . Hungarian police reacted with tear gas and water cannons at Horgoš 2 border crossing . Belgrade protested these actions . A 20 - year - old Iraqi refugee was sentenced to deportation and one - year entry ban in Hungary , as well as € 80 in court fees , according to the new law put into action a few days before . On 18 September , Hungary started building another fence , this time along the border with Croatia , a fellow EU member state , but not part of the Schengen Area . Within two weeks , tens of thousands of refugees crossed from Croatia into Hungary , most of whom went toward the Austrian border . Number of migrants in Hungary per week , May -- September 2015 On 16 October 2015 , Hungary announced that it would close its green border with Croatia to migrants , and since 17 October onward , thousands of migrants daily were diverted to Slovenia instead . In December 2015 , Hungary challenged EU plans to share asylum seekers across EU states at the European Court of Justice . The border has been closed since 15 September 2015 , with razor wire fence along its southern borders , particularly Croatia , and by blocking train travel . The government believes that `` illegal migrants '' are job - seekers , threats to security and likely to `` threaten our culture '' . There have been cases of immigrants and ethnic minorities being attacked . In addition , Hungary has conducted wholesale deportations of refugees , who are generally considered to be allied with ISIL . Refugees are outlawed and almost all are ejected . On 9 March 2016 Hungary declared a state of emergency for the whole of the country , and was deploying 1500 soldiers to the borders . In August 2017 the state of emergency was extended to March 2018 . Italy ( edit ) Main articles : Lampedusa immigrant reception center and Immigration to Italy Migrants arriving in Italy by sea , 1997 -- 2015 Since 2014 , thousands of migrants have been trying every month to cross the Central Mediterranean to Italy , risking their lives on unsafe boats including fishing trawlers . Many of them are fleeing poverty - stricken homelands or war - torn countries and seeking economic opportunity within the EU . Italy , and , in particular , its southern island of Lampedusa , receives enormous numbers of Africans and Middle - Easterners transported by smugglers operating along the ungoverned coast of the failed state of Libya . Migrants arrived in Lampedusa In 2014 , 170,100 migrants arrived in Italy by sea , a 296 % increase compared to 2013 . 141,484 of the travellers ferried over from Libya . Most of the migrants had come from Syria , Eritrea and various countries in West Africa . From January to April 2015 , about 1600 migrants died on the route from Libya to Lampedusa , making it the deadliest migrant route in the world . As a consequence of the April 2015 Libya migrant shipwrecks , the EU launched a military operation known as Operation Sophia . More than 13,000 migrants had been rescued from the sea in the course of the operation as of April 2016 . There were 153,842 Mediterranean sea arrivals to Italy in 2015 , 9 % less than the previous year ; most of the refugees and migrants came from Eritrea , Nigeria and Somalia , whereas the number of Syrian refugees sharply decreased , as most of them took the Eastern Mediterranean route from Turkey to Greece . Eritrean migrants in Messina in October 2015 The first three months of 2016 saw an increase in the number of migrants rescued at sea being brought to southern Italian ports . In April 2016 , nearly 6,000 mostly sub-Saharan African migrants have landed in Italy in just four days . In June 2016 , over 10,000 migrants have been rescued in just four days . In 2016 , 181,100 migrants arrived in Italy by sea . In April 2017 , more than 8,000 migrants were rescued near Libya and brought to Italy in just three days . Based on UN-data , about 80,000 refugees were registered at Italian refugee centers in the first half of 2017 , an increase of 14 % compared to the same time period in 2016 . In June 2017 , 10,000 asylum seekers were picked up in the Mediterranean sea by the Italian coastguard and other naval vessels in just a couple of days . EU ambassador Maurizio Massari has expressed concern about the recent uptake of refugee arrivals on Italian 's coastline , which would reach 200,000 in 2017 . As a result , foreign aid vessels docking in Italian ports may no longer be able to do so because of stricter admission policies and exceeded limits in Italian asylum centers . In July 2017 Italy drew up a code of conduct for NGO rescue vessels delivering migrants to Italian ports . These rules include Except in situations of imminent danger , not to enter the territorial waters of Libya . Never to switch off the Automatic Identification System ( AIS ) and LRIT transponders if they are installed on the ship . Not to signal human traffickers with flares or radio to coordinate with them when to send out their dinghies . Not to transfer those rescued onto other vessels . Commit to carrying a policeman to travel on board whenever requested in order to identify and prosecute human traffickers among the migrants . Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have criticised the code of conduct and some NGOs like MSF refused to sign . Italian authorities feared that rather than saving lives , the NGO operations encouraged more people to try the very dangerous passage facilitated by human traffickers . NGO ships not behaving according to the code could be refused access to Italian ports . After the entry into force of the NGO code , in July 2017 arrivals decreased by 52 , 5 % compared to the same month of 2016 , from 23,552 to 11,183 , and in August 2017 arrivals decreased by 85 % , form 21,294 to 3,914 . Also all NGO , except Sos Méditerranée , have withdrawn their ships from the Mediterranean . Malta ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of Malta § Immigration Between 2008 and 2012 , Malta received on average the highest number of asylum seekers compared to its national population : 21.7 applicants per 1,000 inhabitants . In 2011 , most of these asylum applications were submitted by nationals of Somalia , Nigeria , Eritrea and Syria . In 2012 , more than half of the requests were by Somalian nationals alone . In a 2013 news story , The Guardian reported , `` Before Malta joined the EU in 2004 , immigration levels were negligible . Because it is located close to north Africa , it has now become a gateway for migrants seeking entry to Europe . '' Following the arrival of asylum seekers , Malta was unable to cope with accommodating asylum seekers in a manner which was congruent with EU standards on the reception of asylum seekers , particularly standards related to housing . In 2015 , very few migrants arrived in Malta compared to previous years , since most of those rescued were taken to Italy . In September , 78 migrants rescued by the Armed Forces of Malta refused to be brought to Malta . They insisted on going to Italy , and were eventually taken there . Melilla and Ceuta ( Spain ) ( edit ) Main articles : Melilla border fence and Ceuta border fence Melilla and Ceuta , two autonomous Spanish cities on the north coast of Africa bordering Morocco , are the only EU territories to share a land border with an African country . The number of undocumented migrants hoping to reach the EU via Melilla or Ceuta grew in 2014 . Between January and September 2015 , only 100 people out of 3700 hopefuls have managed to cross the Melilla border fence , down from 2100 people from 19,000 attempts the previous year . In October 2015 , 165 people were rescued from fourteen attempts to cross the Strait of Gibraltar to reach Ceuta . In a report published on 17 November 2015 , Amnesty International called on Spain to cease cooperation with Morocco on immigration matters because of alleged human rights abuses on the Melilla and Ceuta borders . Amnesty said it has `` photographs , images and evidence '' of `` blows with sticks , feet and stones '' on migrants attempting to get to Spain . Other reports accuse Spain of using rubber bullets and tear gas to prevent migrants from reaching Spanish territory . The Spanish Government said that it has now banned its border guards from using rubber bullets to repel migrants . Migrants have been found trying to smuggle themselves into Ceuta and Melillia in cars and suitcases , including in March 2016 , when migrants were discovered hiding in `` impossibly small spaces '' in a car at the Melilla border crossing , with some in the dashboard area and some under the back seat . According to the authorities , people are found hiding in cars almost every day . Also , in May 2015 , an 8 - year - old boy from Ivory Coast was found in a suitcase being smuggled into Ceuta , when the police opened the case , they found him in a `` terrible state '' . And in December 2016 , one migrant was found in a suitcase , carried by a Moroccan woman , trying to get into Ceuta . On 1 January 2017 , there was an attempt by 1100 migrants to cross the Ceuta border fence . 50 Moroccans and five Spanish border guards prevented them from crossing the fence , but one border guard lost an eye during the attempt . Norway ( edit ) See also : Norway -- Russia border barrier The number of migrants crossing from Russia into Norway increased from a handful in the first half of 2015 to 420 asylum seekers crossing by bicycle in September 2015 alone . As of 11 December 2015 over 4,000 migrants had crossed the Northern border , and the Norwegian government vowed to send all migrants with Russian residence visa back to Russia even if they were from countries experiencing conflicts such as Afghanistan . In 2016 , 5,500 asylum - seekers illegally entered Norway from Russia. . Norway began sending migrants back to conflict - torn countries of origin , such as Afghanistan , defying Amnesty International . The number of migrants returned from Europe to Afghanistan between 2015 - 16 nearly tripled from 3290 to 9460 . Because it is illegal to drive from Russia to Norway without proper legal permission , and crossing on foot is prohibited , the migrants make the crossing on bicycles . It was in 2016 decided that a barrier will be located at the Storskog border crossing . It will be built of steel and will stand 660 feet ( 200 m ) long and 11 feet ( 3.4 m ) to 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) high . Norwegian officials aim to complete the barrier before winter temperatures harden the ground . Slovenia ( edit ) See also : Slovenian border barrier Migrants in Slovenia in November 2015 Slovenia established temporary controls on the otherwise unsupervised border with Hungary in the north east on 17 September 2015 , following Germany and Austria 's similar actions . On 18 September , Slovenia experienced the first larger and largely illegal border crossing occurrences , coming mostly from Croatia , already overwhelmed by the large influx of migrant groups . On the evening of 18 September , the Slovenian riot police were forced to use pepper spray on a bridge at the Harmica border to prevent migrants and activists from illegally crossing the border from Croatia . By midday of 19 September , the country had registered around 1500 migrants , with all of them being accommodated in temporary reception camps or asylum centres . The largest traffic was seen at Obrežje border crossing , Dobova border crossing and Brežice . Prime Minister Miro Cerar visited the reception centre in Brežice on Saturday , stressing that Slovenia had the situation under control , while criticising the Croatian government for being uncooperative . Arrival of migrants in Dobova , Slovenia There were also various humanitarian and non-governmental organisations aiding the migrants on the border , coming mostly from Slovenia , Croatia and Austria . On 18 October 2015 , Slovenia began restricting admission to 2,500 migrants per day , stranding migrants in Croatia as well as Serbia and Macedonia . From 18 October , the country began receiving large numbers of refugees , which soon exceeded the upper admission limit of 2,500 . On 22 October , the police reported 12,600 migrant arrivals in 24 hours , reportedly a record , and more than Hungary had received in any one day . The Slovenian government also passed a law giving the army more powers and asked the EU for aid . The latter responded by sending the commissioner for migration to Slovenia , and announcing a `` mini EU summit '' . On the same day the Slovenian government accused the Croatian police of leading migrants through cold waters in an effort to bypass the Slovene controls by crossing the green border , and released a night time thermovision video apparently showing the events on the preceding night . By 24 October , Slovenia had reported more than 56,000 total migrant arrivals . On 10 November , Prime Minister Cerar announced that Slovenia would impose temporary technical hurdles to control migrants , but that the country would not close border crossings . On 11 November , Slovenian military personnel began the construction of the fence consisting of razor wire . The Austrian minister of the interior Johanna Mikl - Leitner expressed full support for the Slovenian government 's action on the border with Croatia . On 23 February 2016 , German press noted that Slovenia decided to deploy army on the border facing Croatia , to assist the police . It was noted , that the bill did not approve military action , however noting that the army was still authorized to use force in the case of emergency . Sweden ( edit ) During all of 2015 , migration authorities reported 500 cases of suspected terrorism links or war criminals to Swedish Security Service . Twenty individuals were denied asylum in 2015 due to war crimes . In November 2015 , Sweden reintroduced border controls for arrivals , including the Öresund Bridge . This did not have so much effect on the inflow of asylum seekers , since they had the right to apply for asylum once they were on Swedish ground . In December 2015 , Sweden passed a temporary law that allows the government to oblige all transport companies to check that their passengers carry valid photographic identification before border crossing . The new law came into effect on 21 December 2015 and is valid until 21 December 2018 . The government decided that the new rules will apply from 4 January 2016 until 4 July 2016 . The new law led to the mandatory train change and passage through border control at Copenhagen Airport station for travellers between Copenhagen and Sweden , and with a reduction in service frequency . On the first day of border controls this led to a reduction in the number of migrants arriving to southern Sweden from the previous hundreds to some dozens . Within hours of Swedish border control becoming effective , Denmark in turn created a border control between Denmark and Germany . The migration pattern also changed with the majority of those arriving by ferry from Germany to Trelleborg instead of by train to Hyllie station , bypassing the border control between Denmark and Germany . Migrants then started taking taxis in greater numbers over the Öresund Bridge in order to evade identification . Three days later , a Danish cab driver was arrested for human trafficking near the Øresund Bridge . In January 2016 newspaper Sydsvenskan reported that the migration flow had led to an increase of MRSA infections in southernmost Skåne province where many migrants are received , from 160 cases in 2005 to more than 635 cases in 2015 . In January 2016 interior minister Anders Ygeman said that Sweden was rejecting about 45 percent of asylum applications , which meant that around 60,000 -- 80,000 of the 160,000 asylum - seekers who applied for asylum in 2015 could be deported in coming years . In late June 2016 the Swedish parliament voted for more restrictive policy with a large majority in favour . As a result , residence permits will be temporary and immigration of family members will be curtailed , along with higher demands of proof to be able to support immigrating relatives . These measures are to be valid for three years . The law applies retroactively on everyone who arrived 24 November onwards and came into effect 20 July 2016 . These measures puts Sweden in line with the minimum line of requirements mandated by the EU . Thirty individuals were denied asylum January -- June 2016 due to war crimes . In August 2016 four workers at asylum centres for refugee children were reported to have been infected by tuberculosis and health services reported a marked increase in tuberculosis infections due to the crisis . In 2015 an increase of 22 % on the previous year was noted , this was largely attributed to an increased inflow of migrants over that year . 90 % of people infected with tuberculosis were born abroad . In October 2016 a leaked internal memo from the cabinet showed that spending cuts to all public services had become necessary due to the escalating costs of the migration crisis . In January 2017 police described gangs of recently arrived youth making the central shopping mall of Gothenburg unsafe at night with muggings and violence over drug trade between gangs of Moroccan , Afghani and Syrian origin . Police work is made difficult by the Swedish Migration Agency which has neglected to identify arriving migrants leading to an arrested individual 's fingerprint matching a handful of identities . When offered help from social services the youth declined and preferred a life on the streets supporting themselves with crime . In May 2017 border police reported that it had been possible to verify the identities of 77 migrants from Morocco using fingerprint matches checked against the Moroccan fingerprint database . It was found that out of the 77 , 65 had lied about their identity and of the 50 claiming to be underage , all but two were adult . In May 2017 the Swedish National Board of Forensic Medicine started aiding the Swedish Migration Agency with determining the age of migrants claiming to be under 18 . The first batch of 518 investigations indicated that 442 were likely adult . Of the 442 , 430 were men and 12 women . Up until 2017 , the Swedish Migration Agency awarded temporary residence permits also to people considered war criminals and security threats . This allowed these individuals to claim welfare benefits and healthcare from the state of Sweden . In Falkenberg , the municipality created gender segregated housing for unaccompanied minor s , as the boys woud sexually harass the girls and the girls did previously not dare to go out into the communal areas of the accommodations without wearing the veil . With the segregated housing , the girls were able to make better use of the facilities . In July 2017 Swedish Radio reported that few recently arrived migrants who have low education are willing to improve their schooling ; about 3 - 4 % are taking classes two years after receiving a residence permit . Migrants are not generally aware that in order to find steady employment in the job market of Sweden , completed secondary education is a frequent requirement . In August 2017 dozens of Afghani asylum seekers made a demonstration in a square in Stockholm against their pending deportations . They were attacked by a group of 15 - 16 men who threw fireworks at them . Three protesters were injured and one was taken to hospital . None were arrested . In September 2017 staff at the Swedish Migration Agency reported rising levels of death threats and harassment from migrants applying for residence . The nature of the threats changed with staff members being sought out at their homes or receiving threatening messages on private phones or in social media . Switzerland ( edit ) As a non-EU member country but full participant in the Schengen Agreement , the Swiss Federation was directly affected by the migrant crisis with most of the refugees arriving from Italy at border crossings in the Southern cantons of Ticino and Valais . In the crisis year 2015 , almost 40,000 asylum seekers were applying for refugee status . In 2016 , this number dropped by 31 % , and in the first quarter of 2017 by another 57 % , compared to the same time period in 2016 . Most of the asylum seekers arriving in Switzerland originate from Eritrea ( 49 % ) , followed by Afghanistan ( 30 % ) and Syria . Despite relative restrictive admission policies , and increased patrolling of illegal border crossings , the Swiss have attempted to admit refugees throughout the course of the migrant crisis , and distributed those asylum seekers to the appropriate cantons and city states . Refugees first receive a temporary residence permit `` N '' valid for 6 months while they await approval of their status . Asylum seekers who are not admitted but can not return to their home country because of health or safety considerations receive a residence permit `` F '' that allows them to stay in Switzerland . Persons receiving a `` B '' permit are admitted refugees according to the Geneva Convention with a full residence allowance for 12 months and possible extensions . Almost 50 % of the asylum seekers receive residence permits or are allowed to stay , and about 10 % of those rejected can be placed in another Schengen country . With 3.4 asylum seekers per 1000 inhabitants in 2016 , Switzerland processed more asylum applications than the European average at 2.5 , Germany at the top of the list with almost 10 asylum seekers / 1000 . About 2.5 % of asylum seekers in Switzerland are employed ; the numbers are higher at 30 % for those with temporary permits and at 24 % for admitted refugees . Turkey ( edit ) The vast majority of migrants and refugees entering Europe by sea in 2015 , nearly half million by September , arrived from Turkey , according to the United Nations . Turkish officials attempting to deter migration facilitated by smugglers have detained 57,000 travellers and over 100 human traffickers in 2015 through September . Triggers of the summer 2015 crisis ( edit ) Factors cited as immediate triggers or causes of the sudden and massive increase in migrant numbers in the summer of 2015 along the Eastern Mediterranean and Western Balkan route ( Turkey - Greece - Macedonia - Serbia - Hungary ) include : Migrants at the Greek -- Macedonian border near Gevgelija , 24 August 2015 On 18 June 2015 the government of Macedonia announced that it was changing its policy on migrants entering the country illegally . Previously , migrants were forbidden from transiting Macedonia , causing those who chose to do so to take perilous , clandestine modes of transit , such as walking along railroad tracks at night . Beginning in June , migrants were given three - day , temporary asylum permits , enabling them to travel by train and road . The opening of the Macedonia route enabled migrants from the Middle East to take very short , inexpensive voyages from the coast of Turkey to the Greek Islands , instead of the far longer , more perilous , and far more expensive voyage from Libya to Italy . According to the Washington Post , in addition to reducing danger , this lowered the cost from around $5 -- 6,000 to $2 -- 3,000 . On the 25th of August , 2015 - according to The Guardian - ' Germany 's federal agency for migration and refugees ' made it public , that `` The # Dublin procedure for Syrian citizens is at this point in time effectively no longer being adhered to '' . During a press conference , `` Germany 's interior minister , Thomas de Maizière , confirmed that the suspension of the Dublin agreement was `` not as such a legally binding act '' , but more of a `` guideline for management practice '' . According to the Washington Post , German Chancellor Angela Merkel 's public pledges ( at a time of diplomatic standoff with the government of Hungary at the beginning of September , when tens of thousands of refugees were attempting to cross Hungarian territory without getting processed for asylum application in the country ) that Germany would offer temporary residency to refugees , combined with television footage of cheering Germans welcoming refugees and migrants arriving in Munich , persuaded large numbers of people to move from Turkey up the Western Balkan route . Syrian President Bashar al - Assad blamed Europe and the United States for the migrant crisis , saying most of the refugees are fleeing the `` terrorism '' that he accuses the West of fomenting by supporting elements of the Syrian opposition . Meanwhile , the Syrian government announced increased military conscription , and simultaneously made it easier for Syrians to obtain passports , leading Middle East policy experts to speculate that he was implementing a policy to encourage opponents of his regime to leave the country . Closure of green borders ( edit ) The entry routes through the Western Balkan have experienced the greatest intensity of border restrictions in the 2015 EU migrant crisis , according to The New York Times and other sources , as follows : From To Situation Turkey Greece See also : Border barrier § Greece Greece built a razor - wire fence in 2012 along its short land border with Turkey . In September 2015 , Turkish provincial authorities gave approximately 1,700 migrants three days to leave the border zone . Turkey Bulgaria See also : Border barrier § Bulgaria As a result of Greece 's diversion of migrants to Bulgaria from Turkey , Bulgaria built its own fence to block migrants crossing from Turkey . Greece Macedonia See also : Macedonian border barrier In August 2015 , a police crackdown on migrants crossing from Greece failed in Macedonia , causing the police to instead turn their attention to diverting migrants north , into Serbia . However , in November 2015 , Macedonia began erecting a fence along its southern border with Greece , with the intention of channeling the flow of migrants through an official checkpoint as opposed to limiting the inflow of migrants . Beginning in November 2015 , Greek police permitted only Syrians , Iraqis , and Afghans to cross into Macedonia . In February , Macedonian soldiers began erecting a second fence meters away from the previous one . Serbia Hungary See also : Hungarian border barrier Hungary built a 175 - km ( 109 - mi ) razor - wire fence along its border with Serbia in 2015 . Croatia Hungary See also : Hungarian border barrier Hungary built a 40 - km ( 25 - mi ) razor - wire fence along its border with Croatia in 2015 . On 16 October 2015 , Hungary announced that it would close off its border with Croatia to migrants . Croatia Slovenia See also : Slovenian border barrier Slovenia blocked transit from Croatia in September 2015 , pepper spraying migrants trying to cross . Although re-opening the border , by 18 October 2015 , Slovenia restricted crossing to 2,500 migrants per day . Hungary Austria Austria planned to put border controls into effect along its border with Hungary in September 2015 , and officials said the controls could stay in effect under European Union rules for up to six months . Slovenia Austria See also : Austrian border barrier Russia Norway On 25 January , it was reported that Russia closed its northern border checkpoint with Norway for asylum seekers to return to Russia . While the announcement was noted as closure of the border , it apparently was considering only returning asylum seekers , thus only partial closure of the border . Russia Finland On 4 December , Finland temporarily closed one of its land border crossings by lowering the border gate and blocking the road with a car . The closure was reported to only apply for asylum seekers and lasted only a couple of hours . On 27 December 2015 , Finland closed its Russian border for people riding on bicycles , reportedly enforcing the rule only on Raja - Jooseppi ( fi ) and Salla checkpoints . Earlier , more and more asylum seekers had crossed the border on bikes . Austria Germany Germany placed temporary travel restrictions from Austria by rail in 2015 but has imposed the least onerous restrictions for migrants entering by the Western Balkans route in 2015 , in the context that Chancellor Angela Merkel had insisted that Germany will not limit the number of refugees it accepts . Deaths and incidents ( edit ) Main articles : List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea and List of migrant vehicle incidents in Europe Refugee and migrant deaths in the Mediterranean Sea , 2011 -- 2016 , according to the UNHCR Several serious accidents and deaths have occurred in Europe as a result of migrant smuggling , both in the Mediterranean Sea , due to the capsizing of crowded and unseaworthy migrant smuggling vessels , and on European soil , due to the use of standard cargo trucks by smugglers to transport illegal migrants . The vast majority of deaths occurred while persons were being illegally smuggled across the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas . Reactions ( edit ) European Union ( edit ) After the migrant shipwreck on 19 April 2015 , Italy 's Premier Matteo Renzi spoke by telephone to French President François Hollande and to Maltese Prime Minister Joseph Muscat . They agreed to call for an emergency meeting of European interior ministers to address the problem of migrant deaths . Renzi condemned human trafficking as a `` new slave trade '' while Prime Minister Muscat said the 19 April shipwreck was the `` biggest human tragedy of the last few years '' . Hollande described people traffickers as `` terrorists '' who put migrant lives at risk . The German government 's representative for migration , refugees and integration , Aydan Özoğuz , said that with more migrants likely to arrive as the weather turned warmer , emergency rescue missions should be restored . `` It was an illusion to think that cutting off Mare Nostrum would prevent people from attempting this dangerous voyage across the Mediterranean '' , she said . Federica Mogherini , High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy , called for collective EU action ahead of a meeting in Luxembourg on Monday 20 April . In a press conference , Renzi confirmed that Italy had called an `` extraordinary European council '' meeting as soon as possible to discuss the tragedy , various European leaders agreed with this idea . Cameron tweeted on 20 April that he `` supported '' Renzi 's `` call for an emergency meeting of EU leaders to find a comprehensive solution '' to the migrant crisis in the Mediterranean . He later confirmed that he would attend an emergency summit of European leaders on Thursday . On 20 April 2015 , the European Commission proposed a 10 - point plan to tackle the crisis : Reinforce the Joint Operations in the Mediterranean , namely Triton and Poseidon , by increasing the financial resources and the number of assets . We will also extend their operational area , allowing us to intervene further , within the mandate of Frontex ; A systematic effort to capture and destroy vessels used by the smugglers . The positive results obtained with the Atalanta operation should inspire us to similar operations against smugglers in the Mediterranean ; Europol , Frontex , EASO and Eurojust will meet regularly and work closely to gather information on smugglers ' modus operandi , to trace their funds and to assist in their investigation ; EASO to deploy teams in Italy and Greece for joint processing of asylum applications ; Member States to ensure fingerprinting of all migrants ; Consider options for an emergency relocation mechanism ; A EU wide voluntary pilot project on resettlement , offering a number of places to persons in need of protection ; Establish a new return programme for rapid return of irregular migrants coordinated by Frontex from frontline Member States ; Engagement with countries surrounding Libya through a joined effort between the Commission and the EEAS ; Initiatives in Niger have to be stepped up . Deploy Immigration Liaison Officers ( ILO ) in key third countries , to gather intelligence on migratory flows and strengthen the role of the EU Delegations . Border patrol operations ( edit ) Further information : Operation Triton and EU Navfor Med In June 2015 , Royal Navy ship HMS Enterprise replaced HMS Bulwark in the mission to rescue migrants crossing the Mediterranean from Libya to Italy . The Guardian and Reuters noted that doubling the size of Operation Triton would still leave the mission with fewer resources than the previous Italian - run rescue option ( Operation Mare Nostrum ) whose budget was more than 3 times as large , had 4 times the number of aircraft and had a wider mandate to conduct search and rescue operations across the Mediterranean Sea . On 23 April 2015 , a five - hour emergency summit was held and EU heads of state agreed to triple the budget of Operation Triton to € 120 million for 2015 -- 2016 . EU leaders claimed that this would allow for the same operational capabilities as Operation Mare Nostrum had had in 2013 -- 2014 . As part of the agreement the United Kingdom agreed to send HMS Bulwark , two naval patrol boats and three helicopters to join the Operation . On 5 May 2015 it was announced by the Irish Minister of Defence Simon Coveney that the LÉ Eithne would also take part in the response to the crisis . Amnesty International immediately criticised the EU response as `` a face - saving not a life - saving operation '' and said that `` failure to extend Triton 's operational area will fatally undermine today 's commitment '' . On 18 May 2015 , the European Union decided to launch a new operation based in Rome , called EU Navfor Med , under the command of the Italian Admiral Enrico Credendino , to undertake systematic efforts to identify , capture and dispose of vessels used by migrant smugglers . The first phase of the operation , launched on 22 June , involved naval surveillance to detect smugglers ' boats and monitor smuggling patterns from Libya towards Italy and Malta . The second phase , called `` Operation Sophia '' , started in October , and was aimed at disrupting the smugglers ' journeys by boarding , searching , seizing and diverting migrant vessels in international waters . The operation uses six EU warships . As of April 2016 , more than 13,000 migrants were rescued from the sea and 68 alleged smugglers were arrested in the course of the operation . The EU seeks to increase the scope of EU Navfor Med so that a third phase of the operation would include patrols inside Libyan waters in order to capture and dispose of vessels used by smugglers . Land operations on Libya to destroy vessels used by smugglers had been proposed , but commentators note that such an operation would need a UN or Libyan permit . Relocation and resettlement of asylum seekers ( edit ) The escalation in April 2015 of shipwrecks of migrant boats in the Mediterranean led European Union leaders to reconsider their policies on border control and processing of migrants . On 20 April the European Commission proposed a 10 - point plan that included the European Asylum Support Office deploying teams in Italy and Greece for joint processing of asylum applications . Also in April 2015 German chancellor Angela Merkel proposed a new system of quotas to distribute non-EU asylum seekers around the EU member states . In September 2015 , as thousands of migrants started to move from Budapest to Vienna , Germany , Italy and France demanded asylum - seekers to be shared more evenly between EU states . Commission President Jean - Claude Juncker proposed to distribute 160,000 asylum seekers among EU states under a new migrant quota system to be set out . Jean Asselborn , the Luxembourg foreign minister , called for the establishment of a European Refugee Agency , which would have the power to investigate whether every EU member state is applying the same standards for granting asylum to migrants . Viktor Orbán , the prime minister of Hungary , criticised the European Commission warning that `` tens of millions '' of migrants could come to Europe . Asselborn declared to be `` ashamed '' of Orbán . German Foreign Minister Frank - Walter Steinmeier said that EU members reluctant to accept compulsory migrant quotas may have to be outvoted : `` if there is no other way , then we should seriously consider to use the instrument of a qualified majority '' . Leaders of the Visegrád Group ( Czech Republic , Hungary , Poland , Slovakia ) declared in a September meeting in Prague that they will not accept any compulsory long - term quota on redistribution of immigrants . Czech Government 's Secretary for European Affairs Tomáš Prouza commented that `` if two or three thousand people who do not want to be here are forced into Czech Republic , it is fair to assume that they will leave anyway . The quotas are unfair to the refugees , we ca n't just move them here and there like a cattle . '' According to the Czech interior minister Milan Chovanec , from 2 September 2015 , Czech Republic was offering asylum to every Syrian caught by the police notwithstanding the Dublin Regulation : out of about 1,300 apprehended until 9 September , only 60 decided to apply for asylum in Czech Republic , with the rest of them continuing to Germany or elsewhere . Czech President Miloš Zeman said that Ukrainian refugees fleeing War in Donbass should be also included in migrant quotas . In November 2015 , the Czech Republic started a program of medical evacuations of selected Syrian refugees from Jordan ( 400 in total ) . Under the program , severely sick children were selected for treatment in the best Czech medical facilities , with their families getting asylum , airlift and a paid flats in the Czech Republic after stating clear intent to stay in the country . However , from the initial 3 families that had been transported to Prague , one immediately fled to Germany . Czech Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka stated that this signals that quota system will not work either . On 7 September 2015 , France announced that it would accept 24,000 asylum - seekers over two years ; Britain announced that it would take in up to 20,000 refugees , primarily vulnerable children and orphans from camps in Jordan , Lebanon and Turkey ; and Germany pledged US $6.7 billion to deal with the migrant crisis . However , also on 7 September 2015 , both Austria and Germany warned that they would not be able to keep up with the current pace of the influx and that it would need to slow down first . National governments ' position in the European Union Justice and Home Affairs Council majority vote to relocate 120,000 refugees : Yes Opt - out Abstention No Non-EU state On 22 September 2015 , European Union interior ministers meeting in the Justice and Home Affairs Council approved a plan to relocate 120,000 asylum seekers over two years from the frontline states Italy , Greece and Hungary to all other EU countries ( except Denmark , Ireland and the United Kingdom which have opt - outs ) . The relocation plan applies to asylum seekers `` in clear need of international protection '' ( those with a recognition rate higher than 75 % , i.e. Syrians , Eritreans and Iraqis ) -- 15,600 from Italy , 50,400 from Greece and 54,000 from Hungary -- who will be distributed among EU states on the basis of quotas taking into account the size of economy and population of each state , as well as the average number of asylum applications . The decision was taken by majority vote , with the Czech Republic , Hungary , Romania and Slovakia voting against and Finland abstaining . Since Hungary voted against the relocation plan , its 54,000 asylum seekers would not be relocated for now , and could be relocated from Italy and Greece instead . Czech Interior Minister tweeted after the vote : `` Common sense lost today . '' Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico is threatening legal action over EU 's mandatory migrant quotas at European Court of Justice in Luxembourg . On 9 October , the first 20 Eritrean asylum seekers were relocated by plane from Italy to Sweden , following the EU prerequisite fingerprinting in Italy as the first member country of asylum registration . On 25 October 2015 , the leaders of Greece and other states along Western Balkan routes to wealthier nations of Europe , including Germany , agreed to set up holding camps for 100,000 asylum seekers , a move which German Chancellor Merkel supported . In the wake of November 2015 Paris attacks , Poland 's European affairs minister designate Konrad Szymański stated that he sees no possibility of enacting the EU refugee relocation scheme , saying , `` We 'll accept ( refugees only ) if we have security guarantees . '' The attacks prompted European officials -- particularly German officials -- to re-evaluate their stance on EU policy toward migrants , especially in light of the ongoing European migrant crisis . Many German officials believed a higher level of scrutiny was needed , and criticised the position of German Chancellor Angela Merkel , but the German Vice-Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel defended her stance , and pointed out that a lot of migrants were fleeing terrorism . On 12 November it was reported that Frontex was maintaining combined asylum seeker and deportation hotspots in Lesbos , Greece since October . On 15 December 2015 , the EU proposed taking over border and coastal security operations at major migrant entry pressure points , via its Frontex operation . By September 2016 the quota system proposed by EU has been abandoned for the time being , after staunch resistance by Visegrád Group countries . By 9 June 2017 , 22,504 people have been resettled through the quota system , with over 2000 of them being resettled in May alone . All relevant countries participate in the relocation scheme with exception of Austria , Denmark , Czech Republic , Poland , and Hungary , against whom the European commission has consequentially launched sanctions procedure only to the Czech Republic , Poland , and Hungary . EU `` safe countries of origin '' list ( edit ) 12 EU countries have national lists of so - called safe countries of origin . The European Commission is proposing one , common EU list designating as ' safe ' all EU candidate countries ( Albania , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia and Turkey ) , plus potential EU candidates Bosnia and Herzegovina and Kosovo . The list would allow for faster returns to those countries , even though asylum applications from nationals of those countries would continue to be assessed on an individual , case - by - case basis . Valletta summit on migration ( edit ) Main article : Valletta Summit on Migration Between 11 and 12 November 2015 , a summit between European and African leaders was held in Valletta , Malta , to discuss the migrant crisis . The summit resulted in the EU setting up an Emergency Trust Fund to promote development in Africa , in return for African countries to help out in the crisis . Negotiations with Turkey ( edit ) On 12 November 2015 , at the end of the two - day summit in Malta , EU officials announced an agreement to offer Turkey 3 billion euros over two years to manage more than 2 million refugees from Syria who had sought refuge there , in return for curbing migration through Turkey into the EU . In November , Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan reportedly threatened to send the millions of refugees in Turkey to EU member states if it was left to shoulder the burden alone . The 3 billion euros fund for Turkey was approved by the EU in February 2016 . In January , the Netherlands proposed that the EU take in 250,000 refugees a year from Turkey in return for Turkey closing the Aegean sea route to Greece , but Turkey rejected the plan . Starting on 7 March 2016 , the EU met with Turkey for another summit in Brussels to negotiate further solutions of the crisis . An original plan saw for the closing statement to declare the Western Balkan route closed . However , this was met with criticism from German chancellor Angela Merkel . The EU proposed to the Turkish government a plan in which Turkey would take back every refugee who entered Greece ( and thereby the EU ) illegally . In return , the EU would accept one person into the EU who is registered as a Syrian refugee in Turkey for every Syrian sent back from Greece . Turkey countered the offer by demanding a further 3 billion Euros in order to help them in supplying the 2.7 million refugees in Turkey . In addition , the Turkish government asked for their citizens to be allowed to travel freely into the Schengen area starting at the end of June 2016 , as well as an increased speed in talks of a possible accession of Turkey to the European Union . The plan to send migrants back to Turkey was criticized on 8 March 2016 by the United Nations , which warned that it could be illegal to send the migrants back to Turkey in exchange of financial and political rewards . EU - Turkey deal ( edit ) Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan On 20 March 2016 , the agreement between the EU and Turkey to tackle the migrant crisis came into effect . As the deal outlines , migrants arriving in Greece will be sent back to Turkey if they do not apply for asylum or their claim is rejected . Under the deal the EU would send around 2,300 experts , including security and migration officials and translators to Greece who will help implement the deal . The deal further outlines the mechanism that any irregular migrants who will cross into Greece from Turkey after 20 March 2016 will be sent back to Turkey based on individual case by case evaluation . Any Syrian who is returned to Turkey will be replaced by a Syrian resettled from Turkey to the EU , preferably the individuals who did not try to enter the EU illegally in the past and not exceeding a maximum of 72,000 people . Turkish nationals would have access to Schengen passport - free zone by June 2016 but this will not include non-Schengen countries such as Britain . The talks aiming at Turkey 's accession to the EU as a member will start in July 2016 and a promised $3.3 billion aid will speedily be delivered to Turkey . Following the arrival of migrants from Greece to Turkey , they are given medical checks and are registered and fingerprinted , then bused to `` reception and removal '' centres in Ankara , Erzurum , İzmir , Gaziantep , Kayseri , Van and Kırklareli , and later deported to their home countries . The UNHCR said it was not a party to the EU - Turkey deal and it would not be involved in returns or detention . Like the UNHCR , four aid agencies ( Médecins Sans Frontières , the International Rescue Committee , the Norwegian Refugee Council and Save the Children ) said they would not help implementing the EU - Turkey deal because blanket expulsion of refugees contravened international law . Amnesty International said that the agreement between EU and Turkey was `` madness '' , and that the day ( 18 March 2016 ) was a dark day for Refugee Convention , Europe and humanity . By contrast , Turkish prime minister Ahmet Davutoglu described the day as a historic day , adding that Turkey and EU had the same challenges , the same future and the same destiny . Donald Tusk said that the migrants in Greece would not be sent back to dangerous areas . Following Turkish - EU tensions , Turkey warned about canceling the deal . On April 2016 , Turkish President Erdoğan threatened to allow the EU - Turkey deal to collapse . Erdoğan said : `` We have received lots of thanks for our action on the refugees and in the fight against terrorism . But we are not doing this for thanks . '' The UNHCR 's director Vincent Cochetel claimed in August 2016 that parts of the EU - Turkey deal about immigration were already de facto suspended due to the post-coup absence of Turkish police at the Greek detention centres , as there were no officers to oversee deportations . On 17 March 2017 , Turkish interior minister Süleyman Soylu threatened to send 15,000 refugees to the European Union every month while Turkish foreign minister Mevlut Cavusoglu has also threatened to cancel the March 2016 EU - Turkey migrant deal . Effects on Dublin and Schengen rules ( edit ) Main articles : Dublin Regulation and Schengen Area This section is in a list format that may be better presented using prose . You can help by converting this section to prose , if appropriate . Editing help is available . ( October 2015 ) Under the Dublin Regulation , an asylum seeker has to apply for asylum in the first EU country they entered , and , if they cross borders to another country after being fingerprinted , they can be returned to the former . As most asylum seekers try to reach Germany or Sweden through the other EU countries in order to apply for asylum there , and as 22 EU countries form the borderless Schengen area where internal border controls are abolished , enforcement of the Dublin Regulation became increasingly difficult during late summer 2015 , with some countries allowing asylum seekers to transit through their territories and other countries renouncing the right to return them back or reinstating border controls within the Schengen Area to prevent them from entering . Migrants in a hunger strike in front of the Budapest Keleti railway station , 3 September 2015 Hungary became overburdened by asylum applications and on 23 June 2015 it stopped receiving back its applicants who later crossed the borders to other EU countries and were detained there . On 24 August 2015 , according to article 17 of the Dublin III Regulations Germany decided to suspend the general procedure as regards Syrian refugees and to process their asylum applications directly itself . The change in Germany asylum policy incited large numbers of migrants to move towards Germany , especially after German chancellor Merkel stated that `` there is no legal limit to refugee numbers '' . Austria was meanwhile allowing unimpeded travel of migrants from Hungary to Germany through its own territory . On 2 September 2015 , the Czech Republic also decided to defy the Dublin Regulation and to offer Syrian refugees who have already applied for asylum in other EU countries and who reach the country to either have their application processed in the Czech Republic or to continue their journey elsewhere . The rules regarding immigrants of other nationalities were not changed -- i.e. , they would still face detention and return under the Dublin Regulation if trying to reach Germany through the Czech Republic ( unless they had the right to apply for asylum in the Czech Republic ) . On 7 September , Austria announced it would phase out special measures that have allowed tens of thousands of migrants to cross its territory and will reinstate the Dublin Regulation . Between 9 and 10 September , Denmark closed rail lines with Germany , after hundreds of migrants refused to be registered in the country as asylum seekers and insisted on continuing their travel to Sweden . On 13 September , Germany established temporary border controls along its border with Austria , in order to `` limit the current inflows '' and `` return to orderly procedures when people enter the country '' according to German Interior Minister Thomas de Maizière . The Czech Republic reacted by increasing police presence along its border with Austria in order to be able to react if the mass of migrants that was in Austria tried to reach Germany through the Czech Republic . Czech police did not establish actual border control like Germany , but conducted random searches of vehicles and trains within the Czech territory not far from the border , with cars and helicopters patrolling also alongside the green border . Some Czech police officers were stationed also within Austria in order to give advance warning in case large numbers of migrants moved towards the Austrian -- Czech borders . On 14 September , Austria established border controls alongside its border with Hungary . Austria deployed not only police officers , but also the army along its border . Hungary also deployed army personnel along its border with Serbia and announced that from 15 September , all persons who illegally enter the Hungarian territory of Schengen area will be arrested and face from 3 to 5 years imprisonment . Following Austrian chancellor Werner Faymann 's remarks that Hungary 's treatment of refugees is akin to Nazi policies , Hungary started transporting refugees by buses directly to the borderline with Austria , where they were offloaded and were then trying to cross to Austria on foot . On 15 September it was reported that migrants in southern Hungary have started a hunger strike protesting the closure of the green border with Serbia . On 16 September it was reported that Hungarian police had used tear gas and a water cannon on protesting migrants demanding the opening of the green border , after they had thrown stones and concrete at the riot police . On 17 September , Croatia closed its border with Serbia . In July 2017 , the European Court of Justice upheld the Dublin Regulation declaring it still stands despite the high influx of 2015 , giving EU member states the right to deport migrants to the first country of entry to the EU . EU member states ( edit ) ' Syrian Refugees Welcome ' rally in Vienna , 31 August 2015 Austria -- On 6 August 2015 , Amnesty International Secretary General Heinz Patzelt inspected the refugee camp Bundesbetreuungsstelle in Traiskirchen where more than 4,800 migrants / refugees are housed . Medical expert Siroos Mirzaei from Amnesty International noted that the people had to wait for days in order to get medical help , this due to the vast number of people received over a short period of time . The report also stated that four doctors were present at the refugee camp and that showers and some hygienic facilities were in disrepair . Patzelt claimed , `` Austria is currently violating human rights and should focus on unattended children and minors '' . Bulgaria -- Bulgaria built a fence along its border with Turkey to prevent migrants from crossing through its territory in order to reach other EU countries . The fence is equipped with infrared cameras , motion sensors and wire , and is monitored by the army . Croatia -- Croatia will receive 1,064 migrants in the next two years from 2015 according to the EU plan . Croatia was originally supposed to receive 505 migrants , but decided to accept more -- which makes it the only country in the EU , along with Estonia , which has done so . On 29 August 2015 a Croatian daily newspaper Jutarnji list published an interview with a `` senior government official '' who said that the Croatian Government formed an interdepartmental working group that is working on a plan on how to accept these migrants . Croatia will in October 2015 send its delegation to the migrants ' camps in Italy and Greece , which will choose immigrants from Syria and Eritrea that Croatia will accept . Criteria for the selection will be : 1 . any kind of connection to Croatia , such as family in Croatia or a diploma from one of the Croatian Universities ( while Croatia was member of Yugoslavia , many foreigners from Non-Aligned Movement countries , especially Syrians , were coming to Croatia to study ) , 2 . education in occupations that are in demand in Croatia , and 3 . families with small children . In addition , Croatia shares a land border with Serbia . Therefore , there is a risk of a strong inflow of migrants from Serbia considering that Hungary erected a fence on its border with Serbia . Nearly 80 % of the border consists of the Danube river , but the problem is the 70 kilometers long so - called `` Green Border '' near Tovarnik . According to the Croatian Minister of Interior Ranko Ostojić `` police in the area has enough people and equipment to protect Croatian border against illegal immigrants '' . Croatian President Kolinda Grabar - Kitarović and First Deputy Prime Minister Vesna Pusić rejected the option of building a fence on Croatian border with Serbia . Grabar - Kitarović has accused German Chancellor Angela Merkel of causing `` chaos '' . In expectancy of possible new migrant wave that might activate in winter of 2016 , President Grabar - Kitarović stated on September 21 , 2016 before the UN General Assembly that `` if a new migrant wave reaches Croatian borders , Croatia would not let migrants pass through its territory '' because Croatia needed to protect its territory , adding that it turned out that over 85 percent of them were economic migrants and not genuine refugees . Anti-immigration rally called `` For our culture and safe country '' in Prague , Czech Republic on 12 September 2015 Pro-migration rally in Prague , Czech Republic on 12 September 2015 Czech Republic -- Czech Republic will receive 4,306 refugees according to quotas accepted by the European Commission . Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka said the European Commission had failed in solving the crisis and expressed disagreement with proposed quotas saying : `` We reject the system of quotas . I do not consider it effective , I do not think it would help bring any solution . It makes no sense to discuss any numbers for now '' . He said Europe needs to complete what the European Council has agreed in the past and not to create new plans and proposals . He supports the idea of creating hotspots in Italy or Greece . Czech President Miloš Zeman has expressed his dissatisfaction with the mass inflow of migrants to Europe on several occasions . In late August 2015 in an interview for radio `` Frekvence 1 '' he said : `` The reception of migrants from the Middle East and Northern Africa to the territory of Czech Republic brings with it three major risks -- spread of infectious diseases , terrorism of the Islamic state and the creation of new ghettos . '' According to his opinion the majority of refugees are actually economic migrants that are not fleeing war . The President also thinks that migrants that are crossing Czech territory in order to go to Germany will stay in Czech Republic when Germany eventually stops accepting them , `` which would then make Czech Republic to defend its boundaries with the police and army '' . Czech Deputy Prime Minister Andrej Babiš called for NATO intervention against human trafficking in the Mediterranean . After talks with NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg on migrant crisis issue Babiš said : `` NATO is not interested in refugees , though Turkey , a NATO member , is their entrance gate to Europe and smugglers operate on Turkish territory '' . Opposition TOP09 's Miroslav Kalousek said that `` confident and wealthy countries such as the Czech Republic should not be afraid to accept 3,000 refugees '' and accused President Zeman of giving rise to hatred to refugees ; however he also shares disagreement with proposed quotas . Former Minister of Foreign Affairs Karel Schwarzenberg has said that accepting 80,000 refugees would be suitable . Minister of Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Jiří Dienstbier said the country is able to accept 7,000 -- 15,000 refugees now and should express solidarity and help other countries facing the strongest influx of refugees without quotas . Denmark -- Denmark temporarily closed rail links with Germany in September to stop migrants from illegally entering the country , and the E45 Motorway due to migrants on the road . Denmark used the second highest amount on asylum seekers among European nations in 2015 , compared to GDP ( 0.47 % of GDP , after Sweden at 0.5 % , followed by Germany and Italy at 0.2 % , with remaining lower ) . This is expected to rise in 2016 . In December 2015 , the Danish Government announced that it would introduce new laws that will allow confiscation of cash above 3,000 DKK ( c. 402 euros ) and valuables worth more than 3,000 DKK from asylum seekers to pay the cost of their stay . Items of sentimental value ( such as wedding rings , personal mobile phones and personal laptops ) would not be taken . In January 2016 , the limit was changed to 10,000 DKK ( c. 1,340 euros ) and the law was passed . Similar laws already exist in Switzerland ( limit 1,000 Swiss francs ( c. 913 euros ) ) , the Netherlands ( limit 5,895 euros ) and some federal states of Germany ( limit varies , 750 euros in Bavaria and 350 euros in Baden - Württemberg ) . The Danish law was condemned from several sides , including by the UNHCR , and caused one Danish politician , Jens Rohde , to defect from the Venstre party to the Social Liberal Party . The Danish Police said that this would be unenforceable and a review two months after the law came into effect showed that there had been no confiscations . Finland -- Many migrants arrived over the land border from Sweden . They were stopped from using ferries by carrier 's responsibility rules . On 14 September , a former prime minister Matti Vanhanen noted that the government needed to regain control on who enters the country and to divert asylum seekers to special camps . He did not think that it would be appropriate that the asylum seekers could continue to freely move around . Later on the same day , the Minister of the Interior Petteri Orpo , who is also a member of the National Coalition Party , noted that tightened border controls would be imposed on the northern border stations by the end of the week . On 14 November 2015 Finnish prime minister Juha Sipilä noted that border controls need to be tightened and he expressed his concern that Schengen Agreement and freedom of movement was not working . He stressed , that border controls will be restored if Schengen agreement is not fixed . Furthermore , he noted , that Finnish National Bureau of Investigation will improve its cyber surveillance . On the same day Finnish President Sauli Niinistö ( elected from the National Coalition Party ) was referred to have noted that national solutions needed to be formed if the Schengen agreement could not be repaired . France -- On 23 September 2015 , after the Czech Republic , Hungary , Romania and Slovakia voted against a plan to relocate asylum - seekers arriving in Greece , Italy and Hungary among other member states , French President François Hollande warned the four former Eastern Bloc countries against rejecting the EU mandatory migrant quotas : `` Those who do n't share our values , those who do n't even want to respect those principles , need to start asking themselves questions about their place in the European Union . '' Migrants in Budapest railway station , with most heading to Germany , 4 September 2015 Germany -- Junior coalition partner , Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel said that Germany could take in 500,000 refugees annually for the next several years . German opposition to the government 's admission of the new wave of migrants has been an increasingly tense political debate , coupled with a rise in anti-immigration protests . Pegida , an anti-immigration movement flourished briefly in late 2014 , followed by a new wave of anti-immigration protests in the late summer of 2015 . Chancellor Angela Merkel insisted that Germany has the economic strength to cope with the influx of migrants and reiterated that there is no legal maximum limit on the number of migrants Germany can take . In September 2015 , enthusiastic crowds across the country welcomed arriving refugees and migrants . Horst Seehofer , leader of Christian Social Union in Bavaria , the sister party of Merkel 's Christian Democratic Union attacked Merkel 's policies in sharp language , threatened to sue the government in the high court , and hinted that the CSU might topple Merkel . Many MPs of Merkel 's CDU party also voiced dissatisfaction with Merkel . Meanwhile , Yasmin Fahimi , secretary - general of the Social Democratic Party , the junior partner of the ruling coalition , praised Merkel 's policy allowing migrants in Hungary to enter Germany as `` a strong signal of humanity to show that Europe 's values are valid also in difficult times '' . North Rhine - Westphalia , Germany 's most populous state , was hiring more than 3,600 new teachers to manage the influx of an estimated 40,000 new refugee children in 2015 . CSU leader and Bavarian State Premier Horst Seehofer criticised Merkel 's decision to allow in migrants : `` We 're now in a state of mind without rules , without system and without order because of a German decision . '' The German Interior Ministry estimates as many as 30 % of asylum seekers arriving in Germany claiming to be from Syria are in fact from other countries , and suggested to reduce EU funding for member countries that reject mandatory refugee quotas . In November 2015 , there were talks inside the governing coalition to stop family unification for migrants for two years , and to establish `` Transit Zones '' on the border and -- for migrants with low chances to get asylum approved -- to be housed there until their application is approved . The issues are in conflict between the CSU who favours those new measures and threaten to leave the coalition without them , and the SPD who opposes them . Merkel has agreed to the measures . The November 2015 Paris attacks prompted reevaluation of German officials ' stance on the EU 's policy toward migrants . There appeared to be a consensus among officials , with the notable exception of Angela Merkel herself , that a higher level of scrutiny was needed in vetting migrants with respect to their mission in Germany . However , while not officially limiting the influx numerically , Merkel has tightened asylum policy in Germany . Migrants crossing illegally into Hungary underneath the unfinished Hungary -- Serbia border fence , 25 August 2015 Hungary -- Hungary has finished construction of the first phase of a fence on its southern border with Serbia in late August 2015 , according to the Hungarian Ministry of Defence . The fence consists of three strands of NATO razor wire , and is 175 kilometers long . The next phase involves construction of a wire fence which will be approximately 4 meters high . In August , describing Hungary as , `` under siege from human traffickers '' , Minister of the Prime Minister 's Office János Lázár announced that the government would `` defend this stretch of our borders with force '' , deploying 9,000 police to keep undocumented migrants out . Hungary 's Prime Minister Viktor Orbán wrote in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung : `` Europe 's response is madness . We must acknowledge that the European Union 's misguided immigration policy is responsible for this situation '' . Orbán also demanded an official EU list of `` safe countries '' to which migrants can be returned . He said that `` the moral , human thing is to make clear : ' Please do n't come . Why do you have to go from Turkey to Europe ? Turkey is a safe country . Stay there . It 's risky to come ' . '' Hungary has adopted a list of countries deemed safe for transiting purposes . If an asylum seeker has passed through those countries , it is assumed that he could have found asylum there , and therefore he is not eligible for asylum in Hungary . Speaking at United Nations General Assembly , Prime Minister Viktor Orbán called for `` global quota '' system to distribute refugees to all countries . Rescued male migrants are brought to southern Italian ports , 28 June 2015 Italy -- Some Italian towns and cities have refused instructions from the national government to house migrants . The Mafia Capitale investigation revealed that the Italian Mafia profits from the migrant crisis and exploits refugees . Pope Francis thanked the Italian navy for migrant rescue effort . Latvia -- Latvia decided to receive 250 migrants in the next two years according to the EU plan . National Alliance party expressed its disapproval of such decision . On 4 August 2015 around 250 activists gathered in Riga on a protest against Government 's decision on receiving migrants . Lithuania -- Lithuania decided to receive 325 migrants , although after the increase of migrant flow in August 2015 , its government did not discount the possibility of accepting a greater number of migrants later in the same year . Malta -- Prime Minister Joseph Muscat called the crisis `` an ugly period '' for Europe , and said that Malta will take in 75 migrants from Italy and Greece . He also called for a ' global system of refugee quotas ' . Anti-immigration rally in Poland in 2015 Poland -- In 2015 , just before the parliamentary elections that were to happen that year , government officials with then Prime Minister Ewa Kopacz stated that the country was ready to take 2,000 refugees . However , after the Law and Justice party won the elections , the rhetoric was changed . Both the government of Poland and polish President Andrzej Duda rejected the European Union 's proposal of compulsory migrant quotas , the latter stating : `` I wo n't agree to a dictate of the strong . I wo n't back a Europe where the economic advantage of the size of a population will be a reason to force solutions on other countries regardless of their national interests '' . Portugal -- In the next two years , Portugal is willing to offer shelter to 1,500 of the refugees flooding into Europe from the Mediterranean Sea . A source has told Diário de Notícias that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has already presented its counter-proposal to the European Commission ( EC ) , which wanted Portugal to absorb 2,400 refugees . Romania -- The European Commission asked Romania to accept 6,351 refugees under an EU quota scheme . The EurActiv reported that `` Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta said that his country will request admission to the EU 's Schengen borderless area if mandatory quotas to accept refugees are decided by the Union '' . Slovakia -- Government of Slovakia stated that it would help with migration into Europe by receiving 200 migrants according to the EU plan , but on condition that the migrants are Christians . Slovak Prime Minister Robert Fico said : `` I have only one question : who bombed Libya ? Who caused problems in North Africa ? Slovakia ? No ! '' The Prime Minister proposed temporary refuge in his country for 500 migrants who have submitted requests for asylum in Austria , whose accommodation for refugees is overfilled , but as for 200 migrants that Slovakia will receive according to the EU plan , requires that these 500 are Christians as well . On 15 September 2015 , Fico was reported saying that all crossing the border illegally would be detained . Fico rejected European Commission plan to distribute migrants among EU member states , saying : `` As long as I am prime minister , mandatory quotas will not be implemented on Slovak territory . '' S&D Group leader has proposed to suspend Fico 's SMER party from the Party of European Socialists ( PES ) . Sweden -- As of 26 November , Sweden had received 146,000 asylum seekers in 2015 , with a record of 39,000 applications in October . Most asylum seekers were Afghan , followed by Syrians and Iraqis . In the beginning of November , the authorities warned they could no longer offer housing to all asylum seekers and on 12 November temporary border control was enacted ( on the Swedish side ) which reduced the number of migrants somewhat ( migrants could still apply for asylum ) . On 26 November 2015 , Prime Minister Stefan Löfven said the system for welcoming migrants was about to collapse and that the cabinet would propose major new restrictions and measures to reduce the inflow of migrants . He called on other European countries to take more responsibility . The government in December decided to introduce `` carrier 's responsibility '' for trains and buses on the Öresund bridge which would introduce Swedish de facto border controls on the Danish side . United Kingdom -- British Home Secretary Theresa May said that it was important to help people living in war zone regions and refugee camps , `` not the ones who are strong and rich enough to come to Europe '' . British UKIP politician Nigel Farage stated that the exodus from Libya had been caused by NATO military intervention , approved by David Cameron and Nicolas Sarkozy , in the civil war in Libya . International ( edit ) The United Nations predicted that one million migrants should reach Europe by 2016 and warned on 25 September 2015 that worsening conditions in Iraq would produce many more migrants . In September 2015 , NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg identified `` a need for immediate measures , border , migrant , the discussion about quotas , so on -- this is civilian issues , addressed by the European Union . '' Czech Deputy Prime Minister Andrej Babiš said in reaction , `` According to the NATO chief , the problem of refugees is a problem of the EU and the border protection and the fight against people smugglers is in the power of particular EU member states . '' The Russian Federation released an official statement on 2 September 2015 that the United Nations Security Council was working on a draft resolution to address the European migrant crisis , likely by permitting the inspection of suspected migrant ships . The International Organization for Migration claimed that deaths at sea increased ninefold after the end of Operation Mare Nostrum . Amnesty International condemned European governments for `` negligence towards the humanitarian crisis in the Mediterranean '' which they say led to an increase in deaths at sea . In April 2015 , Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch criticised the funding of search and rescue operations . Amnesty International said that the EU was `` turning its back on its responsibilities and clearly threatening thousands of lives '' . Syrian refugees hosted in some Middle East countries ( Turkey , Lebanon , Jordan , Iraq and Egypt ) ; only a small fraction of all Syrian refugees have been resettled anywhere in the world . Data as of August 2015 . Australian PM Tony Abbott said the tragedies were `` worsened by Europe 's refusal to learn from its own mistakes and from the efforts of others who have handled similar problems . Destroying the criminal people - smugglers was the centre of gravity of our border control policies , and judicious boat turnbacks was the key . '' In July 2013 , Pope Francis visited the island of Lampedusa on his first official visit outside of Rome . He prayed for migrants , living and dead and denounced their traffickers . He expressed his concern about the loss of life and urged EU leaders to `` act decisively and quickly to stop these tragedies from recurring '' . Lebanon 's Education Minister Elias Bou Saab told British Prime Minister David Cameron that `` as many as 2 % of the refugees could be jihadis belonging to ISIS '' . Former U.S. President Barack Obama praised Germany for taking a leading role in accepting refugees . During his April 2016 visit to Germany , Obama praised German Chancellor Angela Merkel for being on `` the right side of history '' with her open - border immigration policy . However , Obama 's successor Donald Trump has been more critical of German chancellor Angela Merkel and her handling of the European migrant crisis , saying `` Everyone thought she was a really great leader and now she 's turned out to be this catastrophic leader . And she 'll be out if they do n't have a revolution . '' In a report released in January 2016 , Médecins Sans Frontières denounced the EU response to the refugee crisis in 2015 , saying that policies of deterrence and a chaotic response to the humanitarian needs of those who fled actively worsened the conditions of refugees and migrants and created a `` policy - made humanitarian crisis '' . According to MSF , obstacles placed by EU governments included `` not providing any alternative to a deadly sea crossing , erecting razor wire fences , continuously changing administrative and registration procedures , committing acts of violence at sea and at land borders and providing completely inadequate reception conditions in Italy and Greece '' . In March 2016 , NATO General Philip Breedlove stated , `` Together , Russia and the Assad regime are deliberately weaponizing migration in an attempt to overwhelm European structures and break European resolve ... These indiscriminate weapons used by both Bashar al - Assad , and the non-precision use of weapons by the Russian forces - I ca n't find any other reason for them other than to cause refugees to be on the move and make them someone else 's problem . '' He also claimed that criminals , extremists and fighters were hiding in the flow of migrants . Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev said : `` It 's quite simply stupid to open Europe 's doors wide and invite in everyone who wants to come to your country . European migration policy is a total failure , all that is absolutely frightening . '' In June 2016 , exiled Cuban journalist Carlos Alberto Montaner suggested that France could establish a refugee state in French Guiana . On June 18 , 2016 , United Nations chief Ban Ki - moon praised Greece for showing `` remarkable solidarity and compassion '' towards refugees and he also called for international support . The lack of action of UNESCO in this area , until now , is subject of a controversy . Some scholars , as António Silva , blame this UN institution not to denounce racism against war refugees in Europe with the same vigor as the vandalism against ancient monuments perpetrated by fundamentalists in the Middle East . They also accuse the organization to contribute to the emerging process of fetishization of the cultural heritage , forgetting that it should be used primarily as an instrument in the fight against racism , as openly declared the authors of the constitutive charter of the institution in 1945 . In November 2016 , the Euro - Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor issued a report regarding the humanitarian situation of migrants into Greece . It hosts 16.209 migrants on its island and 33.650 migrants on the mainland , most of whom are women and children . Because of lack of water , medical care and security protection witnessed by the Euro - Med monitor team - especially with the arrival of winter , they are at risk of serious deterioration in health , mostly children and pregnant women . 1,500 refugees were , accordingly , moved into other places since their camps were deluged with snow , but relocation of the refugees always came too late after they lived without electricity and heating devices for too long . It also showed that there is a lack of access to legal services and security protection to the refugees and migrants in the camps ; there is no trust between the resident and the protection offices , paving a path for some people to report crimes and illegal acts in the camps . In addition , the migrants are subject to regular xenophobic attacks , fascist violence , forced strip searches at the hands of residents and police and detention . The women living in the Athens settlements and the Vasilika , Softex and Diavata camps feel worried about their children as they may be subjected to sexual abuse , trafficking and drug use . As a result , some of the refugees and migrants commit suicide , burn property and protest . Finally , it clarified the difficulties the refugees face when entering into Greece ; more than 16,000 people are trapped while waiting for deportation on the Greek islands of Lesvos , Chios , Samos , Leros and Kos , and the number of residents is double the capacity of the five islands . Libya ( edit ) According to Reuters , most migrants setting sail from Libya did so in vessels operated by people smugglers . In August 2017 the Libyan Coast Guard issued a declaration that NGO search and rescue vessels must stay outside a zone running 360 km ( 190 nautical miles ) from the Libyan coast unless given express permission to enter . This zone is 10 nautical miles less than the Libyan Exclusive Economic Zone , The coast guard statement criticised the NGO vessels from approaching the Libyan coastline to a distance of as little as 10 - 13 nautical miles , which is inside the Libyan territorial waters . As a result , NGOs MSF , Save the Children and Sea Eye suspended their operations after clashes where the Libyan coastguard asserted its sovereignty of its waters by firing warning shots . Political debate ( edit ) European people 's Party ( edit ) Europe needs to fulfil its humanitarian duty , helping those fleeing for their lives , and as a Christian - Democrat , I want to reiterate that is not Christian rights , but human rights that Europe invented . But we also need to better secure our external borders and make sure that asylum rules are used properly and not abused . `` '' -- Manfred Weber , leader of the European People 's Party in the European Parliament . European Commissioner for Migration , Home Affairs and Citizenship , Dimitris Avramopoulos , said that the European Commission `` does not care about the political cost '' of its handling of the migration crisis , because it 's there for five years to do its job `` with vision , responsibility and commitment '' and what drives it `` is not to be re-elected '' , and invited European national leaders to do likewise and stop worrying about reelection . On 31 August 2015 , according to The New York Times , Angela Merkel , German Chancellor and leader of the Christian Democratic Union , in some of her strongest language theretofore on the immigrant crisis , warned that freedom of travel and open borders among the 28 member states of the EU could be jeopardised if they did not agree on a shared response to this crisis . Nicolas Sarkozy , President of the Republicans and former French president , compared EU migrant plan to `` mending a burst pipe by spreading water round the house while leaving the leak untouched '' . Following German Chancellor Angela Merkel 's decision to allow tens of thousands of people to enter Germany , Sarkozy criticised her , saying that it would attract even greater amounts of people to Europe , where a significant part would `` inevitably '' end up in France due to the EU 's free movement policies and the French welfare state . He also demanded that the Schengen agreement on borderless travel should be replaced with a new agreement providing border checks for non-EU citizens . Party of European Socialists ( edit ) Italian Prime Minister and Secretary of the Italian Democratic Party Matteo Renzi said the EU should forge a single European policy on asylum . French Prime Minister Manuel Valls of the French Socialist Party stated , `` There must be close cooperation between the European Commission and member states as well as candidate members . '' Sergei Stanishev , President of the Party of European Socialists , stated : At this moment , more people in the world are displaced by conflict than at any time since the Second World War ... Many die on the approach to Europe -- in the Mediterranean -- yet others perish on European soil ... As social democrats the principle of solidarity is the glue that keeps our family together ... We need a permanent European mechanism for fairly distributing asylum - seekers in European member states ... War , poverty and the stark rise in inequality are global , not local problems . As long as we do not address these causes globally , we can not deny people the right to look for a more hopeful future in a safer environment . Eurosceptic parties ( edit ) The Japanese - born Czech politician Tomio Okamura speaks at the anti-immigration rally in Prague , 17 October 2015 According to The Wall Street Journal , the appeal of Eurosceptic politicians has increased . On 10 September 2015 , The Times ( UK ) reported that French anti-EU politician Marine Le Pen is `` on course for presidency '' . Nigel Farage , leader of the British anti-EU United Kingdom Independence Party and co-leader of the eurosceptic Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group , blamed the EU `` and Germany in particular '' for giving `` huge incentives for people to come to the European Union by whatever means '' and said that this would make deaths more likely . Additionally , he said that the EU 's Schengen agreement on open borders had failed and warned that Islamists could exploit the situation and enter Europe in large numbers , saying that `` one of the ISIL terrorist suspects who committed the first atrocity against holidaymakers in Tunisia has been seen getting off a boat onto Italian soil '' . In 2013 , Farage had called on the UK government to accept more Syrian refugees , before clarifying that those refugees should be Christian due to the existence of nearer places of refuge for Muslims . Europe of Nations and Freedom Co-President Marine Le Pen , leader of the French far - right National Front , accused Germany of looking to hire `` slaves '' by opening its doors to large numbers of asylum seekers among a debate in Germany whether there should be exceptions to the recently introduced minimum wage law for refugees . Le Pen also accused Germany of imposing its immigration policy on the rest of the EU unilaterally . Her comments were reported by the German and Austrian press , and were called `` abstruse claims '' by the online edition of Der Spiegel . Centreright daily Die Welt wrote that she `` exploits the refugee crisis for anti-German propaganda '' . Geert Wilders , the leader of the Dutch Party for Freedom ( a member of Europe of Nations and Freedom ) who is known for his opposition to Islam , called the influx of people an `` Islamic invasion '' during a debate in the Dutch parliament , speaking about `` masses of young men in their twenties with beards singing Allahu Akbar across Europe '' . He also dismissed the idea that people arriving in Western Europe via the Balkans are genuine refugees , stating : `` Turkey , Greece , Macedonia , Serbia are safe countries . If you flee them then you are doing it for benefits and a house . '' See also ( edit ) Disasters portal Nautical portal Europe portal European Union portal Libya portal Syrian Civil War portal Death of Alan Kurdi EU Malta Declaration Immigration to Greece African immigration to Europe Illegal immigration Islamic extremism Islamic terrorism List of migrant vessel incidents on the Mediterranean Sea Petra László tripping incident Willkommenskultur The Camp of the Saints References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ See Jump up ^ See Citations Jump up ^ `` Europe migrant crisis '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruz , Camila ( 28 August 2015 ) . `` The battle over the words used to describe migrants '' . BBC News . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Europe 's Migration Crisis '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rachman , Gideon ( 3 September 2015 ) . `` Refugees or migrants -- what 's in a word ? '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . 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UNHCR . `` The majority of people arriving this year in Italy and Greece especially have been from countries mired in war or which otherwise are considered to be ' refugee - producing ' and for whom international protection is needed . However , a smaller proportion is from elsewhere , and for many of these individuals , the term ' migrant ' would be correct . '' Jump up ^ `` German spy agency says ISIS sending fighters disguised as refugees '' . Reuters. 2017 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Tracing the path of four terrorists sent to Europe by the Islamic State '' . Washington Post . 2016 - 04 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Refugee crisis : apart from Syrians , who is travelling to Europe ? '' . The Guardian . 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Europe 's Migration Crisis '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Jump up ^ Delauney , Guy ( 2015 - 09 - 08 ) . `` Migrant crisis : Explaining the exodus from the Balkans '' . BBC News . 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Jump up ^ http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=migr_asyctz&lang=en Jump up ^ http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=migr_asyappctza&lang=en Jump up ^ http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submitViewTableAction.do Jump up ^ http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?query=BOOKMARK_DS-057066_QID_-3AC69FCF_UID_-3F171EB0&layout=TIME,C,X,0;SEX,L,Y,0;CITIZEN,L,Z,0;GEO,L,Z,1;AGE,L,Z,2;ASYL_APP,L,Z,3;UNIT,L,Z,4;INDICATORS,C,Z,5;&zSelection=DS-057066CITIZEN,EXT_EU28;DS-057066UNIT,PER;DS-057066ASYL_APP,ASY_APP;DS-057066INDICATORS,OBS_FLAG;DS-057066GEO,EU28;DS-057066AGE,TOTAL;&rankName1=UNIT_1_2_-1_2&rankName2=AGE_1_2_-1_2&rankName3=CITIZEN_1_2_-1_2&rankName4=INDICATORS_1_2_-1_2&rankName5=ASYL-APP_1_2_-1_2&rankName6=GEO_1_2_0_1&rankName7=TIME_1_0_0_0&rankName8=SEX_1_2_0_1&sortC=ASC_-1_FIRST&rStp=&cStp=&rDCh=&cDCh=&rDM=true&cDM=true&footnes=false&empty=false&wai=false&time_mode=NONE&time_most_recent=false&lang=EN&cfo=%23%23%23%2C%23%23%23.%23%23%23 Jump up ^ Eurostat , Asylum and first time asylum applicants by citizenship , age and sex Annual aggregated data ( rounded ) , Last update : 26 / 04 / 17 Jump up ^ `` The number of asylum applicants in the EU jumped to more than 625 000 in 2014 '' ( PDF ) . 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EUROSTAT. 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` More than 410 000 first time asylum seekers registered in the third quarter of 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Eurostat . ^ Jump up to : `` Asylum quarterly report '' . EUROSTAT . Jump up ^ `` Europe migrant crisis : Germany ' will cope with surge ' '' . BBC News . 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 476.649 Asylanträge im Jahr 2015 '' . BAMF. 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Asylgeschäftsstatistik 12 / 2015 '' . BAMF. 6 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Applications for asylum received , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Swedish Migration Agency . Jump up ^ `` Asylum decisions , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Swedish Migration Agency . Jump up ^ `` Over one million sea arrivals reach Europe in 2015 '' . UNHCR. 30 December 2015 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` More than 1 million asylum seekers reached Europe by sea this year : UNHCR '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 30 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How many migrants to Europe are refugees ? '' . The Economist. 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's not at war , but up to 3 % of its people have fled . What is going on in Eritrea ? '' . The Guardian . 22 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Auffallend viele kurdische Flüchtlinge '' . Jump up ^ `` Mass Migration : What Is Driving the Balkan Exodus ? '' . Der Spiegel . 26 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Nossiter , Adam ( 20 August 2015 ) . `` Migrant Smuggling Business Is Booming in Niger , Despite Crackdown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Explaining the exodus from the Balkans '' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Who does the EU send back ? '' . BBC News . 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Europe 's forgotten migrants -- the ones who are n't from Syria '' . Los Angeles Times . 16 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The sea route to Europe : The Mediterranean passage in the age of refugees '' . UNHCR . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Europe 's man problem '' . Politico Europe . 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Sylvia Hui , Associated Press ( 11 October 2015 ) . `` Young and alone : Europe sees record surge of child refugees '' . Retrieved 11 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Rick Lyman ( 12 September 2015 ) . `` Eastern Bloc 's Resistance to Refugees Highlights Europe 's Cultural and Political Divisions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Villasana , Danielle ( 2016 ) . `` Picturing health : challenges for Syrian refugees '' . The Lancet . 338 : 2096 -- 2103 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 16 ) 31647 - 6 -- via ScienceDirect . Jump up ^ Refugees , United Nations High Commissioner for . `` The sea route to Europe : The Mediterranean passage in the age of refugees '' . UNHCR . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Adam Nossiter ( 17 September 2015 ) . `` A Belated Welcome in France Is Drawing Few Migrants '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Migrants crowding onto the trains in Hungary shout , `` Germany , Germany ! '' But they do not shout , `` France , France . '' Jump up ^ Gregor Aisch ; Sarah Almukhtar ; Josh Keller ; Wilson Andrews ( 10 September 2015 ) . `` The Scale of the Migrant Crisis , From 160 to Millions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A region - by - region guide to the Middle East 's migrant crisis '' . PBS NewsHour . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Why is EU struggling with migrants and asylum ? '' . BBC News . 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ Daynes , Leigh ( 2016 - 10 - 01 ) . `` The health impacts of the refugee crisis : a medical charity perspective '' . Clinical Medicine . 16 ( 5 ) : 437 -- 440 . ISSN 1470 - 2118 . doi : 10.7861 / clinmedicine. 16 - 5 - 437 . Jump up ^ Refugees , United Nations High Commissioner for . `` The sea route to Europe : The Mediterranean passage in the age of refugees '' . UNHCR . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Migratory routes map '' . Frontex . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migration through Egypt : The Safe Alternative to Libya ? '' . ^ Jump up to : `` More NGOs follow MSF in suspending Mediterranean migrant rescues '' . Reuters. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Refugees cross Croatia border in search of new route '' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andrew Higgins ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Avoiding Risky Seas , Migrants Reach Europe With an Arctic Bike Ride '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Catherine Evans ( 11 November 2015 ) . `` Growing Number of Asylum Seekers Opt for Arctic Route to Enter Europe '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/657646/Russia-SHUTS-DOWN-border-Europe-fears-new-migrant-route-ARCTIC Jump up ^ see also German Wikipedia ^ Jump up to : Alison Smale ; Melissa Eddy ( 31 August 2015 ) . `` Migrant Crisis Tests Core European Value : Open Borders '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Rick Lyman ; Anemona Hartocollis ; Alison Smale ( 4 September 2015 ) . `` Migrants Cross Austria Border From Hungary '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Austria , Germany to accept bused migrants '' . MSN . Jump up ^ Alison Smale ; Steven Erlanger ( 5 September 2015 ) . `` Thousands of Migrants Reach Austria as New Groups Set Off '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Relieved migrants cross Hungary - Austria border '' . euronews. 5 September 2015 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Melissa Eddy ; Dan Bilefsky ( 14 September 2015 ) . `` Austria , Slovakia and the Netherlands Introduce Border Controls '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austria deploys army to boost refugee checks , Slovakia brings back border controls '' . RT English . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austria says army will help impose tougher border checks '' . Reuters UK . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Sewell Chan ; Palko Karasz ( 19 September 2015 ) . `` Thousands of Migrants Flood into Austria '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Palko Karasz ; Barbara Surk ( 22 September 2015 ) . `` Austria Takes Role of Distribution Center for Germany - Bound Migrants '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Staatsgrenzen - Grenzlänge , Küstenlänge und Grenzländer aller Staaten der Welt '' . laenderdaten.de . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austria to build Slovenia border fence to ' control ' migrant flow '' . Yahoo News . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Austria to slash asylum claims '' . BBC News . 20 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Austria asylum cap begins despite EU anger '' . BBC News . 19 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Council lawyers : Austria 's refugee cap not illegal '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Hrvatska na udaru imigranata , krizne točke Bajakovo i Tovarnik '' . Večernji list . ^ Jump up to : T.V. `` Grabar KitaroviĆ : Hrvatska neće graditi zidove prema Srbiji kao Mađarska '' . Dnevnik.hr . ^ Jump up to : `` ' HRVATSKA NEĆE GRADITI ZIDOVE AKO VAL IZBJEGLICA KRENE PREMA NAMA ' Vesna Pusić iskazala prezir prema mađarskom rješenju '' . Jutarnji.hr . Jump up ^ `` Croatian PM Pledges Help for Refugees '' . balkaninsight.com . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Rick Lyman ; Dan Bilefsky ( 16 September 2015 ) . `` Migrants Clash With Police in Hungary , as Others Enter Croatia '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ovako je danas bilo u Tovarniku : Preko polja se do Hrvatske probijala i djevojka u kolicima '' . index.hr . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FOTO , VIDEO : SITUACIJA SVE TEŽA Drama u Slavoniji : Vlaka još uvijek nema , a izbjeglice nemaju ni kapi vode ! U Dugavama azilant gađao ciglom fotoreportera , s balkona hotela viču : ' Sloboda ' '' . jutarnji.hr . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Croatia closes border crossings with Serbia '' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` If Germany Stops Receiving Refugees , Croatia Could Close Its Borders '' . ^ Jump up to : Rick Lyman ( 16 October 2015 ) . `` Hungary to Close Its Border With Croatia in Migrant Crackdown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Thousands of Migrants Surge into Slovenia in New Route '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 18 October 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radul Radovanovic ( 18 October 2015 ) . `` Thousands stranded on new migrant route through Europe '' . The Associated Press , MSN . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Yahoo News ( 18 December 2015 ) . `` Slovenia 's fence on Croatia border threatening wildlife : WWF '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Croatia ( 19 December 2015 ) . `` Istrians protest against razor wire fence on Croatia - Slovenia border '' . Hina . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Croatia ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` Protest rally against razor fence at Slovenian - Croatian border crossing '' . Hina . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ New Kerala ( 9 March 2016 ) . `` Slovenia , Croatia , Serbia begin closure of Balkan route '' . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Overblik : Det skete da flygtningestrømmen nåede Danmark '' . Jyllands - Posten. 7 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 October 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Melissa Eddy ( 9 September 2015 ) . `` Migrant Tide Bringing Out Europe 's Best and Worst '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Melissa Eddy ( 9 September 2015 ) . `` Motorvej spærret i begge retninger : Flygtninge går fra Padborg mod Sverige '' . TV2 News Denmark . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Kristian Corfixen ( 9 September 2015 ) . `` Flygtninge drejer af : Den sønderjyske motorvej er nu genåbnet '' . Politiken . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonas Hamidavi R. Moestrup ( 12 October 2015 ) . `` 28.800 flygtninge og migranter er kommet til Danmark på fem uger '' . TV2 News Denmark . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Regeringen indfører midlertidig grænsekontrol til Tyskland '' . www.politiko.dk . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IS - videoer , terrorjubel og halshugget bamse : 50 mistanker om radikalisering på asylcentre sendt til Udlændingestyrelsen '' . TV 2 ( Denmark ) . 22 October 2016 . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Støjberg om radikalisering på asylcentre : Der er alvorlige sager iblandt '' . TV2 ( Denmark ) . 22 October 2016 . Retrieved 23 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Over 600 asylansøgere får afslag efter snyd med deres identitet '' . DR ( in Danish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Migrants ' Journeys Stall in Italy , Near the French Border '' . The New York Times . 22 July 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Top French court approves border controls with Italy '' . Yahoo News . 29 June 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU migrant crisis : Refugees shun France over red tape , unemployment and poor housing -- Telegraph '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 21 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Naina Bajekal / Calais ( 1 August 2015 ) . `` Why Thousands of Migrants Are Risking Their Lives at Calais '' . Time . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Haroon Siddique . `` Calais drivers need more protection from migrants , says lorry group '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Will new mile - long Calais fence stop migrants ? '' . BBC News . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Lizzie Dearden ( 16 December 2015 ) . `` Refugee crisis : Hundreds of migrants storm Calais motorway attempting to board lorries heading to the UK '' . The Independent . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Chrisafis , Angelique ; Walker , Peter ; Quinn , Ben ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` Calais ' Jungle ' camp : clashes as authorities demolish homes '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nach Räumung des `` Dschungels '' : Frankreich eröffnet neues Flüchtlingslager am Ärmelkanal `` . spiegel.de ( in German ) . Spiegel Online . 7 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` France opens new refugee camp , amid protest '' . euronews.com. 7 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Turvapaikanhakijoiden määrä räjähti Torniossa : `` Satoja tullut tänään '' `` . iltalehti.fi . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Viime viikolla ennätyksellinen määrä turvapaikanhakijoita '' . iltalehti.fi . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Interior Ministry : Finland set to reject two thirds of asylum seekers '' . Yle. 11 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reception centres use containers to house new arrivals '' . YLE. 28 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Disappointed Iraqis cancel asylum applications '' . YLE. 24 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finland adopts one - stop approach to slash asylum processing queues '' . YLE. 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Turvapaikkahakemusten käsittelyajat venyvät -- `` Täällä on tuhansia turvapaikanhakijoita monta vuotta '' `` . YLE. 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eurajoki resorting to containers to house asylum seekers '' . YLE. 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Interior Minister : Finland to set up asylum seeker repatriation centres '' . YLE. 3 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Russian border guard to STT : Russian security service behind northeast asylum traffic '' . Yle. 24 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Deutscher Bundestag : Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany , print version in English , November 2012 ( PDF Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ REGULATION ( EU ) No 604 / 2013 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 26 June 2013 , English version ( PDF ) Jump up ^ Will Hutton . `` Angela Merkel 's humane stance on immigration is a lesson to us all '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Bertrand Benoit ; Nicholas Winning ( 6 September 2015 ) . `` Germany Feels Backlash for Welcoming Migrants '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Katrin Bennhold ; Melissa Eddy ( 6 September 2015 ) . `` German Quota System Highlights Possible Path and Pitfalls for Handling Crisis '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Melanie Amann , Matthias Gebauer und Horand Knaup ( 11 September 2015 ) . `` Länderinnenminister : `` Sie öffnen die Grenzen und lassen uns im Stich '' `` . Der Spiegel . Retrieved 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Melissa Eddy ; Alison Smale ( 13 September 2015 ) . `` Germany Announces Emergency Border Controls Amid Migrant Crisis '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Germany introduces ' temporary ' controls along Austrian border '' . euronews. 13 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Melissa Eddy ; Rick Lyman ; Alison Smale ( 13 September 2015 ) . `` Germany Orders Curbs at Border in Migrant Crisis '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ FRANZ SOLMS - LAUBACH und PETER TIEDE . `` Behörden warnen in der Flüchtlingskrise : Zusammenbruch der Versorgung droht '' . Bild . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Katrin Bennhold ( 28 October 2015 ) . `` Distinguishing Minors From Adults in a Tide of Young Migrants '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Higgins ( 31 October 2015 ) . `` German Village of 102 Braces for 750 Asylum Seekers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Alison Smale ( 8 January 2016 ) . `` 18 Asylum Seekers Are Tied to Attacks on Women in Germany '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Yardley ( 13 January 2016 ) . `` Sexual Attacks Widen Divisions in European Migrant Crisis '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 : Mehr Asylanträge in Deutschland als jemals zuvor '' . BMI. 6 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Germany admits 130,000 asylum seekers ' lost ' raising fears over crime and terrorism J. Huggler , The Daily Telegraph , 26 Feb 2016 Jump up ^ Germany , SPIEGEL ONLINE , Hamburg . `` Streit über Flüchtlingspolitik : Seehofer unterstellt Merkel `` Herrschaft des Unrechts '' - SPIEGEL ONLINE - Politik `` . Jump up ^ `` Hunderte Millionen gegen die Flucht '' . Der Spiegel . 10 Oct 2016 . Retrieved 13 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Cracks Down on Salafists to Shield Refugees '' . New York Times . 19 November 2016 . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Braunschweig , northern Germany , uncovers 300 cases of welfare fraud by asylum seekers '' . Deutsche Welle. 1 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kriminalität im Kontext von Zuwanderung -- Bundeslagebild 2016 ( Crime in the Context of Immigration -- Overview of the situation in 2016 ) . Wiesbaden : Bundeskriminalamt . May 2017 . p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` Bericht des BKA : Zahl der tatverdächtigen Zuwanderer steigt um 52 , 7 Prozent - WELT '' . DIE WELT . ^ Jump up to : Yeginsu , Ceylan ( 16 August 2015 ) . `` Amid Perilous Mediterranean Crossings , Migrants Find a Relatively Easy Path to Greece '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Neely , Bill ( 13 August 2015 ) . `` Migrants Crisis : Refugees Attempt to Reach Greek Island of Lesbos '' . NBC News . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Daley , Suzanne ( 4 August 2015 ) . `` On Island of Lesbos , a Microcosm of Greece 's Other Crisis : Migrants '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refugees and migrants outnumber Kastelorizo 's residents '' . Protothema. 20 February 2016 . Retrieved 24 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant ' chaos ' on Greek islands -- UN refugee agency '' . BBC News . 7 August 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Pop , Valentina ( 7 August 2015 ) . `` Greek Government Holds Emergency Meeting Over Soaring Migrant Arrivals '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 40 migrants ' killed by fumes ' in hold of boat off Libya '' . Irish Independent . 15 August 2015 . Retrieved 17 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Check airlines such as http://turkishairlines.com or http://www.britishairways.com Jump up ^ The Schengen acquis See Article 26 Jump up ^ Tim Arango ( 7 September 2015 ) . `` A New Wave of Migrants Flees Iraq , Yearning for Europe '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : EU threatens Greece over border controls '' . BBC News . 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU issues deadline for Greece to remedy migration ' deficiencies ' '' . Deutsche Welle. 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Nato deploys Aegean people - smuggling patrols '' . BBC News . 11 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Europe Migrant crisis : Greece seeks emergency funds from EU to shelter refugees '' . First Post . 1 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More than 50,000 migrants and refugees stranded in Greece '' . Η ΚΑΘΗΜΕΡΙΝΗ. 21 March 2016 . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Aegean islands alarm as refugee numbers rise after Turkey coup attempt '' . the guardian . Jump up ^ `` The number of migrants arriving on the Greek islands has DOUBLED since the failed military coup in Turkey '' . dailymail . Jump up ^ `` More Refugees Arriving in Greece Since Failed Coup in Turkey '' . telesurtv . Jump up ^ `` Sector group : Coup attempt in Turkey to negatively affect Greek tourism '' . naftemporiki . Jump up ^ Refugees , United Nations High Commissioner for . `` Greek Volunteers share UNHCR Nansen Refugee Award '' . Jump up ^ Pablo Gorondi ( 9 June 2015 ) . `` Hungary seeks to tighten south border , hold illegal migrants '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 21 June 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary to fence off border with Serbia to stop migrants '' . Reuters. 17 June 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Pablo Gorondi ( 19 June 2015 ) . `` Hungary 's leader says Hungary will protect Europe 's borders '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 21 June 2015 . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU Warns Against New ' Walls ' As Hungary Plans Fence on Serbia Border '' . RadioFreeEurope / RadioLiberty . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Orbán : Nyár végére megépül a kerítés '' . mno.hu . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Anemona Hartocollis ; Dan Bilefsky ; James Kanter ( 3 September 2015 ) . `` Hungary Defends Handling of Migrants Amid Chaos at Train Station '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrants cling to Hungarian train west , lawmakers debate sealing border '' . Reuters. 3 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Over 1,000 migrants leave Budapest train station on foot for Austria '' . Agence France - Presse. 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Dan Bilefsky ( 4 September 2015 ) . `` Blocked by Rail , Migrants Set Out for Germany on Foot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Hungary to bus migrants to Austria border '' . BBC News . 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` + + + Refugee crisis -- live updates + + + '' . DW.COM . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary seals border with razor wire '' . euronews. 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Helene Bienvenu ; Dan Bilefsky ( 15 September 2015 ) . `` Hungary Detains Migrants in Border Crackdown '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kaos na mađarskoj granici : Izbjeglice probili ogradu , čula se pucnjava , policija mlatila ljude '' . index.hr . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UŽIVO : SUZAVAC PRIMIRIO IZBJEGLICE NA GRANICI KOD ZAPREŠIĆA ! Hrvatski policajci izbačeni s vlaka u Mađarskoj : ' Nisu razoružani , samo su ih evidentirali . Ništa dramatično se nije dogodilo ... ' '' . jutarnji.hr . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` More than 24,000 refugees enter Hungary over weekend '' . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Barbara Surk ; Stephen Castle ( 17 October 2015 ) . `` Hungary Closes Border , Changing Refugees ' Path '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ no by - line . ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` Migrant crisis : One million enter Europe in 2015 '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Noack , Rick ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` Over a million refugees and migrants arrived in Europe this year . Here is what you need to know . '' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago , USA . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Nick ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` Migrant crisis : Hungary denies fuelling intolerance in media '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 24 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew Weaver . `` Refugee crisis : Hungary rejects all asylum requests made at border -- as it happened '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Breaking News : Hungary Declares State Of Emergency As Migrant Crisis Turns Unpredictable '' . Hungary Today . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hungary Declares State of Emergency Over Migrants ( novinite.com 9 March 2016 ) Jump up ^ `` Hungary extends state of emergency due to migrant crisis '' . WTOP. 2017 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Sbarchi e richieste di asilo 1997 -- 2014 '' . Fondazione Ismu . Jump up ^ The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/apr/24/libyas-people-smugglers-how-will-they-catch-us-theyll-soon-move-on ^ Jump up to : Scammell , Rosie ( 7 June 2015 ) . `` Mediterranean migrant crisis : number of arrivals in Italy in 2015 passes 50,000 '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Daunt , Joe ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Video : The EU migrant crisis explained in 90 seconds -- Telegraph '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mapping Mediterranean migration '' . BBC . 15 September 2014 . Retrieved 14 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Analisi : Paolo Gentiloni '' . Pagella Politica. 22 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hundreds of Migrants Believed Dead in Shipwreck Off Libya , Says UNHCR '' . The Wall Street Journal . 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` On the Mediterranean refugee patrol with the Bundeswehr '' . Deutsche Welle. 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Statistiche immigrazione '' . Italian Ministry of the Interior . Archived from the original on 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU sees ' alarming ' migrant buildup in Libya , warns Italy '' . Reuters. 13 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tensions Mount Between Austria and Italy as Migrant Numbers Rise '' . The Wall Street Journal . 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` German warship rescues 615 from the Mediterranean '' . Naval Today . 17 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In the last four days , 6,000 migrants have arrived in Sicily by boat '' . Quartz. 16 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italy boat migrant numbers surge 20 % in 2016 '' . The Local . 6 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` More than 8,000 migrants rescued in Mediterranean and brought to Italy over Easter long weekend `` . The Daily Telegraph . 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Hilfeschrei aus Italien ! Das Land droht mit krassen Massnahmen gegen Flüchtlinge ( in German ) . Blick - Ausland . Retrieved 29 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` MSF suspends Mediterranean rescues as migrant dispute mounts '' . Reuters. 12 August 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : `` Italy 's code of conduct for NGOs involved in migrant rescue : text '' . euronews. 2017 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Migranti , si inverte il trend : a luglio sbarchi dimezzati '' . ilsole24ore.com ( in Italian ) . 2017 - 07 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Cruscotto giornaliero 14 settembre 2017 '' ( PDF ) . interno.gov.it ( in Italian ) . 2017 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` UNHCR '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malta needs EU help to cope with its immigration crisis '' . The Guardian . 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Cite error : The named reference : 5 was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Rescued migrants refusing to be brought to Malta '' . The Times . 26 September 2015 . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It - 78 immigrant li ma riedux jidħlu f'Malta se jittieħdu l - Italja '' . TVM ( in Maltese ) . 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` This Spanish city in Africa has become hugely symbolic of Europe 's migrant crisis '' . The Week . 21 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` euronews -- Over 100 migrants attempt to storm Melilla enclave '' . euronews.com . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Morel , Sandrine ( 8 September 2015 ) . `` Uneasy calm descends over Melilla , Spain 's heavily fortified African enclave '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Sam ( 21 November 2015 ) . `` A decade of violence at Spain 's forgotten African border shows why Europe 's new fences alone are bound to fail '' . El País . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Bloul , Scheherazade ( 17 November 2015 ) . `` Amnesty International Calls for Spain to Cease Cooperation with Morocco on Migration Policy '' . Morocco World News . Retrieved 29 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two dead as migrants storm Spain 's African border at Ceuta '' . The Local . 25 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Calderwood , Imogen ( 25 March 2016 ) . `` Spanish Civil Guard discover migrants hiding in cars ' false bottoms '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 27 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ivory Coast boy smuggled to Spain inside suitcase '' . BBC News . 8 May 2015 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Spain Ceuta : Migrants found hidden in car and suitcase '' . BBC News . 2 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia sends denied migrants back to Norway '' . The Local . 30 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grensen til Russland er ikke den farligste for Norge '' ( The border with Russia is not the most dangerous for Norway ) . Sputnik ( in Norwegian Bokmål ) . 7 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Norway Will Build a Fence at Its Arctic Border With Russia '' . New York Times . Reuters. 24 August 2016 . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Pancevsky , Bojan ( 4 September 2016 ) . `` Norway builds Arctic border fence as it gives migrants the cold shoulder '' . The Times of London . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ http://time.com/4968868/eu-betraying-afghanistan-dangerous-aid-policy/ Jump up ^ Osborne , Samuel ( 25 August 2016 ) . `` Norway to build border fence with Russia to keep out refugees '' . The Independent . Jump up ^ Hovland , Kjetil Malkenes ( 3 September 2015 ) . `` Syrian Refugees Take Arctic Route to Europe More than 150 refugees have entered Norway from Arctic Russia this year '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 6 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia Reinstating Controls at Border with Hungary '' . sloveniatimes.com . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenian police pepper spray migrants at border '' . Yahoo !. 19 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia Admits Some 1,500 Refugees , Some Proceed to Austria '' . sloveniatimes.com . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Begunce z Obrežja pospešeno odvažajo v notranjost države '' . Dolenjski list . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia calls for EU help amid record influx of refugees '' . euronews . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenian police helicopter films Croatian police officers directing migrants to Slovenia across the green border and the Sotla river '' . policija.si . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Šefic : Croatian travesty on inhuman Slovenians : : Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal , MMC RTV Slovenija '' . rtvslo.si . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` V ŽIVO : Pretep v sprejemnem centru Brežice , policija je uporabila plinski razpršilec '' . 24ur.com . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia to impose `` hurdles '' on border to control migrant flow : : Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal , MMC RTV Slovenija `` . rtvslo.si . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenian troops start erecting border fence : : Prvi interaktivni multimedijski portal , MMC RTV Slovenija '' . rtvslo.si . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ORF '' ( in German ) . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Slovenia deploys army to Schengen zone border to tackle refugee influx '' . DW.COM . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Migrationsverket anmäler allt fler terrorhot '' . Sydsvenskan. 5 July 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Riksdagsförvaltningen . `` Särskilda åtgärder vid allvarlig fara för den allmänna ordningen eller den inre säkerheten i landet -- riksdagen.se '' . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Migrant crisis : Sweden operator cancels trains on bridge link BBC News website . Retrieved 23 December 2015 ^ Jump up to : `` Bara 48 asylsökande till Skåne under måndagen '' . Sydsvenskan. 5 January 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Färre än 100 nobbade på Kastrup '' . Sydsvenskan. 4 January 2016 . Retrieved 5 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Papperslösa tar taxi över Bron '' . Sydsvenskan. 7 January 2016 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dansk taxachauffør anholdt for menneskesmugling til Sverige '' . Jump up ^ `` Flyktingström bakom stor ökning av MRSA '' . Sydsvenskan. 2 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 29 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden and Finland plan to expel up to 100,000 failed asylum seekers '' . The Daily Telegraph . 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 21 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden to deport up to 80,000 asylum - seekers '' . Associated Press . 28 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ny skärpt asyllag klubbad '' . Dagens Nyheter. 21 June 2016 . Retrieved 21 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Skärpt asyllag träder i kraft '' . Sydsvenskan. 20 July 2016 . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Anställda på flyktingboenden smittade av tuberkulos '' . Sydsvenskan. 18 August 2016 . Retrieved 20 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tuberkulos ökar kraftigt i Sverige '' . Dagens Nyheter. 28 February 2016 . Retrieved 21 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Internt mejl visar : Nya besparingar krävs '' . Svenska Dagbladet. 25 October 2016 . Retrieved 27 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brottsplats Nordstan -- så ser vardagen ut '' . Expressen. 14 January 2017 . Retrieved 18 January 2017 . Jump up ^ frida.svensson@svd.se , Frida Svensson . `` Falsk identitet vanligt bland asylsökande från Marocko '' . SvD.se ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` De första medicinska åldersbedömningarna klara - Rättsmedicinalverket '' . Rättsmedicinalverket ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Nyheter , SVT . `` Så ska Sverige stoppa misstänkta terrorister '' . SVT Nyheter ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` sv : Uppdelat boende ska stärka ensamkommande flickor '' . Sydsvenskan . Retrieved 19 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` sv : Få lågutbildade nyanlända vill studera '' . Swedish Radio . 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Strejkande ensamkommande attackerade '' . Göteborgs - Posten ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Nyheter , SVT . `` Personal på Migrationsverket utsätts för hot under asylprocessen '' . SVT Nyheter ( in Swedish ) . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 13 . Jump up ^ Sermîn Faki , Priska Wallimann ( April , 2017 ) . `` Asylland Schweiz in Zahlen '' ( in German ) . Blick News Politik . Retrieved 21 April 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Hubbard ( 26 September 2015 ) . `` Money Flows With Refugees , and Life Jackets Fill the Shops '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Macedonia Allows Migrants to Legitimately Transit Country '' . Voice of America . Associated Press . 18 June 2015 . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sly , Liz ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` 8 reasons Europe 's refugee crisis is happening now '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Philip Oltermann ; Patrick Kingsley . `` ' It took on a life of its own ' : how one rogue tweet led Syrians to Germany '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 25 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Emma Graham - Harrison . `` Cheering German crowds greet refugees after long trek from Budapest to Munich '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sarah Almukhtar ; Josh Keller ; Derek Watkins ( 16 October 2015 ) . `` Closing the Back Door to Europe '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Hundreds Seek to Cross Turkey - Greece Border '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Costas Kantouris ; Konstantin Testorides ( 28 November 2015 ) . `` Migrants clash with Macedonian police on Greek border '' . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Suzanne Daley ( 9 December 2015 ) . `` Thousands of Migrants Stranded in Greece as Route North Is Narrowed '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 9 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Euronews ( 7 February 2016 ) . `` More problems at FYROM - Greek border slows refugees ' journey north '' . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Russia shuts arctic border to Norway over ′ security reasons ′ -- News -- DW.COM -- 24.01. 2016 '' . DW.COM . Jump up ^ `` TASS : World -- Finnish border guards block 15 Mideast , African immigrants in Russia 's Murmansk region '' . TASS . Jump up ^ TASS : World - Finland prohibits crossing border with Russia on bikes - media Jump up ^ La Sicilia Multimedia . `` Renzi chiama Hollande Salvini : `` Tragedia annunciata '' '' ( in Italian ) . lasiciliaweb.it . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Renzi : `` Subito un vertice Ue , siamo pronti a bloccare la partenza dei barconi '' `` . Il Mattino ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italian PM Matteo Renzi condemns ' new slave trade ' in Mediterranean '' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrants ' ship headed for Italy capsizes north of Libya '' . Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . 19 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Med migrant boat disaster '' . BBC . 18 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` EU leaders call for emergency talks after 700 migrants drown off Libya '' . Reuters. 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Europe should back action to protect migrants in Mediterranean : Mogherini '' . Reuters / Yahoo . 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Prime Minister Matteo Renzi defends Italy 's response to migrants drowning in the Mediterranean '' . International Business Times UK . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Naufraga un pesquero con 700 inmigrantes a bordo cerca de la costa de Libia '' . Antena3.com . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU 's Tusk considers special summit after migrants drown '' . Channel NewsAsia . Archived from the original on 27 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Med faces humanitarian crisis , not just wreck , says Renzi '' . ANSA.it . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mediterranean migrant deaths : PM calls for action after boat disaster '' . BBC News . 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` European Commission -- PRESS RELEASES -- Press release -- Joint Foreign and Home Affairs Council : Ten point action plan on migration '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HMS Richmond and HMS Enterprise rescue 541 migrants from the Med '' . The Daily Telegraph . 29 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two more migrant boats issue distress calls in Mediterranean '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrants ' bodies brought ashore as EU proposes doubling rescue effort '' . Reuters. 20 April 2015 . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` EU to triple funding for ' Operation Triton ' to tackle Mediterranean migrant crisis '' . IBT . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Pollak , Sorcha ( 5 May 2015 ) . `` LÉ Eithne to be dispatched in migrant search on May 8th '' . The Irish Times . Jump up ^ `` Europe 's response : `` Face - saving not a life - saving operation '' `` . Amnesty International . Retrieved 21 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Operation SOPHIA IT Navy Biography ( pdf ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Kanter , James ( 18 May 2015 ) . `` E.U. Agrees to Naval Intervention on Migrant Smugglers '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : EU to begin seizing smugglers ' boats '' . BBC News . 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Europe gears up to seize smugglers '' . BBC News . 7 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU backs military action against Med people smugglers '' . Yahoo News . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU to expand Mediterranean anti-smuggler force '' . EUobserver . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU approves military action against people smugglers in Mediterranean -- reports '' . RT English . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` European Commission -- PRESS RELEASES -- Press release -- Joint Foreign and Home Affairs Council : Ten point action plan on migration '' . Europa ( web portal ) . Retrieved 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Huggler , Andrew Marszal , Angela Merkel calls for new rules for distributing asylum seekers in Europe , The Daily Telegraph dated 24 April 2015 Jump up ^ `` David Cameron insists he ' cares ' about refugees amid criticism from Tories '' . The Daily Telegraph . 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jean Asselborn ' ashamed ' of Hungary PM Orban '' . Luxemburger Wort . Jump up ^ `` Eastern European countries may be forced accept quotas for migrants '' . The Daily Telegraph . 18 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Ian Traynor . Refugee crisis : east and west split as leaders resent Germany for waiving rules . The Guardian . 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nemůžeme s uprchlíky šoupat jako s dobytkem , odmítla vláda znovu kvóty '' . Novinky.cz. 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ukrainian refugees should be among voluntarily accepted -- Zeman '' . ČTK. 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malí Syřané se měli léčit v Motole , rodina obratem odjela do Německa ( Little Syrians were supposed to get treatment in Motol Hospital , a family immediately left to Germany ) '' . Mladá fronta DNES. 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rick Lyman ; Steven Erlange ; Aurelien Breeden ( 7 September 2015 ) . `` A Steady Flow Staggers into Europe , Outpacing Pledges of Shelter '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UK to accept 20,000 refugees from Syria by 2020 '' . BBC . 7 September 2007 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Holly Yan ; Arwa Damon ( 7 September 2015 ) . `` Migrant crisis : More troubles in Hungary as Austria , Germany near tipping point '' . CNN . Retrieved 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Why EU deal on refugees is difficult '' . BBC News . 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : EU ministers approve disputed quota plan '' . BBC News . 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Justice and Home Affairs Council , 22 / 09 / 2015 '' . Council of the European Union . Jump up ^ James Kanter ( 22 September 2015 ) . `` European Union Ministers Approve Plan to Distribute Refugees '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU quota plan forced through against eastern European states ' wishes '' . The Daily Telegraph . 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU braces for turbulent summit after divisive deal on refugee quotas '' . The Guardian . 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eritrean refugees flown from Italy to Sweden in first EU quota relocation '' . The Guardian . 9 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Elisabetta Povoledo ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Italy Sends Eritreans to Sweden as E.U. Migrant Relocations Begin '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Higgins ( 25 October 2015 ) . `` European Leaders Look Again for a Unified Response to Migrant Crisis '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Poland says it can not accept migrants under EU quotas , following attacks in Paris '' . The Independent . 14 November 2015 . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Poland says can not take migrants under EU quotas without guarantees after Paris attacks '' . Reuters. 14 November 2015 . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rick Lyman ; Alison Smale ( 15 November 2015 ) . `` Paris Attacks Shift Europe 's Migrant Focus to Security '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Eldar Emric , Demetri Nellas , and the Associated Press ( 14 November 2015 ) . `` Paris Attacks Provoke Fresh Migrant Fears in Europe '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 November 2015 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Hotspots für Flüchtlinge : Das hässliche Gesicht Deutschlands und der EU '' . -- DEUTSCHE WIRTSCHAFTS NACHRICHTEN. 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ James Kanter ( 15 December 2015 ) . `` E.U. Pushes to Take Over Border Security at Migrant Pressure Points '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU buries migration dispute for now '' . Jump up ^ `` Schulz admits mandatory relocation of refugees has failed '' . Jump up ^ `` RELOCATION AND RESETTLEMENT 13 JUNE 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Euriopean Commission . 13 June 2017 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Relocation and Resettlement - State of Play '' ( PDF ) . European Commission . 8 February 2017 . Retrieved 26 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EU opens sanctions procedure against Hungary , Poland and Czech Republic over refugees '' . EURACTIV.com . ^ Jump up to : `` An Eu ' Safe Countries of Origin ' List '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migration summit : `` We are in a race against time to save Schengen '' -- Tusk `` . Times of Malta. 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 12 November 2015 . Jump up ^ James Kanter ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` Europe Nears Accord With Turkey to Stem Tide of Refugees '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Agence France - Presse ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` Turkish president threatens to send millions of Syrian refugees to EU '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : EU approves 3 bn - euro fund for Turkey '' . BBC News . 3 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey dismisses EU plan to resettle refugees in return for sealing sea route '' . The Guardian . 10 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Feilschen um Formulierungen '' ( in German ) . Tagesschau. 7 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The EU 's response to the so - called refugee `` crisis '' '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Harte Verhandlungen über türkische Vorschläge '' ( in German ) . Tagesschau. 7 March 2016 . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Rankin , Jennifer ( 7 March 2016 ) . `` Resettling Syrians , aid and visa changes on table at EU - Turkey migration summit '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 7 March 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Nebehay ; Gabriela Baczynska ( 8 March 2016 ) . `` U.N. , rights groups say EU - Turkey migrant deal may be illegal '' . Reuters . Retrieved 8 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Migrant crisis : EU - Turkey deal comes into effect '' . BBC News . Retrieved 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EU - Turkey Agreement : Questions and Answers '' . European Commission . ^ Jump up to : Migrant crisis : Deportations resume from Greece to Turkey . BBC News . Published on April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TR - Ankara : IPA -- construction of reception and removal centres '' . publictenders.net . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` UNHCR redefines role in Greece as EU - Turkey deal comes into effect '' . UNHCR. 22 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Refugee crisis : key aid agencies refuse any role in ' mass expulsion ' '' . The Guardian . 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Migrants given 24 - hour deadline to reach Europe after Turkey and EU agree ' historic ' deal M. Holehouse , R. Akkoc and N. Squires , The Daily Telegraph , 18 Mar 2016 Jump up ^ Mohdin , Aamna . `` Countries are using the EU 's greatest fear as their ultimate bargaining chip '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Turkey 's President Erdogan threatens to blow up EU migrant deal '' . The Australian . 9 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Greece on edge , as Turkish coup prompts surge in new arrivals '' . euobserver . Jump up ^ `` Turkish police withdrawal from Greece stalls EU migration pact '' . theguardian . Jump up ^ `` Turkije dreigt met sturen migranten naar Europese Unie '' . NU.nl ( in Dutch ) . 2017 . Retrieved 17 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Threatens To Send Europe 15,000 Refugees A Month '' . Jump up ^ `` Defying EU , Hungary suspends rules on asylum seekers '' . Reuters . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Germany opens its gates : Berlin says all Syrian asylum - seekers are welcome to remain , as Britain is urged to make a ' similar statement ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Germany ' to reinstate border controls ' as country struggles with influx of refugees -- live '' . The Independent . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Latest : Merkel says no legal limit to refugee numberse '' . KVOA . Archived from the original on 23 September 2015 . Retrieved 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Change in Czech refugee policy '' . The Prague Post . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Migrant crisis : Austria ' to end emergency migrant measures ' . BBC News . 7 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Denmark has shut down its rail link as refugees surge into Scandinavia '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Migrant crisis : Germany to start temporary border controls . BBC News Jump up ^ `` Policisté chystají zálohy pro dohled na hranici '' . novinky.cz . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Migrant crisis : Austria to deploy troops . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Hungarian army stages border protection exercise '' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Europe migrant crisis : Hungary PM calls for € 3bn Syria aid package . BBC News . 12 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` European migrant crisis : Hungary hits back at Austria 's criticism of ' Nazi - like ' asylum seeker policies '' . ABC.au . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Refugees bused from Röszke to Austrian border '' . Budapest Business Journal . Retrieved 14 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Refugees start sit - down hunger strike in southern Hungary -- media reports , RT Jump up ^ Refugee crisis : Hungary declares state of emergency at Serbian border -- live updates , The Guardian Jump up ^ Than , Krisztina ( 16 September 2015 ) . `` Hungarian police fire water cannon and tear gas at migrants '' . Reuters . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Holehouse , Matthew ( 18 September 2015 ) . `` Refugee crisis : Croatia seals border crossings with Serbia '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU court rejects ' open - door ' policy and upholds right of member states to deport refugees '' . The Daily Telegraph . https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_migrant_crisis&action=edit§ion=46#. 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Traiskirchen Symptom systematischer Mängel im Umgang mit Asylwerbern '' ( in German ) . Amnesty International Österreich . Retrieved 28 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyman , Rick ( 5 April 2015 ) . `` Bulgaria Puts Up a New Wall , but This One Keeps People Out '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria keeps migrants out with 50 miles of razor wire along Turkish border '' . Daily Mail . Jump up ^ `` Potvrđene najave : Hrvatska će morati primiti 1064 izbjeglice '' . 24sata.hr ( in Croatian ) . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Španjolska neće primiti 3000 izbjeglica , dio ide u Hrvatsku '' . N1 HR . Jump up ^ `` JE LI HRVATSKA SPREMNA ZA IZBJEGLIČKI VAL ? Želimo školovane izbjeglice , najbolje s djecom '' . jutarnji.hr . Jump up ^ `` Croatia president blames Angela Merkel for refugee crisis '' . The Daily Telegraph . 22 September . Jump up ^ `` Kolinda kaže da Hrvatska neće propuštati izbjeglice i da su to ionako većinom ekonomski migranti '' . Jump up ^ `` MAPPED : How many refugees each European country will take under EU plans '' . Daily Express . 22 September 2015 . Retrieved 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EC failed in solving migration , quotas make no sense -- Czech PM '' . ČTK. 8 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` President cites disease , terrorist sleeper cells as causes for concern '' . The Prague Post . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Finance Minister Andrej Babiš calls on NATO to destroy human smugglers ' ships '' . Radio Prague. 9 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Czech minister Babis criticises NATO _́ s stance on refugees '' . CeskeNoviny.cz. 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Kalousek : Sebevědomá země jako Česko by se neměla bát tří tisíc uprchlíků '' ( in Czech ) . ČT24. 10 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Karel Schwarzenberg : Řveme , jako by nám uprchlíci řezali krky '' ( in Czech ) . Mladá fronta E15. 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Czech Republic can accept 7,000 -- 15,000 refugees now -- minister '' . ČTK. 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Denmark - Germany rail links suspended '' . BBC News . 9 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : S. Aiyar ; B. Barkbu ; N. Batini ; H. Berger ; E. Detragiache ; A. Dizioli ; C. Ebeke ; H. Lin ; L. Kaltani ; S. Sosa ; A. Spilimbergo ; P. Topalova ( 16 January 2016 ) . `` The Refugee Surge in Europe : Economic Challenges '' ( PDF ) . IMF . Retrieved 26 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Henderson ( 22 December 2015 ) . `` Denmark has responded to critics of its plan to strip jewellery from refugees '' . The Independent . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Nina Larson / AFP ( 15 January 2016 ) . `` As Danes debate , Swiss already seizing refugees ' cash '' . The Local . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sören Billing / AFP ( 26 January 2016 ) . `` Denmark passes controversial bill to take migrants ' valuables '' . The Local . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Ritzau ( 26 January 2016 ) . `` Holland kan også inddrage asylansøgeres værdigenstande '' . Jyllands Posten . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Gordon Darroch ( 25 January 2016 ) . `` Netherlands claimed more than £ 500,000 from refugees in four years '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Erik Jensen ( 22 January 2016 ) . `` Tyskland tager også flygtninges penge '' . Politiken . Retrieved 25 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , Denmark really wants to strip refugees of jewellery '' . Channel 4 News . 18 December 2015 . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . The UN refugee agency UNHCR told Channel 4 News the idea `` beggars belief '' . Jump up ^ Zawadzki , Sabina ( 20 December 2015 ) . `` Danish MEP quits party over plan to take refugee valuables '' . Reuters . Retrieved 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Danish police refuse to seize refugee jewelry and cash -- News -- 22.12. 2015 '' . DW.COM. 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 22 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Loven der satte Danmark på alverdens forsider er aldrig blevet brugt '' . nyheder.tv2.dk. 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Matti Vanhanen : Suomi valmistautuu rajatarkastuksiin -- syy löytyy Pohjois - Suomesta '' . Uusi Suomi . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ STT - IS . `` Orpo : Pohjois - Suomeen tehostettu rajavalvonta '' . Ilta - Sanomat . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ IS . `` Sipilä : Rajavalvontaa tiivistetään -- vapaa liikkuvuus ei toimi '' . Ilta - Sanomat . Jump up ^ `` Presidentti Niinistö hurjan ennustuksensa toteutumisesta : `` Valitettavasti sillä tiellä ollaan '' `` . Uusi Suomi . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Hungarian PM Viktor Orban proposes EU border force to patrol Greek frontier '' . International Business Times . 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Germany ' can take 500,000 asylum seekers a year ' '' . BBC News . 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jenny ( 30 July 2013 ) . `` Immigration fuels rising tension in Germany '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Fenton , Siobhan ( 25 July 2015 ) . `` Pegida '' . The Independent . London . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Germany : ' No Limit ' To Refugees We 'll Take In '' . Sky News . 5 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Germans welcome thousands of newly arrived refugees '' . Deutsche Welle. 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Merkel splits conservative bloc with green light to refugees '' . Reuters. 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Alison Smale ( 23 September 2015 ) . `` Where the Refugees Pour into Germany , a 24 - Hour Window '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Viktor Orbán , Bavaria 's hardline hero '' . Politico. 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refugee crisis : Many migrants falsely claim to be Syrians , Germany says as EU tries to ease tensions '' . The Daily Telegraph . 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin calls for sanctions on EU states that reject refugee quotas '' . Deutsche Welle. 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Germany : Coalition split on transit zones '' . DW.COM . ^ Jump up to : Eldar Emric , Demetri Nellas , and the Associated Press ( 14 November 2015 ) . `` Paris Attacks Provoke Fresh Migrant Fears in Europe '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 November 2015 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Alison Smale ( 28 November 2015 ) . `` Merkel , While Refusing to Halt Migrant Influx , Works to Limit It '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Feher , Margit ( 18 August 2015 ) . `` Hungary Deploys ' Border Hunters ' to Keep Illegal Immigrants Out '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Migration crisis : Hungary PM says Europe in grip of madness '' . The Guardian . 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary PM rejects Merkel 's ' moral imperialism ' in refugee crisis '' . Yahoo News . 23 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' People in Europe are full of fear ' over refugee influx '' . The Washington Post . 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary adopts list of safe countries of origin and safe third countries '' . asylumineurope.org . Jump up ^ `` Hungary PM Tells US , Australia to Take Some of Europe 's Migrants '' . NDTV. 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Legorno , Giovanni ( 28 April 2015 ) . `` Italian Towns Push Back on Growing Burden of Europe 's Migrant Crisis '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Italy 's Mafia learns to profit from the migration crisis '' . Financial Times . 24 July 2015 Jump up ^ `` ' Bigger than drugs ' : how the Mafia profits from the Mediterranean migrant crisis '' . ABC News . 29 June 2015 Jump up ^ `` Pope thanks Italy for migrant rescue effort , says huge numbers means Europe must pitch in more '' . Fox News Channel . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` PM says Lithuanian government not considering to accept more refugees '' . BNS. 2 September 2015 . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Sansone , Kurt ( 13 September 2015 ) . `` Migrant wall will not stop problem , Joseph Muscat says '' . The Times . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hungary and Malta call for ' global migrant quotas ' to ease Europe burden '' . The Daily Telegraph . 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ JSK Internet . `` Preparations for taking 2,000 refugees '' . Ministry of the Interior . Jump up ^ `` Poland 's Duda Blasts EU ` Dictate of the Strong ' on Migrants '' . Bloomberg. 8 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal prepares for migrants '' . theportugalnews.com . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Romania to accept refugees if admitted to Schengen '' . EurActiv. 8 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Troianovski , Anton ( 19 August 2015 ) . `` Migration Crisis Pits EU 's East Against West '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` End of Schengen ? EU countries toughen border control '' . RT English . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` This East - West split over EU refugee quotas will have long - lasting consequences '' . The Daily Telegraph . 24 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refugee crisis reveals fundamental splits in European political parties '' . EurActiv. 24 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Många flyktingar söker sig till Sverige -- trots nya åtgärder ( in Swedish ) Dagens Nyheter , 27 October 2015 Jump up ^ David Crouch ( 24 November 2015 ) Sweden slams shut its open - door policy towards refugees The Guardian . Jump up ^ Särskilda åtgärder vid allvarlig fara för den allmänna ordningen eller den inre säkerheten i landet ( Swedish ) Jump up ^ `` Mother Angela : Merkel 's Refugee Policy Divides Europe '' . Der Spiegel . 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Holehouse , Matthew ( 19 April 2015 ) . `` Nigel Farage : David Cameron ' directly caused ' Libyan migrant crisis '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` UN says one million migrants should reach Europe by 2016 '' . euronews . Jump up ^ Sewell Chan ( 25 September 2015 ) . `` No End in Sight to Tide of Migrants Entering Europe , U.N. Says '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg and the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic , Bohuslav Sobotka met with the press Sept. 9 . Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . '' . The Prague Post . 10 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Russia : Security Council Addressing Europe 's Migrant Crisis '' . The New York Times . Associated Press . 2 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Up to 700 feared dead after migrant boat sinks off Libya '' . Reuters. 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU faces fury after new migrant shipwreck tragedy '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved 15 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU : Mediterranean Deaths Warrant Crisis Response '' . Human Rights Watch . 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 20 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Syria 's refugee crisis in numbers , Amnesty International , 4 September 2015 Jump up ^ `` EU should follow Australia 's example and send back migrant boats , says Tony Abbott '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . 21 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pope Francis visits Italy 's migrant island of Lampedusa '' . BBC News . 8 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Libya migrant boat sinking : Up to 700 feared dead as migrant ship capsizes in waters south of Italy '' . 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 19 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Refugee crisis : Lebanese minister warns of Isis jihadis infiltrating Europe as migrants '' . International Business Times . 15 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Obama tells Merkel he appreciates her leadership on migrant crisis '' . Deutsche Welle. 27 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama says Angela Merkel ' on right side of history ' over pro-refugee stance '' . ABC News . 24 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump Predicts Germany 's Merkel Will ' Be Out if They Do n't Have A Revolution ' - Breitbart '' . Breitbart . February 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump - We ca n't have an immigration policy like Angela Merkel does in Germany '' . SoundCloud . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Migration : European policies dramatically worsened the so - called 2015 `` refugee crisis '' `` . Médecins Sans Frontières. 19 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NATO Commander : Russia uses Syrian refugees as ' weapon ' against West '' . Deutsche Welle. 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Russia and Syria ' weaponising ' migration '' . BBC News . 2 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` France and Russia blast Merkel 's refugee policy '' . The Local . 12 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Cómo protegerse de la bomba migratoria y ayudar a los inmigrantes - Carlos Alberto Montaner , CubaNet , 4 June 2016 Jump up ^ `` UN chief Ban Ki - moon urges international support for Greece over refugees '' . Deutsche Welle . Jump up ^ `` Countries must do more to help Greece with migrant crisis : U.N. chief '' . Reuters . Jump up ^ SILVA , A.J.M. ( 2016 ) . Create Space , ed . Le régime UNESCO ( Discours et pratiques alimentaires en Méditerranée vol . III ) ( in French ) . Charleston . pp. 186 -- 188 . ISBN 1532997116 . Jump up ^ Monitor , Euro - Med . `` Asylum seekers attempt suicide daily as they face desperate circumstances in Greece '' . Euro - Mediterranean . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` ONG en Méditerranée : la Libye affirme sa souveraineté sur ses eaux territoriales - RFI '' . RFI Afrique ( in French ) . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Cost of migration crisis means nothing to us , says top EU official '' . The Daily Telegraph . 28 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` EU migration chief : Forget the ' political cost ' '' . Politico. 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nicolas Sarkozy compares EU migrant plan to ' fixing a burst water pipe with water ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . 19 June 2015 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Crise des migrants : le plan de Sarkozy '' ( Migrant crisis : Sarkozy 's plan ) . Le Figaro ( in French ) . Jump up ^ `` Migrant crisis : Austria holds suspected people smugglers '' . BBC News . 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` French PM Valls urges EU solidarity amid unprecedented migrant crisis '' . euronews.com. 31 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` European response to dire refugee crisis urgently needed '' . Party of European Socialists . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Le Pen on course for presidency as mayors reject migrants ' '' . The Times ( London ) . Jump up ^ `` Video : Thousands of Isis fighters could use migrant crisis to ' flood ' into Europe , Nigel Farage warns -- Telegraph '' . The Daily Telegraph . 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nigel Farage : EU has opened doors to migration exodus of biblical proportions '' . The Daily Telegraph . 1 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nigel Farage calls on government to let Syrian refugees into UK '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ Mason , Rowena ( 30 December 2013 ) . `` Nigel Farage rows back on call to grant asylum to Syrian refugees '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BWIHK - Präsident will Mindestlohn für Flüchtlinge aufweichen ( BWIHK President wants to soften Minimum Wage Rules for Refugees ) ( in German ) '' . Die Welt . Jump up ^ `` Ausnahmen für Asylbewerber -- Landkreise wollen Mindestlohn senken ( Exceptions for Asylum Seekers -- Organization of Districts wants to lower Minimum Wage ) ( in German ) '' . N-TV.de . Jump up ^ `` French far - right leader says Germany seeking ' slaves ' in migrants '' . Reuters ( US ) . Jump up ^ `` Newsblog zu Flüchtlingen ( in German ) '' . Der Tagesspiegel . Jump up ^ `` Le Pen : Deutschland sieht in Flüchtlingen `` Sklaven '' ( in German ) `` . Die Presse . Jump up ^ `` Front National unterstellt Deutschland Interesse an Arbeitssklaven '' . Der Spiegel . Jump up ^ `` Berlin will mit Flüchtlingen `` Sklaven rekrutieren '' ( in German ) `` . Die Welt . Jump up ^ `` Wilders tells Dutch parliament refugee crisis is ' Islamic invasion ' '' . Reuters ( US ) . Jump up ^ `` Wilders tells Dutch parliament refugee crisis is ' Islamic invasion ' '' . Jerusalem Post . Further reading ( edit ) Zolberg , Aristide R ; Suhrke , Astri ; Aguayo , Sergio ( 1989 ) . Escape from Violence : Conflict and the Refugee Crisis in the Developing World . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195363623 . Pécoud , Antoine ( 2015 ) . Depoliticising Migration : Global Governance and International Migration Narratives . London : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 49589 - 4 . Recchi , Ettore ( 2015 ) . Mobile Europe : The Theory and Practice of Free Movement in the EU . London : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 59147 - 3 . Lazaridis , Gabriella ; Wadia , Khursheed , eds. ( 2015 ) . The Securitisation of Migration in the EU : Debates since 9 / 11 . London : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 48057 - 6 . McMahon , Simon ( 2015 ) . Immigration and Citizenship in an Enlarged European Union : The Political Dynamics of Intra-EU Mobility . London : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 49278 - 7 . Lazaridis , Gabriella ( 2015 ) . International Migration into Europe : From Subjects to Abjects . London : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 67801 - 3 . Odmalm , Pontus ( 2014 ) . The Party Politics of the EU and Immigration . London : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 349 - 34971 - 5 . Alonso , Sonia ; Claro da Fonseca , Saro ( 2011 ) . `` Immigration , left and right '' . Party Politics . 18 ( 16 ) : 865 -- 884 . Connor , Phillip . `` Quantifying immigrant diversity in Europe '' . Ethnic and Racial Studies . 37 ( 11 ) : 2055 -- 2070 . doi : 10.1080 / 01419870.2013. 809131 . Nagayoshi , Kikuko . `` Anti-immigration attitudes in different welfare states : Do types of labor market policies matter ? '' . International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 56 ( 2 ) . Modood , Tariq ( 2014 ) . `` Understanding ' Death of Multiculturalism ' discourse means understanding multiculturalism '' . Journal of Multicultural Discourses. 9 ( 3 ) . `` Immigration , free movement and the EU referendum '' . National Institute Economic Review . 236 . 2016 . Nagayoshi , Kikuko ; Hjerm , Mikael ( 2015 ) . `` Anti-immigration attitudes in different welfare states : Do types of labor market policies matter ? '' . Andersson , Hans ( 2016 ) . `` Liberal Intergovernmentalism , spillover and supranational immigration policy '' . Cooperation and Conflict. 51 ( 1 ) : 38 -- 54 . Weber , Hannes ( 2015 ) . `` National and regional proportion of immigrants and perceived threat of immigration : A three - level analysis in Western Europe '' . International Journal of Comparative Sociology. 56 ( 2 ) . Lozano , AA ; et al. `` Revisiting the European Union framework on immigrant integration : The European integration forum as a technology of agency '' . Ethnicities. 14 ( 4 ) : 556 -- 576 . doi : 10.1177 / 1468796814528692 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to European migrant crisis . 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Beauty and the Beast (2017 film)
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Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster Directed by Bill Condon Produced by David Hoberman Todd Lieberman Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos Based on Disney 's Beauty and the Beast by Linda Woolverton Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Emma Watson Dan Stevens Luke Evans Kevin Kline Ewan McGregor Stanley Tucci Audra McDonald Gugu Mbatha - Raw Ian McKellen Emma Thompson Music by Alan Menken Cinematography Tobias A. Schliessler Edited by Virginia Katz Production company Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 23 ) ( Spencer House ) March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) ( United States ) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $244 -- 255 million Box office $1.264 billion Beauty and the Beast is a 2017 American musical romantic fantasy film directed by Bill Condon from a screenplay written by Stephen Chbosky and Evan Spiliotopoulos , and co-produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Mandeville Films . The film is a live - action reimagining of Disney 's 1991 animated film of the same name , itself an adaptation of Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's 18th - century fairy tale . The film features an ensemble cast that includes Emma Watson and Dan Stevens as the eponymous characters with Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson in supporting roles . Principal photography began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom on May 18 , 2015 , and ended on August 21 . With an estimated budget of around $255 million , it is one of the most expensive films ever made . Beauty and the Beast premiered at Spencer House in London on February 23 , 2017 , and was released in the United States in standard , Disney Digital 3 - D , RealD 3D , IMAX and IMAX 3D formats , along with Dolby Cinema on March 17 , 2017 . The film received generally favorable reviews from critics , with many praising Watson and Stevens 's acting performances as well as the ensemble cast , faithfulness to the original animated film alongside elements from the Broadway musical , visual style , production values , and musical score , though it received criticism for some of the character designs and its excessive similarity to the original . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing live - action musical film , and making it the second - highest - grossing film of 2017 , the tenth - highest - ever - grossing film in North America and the 13th - highest - grossing film of all time . The film received four nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards and two nominations at the 71st British Academy Film Awards . It also received Academy Award nominations for Best Production Design and Best Costume Design at the 90th Academy Awards . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Cast notes 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 United States and Canada 5.1. 2 Other countries 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades and awards 6 Controversies 6.1 Gay character 6.2 Belle and the Beast 's relationship 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) A beautiful enchantress disguised as an old beggar woman arrives at a castle during a ball and offers the host , a cruel and selfish prince , a rose in return for shelter from a storm . When he refuses , she reveals her identity . To punish the prince for his lack of compassion , the enchantress transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects , then erases the castle , the prince and his servants from the memories of their loved ones . She casts a spell on the rose and warns the prince that the curse will only be broken if he learns to love another , and earn their love in return , before the last petal falls . Some years later , in the small town of Villeneuve , Belle , the book - loving daughter of a music box maker and artist Maurice , dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant former soldier . On his way to a convention and lost in the forest , Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle , but the Beast imprisons him for stealing a rose from his garden as a gift to Belle . When Maurice 's horse returns without him , Belle ventures out in search for him , and finds him locked in the castle dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Belle befriends the castle 's servants , who invite her to a spectacular dinner . When she wanders into the forbidden west wing and finds the rose , the Beast scares her into the woods . She is ambushed by a pack of wolves , but the Beast rescues her , and is injured in the process . As Belle nurses his wounds , a friendship develops between them . The Beast shows Belle a gift from the enchantress , a book that transports readers wherever they want . Belle uses the book to visit her childhood home in Paris , where she discovers a plague doctor mask and realizes that she and her father were forced to leave when her mother succumbed to the plague . In Villeneuve , Maurice tries to convince the other villagers of the Beast and Belle 's imprisonment but no one believes him . Gaston , seeing rescuing Belle as an opportunity to win her hand in marriage , agrees to help Maurice . When Maurice learns of his ulterior motive and rejects him , Gaston abandons him to be eaten by the wolves . Maurice is rescued by the hermit Agathe , but when he tells the townsfolk of Gaston 's crime and is unable to provide solid evidence , Gaston convinces them to send Maurice to an insane asylum . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using a magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . At Villeneuve , Belle reveals the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk , proving her father 's sanity . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , a jealous Gaston claims she has been charmed by dark magic , and has her thrown into the asylum carriage with her father . He rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to slay the Beast before he curses the whole village . Maurice and Belle escape , and Belle rushes back to the castle . During the battle , Gaston abandons his companion LeFou , who then sides with the servants to fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his spirit upon seeing Belle return . He defeats Gaston , but spares his life before reuniting with Belle . Ungrateful and unrepentant , Gaston fatally shoots the Beast from a bridge , but it collapses when the castle crumbles , and he falls to his death . The Beast dies as the last petal falls , and the servants become inanimate . As Belle tearfully professes her love to the Beast , Agathe reveals herself as the enchantress and undoes the curse , repairing the crumbling castle , and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms and the villagers ' memories . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Emma Watson as Belle , a young benevolent bibliophile woman who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him . Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle . Dan Stevens as Beast , a cold - hearted , selfish , unkind prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return , as well as to give rather than take . Stevens portrays the character through motion - capture . Adam Mitchell portrays the younger version of the prince . Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife . Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle 's protective widowed father who works as a music box maker and an artist . Jolyon Coy portrays the young Maurice . Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston 's flamboyant and long - suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend 's ego but gets very little in return . Ewan McGregor as Lumière , the Beast 's charismatic bouteiller who has been transformed into a candelabra . Stanley Tucci as Maestro Cadenza , the neurotic court composer and Madame de Garderobe 's husband who has been transformed into a harpsichord . Audra McDonald as Madame de Garderobe , a world - renowned opera singer and Cadenza 's wife who has been transformed into a wardrobe . Gugu Mbatha - Raw as Plumette , one of the castle maids and Lumière 's lover who has been transformed into a feather duster . Ian McKellen as Cogsworth , the Beast 's gruff but loyal majordomo and the head of the household staff who has been transformed into a mantel clock . Emma Thompson as Mrs. Potts , the castle 's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot . Hattie Morahan as Agathe , an impoverished hermit and resident of Villeneuve who , in reality , is the enchantress responsible for cursing the Prince . Morahan also narrates the prologue . Rita Davies portrays the enchantress in her beggar woman form . The film was released posthumously after Davies ' death . Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts ' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup . Adrian Schiller as Monsieur D'Arque , the sly warden of the local asylum who is bribed by Gaston to have Maurice institutionalized . Gerard Horan as Monsieur Jean Potts , an absent - minded potter and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Mrs. Potts ' husband and Chip 's father . Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth 's wife . Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper , the owner and keeper of Villeneuve 's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink . Ray Fearon as Père Robert , Villeneuve 's local chaplain who encourages Belle to borrow the books in the chapel 's meager library . Sophie Reid , Rafaëlle Cohen , and Carla Nella as the Village Lasses , a trio of women who fawn over Gaston and have a jealousy for Belle . Jimmy Johnston , Dean Street , and Alexis Loizon as Tom , Dick , and Stanley , a trio of men who serve as Gaston 's henchmen . Zoe Rainey as Belle 's mother , Maurice 's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant . Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle 's head chef who has been transformed into a stove . Gizmo as Frou - Frou , Maestro Cadenza 's and Madame de Garderobe 's pet Yorkshire Terrier who has been transformed into a footstool . Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the prince 's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack . Tom Turner as The King , the prince 's father who , following his wife 's death , raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was . Harriet Jones as The Queen , the prince 's mother who died of an illness when he was a child . Dale Branston as Villeneuve 's residential baker . Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster , the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read . Vivian Parry as the Village Lass ' mother , an unnamed seamstress . Cast notes ( edit ) ^ In the initial theatrical release , Mitchell was miscredited as Rudi Gooman in the cast , but listed under his real name in the soundtrack credits ^ In the initial theatrical release , Turner is miscredited as Henry Garrett in the cast . Stephen Merchant also appeared in the film as Monsieur Toilette , a servant who was turned into a toilet . This character was cut from the film , but is featured in the deleted scenes . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Previously , Disney had begun work on a film adaptation of the 1994 Broadway musical . However , in a 2011 interview , composer Alan Menken stated the planned film version of the Beauty and the Beast stage musical `` was canned '' . By April 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures had already begun developing a new live - action version of Beauty and the Beast after making other live - action fantasy films such as Alice in Wonderland , Maleficent , Cinderella and The Jungle Book . In June 2014 , Bill Condon was signed to direct the film from a script by Evan Spiliotopoulos . Later in September of that same year , Stephen Chbosky ( who had previously directed Watson in The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) was hired to re-write the script . Before Condon was hired to direct the film , Disney approached him with a proposal to remake the film in a more radical way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman ( 2012 ) . Condon later explained that `` after Frozen opened , the studio saw that there was this big international audience for an old - school - musical approach . But initially , they said , ' We 're interested in a musical to a degree , but only half full of songs . ' My interest was taking that film and doing it in this new medium -- live - action -- as a full - on musical movie . So I backed out for a minute , and they came back and said , ' No , no , no , we get it , let 's pursue it that way . ' '' Walt Disney Pictures president of production Sean Bailey credited Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn with the decision to make the film as a musical : `` We worked on this for five or six years , and for 18 months to two years , Beauty was a serious dramatic project , and the scripts were written to reflect that . It was n't a musical at that time . But we just could n't get it to click and it was Alan Horn who championed the idea of owning the Disney of it all . We realized there was a competitive advantage in the songs . What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again ? '' Casting ( edit ) In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced that she would be starring as Belle , the female lead . She was the first choice of Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn , as he had previously overseen Warner Bros. which released the eight Harry Potter films that co-starred Watson as Hermione Granger . Two months later , Luke Evans and Dan Stevens were revealed to be in talks to play Gaston and the Beast respectively , and Watson confirmed their casting the following day through tweets . The rest of the principal cast , including Josh Gad , Emma Thompson , Kevin Kline , Audra McDonald , Ian McKellen , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor and Stanley Tucci were announced between March and April to play LeFou , Mrs. Potts , Maurice , Madame de Garderobe , Cogsworth , Plumette , Lumière and Cadenza , respectively . Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway , commented on the casting of Watson as `` perfect '' . Paige O'Hara , who voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels , offered to help Watson with her singing lessons . According to The Hollywood Reporter , Emma Watson was reportedly paid $3 million upfront , together with an agreement that her final take - home pay could rise as high as $15 million if the film generated gross box office income similar to Maleficent 's $759 million worldwide gross . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , United Kingdom , on May 18 , 2015 . Filming with the principal actors concluded on August 21 . Six days later , co-producer Jack Morrissey confirmed that the film had officially wrapped production . The Beast was portrayed with a `` more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation '' , where actor Dan Stevens was `` in a forty - pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film '' . The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to `` communicate the subtleties of the human face '' and `` ( capture the ) thought that occurs to him '' which gets `` through ( to ) the eyes , which are the last human element in the Beast . '' The castle servants who are transformed into household objects were created with CGI animation . Before the release of the film , Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the `` Days of the Sun '' number , due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones , who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe . In the original version of the scene , it was Jones 's character , the Prince 's mother , who sings the first verse of the song , with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father ; but in the reshot version of the scene , the singing part is given to the Prince ( now played by Adam Mitchell ) . The King was also recast to Tom Turner , although Harriet Jones was still the Queen , albeit with dark hair . Both Goodman and Garrett 's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release 's credits , but was later corrected in home releases . Music ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 soundtrack ) When released in 1991 , Beauty and the Beast , marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar - winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken . In Bill Condon 's opinion , that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live - action version of the movie . `` That score had more to reveal '' , he says , `` You look at the songs and there 's not a clunker in the group . In fact , Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of 1991 . The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairytales . Take that vision , put it into a new medium , make it a radical reinvention , something not just for the stage because it 's not just being literal , now other elements come into play . It 's not just having real actors do it '' . Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film , but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Alan Menken , Howard Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . Menken returned to score the film 's music , which features songs from the original film by him and Howard Ashman , plus new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . Menken said the film would not include songs that were written for the Broadway musical and instead , created four new songs . However , an instrumental version of the song `` Home '' , which was written for the musical , is used during the scene where Belle first enters her room in the castle . On January 19 , 2017 , it was confirmed by both Disney and Céline Dion -- singer of the original 1991 `` Beauty and the Beast '' duet song , with singer Peabo Bryson -- that Dion would be performing one of the new original songs `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' to play over the end titles . She originally had doubts about whether or not to record the song due to the recent death of her husband and manager René Angélil , who had previously helped her secure the 1991 pop duet . While ultimately accepting the opportunity , she said : `` ( The ) first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband . Now I 'm making decisions on my own . It 's a little bit harder . I could n't say yes right away , because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way '' . She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career . According to Dion , `` I was at the beginning of my career , it put me on the map , it put me where I am today '' . Also , Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song `` Evermore '' on January 26 , 2017 . The 2017 film features a remake of the 1991 original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend . Grande and Legend 's updated version of the title song is faithful to the original , Grammy - winning duet , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson for the 1991 Disney film . Disney debuted the music video for Ariana Grande and John Legend 's interpretation of the title song on Freeform television network on March 5 , 2017 , and it has since been viewed over 100 million views on the Vevo video - hosting service . Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song , which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original 1991 animated film . Release ( edit ) On March 16 , 2015 , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17 , 2017 . The first official presentation of the film took place at Disney 's three - day D23 Expo in August 2015 . The world premiere of Beauty and the Beast took place at Spencer House in London , United Kingdom on February 23 , 2017 ; and the film later premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood , California , on March 2 , 2017 . The stream was broadcast onto YouTube . A sing along version of the film released in over 1,200 US theaters nationwide on April 7 , 2017 . The United Kingdom received the same version on April 21 , 2017 . The film was re-released in New York and Los Angeles for a one - week engagement starting December 1 , 2017 . The move was an awards push as awards season heats up . Marketing ( edit ) Disney spent around $140 million to market the film worldwide . Following an announcement on May 22 , 2016 , Disney premiered the first official teaser trailer on Good Morning America the next day . In its first 24 hours , the teaser trailer reached 91.8 million views , which was the largest number ever seen for a trailer in that amount of time . This record has since been broken by Thor : Ragnarok , It and Avengers : Infinity War . The first official teaser poster was released on July 7 , 2016 . On November 2 , 2016 , Entertainment Weekly debuted the first official image on the cover of their magazine , along with nine new photos . One week later , Emma Watson and Disney debuted a new poster . On November 14 , 2016 , the first theatrical trailer was released , again on Good Morning America . This reached 127.6 million views in its first 24 hours , setting a new record for the most views in one day , beating Fifty Shades Darker ; this record has since been broken by The Fate of the Furious . A TV spot with Watson singing was shown during the 74th Golden Globe Awards . Disney released the final trailer on January 30 , 2017 . Home Media ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast was released on Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on June 6 , 2017 . The film debuted at No. 1 on the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart , with all other titles in the top 20 , collectively , selling only 40 % as many units as Beauty and the Beast . The movie regained the top spot on the national home video sales charts during its third week of release . The movie became available on Netflix on September 19 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Praised for her performance as Belle worldwide , Beauty and the Beast is Emma Watson 's highest - grossing film in the domestic side and second - highest - grossing film , behind only the final Harry Potter film , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . Beauty and the Beast grossed $504 million in the United States and Canada and $759.5 million in other countries for a worldwide gross of $1.263 billion . With a production budget of $254 million , it is the most expensive musical ever made . In just ten days , it became the highest - grossing live - action musical of all time , beating the nine - year - old record held by Mamma Mia ! . It is currently the second - biggest musical ever overall , behind Disney 's Frozen ( 2013 ) . Worldwide , the film proved to be a global phenomenon , earning a total of $357 million over its four - day opening weekend from 56 markets . Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women . It was the second - biggest March global opening , behind only Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth - biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh - biggest for Disney . This includes $21 million from IMAX plays on 1,026 screens , a new record for an IMAX PG title . It surpassed the entire lifetime total of the original film in just six days . Beauty and the Beast was the 300th digitally remastered release in IMAX company 's history , which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in 2002 . Its robust global debut helped push the company past $6 billion for the first time , and led to analysts believing that the film had a shot of passing $1 billion worldwide from theatrical earnings . On April 12 , it passed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the first film of 2017 , the fourteenth Disney film , and the twenty - ninth film overall to pass the mark . It became the first film since Rogue One ( also a Disney property ) in December 2016 to make over a billion dollars , and did so on its 29th day of release . It is currently the second - highest - grossing film of 2017 ( behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi ) , the highest - grossing March release , the highest - grossing remake of all time , and the sixth - biggest Disney film . Even after inflation adjusted , it is still ahead of the $425 million gross ( $760 million in 2017 dollars ) of the original film . Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $414.7 million , when factoring together all expenses and revenues , making it the second-most profitable release of 2017 . United States and Canada ( edit ) In the United States and Canada , Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest - selling family film in the company 's history , topping the studio 's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year . Early tracking had the film grossing around $100 million in its opening weekend , with some publications predicting it could reach $130 million . By the time the film 's release was 10 days away , analysts raised projections to as high as $150 million . It earned $16.3 million from Thursday previews night , marking the biggest of 2017 ( breaking Logan 's record ) , the biggest ever for a Disney live - action film ( breaking Maleficent 's record ) , the second - biggest ever for both a G - or PG - rated film ( behind the sixth Harry Potter film Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince which also starred Watson ) , and the third - biggest ever in the month of March ( behind Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and The Hunger Games ) . An estimated 41 % of the gross came from IMAX , 3D and premium large format screenings which began at 6 pm , while the rest -- 59 % -- came from regular 2D shows which began at 7 pm . The numbers were considered more impressive given that the film played during a school week . On its opening day , the film made $63.8 million from 4,210 theaters across 9,200 screens , marking the third biggest in the month of March , trailing behind Batman v Superman ( $81.5 million ) and The Hunger Games ( $67 million ) . It was also the biggest opening day ever for a film that was n't PG - 13 , displacing the $58 million opening Wednesday of Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . Its opening day alone ( which includes Thursday 's previews ) almost matched the entire opening weekend of previous Disney live - action films , Maleficent ( $69.4 million ) and Cinderella ( $67.9 million ) . Unlike all previous four Disney live - action films witnessing a hike on their second day , Saturday , Beauty and the Beast actually fell 2 % but , nevertheless , the dip was paltry , and the grosses are so much bigger compared to the other titles . Earning a total of $174.8 million on its opening weekend , it defied all expectations and went on to set numerous notable records . This includes the biggest opening of the year as well as the biggest for the month of March and pre-summer / spring opening , beating Batman v Superman , the biggest start ever for a PG title ( also for a family film ) , surpassing Finding Dory which later surpassed by Incredibles 2 , the biggest debut of all time for a female - fueled film , ahead of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the biggest for a Disney live - action adaptation , ahead of Alice in Wonderland and the biggest musical debut ever , supplanting Pitch Perfect 2 . Furthermore , it is also Watson 's highest - opening , beating Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 same with Emma Thompson , director Bill Condon 's biggest debut ever ahead of The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 and the biggest outside of summer , save for Star Wars : The Force Awakens , not accounting for inflation . It became the forty - third film to debut with over $100 million and the fifteenth film to open above $150 million . Its three - day opening alone surpassed the entire original North American run of the first film ( $146 million ; before the 3D re-release ) , instantly becoming the second - biggest film of the year , behind Logan ( $184 million ) , and also the second - highest - grossing musical , behind Grease 's $188 million cumulative gross in 1978 . Seventy percent of the total ticket sales came from 2D showings signifying that people who do n't go to theaters frequently came out in bulk to watch the film . About 26 % of the remaining tickets were for 3D . IMAX accounted for 7 % ( $12.5 million ) of the total weekend 's gross , setting a new record for a PG title , ahead of Alice in Wonderland ( $12.1 million ) while PLF repped 11 % of the box office . Seventy percent of the film 's opening day demographic was female , dropping to 60 % through the weekend . According polling service PostTrak , about 84 percent of American parents who saw the film on its opening day said they would `` definitely '' recommend it for families . The film 's opening was credited to positive word of mouth from audiences , good reviews from critics , effective marketing which sold the title not just as a family film but also as a romantic drama , the cast 's star power ( especially Emma Watson ) , lack of competition , being the first family film since The Lego Batman Movie a month earlier , nostalgia , and the success and ubiquity of the first film and Disney 's brand . On Monday , its fourth day of release , the film fell precipitously by 72 % earning $13.5 million . The steep fall was due to a limited marketplace where only 11 % K - 12 and 15 % colleges were off per ComScore . Nevertheless , it is the second - biggest March Monday , behind Batman v Superman ( $15 million ) . This was followed by the biggest March and pre-summer Tuesday with $17.8 million , a 32 % increase from its previous day . The same day , the film passed $200 million in ticket sales . It earned $228.6 million in the first week of release , the sixth - biggest seven - day gross of all time . In its second weekend , the film continued to maintain the top positioning and fell gradually by 48 % earning another $90.4 million to register the fourth - biggest second weekend of all time , and the third - biggest for Disney . In terms of percentage drop , its 48 % decline is the third - smallest drop for any film opening above $125 million ( behind Finding Dory and The Force Awakens ) . The hold was notable considering how the film was able to fend off three new wide releases : Power Rangers , Life , and CHiPs . As a result , it passed the $300 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 the pass said mark . The film grossed $45.4 million in its third weekend , finally being overtaken for the top spot by newcomer The Boss Baby ( $50.2 million ) . On April 4 , 2017 , its nineteenth day of release , it passed the $400 million threshold becoming the first film of 2017 to do so . By its fourth weekend , the film began was playing in 3,969 cinemas , a fall of 241 theaters from its previous weekend . Of those , approximately 1,200 cinemas were sing - along versions . It earned $26.3 million ( − 48 % ) and retained second place . By comparison , previous Disney films Moana ( − 8 % ) and Frozen ( − 2 % ) both witnessed mild percentage declines the weekend their sing - alone versions were released . Its seventh weekend of release was in contemporaneous with another Emma Watson - starring new film The Circle . That weekend , The Circle was number four , while Beauty and the Beast was at number six . By May 28 , the film had earned over $500 million in ticket sales becoming the first film of 2017 ( until it was later surpassed by The Last Jedi ) , the third female - fueled film ( after The Force Awakens and Rogue One : A Star Wars Story followed by Wonder Woman and The Last Jedi ) and the eighth overall film in cinematic history to pass the mark . It has already become the biggest March release , dethroning The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , the biggest musical film ( both animated and live - action ) , as well as the biggest film of 2017 ( alongside The Last Jedi ) . Other countries ( edit ) Outside the US and Canada , the film began playing on Thursday , March 16 , 2017 . Through Sunday , March 19 , it had a total international opening of $182.3 million from 55 markets , 44 of which were major territories , far exceeding initial estimations of $100 million and opened at No. 1 in virtually all markets except Vietnam , Turkey , and India . Its launch is the second - biggest for the month of March , behind Batman v Superman ( $256.5 million ) . In IMAX , it recorded the biggest debut for a PG - rated title ( although it carried varying certificate amongst different markets ) with $8.5 million from 649 screens , the second - biggest for a PG title behind The Jungle Book . In its second weekend , it fell just by 35 % earning another $120.6 million and maintaining its first position hold . It added major markets like France and Australia . It topped the international box office for three consecutive weekends before finally being dethroned by Ghost in the Shell and The Boss Baby in its fourth weekend . Despite the fall , the film helped Disney push past the $1 billion thresold internationally for the first time in 2017 . It scored the biggest opening day of the year in Hong Kong and the Philippines , the biggest March Thursday in Italy ( $1 million , also the biggest Disney Thursday debut ) , the biggest March opening day in Austria , and the second - biggest in Germany ( $1.1 million ) , Disney 's biggest March in Denmark , the biggest Disney live - action debut in China ( $12.6 million ) , the UK ( $6.2 million ) , Mexico ( $2.4 million ) and Brazil ( $1.8 million ) and the third - biggest in South Korea with $1.2 million , behind only Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End and Pirates of the Caribbean : On Stranger Tides . In terms of opening weekend , the largest debut came from China ( $44.8 million ) , followed by the UK ( $24.3 million ) , Korea ( $11.8 million ) , Mexico ( $11.8 million ) , Australia ( $11.1 million ) , Brazil ( $11 million ) , Germany ( $10.7 million ) , France ( $8.4 million ) , Italy ( $7.6 million ) , Philippines ( $6.3 million ) , Russia ( $6 million ) , and Spain ( $5.8 million ) . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , the film recorded the biggest opening ever for a PG - rated film , the biggest Disney live - action opening of all time , the biggest March opening weekend , the biggest opening for a musical ( ahead of 2012 's Les Misérables ) , the number one opening of 2017 to date and the fifth - biggest - ever overall with £ 19.7 million ( $24.5 million ) from 639 theatres and almost twice that of The Jungle Book ( £ 9.9 million ) . This included the second - biggest Saturday ever ( £ 7.9 million ) , only behind Star Wars : The Force Awakens . It witnessed a decline in its second weekend , earning £ 12.33 million ( $15.4 million ) . Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third - biggest ever ( behind the two James Bond films Skyfall ( 2012 ) and Spectre ) . In India , despite facing heavy competitions from four new Hindi releases , two Tamils films and a Malayalam and a Punjabi release , the film managed to take an occupancy of 15 % on its opening day , an impressive feat despite tremendous competitions . It earned around ₹ 15 million ( US $220,000 ) nett on its opening day from an estimated 600 screens which is more than the three Hindi releases -- Machine , Trapped , and Aa Gaya Hero -- combined . Disney reported a total of ₹ 92.6 million ( US $1.3 million ) gross for its opening weekend there . It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania . In Russia , despite receiving a restrictive 16 rating , the film managed to deliver a very successful opening with $6 million . In China , expectations were high for the film . The release date was announced on January 24 , giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time -- around two months -- to market the film nationwide . The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day . Preliminary reports suggested that it could open to $40 -- 60 million in its opening weekend . Largely driven by young women , its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book . The original film was , however , never widely popular in the country . Although China has occasionally blocked gay - themed content from streaming video services , in this case , Chinese censors decided to leave the gay scene intact . According to local box office tracker Ent Group , the film grossed an estimated $12.1 million on its opening day ( Friday ) , representing 70 % of the total receipts . Including previews , it made a total of $14.5 million from 100,000 screenings , which is 43 % of all screenings in the country . It climbed to $18.5 million on Saturday ( 102,700 showings ) for a three - day total of $42.6 million , securing 60 % of the total marketplace . Disney on the other hand reported a different figure of $44.8 million . Either ways , it recorded the second - biggest opening for a Disney live - action film , with $3.4 million coming from 386 IMAX screens . Japan -- a huge Disney market -- served as the film 's final market and opened there on April 21 . It debuted with a better - than - expected $12.5 million on its opening weekend helping the film push past the $1.1 billion threshold . An estimated $1.1 million came from IMAX screenings , the fourth - biggest ever in the country . The two - day gross was $9.7 million , outstripping Frozen 's previous record of $9.5 million . Due to positive reviews , good word - of - mouth and benefitting from the Golden Week , the film saw a 9 % increase on its second weekend . The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot . The total there is now over $98 million after seven weekends and is the biggest film release of the year and , overall , the eleventh - biggest of all time . It topped the box office there for eight consecutive weekends . The only markets where the film did not top the weekend charts were Vietnam ( behind Kong : Skull Island ) , Turkey ( with two local movies and Logan ahead ) and India ( where Badrinath Ki Dulhania retained No. 1 ) . It topped the box office for four straight weekends in Germany , Korea , Austria , Finland , Poland , Portugal , Brazil , Venezuela , Bolivia , Switzerland and the UK ( exclusive of previews ) . In the Philippines , it emerged as the most successful commercial film of all time -- both local and foreign -- with over $13.5 million . In just five weeks , the film became one of the top 10 highest - grossing film of all time in the United Kingdom and Ireland , ahead of all but one Harry Potter film ( Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ) and all three The Lord of the Rings movies ( which also starred Ian McKellen ) . It is currently the eighth - biggest grosser with £ 70.1 million ( $90 million ) , overtaking Mamma Mia ! to become the biggest musical production ever there . The biggest international earning markets following the UK are Japan ( $108 million ) , China ( $85.8 million ) , Brazil ( $41.5 million ) , Korea ( $37.5 million ) , and Australia ( $35 million ) . In Europe alone , the cumulative total is $267 million , which led it to become the second - highest - grossing film in the past year ( behind Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ) . Critical response ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast received generally positive reviews , with praise for its ensemble cast , visuals , production values , musical score , songs , and faithfulness to the original film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , while the designs of the Beast and the servants ' household object forms received mixed reviews . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , as of April , 2018 , the film had an approval rating of 70 % based on 322 reviews , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 . The website 's critical consensus read , `` With an enchanting cast , beautifully crafted songs , and a painterly eye for detail , Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 65 out of 100 , based on 47 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls , audiences gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote : `` It 's a Michelin - triple - starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal - meth - like narcotic high that lasts about two hours . '' Felperin also praised the performances of Watson and Kline as well the special effects , costume designs and the sets , while commending the inclusion of Gad 's character of LeFou as the first LGBT character in Disney . Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` It 's a lovingly crafted movie , and in many ways a good one , but before that it 's an enraptured piece of old - is - new nostalgia . '' Gleiberman compared Steven 's character of the Beast to a royal version of the titular character in The Elephant Man and the 1946 version of the Beast in Jean Cocteau 's original adaptation . A.O. Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens , and wrote : `` It looks good , moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste . I almost did n't recognize the flavor : I think the name for it is joy . '' Likewise , The Washington Post 's Ann Hornaday complimented Watson 's performance , describing it as `` alert and solemn '' while noting her singing ability as `` serviceable enough to get the job done '' . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three and a half stars , lauded the performances of Watson and Thompson which he drew a comparison to Paige O'Hara 's and Angela Lansbury 's performances in the 1991 animated version while appreciating the performances of the other cast and also pointing out on its usage of the combination of motion capture and CGI technology as a big advantage which he stated : `` Almost overwhelmingly lavish , beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast '' . Mike Ryan of Uproxx praised the cast , production design and the new songs while noting the film does n't try anything different , saying : `` There 's certainly nothing that new about this version of Beauty and the Beast ( well , except it is n't a cartoon anymore ) , but it 's a good recreation of a classic animated film that should leave most die - hards satisfied . '' In her A - review , Nancy Churnin of The Dallas Morning News praised the film 's emotional and thematic depth , remarking : `` There 's an emotional authenticity in director Bill Condon 's live - action Beauty and the Beast film that helps you rediscover Disney 's beloved 1991 animated film and 1994 stage show in fresh , stirring ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews described the 2017 version as `` enthralling '' . Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans , Gad , McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon 's affinity with musicals , the production design , visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice , particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone rated the film three out of four stars which he deemed it as an `` exhilarating gift '' while he remarked that `` Beauty and the Beast does justice to Disney 's animated classic , even if some of the magic is M.I.A ( Missing in Action ) '' . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine gave a positive review with a description as `` Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' as she wrote `` Nearly everything about Beauty and the Beast is larger than life , to the point that watching it can be a little overwhelming . '' and added that `` it 's loaded with feeling , almost like a brash interpretive dance expressing the passion and elation little girls ( and some boys , too ) must have felt upon seeing the earlier version . '' The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle struck an affirmative tone , calling it one of the joys of 2017 , stating that `` Beauty and the Beast creates an air of enchantment from its first moments , one that lingers and builds and takes on qualities of warmth and generosity as it goes along '' while referring the film as `` beautiful '' and also praised the film for its emotional and psychological tone as well Steven 's motion capture performance . Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four stars out of five and wrote that `` It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work , down to a sugar - rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out - an - out , bells - and - whistles musical '' while he praised the performances of Watson , McKellen , Thompson , McGregor , Evans and Gad . Mark Hughes of Forbes also similarly praised the film which he wrote that `` it could revive the story in a faithful but entirely new and unique way elevating the material beyond expectations , establishing itself as a cinematic equal to the original '' and also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film 's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences . Stephen Whitty of the New York Daily News called it `` this year 's best new old musical '' and `` the most magical thing of all '' while describing Watson 's performance of Belle as `` breakthrough '' . Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its 1991 animated predecessor . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 2017 film `` takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips wrote that the film featured some `` less conspicuously talented '' performers who are `` stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' , though he praised Kline 's performance as the `` best , sweetest thing in the movie ; he brings a sense of calm , droll authority '' . Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian praised Watson 's performance and wrote that the film was `` lit in that fascinatingly artificial honey - glow light , and it runs smoothly on rails -- the kind of rails that bring in and out the stage sets for the lucrative Broadway touring version . '' In the same newspaper , Wendy Ide criticized the film as `` ornate to the point of desperation '' in its attempt to emulate the animated film . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B - , writing that while the film looks `` exceptionally great '' , he said the new songs were `` not transporting '' . He felt the film needed more life and depth , but praised Watson 's and Steven 's performances as the `` film 's stronger elements '' . Dana Schwartz of The New York Observer felt that some of the characters , such as Gaston and the Beast , had been watered down from the 1991 film , and that the additional backstory elements failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' while adding considerable bloat . Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over , especially for the complex songs . Accolades and awards ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Academy Awards March 4 , 2018 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Art Directors Guild Awards January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Sarah Greenwood Nominated British Academy Film Awards February 18 , 2018 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Casting Society of America January 18 , 2018 Big Budget -- Comedy Lucy Bevan , Bernard Telsey and Tiffany Little Canfield Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association December 12 , 2017 Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood Nominated Costume Designers Guild Awards February 20 , 2018 Excellence in Fantasy Film Jacqueline Durran Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Art Direction Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Best Hair & Makeup Beauty and the Beast Nominated Best Song `` Evermore '' Nominated Empire Awards March 18 , 2018 Best Actress Emma Watson Nominated Best Soundtrack Beauty and the Beast Nominated Best Make - up and Hairstyling Won Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best Animation / Family Nominated Best Original Score Nominated Best Animation / Family TV Spot Nominated Best Fantasy Adventure TV Spot Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards February 8 , 2018 Best Music Supervision for Film : Budgeted Over 25 Million Dollars Matt Sullivan Nominated Hollywood Film Awards November 5 , 2017 Costume Design Award Jacqueline Durran Won Make - Up & Hair Styling Award Jenny Shircore Won Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 16 , 2017 Best Original Song -- Animated Film `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Best Original Song -- Sci - Fi , Fantasy , Horror Film Won `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Best Soundtrack Album Beauty and the Beast Nominated Hollywood Post Alliance Outstanding Color Grading -- Feature Film Stefan Sonnenfeld Nominated Outstanding Visual Effects -- Feature Film Kyle McCulloch , Glen Pratt , Richard Hoover , Dale Newton , Neil Weatherley and Framestore Nominated Houston Film Critics Society January 6 , 2018 Best Original Song `` Evermore '' -- Alan Menken and Tim Rice Nominated Make - Up Artists and Hair Stylists Guild February 24 , 2018 Feature Motion Picture : Best Period and / or Character Hair Jenny Shircore , Marc Pilcher and Charlotte Hayward Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards May 7 , 2017 Movie of the Year Beauty and the Beast Won Best Actor in a Movie Emma Watson Won Best Kiss Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Nominated Best Duo Josh Gad and Luke Evans Nominated NAACP Image Awards January 15 , 2018 Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture Audra McDonald Nominated Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards March 24 , 2018 Favorite Movie Beauty and the Beast Nominated Favorite Movie Actress Emma Watson Nominated Publicists Guild Awards March 2 , 2018 Motion Picture Beauty and the Beast Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society December 11 , 2017 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Best Visual Effects Beauty and the Beast Runner - up Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Won Best Use of Music Beauty and the Beast Nominated Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated Saturn Awards June 27 , 2018 Best Fantasy Film Beauty and the Beast Nominated Best Actress Emma Watson Nominated Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood Nominated Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Won Seattle Film Critics Society December 18 , 2017 Best Costume Design Jacqueline Durran Nominated St. Louis Film Critics Association December 17 , 2017 Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood Nominated Best Visual Effects Beauty and the Beast Nominated Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Fantasy Won Choice Movie : Fantasy Actor Dan Stevens Nominated Choice Movie : Fantasy Actress Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Villain Luke Evans Won Choice Movie Ship Emma Watson and Dan Stevens Won Choice Liplock Won Choice Scene Stealer Josh Gad Nominated Choice Hissy Fit Luke Evans Nominated Dan Stevens Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards February 13 , 2018 Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in a Photoreal Project Shannon Justison , Casey Schatz , Neil Weatherley and Claire Michaud for `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Motion Capture Performance Dan Stevens Nominated Best Production Design Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer Nominated Women Film Critics Circle December 17 , 2017 Best Family Film Beauty and the Beast Nominated Controversies ( edit ) Gay character ( edit ) Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a `` gay moment '' in the film , when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley , one of Gaston 's friends . Afterwards in an interview with Vulture.com , Condon stated , `` Can I just say , I 'm sort of sick of this . Because you 've seen the movie -- it 's such a tiny thing , and it 's been overblown . '' Condon also added that Beauty and the Beast features much more diversity than just the highly talked - about LeFou : `` That was so important . We have interracial couples -- this is a celebration of everybody 's individuality , and that 's what 's exciting about it . '' GLAAD president and CEO Sarah Kate Ellis praised the move stating , `` It is a small moment in the film , but it is a huge leap forward for the film industry . '' In Russia , Vitaly Milonov agitated the culture minister for banning the film , but instead it was given a 16 + rating ( children under the age of 16 can only be admitted to see it in theaters with accompanying adults ) . Additionally , a theater in Henagar , Alabama did not screen the film because of the subplot . In Malaysia , the Film Censorship Board insisted the `` gay moment '' scene be cut , prompting an indefinite postponement of its release by Disney , followed by their decision to withdraw it completely if it could not be released uncensored . The studio moved the release date to March 30 , to allow more time for Malaysia 's censor board to make a decision on whether or not to release the film without changes . The distributors and producers then submitted an appeal to the Film Appeal Committee of Malaysia , which allowed the film to be released without any cuts and a P13 rating on the grounds that `` the gay element was minor and did not affect the positive elements featured in the film '' . In Kuwait , the movie was withdrawn from cinemas by National Cinema Company which owns most of the cinemas in the country . A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information 's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things deemed offensive by it . The film also received criticism over its portrayal of LeFou , as many felt that it relied on stereotypes and was used as a way of teasing LGBT+ viewers without providing adequate representation . LeFou 's status as a sidekick to the main villain brought about criticism over Disney 's queercoding of villains in the past , and his infatuation with Gaston was seen as relying on a stereotype of gay men being predatory towards straight men . Furthermore , the only gay interaction LeFou has is a three - second clip of him dancing with another man at the end of the film . Many saw this as Disney cheating its LGBT+ audiences . Belle and the Beast 's relationship ( edit ) Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman , but a debate questioning whether it is possible for a captor to fall in love with their prisoner , and whether this is a problematic theme , has resulted . As was the case with the original animated film , one argument is that Belle suffers from Stockholm syndrome ( a condition that causes hostages to develop a psychological alliance with their captors as a survival strategy during captivity ) . Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale . Watson described Stockholm Syndrome as `` where a prisoner will take on the characteristics of and fall in love with the captor . Belle actively argues and disagrees with ( Beast ) constantly . She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence , she keeps that freedom of thought '' , also adding that Belle defiantly `` gives as good as she gets '' before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast . Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who coined the term `` Stockholm syndrome '' , said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die . Some therapists , while acknowledging that the pairing 's relationship does not meet the clinical definition of Stockholm syndrome , argue that the relationship depicted is dysfunctional and abusive and does not model healthy romantic relationships for young viewers . Constance Grady of Vox writes that Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont 's Beauty and the Beast was a fairy tale originally written to prepare young girls in 18th - century France for arranged marriages , and that the power disparity is amplified in the Disney version . Anna Menta of Elite Daily argued that the Beast does not apologize to Belle for imprisoning , hurting , or manipulating her , and his treatment of Belle is not painted as wrong . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also credited for Darkest Hour . Jump up ^ Tied with Dunkirk . Jump up ^ Tied with Mark Bridges for Phantom Thread . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . wdsmediafile.com . Walt Disney Studios . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast remake : A traditional tale with a modern twist '' . University of New York . March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . February 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Feature Film Study '' ( PDF ) . FilmL. A. August 8 , 2018 : Page 23 . Retrieved August 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Christian Sylt ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` The $255 Million Spell That Disney Cast On Britain '' . Forbes . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Teaser Tops ' Star Wars : Force Awakens ' in First Day '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Erbland , Kate . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Is a Technological Marvel , But for Its Actors , the Challenge was Daunting '' . IndieWire . Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Rosie ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast 2017 cast , trailer , release date and everything you need to know '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Ian ; Acuna , Kristin ( October 27 , 2015 ) . `` Disney announced all its movies coming in the next 4 years -- here 's what you have to look forward to '' . Tech Insider . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' is still enchanting ( but the original is better ) '' . The Charlotte Observer . Robert W. Butler . March 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Hunneysett ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Irresistible charm shows no one casts a spell quite like Disney '' . Daily Mirror . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Could not be more happy that this man will be Beast ! ! ! Welcome aboard @ thatdanstevens # beautyandthebeast pic.twitter.com/F1ghG3pvcU '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Earnest , Karen . `` Dan Stevens to Star in ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Movies.mxdwn.com . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ford , Rebecca ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2015 . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( March 27 , 2015 ) . `` Audra McDonald Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( April 10 , 2015 ) . `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Beauty and the Beast Release Date -- 2017 '' . Releasedateportal.com . June 30 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gavin , Michael ( August 27 , 2016 ) . `` PHOTO : First look at Dan Stevens Beast ( prince form ) from Disney 's live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' movie ! '' . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Condon Reveals ' Beauty and the Beast ' Mistake in Alternate ' Days in the Sun ' Sequence '' . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Marmiroli , Adriana ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Alan Menken Adesso musicalanche in Italia '' ( Alan Menken musicals now in Itaty ) . La Stampa ( in Italian ) . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( July 1 , 2009 ) . `` Hollywood bets big on ' Beast , ' considers remake of ' My Fair Lady ' '' . Jim Hill Media . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2009 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( January 11 , 2011 ) . `` Alan Menken interview : Tangled , movie scores , musicals , Enchanted 2 , Snow Queen and more '' . Den of Geek . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( April 11 , 2014 ) . `` Rumor : Could Bill Condon Direct Disney 's Live - Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST ? '' . Collider . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Director on How ' La La Land ' Is Bringing Musicals Back '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Jr. , Mike ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Sean Bailey on How Disney 's Live - Action Division Found Its ' Beauty and the Beast ' Mojo '' . Deadline Hollywood . Los Angeles : Penske Business Media . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hayden , Erik ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Cast in Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Emma Watson ( @ EmWatson ) ( March 5 , 2015 ) . `` Bonjour Gaston ! ❤ ️ Welcome ! # BeautyAndTheBeast pic.twitter.com/oerhe1ilGs '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Original Broadway ' Belle ' Susan Egan Comments on Emma Watson in BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . January 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Paige O'Hara wants to teach Emma Watson '' . Emma Watson Updates . February 4 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tatiana Siegel ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Watson and What Disney Pays Its Modern Princesses '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( March 7 , 2015 ) . `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on Allegiant and Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Collider . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` On the Set for 5 / 18 / 15 : Emma Watson Starts ' Beauty and the Beast ' , Oliver Stone Wraps ' Snowden ' , Melissa Mccarthy Finishes ' Michelle Darnell ' & More '' . SSN Insider . May 18 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( August 23 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson Wraps ' Beauty and the Beast ' on ' Harry Potter ' Anniversary '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter Watch : Emma Watson & Luke Evans Wrap Filming on BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . Broadway World . August 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tale as Old as Time : Bill Condon livens up Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film Journal International '' . Filmjournal.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . HitFix . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Retrieved May 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Caryn ( June 5 , 2015 ) . `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . Broadway World . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Composer Alan Menken on Rediscovering Lost Lyrics and Why He 's `` Shutting Up '' About That Gay Character `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . Music . People . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dion , Céline ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` I am thrilled to announce that I 'll be performing an all - new original song , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever , '' for Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast . Being a part of the original film was such a magical experience in my life , and I 'm truly honored to be a part of this film again . / / Je suis ravie de vous annoncer que je chanterai la nouvelle chanson thème du film La Belle et la Bête , `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' . Avoir fait partie du film original de Disney a été une expérience magique dans ma vie et je suis encore plus honorée de répéter cette expérience . -- Céline `` . Instagram . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tracey , Brianne ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Céline Dion Set to Perform New Song for Live - Action Beauty and the Beast Soundtrack '' . People . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Céline Dion To Perform Original Song `` How Does A Moment Last Forever '' For Disney 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` . January 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Josh Groban records new song Evermore '' . Ew.com . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grande , Ariana ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` Ariana Grande on Instagram : `` 🥀 . '' `` . Instagram . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nessif , Bruna ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` It Looks Like Ariana Grande and John Legend Are Teaming Up for a Beauty and the Beast Duet '' . E !. Archived from the original on January 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reed , Ryan . `` Watch Ariana Grande , John Legend Cover ' Beauty and the Beast ' Theme '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Maane Khatchatourian . `` Beauty and the Beast Music Video : Ariana Grande John Legend Sing Theme '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ; Kit , Borys ( August 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Shows off ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Beauty and the Beast ' at D23 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Williams , Helena ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast '' premieres in London `` . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ JeniLynn Knopp ( April 3 , 2017 ) . `` '' Beauty and the Beast Sing Along '' to hit theaters this Friday `` . Inside the Magic . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Sing - A-Long Book tickets at Cineworld Cinemas '' . www.cineworld.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and Beast returns to theaters '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Disney 's $300 Million Gamble '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Simon . `` Disney 's Live Action Beauty & The Beast Trailer Debuts Tomorrow '' . WhatCulture.com . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer : Disney 's live - action remake debuts first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver . `` Beauty and the Beast teaser outpaces Star Wars , Marvel in first day '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thor : Ragnarok ' Trailer Is Marvel and Disney 's Most Watched Ever in 24 Hours ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Tops List of 2018 Most - Anticipated Movies , IMDb Data Reveals '' . Variety . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Drum , Nicole ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Avengers : Infinity War ' Is Most Anticipated Movie According to IMDb '' . Comicbook . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts new teaser poster with flower power '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark . `` This Week 's Cover : Be our guest for an exclusive look at Disney 's live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ EW Staff . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : See 9 Enchanting , Exclusive Photos '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Danielle Jackson . `` Emma Watson shares stunning new teaser poster for Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Derschowitz . `` Beauty and the Beast debuts magical new trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast trailer beats Fifty Shades , Star Wars for new record '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` Fate of the Furious Trailer Breaks Record for Most Views in 24 Hours '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson . `` Watch Emma Watson Sing ' Belle ' In Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' TV Spot '' . Forbes.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clark Collis . `` Beauty and the Beast : Watch the final trailer '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pratt , Thom ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Comes to Blu - ray , Digital HD and DVD on June 6 '' . The Kingdom Insider . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts Atop Disc Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( June 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Regains Top Spot on Disc Charts '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Watson '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anne Thompson ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : How Bill Condon Built Hollywood 's Most Expensive Musical '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes Past $700 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . March 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2011 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Enchants With $350 M Global Bow ; $180 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Makes Room For $222 M Offshore , $429 M WW on Tuesday '' . March 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 M at Worldwide Box Office '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Twirling To $174 M+ ; Beats ' Harry Potter ' & ' Batman V. Superman ' ; Can It Go Higher ? -- Sunday Final '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks Barnes ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Clobbers Record With $170 Million Opening '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarah Whitten ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could be Disney 's first $1 billion film of 2017 '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' Secret to Success : Female Power and Comfort '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nathan McAlonemar ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' could make $1.5 billion at the box office , and it has big implications for Disney 's future '' . Business Insider . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltzing Past $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' to Cross $1 Billion at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars Past $1 B at Worldwide Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tom Grater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` How well do Hollywood remakes fare at the box office ? '' . Screen Daily . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2001 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` No. 2 ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office Profits -- 2017 Most Valuable Blockbuster Tournament '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Roars on to Tracking , Looking to Shake Up March Records -- Box Office Projection '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Sets New Record for Advance Ticket Sales '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : Will ' Beauty and the Beast ' Waltz to New Records ? '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Proof That ' Beauty and the Beast ' Will Tear Up March B.O. Records : Pre-Sales Are Through The Roof '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnder ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Beauty and the Beast ' will be the biggest box - office hit of the year so far '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brian Gallagher ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Roars Loudly with $16.3 M at Thursday Box Office '' . Movie Web . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gorgeous on Thursday With $16.3 M , Beats ' Furious 7 ' -- Friday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Monstreous $16.3 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Belts Out $64 Million on Friday '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Dazzling With $173 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Waltzes To Beastly $64 M Friday For Possible $170 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Disney 's ' Beauty And The Beast ' Debut Topped ' Batman V Superman ' And ' Iron Man 3 ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH -- MARCH '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY SEASON -- SPRING '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pamela McClintock ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Box Office : 5 Biggest Records Broken '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Nabs Record $170 M U.S. , $350 M Global Debut '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jake Coyle ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' roars to No. 1 with monstrous $170 M in box office '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : 5 Reasons the Disney Fantasy Scored at the Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Continues B.O. Dance With Second - Best Monday in March '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Hits A High Note With Best Pre-Summer Tuesday , Crosses $200 M '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Ends First Week Just Below $500 M '' . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOP WEEKENDS : 2ND -- 12TH '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2009 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BOX OFFICE TOP 20 : ' BEAUTY ' ADDS $90.4 MILLION IN WEEKEND 2 '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( March 26 , 2017 ) . `` Box office report : Beauty and the Beast doubles Power Rangers ' weekend gross '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Boss Baby ' Cleans ' Beauty and the Beast 's Clock with $51 M+ Opening ; ' Ghost ' Shell - Shocked at $20 M + '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Enchants $900 M at WW Box Office ; Crosses $400 M Domestic '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Ends Week Three with $920 Million '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emma Stefansky ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` How a Flashy Blockbuster and an Indian Fantasy Bested Emma Watson at the Box Office '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hill , Libby ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' unseats ' Beauty and the Beast ' as highest - grossing film of 2017 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ The Associated Press ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' passes ' Beauty and the Beast ' as top 2017 earner '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Alien : Covenant ' Suffers Brutal 71 % Drop As ' Guardians 2 ' Tops ' Guardians ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Crosses $500 Million Milestone at Domestic Box Office '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Why ' Wonder Woman ' and ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Lead to More Female - Centered Films '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Last Jedi ' , ' Jumanji ' Propelling 2017 Box Office To $11 B+ Year -- AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Beauty And The Beast ' Should Cross $1 Billion Today '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Musical '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 DOMESTIC GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' A $1 B Belle WW ? : Bow Enchants With Bigger $357 M Global , $182 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Nears $700 M WW ; ' Kong ' Has Mighty $72 M China Bow , Tops $250 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty ' Is $876 M Beast WW ; ' Ghost in the Shell ' Sells $40 M Offshore ; ' Kong ' Sets WB China Record -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ghost in the Shell ' Rises To $93 M Offshore ; ' Beauty and the Beast ' Tops $977 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' A Monster With $52 M Offshore Through Friday , $115.6 M Global -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' continues box - office reign '' . Korea JoongAng Daily . March 28 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast waltzes its way to the top of the UK box office '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( Press Release ) ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast smashes the box office in opening weekend '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast magic helps UK box office survive the spring sunshine '' . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Opens Better Than Aa Gaya Hero , Trapped , Machine & Mantra '' . Koimoi . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Opens Better Than Hindi Releases '' . Box Office India . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Rajkummar Rao Faces A Lone Battle For Survival In ' Trapped ' '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Beats Hindi Films Combined '' . Box Office India . March 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Varun Dhawan and Alia Bhatt Outrun ' Beauty and the Beast ' To Reign Again in India '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' box - office collection first weekend '' . The Times of India . March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty & The Beast Enjoys A Good 1st Weekend at the Box Office in India '' . Koimoi.com . March 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts to Magical $350 Million Globally '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Beauty ' Looks Like a Beast '' . China Film Insider . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jonathan Papish ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : First Place For ' Beauty ' Still Less Than Best '' . China Film Insider . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strong in China With ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens to $45 M , With Gay Moment Uncut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Beauty ' Dominates Weekend '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Schilling ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Opens Strongly Ahead of Golden Week '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Russell Edwards ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Beast is Best in Japan ; Fast & Furious drives China , Korea '' . Asia Times . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Snags $63 M Weekend For $631 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Japan Yearly Box Office ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M at International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` The Boss Baby makes a dummy of UK box - office competition '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' smashes Philippines ' all - time box office records '' . The Philippine Star . April 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 barrels past Boss Baby to top of UK box office '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charles Gant ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Guardians of the Galaxy Vol 2 blows away UK box office with huge debut '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast '' . CinemaScore on Twitter . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Dazzling With $169 M+ Opening ; Bound To Set Records For Pre-Summer , Bill Condon & Emma Watson '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Felperin , Leslie ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Beauty and the Beast ' Revels in Joy and Enchantment '' . The New York Times . A.O. Scott . March 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Remake of ' Beauty and the Beast ' convincingly springs to life '' . The Washington Post . Ann Hornaday . March 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Lavish ' Beauty and the Beast ' true as it can be to original '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New ' Beauty and the Beast ' Should Satisfy Most Fans '' . Uproxx . March 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' brings fresh resonance to ' a tale as old as time ' '' . The Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast ( United States , 2017 ) '' . Reelviews . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Rousing new ' Beauty and the Beast ' is even better than the original '' . USA Today . Brian Truitt . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Review : Live - Action Disney Classic Still Tale as Old as Time '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` REVIEW : The Reimagined Beauty and the Beast Is Wild , Vivid and Crazy - Beautiful '' . Time . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Enchanting ' Beauty and the Beast ' looks like a winner '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collin , Robbie ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review : Emma Watson dazzles in Disney 's show - stopping chocolate box of a remake '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Magically Modernizes Classic Disney Fairy Tale '' . Forbes . Mark Hughes . March 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitty , Stephen ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' a magical delight with Emma Watson : movie review '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' review : Animated Disney musical 's charms lost in translation '' . Chicago Tribune . March 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradshaw , Peter ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- Emma Watson makes a perfect Belle in sugar - rush romance '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ide , Wendy ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast review -- gilt complex '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chris Nashawaty ( March 3 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff , Variety ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Oscar Nominations 2018 : The Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' Shape of Water , ' ' Three Billboards , ' ' Darkest Hour ' Lead Pack of Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( January 2 , 2018 ) . `` Artios Awards : Casting Society Reveals Film Nominees ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Call Me By Your Name '' and `` The Shape of Water '' lead 2017 Chicago Film Critics Association Nominees Archived December 13 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` '' Lady Bird , '' `` Call Me By Your Name '' win big for Chicago film critics `` . Chicago Film Critics Association . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CDG Awards Nominations Announced For Film & TV Costuming '' . Deadline . January 10 , 2018 . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Awards 2018 : Complete List of Movie and TV Nominations '' . E ! . Jump up ^ Ruby , Jennifer ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` Empire Film Awards 2018 : The Last Jedi leads the pack with nine nominations including Best Actress for Daisy Ridley '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ritman , Alex ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi ' Leads Nominations for U.K. 's Empire Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sufjan Stevens , ' Greatest Showman , ' ' Girls ' Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees '' . Variety . January 11 , 2018 . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Beachum , Chris ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Film Awards 2017 : Complete list of winners for Sunday 's ceremony includes Kate Winslet , Jake Gyllenhaal , Allison Janney , Sam Rockwell '' . Goldderby.com . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film , TV , & Video Game Music '' . Shoot Online . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast , ' ' Guardians 2 ' Among HPA Awards Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HPA Awards : ' Dunkirk ' Wins Best Editing in a Feature '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Shape of Water ' inundates Houston critics ' film awards nominations '' . Houston Chronicle . December 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards : ' Darkest Hour , ' ' Wonder ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NAACP Image Awards : ' Marshall , ' ' Get Out , ' ' Girls Trip ' Dominate Film Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farber , Lindsay ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon 's Kids ' Choice Awards 2018 : Watch Host John Cena Announce the Favorite Movie Nominees '' . E ! News . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Publicist Awards Nominations : ' Get Out ' , ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Feud ' On List '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` Publicists Guild Awards : ' Get Out ' , ' Stranger Things 2 ' , Deadline 's Mike Fleming Jr . Among Winners '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society 's Award Nominations '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . December 9 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 San Diego Film Critics Society Award Winners '' . San Diego Film Critics Society . December 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . November 29 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Seattle Film Critics Society Editors ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations '' . Seattle Film Critics Society . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` '' Get Out '' Named Best Picture of 2017 by Seattle Film Critics Society `` . Seattle Film Critics Society . December 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 StLFCA Annual Award Winners '' . St. Louis Film Critics Association . December 17 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( August 13 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline Hollywood . enske Business Media , LLC . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 WAFCA Awards '' . Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association . December 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Nominations '' . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Winners '' . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty and the Beast 's ' gay moment ' may have been much ado about nothing '' . USA Today . March 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon on Beauty and the Beast , His Musical Influences , and Lindsay Lohan 's Plan for The Little Mermaid '' . Vulture . March 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ned Ehrbar ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` GLAAD president : `` Beauty and the Beast '' foes are `` outliers '' `` . CBS News . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia May Ban Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Over Gay Character '' . Variety . March 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Russia wo n't ban Beauty and the Beast -- but will have an age restriction '' . Entertainment Weekly . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Theater Wo n't Show ' Beauty and the Beast ' Because of Gay Subplot '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cheang , Michael ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast release postponed for ' internal review ' '' . The Star Online . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney pulls Beauty and the Beast from cinemas in Malaysia ' until further notice ' '' . Digital Spy . March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney refuses to cut ' gay moment ' from ' Beauty and the Beast ' for Malaysia '' . Malay Mail Online . March 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mia Galuppo ( March 15 , 2017 ) . `` Disney Defies Malaysia Censors , Wo n't Cut ' Beauty and the Beast ' Gay Moment '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Malaysia Clears Release of ' Beauty and the Beast , ' with ' Gay Moment ' Intact '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film Appeal Committee 's decision to release Beauty and the Beast '' . The Star Online . March 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast pulled from cinemas in Kuwait '' . BBC . March 21 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Houlihan , Ryan . `` Disney Making LeFou Gay Is n't the Representation I Need '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Beauty and the Beast & Power Rangers Cheated Gay Fans '' . Screen Rant. April 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cautiously Guarded About Beauty and the Beast 's LeFou Being Disney 's `` First Gay Character '' `` . www.themarysue.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GLAAD Report Says LGBTQ People Are `` Nearly Invisible '' in Hollywood `` . Flare . March 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2018 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Beauty and the Beast ' Featurette Makes a Case for Feminist Belle '' . Yahoo Movies . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Williams , Zoe ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : feminist or fraud '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blasberg , Derek ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Cover Story : Emma Watson , Rebel Belle '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breznican , Anthony ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast : Emma Watson addresses questions over Beast relationship '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Gwynne ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle From ' Beauty and the Beast ' Suffer From Stockholm Syndrome ? We Asked an Expert '' . Yahoo Movies . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Durvasula , Ramani ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Does Belle from Beauty and The Beast Have Stockholm Syndrome ? '' . Screen Junkies . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Simon , Rachel ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Beauty and the Beast ' Relationship Is n't `` Stockholm Syndrome , '' No Matter How Screwed Up It May Be `` . Bustle . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grady , Constance ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` Is Beauty and the Beast `` a tale as old as Stockholm syndrome '' ? Depends how you read it `` . Vox . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Menta , Anna . `` The ' Beauty and the Beast ' Love Story Does n't Hold Up To Emma Watson 's Feminism '' . Elite Daily . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast Gabrielle - Suzanne de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney Princess Snow White Cinderella Aurora Ariel Belle Jasmine Pocahontas Mulan Tiana Rapunzel Merida Films Featured Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs Cinderella Sleeping Beauty The Little Mermaid Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Pocahontas Mulan The Princess and the Frog Tangled Brave Sequels The Return of Jafar Aladdin and the King of Thieves Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Pocahontas II : Journey to a New World The Little Mermaid II : Return to the Sea Cinderella II : Dreams Come True Cinderella III : A Twist in Time Mulan II Tangled : Before Ever After Prequels Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World The Little Mermaid : Ariel 's Beginning Shorts Tangled Ever After The Legend of Mor'du Disney Princess Enchanted Tales : Follow Your Dreams ( DTV 2 shorts ) Live - action Maleficent Cinderella Beauty and the Beast Aladdin Maleficent II Television The Little Mermaid Aladdin Sing Me a Story with Belle Tangled : The Series Albums Disney 's Princess Favorites Disney Princess : The Ultimate Song Collection Disney Princess Tea Party Ultimate Disney Princess Related Princes Beast Aladdin Flynn Rider Media If You Can Dream Mickey 's Pirate and Princess Party Sofia the First Disney Princess : Enchanted Journey Kingdom Hearts Disney Princess : My Fairytale Adventure Disney 's Descendants Descendants 2 Descendants 3 Descendants : Wicked World Descendants : School of Secrets The 7D Elena of Avalor Elena and the Secret of Avalor Ralph Breaks the Internet List of Disney Princess firsts Category Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Tim Rice Theatre The Likes of Us ( 1965 / 2005 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1968 ) Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1971 ) Evita ( 1976 ) Blondel / Lute ! ( 1983 ) Chess ( 1984 ) Cricket ( 1986 ) Tycoon ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) Heathcliff ( 1995 ) The Lion King ( 1997 ) King David ( 1997 ) Aida ( 1998 ) Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) Aladdin ( 2011 ) The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) Albums Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) 1984 ( 1981 ) Cost of Living ( 1983 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Films Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Evita ( 1996 ) Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) The Lion King ( 2019 ) Songs `` Any Dream Will Do '' `` Close Every Door '' `` Everything 's Alright '' `` This Jesus Must Die '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' `` Superstar '' `` Oh What a Circus '' `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' `` A Winter 's Tale '' `` All Time High '' `` The Golden Boy '' `` One Jump Ahead '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Prince Ali '' `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` You Must Love Me '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` A Change in Me '' `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Other works The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) Friday Night , Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) Sixty - Six Books ( 2011 ) Related articles Andrew Lloyd Webber Elaine Paige Elton John Alan Menken Films by Bill Condon Films directed Sister , Sister ( 1987 ) Murder 101 ( TV , 1991 ) Deadly Relations ( TV , 1993 ) Candyman : Farewell to the Flesh ( 1995 ) The Man Who Would n't Die ( TV , 1995 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1998 ) Kinsey ( 2004 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2011 ) The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 2 ( 2012 ) The Fifth Estate ( 2013 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) The Good Liar ( TBA ) Written only Strange Behavior ( 1981 ) Strange Invaders ( 1983 ) F / X2 ( 1991 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Shortcut to Happiness ( 2003 ) The Greatest Showman ( 2017 ) Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Movie of the Year Best Movie Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) A Few Good Men ( 1993 ) Menace II Society ( 1994 ) Pulp Fiction ( 1995 ) Seven ( 1996 ) Scream ( 1997 ) Titanic ( 1998 ) There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) The Matrix ( 2000 ) Gladiator ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2003 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2004 ) Napoleon Dynamite ( 2005 ) Wedding Crashers ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2007 ) Transformers ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Movie of the Year The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn -- Part 1 ( 2012 ) The Avengers ( 2013 ) The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2014 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Film portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_film)&oldid=854734271 '' Categories : 2017 films English - 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who plays the dad in beauty and the beast
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Andy Goldsworthy
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Andy Goldsworthy - wikipedia Andy Goldsworthy Jump to : navigation , search Andy Goldsworthy OBE Andy Goldsworthy in 2005 ( 1956 - 07 - 25 ) 25 July 1956 ( age 61 ) Cheshire , England Nationality British Education Bradford College of Art ( 1974 -- 1975 ) ; Preston Polytechnic ( now University of Central Lancashire ) ( 1975 -- 1978 ) Known for Sculpture ; photography Movement Environmental art and land art Awards Scottish Arts Council Award ( 1987 ) ; honorary degree from the University of Bradford ( 1993 ) ; OBE ( 2000 ) Andy Goldsworthy OBE ( born 26 July 1956 ) is a British sculptor , photographer and environmentalist producing site - specific sculpture and land art situated in natural and urban settings . He lives and works in Scotland . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Art process 3 Personal life 4 Awards 5 Exhibitions and installations 6 Publications 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further information 11 External links Early life The son of F. Allin Goldsworthy ( 1929 -- 2001 ) , former professor of applied mathematics at the University of Leeds , Andy Goldsworthy was born in Cheshire and grew up on the Harrogate side of Leeds , in the West Riding of Yorkshire , in a house edging the green belt . From the age of 13 he worked on farms as a labourer . He has likened the repetitive quality of farm tasks to the routine of making sculpture : `` A lot of my work is like picking potatoes ; you have to get into the rhythm of it . '' Goldsworthy studied fine art at Bradford College of Art ( 1974 -- 75 ) and at Preston Polytechnic ( 1975 -- 78 ) ( now the University of Central Lancashire ) in Preston , Lancashire , receiving his Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) degree from the latter . Career Sculpture in National Museum of Scotland by Andy Goldsworthy . After leaving college , Goldsworthy lived in Yorkshire , Lancashire and Cumbria . In 1985 , he moved to Langholm in Dumfries and Galloway , Dumfriesshire , Scotland , and a year later to Penpont . It has been said that his gradual drift northwards was `` due to a way of life over which he did not have complete control '' , but that contributing factors were opportunities and desires to work in these areas and `` reasons of economy '' . In 1993 , he received an honorary degree from the University of Bradford . He was an A.D. White Professor - At - Large in Sculpture at Cornell University 2000 -- 6 and 2006 -- 8 . Andy Goldsworthy is the subject of a 2001 documentary feature film called Rivers and Tides , directed by Thomas Riedelsheimer . Photography plays a crucial role in his art due to its often ephemeral and transient state . According to Goldsworthy , `` Each work grows , stays , decays -- integral parts of a cycle which the photograph shows at its heights , marking the moment when the work is most alive . There is an intensity about a work at its peak that I hope is expressed in the image . Process and decay are implicit . '' Goldsworthy produced a commissioned work for the entry courtyard of San Francisco 's De Young Museum called `` Drawn Stone '' , which echoes San Francisco 's frequent earthquakes and their effects . His installation included a giant crack in the pavement that broke off into smaller cracks , and broken limestone , which could be used for benches . The smaller cracks were made with a hammer adding unpredictability to the work as he created it . Goldsworthy is represented by Galerie Lelong , New York and Paris . Art process The materials used in Andy Goldsworthy 's art often include brightly coloured flowers , icicles , leaves , mud , pinecones , snow , stone , twigs , and thorns . He has been quoted as saying , `` I think it 's incredibly brave to be working with flowers and leaves and petals . But I have to : I ca n't edit the materials I work with . My remit is to work with nature as a whole . '' Goldsworthy is generally considered the founder of modern rock balancing . For his ephemeral works , Goldsworthy often uses only his bare hands , teeth , and found tools to prepare and arrange the materials ; however , for his permanent sculptures like `` Roof '' , `` Stone River '' and `` Three Cairns '' , `` Moonlit Path '' ( Petworth , West Sussex , 2002 ) and `` Chalk Stones '' in the South Downs , near West Dean , West Sussex he has also employed the use of machine tools . To create `` Roof '' , Goldsworthy worked with his assistant and five British dry - stone wallers , who were used to make sure the structure could withstand time and nature . Personal life In 1982 , Goldsworthy married Judith Gregson . They had four children and settled in the village of Penpont in the region of Dumfries and Galloway , Dumfriesshire , in southwest Scotland . The couple later separated . He now lives there with his partner , Tina Fiske , an art historian whom he met when she came to work with him a few years after he separated from his wife . Awards 1979 -- North West Arts Award 1980 -- Yorkshire Arts Award 1981 -- Northern Arts Award 1982 -- Northern Arts Award 1986 -- Northern Arts Bursary 1987 -- Scottish Arts Council Award 1989 -- Northern Electricity Arts Award 2000 -- Appointed officer of the Order of the British Empire ( OBE ) Exhibitions and installations Image Dates Title Location 1996 -- 2003 Sheepfolds Cumbria , England , UK 1997 Stone House Herring Island , Victoria , Australia 1997 Cairn Herring Island , Victoria , Australia 1998 Hutton Roof National Museum of Scotland Edinburgh , Scotland , UK 22 May -- 15 November 2000 Andy Goldsworthy at Storm King Art Center ( featuring the installation Storm King Wall ) Storm King Art Center Mountainville , Cornwall , New York , USA August 2001 Stone River Cantor Arts Center , Stanford University Stanford , California , USA 2002 Andy Goldsworthy Arch at Goodwood Cass Sculpture Foundation Goodwood , West Sussex , England , UK 2002 Chalk Stones Trail South Downs near West Dean , West Sussex 4 May -- 31 October 2004 Andy Goldsworthy on the Roof ( featuring the installation Stone Houses ) Iris and B. Gerald Cantor Metropolitan Museum of Art Roof Garden New York City , USA 2005 Andy Goldsworthy : Early Works A national touring exhibition from the Haywood Gallery England , United Kingdom 2005 Drawn Stone M.H. de Young Memorial Museum San Francisco 2005 Arches Gibbs Farm , New Zealand 22 January -- 15 May 2005 The Andy Goldsworthy Project ( including the installation Roof ) National Gallery of Art National Mall , Washington , D.C. , USA 2006 Red sandstone wall at the Doerr - Hosier Center Aspen Institute Aspen , Colorado , USA 31 March 2007 -- 6 January 2008 Andy Goldsworthy Yorkshire Sculpture Park West Bretton , Wakefield , West Yorkshire , England , UK October 2008 Spire Park Presidio San Francisco June 2009 Provence art trail Provence France 7 September 2012 -- 2 November 2012 Domo de Argila / Clay Dome Cais do Porto Rio de Janeiro , Brazil Publications photoworks by Andy Goldsworthy ( 1985 ) . Rain , Sun , Snow , Hail , Mist , Calm : Photoworks by Andy Goldsworthy . Leeds : Henry Moore Centre for the Study of Sculpture . ISBN 0 - 901981 - 24 - 9 . Andy Goldsworthy ( 1988 ) . Parkland . ( Yorkshire ) : Yorkshire Sculpture Park . ISBN 1 - 871480 - 00 - 0 . Andy Goldsworthy ( 1989 ) . Touching North . London : Fabian Carlsson . ISBN 0 - 948274 - 06 - 9 . Andy Goldsworthy ( 1989 ) . Leaves . London : Common Ground . ISBN 1 - 870364 - 07 - 4 . Andy Goldsworth ( 1990 ) . Andy Goldsworthy . London : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 83213 - 8 . Republished as Andy Goldsworthy ( 1990 ) . Andy Goldsworthy : A Collaboration with Nature . New York , N.Y. : H.N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3351 - 9 . Andy Goldsworthy ( 1992 ) . Ice and Snow Drawings : 1990 -- 1992 . Edinburgh : FruitMarket Gallery . ISBN 0 - 947912 - 06 - 1 . Goldsworthy , Andy ; Friedman , Terry ( 1993 ) . Hand to Earth : Andy Goldsworthy Sculpture , 1976 -- 1990 . New York , N.Y. : H.N. Abrams . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 3420 - 5 . Andy Goldsworthy ( 1994 ) . Stone . London : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 85478 - 6 . text and photographs by Andy Goldsworthy ( 1995 ) . Black Stones , Red Pools : Dumfriesshire Winter 1994 -- 5 . London : Pro Arte Foundation in association with Michael Hue - Williams Fine Art Ltd . & Galerie Lelong , N.Y. ISBN 0 - 9525457 - 0 - 5 . Goldsworthy , Andy ; Chettle , Steve ; Nesbitt , Paul ; Humphries , Andrew ( 1996 ) . Sheepfolds . London : Michael Hue - Williams Fine Art Ltd . Andy Goldsworthy ; introduction by Terry Friedman ( 1996 ) . Wood . London : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87137 - 0 . Goldsworthy , Andy ; Craig , David ( 1999 ) . Arch . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 01933 - 9 . Andy Goldsworthy . Chronology by Terry Friedman ( 2000 ) . Time . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 51026 - 1 . Goldsworthy , Andy ; Thompson , Jerry L. ; Storm King Art Center ( 2000 ) . Wall at Storm King . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 01991 - 6 . Andy Goldsworthy . Introduction by Judith Collins . ( 2001 ) . Midsummer Snowballs . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 51065 - 2 . Andy Goldsworthy ( 2002 ) . Andy Goldsworthy : Refuges D'Art . Lyon ; Digne , France : Editions Artha ; Musée départemental de Digne . ISBN 2 - 84845 - 001 - 0 . Andy Goldsworthy ( 2004 ) . Passage . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 51191 - 8 . Andy Goldsworthy ( 2007 ) . Enclosure . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 09336 - 9 . Goldsworthy , Andy ( 2015 ) . Andy Goldsworthy : Ephemeral Works : 2004 - 2014 . New York , NY : Harry N. Abrams . ISBN 978 - 1419717796 . See also Environmental art Environmental sculpture Greenmuseum.org Land art Rock balancing Notes ^ Jump up to : Stonard , John Paul ( 10 December 2000 ) . `` Goldsworthy , Andy '' . Grove Art Online . Retrieved on 15 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Tim ( 11 March 2007 ) . `` Natural talent '' . London : The Observer . ^ Jump up to : `` Andy Goldsworthy ( British , 1956 ) '' . artnet . Archived from the original on 4 February 2008 . Retrieved 31 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Goldsworthy '' . Cass Sculpture Foundation . Archived from the original on 12 March 2008 . Retrieved 31 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` All Professors at Large 1965 to June 30 , 2021 '' . Andrew D. White Professors - at - Large . Cornell University . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Rivers and Tides on IMDb . Retrieved on 31 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Goldsworthy : Art of nature '' . ninemsn. 19 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 16 October 2007 . Retrieved 18 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Sarah ( 24 October 2005 ) . `` In Their Words : James Turrell and Andy Goldsworthy '' . ARTINFO . Retrieved 16 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Sooke , Alastair ( 24 March 2007 ) . `` He 's got the whole world in his hands '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . ^ Jump up to : `` Artworks of Herring Island Environmental Sculpture Park '' . Herring Island . Retrieved 19 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Goldsworthy at Storm King Art Center '' . Storm King Art Center . 2000 . Archived from the original on 29 September 2000 . Retrieved 24 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Goldsworthy sculpture , Stone River , enters Stanford University 's outdoor art collection '' . Cantor Arts Center , Stanford University . 4 September 2001 . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Goldsworthy : Arch at Goodwood , 2002 '' . Cass Sculpture Foundation . Archived from the original on 4 February 2008 . Retrieved 30 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Goldsworthy on the Roof '' . Metropolitan Museum of Art . 2004 . Retrieved 24 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Goldsworthy : Early Works : Leaves , Twigs , Enormous Snowballs and Icicles ... Andy Goldworthy 's Sculptures are Inherently Surprising and Beautiful '' . bbc.co.uk. 4 May 2005 . `` Andy Goldsworthy : Nature and Art Combine when the Early Works of the Internationally Renowned Artist Andy Goldsworthy come to Fairfields Art Centre in Basingstoke '' . bbc.co.uk. 20 September 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Drawn Stone , on the website of Galerie Lelong , New York City '' . Archived from the original on 27 January 2007 . Retrieved 24 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Goldsworthy , Arches - Gibbs Farm '' . www.gibbsfarm.org.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The Andy Goldsworthy Project : 22 January -- 15 May 2005 '' . National Gallery of Art . 2005 . Archived from the original on 26 June 2007 . Retrieved 24 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Goldsworthy : Roof '' . National Gallery of Art . Archived from the original on 13 July 2007 . Retrieved 24 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Oksenhorn , Stewart ( 23 September 2006 ) . `` A Wall of Integration , Not Division '' . Aspen Times Weekly . Jump up ^ Calton , Gary ( photographer ) ( 11 March 2007 ) . `` Andy Goldsworthy at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park '' . London : The Observer . `` Andy Goldsworthy '' . Yorkshire Sculpture Park . Archived from the original on 18 June 2007 . Retrieved 24 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Spire , by Andy Goldsworthy '' . The Presidio Trust . 2009 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2009 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Provence art trail , by Andy Goldsworthy '' . The Guardian . London . 19 June 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2009 . Retrieved 31 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` OiR Final release '' ( PDF ) . Oi Futuro Public Art Program . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 September 2012 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Goldsworthy -- Domo de Argila Legendado -- YouTube '' . Oi Futuro Public Art Program . 19 September 2012 . Retrieved 25 September 2012 . References Adams , Tim ( 11 March 2007 ) . `` Natural talent '' . London : The Observer . Biography of Andy Goldsworthy at the Cass Sculpture Foundation Biography of Andy Goldsworthy at the National Gallery of Art , Washington , D.C. Sooke , Alastair ( 24 March 2007 ) . `` He 's got the whole world in his hands '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Further Information Articles : Beyst , Stefan ( June 2002 ) . `` Andy Goldsworthy : The beauty of creation '' . Archived from the original on 25 June 2007 . Retrieved 24 June 2007 . Moore , Robbie . `` Goldsworthy in stone '' . Specifier Magazine . Archived from the original on 6 September 2007 . Retrieved 24 June 2007 . Books : Malpas , William ( 1995 ) . Andy Goldsworthy : Touching Nature . Kidderminster : Crescent Moon . ISBN 1 - 86171 - 049 - 6 . Malpas , William ( 1998 ) . The Art of Andy Goldsworthy . Kidderminster : Crescent Moon . ISBN 1 - 86171 - 032 - 1 . Malpas , William ( 2003 ) . Andy Goldsworthy in Close - Up . Maidstone , Kent : Crescent Moon . ISBN 1 - 86171 - 050 - X . Malpas , William ( 2008 ) . Andy Goldsworthy : Pocket Guide . Maidstone , Kent : Crescent Moon . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86171 - 241 - 7 . Film / Documentary Rivers and Tides ( 2001 ) documentary by Thomas Riedelsheimer Leaning into the Wind ( 2017 ) documentary by Thomas Riedelsheimer External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Andy Goldsworthy Wikimedia Commons has media related to Andy Goldsworthy . General : Andy Goldsworthy at the Cass Sculpture Foundation Andy Goldsworthy at artnet Andy Goldsworthy 's 1980s work with Common Ground , a UK charity and lobby group promoting local distinctiveness Andy Goldsworthy working on Drawn Stone on KQED 's TV programme Spark ( June 2005 ) Andy Goldsworthy on Artcyclopedia Art : Online preview of the Andy Goldsworthy Digital Catalogue DVD Volume 1 : 1976 -- 1986 . A collaborative effort involving Goldsworthy , The Crichton Foundation , and the University of Glasgow 's Crichton Campus and Humanities Advanced Technology and Information Institute ( HATII ) . The DVD documents , visually and textually , the first ten years of Goldsworthy 's ephemeral outdoor practice . It replicates Goldsworthy 's `` Slide Cabinet Index '' , and includes previously unpublished material from `` Goldsworthy 's Sketchbook Diaries '' . `` Wet feathers / Wrapped around a stone / Before the incoming tide , Carrick '' ( 1999 ) . Photograph from the collection of the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art . `` Snowballs in Summer '' ( 2000 ) , photographed in Charterhouse Square and Smithfield Market in Smithfield , London , UK . Photographs from the Conway Collection , Courtauld Institute of Art , London . `` Three Cairns '' ( 2002 ) , Des Moines Art Center , Des Moines , Iowa , US . Photographs by Andy Goldsworthy in the UK Government Art Collection . Photographs of Andy Goldsworthy 's sculptures at Flickr Andy Goldsworthy 's Portfolio at the Cass Sculpture Foundation SaveLandArt.org -- Media Initiatives to Protect Land Art from Urbanization , Industry and Overcuration . `` Natural Art '' -- Richard Long , Andy Goldsworthy , Jacek Tylicki by PediaPress. 2010 VIAF : 85873353 LCCN : nr90014605 ISNI : 0000 0001 0921 9445 GND : 119157519 SUDOC : 031721451 BNF : cb12288494n ( data ) ULAN : 500033097 NDL : 00467305 RKD : 217774 SNAC : w608683h PIC : 279780 Jump up ^ http://www.leaningintothewind.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andy_Goldsworthy&oldid=829958506 '' Categories : English photographers English sculptors English male sculptors English installation artists Land artists Officers of the Order of the British Empire Cornell University faculty Alumni of the University of Bradford Alumni of the University of Central Lancashire 1956 births Living people Hidden categories : EngvarB from April 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2014 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Articles with hCards Pages using infobox artist with unknown parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska ไทย Türkçe 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 21 : 23 . 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this environmental artist created a site-specific installation piece at the north pole
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World War I reparations
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World war I reparations - wikipedia World war I reparations Jump to : navigation , search Paris Peace Conference League of Nations ( show ) Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles ( hide ) War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Treaties Possible cause of World War II International Opium Convention Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( show ) Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine ( show ) Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon ( show ) Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres ( show ) Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Others ( show ) American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry World War I reparations were compensation imposed during the Paris Peace Conference upon the Central Powers following their defeat in the First World War by the Allied and Associate Powers . Each of the defeated powers was required to make payments in either cash or kind . Because of the financial situation Austria , Hungary , and Turkey found themselves in after the war , few to no reparations were paid and the requirements for reparations were cancelled . Bulgaria , having paid only a fraction of what was required , saw its reparation figure reduced and then cancelled . Historians have recognised the German requirement to pay reparations as the `` chief battleground of the post-war era '' and `` the focus of the power struggle between France and Germany over whether the Versailles Treaty was to be enforced or revised '' . The Treaty of Versailles ( signed in 1919 ) and the 1921 London Schedule of Payments required Germany to pay 132 billion gold marks ( US $33 billion ) in reparations to cover civilian damage caused during the war . This figure was divided into three categories of bonds : A , B , and C. Of these , Germany was only required to pay towards ' A ' and ' B ' bonds totaling 50 billion marks ( US $12.5 billion ) . The remaining ' C ' bonds , which Germany did not have to pay , were designed to deceive the Anglo - French public into believing Germany was being heavily fined and punished for the war . Due to the lack of reparation payments by Germany , France occupied the Ruhr in 1923 to enforce payments , causing an international crisis that resulted in the implementation of the Dawes Plan in 1924 . This plan outlined a new payment method and raised international loans to help Germany to meet her reparation commitments . Despite this , by 1928 Germany called for a new payment plan , resulting in the Young Plan that established the German reparation requirements at 112 billion marks ( US $26.3 billion ) and created a schedule of payments that would see Germany complete payments by 1988 . With the collapse of the German economy in 1931 , reparations were suspended for a year and in 1932 during the Lausanne Conference they were cancelled altogether . Between 1919 and 1932 , Germany paid less than 21 billion marks in reparations . The German people saw reparations as a national humiliation ; the German Government worked to undermine the validity of the Treaty of Versailles and the requirement to pay . British economist John Maynard Keynes called the treaty a Carthaginian peace that would economically destroy Germany . His arguments had a profound effect on historians , politicians , and the public at large . Despite Keynes ' arguments and those by later historians supporting or reinforcing Keynes ' views , the consensus of contemporary historians is that reparations were not as intolerable as the Germans or Keynes had suggested and were within Germany 's capacity to pay had there been the political will to do so . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 German reaction 3 Evolution of reparations 3.1 Initial demands 3.2 London Schedule of Payments 3.3 End of reparations for Austria , Bulgaria , Hungary , and Turkey 3.4 German defaults 3.5 Dawes Plan 3.6 Young Plan 3.7 End of German reparations 3.8 Amount paid by Germany 3.9 Loan payments 3.10 Summary 4 Analysis 4.1 Impact on the German economy 4.1. 1 Overall 4.1. 2 Hyperinflation 4.2 Reparations 4.2. 1 Contemporaneous 4.2. 2 Modern 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Further reading Background ( edit ) Avocourt , 1918 , one of the many destroyed French villages where reconstruction would be funded by reparations In 1914 , the First World War broke out . For the next four years fighting raged across Europe , the Middle East , Africa , and Asia . On 8 January 1918 , United States President Woodrow Wilson issued a statement that became known as the Fourteen Points . In part , this speech called for Germany to withdraw from the territory it had occupied and for the formation of a League of Nations . During the fourth quarter of 1918 , the Central Powers began to collapse . In particular , the German military was decisively defeated on the Western Front and the German navy mutinied , prompting domestic uprisings that became known as the German Revolution . Most of the war 's major battles occurred in France and the French countryside was heavily scarred in the fighting . Furthermore , in 1918 during the German retreat , German troops devastated France 's most industrialized region in the north - east ( Nord - Pas de Calais Mining Basin ) . Extensive looting took place as German forces removed whatever material they could use and destroyed the rest . Hundreds of mines were destroyed along with railways , bridges , and entire villages . Prime Minister of France Georges Clemenceau was determined , for these reasons , that any just peace required Germany to pay reparations for the damage it had caused . Clemenceau viewed reparations as a way of weakening Germany to ensure it could never threaten France again . Reparations would also go towards the reconstruction costs in other countries , including Belgium , which was also directly affected by the war . British Prime Minister David Lloyd George opposed harsh reparations , arguing for a smaller sum that was less damaging to the German economy so that Germany could remain a viable economic power and trading partner . He also argued that reparations should include war pensions for disabled veterans and allowances for war widows , which would reserve a larger share of the reparations for the British Empire . Wilson opposed these positions and was adamant that no indemnity should be imposed upon Germany . The Paris Peace Conference opened on 18 January 1919 , aiming to establish a lasting peace between the Allied and Central Powers . Demanding compensation from the defeated party was a common feature of peace treaties . However , the financial terms of treaties signed during the peace conference were labelled reparations to distinguish them from punitive settlements usually known as indemnities , which were intended for reconstruction and compensating families who had been bereaved by the war . The opening article of the reparation section of the Treaty of Versailles , Article 231 , served as a legal basis for the following articles , which obliged Germany to pay compensation and limited German responsibility to civilian damages . The same article , with the signatory 's name changed , was also included in the treaties signed by Germany 's allies . German reaction ( edit ) Main article : Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles Demonstration against the Treaty of Versailles , in front of the Reichstag . In February 1919 , Foreign Minister Count Ulrich von Brockdorff - Rantzau informed the Weimar National Assembly that Germany would have to pay reparations for the devastation caused by the war , but would not pay for actual war costs . After the drafting of the Treaty of Versailles on 7 May that year , the German and Allied delegations met and the treaty was handed over to be translated and for a response to be issued . At this meeting Brockdorff - Rantzau stated , `` We know the intensity of the hatred which meets us , and we have heard the victors ' passionate demand that as the vanquished we shall be made to pay , and as the guilty we shall be punished '' . However , he proceeded to deny that Germany was solely responsible for the war . Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles was not correctly translated . Instead of stating `` ... Germany accepts responsibility of Germany and her allies causing all the loss and damage ... '' , the German Government 's edition reads , `` Germany admits it , that Germany and her allies , as authors of the war , are responsible for all losses and damages ... '' . This resulted in a prevailing belief of humiliation among Germans ; the article was seen as an injustice and there was a view that Germany had signed `` away her honor '' . Despite the public outrage , German government officials were aware `` that Germany 's position on this matter was not nearly so favorable as the imperial government had led the German public to believe during the war '' . Politicians seeking international sympathy would continue to use the article for its propaganda value , persuading many who had not read the treaties that the article implied full war guilt . German revisionist historians who later tried to ignore the validity of the clause found a ready audience among revisionist writers in France , Britain , and the USA . The objective of both the politicians and historians was to prove that Germany was not solely guilty for causing the war ; if that guilt could be disproved the legal requirement to pay reparations would disappear . Evolution of reparations ( edit ) Initial demands ( edit ) Further information : Treaty of Versailles , Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye ( 1919 ) , Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine , Treaty of Trianon , and Treaty of Sèvres Trains loaded with machinery deliver their cargo as reparation payment in kind . The Treaty of Versailles stated that a Reparation Commission would be established in 1921 . This commission would consider the resources available to Germany and her capacity to pay , provide the German Government with an opportunity to be heard on the subject , and decide on the final reparation figure that Germany would be required to pay . In the interim , Germany was required to pay an equivalent of 20 billion gold marks ( US $5 billion ) in gold , commodities , ships , securities , or other forms . The money would be used to pay Allied occupation costs and to buy food and raw materials for Germany . Article 121 of the Treaty of Neuilly acknowledged that `` the resources of Bulgaria are not sufficient to enable her to make complete reparation '' . Therefore , the treaty required Bulgaria to pay a sum equivalent of 2.250 billion Gold francs in reparations . The treaties of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , Trianon , and Sèvres acknowledged that Austria , Hungary , and Turkey did not have the resources to pay reparations , and delayed the establishment of a final figure until the Reparation Commission was established . In addition , Bulgaria was required to hand over thousands of livestock to Greece , Romania , and the Serb - Croat - Slovene State `` in restitution for animals taken away by Bulgaria during the war '' . This would not be credited towards the reparation figure . Likewise , Bulgaria had to dispatch 50,000 tons of coal a year to the Serb - Croat - Slovene State in restitution for destroyed mines . These shipments would not be credited against Bulgaria 's reparation sum . Germany , Austria , and Hungary all had commitments to handover timber , ore , and livestock to the Allied Powers . They would , however , be credited for these goods . In January 1921 , the Allied Powers grew impatient and established the reparation sum at 226 billion gold marks . The Germans countered with an offer of 30 billion . On 24 April 1921 , the German Government wrote to the American Government expressing `` her readiness to acknowledge for reparation purposes a total liability of 50 billion gold marks '' , but was also prepared `` to pay the equivalent of this sum in annuities adapted to her economic capacity totalling 200 billion gold marks '' . In addition , the German Government stated that `` to accelerate the redemption of the balance '' and `` to combat misery and hatred created by the war '' , Germany was willing to provide the resources needed and `` to undertake herself the rebuilding of townships , villages , and hamlets '' . London schedule of payments ( edit ) The London Schedule of Payments of 5 May 1921 established `` the full liability of all the Central Powers combined , not just Germany alone , '' at 132 billion gold marks . This sum was a compromise promoted by Belgium -- against higher figures demanded by the French and Italians and the lower figure the British supported -- that `` represented an assessment of the lowest amount that public opinion ... would tolerate '' . This figure was divided into three series of bonds : `` A '' and `` B '' Bonds together had a nominal value of 50 billion gold marks ( US $12.5 billion ) -- less than the sum Germany had previously offered to pay . `` C '' Bonds , comprising the remainder of the reparation figure , `` were deliberately designed to be chimerical . '' They were `` a political bargaining chip '' that served the domestic policies of France and the United Kingdom . The figure was completely unreal ; its primary function was to mislead public opinion `` into believing that the 132 - billion - mark figure was being maintained '' . Furthermore , `` Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay 132 billion marks and that the other Central Powers could pay little . Thus the A and B Bonds , which were genuine , represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay . '' Taking into account the sum already paid between 1919 and 1921 , Germany 's immediate obligation was 41 billion gold marks . To pay towards this sum , Germany could pay in kind or in cash . Commodities paid in kind included coal , timber , chemical dyes , pharmaceuticals , livestock , agricultural machines , construction materials , and factory machinery . The gold value of these would be deducted from what Germany was required to pay . Germany 's assistance with the restoration of the university library of Louvain , which was destroyed by the Germans on 25 August 1914 , was also credited towards the sum , as were some of the territorial changes the treaty imposed upon Germany . The payment schedule required US $250 million within twenty - five days and then US $500 million annually , plus 26 per cent of the value of German exports . The German Government was to issue bonds at five per cent interest and set up a sinking fund of one per cent to support the payment of reparations . End of reparations for Austria , Bulgaria , Hungary , and Turkey ( edit ) Between the signing of the Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine and April 1922 , Bulgaria paid 173 million gold francs in reparations . In 1923 , the Bulgarian reparation sum was revised downwards to 550 million gold francs , `` plus a lump sum payment of 25 million francs for occupation costs '' . Towards this figure , Bulgaria paid 41 million gold francs between 1925 and 1929 . In 1932 , the Bulgarian reparation obligation was abandoned following the Lausanne Conference . Because Austria was `` so impoverished '' after the war , and because of the collapse of the Bank of Vienna , the country paid no reparations `` beyond credits for transferred property '' . Likewise , Hungary paid no reparations beyond coal deliveries because of the collapse of the Hungarian economy . Turkish reparations had been `` sharply limited in view of the magnitude of Turkish territorial losses '' . However , the Treaty of Sèvres was never ratified . When the Treaty of Lausanne was signed in 1923 , Turkish reparations were `` eliminated altogether '' . German defaults ( edit ) Main article : Occupation of the Ruhr Protests by gymnasts from the Ruhr at the 1923 Munich Gymnastics Festival . The sign on the left reads `` The Ruhr remains German '' . The right placard reads `` We never want to be vassals '' . From the initiation of reparations , German coal deliveries were below the level agreed . In an attempt to rectify this situation , the Spa Conference was held in July 1920 . At this conference it was decided that Germany would be paid five marks per coal ton delivered to facilitate coal shipments and help feed the miners . Despite this , Germany continued to default on her obligations . By late 1922 , the German defaults on payments had grown so serious and regular that a crisis engulfed the Reparations Commission . French and Belgian delegates urged the seizure of the Ruhr to encourage the Germans to make more effort to pay , while the British supported postponing payments to facilitate the financial reconstruction of Germany . On 26 December 1922 , Germany defaulted on timber deliveries . The timber quota was based upon a German proposal and the default was massive . The Allies were unanimous that the default was in bad faith . In January 1923 , despite quota reductions , the German Government defaulted on coal deliveries for the 34th time in three years following the loss of the Upper Silesian coal fields containing 11 per cent of German coal resources , which had been transferred to Poland . On 9 January 1923 , the Reparation Commission declared Germany to be in default of her coal deliveries and voted to occupy the Ruhr to enforce the country 's reparation commitments . Britain was the lone dissenting voice to both measures . On 11 January , French and Belgian soldiers -- supported by engineers including an Italian contingent -- entered the region , initiating the Occupation of the Ruhr . The French Premier Raymond Poincaré was deeply reluctant to order the occupation and had only taken this step after the British had rejected his proposals for more moderate sanctions against Germany . By December 1922 , Poincaré was faced with Anglo - American - German hostility ; coal supplies for French steel production were running low . Exasperated with Britain 's failure to act , he wrote to the French ambassador in London : Judging others by themselves , the English , who are blinded by their loyalty , have always thought that the Germans did not abide by their pledges inscribed in the Versailles Treaty because they had not frankly agreed to them ... We , on the contrary , believe that if Germany , far from making the slightest effort to carry out the treaty of peace , has always tried to escape her obligations , it is because until now she has not been convinced of her defeat ... We are also certain that Germany , as a nation , resigns herself to keep her pledged word only under the impact of necessity . The occupation proved marginally profitable ; the occupying powers received 900 million gold marks , and much of this merely covered the military costs of occupation . However , the real issue behind the occupation was not German defaults on coal and timber deliveries , but the forcing of Germany `` to acknowledge her defeat in World War I and to accept the Versailles Treaty '' . Poincaré recognized that if Germany could get away with defying Versailles in regard to the reparations , a precedent would be created and inevitably the Germans would proceed to dismantle the rest of the Versailles treaty . Dawes Plan ( edit ) Main article : Dawes Plan The first American gold arrives as per the Dawes Plan Although the French succeeded in their objective during the Ruhr occupation , the Germans had wrecked their economy by funding passive resistance and brought about hyperinflation . Under Anglo - American pressure and simultaneous decline in the value of the franc , France was increasingly isolated and her diplomatic position was weakened . In October 1923 , a committee consisting of American , Belgian , British , French , German , and Italian experts and chaired by the former Director of the US Bureau of the Budget Charles G. Dawes was formed to consider `` from a purely technical standpoint '' how to balance the German budget , stabilize the economy and set an achievable level of reparations . In April 1924 , the Dawes Plan was accepted and it replaced the London schedule of payment . While the `` C '' Bonds were omitted from the plan 's framework , they were not formally rescinded . French troops were to withdraw from the Ruhr , a bank independent of the German Government with a ruling body at least 50 per cent non-German was to be established , and the German currency was to be stabilized . The payment of reparations was also reorganized . In the first year following the implementation of the plan , Germany would have to pay 1 billion marks . This figure would rise to 2.5 billion marks per year by the fifth year of the plan . A Reparations Agency was established with Allied representatives to organize the payment of reparations . Furthermore , a loan of 800 million marks was to be raised -- over 50 per cent coming from the United States , 25 per cent from Britain , and the balance from other European nations -- to back the German currency and to aid in the payment of reparations . Young Plan ( edit ) Main article : Young Plan The opening of the Second Hague Conference : one of the two conferences aimed at implementing the Young Plan . Under the Dawes Plan , Germany always met her obligations . However , they considered the plan a temporary measure and expected a revised plan at a future date . In late 1927 , the Agent - General for Reparations `` called for a more permanent scheme '' for payments and in 1928 the Germans followed suit . German Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann called for a final reparation plan to be established alongside an early withdrawal of Allied troops from the Rhineland . The French , aware of their weakening political and financial position , acquiesced . On 16 September 1928 , a joint Entente - German statement acknowledging the need for a new reparation plan was issued . In February 1929 , a new committee was formed to re-examine reparations . It was chaired by the American banker Owen D. Young and presented its findings in June 1929 . The `` Young Plan '' was accepted and was ratified by the German Government on 12 March 1930 . The plan established a theoretical final reparation figure at 112 billion gold marks ( US $26.35 billion ) , with a new payment schedule that would see reparations completed by 1988 -- the first time a final date had been set . In addition , foreign oversight of German finances was to end with the withdrawal of the Reparations Agency , which would be replaced by the Bank for International Settlements . The bank was established to provide cooperation among central banks and to receive and disburse reparation payments . A further loan of US $300 million was to be raised and given to Germany . As a result of the plan , German payments were half the sum required under the Dawes Plan . The implementation of the Young Plan required the Anglo - French withdrawal from the Rhineland within months . Despite the reduction , there was increasing German hostility to the plan . In December 1929 , 5.8 million voters registered their opposition to the plan during a plebiscite , which resulted in Adolf Hitler gaining `` significant national attention and valuable right - wing financing '' . End of German reparations ( edit ) Main article : Lausanne Conference of 1932 In March 1930 , the German Government collapsed and was replaced by a new coalition led by Chancellor Heinrich Brüning . In June , Allied troops withdrew from near Mainz -- the last occupation zone in the Rhineland -- and Brüning 's Government broached the subject of demanding further refinement to reparations , but this demand was refused by William Tyrrell , the British ambassador to France . During 1931 , a financial crisis began in Germany . In May , Creditanstalt -- the largest bank in Austria -- collapsed , sparking a banking crisis in Germany and Austria . In response , Brüning announced that Germany was suspending reparation payments . This resulted in a massive withdrawal of domestic and foreign funds from German banks . By mid-July , all German banks had closed . Until this point , France 's policy had been to provide Germany with financial support to help Brüning 's Government stabilize the country . Brüning , now under considerable political pressure from the far - right and President Paul von Hindenburg , was unable to make any concessions or reverse policy . As a result , Brüning was unable to borrow money from foreign or domestic sources . Further attempts to enlist British support to end reparations failed ; the British said it was a joint issue with France and the United States . In early July , Brüning announced `` his intention to seek the outright revision of the Young Plan '' . In light of the crisis and with the prospect of Germany being unable to repay her debts , United States President Herbert Hoover intervened . In June , Hoover publicly proposed a one - year moratorium to reparation and war debts . By July , the `` Hoover Moratorium '' had been accepted . The moratorium was widely supported in both Germany and the United Kingdom . The French , initially hesitant , eventually agreed to support the American proposal . However , on 13 July , the German Darmstädter Bank collapsed , leading to further bankruptcies and a rise in unemployment further exacerbating Germany 's financial crisis . With the Great Depression now exerting its influence , the Bank for International Settlements reported that the Young Plan was unrealistic in light of the economic crisis and urged the world governments to reach a new settlement on the various debts they owed each other . During January 1932 , Brüning said he would seek the complete cancellation of reparations . His position was supported by the British and Italians , and opposed by the French . Because of the political differences between countries on the subject and impending elections in France and Germany , a conference could not be established until June . This delay brought about the downfall of Brüning 's Government . On 16 June , the Lausanne Conference opened . However , discussions were complicated by the ongoing World Disarmament Conference . At the latter conference , the US informed the British and French that they would not be allowed to default on their war debts . In turn , they recommended that war debts be tied into German reparation payments , to which the Germans objected . On 9 July , an agreement was reached and signed . The Lausanne Conference annulled the Young Plan and required Germany to pay a final , single installment of 3 billion marks , saving France from political humiliation and ending Germany 's obligation to pay reparations . Amount paid by Germany ( edit ) The precise figure Germany paid is a matter of dispute . The German Government estimated it had paid the equivalent of 67.8 billion gold marks in reparations . The German figure included -- other than gold or goods in kind -- the scuttling of the interned German fleet at Scapa Flow , state property lost in lands ceded to other countries , and the loss of colonial territories . The Reparation Commission and the Bank for International Settlements state that 20.598 billion gold marks was paid by Germany in reparations , of which 7.595 billion was paid before the implementation of the London Schedule of Payments . Niall Ferguson provides a slightly lower figure . He estimates that Germany paid no more than 19 billion gold marks . Ferguson further estimates that this sum amounted to 2.4 per cent of Germany 's national income between 1919 and 1932 . Stephen Schuker , in his definitive econometric study ( 1988 , pp. 106 -- 19 ) , concedes that Germany transferred 16.8 billion marks over the whole period , but points out that this sum was vastly offset by the devaluation of Allied paper - mark deposits up to 1923 , and by loans that Germany subsequently repudiated after 1924 . The net capital transfer into Germany amounted to 17.75 billion marks , or 2.1 % of Germany 's entire national income over the period 1919 -- 1931 . In effect , therefore , America paid reparations to Germany -- four times more , in price - adjusted terms , than the U.S. furnished to West Germany under the post-1948 Marshall Plan . According to Gerhard Weinberg , reparations were paid , towns were rebuilt , orchards replanted , mines reopened and pensions paid . However , the burden of repairs was shifted away from the German economy and onto the damaged economies of the war 's victors . Loan payments ( edit ) To help make reparations payments , Germany took out various loans during the 1920s . In 1933 , following the cancellation of reparations , the new German Chancellor Adolf Hitler cancelled all payments . In June 1953 , an agreement on this existing debt was reached with West Germany , which agreed to make symbolic token payments against the loans that had been defaulted on in the 1920s , but deferred some of the debt until West and East Germany were unified . In 1995 , following reunification , Germany began making the final payments towards the loans . A final installment of US $94 million was made on 3 October 2010 , settling German loan debts in regard to reparations . Summary ( edit ) Event German gold marks ( billions ) U.S. dollars ( billions ) 2017 US $ ( billions ) Initial German offer , 24 April 1921 50 ( capital value ) or 200 in annuities ( nominal value ) 12.5 -- 50 168 -- 664 London Schedule of Payments , 5 May 1921 132 33 439 A and B Bonds , of the above payment scheme 50 12.5 166 Young Plan , 1929 112 26.35 364 Total German payment made by 1932 19 -- 20.5 4.75 -- 5.12 83 -- 89 Analysis ( edit ) Impact on the German economy ( edit ) Overall ( edit ) During the period of reparations , Germany received between 27 and 38 billion marks in loans . By 1931 , German foreign debt stood at 21.514 billion marks ; the main sources of aid were the United States , Britain , the Netherlands , and Switzerland . According to Detlev Peukert , the financial problems that arose in the early 1920s were a result of post-war loans and the way Germany funded her war effort , and were not the fault of reparations . During World War I , Germany did not raise taxes or create new ones to pay for war - time expenses . Rather , loans were taken out , placing Germany in an economically precarious position as more money entered circulation , destroying the link between paper money and the gold reserve that had been maintained before the war . With its defeat , Germany could not impose reparations and pay off her war debts now , which were now colossal . Niall Ferguson partially supports this analysis . He says that had reparations not been imposed , Germany would still have had significant problems caused by the need to pay war debts and the demands of voters for more social services . Ferguson also says that these problems were aggravated by a trade deficit and a weak exchange rate for the mark during 1920 . Afterwards , as the value of the mark rose , inflation became a problem . None of these , he says , were the result of reparations . Ferguson says that even without reparations , total public spending in Germany between 1920 and 1923 was 33 per cent of total net national product . A.J.P. Taylor says , `` Germany was a net gainer by the financial transactions of the nineteen - twenties : she borrowed far more from private American investors ... than she paid in reparations '' . P.M.H. Bell says the creation of a multi-national committee , which resulted in the Dawes Plan , was done to consider ways the German budget could be balanced , the currency stabilized , and the German economy fixed to ease reparation payments . Max Winkler says that from 1924 onward , German officials were `` virtually flooded with loan offers by foreigners '' . Overall , he says , the German economy performed reasonably well until the foreign investments funding the economy and the loans funding reparations payments were suddenly withdrawn after the 1929 Stock Market Crash . This collapse was magnified by the volume of loans provided to German companies by US lenders . Even the reduced payments of the Dawes Plan were mainly financed through a large volume of international loans . While Germany initially had a trade deficit , British policy during the early 1920s was to reintegrate Germany into European trade as soon as possible . Likewise , France attempted to secure trade deals with Germany . During the mid-to - late 1920s , trade between France and Germany grew rapidly . French imports of German goods `` increased by 60 per cent '' , highlighting the close links between French industrial growth and German production , and the increase in cooperation between the countries . Max Hantke and Mark Spoerer provide a different perspective on the effect of reparations on the German economy . They say that focusing on the reparations and inflation ignores `` the fact that the restriction of the German military to 115,000 men relieved the German central budget considerably '' . Hantke and Spoerer also say that their findings show `` that even under quite rigorous assumptions the net economic burden of the Treaty of Versailles was much less heavy than has been hitherto thought , in particular if we confine our perspective to the Reich 's budget '' . They say , `` though politically a humiliation '' , the limitation on the military `` was beneficial in fiscal terms '' and that their economic models show that `` the restriction of the size of the army was clearly beneficial for the Reich budget '' . Additionally , their economic scenarios indicate that while the Treaty of Versailles was `` overall clearly a burden on the German economy '' , it `` also offered a substantial peace dividend for Weimar 's non-revanchist budget politicians . '' They conclude that , `` The fact that ( these politicians ) did not make sufficient use of this imposed gift supports the hypothesis that the Weimar Republic suffered from home - made political failure '' . Hyperinflation ( edit ) Further information : Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic A logarithmic scale depicting Weimar hyperinflation to 1923 . One paper Mark per Gold Mark increased to one trillion paper Marks per Gold Mark . Erik Goldstein wrote that in 1921 , the payment of reparations caused a crisis and that the occupation of the Ruhr had a disastrous effect on the German economy , resulting in the German Government printing more money as the currency collapsed . Hyperinflation began and printing presses worked overtime to print Reichsbank notes ; by November 1923 one US dollar was worth 4,200,000,000,000 marks . Ferguson writes that the policy of the Economics Minister Robert Schmidt led Germany to avoid economic collapse from 1919 to 1920 , but that reparations accounted for most of Germany 's deficit in 1921 and 1922 and that reparations were the cause of the hyperinflation . Several historians counter the argument that reparations caused the inflation and collapse of the mark . Gerhard Weinberg writes that Germany refused to pay by , and that doing so destroyed their own currency . Anthony Lentin agrees and writes that inflation was `` a consequence of the war rather than of the peace '' and that hyperinflation was a result of the `` German government 's reckless issue of paper money '' during the Allied occupation of the Ruhr . British and French experts believed that the Mark was being sabotaged to avoid budgetary and currency reform and to evade reparations . Sally Marks writes that the Germans claimed that reparations destroyed the Mark . Marks writes that historians who say reparations caused hyperinflation have overlooked `` that the inflation long predated reparations '' and the way `` inflation mushroomed '' between mid-1921 and the end of 1922 `` when Germany was actually paying very little in reparations '' and have failed to explain why `` the period of least inflation coincided with the period of largest reparation payments ... or why Germans claimed after 1930 that reparations were causing deflation '' . She writes `` there is no doubt that British and French suspicions late in 1922 were sound '' . Marks also writes that the `` astronomic inflation which ensued was a result of German policy '' , whereby the government paid for passive resistance in the Ruhr `` from an empty exchequer '' and paid off its domestic and war debts with worthless marks . Bell agrees and writes that `` inflation had little direct connection with reparation payments themselves , but a great deal to do with the way the German government chose to subsidize industry and to pay the costs of passive resistance to the occupation ( of the Ruhr ) by extravagant use of the printing press '' . Bell also writes that hyperinflation was not an inevitable consequence of the Treaty of Versailles , but was among the actual results . Reparations ( edit ) Contemporaneous ( edit ) John Maynard Keynes in 1933 According to historian Claude Campbell , John Maynard Keynes `` set the fashion for critics of the economic aspects of the treaty '' and `` made probably the severest and most sweeping indictment of its economic provisions '' . Keynes was temporarily attached to the British Treasury during the war and was their official representative at the peace conference . He later resigned `` when it became evident that hope could no longer be entertained of substantial modifications in the draft Terms of Peace '' due to the `` policy of the Conference towards the economic problems of Europe '' . In 1919 , he wrote The Economic Consequences of the Peace based on his objections . He wrote that he believed `` that the campaign for securing out of Germany the general costs of the war was one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom for which our statesmen have ever been responsible '' , and called the treaty a `` Carthaginian peace '' that would economically affect all of Europe . Keynes said that the treaty 's reparation figures `` generally exceed Germany 's capacity '' to pay . He said that US $10 billion was the `` safe maximum figure '' , but even then he did `` not believe that ( Germany could ) pay as much '' . He said the Reparation Commission was a tool that could `` be employed to destroy Germany 's commercial and economic organization as well as to exact payment '' . In Keynes ' opinion , the reparation figure should have been fixed `` well within Germany 's capacity to pay '' so to `` make possible the renewal of hope and enterprise within her territory '' and to `` avoid the perpetual friction and opportunity of improper pressure arising out of the Treaty clauses '' . Keynes identified reparations as the `` main excursion into the economic field '' by the Treaty of Versailles , but said that the treaty excluded provisions for rehabilitating Europe 's economies , for improving relations between the Allies and the defeated Central Powers , for stabilizing Europe 's new nations , for `` reclaim ( ing ) Russia '' , or for promoting economic solidarity between the Allies . Coal provides an example of these destabilizing effects in Germany and beyond . Keynes said the `` surrender of the coal will destroy German industry '' but conceding that without coal shipments as reparations , the French and Italian industries damaged directly by the war or indirectly by damage to coal mines would be affected . He writes that this is `` not yet the whole problem '' . The repercussions would also affect Central and Northern Europe , and neutral states such as Switzerland and Sweden , which made up for their own coal deficiencies by trading with Germany . Likewise , Keynes said Austria would now be consigned to `` industrial ruin '' as `` nearly all the coalfields of the former Empire lie outside of what is now German - Austria '' . Campbell writes that the `` apparent majority did not regard the treaty as perfect '' . Bernard Baruch writes in The Making of the Reparation and Economic Sections of the Treaty that most believed it to be the best agreement obtainable under the circumstances and that it was a minority that attacked the treaty , but these attacks `` centered upon its economic provisions '' . James T. Shotwell , writing in What Germany Forgot , said , `` the only ' unendurable servitudes ' in the treaty were in the sections on Reparation and the Polish settlement and raised the question as to what part of Germany 's grievance against the peace lay in the substance of its exactions and what part in the manner of their imposition '' . Sir Andrew McFayden , who also represented the British Treasury at the peace conference and later worked with the Reparation Commission , published his work Do n't Do it Again . McFayden 's position `` falls somewhere between the views of Keynes and Shotwell '' . His attack on reparations `` was as harsh as Keynes '' but he conceded that the `` fault did not lie primarily in the provisions of the treaty but in their execution '' . He also believed `` that he Polish settlement was the only readjustment ... which was decidedly unwise '' . Albrecht - Carrié writes that before the German surrender , Woodrow Wilson dispatched a note to the German Government on 5 November 1918 stating that the Allies `` under - stand that compensation will be made by Germany for all damage done to the civilian population of the Allies and their property by the aggression of Germany by land , by sea , and from the air '' , the terms of which they accepted . Regardless of which , Albrecht - Carrié says the reparation section of the treaty proved `` to be a dismal failure '' . Campbell says , `` although there was much in the peace that was ' petty , unjust , and humiliating ' , there was little aside from reparation clauses and certain territorial concessions , which had much real bearing upon Germany 's economic future '' . Summarizing the view of economists throughout the 1920s , she says the territorial changes to Germany were `` not necessarily ... economically unsound '' , but than the removal of the Saar and territory to Poland `` depriv ( ed ) Germany of her resources in excess of the amount necessary to fulfill the legitimate economic demands of the victors ... ( and ) was indefensible '' . Campbell also said the treaty failed to include `` provisions looking to the restoration of Germany to her former position as the chief economic and financial stabilizing influence in central Europe '' and that this was economically shortsighted and was an economic failing of the treaty . Étienne Mantoux , a French economist , was the harshest contemporaneous critic of Keynes . In his posthumously published book , The Carthaginian Peace , or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes , Mantoux said that Keynes `` had been wrong on various counts , especially with respect to his predictions about Germany 's coal , iron and steel production ... and its level of national saving '' . Keynes said Europe 's overall output of iron would decrease ; Mantoux said the opposite occurred . By 1929 , European iron output had increased by ten per cent from that of 1913 . Keynes believed that this European trend would also affect German iron and steel production . Mantoux says this prediction was also incorrect . By 1927 , German steel output had increased by 30 per cent and iron output increased by 38 per cent from 1913 . Keynes predicted that German coal extraction would also decrease and that Germany would not be able to export coal immediately after the war . Mantoux also counters these arguments . By 1920 , German was exporting 15 million tons of coal a year and reached 35 million tons by 1926 . By 1929 , German coal mining had risen by 30 per cent on the 1913 figures because of her increased labor efficiency methods . In regard to national savings , Keynes stated that 2 billion marks would only be possible after the adoption of the treaty . Mantoux says that the 1925 German national savings figure was estimated at 6.4 billion marks , rising to 7.6 billion marks by 1927 . Mantoux calculated that Germany borrowed between 8 billion and 35 billion marks in the period 1920 -- 1931 , while only paying 21 billion in reparations . This , he says , allowed Germany to re-equip , expand , and modernize her industry . Highlighting the rearmament under Hitler , Mantoux said Germany `` had been in a stronger position to pay reparations than Keynes had made out '' . He also says that Germany could have paid all of the reparations if she had wanted to , and that the problem was not that Germany was unable to pay , but that she was unwilling to pay . In 1954 , United States Secretary of State John Foster Dulles -- one of the authors of Article 231 -- said that , `` Efforts to bankrupt and humiliate a nation merely incite a people of vigor and of courage to break the bonds imposed upon them ... Prohibitions thus incite the very acts that are prohibited . '' Modern ( edit ) Geoff Harcourt writes that Keynes ' arguments that reparations would lead to German economic collapse have been adopted `` by historians of almost all political persuasions '' and have influenced the way historians and the public `` see the unfolding events in Germany and the decades between Versailles and the outbreak of the Second World War '' . He says Mantoux 's work `` is not simply a critique of Keynes '' , but `` a stimulus to question the received wisdom 's interpretation of the unfolding events in Germany '' . Harcourt says that despite it discussing Keynes ' errors `` in great detail '' , Mantoux 's work `` has not led us to revise our general judgment of Keynes '' , yet `` it does make us question the soundness of theoretical and empirical aspects '' of his arguments . A.J.P. Taylor writes that in 1919 `` many people believed that the payment of reparations would reduce Germany to a state of Asiatic poverty '' , and that Keynes `` held this view , as did all Germans ; and probably many Frenchmen '' . However , he also says these `` apprehensions of Keynes and the Germans were grotesquely exaggerated '' . According to Martel , Taylor `` shrewdly concludes that Étienne Mantoux had the better of his controversy with John Maynard Keynes '' . Stephen Schuker writes that Keynes ' `` tendentious but influential '' book was `` ably refuted '' by Mantoux . Richard J. Evans says `` the economic history of the 1920s and early 1930s seemed to confirm '' the arguments of Keynes , yet `` as we now know '' Keynes ' reparation arguments were wrong . Evans says the economic problems that arose were a result of the inflation of 1923 , which lay with the German government rather than reparations . According to Slavieck , the `` traditional interpretation of the treaty 's impact on Germany '' was that it `` plunged the nation into an economic free fall '' . This view was shared by the German people , who believed the treaty was robbing Germany of its wealth . German banker Max Warburg said the terms of the treaty were `` pillage on a global scale '' . Niall Ferguson says the German view was incorrect and `` not many historians would today agree with Warburg '' . However , several historians agree with Warburg . Norman Davies writes that the treaty forced Germany to `` pay astronomic reparations '' , while Tim McNeese states , `` France and Britain had placed war damages on Germany to the tune of billions of gold marks , which the defeated Germans could not begin to pay in earnest '' . Ferguson says the reparations were `` less of a burden than Keynes and others claimed '' and that the `` potential burden on national income of the annuity vary from 5 percent to 10 percent '' . However , he cautions against underestimating the initial German effort to pay . Before the implementation of the Dawes Plan , Germany transferred between eight and 13 billion gold marks , which amounted to `` between 4 and 7 percent of total national income '' . Ferguson says `` the annuity demanded in 1921 put an intolerable strain on the state 's finances '' and that total expenditure between 1920 and 1923 amounted to `` at least 50 percent of Reich revenue , 20 percent of total Reich spending and 10 percent of total public spending '' . Thus , Ferguson says , reparations `` undermined confidence in the Reich 's creditworthiness '' and `` were therefore excessive -- as the German government claimed '' . Hantke and Spoerer write that `` reparation payments were indeed a severe economic burden for Germany '' and that `` the German economy was deprived of between one and 2.2 billion Reichsmark ( RM ) annually , which amounted in the late 1920s to nearly 2.5 per cent of Germany 's GDP '' . Gerald Feldman writes , `` there can be no question that the entire London schedule could be viewed as a way of reducing the reparations bill without the Allied publics being fully informed of what was going on . This was recognized by at least some German politicians , one of whom optimistically argued that ' the entente will only demand the 50 billion marks , not the rest . They have only called for the rest for domestic political reasons . ' '' Feldman also says the prospect that the ' C ' bonds would be evoked hung over the German Government like a `` Damocles Sword '' . In addition to Feldman and Ferguson 's opposition , Peter Kruger , Barry Eichengreen , and Steven Webb agree that `` the initial German effort to pay reparations '' was substantial and `` produced an immense strain '' on the German economy . Several historians take the middle ground between condemning reparations and supporting the argument that they were not a complete burden upon Germany . Detlev Peukert states , `` Reparations did not , in fact , bleed the German economy '' as had been feared , however the `` psychological effects of reparations were extremely serious , as was the strain that the vicious circle of credits and reparations placed the international financial system ''. Template : Peukert P.M.H. Bell writes that while reparations were unwelcome in Germany and caused a `` strain on the German balance of payments '' , they could be paid and were `` compatible with a general recovery in European commerce and industry '' . According to Martel , Robert Boyce said reparations were `` a heavy burden on Germany , both as a financial charge ... and as a charge on Germany 's balance of payments '' . However , he says that while `` Germany claimed it could not afford to pay reparations '' this was far from the truth , and that `` ... Germany had made little effort to pay reparations . It refused to levy the necessary taxes , and far from accumulating the foreign exchange required for their payment by collecting some of the overseas earnings of German exporters , it allowed them to leave their earnings abroad '' . William R. Keylor agrees with Boyce , and says , `` an increase in taxation and reduction in consumption in the Weimar Republic would have yielded the requisite export surplus to generate the foreign exchange needed to service the reparation debt '' . However , Charles Feinstein writes that these kind of arguments overlook the extreme reluctance of the Germans `` to accept even a modest increase in taxation to meet what was universally regarded as an unjustified and oppressive imposition by hostile adversaries '' . Feinstein says that `` even if the economic aspects ... were not as crippling as had been assumed in the 1920s , the exaction of reparations was still of deep political and psychological significance for Germany '' . Sally Marks writes , `` There are those ... who claim reparations were unpayable . In financial terms , that is untrue ... Of course Germans did not want to pay ; nobody ever wants to pay , and Weimar was determined not to do so ... Raising taxes would have provided ample funds ... Weimar could have borrowed from the citizenry , as France did after 1871 ( to pay its indemnity to Germany ) '' . Marks writes that Germany could have easily paid the 50 billion marks in reparations , but instead chose to repeatedly default on payments as part of a political strategy of undermining Versailles . Marks says that in 1921 , Germany met her requirements in full because custom posts were occupied by Allied troops . Once the Allies had relinquished control of the customs posts , Germany made no further payments in cash until 1924 following the implementation of the Dawes Plan . Marks says that while Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles `` established an unlimited theoretical liability '' , Article 232 limited German responsibility to pay only for civilian damages . When the 1921 London conference to determine how much Germany should pay was called , the Allies calculated on the basis of what Germany could pay , not on their own needs . In this way , Marks says , the Germans largely escaped paying for the war and instead shifted the costs onto American investors . Marks states that the delay in establishing a final total until 1921 , `` was actually in Germany 's interest '' because the figures discussed at the peace conference were `` astronomic '' . She says , `` The British experts , Lords Sumner and Cunliffe , were so unrealistic that they were nicknamed ' the heavenly twins ' . '' Marks also says , `` much ink has been wasted on the fact that civilian damages were stretched to cover war widows ' pensions and allowances for military dependents '' . As reparations were based on what Germany could pay , Marks says the inclusion of such items did not affect German liability but altered distribution of reparations ; the `` inclusion of pensions and allowances increased the British share of the pie but did not enlarge the pie . '' Bernadotte Schmitt writes that if `` pensions and separation allowances ... not been included , reparations would probably never have become the bogey that poisoned the post-war world for so many years . Taylor says , `` no doubt the impoverishment of Germany was caused by war , not by reparations . Not doubt the Germans could have paid reparations , if they had regarded them as an obligation of honour , honestly incurred . '' However , he says , `` reparations ... kept the passions of war alive '' . Peter Liberman writes that while the Germans believed they could not meet such demands of them , the `` French believed that Germany could pay and only lacked the requisite will '' to do so . Liberman says this is `` a position that has gained support from recent historical research '' . In regard to Germany 's capacity to pay , he focuses on coal and says that German coal consumption per capita was higher than France 's despite coal shipments being consistently short . He also says , `` the reparations demanded at Versailles were not far out of proportion to German economic potential '' and that in terms of national income it was similar to what the Germans demanded of France following the Franco - Prussian War . Martin Kitchen also says the impression that Germany was crippled by the reparations is a myth . Rather than a weakened Germany , he states the opposite was true . Keylor says that literature on reparations has `` long suffered from gross misrepresentation , exaggeration , and outright falsification '' and that it `` should finally succumb to the archive - based discoveries of scholars '' . Diane Kunz , summarizing the historiography on the subject , writes that historians have refuted the myth that reparations placed an intolerable burden on Germany . Marks says a `` substantial degree of scholarly consensus now suggests that paying ... was within Germany 's financial capacity '' . Ruth Henig writes , `` most historians of the Paris peace conference now take the view that , in economic terms , the treaty was not unduly harsh on Germany and that , while obligations and damages were inevitably much stressed in the debates at Paris to satisfy electors reading the daily newspapers , the intention was quietly to give Germany substantial help towards paying her bills , and to meet many of the German objections by amendments to the way the reparations schedule was in practice carried out '' . See also ( edit ) United Nations portal Aftermath of World War I German reparations for World War II Legal remedy Restitution Reparation ( legal ) Reparations Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany , Holocaust reparations War reparations Notes ( edit ) Footnotes Jump up ^ By the 1922 quota deadline , `` France had received 29 % of her sawn timber allotment and 29 % of her share of telegraph poles . '' While the German default was aimed specifically at France , there `` was also substantial default on timber deliveries to Belgium and Italy '' . In addition , Britain `` was still awaiting 99.80 '' per cent of her 1922 timber deliveries . ^ Jump up to : No figure currently found showing the exact mark to dollar conversion . Instead , the estimated dollar value has been presented based off Sally Marks ' comment that while the `` paper mark depreciated rapidly , the gold mark held at 4 to the dollar and 20 to the pound . '' Citations Jump up ^ Henig 1995 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Simkins , Jukes & Hickey 2003 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 429 . Jump up ^ Fourteen Points Speech Jump up ^ Beller 2007 , pp. 182 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Simkins 2002 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2005 , p. 638 . Jump up ^ Schmitt 1960 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Slavicek 2010 , pp. 41 -- 3 and 58 . Jump up ^ MacMillan 2003 , p. 202 . ^ Jump up to : Weinberg 1994 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Slavicek 2010 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Brezina 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Yearwood 2009 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Martel 2010 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Slavicek 2010 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 231 . ^ Jump up to : Marks 1978 , pp. 231 - 2 . Jump up ^ Young 2006 , pp. 133 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Young 2006 , pp. 135 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Binkley & Mahr 1926 , pp. 399 -- 400 . Jump up ^ Morrow 2005 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Binkley & Mahr 1926 , p. 400 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , pp. 537 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Albrecht - Carrié 1940 , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Martel 2010 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , articles 232 - 5 Jump up ^ Treaty of Neuilly , Article 121 Jump up ^ Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , articles 178 - 9 Jump up ^ Treaty of Trianon , articles 162 - 3 Jump up ^ Treaty of Sèvres , articles 231 - 6 Jump up ^ Treaty of Neuilly , Article 127 Jump up ^ Treaty of Neuilly , Article 128 Jump up ^ Treaty of Versailles , Annex IV - V Jump up ^ Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye , Annex IV - V Jump up ^ Treaty of Trianon , Annex V Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 410 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State 1921 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State 1921 , p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Marks 1978 , p. 237 . ^ Jump up to : Marks 1978 , p. 236 . Jump up ^ Crafts & Fearon 2013 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 1998 , p. 414 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , pp. 223 -- 234 . Jump up ^ Kramer 2008 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ World Peace Foundation 1922 , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Marks 1978 , pp. 234 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Crampton 1987 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2001 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2001 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , pp. 235 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , pp. 239 -- 40 . ^ Jump up to : Marks 1978 , p. 240 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 241 . Jump up ^ Hehn 2005 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , pp. 24 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Martel 1999 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Schwarzschild 1942 , p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Marks 1978 , p. 245 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , pp. 245 - 5 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 246 . ^ Jump up to : Bell 1997 , pp. 37 - 8 . Jump up ^ Crafts & Fearon 2013 , pp. 82 and 114 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 249 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , pp. 249 -- 50 . ^ Jump up to : Backhaus 2012 , p. 70 . ^ Jump up to : Bell 1997 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , pp. 250 -- 1 . ^ Jump up to : Young 2006 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , pp. 251 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Shamir 1989 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 251 . Jump up ^ Young 2006 , pp. 171 - 2 . Jump up ^ Young 2006 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Shamir 1989 , pp. 56 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Crafts & Fearon 2013 , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Albrecht - Carrié 1960 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Harsch 2009 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Temin & Toniolo 2008 , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Temin & Toniolo 2008 , pp. 137 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mommsen & Foster 1988 , p. 454 . Jump up ^ Joshi 2005 , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : Grenville & Wasserstein 2000 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Kindleberger 1986 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Marks 1978 , p. 233 . ^ Jump up to : Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Schuker 1988 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Martel 1999 , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : Weinberg 1994 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire ( 4 October 2010 ) . `` Why Did World War I Just End ? '' . Time World . Time . Retrieved 29 July 2014 . Jump up ^ United States Department of State 1921 , pp. 46 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Martel 1999 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 417 . ^ Jump up to : Henig 1995 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Tooze 2007 , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Peukert 1993 , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , pp. 420 - 21 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 413 . ^ Jump up to : Taylor 1991 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ Winkler 1933 , pp. 86 -- 7 . ^ Jump up to : Martel 1999 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , pp. 38 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Hantke & Spoerer 2010 , p. 849 . Jump up ^ Hantke & Spoerer 2010 , p. 851 . Jump up ^ Hantke & Spoerer 2010 , p. 860 . Jump up ^ Hantke & Spoerer 2010 , p. 861 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , pp. 409 - 10 and 425 . Jump up ^ Lentin 2012 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 239 . Jump up ^ Bell 1997 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1942 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , preface . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , pp. 86 - 7 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , p. 215 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Keynes 1920 , pp. 94 - 5 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1942 , p. 160 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1942 , pp. 161 - 2 . Jump up ^ Albrecht - Carrié 1940 , p. 16 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1942 , p. 162 . Jump up ^ Campbell 1942 , p. 163 . ^ Jump up to : Cord 2013 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Mantoux 1952 , pp. 162 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Taylor 1991 , p. 70 . Jump up ^ Immerman 1998 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Harcourt 2012 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Martel 1999 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Schuker 1988 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , Hitler and the Origins of the War . Jump up ^ Slavicek 2010 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Davies 2007 , p. 133 . Jump up ^ McNeese 2010 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 426 . Jump up ^ Feldman 1997 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Feldman 1997 , p. 430 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 445 - 6 . Jump up ^ Martel 2010 , p. 183 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 502 . Jump up ^ Feinstein 1995 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Marks 2013 , pp. 632 -- 659 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 255 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 238 . ^ Jump up to : Marks 1978 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Marks 1978 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Schmitt 1960 , p. 107 . Jump up ^ Liberman 1995 , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Kitchen 2006 , p. 67 . Jump up ^ Keylor 2013 , The Demonization of Versailles . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 524 . Jump up ^ Boemeke , Feldman & Glaser 1998 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Henig 1995 , p. 65 . References ( edit ) Albrecht - Carrié , René ( March 1940 ) . `` Versailles Twenty Years After '' . Political Science Quarterly . The Academy of Political Science . 55 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 24 . JSTOR 2143772 . doi : 10.2307 / 2143772 . Albrecht - Carrié , René ( 1960 ) . France , Europe and the Two World Wars . E. Droz . ISBN 978 - 2 - 600 - 04276 - 5 . Backhaus , Jürgen ( 2012 ) ( 2011 ) . The Beginnings of Scholarly Economic Journalism : The Austrian Economist and The German Economist . The European Heritage in Economics and the Social Sciences . Springer . ISBN 978 - 1 - 461 - 40078 - 3 . Bell , P.M.H. ( 1997 ) ( 1986 ) . The Origins of the Second World War in Europe ( 2nd Edition ) . Pearson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 30470 - 3 . Beller , Steven ( 2007 ) . A Concise History of Austria . Cambridge Concise Histories . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 47886 - 1 . Binkley , Robert C. ; Mahr , Dr. A.C. ( June 1926 ) . `` A New Interpretation of the `` Responsibility '' Clause in the Versailles Treaty `` . Current History . Periodicals Archive Online . 24 ( 3 ) : 398 -- 400 . Boemeke , Manfred F. ; Feldman , Gerald D. & Glaser , Elisabeth , eds. ( 1998 ) . Versailles : A Reassessment after 75 Years . Publications of the German Historical Institute . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62132 - 8 . Boyer , Paul S. ; Clark , Clifford E. ; Hawley , Sandra ; Kett , Joseph. F & Rieser , Andrew ( 2009 ) . The Enduring Vision : A History of the American People , Volume 2 : From 1865 . Cengage Learning . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 22278 - 3 . Brezina , Corona ( 2006 ) . The Treaty of Versailles , 1919 : : A Primary Source Examination of the Treaty That Ended World War I. Primary Sources of American Treaties . Rosen Central . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4042 - 0442 - 3 . Campbell , Claude A. ( Jan 1942 ) . `` Economic Errors of the Treaty of Versailles '' . Southwestern Social Science Quarterly . Periodicals Archive Online ( 23 ) : 160 -- 165 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 17 . Cord , Robert ( 2013 ) . Reinterpreting the Keynesian Revolution . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 07752 - 8 . Crafts , Nicholas & Fearon , Peter ( 2013 ) . The Great Depression of the 1930s : Lessons for Today . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 199 - 66318 - 7 . Crampton , R.J. ( 1987 ) . A Short History of Modern Bulgaria . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 25340 - 6 . Davies , Norman ( 2007 ) . Europe at War 1939 -- 1945 : No Simple Victory . Pan Books . ISBN 978 - 033035 - 212 - 3 . Evans , Richard ( 2008 ) . `` Hitler and the origins of the war , 1919 -- 1939 '' . Gresham College . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Feinstein , Charles H. ( 1995 ) . Banking , Currency , and Finance in Europe between the Wars . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 198 - 28803 - 9 . Feldman , Gerald D. ( 1997 ) ( 1996 ) . The Great Disorder : Politics , Economics , and Society in the German Inflation 1914 -- 1924 . Oxford University Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 10114 - 0 . Ferguson , Niall ( 1998 ) . The Pity of War : Explaining World War I. Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 0 - 713 - 99246 - 5 . Grenville , J.A.S & Wasserstein , Bernard ( 2000 ) ( 1987 ) . The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 14125 - 3 . Hantke , Max ; Spoerer , Mark ( 2010 ) . `` The imposed gift of Versailles : the fiscal effects of restricting the size of Germany 's armed forces , 1924 - 9 '' . The Economic History Review . The Economic History Review . 63 ( 4 ) : 849 -- 864 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.2009. 00512. x . Harcourt , G.C. ( 2012 ) . On Skidelsky 's Keynes and Other Essays : Selected Essays of G.C. Harcourt . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 28468 - 5 . Harsch , Donna ( 2009 ) . German Social Democracy and the Rise of Nazism . University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 80785 - 733 - 5 . Hehn , Paul N. ( 2005 ) . A Low Dishonest Decade : The Great Powers , Eastern Europe , and the Economic Origins of World War II , 1930 -- 1941 . Bloomsbury 3PL . ISBN 978 - 0 - 826 - 41761 - 9 . Henig , Ruth ( 1995 ) ( 1984 ) . Versailles and After : 1919 -- 1933 . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 12710 - 6 . Immerman , Richard H. ( 1998 ) . John Foster Dulles : Piety , Pragmatism , and Power in U.S. Foreign Policy . Biographies in American Foreign Policy ( Book 2 ) . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8420 - 2601 - 7 . Joshi , Srivastava ( 2005 ) ( 1978 ) . International Relations . GOEL Publishing House . ISBN 978 - 8 - 185 - 84270 - 7 . Keylor , William R. ( 2013 ) . `` The Demonization of Versailles '' . H - Diplo . Retrieved 27 April 2014 . Kitchen , Martin ( 2006 ) . Europe between the wars . Pearson Longman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 89414 - 3 . Keynes , John Maynard ( 1920 ) . The Economic Consequences of the Peace . Harcourt Brace and Howe . Kindleberger , Charles Poor ( 1986 ) . The World in Depression , 1929 -- 1939 . University of California Press , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05592 - 6 . Kramer , Alan ( 2008 ) . Dynamic of Destruction : Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War . The Making of the Modern World . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 1 - 846 - 14013 - 6 . Lentin , Antony ( Jan 2012 ) . `` Germany : a New Carthage ? '' . History Today : 20 -- 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 28 . Liberman , Peter ( 1995 ) . Does Conquest Pay ? The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies . Princeton Studies in International History and Politics . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 02986 - 3 . MacMillan , Margaret ( 2003 ) . Peacemakers : The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War . John Murray . ISBN 978 - 0 - 719 - 56237 - 2 . McNeese , Tim ( 2010 ) . Jensen , Richard , ed . World War II 1939 -- 1945 . Discovering U.S. History . Chelsea House Publications ; 1 edition . ISBN 978 - 160413 - 358 - 5 . Mantoux , Étienne ( 1952 ) . The Carthaginian Peace : Or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes . Scribner ; First Edition . Marks , Sally ( September 1978 ) . `` The Myths of Reparations '' . Central European History . Cambridge University Press . 11 ( 3 ) : 231 -- 255 . JSTOR 4545835 . doi : 10.1017 / s0008938900018707 . Marks , Sally ( September 2013 ) . `` Mistakes and Myths : The Allies , Germany , and the Versailles Treaty , 1918 -- 1921 '' . The Journal of Modern History . The University of Chicago Press . 85 ( 3 ) : 632 -- 659 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 670825 . doi : 10.1086 / 670825 . Martel , Gordon , ed. ( 1999 ) . Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered Second Edition . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 16325 - 5 . Martel , Gordon , ed. ( 2010 ) . A Companion to Europe 1900 -- 1945 . Wiley - Blackwell ; 1 edition . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3840 - 9 . Mommsen , Hans & Foster , Elborg ( 1988 ) . The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy . The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 84721 - 3 . Morrow , John H. ( 2005 ) . The Great War : An Imperial History . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 20440 - 8 . Peukert , Detlev J.K. ( 1993 ) ( 1989 ) . The Weimar Republic . Hill and Wang . ISBN 978 - 0 - 809 - 01556 - 6 . Schuker , Stephen A. ( 1988 ) . American `` Reparations '' to Germany , 1919 - 33 . Princeton Studies in International Finance . ISBN 978 - 0 - 881 - 65233 - 8 . Schuker , Stephen A. ( 1976 ) . End of French Predominance in Europe : Financial Crisis of 1924 and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan . The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 807 - 81253 - 2 . Schmitt , Bernadotte ( Feb 1960 ) . `` The Peace Treaties of 1919 -- 1920 '' . Proc. Am. Philos . Soc . American Philosophical Society . 104 ( 1 ) : 101 -- 110 . JSTOR 985606 . Schwarzschild , Leopold ( 1942 ) . World in trance : From Versailles to Pearl Harbor . L.B. Fischer Publishing Corp . Shamir , Haim ( 1989 ) . Economic Crisis and French Foreign Policy : 1930 -- 1936 . Brill Academic Pub . ISBN 978 - 9 - 004 - 08958 - 7 . Simkins , Peter ( 2002 ) . The First World War : Volume 3 The Western Front 1917 -- 1918 . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 348 - 4 . Simkins , Peter ; Jukes , Geoffrey & Hickey , Michael ( 2003 ) . The First World War : The War to End All Wars . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 738 - 3 . Slavicek , Louise Chipley ( 2010 ) . The Treaty of Versailles . Milestones in Modern World History . Chelsea House Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60413 - 277 - 9 . Taylor , David ( 2001 ) . Modern World History for OCR specification 1937 . Heinemann Educational Publishers . ISBN 0 - 435 - 30831 - 9 . Taylor , A.J.P. ( 1991 ) ( 1961 ) . The Origins of the Second World War . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 13672 - 2 . Temin , Peter & Toniolo , Gianni ( 2008 ) . The World Economy between the Wars . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 30755 - 9 . Tooze , Adam ( 2007 ) ( 2006 ) . The Wages of Destruction : The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 014100348 - 1 . Tucker , Spencer C. & Roberts , Priscilla ( 2005 ) . The Encyclopedia of World War I : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 420 - 2 . United States Department of State ( 1921 ) . `` Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States , 1921 Volume II '' . Foreign Relations of the United States . United States Government Printing Office . Weinberg , Gerhard L. ( 1994 ) . A World at Arms : A Global History of World War II . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 44317 - 2 . Winkler , Max ( 1933 ) . Foreign Bonds : An Autopsy ( 1933 ed . ) . Beard Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 893 - 12243 - 7 . World Peace Foundation ( 1922 ) . October 1917 -- August 1930 Volume 5 . World Peace Foundation pamphlets , v. 1 -- 12 . World Peace Foundation . Yearwood , Peter J. ( 2009 ) . Guarantee of Peace : The League of Nations in British Policy 1914 -- 1925 . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 922673 - 3 . Young , William ( 2006 ) . German Diplomatic Relations 1871 -- 1945 : The Wilhelmstrasse and the Formulation of Foreign Policy . iUniverse , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 40706 - 4 . Further reading ( edit ) Gomes , Leonard . German Reparations , 1919 - 1932 : A Historical Survey ( Springer , 2010 ) . ( hide ) Paris Peace Conference , 1919 League of Nations Covenant of the League of Nations Members Organisation Minority Treaties Little Treaty of Versailles Mandates Treaty of Versailles War guilt Reparations Role in the Weimar Republic 's hyperinflation Dawes Plan Young Plan Lausanne Conference Locarno Stresa Front Possible cause of the Second World War International Opium Convention Subsequent treaties Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye Treaty of Neuilly - sur - Seine Treaty of Trianon Treaty of Sèvres Partition of the Ottoman Empire Conference of London ( 1920 ) San Remo conference Turkish National Movement Turkish War of Independence Treaty of Lausanne Other American Commission to Negotiate Peace Commission of Responsibilities The Inquiry Related A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors To the Unknown British Soldier in France Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_I_reparations&oldid=808039456 '' Categories : Aftermath of World War I in Germany Reparations Treaty of Versailles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Simple English ไทย Edit links This page was last edited on 31 October 2017 , at 14 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what country had to pay reparations following world war i u.s. france great britain germany
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"World War I reparations were compensation imposed during the Paris Peace Conference upon the Central Powers following their defeat in the First World War by the Allied and Associate Powers. Each of the defeated powers was required to make payments in either cash or kind. Because of the financial situation Austria, Hungary, and Turkey found themselves in after the war, few to no reparations were paid and the requirements for reparations were cancelled. Bulgaria, having paid only a fraction of what was required, saw its reparation figure reduced and then cancelled. Historians have recognised the German requirement to pay reparations as the \"chief battleground of the post-war era\" and \"the focus of the power struggle between France and Germany over whether the Versailles Treaty was to be enforced or revised\".[1]"
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San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge
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San Francisco -- Oakland Bay bridge - wikipedia San Francisco -- Oakland Bay bridge Jump to : navigation , search San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge The western section of the San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge Coordinates 37 ° 49 ′ 5 '' N 122 ° 20 ′ 48 '' W / 37.81806 ° N 122.34667 ° W / 37.81806 ; - 122.34667 Coordinates : 37 ° 49 ′ 5 '' N 122 ° 20 ′ 48 '' W / 37.81806 ° N 122.34667 ° W / 37.81806 ; - 122.34667 Carries 10 lanes of I - 80 throughout , and pedestrians and bicycles east of Yerba Buena Island ( YBI ) Crosses San Francisco Bay via YBI Locale San Francisco and Oakland Owner Caltrans Maintained by Caltrans and the Bay Area Toll Authority ID number 34 0003 ( West ) 34 0004 ( YBI Tunnel ) 33 0025 ( East ) Characteristics Design Double - decked suspension spans ( two , connected by center anchorage ) , tunnel , cast - in - place concrete transition span , self - anchored suspension span , precast segmental concrete viaduct Material Steel , concrete Total length West : 10,304 ft ( 3,141 m ) East span : 10,176 ft ( 3,102 m ) Total : 4.46 miles ( 7.18 km ) excluding approaches Width West : 5 traffic lanes totaling 57.5 ft ( 17.5 m ) East : 10 traffic lanes totaling 258.33 ft ( 78.74 m ) Height West : 526 ft ( 160 m ) Longest span West : two main spans 2,310 ft ( 704 m ) East : one main span 1,400 ft ( 430 m ) Clearance above Westbound : 14 feet ( 4.3 m ) , with additional clearance in some lanes Eastbound : 14.67 feet ( 4.47 m ) Clearance below West : 220 feet ( 67 m ) East : 191 feet ( 58 m ) History Designer Charles H. Purcell Construction start July 8 , 1933 Opened November 12 , 1936 ; 80 years ago ( 1936 - 11 - 12 ) Statistics Daily traffic 260,000 Toll Cars ( east span , westbound only ) $6.00 ( rush hours ) $2.50 ( carpool rush hours ) $4.00 ( weekday non-rush hours ) $5.00 ( weekend all day ) U.S. National Register of Historic Places Designated August 13 , 2001 Reference no . 00000525 San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge Location in California The San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge ( known locally as the Bay Bridge ) is a complex of bridges spanning San Francisco Bay in California . As part of Interstate 80 and the direct road between San Francisco and Oakland , it carries about 260,000 vehicles a day on its two decks . It has one of the longest spans in the United States . The toll bridge was conceived as early as the gold rush days , but construction did not begin until 1933 . Designed by Charles H. Purcell , and built by American Bridge Company , it opened on November 12 , 1936 , six months before the Golden Gate Bridge . It originally carried automobile traffic on its upper deck , and trucks and interurban streetcars on the lower , but after the Key System abandoned rail service , the lower deck was converted to all - road traffic as well . In 1986 the bridge was unofficially dedicated to James Rolph . The bridge has two sections of roughly equal length ; the older western section , officially known as the Willie L. Brown Jr . Bridge ( after former San Francisco Mayor and California State Assembly Speaker Willie L. Brown Jr . ) , connects downtown San Francisco to Yerba Buena Island ; and the newer unnamed eastern section connects the island to Oakland . The western section is a double suspension bridge with two decks , westbound traffic being carried on the upper deck while eastbound is carried on the lower one . The largest span of the original eastern section was a cantilever bridge . During the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , a portion of the eastern section 's upper deck collapsed onto the lower deck and the bridge was closed for a month . Reconstruction of the eastern section of the bridge as a causeway connected to a self - anchored suspension bridge began in 2002 ; the new eastern section opened September 2 , 2013 , at a reported cost of over $6.5 billion . Unlike the western section and the original eastern section of the bridge , the new eastern section is a single deck with the eastbound and westbound lanes on each side making it the world 's widest bridge , according to Guinness World Records , as of 2014 . Demolition of the old east span is expected to last until 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 History 2.1 Pre-construction 2.2 Construction 2.2. 1 Yerba Buena Tunnel 2.3 Opening day 2.3. 1 Roadway plan 2.4 Rail service 2.5 Later events 2.5. 1 Modification to remove rail service 2.5. 2 1968 aircraft accident 2.5. 3 Cable lighting 2.5. 4 Ship accident 2.5. 5 2013 public `` light sculpture '' installation 3 Earthquake damage and subsequent upgrades 3.1 Western section retrofitting 3.2 Eastern section replacement 3.2. 1 October 2009 eyebar crack , repair failure and bridge closure 4 Name 4.1 Emperor Norton naming campaigns 4.1. 1 2004 4.1. 2 2013 4.1. 3 2014 4.2 Alexander Zuckermann Bike Path 5 Financing and tolls 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) Bridges in the San Francisco Bay The bridge consists of two crossings , east and west of Yerba Buena Island , a natural mid-bay outcropping inside San Francisco city limits . The western crossing between Yerba Buena and downtown San Francisco has two complete suspension spans connected at a center anchorage . Rincon Hill is the western anchorage and touch - down for the San Francisco landing of the Brown bridge connected by three shorter truss spans . The eastern crossing , between Yerba Buena Island and Oakland , was a cantilever bridge with a double - tower span , five medium truss spans , and a 14 - section truss causeway . Due to earthquake concerns , the eastern crossing was replaced by a new crossing that opened on Labor Day 2013 . On Yerba Buena Island , the double - decked crossing is a 321 - foot ( 98 m ) concrete viaduct east of the west span 's cable anchorage , a 540 - foot ( 160 m ) tunnel through the island 's rocky central hill , another 790.8 - foot ( 241.0 m ) concrete viaduct , and a longer curved high - level steel truss viaduct that spans the final 1,169.7 feet ( 356.5 m ) to the cantilever bridge . The toll plaza on the Oakland side ( since 1969 for westbound traffic only ) has eighteen toll lanes , of which six are FasTrak - only . Metering signals are about 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) west of the toll plaza . Two full - time bus - only lanes bypass the toll booths and metering lights around the right ( north ) side of the toll plaza ; other high occupancy vehicles can use these lanes during weekday morning and afternoon commute periods . The two far - left toll lanes are high - occupancy vehicle lanes during weekday commute periods . Radio and television traffic reports will often refer to congestion at the toll plaza , metering lights , or a parking lot in the median of the road for bridge employees ; the parking lot stretches from about 800 feet ( 240 m ) east of the toll plaza to about 100 feet ( 30 m ) west of the metering lights . During the morning commute hours , traffic congestion on the westbound approach from Oakland stretches back through the MacArthur Maze interchange at the east end of the bridge onto the three feeder highways , Interstate 580 , Interstate 880 , and I - 80 toward Richmond . Since the number of lanes on the eastbound approach from San Francisco is structurally restricted , eastbound backups are also frequent during evening commute hours . The western section of the Bay Bridge is currently restricted to motorized freeway traffic . Pedestrians , bicycles , and other non-freeway vehicles are not allowed to cross this section . A project to add bicycle / pedestrian lanes to the western section has been proposed but is not finalized . A Caltrans bicycle shuttle operates between Oakland and San Francisco during peak commute hours for $1.00 each way . Freeway ramps next to the tunnel provide access to Yerba Buena Island and Treasure Island . Because the toll plaza is on the Oakland side , the western span is a de facto non-tolled bridge ; traffic between the island and the main part of San Francisco can freely cross back and forth . Those who only travel from Oakland to Yerba Buena Island , and not the entire length to the main part of San Francisco , must pay the full toll . History ( edit ) Pre-construction ( edit ) San Francisco , at the mouth of the bay , was perfectly placed to prosper during the California Gold Rush . Almost all goods not produced locally arrived by ship . But after the first transcontinental railroad was completed in May 1869 San Francisco was on the wrong side of the Bay , separated from the new rail link . The fear of many San Franciscans was that the city would lose its position as the regional center of trade . The concept of a bridge spanning the San Francisco Bay had been considered since the Gold Rush days . Several newspaper articles during the early 1870s discussed the idea . In early 1872 , a `` Bay Bridge Committee '' was hard at work on plans to construct a railroad bridge . The April 1872 issue of the San Francisco Real Estate Circular contained an item about the committee : The Bay Bridge Committee lately submitted its report to the Board of Supervisors , in which compromise with the Central Pacific was recommended ; also the bridging of the bay at Ravenswood and the granting of railroad facilities at Mission Bay and on the water front . Wm. C. Ralston , ex-Mayor Selby and James Otis were on this committee . A daily newspaper attempts to account for the advice of these gentlemen to the city by hinting that they were afraid of the railroad company , and therefore made their recommendations to suit its interests . The self - proclaimed Emperor Norton saw fit to decree three times in 1872 that a suspension bridge be constructed to connect Oakland with San Francisco . In the third of these decrees , in September 1872 , Norton , frustrated that nothing had happened , proclaimed : WHEREAS , we issued our decree ordering the citizens of San Francisco and Oakland to appropriate funds for the survey of a suspension bridge from Oakland Point via Goat Island ; also for a tunnel ; and to ascertain which is the best project ; and whereas the said citizens have hitherto neglected to notice our said decree ; and whereas we are determined our authority shall be fully respected ; now , therefore , we do hereby command the arrest by the army of both the Boards of City Fathers if they persist in neglecting our decrees . Given under our royal hand and seal at San Francisco , this 17th day of September , 1872 . Sketch of the proposed `` Rush San Francisco Trans - Bay Suspension Bridge '' ( 1913 ) Unlike most of Emperor Norton 's eccentric ideas , his decree to build a bridge had wide public and political appeal . Yet , the task was too much of an engineering and economic challenge since the bay was too wide and too deep there . In 1921 , over forty years after Norton 's death , a tunnel was considered , but it became clear that one would be inadequate for vehicular traffic . Support for a trans - bay crossing finally grew in the 1920s with the increasing popularity and availability of the automobile . In 1929 , the California Legislature established the California Toll Bridge Authority with the responsibility of connecting San Francisco and Alameda County with a bridge . To make the bridge feasible , its route was chosen to pass through Yerba Buena Island ( formerly known as Goat Island in the 1870s ) , reducing the material and labor needed . Yerba Buena Island was a U.S. Navy base at the time ( and until 1997 ) . So the approval of the U.S. Congress , which regulates the armed services and supervises all naval and military bases , was necessary for this island to be used . After a great deal of lobbying , California received Congressional approval to use the island on February 20 , 1931 . Construction ( edit ) The Bay Bridge under construction at Yerba Buena Island in 1935 The chief engineer was Ralph Modjeski , a Polish - American . Construction began on July 9 , 1933 . Ultimately , twenty - four men would die constructing the bridge . The western section of the bridge between San Francisco and Yerba Buena Island presented an enormous engineering challenge . The bay was up to 100 feet ( 30 m ) deep in places and the soil required new foundation - laying techniques . A single main suspension span some 4,100 feet ( 1.2 km ) in length was considered but rejected , as it would have required too much fill and reduced wharfage space at San Francisco , had less vertical clearance for shipping , and cost more than the design ultimately adopted . The solution was to construct a massive concrete anchorage halfway between San Francisco and the island , and to build a main suspension span on each side of this central anchorage . East of Yerba Buena Island , the bay to Oakland was spanned by a 10,176 - foot ( 3.102 km ) combination of double cantilever , five long - span through - trusses , and a truss causeway , forming the longest bridge of its kind at the time . The cantilever section was longest in the nation and third - longest anywhere . Much of the original eastern section is founded upon treated wood . Because of the very deep mud on the bay bottom it was not practical to reach bedrock , although the lower levels of the mud are quite firm . Long wooden pilings were crafted from entire old - growth Douglas fir trees , which were driven through the soft mud to the firmer bottom layers . Yerba Buena tunnel ( edit ) Traveling through the westbound Yerba Buena tunnel Connecting the two `` halves '' of the bridge is the Yerba Buena Tunnel , 76 feet ( 23 m ) wide , 58 feet ( 18 m ) high , and 540 feet ( 160 m ) long . It is the largest diameter transportation bore tunnel in the world . Reminders of the long - gone bridge railway survive along the south side of the lower Yerba Buena Tunnel . These are the regularly spaced `` deadman holes '' , escape alcoves along the wall , into which track workers could duck if a train came along . ( The north side , which always carried only motor traffic , lacks these holes . ) Opening day ( edit ) The bridge opened on November 12 , 1936 , at 12 : 30 p.m. In attendance were the former U.S. president Herbert Hoover , Senator William G. McAdoo , and the Governor of California , Frank Merriam . Governor Merriam opened the bridge by cutting gold chains across it with an acetylene cutting torch . The San Francisco Chronicle report of November 13 , 1936 , read : The illuminated bridge as seen from the Embarcadero ( San Francisco ) . Schematic drawing of the Bay Bridge the greatest traffic jam in the history of S.F. , a dozen old - fashioned New Year 's eves thrown into one -- the biggest and most good - natured crowd of tens of thousands ever to try and walk the streets and guide their autos on them -- This was the city last night , the night of the bridge opening with every auto owner in the bay region , seemingly , trying to crowd his machine onto the great bridge . And those who tried to view the brilliantly lighted structure from the hilltops and also view the fireworks display were numbered also in the thousands . Every intersection in the city , particularly those near the San Francisco entrance to the bridge , was jammed with a slowly moving auto caravan . Every available policeman in the department was called to duty to aid in regulating the city 's greatest parade of autos . One of the greatest traffic congestions of the evening was at Fifth and Mission Streets , with downtown traffic and bridge - bound traffic snarled in an almost hopeless mass . To add to the confusion , traffic signals jammed and did not synchronize . Police reported that there was no lessening of the traffic over the bridge , all lanes being crowded with Oakland - or San - Francisco - bound machines far into the night . The total cost was $77 million . Before opening the bridge was blessed by Cardinal Secretary of State Eugene Cardinal Pacelli , later Pope Pius XII . Because it was in effect two bridges strung together , the western spans were ranked the second and third largest suspension bridges . Only the George Washington Bridge had a longer span between towers . As part of the celebration a United States commemorative coin was produced by the San Francisco mint . A half dollar , the obverse portrays California 's symbol , the grizzly bear , while the reverse presents a picture of the bridge spanning the bay . A total of 71,424 coins were sold , some from the bridge 's tollbooths . Roadway plan ( edit ) A double balanced cantilever bridge , five truss bridges , and two truss causeways that connected Yerba Buena Island to Oakland ( demolished ) The original western approach to ( and exit from ) the upper deck of the bridge was a long ramp to Fifth , branching to Harrison St for westward traffic off the bridge and Bryant St for eastward traffic entering . There was an on - ramp to the upper deck on Rincon Hill from Fremont Street ( that later became an off - ramp ) and an off - ramp to First Street ( later extended over First St to Fremont St ) . The lower deck ended at Essex and Harrison St ; just southwest of there , the tracks of the bridge railway left the lower deck and curved northward into the elevated loop through the Transbay Terminal that was paved for buses after rail service ended . Until the 1960s the upper deck ( 58 feet ( 18 m ) wide between curbs ) carried three lanes of traffic in each direction and was restricted to automobiles only . The lower deck carried three lanes of truck and auto traffic on the north side of the bridge . In the 1950s traffic lights were added to set the direction of travel in the middle lane , but still with no divider . Two railroad tracks on the south half of the lower deck carried the electric commuter trains . In 1958 the tracks were replaced with pavement , but the reconfiguration to what the traffic is today did n't take place until 1963 . The Federal highway on the bridge was originally a concurrency of U.S. Highway 40 and U.S. Highway 50 . The bridge was re-designated as Interstate 80 in 1964 , and the western ends of U.S. 40 and U.S. 50 are now in Silver Summit , Utah , and West Sacramento , California , respectively . The off - ramp for Treasure Island and Yerba Buena Island is unusual in that it is on the left - hand side in the eastbound direction . This off ramp presents an unusual hazard -- drivers must slow within the normal traffic flow and move into a very short off - ramp that ends in a short radius turn left turn ( a 15 MPH advisory is posted ) . The turn has been further narrowed from its original design by the installation of crash pads on the island side . Eastbound and westbound on - ramps are on the usual right - hand side , but they do not have dedicated merge lanes ; drivers must await a gap in the traffic and then accelerate from a stop sign to traffic speeds in a short distance . Rail service ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1939 , the San Francisco Transbay Terminal opened and electric commuter trains started running across the south side of the lower deck of the bridge . The terminal originally was supposed to open the same time as the Bay Bridge , but was delayed . The trains were operated by the Sacramento Northern Railroad ( Western Pacific ) , the Interurban Electric Railway ( Southern Pacific ) and the Key System . Freight trains never used the bridge . The tracks left the lower deck in San Francisco just southwest of the end of 1st St. They then went along an elevated viaduct above city streets , looping around and into the terminal on its east end . Trains could turn around on the loop back onto the bridge when finished unloading . The loop continued to be used by buses until the terminal 's closure . The tracks left the lower deck in Oakland . The Interurban Electric Railway tracks ran along Engineer Road and over the Southern Pacific yard on trestles ( some of it is still standing and visible from toll road ramps ) onto the streets and dedicated right - of - ways in Berkeley , Albany , Oakland and Alameda . The Sacramento Northern and Key System tracks went under the SP tracks through a tunnel ( which still exists and is in use as an access to the EBMUD treatment plant ) and onto 40th St. Due to falling ridership , Sacramento Northern and IER service ended in 1941 . After World War II Key System ridership began to fall as well . Despite the vital role the railroad played , the last train went over the bridge in April 1958 . The tracks were removed and replaced with pavement on the Transbay Terminal ramps and Bay Bridge . The Key System handled buses over the bridge until 1960 when its successor , AC Transit , took over operations . It still handles service today . There have been several attempts to restore rail service on the bridge , but none have been successful . Later events ( edit ) Modification to remove rail service ( edit ) Daytime view of the Bay Bridge and San Francisco seen from Yerba Buena Island A view of the Bay Bridge from the Bank of America building Automobile traffic increased dramatically in the ensuing decades while the Key System declined , and in October 1963 , the Bay Bridge was reconfigured with five lanes of westbound traffic on the upper deck and five lanes of eastbound traffic on the lower deck . The Key System originally planned to end train operations in 1948 when it replaced its streetcars with buses , but Caltrans did not approve of this . Trucks were allowed on both decks and the railroad was removed . Owing to a lack of clearance for trucks through the upper - deck portion of the Yerba Buena tunnel , it was necessary to lower the elevation of the upper deck where it passes through the tunnel , and to correspondingly excavate to lower the elevation of the lower portion . Additionally , the upper deck was retrofitted to handle the increased loads due to trucks , with understringers added and prestressing added to the bottom of the floor beams . This retrofit is still in place and is visible to Eastbound traffic . 1968 aircraft accident ( edit ) On February 11 , 1968 , a U.S. Navy training aircraft crashed into the cantilever span of the bridge , killing both reserve officers aboard . The T2V SeaStar , based at NAS Los Alamitos in southern California , was on a routine weekend mission and had just taken off in the fog from nearby NAS Alameda . The plane struck the bridge about 15 feet ( 5 m ) above the upper deck roadway and then sank in the bay north of the bridge . There were no injuries among the motorists on the bridge . One of the truss sections of the bridges was replaced due to damage from the impact . Cable lighting ( edit ) The series of lights adorning the suspension cables was added in 1986 as part of the bridge 's 50th - anniversary celebration . Ship accident ( edit ) In 2007 a container ship named the Cosco Busan ( now the Hanjin Venezia ) hit the bridge resulting in the Cosco Busan oil spill . 2013 public `` light sculpture '' installation ( edit ) A view of Bay Bridge lights from a pier next to the Ferry Building in San Francisco On March 5 , 2013 , a public art installation called `` The Bay Lights '' was activated on the western span 's vertical cables . The installation was designed by artist Leo Villareal and consists of 25,000 LED lights originally scheduled to be on nightly display until March 2015 . However , on December 17 , 2014 , the non-profit Illuminate The Arts announced that it had raised the $4 million needed to make the lights permanent ; the display was temporarily turned off starting in March 2015 in order to perform maintenance and install sturdier bulbs and then re-lit on January 30 , 2016 . In order to reduce driver distractions , the privately funded display is not visible to users of the bridge , only to distant observers . This lighting effort is intended to form part of a larger project to `` light the bay '' Villareal used various algorithms to generate patterns such as rainfall , reflections on water , bird flight , expanding rings , and others . Villareal 's patterns and transitions will be sequenced and their duration determined by computerized random number generator to make each viewing experience unique . Owing to the efficiency of the LED system the estimated operating cost is only US $15.00 per night . Earthquake damage and subsequent upgrades ( edit ) A collapsed section of roadway deck after the 1989 earthquake During the evening of October 17 , 1989 , Loma Prieta earthquake , which measured 6.9 on the moment magnitude scale , a 50 - foot ( 15 m ) section of the upper deck of the eastern truss portion of the bridge at Pier E9 collapsed onto the deck below , indirectly causing one death . The bridge was closed for just over a month as construction crews repaired the section . It reopened on November 17 of that year . The lighter pavement of the replacement section is visible in aerial photographs , at the east end of the through - truss part of the bridge ( 37 ° 49 ′ 08 '' N 122 ° 20 ′ 39 '' W / 37.8189 ° N 122.3442 ° W / 37.8189 ; - 122.3442 ( location of failed span ) ) . Western section retrofitting ( edit ) The western section has undergone extensive seismic retrofitting . During the retrofit , much of the structural steel supporting the bridge deck was replaced while the bridge remained open to traffic . Engineers accomplished this by using methods similar to those employed on the Chicago Skyway reconstruction project . The entire bridge was fabricated using hot steel rivets , which are impossible to heat treat and so remain relatively soft . Analysis showed that these could fail by shearing under extreme stress . Therefore , at most locations each given rivet was removed by breaking off the head with a jack - hammer ( rivet buster ) and punching out the old rivet , the hole precision reamed and the old rivets replaced with heat - treated high - strength tension - control ( TC ) bolts and nuts . Most bolts had domed heads placed facing traffic so they looked similar to the rivets that were removed. ( Caltrans contract 04 - 0435U4 , 1999 -- 2004 ) . This work had to be performed with great care as the steel of the structure had for many years been painted with lead based paint , which had to be carefully removed and contained by workers with extensive protective gear . Obsolete hot riveted laced ties ( left , eastern span ) and bolted box beam retrofit ( right , western span ) Most of the beams were originally constructed of two plate I - beams joined with lattices of flat strip or angle stock , depending upon structural requirements . These have all been reconstructed by replacing the riveted lattice elements with bolted steel plate and so converting the lattice beams into box beams . This replacement included adding face plates to the large diagonal beams joining the faces of the main towers , which now have an improved appearance when viewed from certain angles . Diagonal box beams have been added to each bay of the upper and lower decks of the western spans . These add stiffness to reduce side - to - side motion during an earthquake and reduce the probability of damage to the decking surfaces . Analysis showed that some massive concrete supports could burst and crumble under likely stresses . In particular the western supports were extensively modified . First , the location of existing reinforcing bar is determined using magnetic techniques . In areas between bars holes are drilled . Into these holes is inserted and glued an L - shaped bar that protrudes 15 to 25 centimeters ( 6 to 10 inches ) . This bar is retained in the hole with a high - strength epoxy adhesive . The entire surface of the structure is thus covered with closely spaced protrusions . A network of horizontal and vertical reinforcing bars is then attached to these protrusions . Mold surface plates are then positioned to retain high - strength concrete , which is then pumped into the void . After removal of the formwork the surface appears similar to the original concrete . This technique has been applied elsewhere throughout California to improve freeway overpass abutments and some overpass central supports that have unconventional shapes . ( Other techniques such as jacket and grout are applied to simple vertical posts ; see the seismic retrofit article . ) The western approaches have also been retrofitted in part , but mostly these have been replaced with new construction of reinforced concrete . Eastern section replacement ( edit ) Main article : Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge For various reasons , the eastern section would have been too expensive to retrofit compared to replacing it , so the decision was made to replace it . The replacement section underwent a series of design changes , both progressive and regressive , with increasing cost estimates and contractor bids . The final plan included a single - towered self - anchored suspension span starting at Yerba Buena island , leading to a long viaduct to the Oakland touchdown . Separated and protected bicycle lanes are a visually prominent feature on the south side of the new eastern section . The bikeway will carry recreational and commuter cyclists between Oakland and Yerba Buena Island. . Until that time cyclists and pedestrians must turn around and return to Oakland . The original eastern cantilever span had firefighting dry standpipes installed . No firefighting dry or wet standpipes were designed for the eastern section replacement , although , the firefighting wet standpipes do exist on the original western section visible on both the north - side upper and lower decks . The original eastern section closed permanently to traffic on August 28 , 2013 , and the replacement span opened for traffic five days later . Eastern span : original and replacement Some new construction ( 2004 ) Substantial progress ( 2011 ) The completed replacement and the old bridge ( 2013 ) Rest of old and new bridge ( June 2015 ) Artist 's simulation of final appearance after old span demolition October 2009 eyebar crack , repair failure and bridge closure ( edit ) During the 2009 Labor Day weekend closure for a portion of the replacement , a major crack was found in an eyebar , significant enough to warrant bridge closure . Working in parallel with the retrofit , California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) , and its contractors and subcontractors , were able to design , engineer , fabricate , and install the pieces required to repair the bridge , delaying its planned opening by only 1 ⁄ hours . The repair was not inspected by the Federal Highway Administration , who relied on state inspection reports to ensure safety guidelines were met . On October 27 , 2009 , during the evening commute , the steel crossbeam and two steel tie rods repaired over Labor Day weekend snapped off the Bay Bridge 's eastern section and fell to the upper deck . The cause may have been due to metal - on - metal vibration from bridge traffic and wind gusts of up to 55 miles per hour ( 90 km / h ) causing failure of one rod , which broke off , which then led to the metal section crashing down . Three vehicles were either struck by or hit the fallen debris , though there were no injuries . On November 1 , Caltrans announced that the bridge would probably stay closed at least through the morning commute of Monday , November 2 , after repairs performed during the weekend failed a stress test on Sunday . BART and the Golden Gate Ferry systems added supplemental service to accommodate the increased passenger load during the bridge closure . The bridge reopened to traffic on November 2 , 2009 . The pieces that broke off on October 27 were a saddle , crossbars , and two tension rods . Name ( edit ) A view of the San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge western span from the waterfront in San Francisco The bridge was unofficially `` dedicated '' to James B. `` Sunny Jim '' Rolph , Jr. , but this was not widely recognized until the bridge 's 50th - anniversary celebrations in 1986 . The official name of the bridge for all functional purposes has always been the `` San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge '' , and , by most local people , it is referred to simply as `` the Bay Bridge . '' Rolph , a Mayor of San Francisco from 1912 to 1931 , was the Governor of California at the time construction of the bridge began . He died in office on June 2 , 1934 , two years before the bridge opened , leaving the bridge to be named for him out of respect . In 1932 , with an inability to finance the bridge , Joseph R. Knowland , ( a former U.S. Congressman ) travelled to Washington and helped to persuade President Herbert Hoover and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to advance $62 million for the building of the bridge . Emperor Norton naming campaigns ( edit ) In 1872 , the San Francisco entrepreneur and eccentric Emperor Norton issued three proclamations calling for the design and construction of a suspension bridge between San Francisco and Oakland via Yerba Buena Island ( formerly Goat Island ) . A 1939 plaque honoring Emperor Norton for the original idea for the Bay Bridge was dedicated by the fraternal society E Clampus Vitus and was installed at The Cliff House in February 1955 . In November 1986 , in connection with the bridge 's 50th anniversary , the plaque was moved to the Transbay Terminal , the public transit and Greyhound bus depot at the west end of the bridge in downtown San Francisco . When the terminal was closed in 2010 , the plaque was placed in storage . There have been two recent campaigns to name all , or parts , of the Bay Bridge for Emperor Norton . In November 2004 , after a campaign by San Francisco Chronicle cartoonist Phil Frank , then - San Francisco District 3 Supervisor Aaron Peskin introduced a resolution to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors calling for the entire two - bridge system , from San Francisco to Oakland , to be named for Emperor Norton . On December 14 , 2004 , the Board approved a modified version of this resolution , calling for only `` new additions '' -- i.e. , the new eastern crossing -- to be named `` The Emperor Norton Bridge '' . Neither the City of Oakland nor Alameda County passed any similar resolution , so the effort went no further . 2013 ( edit ) In June 2013 , nine state assemblymen , joined by two state senators , introduced Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 65 ( ACR 65 ) to name the western crossing of the bridge for former California Assembly Speaker and former San Francisco Mayor Willie Brown . Six weeks later , a grassroots petition was launched seeking to rename the entire two - bridge system for Emperor Norton . In September 2013 , the petition 's author launched a nonprofit , The Emperor 's Bridge Campaign , that advocates for adding a name to honor Emperor Norton ( rather than `` renaming '' the bridge ) and that undertakes other efforts to advance Norton 's legacy . 2014 ( edit ) The state legislative resolution naming the western section of the Bay Bridge the `` Willie L. Brown , Jr. , Bridge '' passed the Assembly in August 2013 and the Senate in September 2013 . A ceremony was held on February 11 , 2014 , marking the resolution and the installation of signs on either end of the section . The larger entity of which the western section is a part retains the separate and independent designation `` San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge '' . Alexander Zuckermann Bike path ( edit ) The pedestrian and bicycle route on the eastern section opened on September 3 , 2013 , and is named after Alexander Zuckermann , founding chair of the East Bay Bicycle Coalition . This forms a transbay route for the San Francisco Bay Trail . Until October 2016 , the path did not connect to Yerba Buena and Treasure Island sidewalks , due to the need to demolish more of the old eastern section before final construction . As of December 2016 , the path is open only on weekends and holidays from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. `` to ensure public safety during torch cutting and other old Bay Bridge demolition activities . '' This work is expected to be completed in 2017 . Financing and tolls ( edit ) When the Bay Bridge opened in 1936 , the toll was 65 cents , collected in each direction . Within months , the toll was lowered to 50 cents in order to compete with the ferry system , and finally to 25 cents since this was shown sufficient to pay off the original revenue bonds on schedule . As with other bridges of the era , passage was supposed to become free after completion of the repayment of the original bonds . In the interest of reducing the cost of collecting tolls and of building additional toll booths , all bridges in the Bay Area were converted to collect tolls in only one direction , with the toll amount collected doubled . Tolls on the Bay Bridge are now only collected from westbound traffic . Because the toll plaza is on the Oakland side , the western span is a de facto non-tolled bridge , as traffic between Yerba Buena Island and the main part of San Francisco can freely cross back and forth . Tolls were subsequently raised to finance improvements to the bridge approaches , required to connect with new freeways , and to subsidize public transit in order to reduce the traffic over the bridge . Caltrans , the state highway transportation agency , maintains seven of the eight San Francisco Bay Area bridges . ( The Golden Gate Bridge is owned and maintained by the Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . ) The basic toll ( for automobiles ) on the seven state bridges was raised to $1 by Regional Measure 1 , approved by Bay Area voters in 1988 . A $1 seismic retrofit surcharge was added in 1998 by the state legislature , originally for eight years , but since then extended to December 2037 ( AB1171 , October 2001 ) . On March 2 , 2004 , voters approved Regional Measure 2 , raising the toll by another dollar to a total of $3 . An additional dollar was added to the toll starting January 1 , 2007 , to cover cost overruns concerning the replacement of the eastern span . The Metropolitan Transportation Commission , a regional transportation agency , in its capacity as the Bay Area Toll Authority , administers RM1 and RM2 funds , a significant portion of which are allocated to public transit capital improvements and operating subsidies in the transportation corridors served by the bridges . Caltrans administers the `` second dollar '' seismic surcharge , and receives some of the MTC - administered funds to perform other maintenance work on the bridges . The Bay Area Toll Authority is made up of appointed officials put in place by various city and county governments , and is not subject to direct voter oversight . Due to further funding shortages for seismic retrofit projects , the Bay Area Toll Authority again raised tolls on all Bay Area bridges in its control ( this excludes the Golden Gate Bridge ) in July 2010 . The toll rate for autos on other Bay Area bridges was increased to US $5 , but in the Bay Bridge a variable pricing tolling scheme based on congestion was implemented . The Bay Bridge congestion pricing scheme charges a US $6 toll from 5 a.m. to 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. , Monday through Friday . During weekends cars pay US $5 . Carpools before the implementation were exempted but now they pay US $2.50 , and the carpool toll discount is now also available only to drivers with FasTrak electronic toll devices . The toll remained at the previous toll of US $4 at all other times on weekdays . The Bay Area Toll Authority reported that by October 2010 fewer users are driving during the peak hours and more vehicles are crossing the Bay Bridge before and after the 5 -- 10 a.m. period in which the congestion toll goes into effect . Commute delays in the first six months dropped by an average of 15 % compared with 2009 . For vehicles with more than two axles , the toll rate is US $5 per axle , regardless of the time of day . Panorama showing the West span , 2007 See also ( edit ) Bridges portal California portal San Francisco Bay Area portal 49 - Mile Scenic Drive Bay Bridge Troll Cosco Busan oil spill Treasure Island Development Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` National Register of Historic Places Registration Form '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service -- USDoI . Retrieved July 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge Archived November 1 , 2010 , at WebCite ^ Jump up to : `` Traffic Census Program '' . California Department of Transportation . 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Traffic Volumes : Annual Average Daily Traffic ^ Jump up to : `` San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge '' . Metropolitan Transportation Commission . Bay Area Toll Authority . 2014 -- 15 . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . 45.5 million toll - paid vehicles ( 91.0 million trips ) annually CS1 maint : Date format ( link ) Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge ( West ) '' . Structurae . Nicolas Janberg . May 12 , 2006 . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge ( East ) '' . Structurae . Nicolas Janberg . February 28 , 2007 . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2008 Named Freeways , Highways , Structures and Other Appurtenances in California ( PDF ) . California Department of Transportation . January 2009 . p. 41 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First Cars Cross SF - Oakland Bay Bridge 's New Span '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge wins Excellence in Structural Engineering honor '' . Press releases . California Department of Transportation . September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thoughts on the Bay Bridge 's old eastern span fading into history '' . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Oakland Bay Bridge '' . Bay Bridge Public Information Office . September 8 , 2009 . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Self - Anchored Suspension ( SAS ) Span '' . Caltrans . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 15 , 2010 . Anticipated Completion Date : late 2013 ^ Jump up to : `` Yerba Buena Crossing ( Contract No. 04 - 5 ) -- As Built Drawings '' Caltrans 2006 Jump up ^ Richards , Gary ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` From the Two Trees to the Sig Sanchez : Bay Area road nicknames explained '' . San Jose Mercury News . Bay Area News Group . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rebounding Economy Prompts Rise in Freeway Congestion '' ( Press release ) . Metropolitan Transportation Commission . September 14 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Caltrans District 4 Bicycle Resources '' . California Department of Transportation . July 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Complimentary to Selby , Ralston and Otis . '' . San Francisco Real Estate Circular. April 1872 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Herel , Suzanne ( December 15 , 2004 ) . `` Emperor Norton 's name may yet span the bay '' . San Francisco Chronicle . pp. A -- 1 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Crane , Lorin P. ( April 1913 ) . `` Proposed Suspension Bridge Over San Francisco Bay '' . Overland Monthly . 61 ( 4 ) : 375 -- 77 . ^ Jump up to : `` The San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge Facts at a glance '' . Caltrans toll bridge program . California Department of Transportation . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Nolte , Carl ( May 7 , 1997 ) . `` The Navy 's Last Detail '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved August 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Billions for Building '' . Time . XXII ( 4 ) . New York . July 24 , 1933 . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Building the Bay Bridge : 1930s vs. today '' . August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Leboski , pp. 339 -- 40 Jump up ^ `` World 's Largest Bridge rest on sunken skyscrapers '' Popular Science , February 1935 Jump up ^ Petroski , p. 340 Jump up ^ Reisner , p. 113 Jump up ^ San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge Lower Deck Eastbound Drive https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f9Eo5-PpPVU&t=4m4s Jump up ^ `` Two Bay Area Bridges '' . U.S. Department of Transportation . January 18 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Caltrans Facts / Information '' . Caltrans . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2007 . Retrieved February 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` US Bay Bridge Half Dollar Commemorative History - Coin Community '' . www.coincommunity.com . Jump up ^ Ford , Robert S. Red Trains in the East Bay ( 1977 ) Interurbans Publications ISBN 978 - 0 - 916374 - 27 - 3 p. 258 Jump up ^ Swenerton , Jeff . `` When Trains Ruled the East Bay '' . Jump up ^ Bernard McGloin , John ( 1978 ) . San Francisco , the Story of a City . San Francisco ( California ) : Presidio Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89141 - 045 - 4 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Jet Smashes Into Bay Span '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . United Press International . February 12 , 1968 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Bay Bridge rammed by Navy jet trainer '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . Associated Press . February 12 , 1968 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Battle of the Bay Bridge '' . Check-Six.com. 2002 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` East Span News '' . California Department of Transportation . May 2002 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wollan , Malia ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` Long - Overshadowed Bay Bridge Will Go From Drab Gray to Glowing '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Egelko , Bob ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Bay Bridge light show will go on '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 ... the nonprofit Illuminate the Arts announced Wednesday that it had raised the needed $4 million to reinstall the `` Bay Lights '' as a permanent fixture on the western end of the bridge . Jump up ^ Cuff , Denis ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Bay Bridge light sculpture turns back on Saturday night '' . Contra Costa Times . Retrieved January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ The Bay Lights ( thebaylights.org ) Jump up ^ Bay Bridge light display dazzles San Francisco Includes video ( following a too - long advertisement ) Jump up ^ `` Historic Earthquakes '' . United States Geological Survey . January 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ali Khan , Mohiuddin ( August 12 , 2014 ) . Accelerated Bridge Construction : Best Practices and Techniques ( 1 ed . ) . Elsevier . p. 282 . ISBN 9780124072244 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( September 13 , 2013 ) . `` Bay Bridge eastern span opens '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ DiGiacomo , Janet ( September 6 , 2009 ) . `` Officials : Crack may keep Bay Bridge closed past Tuesday '' . San Francisco , California : CNN . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved September 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Dearen , Jason ; Sudhin Thanawala ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` Bay Bridge failure stirs fear , anger over new span '' . San Francisco Examiner . Associated Press . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Emergency repair and detour connection completed on Bay Bridge . '' . Press Release . Bay Bridge Public Information Office . September 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Cabanatuan ; Jaxon Van Derbeken ; Jill Tucker ; Carolyn Jones ( October 29 , 2009 ) . `` Bridge parts could n't take the wind '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bay Bridge Closed for Eyebar Assessment and Repair Caltrans . Retrieved October 29 , 2009 . Archived November 2 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ photograph of bridge damage by commuter directly behind it Archived October 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bay Bridge closed indefinitely . KGO - TV - 7 ABC7News . October 28 , 2009 , 9 : 33 pm . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , John ; Leff , Lisa ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` Tough commute likely after Bay Bridge rod snaps '' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jason Dearin ; Sudhin Thanawala ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` No estimate when Bay Bridge will open '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michael Cabanatuan ; Justin Berton ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` Bay Bridge closed after repair falls apart '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bay Bridge will remain closed for ' a few days ' '' . Los Angeles Times . October 28 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Jones , Carolyn ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` Bay Bridge stays closed '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Denis Cuff ; Janis Mara ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` Extra ferry , BART trains planned for morning commute '' . Contra Costa Times . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ KSBW Action News Sunrise ( 5 - 7am ) , October 28 , 2009 ^ Jump up to : `` Named Freeways , Highways , Structures and Other Appurtenances in California '' , California Department of Transportation , 2013 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ The Emperor 's Bridge Campaign , `` Emperor Norton 's Bridge Proclamations '' . Jump up ^ The Emperor 's Bridge Campaign , `` 1939 Plaque '' . Archived October 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Emperor 's Bridge Campaign , `` Naming Efforts '' . Archived October 28 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Resolution in Support of the Emperor Norton Bridge , introduced to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors by District 3 Supervisor Aaron Peskin , 2004 . Archived December 15 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ California Legislature , 2013 -- 14 Regular Session , Assembly Concurrent Resolution No. 65 -- Relative to the Willie L. Brown , Jr . Bridge , June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Justin Slaughter , `` Petition to name Bay Bridge after Emperor Norton gains 1,000 signatures '' , San Francisco Bay Guardian , August 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Official California Legislative Information , `` Documents associated with ACR 65 '' , Legislative Counsel of California . Jump up ^ `` Behold the Willie L. Brown Jr . Bridge '' . KQED News . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bicycle Die - Hards Test Out Bay Bridge Bike Path '' . NBC News . September 3 , 2013 . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No longer the Bay Bridge Trail to nowhere '' . SFGate . October 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN PATH - Bay Bridge Info '' . www.baybridgeinfo.org . Jump up ^ Regional Measure 1 Toll Bridge Program . bata.mtc.ca.gov ; Bay Area Toll Authority . Archived November 1 , 2010 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Dutra , John ( October 14 , 2001 ) . `` AB 1171 Assembly Bill -- Chaptered '' . California State Assembly . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` About MTC '' . Metropolitan Transportation Commission . October 15 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Toll Questions '' . Bay Area Toll Authority . June 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Toll Increase Information '' . Bay Area Toll Authority . June 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2010 . Retrieved June 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Michael Cabanatuan ( May 13 , 2010 ) . `` Reminder : Bridge tolls go up July 1 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Michael Cabanatuan ( January 12 , 2011 ) . `` Conflicting findings on Bay Bridge congestion toll '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bay Bridge Traffic Decreases After Congestion Pricing '' . CBS News San Francisco . January 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Toll Increase Information : Multi-Axle Vehicles '' . Bay Area Toll Authority . July 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 29 , 2013 . References ( edit ) `` Findings and Recommendation For Completion of the Main Span of the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge East Span Seismic Safety Project '' ( PDF ) . Toll Bridge Seismic Retrofit Program . California Department of Transportation . December 8 , 2004 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved July 13 , 2008 . Petroski , Henry . ( 1995 ) . Engineers of Dreams : Great Bridge Builders and the Spanning of America . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 43939 - 0 . Reisner , Marc ( 1999 ) . A Dangerous Place : California 's Unsettling Fate . Penguin Books . Russell , Ron ( March 17 , 2004 ) . `` A Bridge Too Weak ? '' . SF Weekly . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 . San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge East Span Seismic Safety Project . Retrieved August 24 , 2005 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge . Official sites : baybridgeinfo.org Site by Caltrans about all current construction on the bridge . California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) official Bay Bridge site Books : `` San Francisco To Have World 's Greatest Bridge '' , March 1931 , Popular Science `` The Titan Of Bridges '' , January 1933 , Popular Mechanics `` Giant Switchboard Controls Lights on Longest Bridge '' Popular Mechanics , January 1937 Media : Building the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge ( 1937 documentary ) United States Steel movie documentary on the building of the Bay Bridge ( YouTube video 17 minutes ) . Film of the building of the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge . EarthCam San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge Construction time - lapse Lower Deck Rail and Roadway Off Ramps , 1939 , Dorothea Lange photo San Francisco - Oakland Bay Bridge Construction Collection MSS 722 . Special Collections & Archives , UC San Diego Library . Other : `` Symphonies in Steel : Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate '' at The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco `` New Bay Bridge '' . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2007 . San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge ( New East Span ) at Structurae San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge ( West Span ) at Structurae San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge ( Old East Span ) at Structurae HAER CA - 32 ( scanned ) Historic American Engineering Record ( SFOBB ) , history to 1999 , 322 pages . Live Toll Prices for San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge ( hide ) Crossings of the San Francisco Bay South San Mateo -- Hayward Bridge San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge North Transbay Tube The Transbay Tube crosses the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge , so it is both north and south of the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge . San Francisco attractions Landmarks 49 - Mile Drive Alcatraz Bay Bridge Cable Cars The Castro Chinatown City Hall Cliff House Coit Tower F - Market Streetcar Fairmont Hotel Federal Reserve Bank Ferry Building Fisherman 's Wharf Fort Mason Fort Point Ghirardelli Square Golden Gate Bridge Grace Cathedral Haight - Ashbury Jack Kerouac Alley Lombard Street Mark Hopkins Hotel Market Street Mission Dolores Nob Hill North Beach Old U.S. Mint Painted ladies Palace of Fine Arts Pier 39 Public Library Sutro Baths Sutro Tower Transamerica Pyramid Treasure Island Union Square Museums and art Asian Art Museum Aquarium of the Bay Cable Car Museum California Academy of Sciences Cartoon Art Museum Children 's Creativity Museum Chinese Historical Society Museum Conservatory of Flowers Contemporary Jewish Museum The Walt Disney Family Museum de Young Museum Exploratorium Haas - Lilienthal House Legion of Honor Musée Mécanique Museo ItaloAmericano Museum of Performance & Design Museum of the African Diaspora Precita Eyes Randall Museum Ripley 's Believe It or Not ! San Francisco Museum of Modern Art San Francisco Maritime Railway Museum USS Pampanito Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts Parks and recreation Alamo Square Bay Area Ridge Trail Candlestick Point Corona Heights Crissy Field Dolores Park Glen Canyon Golden Gate National Recreation Area Golden Gate Park Lafayette Park Lake Merced Marina Green McLaren Park Mount Davidson Mount Sutro Ocean Beach The Presidio San Francisco Bay Trail San Francisco Zoo Stern Grove Twin Peaks Yerba Buena Gardens Views Coit Tower Twin Peaks Seal Rocks / Ocean Beach Baker Beach Golden Gate Bridge Fort Funston Hamon Observation Tower at the de Young Museum Strawberry Hill Crissy Field Pacific Heights Alamo Square / Painted Ladies Top of the Mark Alcatraz Treasure Island Lombard Street Powell - Hyde Cable Car Ferry Building Bernal Hill 49 - Mile Scenic Drive Hawk Hill Fort Baker Entertainment American Conservatory Theater Bill Graham Civic Auditorium Cow Palace The Fillmore War Memorial and Performing Arts Center Yerba Buena Center for the Arts Sports San Francisco Giants AT&T Park Candlestick Park Kezar Stadium Food and drink Anchor Steam Boudin Bakery Buena Vista Cafe Dungeness crab Ghirardelli Square Tadich Grill Tonga Room & Hurricane Bar Top of the Mark Shopping Metreon Stonestown Galleria Union Square Westfield San Francisco Centre National Register of Historic Places listings in San Francisco U.S. National Register of Historic Places Topics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by states Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated states Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia Morocco Portal Oakland , California Economy Port of Oakland List of companies Education Higher education California College of the Arts Holy Names University Laney College Lincoln University Merritt College Mills College Samuel Merritt University Patten University Primary and secondary education Oakland USD Castlemont High Coliseum College Prep Academy Fremont High McClymonds High MetWest High Oakland High Oakland Technical High Skyline High American Indian Model Schools High School The Crucible Bishop O'Dowd High School The College Preparatory School Head - 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Wild card (sports)
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Wild card ( sports ) - wikipedia Wild card ( sports ) Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A wild card ( or wildcard , or wild - card ) is , in general , a tournament or playoff berth awarded to an individual or team that has not qualified through normal play . Contents ( hide ) 1 International sports 2 North America 2.1 Major League Baseball 2.1. 1 Wild - card World Series champions 2.1. 2 Wild - card World Series losers 2.2 National Football League 2.2. 1 Wild Card Super Bowl champions 2.2. 2 Other Wild Card Super Bowl participants 2.3 National Basketball Association 2.4 National Hockey League 2.5 Major League Soccer 3 Professional tennis 3.1 Notable wildcards 4 Motorsport 4.1 Motorcycle racing 4.2 Auto racing 5 Use outside North America 5.1 Olympics 5.2 Euroleague 5.3 FIBA Basketball World Cup 5.4 European club rugby competitions 5.5 Super Rugby 5.6 Philippine Basketball Association 5.7 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final 5.8 International association football ( soccer ) 5.9 All - Ireland Senior Football Championship 5.10 Road cycling 6 References International sports ( edit ) In international sports , the term is perhaps best known in reference to big international sporting events such as the Olympic Games and Wimbledon . Countries which fail to produce athletes who meet qualification standards are granted `` wild cards '' , which allow them to enter competitors whose proven abilities are below the standard otherwise required . In some instances , wild cards are given to the host nation in order to boost its chances . In Olympic and World Championship competitions in track and field and swimming , however , nations are automatically allowed to enter two competitors , so these instances are technically not wild cards . In some other Olympic sports , such as judo , archery , and badminton , wild cards are in use , and they are granted by the respective sport federations . On rare occasions , a competitor who had gained entry by wild card succeeds in winning a medal or the championship . For example , Kye Sun - Hui won gold in judo at the 1996 Summer Olympics , Ding Junhui won the 2005 China Open snooker championship , Goran Ivanišević won the 2001 Wimbledon Championships , Kim Clijsters won the 2009 US Open , and Lin Dan won the 2013 BWF World Championships . North America ( edit ) In North American professional sports leagues , `` wild card '' refers to a team that qualifies for the championship playoffs without winning their specific conference or division outright . The number of wild card teams varies . In most cases , the rules of the league call for the wild card team to survive an extra round or to play the majority of their postseason games away from home . The term `` wild card '' does not apply to postseason formats where a set number of teams per division qualify . Former examples include : the American Football League 's 1969 playoffs ( qualifying the top two finishers from each division ) , the National Basketball Association 's 1967 - through - 1970 playoffs ( top four finishers from each division ) and 1971 -- 1972 playoffs ( top two finishers in each division ) , and the National Hockey League 's 1968 -- 1974 and 1982 -- 1993 playoffs ( top four finishers from each division ) are not true wild - card formats . When a wild - card playoff format is used , the number of teams in a division that qualify is not fixed ; the divisional champion automatically qualifies , but non-division winners qualify , based either on league record or conference record . Major league Baseball ( edit ) See also : Major League Baseball wild card , List of AL Wildcard winners , List of NL Wildcard winners , Major League Baseball division winners ( and wild - card winners ) and Major League Baseball wild - card game In Major League Baseball ( MLB ) , wild - card playoff spots are given to the two teams in each league ( four teams overall ) with the best records among the non-division winners . The initial wild - card format was implemented after MLB expanded to 28 teams and realigned its two leagues to each have three divisions . Since a three - team playoff would require one team to receive a bye , the wild card was created to allow a fourth team . The wild card has been in effect since 1995 , although it was supposed to be used in 1994 ; the postseason was canceled due to the players ' strike . In 2012 , a second wild card was added to each league . The two wild card teams in each league face each other in a one - game playoff , with the winner facing the number 1 seed in the Division Series . The advantages of the wild card format are that it allows a second - ( or third - ) place team a chance to win the World Series , even if there is a dominant division winner . As the wild cards are not awarded by division , the additional teams are part of league - wide races for the fourth and fifth spots . Critics of the wild card , such as broadcaster Bob Costas in his book Fair Ball : A Fan 's Case for Baseball , have argued that , of the four major North American sports , baseball , having the most regular - season games ( now 162 ) , places the largest importance on the regular season , and the wild cards diminish the importance of the regular season by permitting a `` second banana '' team to make the playoffs , and that while it creates a league - wide race , it is for second place ( and maybe third place ) in a division , and takes away what would otherwise be a pennant race between first - and second - place teams , and can lead to teams playing for the wild card rather than to win the division . The second wild card was added in 2012 to address the issue of teams being content to rest players and win the wild card instead of trying to win the division . Also , because of the `` sudden - death '' round , these teams often use their best starting pitcher , leaving them unavailable for much of the Division Series . A wild - card team must surrender home - field advantage the first two rounds of the playoffs . For the World Series , however , home - field advantage is determined without reference to wild - card status . Prior to 2003 , it was decided by alternating each year between the American and National Leagues . From 2003 to 2016 , it was granted to the winner of the All - Star Game . Since 2017 , it has been granted to the team with the better record . In the 2002 World Series , both the Anaheim Angels and the San Francisco Giants were wild - card teams , as were the Giants and the Kansas City Royals in the 2014 World Series . The World Series champions in 1997 , 2003 , 2004 , and 2011 were also wild - card teams . Wild - card World Series champions ( edit ) 1997 Florida Marlins 2002 Anaheim Angels 2003 Florida Marlins 2004 Boston Red Sox 2011 St. Louis Cardinals 2014 San Francisco Giants Wild - card World Series losers ( edit ) 2000 New York Mets 2002 San Francisco Giants 2005 Houston Astros 2006 Detroit Tigers 2007 Colorado Rockies 2014 Kansas City Royals National Football league ( edit ) Main article : NFL playoffs In the National Football League ( NFL ) , each of the two conferences sends two wild - card teams along with four division champions to its postseason . The first round of the playoffs is called the `` Wild Card Round '' . In this round , each conference 's two best ( by regular - season record ) division champions are exempted from play and granted automatic berths in the `` Divisional Round '' . The four division champions are seeded from # 1 through # 4 , while the two wild card teams are seeded # 5 and # 6 ; within these separations , seeding is by regular - season record . In the `` Wild Card Round '' , the # 6 team ( a wild card team ) plays against the # 3 team ( a division champion ) , and the # 5 team ( a wild card team ) plays against the # 4 team ( a division champion ) . The division champions have automatic home - field advantage in these games . In the `` Divisional Round '' , the worst seeded remaining team plays the # 1 seeded team , while the best seeded remaining team that played in the wildcard round plays the # 2 seed . Both the # 1 seed and # 2 seed have home - field advantage in the divisional round . The NFL was the first league ever to use the wild - card format . When the league realigned into two conferences of three divisions each in 1970 , it wanted an even four - team playoff field in each conference . This was established by having the three division champions in each conference joined by the best second - place finisher in the conference . At first , this team was referred as the `` Best Second - Place Team '' ( or sometimes simply as the `` Fourth Qualifier '' ) . The media , however , began referring to the qualifying teams as `` wild cards '' . Eventually , the NFL officially adopted the term . During the 1975 , 1976 , and 1977 seasons , the divisional playoffs featured the # 1 seed hosting the wild card team and the # 2 seed hosting the # 3 seed unless the # 1 seed and wild card team were divisional rivals . In that case , the # 1 seed hosted the # 3 seed and the # 2 seed hosted the wild card team . This was also the format used in Major League Baseball from 1995 through 2011 . In 1978 , the playoffs were expanded to 10 teams ; however , the restriction against teams in the same division playing each other in the divisional round continued until the playoffs expanded to 12 teams in 1990 . During this time , the # 1 seed hosted the winner of the # 4 vs # 5 wild card game , while the # 2 seed played the # 3 seed . If the # 1 seed and the winner of the # 4 vs # 5 wild card game were in the same division , then the # 1 seed played the # 3 seed , while the # 2 seed played the # 4 vs # 5 winner . When Major League Baseball expanded its playoffs to 10 teams in 2012 , it also used this format , although teams in the same division could play each other in the Division Series . From 1970 through 1974 , the NFL used a rotation to determine which teams would host conference semifinal and final games , and which teams would play which other teams ( coincidentally , baseball also used a rotation when it began to have this number of teams , for both of the aforementioned purposes , from 1995 -- 1997 before switching to the seeding method ) . The number of wild - card qualifiers was expanded to two per conference in 1978 -- the divisional winners were granted a bye week while the wild card teams played ( hence the origin of the phrase `` Wild Card Round '' ) . Like wild card teams before , the wild card game winner played the # 1 seed , or the # 2 seed if they and the # 1 seed were divisional rivals . The playoffs were expanded again to three wild cards per conference in 1990 ( or 12 teams total , which remains now ) with the lowest ranked divisional winner losing its bye . Following the addition of the Houston Texans in 2002 , the league added a fourth division to each conference . The league decided not to change the number of playoff teams , and thus the number of wild card qualifiers was reduced to two per conference , with the two lowest ranked divisional winners not receiving byes . The term `` Wild Card Round '' continues to be used for the opening weekend of NFL playoffs , even though that weekend has involved both wild card and non-wild card teams since 1990 . As of the start of the 2017 season , there has never been a meeting of two wild card teams in the Super Bowl . Wild Card Super Bowl champions ( edit ) 1980 Oakland Raiders -- Super Bowl XV ( played in 1981 ) 1997 Denver Broncos -- Super Bowl XXXII ( played in 1998 ) 2000 Baltimore Ravens -- Super Bowl XXXV ( played in 2001 ) 2005 Pittsburgh Steelers -- Super Bowl XL ( played in 2006 ) 2007 New York Giants -- Super Bowl XLII ( played in 2008 ) 2010 Green Bay Packers -- Super Bowl XLV ( played in 2011 ) Other wild card Super Bowl participants ( edit ) 1975 Dallas Cowboys -- Super Bowl X ( played in 1976 ) 1985 New England Patriots -- Super Bowl XX ( played in 1986 ) 1992 Buffalo Bills -- Super Bowl XXVII ( played in 1993 ) 1999 Tennessee Titans -- Super Bowl XXXIV ( played in 2000 ) The 1980 Raiders , 2005 Steelers , and 1992 Bills tied for first in their division but lost a tiebreaker . While not a wild card team , the 1969 Kansas City Chiefs were the first non-division winner to win the Super Bowl . They finished second in the Western Division of the American Football League , and in that season , the last before the merger , the AFL went from having its two division winners meeting for the league title to adding a second round in which the second place team in each division qualified for the post-season . These teams played cross-division in the semifinal round . Thus the Chiefs , who finished second in the West , defeated the East Division champion New York Jets in the AFL semifinals and then defeated the West Division champion Oakland Raiders to advance to Super Bowl IV , where they beat the Minnesota Vikings . Because the term `` wild card '' was not instituted until the following year , the Chiefs are not included in the above list , but are recognized as the first team to win the Super Bowl without winning a division title . National Basketball Association ( edit ) Main article : NBA playoffs Although the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) include wild - card teams in their playoff structures , the term `` wild card '' is seldom used ; instead , each playoff team is most commonly denoted by its seeding position within the conference . In the NBA , division champions within each conference were given the # 1 - 3 seeds based on their regular - season records . The two fourth - placed wild - card teams are awarded the # 7 and # 8 seeds , respectively , also based on their regular - season records . In the NBA playoffs , home court advantage is determined strictly by regular - season record , without regard to seeding . Before the 2006 -- 07 NBA season , the NBA seeded its teams in the same manner as the NHL . Until 2015 , the NBA seeds the three division winners and the wild - card team with the best record by regular - season record . This means that the wild - card with the best record got a seed as high as # 2 ( if that team is in the same division as the team with the best record in the conference ) ; however , the next four wild - card teams will still be limited to the # 5 through # 8 seeds . This change was made to ensure that the two best teams in each conference could not meet until the conference final , and also ( allegedly ) to try and eliminate incentives for a playoff - bound team to deliberately lose games at the end of the regular season in order to `` choose '' a higher - seeded team that has won fewer games ( and , due to the unique home - court rules of the NBA , possibly gain home - court advantage for that series ) . Since the 2015 - 16 NBA season , the seeded teams are ranked by percentage unless the team wins a division in a tiebreaker . In the NBA , the winner of the # 1 vs. # 8 series goes on to face the winner of the # 5 vs. # 4 series , while the winner of the # 2 vs. # 7 series faces the winner of the # 6 vs. # 3 series . Notice that the winner of the # 1 vs. # 8 series will usually play against a wild - card team in the Conference Semifinals ; this is arranged deliberately to `` reward '' the # 1 seeded team by giving it the most winnable matchups in the first and second rounds . National Hockey league ( edit ) Main article : Stanley Cup playoffs In the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , the first , second , and third place teams in each division qualify for the playoffs automatically , and two additional teams , regardless of divisional alignment , also qualify by having the best records among the remaining teams in the conference . These teams are referred to as the Wild Cards . The division champions play the Wild Cards , while the second and third placed teams in each division play each other ; therefore the bracket is fixed , like the NBA . Home ice advantage is given to the higher seed division-wise , with the better record being used in the Conference Finals and Stanley Cup Finals . From 1999 until 2013 , division champions within each conference were given the # 1 - 3 seeds based on their regular - season records . Among the remaining teams within each conference , five additional teams with the best records are awarded seeds # 4 through # 8 . The division champions ( first - third seeds ) and the team with the best record that is n't a division champion ( fourth seed ) were given home ice advantage in the opening playoff series , in which they face the eighth - seeded through fifth - seeded teams , respectively . However , the playoff format differed slightly from that of the NBA . In the NHL , the highest winning seed of the first round played the lowest winning seed of the first round in the next round of the playoffs . For example , if the # 1 , # 4 , # 6 , and # 7 seeds win their respective first round series then the second round of the playoffs matched the # 1 seed ( highest ) versus the # 7 seed ( lowest ) and the # 4 seed ( 2nd highest ) versus the # 6 seed ( second lowest ) . Home ice advantage in each NHL playoff series prior to the Stanley Cup Finals was granted by superior seed , even if the `` wild card '' team had a better regular season record . For the Finals , the team with the better record will receive home ice advantage . Major league soccer ( edit ) Main article : MLS Cup Playoffs Major League Soccer ( MLS ) , the top level of soccer ( football ) in both countries , used a wild card format starting in its 2011 playoffs . The top three teams from each of its two conferences automatically qualified for the conference semifinals , while the four remaining teams with the highest point totals in league play , without regard to conference , earned `` wild cards '' into the playoffs . The wild card matches were single games , with the # 7 seed hosting the # 10 seed and the # 8 seed hosting the # 9 seed . The lowest surviving seed then played the Supporters ' Shield winner ( i.e. , the team with the highest point total ) , while the other surviving wild card played the top seed in the other conference . The `` wild card '' format was revamped for the 2012 season . Since 2015 , the top six teams from each conference qualify for the playoffs , with the # 1 & # 2 seeds in each conference automatically qualifying for the conference semifinals , and seeds # 3 - 6 in each conference being wild cards . The lowest - seeded winner ( played between the # 4 & # 5 , and # 3 & # 6 seeds ) in each conference plays the # 1 seed , and the next - lowest playing the # 2 seed in the conference semifinals . Professional tennis ( edit ) In professional tennis tournaments , a wild card refers to a tournament entry awarded to a player at the discretion of the organizers . All ATP and WTA tournaments have a few spots set aside for wild cards in both the main draw , and the qualifying draw , for players who otherwise would not have made either of these draws with their professional ranking . They are usually awarded to players from the home and / or sponsoring country ( sometimes after a tournament where the winner is awarded the wild card ) , promising young players , players that are likely to draw a large crowd , have won the tournament earlier or players who were once ranked higher and are attempting a comeback ( for instance , following a long - term injury ) . High ranked players can also ask for a wild card if they want to enter a non-mandatory tournament after the normal entry deadline , for example because they lost early in another tournament . This means a wild card player sometimes becomes the top seed . Three of the Grand Slam tournaments swap some wild cards : the Australian Open , French Open , and US Open . A New York Times journalist has described this practice as `` nothing more than mutual back scratching '' and `` an outdated symbol of elitism '' . Notable wildcards ( edit ) In 2001 , Goran Ivanišević won the Wimbledon Men 's Singles Championships having been handed a wild - card entry by the organising All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club . At the time , he was ranked World No. 125 after a shoulder injury but had earlier reached the final three times . In 2009 , Kim Clijsters won the US Open tournament , after receiving a wild - card entry . It was her first Grand Slam tournament since announcing her comeback to the sport , having first retired in 2007 to start a family . She was a former champion and world no . 1 but was unranked since she had only played two other tournaments ( also on wild cards ) since her comeback , and three were required to get a rank . In 2012 , Jonathan Marray and Frederik Nielsen won the Wimbledon Men 's Doubles after being selected as a wildcard . They had no significant results but Marray was a home player . In 2017 , Maria Sharapova was granted a wild card to play in the US Open . She was a former champion and had ended a 15 - month doping ban earlier in the year . Motorsport ( edit ) Motorcycle racing ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In motorcycle racing the term ' wild card ' is used for competitors only involved in individual rounds of a championship , usually their local round . Local riders taking advantage of their local knowledge ( often having raced that circuit on that bike before ) and affording to take risks without planning for a championship , often upset established runners . Makoto Tamada and Shaky Byrne have both taken double victories in Superbike World Championship rounds in their home countries . The most famous wild card entry perhaps was the late Daijiro Kato with finishing 3rd at his first appearance in 1996 and then winning the Japanese 250cc Grand Prix back to back in 1997 and 1998 on his way to become the most successful 250cc World Champion of all time in 2001 . Grand Prix motorcycle racing Each Grand Prix host Federation ( FMNR ) may nominate 3 wild card entries for the Moto3 and Moto2 classes in their own Grand Prix only . The MSMA ( Motorcycle Sport Manufacturers ' Association ) may , at each event , nominate 1 wild card entry for the Moto2 and MotoGP classes . The FIM may , at each event , nominate 2 wild card entries for the Moto3 and Moto2 classes and FIM / DORNA may , at each event , nominate 1 wild card entry for the MotoGP class . Superbike World Championship Each Event host Federation ( FMNR ) may nominate 4 wild card entries for the Superbike class and 2 wild card entries for the Supersport and Superstock classes , in their own event only . The FIM may nominate 2 wild card entries for the Superbike class . Motorcycle Speedway In Motorcycle Speedway , wild cards compete in the Speedway Grand Prix events in which there is 1 wild card per competition ( until 2005 there were 2 per Grand Prix ) . As of 2014 six wild cards have won a Grand Prix : Mark Loram in 1999 , Martin Dugard in 2000 , Hans Andersen in 2006 ( later that year he replaced a permanent rider and went on to win another GP ) , Michael Jepsen Jensen in 2012 , Adrian Miedziński in 2013 and Bartosz Zmarzlik in 2014 . Auto racing ( edit ) Wild Card entries are not unknown in auto racing either , although the Concorde Agreement in modern - day Formula One requires all teams to participate in every event . John Love came close to winning the 1967 South African Grand Prix in a wild card type situation , long before the term had been coined . Although the term is rarely used in NASCAR , the concept of a road course ringer is similar . Before the late - 1990s , NEXTEL Cup and Busch Series races in the West and Northeast respectively would have several drivers from the Winston West and Busch North series , as the series regulations were very similar , and until the mid-2000s , ARCA drivers would usually attempt Cup races in the Midwest and at restrictor - plate races . During the period of the mid-1980s until 2004 , individual NASCAR races utilized the `` Promoter 's Option '' ( also known as Provisionals ) to allow a top driver / team that did not qualify for the race , the opportunity for a `` wild card '' type starting position at the end of the grid . This allowed track owners to advertise and guarantee to fans that the most popular drivers would participate in the race ( pleasing fans in attendance , and preventing no - shows ) even if the driver had an unfortunate mishap ( e.g. , blown engine ) or crash during time trials . Starting in 2005 , only the Former Champion 's Provisional remains . During the NASCAR Sprint All - Star Race ( a non-points exhibition event ) one driver who fails to qualify for the race is awarded a wild card spot via `` Fans Choice '' vote . In 2008 , Kasey Kahne , was selected as a wild card via fan vote , and went on to win the race . From 2011 to 2013 , NASCAR 's top - level Sprint Cup Series , since renamed the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series , used `` wild cards '' in a different context , namely that of qualifying for the season - ending Chase for the Sprint Cup , now rebranded as the NASCAR playoffs . In previous seasons , the top 12 drivers in championship points after the first 26 races of the season automatically qualified for the Chase , with their points reset to a point unreachable by any other driver . Under the 2011 -- 2013 system , only the top 10 drivers automatically qualified . The other two Chase qualifiers were the two drivers ranked from 11th through 20th after 26 races with the most race wins , with tiebreakers used as necessary to restrict the number of `` wild cards '' to two . Major changes to the Chase format that took effect in 2014 , most notably determining the newly expanded Chase field of 16 mainly by race wins , eliminated this type of `` wild card '' . Use outside North America ( edit ) Although the term `` wild card '' is not generally used in this context outside North America , a few competitions effectively employ such a system to determine one or more places in a future phase of a competition . Olympics ( edit ) In the Olympics , several sport governing bodies award wild cards to nations in order to further promote their sport . Sports governing bodies will either make selections or hold a tournament to determine the wild cards . One such notable wild card selection was Equatorial Guinea swimmer Eric Moussambani , who finished last in the 100m meter event in the 2000 Summer Olympics . Euroleague ( edit ) The Euroleague , a Europe - wide competition for elite basketball clubs , once had one `` wild card '' advancing from its first phase , officially the Regular Season , to its second , called the Top 16 . The rule was in place through the 2007 -- 08 season . At that time , the competition began each year with 24 clubs , divided into three groups . ( Today , the competition starts with a preliminary stage of 16 teams playing down to two survivors , who join 22 other teams in the Regular Season . ) Then as now , the groups played a double round - robin for the Regular Season , with eight clubs eliminated and the remaining clubs advancing to the Top 16 . Under the rules in place through 2007 -- 08 , the top five clubs in each group automatically advanced . The final `` wild card '' spot in the Top 16 went to the sixth - place club with the best overall record , with three potential tiebreaking steps . A coin toss is not indicated as a possible step . Starting in 2008 -- 09 , the `` wild card '' was abolished when the Regular Season was reorganized into four groups with 6 teams apiece . Now , the top four teams in each group advance to the Top 16 . No change to the tiebreakers was made . FIBA Basketball World Cup ( edit ) The world championship for basketball , the FIBA Basketball World Cup , invites four wild cards to complete its 24 - team field . Teams have to participate in qualifying for the World Cup , have to apply to be one , and FIBA is not allowed more than three teams from the same continent in order to be selected . This setup began in 2006 , where Italy , Puerto Rico , Serbia and Montenegro , and Turkey were selected by FIBA ; Turkey made the best performance , reaching the quarterfinals . In 2010 , FIBA selected Germany , Lithuania , Lebanon , and Russia as the wild cards , with Lithuania finishing third , and Russia making it to the quarterfinals . For the 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup , FIBA selected Brazil , Finland , Greece , and Turkey ; 2014 will be the last time FIBA will select wild cards , as the 2019 FIBA Basketball World Cup would no longer have wild cards when it expands to 32 teams . The perennial top two FIBA Oceania team namely Australia and New Zealand as wild card teams of FIBA Asia Cup 2017 in Lebanon . These two teams are also part of FIBA Asia in Basketball tournaments including FIBA World Qualifying Tournament for FIBA World Cup 2019 in China . European club Rugby competitions ( edit ) Rugby union 's analogue to the Euroleague is the European Rugby Champions Cup , which replaced the previous top - level club competition , the Heineken Cup , starting with the 2014 -- 15 season . The Champions Cup maintains a system originally created for the Heineken Cup in which some `` wild card '' teams advance to the competition 's knockout stages . Also starting in 2014 -- 15 , the organiser of the Champions Cup , European Professional Club Rugby , introduced this type of `` wild card '' to the second - level European Rugby Challenge Cup . During the last five seasons of the Heineken Cup ( 2009 -- 10 to 2013 -- 14 ) , another `` wild card '' system allowed teams to parachute into the original European Challenge Cup , which has now been replaced by the current Challenge Cup . This was scrapped with the creation of the current Challenge Cup . Both the Champions Cup and current Challenge Cup involve 20 clubs ( compared to 24 in the Heineken Cup and 20 in the original Challenge Cup ) , divided into pools of four clubs with each club playing a double round - robin within its pool . In both competitions , eight clubs advance to the knockout stages . The top club in each pool advances ; the three `` wild card '' places are filled by the second - place clubs with the best overall records . For the Champions Cup , the number of wild cards increased by one from the Heineken Cup era ; both versions of the Challenge Cup had three wild cards , but the original version filled them in an entirely different manner . In the final years of the Heineken Cup , starting in 2009 -- 10 and ending with the 2014 reorganisation of European club rugby , the three second - place teams with the next - best records after those that advanced to the Heineken Cup knockout stage parachuted into the Challenge Cup . The tiebreaking procedure used to determine overall seeding , which was devised in the Heineken Cup era and carried over intact into the current era , is almost as elaborate as that of the NFL , with a total of seven steps ( a coin flip is the last ) . Prior to 2009 -- 10 , the original Challenge Cup also had `` wild card '' teams entering its knockout stages . The top club in each pool advanced to the knockout stage , along with the three second - place teams with the best records , using the same tiebreaking procedure as the Heineken Cup . Starting in 2009 -- 10 , only the winner of each pool entered the knockout stage , to be joined by the teams parachuting in from the Heineken Cup . As noted above , with the creation of the new Challenge Cup , that competition abandoned this system in favour of the system used in the Champions Cup . Super Rugby ( edit ) The Super Rugby competition , involving regional franchises from Australia , New Zealand , and South Africa , adopted a new playoff system with `` wild cards '' when it expanded to 15 teams in 2011 . In its previous incarnations as Super 12 and Super 14 ( each number reflecting the number of teams in the competition ) , it used a Shaughnessy playoff system in which the top four teams advanced to a knockout stage . The expansion to 15 teams led to major changes in the competition format . Through the 2015 season , the competition was divided into three conferences of five teams each , with every conference consisting solely of teams from one of the participating countries . At the end of the regular season , the winners of each conference received playoff berths . These teams were joined by three `` wild cards '' , specifically the three non-winners with the most competition points without regard to conference . ( Tiebreakers were employed as necessary . ) With the expansion of Super Rugby to 18 teams in 2016 , featuring a permanent sixth franchise for South Africa and new teams based in Argentina and Japan , the competition format was changed again . The competition is now divided into the Australasian Group , including all Australian and New Zealand teams , and the African Group , consisting of the South African teams plus the Argentine and Japanese franchises . In turn , the Australasian Group is divided into Australia and New Zealand Conferences , and the African Group is split into Africa 1 and Africa 2 Conferences . As in the 2011 -- 15 system , the conference winners will receive playoff berths . The number of wild cards will increase to four , with the three top non-winners from the Australasian Group and the top non-winner from the African Group , again based on competition points , earning those spots . Philippine Basketball Association ( edit ) In the Philippine Basketball Association , the playoffs are done after an elimination ( in 2005 - 06 , a classification ) round where the top two teams with the best records are given semi-final byes , the next 3 are given quarterfinal byes , the next 4 are given entry to the wildcard phase , and the tenth team is eliminated . The winner of the wild card playoffs , varying in format from a round - robin , a single - elimination or sudden death , usually meets the strongest quarterfinalist ( the 3rd seed ) . The wild card winner 's next opponent for the quarterfinals rested while the wild card phase was ongoing so the chance of advancing to the semi-finals ( in which a team rested longer ) is slim . The only wild card champion are the 7th - seeded Barangay Ginebra Kings in the 2004 PBA Fiesta Conference after 7 years of championship drought they made an epic run all the way to the throne , in which the top 2 teams were given semifinal byes while the bottom eight went through a knock - out wild card tournament . Since the addition of the quarterfinal bye , no wild card has entered the Finals , although the Air21 Express won the third - place trophy at the 2005 - 06 PBA Fiesta Conference . The wild card set up was no longer used when the league reverted to the 3 - conference format starting from the 2010 -- 11 PBA season . Isu Grand Prix of figure skating final ( edit ) For both the junior and senior Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final ( which starting in the 2008 -- 2009 figure skating season will be merged into a single two - division event ) , the hosting federation may issue a wild card invitation to one of their own skaters should no skater from the host country qualify for the event through the Grand Prix circuit . Use of the wild card has not been common ; however , it was used at the 2007 -- 2008 Junior Grand Prix Final by the Polish federation . International Association Football ( soccer ) ( edit ) The same rationale exists in international association football , specifically FIFA World Cup qualifying stages . Typically in FIFA World Cup qualifying stages in Europe , for example , 2nd placed teams are all ranked by number of points . The team with the most points is guaranteed automatic qualification to the FIFA World Cup . The team with the least points is eliminated ( points from victories against the last - placed team in each country 's respective group being deducted ) , while teams in between generally play a 2 - game playoff to determine qualification . All - Ireland senior Football championship ( edit ) In the All - Ireland Senior Football Championship , the premier competition in Gaelic football , each of the thirty - two counties in Ireland as well as London and New York play in their respective Provincial Championships through a knock - out cup competition format without seeds . The winners of each of the four Provincial Championships earn one of eight places in the All - Ireland Quarter Finals . The thirty teams that fail to win their respective Provincial Championships receive a second opportunity to reach the All - Ireland Series via the All Ireland Qualifiers ( also known as the ' back door ' , similar to a Wild Card ) . Road cycling ( edit ) In road cycling ( teams ) , a wild card refers to an invitation to a race which a particular team would not normally be able to enter . Usually used for top division ( currently UCI World Tour ) races where the organization want more teams , lower league teams will be invited . It is very common to offer a wild card for teams from the same country to help local sport and to boost national pride . For example , for the 100th `` Tour de France '' in 2013 , the organisers ( the Amaury Sport Organisation ) awarded three wild cards to French teams : Cofidis , Sojasun and Team Europcar , all of which were UCI Professional Continental teams at the time and therefore not automatically invited , unlike the UCI ProTeams which made up the vast majority of the entry list . Teams can apply for a wild card . In January 2015 , Team MTN - Qhubeka from South Africa accepted an invitation to participate in the 2015 edition of `` Tour de France '' . MTN - Qhubeka was the first African team to receive a wild card entry into the event that was held from 4 to 26 July 2015 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Freedman , Jonah ( November 20 , 2011 ) . `` Big changes for MLS Cup Playoffs format in 2012 '' . MLSSoccer.com . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Australian Open to hold wildcard playoff in China - Reuters , 17 September 2012 Jump up ^ Wishes for Tennis in 2018 - Christopher Clarey , The New York Times , 12 January 2018 ^ Jump up to : McVeigh , Niall ( 28 June 2017 ) . `` The Joy of Six : Wimbledon wildcards '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Maria Sharapova granted wild - card entry into U.S. Open '' . Tennis.com. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix Regulations '' ( PDF ) . fim.ch . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Road Racing Superbike & Supersport World Championships and Superstock Cup Regulations '' ( PDF ) . fim.ch . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wild_card_(sports)&oldid=820050542 '' Categories : Sports terminology Motorcycle racing Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from May 2016 Articles needing additional references from January 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from May 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 January 2018 , at 20 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when was the last time a wildcard team won the superbowl
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"2010 Green Bay Packers–Super Bowl XLV (played in 2011)"
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Subscriber identity module
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Subscriber identity module - wikipedia Subscriber identity module Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that Overlay SIM be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2017 . A typical SIM card ( mini-SIM ) A mini-SIM card next to its electrical contacts in a Nokia 6233 A TracFone Wireless SIM card has no distinctive carrier markings and is only marked as a `` SIM CARD '' . A subscriber identity module or subscriber identification module ( SIM ) is an integrated circuit that is intended to securely store the international mobile subscriber identity ( IMSI ) number and its related key , which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephony devices ( such as mobile phones and computers ) . It is also possible to store contact information on many SIM cards . SIM cards are always used on GSM phones ; for CDMA phones , they are only needed for newer LTE - capable handsets . SIM cards can also be used in satellite phones , computers , or cameras . The SIM circuit is part of the function of a universal integrated circuit card ( UICC ) physical smart card , which is usually made of PVC with embedded contacts and semiconductors . `` SIM cards '' are transferable between different mobile devices . The first UICC smart cards were the size of credit and bank cards ; sizes were reduced several times over the years , usually keeping electrical contacts the same , so that a larger card could be cut down to a smaller size . A SIM card contains its unique serial number ( ICCID ) , international mobile subscriber identity ( IMSI ) number , security authentication and ciphering information , temporary information related to the local network , a list of the services the user has access to , and two passwords : a personal identification number ( PIN ) for ordinary use , and a personal unblocking code ( PUC ) for PIN unlocking . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and procurement 1.1 Inactivation 1.2 Registration 2 Design 3 Data 3.1 ICCID 3.2 International mobile subscriber identity ( IMSI ) 3.3 Authentication key ( K ) 3.4 Location area identity 3.5 SMS messages and contacts 4 Formats 4.1 Full - size SIM 4.2 Mini-SIM 4.3 Micro-SIM 4.4 Nano - SIM 4.5 Embedded - SIM / embedded universal integrated circuit card ( eUICC ) 5 Security 6 Developments 6.1 USIM 6.2 UICC 6.3 Other variants 7 Usage in mobile phone standards 8 SIM and carriers 8.1 SIM - only 9 Multiple - SIM devices 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History and procurement ( edit ) The SIM was initially specified by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute in the specification with the number TS 11.11 . This specification describes the physical and logical behaviour of the SIM . With the development of UMTS , the specification work was partially transferred to 3GPP . 3GPP is now responsible for the further development of applications like SIM ( TS 51.011 ) and USIM ( TS 31.102 ) and ETSI for the further development of the physical card UICC . The first SIM card was developed in 1991 by Munich smart - card maker Giesecke & Devrient , who sold the first 300 SIM cards to the Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja . Today , SIM cards are ubiquitous , allowing over 7 billion devices to connect to cellular networks around the world . According to the International Card Manufacturers Association ( ICMA ) , there were 5.4 billion SIM cards manufactured globally in 2016 creating over $6.5 billion in revenue for traditional SIM card vendors . The rise of cellular IoT and 5G networks is predicted to drive the growth of the addressable market for SIM card manufacturers to over 20 billion cellular devices by 2020 . The introduction of Embedded SIM ( eSIM ) and Remote SIM Provisioning ( RSP ) from the GSMA may disrupt the traditional SIM card ecosystem with the entrance of new players specializing in `` digital '' SIM card provisioning and other value - added services for mobile network operators . Inactivation ( edit ) Many non-contractual `` pay - as - you - go '' arrangements require the subscriber to actively use credit periodically to avoid account expiration , expiration period depends on network operators , typically defining a period from three months to one year . This is sometimes associated with the SIM card being made `` inactive '' by the network . Registration ( edit ) Most countries and operators require customer identification to activate service , but some , such as The United States , Hong Kong SAR , Lithuania and the Philippines , do not . Design ( edit ) SIM chip structure and packaging There are three operating voltages for SIM cards : 5 V , 3 V and 1.8 V ( ISO / IEC 7816 - 3 classes A , B and C , respectively ) . The operating voltage of the majority of SIM cards launched before 1998 was 5 V. SIM cards produced subsequently are compatible with 3 V and 5 V. Modern cards support 5 V , 3 V and 1.8 V . 4 by 4 mm silicon chip in a SIM card which has been peeled open . Note the thin gold bonding wires , and the regular , rectangular digital memory areas . Modern SIM cards allow applications to load when the SIM is in use by the subscriber . These applications communicate with the handset or a server using SIM Application Toolkit , which was initially specified by 3GPP in TS 11.14 . ( There is an identical ETSI specification with different numbering . ) ETSI and 3GPP maintain the SIM specifications . The main specifications are : ETSI TS 102 223 , ETSI TS 102 241 , ETSI TS 102 588 , and ETSI TS 131 111 . SIM toolkit applications were initially written in native code using proprietary APIs . To provide interoperability of the applications , ETSI chose Java Card. . Additional standard size and specifications of interest are maintained by GlobalPlatform . Data ( edit ) SIM cards store network - specific information used to authenticate and identify subscribers on the network . The most important of these are the ICCID , IMSI , Authentication Key ( Ki ) , Local Area Identity ( LAI ) and Operator - Specific Emergency Number . The SIM also stores other carrier - specific data such as the SMSC ( Short Message Service Center ) number , Service Provider Name ( SPN ) , Service Dialing Numbers ( SDN ) , Advice - Of - Charge parameters and Value Added Service ( VAS ) applications . ( Refer to GSM 11.11 ) SIM cards can come in various data capacities , from 8 KB to at least 256 KB . All can store a maximum of 250 contacts on the SIM , but while the 32 KB has room for 33 Mobile Network Codes ( MNCs ) or network identifiers , the 64 KB version has room for 80 MNCs . This is used by network operators to store data on preferred networks , mostly used when the SIM is not in its home network but is roaming . The network operator that issued the SIM card can use this to have a phone connect to a preferred network that is more economic for the provider instead of having to pay the network operator that the phone ' saw ' first . This does not mean that a phone containing this SIM card can connect to a maximum of only 33 or 80 networks , but it means that the SIM card issuer can specify only up to that number of preferred networks . If a SIM is outside these preferred networks it uses the first or best available network . ICCID ( edit ) Each SIM is internationally identified by its integrated circuit card identifier ( ICCID ) . ICCIDs are stored in the SIM cards and are also engraved or printed on the SIM card body during a process called personalisation . The ICCID is defined by the ITU - T recommendation E. 118 as the Primary Account Number . Its layout is based on ISO / IEC 7812 . According to E. 118 , the number is up to 22 digits long , including a single check digit calculated using the Luhn algorithm . However , the GSM Phase 1 defined the ICCID length as 10 octets ( 20 digits ) with operator - specific structure . The number is composed of the following subparts : Issuer identification number ( IIN ) Maximum of seven digits : Major industry identifier ( MII ) , 2 fixed digits , 89 for telecommunication purposes . Country code , 1 -- 3 digits , as defined by ITU - T recommendation E. 164 . Issuer identifier , 1 -- 4 digits . Individual account identification Individual account identification number . Its length is variable , but every number under one IIN has the same length . Check digit Single digit calculated from the other digits using the Luhn algorithm . With the GSM Phase 1 specification using 10 octets into which ICCID is stored as packed BCD , the data field has room for 20 digits with hexadecimal digit `` F '' being used as filler when necessary . In practice , this means that on GSM SIM cards there are 20 - digit ( 19 + 1 ) and 19 - digit ( 18 + 1 ) ICCIDs in use , depending upon the issuer . However , a single issuer always uses the same size for its ICCIDs . To confuse matters more , SIM factories seem to have varying ways of delivering electronic copies of SIM personalization datasets . Some datasets are without the ICCID checksum digit , others are with the digit . As required by E. 118 , The ITU publishes a list of all current internationally assigned IIN codes in its Operational Bulletins . As of October 2016 the list issued on 15 November 2013 was current . International mobile subscriber identity ( IMSI ) ( edit ) SIM cards are identified on their individual operator networks by a unique International Mobile Subscriber Identity ( IMSI ) . Mobile network operators connect mobile phone calls and communicate with their market SIM cards using their IMSIs . The format is : The first three digits represent the Mobile Country Code ( MCC ) . The next two or three digits represent the Mobile Network Code ( MNC ) . Three - digit MNC codes are allowed by E. 212 but are mainly used in the United States and Canada . The next digits represent the mobile subscriber identification number ( MSIN ) . Normally there are 10 digits , but can be fewer in the case of a 3 - digit MNC or if national regulations indicate that the total length of the IMSI should be less than 15 digits . Digits are different from country to country . Authentication key ( K ) ( edit ) The K is a 128 - bit value used in authenticating the SIMs on a GSM mobile network ( for USIM network , you still need K but other parameters are also needed ) . Each SIM holds a unique K assigned to it by the operator during the personalization process . The K is also stored in a database ( termed authentication center or AuC ) on the carrier 's network . The SIM card is designed to prevent someone from getting the K by using the smart - card interface . Instead , the SIM card provides a function , Run GSM Algorithm , that the phone uses to pass data to the SIM card to be signed with the K . This , by design , makes using the SIM card mandatory unless the K can be extracted from the SIM card , or the carrier is willing to reveal the K . In practice , the GSM cryptographic algorithm for computing SRES_2 ( see step 4 , below ) from the K has certain vulnerabilities that can allow the extraction of the K from a SIM card and the making of a duplicate SIM card . Authentication process : When the mobile equipment starts up , it obtains the international mobile subscriber identity ( IMSI ) from the SIM card , and passes this to the mobile operator , requesting access and authentication . The mobile equipment may have to pass a PIN to the SIM card before the SIM card reveals this information . The operator network searches its database for the incoming IMSI and its associated K . The operator network then generates a random number ( RAND , which is a nonce ) and signs it with the K associated with the IMSI ( and stored on the SIM card ) , computing another number , that is split into the Signed Response 1 ( SRES_1 , 32 bits ) and the encryption key K ( 64 bits ) . The operator network then sends the RAND to the mobile equipment , which passes it to the SIM card . The SIM card signs it with its K , producing SRES_2 and K , which it gives to the mobile equipment . The mobile equipment passes SRES_2 on to the operator network . The operator network then compares its computed SRES_1 with the computed SRES_2 that the mobile equipment returned . If the two numbers match , the SIM is authenticated and the mobile equipment is granted access to the operator 's network . K is used to encrypt all further communications between the mobile equipment and the network . Location area identity ( edit ) The SIM stores network state information , which is received from the Location Area Identity ( LAI ) . Operator networks are divided into Location Areas , each having a unique LAI number . When the device changes locations , it stores the new LAI to the SIM and sends it back to the operator network with its new location . If the device is power cycled , it takes data off the SIM , and searches for the prior LAI . SMS messages and contacts ( edit ) Most SIM cards store a number of SMS messages and phone book contacts . It stores the contacts in simple `` name and number '' pairs . Entries that contain multiple phone numbers and additional phone numbers are usually not stored on the SIM card . When a user tries to copy such entries to a SIM , the handset 's software breaks them into multiple entries , discarding information that is not a phone number . The number of contacts and messages stored depends on the SIM ; early models stored as few as five messages and 20 contacts , while modern SIM cards can usually store over 250 contacts . Formats ( edit ) From left , full - size SIM ( 1FF ) , mini-SIM ( 2FF ) , micro-SIM ( 3FF ) , and nano - SIM ( 4FF ) Nano - SIM ( in bottom ) , micro-SIM and mini-SIM , SIM brackets from Movistar in Colombia The memory chip from a micro-SIM card without the plastic backing plate , next to a US dime , which is approx. 18 mm in diameter Embedded SIM from M2M supplier Eseye with an adapter board for evaluation in a Mini-SIM socket SIM cards have been made smaller over the years ; functionality is independent of format . Full - size SIM were followed by mini-SIM , micro-SIM , and nano - SIM . SIM cards are also made to embed in devices . SIM card sizes SIM card Introduced Standard reference Length ( mm ) Width ( mm ) Thickness ( mm ) Volume ( mm ) Full - size ( 1FF ) 1991 ISO / IEC 7810 : 2003 , ID - 1 85.60 53.98 0.76 3511.72 Mini-SIM ( 2FF ) ISO / IEC 7810 : 2003 , ID - 000 25.00 15.00 0.76 285.00 Micro-SIM ( 3FF ) 2003 ETSI TS 102 221 V9. 0.0 , Mini-UICC 15.00 12.00 0.76 136.80 Nano - SIM ( 4FF ) early 2012 ETSI TS 102 221 V11. 0.0 12.30 8.80 0.67 72.52 Embedded - SIM ( eSIM ) JEDEC Design Guide 4.8 , SON - 8 ETSI TS 103 383 V12. 0.0 GSMA SGP. 22 V1. 0 6.00 5.00 < 1.00 < 30.00 Full - size SIM ( edit ) The full - size SIM ( or 1FF , 1st form factor ) was the first form factor to appear . It has the size of a credit card ( 85.60 mm × 53.98 mm × 0.76 mm ) . Later smaller SIMs are often supplied embedded in a full - size card that they can be pushed out of . Mini-SIM ( edit ) The mini-SIM ( or 2FF ) card has the same contact arrangement as the full - size SIM card and is normally supplied within a full - size card carrier , attached by a number of linking pieces . This arrangement ( defined in ISO / IEC 7810 as ID - 1 / 000 ) lets such a card be used in a device that requires a full - size card -- or in a device that requires a mini-SIM card , after breaking the linking pieces . As the full - size SIM is no longer used , some suppliers refer to the mini-SIM as a `` standard SIM '' or `` regular SIM '' . Micro-SIM ( edit ) The micro-SIM ( or 3FF ) card has the same thickness and contact arrangements , but reduced length and width as shown in the table above . The micro-SIM was introduced by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI ) along with SCP , 3GPP ( UTRAN / GERAN ) , 3GPP2 ( CDMA2000 ) , ARIB , GSM Association ( GSMA SCaG and GSMNA ) , GlobalPlatform , Liberty Alliance , and the Open Mobile Alliance ( OMA ) for the purpose of fitting into devices too small for a mini-SIM card . The form factor was mentioned in the December 1998 3GPP SMG9 UMTS Working Party , which is the standards - setting body for GSM SIM cards , and the form factor was agreed upon in late 2003 . The micro-SIM was designed for backward compatibility . The major issue for backward compatibility was the contact area of the chip . Retaining the same contact area makes the micro-SIM compatible with the prior , larger SIM readers through the use of plastic cutout surrounds . The SIM was also designed to run at the same speed ( 5 MHz ) as the prior version . The same size and positions of pins resulted in numerous `` How - to '' tutorials and YouTube video with detailed instructions how to cut a mini-SIM card to micro-SIM size . The chairman of EP SCP , Dr. Klaus Vedder , said `` ETSI has responded to a market need from ETSI customers , but additionally there is a strong desire not to invalidate , overnight , the existing interface , nor reduce the performance of the cards . '' Micro-SIM cards were introduced by various mobile service providers for the launch of the original iPad , and later for smartphones , from April 2010 . The iPhone 4 was the first smartphone to use a micro-SIM card in June 2010 , followed by many others . Nano - SIM ( edit ) The nano - SIM ( or 4FF ) card was introduced on 11 October 2012 , when mobile service providers in various countries started to supply it for phones that supported the format . The nano - SIM measures 12.3 × 8.8 × 0.67 mm and reduces the previous format to the contact area while maintaining the existing contact arrangements . A small rim of isolating material is left around the contact area to avoid short circuits with the socket . The nano - SIM is 0.67 mm thick , compared to the 0.76 mm of its predecessor . 4FF can be put into adapters for use with devices designed for 2FF or 3FF SIMs , and is made thinner for that purpose , but many phone companies do not recommend this . The iPhone 5 , released in September 2012 , was the first device to use a nano - SIM card , followed by other handsets . Embedded - SIM / embedded universal integrated circuit card ( eUICC ) ( edit ) An upcoming new type of SIM is called e-SIM or eSIM ( embedded SIM ) . It is a non-replaceable embedded chip in SON - 8 package that is soldered directly onto a circuit board . It has M2M and remote SIM provisioning capabilities . The surface mount format provides the same electrical interface as the full size , 2FF and 3FF SIM cards , but is soldered to the circuit board as part of the manufacturing process . In M2M applications where there is no requirement to change the SIM card , this avoids the requirement for a connector , improving reliability and security . GSMA has been discussing the possibilities of a software based SIM card since 2010 . While Motorola noted that eUICC is geared at industrial devices , Apple `` disagreed that there is any statement forbidding the use of an embedded UICC in a consumer product . '' in 2012 , The European Commission has selected the Embedded UICC format for its in - vehicle emergency call service known as eCall . All new car models in the EU must have one by 2018 to instantly connect the car to the emergency services in case of an accident . Russia has a similar plan with the ERA - GLONASS regional satellite positioning system . Security ( edit ) In July 2013 , Karsten Nohl , a security researcher from SRLabs , described vulnerabilities in some SIM cards that supported DES , which , despite its age , is still used by some operators . The attack could lead to the phone being remotely cloned or let someone steal payment credentials from the SIM . Further details of the research were provided at BlackHat on July 31 , 2013 . In response , the International Telecommunication Union said that the development was `` hugely significant '' and that it would be contacting its members . In February 2015 , it was reported by The Intercept that the NSA and GCHQ had stolen the encryption keys ( Ki 's ) used by Gemalto ( the manufacturer of 2 billion SIM cards annually ) , enabling these intelligence agencies to monitor voice and data communications without the knowledge or approval of cellular network providers or judicial oversight . Having finished its investigation , Gemalto claimed that it has `` reasonable grounds '' to believe that the NSA and GCHQ carried out an operation to hack its network in 2010 and 2011 , but says the number of possibly stolen keys would not have been massive . Developments ( edit ) When GSM was already in use , the specifications were further developed and enhanced with functionality such as SMS and GPRS . These development steps are referred as releases by ETSI . Within these development cycles , the SIM specification was enhanced as well : new voltage classes , formats and files were introduced . USIM ( edit ) In GSM - only times , the SIM consisted of the hardware and the software . With the advent of UMTS this naming was split : the SIM was now an application and hence only software . The hardware part was called UICC . This split was necessary because UMTS introduced a new application , the universal subscriber identity module ( USIM ) . The USIM brought , among other things , security improvements like the mutual authentication and longer encryption keys and an improved address book . UICC ( edit ) Main article : Universal integrated circuit card `` SIM cards '' in developed countries are today usually UICCs containing at least a SIM and a USIM application . This configuration is necessary because older GSM only handsets are solely compatible with the SIM ( application ) and some UMTS security enhancements do rely on the USIM ( application ) . Other variants ( edit ) The equivalent of SIM on CDMA networks is the R - UIM ( and the equivalent of USIM is CSIM ) . A virtual SIM is a mobile phone number provided by a mobile network operator that does not require a SIM card to connect phone calls to a user 's mobile phone . At the 2015 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona , Simless , Inc. , a US - based startup unveiled world 's first GSM phone without a SIM card slot . The reference phone was capable of downloading multiple virtual SIM cards over-the - air . Usage in mobile phone standards ( edit ) The use of SIM cards is mandatory in GSM devices . The satellite phone networks Iridium , Thuraya and Inmarsat 's BGAN also use SIM cards . Sometimes , these SIM cards work in regular GSM phones and also allow GSM customers to roam in satellite networks by using their own SIM card in a satellite phone . Japan 's 2G PDC system ( which was shut down in 2012 ; SoftBank Mobile has already shut down PDC from March 31 , 2010 ) also specifies a SIM , but this has never been implemented commercially . The specification of the interface between the Mobile Equipment and the SIM is given in the RCR STD - 27 annex 4 . The Subscriber Identity Module Expert Group was a committee of specialists assembled by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI ) to draw up the specifications ( GSM 11.11 ) for interfacing between smart cards and mobile telephones . In 1994 , the name SIMEG was changed to SMG9 . Japan 's current and next generation cellular systems are based on W - CDMA ( UMTS ) and CDMA2000 and all use SIM cards . However , Japanese CDMA2000 - based phones are locked to the R - UIM they are associated with and thus , the cards are not interchangeable with other Japanese CDMA2000 handsets ( though they may be inserted into GSM / WCDMA handsets for roaming purposes outside Japan ) . CDMA - based devices originally did not use a removable card , and the service for these phones bound to a unique identifier contained in the handset itself . This is most prevalent in operators in the Americas . The first publication of the TIA - 820 standard ( also known as 3GPP2 C. S0023 ) in 2000 defined the Removable User Identity Module ( R - UIM ) . Card - based CDMA devices are most prevalent in Asia . The equivalent of a SIM in UMTS is called the universal integrated circuit card ( UICC ) , which runs a USIM application . The UICC is still colloquially called a SIM card . SIM card for Thuraya satellite phone KDDI 's au IC - Card NTT DoCoMo 's FOMA Card UMTS modem with Beeline 's SIM card SIM card and the mobile phone Three UK SIM Card with Packaging Chunghwa Telecom 's LTE Card China Mobile 's LTE SIM card H2O Wireless prepaid SIM card Hotlink ( Maxis ) nano - SIM card Dual SIM slots as shown on Chinese cell phone Deutsche Telekom nano - SIM Card with NFC capabilities in the SIM tray of an iPhone 6s Deutsche Telekom Mini-SIM with pre-cut Micro - and Nano - SIM SIM and carriers ( edit ) The SIM card introduced a new and significant business opportunity for MVNOs -- mobile virtual network operators -- who lease capacity from one of the network operators rather than owning or operating a cellular telecoms network , and only provide a SIM card to their customers . MVNOs first appeared in Denmark , Hong Kong , Finland and the UK . Today they exist in over 50 countries , including most of Europe , United States , Canada , Mexico , Australia and parts of Asia , and account for approximately 10 % of all mobile phone subscribers around the world . On some networks , the mobile phone is locked to its carrier SIM card , meaning that the phone only works with SIM cards from the specific carrier . This is more common in markets where mobile phones are heavily subsidised by the carriers , and the business model depends on the customer staying with the service provider for a minimum term ( typically 12 , 18 or 24 months ) . SIM cards that are issued by providers with an associated contract are called SIM - only deals . Common examples are the GSM networks in the United States , Canada , Australia , the UK and Poland . Many businesses offer the ability to remove the SIM lock from a phone , effectively making it possible to then use the phone on any network by inserting a different SIM card . Mostly , GSM and 3G mobile handsets can easily be unlocked and used on any suitable network with any SIM card . In countries where the phones are not subsidised , e.g. , India , Israel and Belgium , all phones are unlocked . Where the phone is not locked to its SIM card , the users can easily switch networks by simply replacing the SIM card of one network with that of another while using only one phone . This is typical , for example , among users who may want to optimise their carrier 's traffic by different tariffs to different friends on different networks , or when traveling internationally . In 2016 , carriers started using the concept of automatic SIM reactivation whereby they let users reuse expired SIM cards instead of purchasing new ones when they wish to re-subscribe to that operator . This is particularly useful in countries where prepaid calls dominate and where competition drives high churn rates , as users had to return to a carrier shop to purchase a new SIM each time they wanted to churn back to an operator . SIM - only ( edit ) Commonly sold as a product by mobile telecommunications companies , `` SIM - only '' refers to a type of legally binding contract between a mobile network provider and a customer . The contract itself takes the form of a credit agreement and is subject to a credit check . Within a SIM - only contract the mobile network provider supplies their customer with just one piece of hardware , a SIM card , which includes an agreed amount of network usage in exchange for a monthly payment . Network usage within a SIM - only contract can be measured in minutes , text , data or any combination of these . The duration of a SIM - only contract varies depending on the deal selected by the customer , but in the UK they are available over 1 , 3 , 6 , and 12 month periods . SIM - only contracts differ from mobile phone contracts in that they do not include any hardware other than a SIM card . In terms of network usage , SIM - only is typically more cost effective than other contracts because the provider does not charge more to offset the cost of a mobile device over the contract period . Short contract length is one of the key features of SIM - only -- made possible by the absence of a mobile device . SIM - only is increasing in popularity very quickly . In 2010 pay monthly based mobile phone subscriptions grew from 41 percent to 49 percent of all UK mobile phone subscriptions . According to German research company Gfk , 250,000 SIM - only mobile contracts were taken up in the UK during July 2012 alone , the highest figure since GfK began keeping records . Increasing smartphone penetration combined with financial concerns are leading customers to save money by moving onto a SIM - only when their initial contract term is over . Multiple - SIM devices ( edit ) Main article : Dual SIM Devices with two SIM slots are known as dual SIMs . Dual - SIM mobile phones usually come with two slots for SIMs , one behind the battery and another on the side of the phone , though in some devices both slots can be found on the battery tray , or on the side of the phone if the device does not have a removable battery . Multiple - SIM devices are commonplace in developing markets such as in Africa , East Asia , the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia , where billing rates and variable network coverage / mode , make it desirable for consumers to use multiple SIMs from competing networks . It 's also useful when you split work and home number for better privacy . They are not common in the Western world . See also ( edit ) Apple SIM International Mobile Equipment Identity ( IMEI ) GSM 03.48 SIM cloning SIM connector IP Multimedia Services Identity Module ( ISIM ) W - SIM ( Willcom - SIM ) Mobile equipment identifier ( MEID ) VMAC Mobile signature Single Wire Protocol ( SWP ) SIM Application Toolkit ( STK ) Mobile broadband Tethering Smart card Regional lockout GSM USSD codes -- Unstructured Supplementary Service Data : list of standard GSM codes for network and SIM related functions Remote SIM provisioning References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3GPP specification : 51.011 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3GPP specification : 31.102 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Asif , Saad Z. ( 2011 ) . Next Generation Mobile Communications Ecosystem . John Wiley & Sons . p. 306 . ISBN 1119995817 . Jump up ^ `` G&D - History of Giesecke & Devrient '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Publication of the International Card Manufacturers Association February 2017 Volume 27 No1 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ericsson Mobility Report November 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GSMA Embedded SIM and RSP '' . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PAYG Inactivity : Time For Credit Expiry & Account Termination '' . Ken 's Tech Tips . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 3GPP specification : 11.11 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ ITU - T , ITU - T Recommendation E. 118 , The international telecommunication charge card , Revision history , Revision `` 05 / 2006 '' Jump up ^ ETSI , ETSI Recommendation GSM 11.11 , Specifications of the SIM - ME Interface , Version 3.16. 0 Jump up ^ `` List of issuer identifier numbers for the international telecommunication charge card ( In accordance with Recommendation ITU - T E. 118 ( 05 / 2006 ) ) '' . International Telecommunication Union . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Links to current IIN list . Jump up ^ `` Operational Bulletin No. 1040 ( 15. XI. 2013 ) and Annexed List : List of issuer identifier numbers for the international telecommunication charge card ( In accordance with Recommendation ITU - T E. 118 ( 05 / 2006 ) ) ( Position on 15 November 2013 ) '' . International Telecommunication Union . 15 November 2013 . Retrieved 10 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hackers crack open mobile network '' . bbc.co.uk. 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What is a microsim card ? '' . SimOnlyPro.nl . Archived from the original on 22 February 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Gaby Lenhart ( 1 April 2006 ) . `` The Smart Card Platform '' . ETSI Technical Committee Smart Card Platform ( TB SCP ) . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . SCP is co-operating on both technical and service aspects with a number of other committees both within and outside the telecommunications sector . Jump up ^ Segan , Sascha ( 27 January 2010 ) . `` Inside the iPad Lurks the ' Micro SIM ' '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DRAFT Report of the SMG9 UMTS Working Party , meeting # 7 hosted by Nokia in Copenhagen , 15 -- 16 December 1998 '' ( PDF ) . 3GPP. 25 January 1999 . Retrieved 27 January 2010 . One manufacturer stated that it may be difficult to meeting ISO mechanical standards for a combined ID - 1 / micro-SIM card . ^ Jump up to : Antipolis , Sophia ( 8 December 2003 ) . `` New form factor for smart cards introduced '' . SmartCard Trends . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 30 January 2010 . The work item for the so - called Third Form Factor , `` 3FF '' , was agreed , after intensive discussions , at the SCP meeting held last week in London . Jump up ^ How to make MicroSIM on YouTube Jump up ^ Dr. Klaus Vedder ( 18 January 2012 ) . `` The UICC -- Recent Work of ETSI TC Smart Card Platform '' ( PDF ) . ETSI . p. 12 . Retrieved 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Virgin Mobile . `` An important guide to inserting your SIM into your mobile '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Diana ben - Aaron ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` GSMA Explores Software - Based Replacement for Mobile SIM Cards '' . Bloomberg . p. 1 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , Chris ( June 1 , 2012 ) . `` Embedded SIMs : they 're happening , and Apple thinks they could be in consumer products '' . The Verge . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bruno , Duarte ( September 27 , 2014 ) . `` eUICC -- embedded Universal Integrated Circuit Card '' . COSWITCHED.COM . Retrieved October 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Encryption Bug in SIM Card Can be Used to Hack Millions of Phones , published 2013 - 07 - 21 , accessed 2013 - 07 - 22 ^ Jump up to : Rooting SIM cards , SR Labs , accessed 2013 - 07 - 22 Jump up ^ `` Black Hat USA 2013 '' . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ UPDATE 1 - UN warns on mobile cybersecurity bugs in bid to prevent attacks , Reuters , 2013 - 07 - 21 , accessed 2013 - 07 - 21 Jump up ^ `` The Great SIM Heist - How Spies Stole the Keys to the Encryption Castle '' . The Intercept . The Intercept ( First Look Media ) . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gemalto : NSA / GCHQ Hack ' Probably Happened ' But Did n't Include Mass SIM Key Theft '' . techcrunch.com . February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simless , Inc . `` Simless Unveils World 's First GSM Phone Without a SIM Card Slot '' . PRLog . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gemalto pioneers SIM reactivation '' . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` A nation addicted to smartphones '' . Ofcom . Jump up ^ `` UK sales of SIM - only mobile contracts set a new record '' . The Fone Cast . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to SIM cards . ETSI Smart Card standards ( 102 221 ) GSM 11.11 -- Specification of the Subscriber Identity Module - Mobile Equipment ( SIM - ME ) interface . GSM 11.14 -- Specification of the SIM Application Toolkit for the Subscriber Identity Module - Mobile Equipment ( SIM - ME ) interface GSM 03.48 -- Specification of the security mechanisms for SIM application toolkit GSM 03.48 Java API -- API and realization of GSM 03.48 in Java ITU - T E. 118 -- The International Telecommunication Charge Card 2006 ITU - T ( hide ) Mobile phones General Features GSM services History Operating system Security Telephony airplane mode Text messaging SMS MMS Spam Tracking Web browsing HTML5 Software Apps Development Distribution Management Cloud computing Commerce Banking Marketing advertising campaigns Payments contactless donating Ticketing Content Blogging Email Gambling Gaming Health Instant messaging Learning Music News Search local Social address book Television Culture Charms Comics Dating Japanese culture Novels Ringtones silent mode Selfie Txtspk Wallpaper Devices Manufacturers 3D phone Camera phone Car phone Feature phone Projector phone Satellite phone Smartphone SIM lock Form factors Bar Flip Phablet Slider Smartwatch Smartphones Android devices rooting BlackBerry 10 iPhone iOS jailbreaking Open - source mobile phones Symbian devices Windows Phone devices Environment and health BlackBerry thumb Driving safety Electronic waste External power supply Phantom vibration syndrome Radiation and health Recycling Law Carrier IQ Use restrictions while driving Legality of recording by civilians Photography and the law Telephone tapping Texting while driving Mobile phones in prison Networking Channel capacity Frequencies Multi-band Network operator list Roaming Signal SIM ( dual SIM ) Standards comparison Tethering VoIP WAP XHTML - MP Generations 0G 1G 2G 3G adoption 3.5 G 4G 4.5 G 5G Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Subscriber_identity_module&oldid=832303504 '' Categories : American inventions Mobile phone standards Cryptographic hardware Smart cards Computer access control Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from July 2017 All articles to be merged All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from January 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 42 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 03 : 46 . 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"A subscriber identity module or subscriber identification module (SIM) is an integrated circuit that is intended to securely store the international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number and its related key, which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers on mobile telephony devices (such as mobile phones and computers). It is also possible to store contact information on many SIM cards. SIM cards are always used on GSM phones; for CDMA phones, they are only needed for newer LTE-capable handsets. SIM cards can also be used in satellite phones, computers, or cameras."
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Lee Arenberg
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Lee Arenberg - wikipedia Lee Arenberg Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Lee Arenberg Arenberg in 2015 ( 1962 - 07 - 18 ) July 18 , 1962 ( age 55 ) Palo Alto , California Occupation Film , television actor Years active 1987 -- present Spouse ( s ) Lisa Derrick ( 1999 -- 2006 ) Katie Meehan ( 2007 -- present ) Lee Arenberg ( born July 18 , 1962 ) is an American actor , best known for his role as Pintel , one of Captain Barbossa 's crew , in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series . He currently has a recurring role as the dwarf Grumpy in the television series Once Upon a Time . He attended UCLA as a theatre major . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Arenberg attended Santa Monica High School with future `` brat packer '' actors Sean Penn , Robert Downey Jr. and Emilio Estevez , and co-wrote a play with Estevez which was directed by Penn . Lee 's first professional job was in 1986 at the Mark Taper Forum in `` Ghetto '' , a play directed by Gordon Davidson . Within weeks he was cast in three films , including the role of Norton in the feature Tapeheads ( 1988 ) opposite the film 's co-stars Tim Robbins and John Cusack . Guest appearances on television began in 1987 with the hit sitcom Perfect Strangers ( 1986 ) , and have continued with memorable roles such as the parking space - stealing New Yorker Mike Moffitt on Seinfeld ( 1989 ) and as the murderous rock promoter opposite Katey Sagal and Sam Kinison in Tales from the Crypt ( 1989 ) , as well as roles on Arli $ $ ( 1996 ) , and Friends ( 1994 ) . Arenberg can also be seen in the role of the notoriously huge studio head , Bobby G. , on the controversial short - lived Fox sitcom Action ( 1999 ) opposite series star Jay Mohr . Arenberg has also guest starred on all the Star Trek spin - offs Star Trek : The Next Generation , Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , Star Trek : Voyager , and Star Trek : Enterprise . Coincidentally , in two of his appearances , ( `` The Nagus '' and `` United '' ) , he played a character named Gral , one a Ferengi and the other a Tellarite . In 1992 Lee appeared on the TV series Night Court . Arenberg also played the recurring role of bookie Mike Moffitt in two episodes of Seinfeld . In `` The Parking Space '' , he and George Costanza had a parking dispute , while in `` The Susie '' his thumbs were accidentally broken while trying to repair Jerry Seinfeld 's car trunk . He also guest starred in the fifth season of Friends in an episode titled `` The One with the Inappropriate Sister '' . He guest starred on an episode of Brotherly Love entitled `` Motherly Love '' . He had a bit part as a bumbling Hold - up Man in RoboCop 3 . Lee also played Dr. Moyer in the Scrubs episode `` My Own American Girl '' . He also starred as the dwarf Elwood Gutworthy in Dungeons and Dragons ( 2000 ) , and the pirate Pintel in the Pirates of the Caribbean trilogy . He guest starred as `` Hair Plugs '' in Grounded For Life ( 2001 ) . A graduate of Santa Monica High in 1980 , he is currently starring as the regular character `` Grumpy / Leroy '' on the hit ABC television series Once Upon a Time . As he confirmed when speaking at the Farpoint Star Trek Convention in Timonium , Maryland , Arenberg 's character Pintel did not return in the fourth Pirates film . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Actor Year Film Role Director Notes Cross My Heart Parking Attendant Armyan Bernstein The Wizard Ninja Gaiden Guy Todd Holland 1993 Robocop 3 Robber at donut shop 1993 Freaked The Eternal Flame Alex Winter Tom Stern Warriors of Virtue Mantose Ronny Yu 2000 Dungeons and Dragons Elwood 2003 Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl Pintel Gore Verbinski 2006 Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest 2007 Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End 2012 Mickey Matson and the Copperhead Conspiracy Billy Lee Harold Cronk Producer Year Film Director Notes 2011 In the Gray Rob Holloway Writer Year Film Role Director Notes 2011 In the Gray screenwriter Rob Holloway Television ( edit ) This section is incomplete . ( May 2014 ) Year Series Role Notes Tales from the Crypt Marty Slash Episode : `` For Cryin ' Out Loud '' Live ! From Death Row Griffith TV movie 1992 , 1997 Seinfeld Mike Moffitt ( bookie ) Episode : `` The Parking Space '' , `` The Susie '' 1993 Married ... with Children Sal Episode : `` Luck of The Bundys '' Star Trek : The Next Generation Prak Episode : `` Force of Nature '' 1998 Friends The Man Episode : `` The One with the Inappropriate Sister '' 2000 Two Guys and a Girl Mugger / Irene 's Dad Episode : `` Once Again from the Beginning '' My Wife and Kids Kevin Anderson Episode : `` Jay Gets Fired '' 2003 Charmed Unidentified Demon Episode : `` Oh My Goddess ( Part 1 ) '' Scrubs Dr. Moyer Episode : `` My Own American Girl '' 2005 Star Trek : Enterprise Tellarite Ambassador Gral Two Episodes 2008 Pushing Daisies Arnaud Bailey The Iceman Chronicles Judge Buttonwillow McKittrick 2011 The Cape Razer 's Driver Good Luck Charlie Skyler 's Fake Dad 2011 -- present Once Upon a Time Grumpy / Dreamy / Leroy 20 Episodes 2013 Californication Charlie 's boss Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Leroy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Interview With Lee Arenberg '' . www.officiallypluggedin.com . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lee Arenberg Talks About Grumpy in Once Upon a Time Season 5 , Pirates of The Caribbean & More ( Interview ) Fox Force Five News '' . www.foxforcefivenews.com . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( 8 May 2012 ) . `` Scoop : Once Upon a Time 's Grumpy Shows Californication Who 's Boss '' . TVLine . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lee Arenberg on IMDb Lee Arenberg at AllMovie Official website VIAF : 41132325 LCCN : n97107760 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lee_Arenberg&oldid=782832485 '' Categories : American male film actors American male television actors Male actors from Palo Alto , California 1962 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from March 2017 Articles to be expanded from May 2014 Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2017 , at 13 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who plays leroy in once upon a time
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"Lee Arenberg (born July 18, 1962)[citation needed] is an American actor, best known for his role as Pintel, one of Captain Barbossa's crew, in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. He currently has a recurring role as the dwarf Grumpy in the television series Once Upon a Time. He attended UCLA as a theatre major."
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Suffolk Resolves
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Suffolk Resolves - wikipedia Suffolk Resolves Jump to : navigation , search The Suffolk Resolves House , 2009 Boston campaign 1774 -- 1776 Powder Alarm Suffolk Resolves Lexington and Concord Boston Thompson 's War Chelsea Creek Machias Bunker Hill Gloucester Falmouth Knox artillery train Dorchester Heights The Suffolk Resolves was a declaration made on September 9 , 1774 by the leaders of Suffolk County , Massachusetts , of which Boston is the major city . The declaration rejected the Massachusetts Government Act and resolved on a boycott of imported goods from Britain unless the Intolerable Acts were repealed . The Resolves were recognized by statesman Edmund Burke as a major development in colonial animosity leading to adoption of the United States Declaration of Independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1776 , and he urged British conciliation with the American colonies , to little effect . The First Continental Congress endorsed the Resolves on September 17 , 1774 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Commemoration 3 References 4 External links History ( edit ) On August 26 -- 27 , the Committees of Correspondence from Suffolk , Middlesex , Essex , and Worcester counties met at Faneuil Hall in Boston to oppose the recent Massachusetts Government Act , which had disenfranchised citizens of Massachusetts by revoking key provisions of the provincial Charter of 1691 . This convention urged all Massachusetts counties to close their courts rather than submit to the oppressive measure . Berkshire had already done so , and by the first week of October , seven of the nine contiguous mainland counties in Massachusetts had followed suit . As each county , in turn , closed its court , it issued a set of resolves to explain its actions . Although these resolves were all similar in tone and scope , the one written by patriots in Suffolk has received more attention for two reasons : it was better crafted , and it was formally endorsed by the Continental Congress . Ironically , Suffolk , which contained Boston , was the only county in which courts remained nominally open , under the protection of British troops . At the Suffolk County Convention of the Committees of Correspondence on September 6 , 1774 , Joseph Warren introduced the first draft of the Suffolk Resolves , which were edited and approved three days later at the Daniel Vose House in Milton , Massachusetts which was then part of Suffolk County but is now in Norfolk County , Massachusetts . The convention that adopted them had first met at the Woodward Tavern in Dedham , which is today the site of the Norfolk County Courthouse . As with the other county resolves , the Suffolk document denounced the Intolerable Acts , or Coercive Acts , that had recently been passed by the British Parliament , and specifically resolved to : boycott British imports , curtail exports , and refuse to use British products ; pay `` no obedience '' to the Massachusetts Government Act or the Boston Port Bill ; demand resignations from those appointed to positions under the Massachusetts Government Act ; refuse payment of taxes until the Massachusetts Government Act was repealed ; support a colonial government in Massachusetts free of royal authority until the Intolerable Acts were repealed ; urge the colonies to raise militia of their own people . In one of his less famous rides , Paul Revere delivered a copy of the Resolves to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , where it was endorsed on September 17 as a show of colonial solidarity . In response , John Adams commented in his diary : `` This was one of the happiest days of my life . In Congress we had generous , noble sentiments , and manly eloquence . This day convinced me that America will support Massachusetts or perish with her . '' Endorsement of the Suffolk Resolves , and with it the rebellion that had enveloped Massachusetts , altered the political balance in Congress and paved the way for radical measures , such as the Continental Association , a general nonimportation agreement . Previously , nonimportation agreements had been limited to specific localities , but this one applied throughout the rebellious colonies . The Committees of inspection ( also called the Committees of Safety ) , that was formed to enforce the Continental Association , established a revolutionary infrastructure , similar to the Sons of Liberty in the early days of resistance . A number of counties in other colonies adopted declarations of grievances against Britain during the period before the Declaration of Independence , including the Mecklenburg Resolves and the Tryon Resolves in 1775 and at least 90 other documents favoring independence in the spring of 1776 , but the resolves from the Massachusetts County Conventions in August -- October , 1774 , were the first to promote across - the - board noncompliance with British governmental authority . Commemoration ( edit ) A historic plaque on Adams Street in the Lower Mills area of Milton commemorates the original site of the Daniel Vose House , where the Suffolk Resolves were signed on September 4 , 1774 . In order to prevent its demolition , the house was moved in 1950 from Lower Mills to 1370 Canton Avenue in Milton . Now known as the Suffolk Resolves House , it was restored to its original colonial appearance and is the headquarters of the Milton Historical Society . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and is open to public view . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ John K. Alexander ( 2011 ) . Samuel Adams : The Life of an American Revolutionary . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 187 -- 94 . Jump up ^ William Lincoln , ed. , Journals of Each Provincial Congress in Massachusetts in 1774 and 1775 ... Containing the Proceedings of the County Conventions ( Boston : Dutton and Wentworth , 1838 ) . Jump up ^ Ray Raphael , The First American Revolution : Before Lexington and Concord ( New York : The New Press , 2002 ) , 82 - 156 . Jump up ^ John Adams , Diary and Autobiography , L.H. Butterfield , ed. , ( Cambridge : Belknap Press , 1961 ) , 2 : 134 - 135 . Jump up ^ Pauline Maier , American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence ( New York : Knopf , 1997 ) . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Suffolk Resolves Milton Historical Society homepage Website of the Milton Historical Commission ( hide ) Origins of the American Revolution : writings American resolves , declarations , petitions , essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Following the Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Virginia Resolves ( May 1765 ) Braintree Instructions ( September 1765 ) Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( October 1765 ) An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies ( 1766 ) Following the Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) Massachusetts Circular Letter ( February 1768 ) Journal of Occurrences ( 1768 , 1769 ) Virginia Association ( May 1769 ) Boston Pamphlet ( 1772 ) Sheffield Declaration ( January 1773 ) Following the Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Maryland Chestertown Resolves ( May 1774 ) Bush River Resolution ( March 1775 ) Massachusetts Suffolk Resolves ( September 1774 ) New York Orangetown Resolutions ( July 1774 ) A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( December 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( February 1775 ) North Carolina Mecklenburg Resolves or Declaration ( May 1775 ) Liberty Point Resolves ( June 1775 ) Tryon Resolves ( August 1775 ) Halifax Resolves ( April 1776 ) Virginia Fairfax Resolves ( July 1774 ) Fincastle Resolutions ( January 1775 ) Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves ( October 1774 ) Continental Association ( October 1774 ) Petition to the King ( October 1774 ) 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition ( July 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( July 1775 ) May 15 preamble ( May 1776 ) Lee Resolution ( July 1776 ) Essays and pamphlets `` Letters to the inhabitants of Canada '' ( 1774 , 1775 , 1776 ) A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Novanglus ( 1775 ) Common Sense ( January 1776 ) Thoughts on Government ( Spring , 1776 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suffolk_Resolves&oldid=815317369 '' Categories : Documents of the American Revolution 1774 in the Thirteen Colonies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 03 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what was the significance of the suffolk resolves
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Skin of my teeth
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Skin of my teeth - wikipedia Skin of my teeth Jump to : navigation , search Skin of my teeth ( Hebrew : ע֣וֹר שִׁנָּֽי ' ō - wr šin - nāy ) is a phrase from the Bible . In Job 19 : 20 , the King James Version of the Bible says , `` My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh , and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth . '' In the Geneva Bible , the phrase is rendered as `` I have escaped with the skinne of my tethe . '' In modern times , `` by the skin of my teeth '' is used to describe a situation from which one barely managed to escape . Cultural references to the phrase ( edit ) Skin o ' My Teeth -- Megadeth used this phrase as a song name in their 1992 album , Countdown to Extinction , referring to the theme of a failed suicide attempt . The Skin of Our Teeth -- A play by Thornton Wilder with multiple Biblical allusions . Skin o ' My Tooth -- A book by Baroness Emma Orczy in which the phrase is a nickname of the main character , a lawyer . The nickname is given by a client who says that he was freed `` by the skin o ' my tooth . '' See also ( edit ) Hair 's breadth References ( edit ) Jump up ^ By the skin of your teeth . phrases.org.uk . Last accessed 26 Feb 2012 . 2 . Idioms ( first paragraph ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skin_of_my_teeth&oldid=806769764 '' Categories : English - language idioms Hebrew Bible words and phrases Christian terminology Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 01 : 25 . About Wikipedia
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where did by the skin of my teeth come from
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"Skin of my teeth (Hebrew: ע֣וֹר שִׁנָּֽי ‘ō-wr šin-nāy) is a phrase from the Bible. In Job 19:20, the King James Version of the Bible says, \"My bone cleaveth to my skin and to my flesh, and I am escaped with the skin of my teeth.\" In the Geneva Bible, the phrase is rendered as \"I have escaped with the skinne of my tethe.\"[1]"
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Rise of the Tomb Raider
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Rise of the Tomb Raider - Wikipedia Rise of the Tomb Raider Rise of the Tomb Raider Cover art of protagonist Lara Croft Developer ( s ) Crystal Dynamics Publisher ( s ) Square Enix Microsoft Studios Director ( s ) Noah Hughes Brian Horton Daniel Neuburger Producer ( s ) Rose Hunt Designer ( s ) Jason Botta Michael Brinker Programmer ( s ) Scott Krotz Steve Austin Artist ( s ) Brenoch Adams Writer ( s ) Rhianna Pratchett Composer ( s ) Bobby Tahouri Series Tomb Raider Platform ( s ) Xbox 360 Xbox One Microsoft Windows PlayStation 4 macOS Linux Release 10 November 2015 ( show ) Xbox 360 , Xbox One NA : 10 November 2015 AU : 10 November 2015 EU : 13 November 2015 Microsoft Windows WW : 28 January 2016 PlayStation 4 WW : 11 October 2016 macOS WW : 12 April 2018 Linux WW : 19 April 2018 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Rise of the Tomb Raider is an action - adventure video game developed by Crystal Dynamics . It is the sequel to the 2013 video game , Tomb Raider , and the eleventh entry in the Tomb Raider series . The game was released by Microsoft Studios for Xbox One and Xbox 360 in 2015 . Square Enix released the game for Microsoft Windows and PlayStation 4 in 2016 . Its story follows Lara Croft as she ventures into Siberia in search of the legendary city of Kitezh while battling the paramilitary organization Trinity , which intends to uncover the city 's promise of immortality . Lara must traverse the environment and combat enemies with firearms and stealth as she explores semi-open hubs . In these hubs she can raid challenge tombs to unlock new rewards , complete side missions , and scavenge for resources which can be used to craft useful materials . Development of Rise of the Tomb Raider closely followed the conclusion of development of the 2013 reboot . Player feedback was considered during development , with the team reducing the number of quick time events and introducing more puzzles and challenge tombs . The team traveled to several locations in Turkey , including Cappadocia , Istanbul and Ephesus , to design Kitezh . Camilla Luddington returned to provide voice and motion - capture work for Lara . Powered by the Foundation engine , the game was also developed by Eidos Montreal and Nixxes Software . Rise of the Tomb Raider was announced at E3 2014 by Microsoft Studios . It was revealed as a timed exclusive for Microsoft at Gamescom 2014 , which sparked player outrage and widespread criticism from the gaming press and community . The game was critically acclaimed , with critics praising its graphics , gameplay , and characterization ; however , some reviewers felt that it did not take enough risks . By November 2017 , the game had sold nearly seven million copies . Several downloadable story and content additions have been released for digital purchase . A sequel , Shadow of the Tomb Raider , will be released in September 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 2.1 Baba Yaga : The Temple of the Witch 2.2 Cold Darkness Awakened 2.3 Blood Ties and Lara 's Nightmare 3 Development 3.1 Story and gameplay 3.2 Art and music 3.3 Technology 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Critical reception 5.2 Sales 5.3 Awards 6 Sequel 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Rise of the Tomb Raider is a third - person action - adventure game in which players control Lara Croft , who is on a quest to discover the legendary city of Kitezh . Combat is a major gameplay mechanic ; Lara has a large variety of weapons at her disposal ( including assault rifles , shotguns , and pistols ) , some of which have an alternate firing mode . Players may also utilize stealth to progress through portions of the game , using bows and arrows to take out enemies , creating distractions to draw enemy attention away from Lara , or hiding in bushes to evade enemies . Lara can use the environment to fight enemies , shooting explosive barrels , tearing down rope - wrapped structures with rope arrows , or ambushing enemies from high ground . She can also use her pickaxe and combat knife to engage in melee combat with enemies . Completing objectives and side content and eliminating enemies give players experience points ( XP ) . When players collect sufficient XP they level up , receiving a skill point , which can be spent on the game 's three skill trees : brawler , hunter and survivor . Brawler enhances Lara 's efficiency with weapons , giving her abilities such as retrieving arrows from corpses and a steady aim , as well as boosting her resilience against attack and unlocks new combat skills , such as dodge kill . Hunter gives her an advantage when dealing with the environments and animals . Survivor covers a wide range of skills to create incendiary bombs and booby traps . Lara learns new languages , enabling her to discover relics ( such as coins ) which can be traded for new equipment . Lara Croft explores one of the game 's challenge tombs , which contains an ice ship . The game has semi-open hubs for players to explore . In the hubs are items for Lara to collect , including crafting materials and survival caches . These items and collectibles such as relics and documents can be revealed to players using Survival Instinct , a vision mode which highlights items of interest . By collecting the materials , players can craft items with the game 's crafting menu ; Lara can craft ammunition , poisoned arrows ( using death - cap mushrooms ) , and Molotov cocktails and hand grenades from cans and bottles . The open areas are filled with wildlife , which can be hunted to collect more resources . Players can discover and explore challenge tombs for new skills and outfits . Lara 's outfit , which affects her combat performance , can be changed at base camps . The camps allow Lara to change her weapon loadouts , which is where she chooses one of each weapon type she will wield for example choosing which type of bow ( Makeshift Longbow or Ancient Horn Bow ) or pistol ( Semi-Auto Pistol or Heavy Pistol ) , and are fast travel points which allow players to explore a previously - searched area . The game has side missions and challenges which may give players new equipment , and players navigate intricate environments to progress . Lara can use her pickaxe to climb cliff - like surfaces ( such as glaciers ) and her rope arrows to create ziplines to access difficult - to - reach areas , and can climb trees and swim . Players solve puzzles during the game , in its main campaign and optional content . The puzzles , based on in - game physics , often connect ; players must solve connecting puzzles to solve a larger one . Unlike the 2013 Tomb Raider reboot , Rise of the Tomb Raider lacks a multiplayer mode . It introduces Expeditions , which allow players to replay the game with new constraints and requirements . The game has four modes : Chapter Replay , Chapter Replay Elite , Score Attack , and Remnant Resistance . Chapter Replay and Chapter Replay Elite allow players to replay any level , and Elite allows them to bring already - acquired skills and weapons to the level . Score Attack introduces score combo chains to the game . Remnant Resistance allows players to create custom scenarios , which can be shared with other players . By completing Expeditions , players earn credits which can then be used to purchase digital collectible cards to modify the gameplay . Common cards may be used only once , and foil cards can be used repeatedly . The cards can also be purchased in microtransactions . Plot ( edit ) One year after the events of Tomb Raider , archaeologist Lara Croft is struggling to explain her experience of the supernatural on Yamatai and is experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder . Looking for answers , she turns to her late father 's research on the lost city of Kitezh and the promise of immortality . His partner , Ana , attempts to warn her that his obsession with Kitezh drove him to ruin and suicide . Lara ignores her and organizes an expedition to Syria , hoping to uncover the tomb of the Prophet of Constantinople , who is a key figure in the Kitezh legend . The tomb is empty , and Lara is interrupted by Trinity -- an ancient order of knights turned paramilitary organization investigating the supernatural -- and their leader , Konstantin . As she flees , Lara discovers a symbol etched into the tomb which she links to a book on Russian religious history in her father 's study at the Croft manor . A Trinity assassin infiltrates the manor and steals the book , prompting Lara and her friend Jonah to go to Siberia . They are separated by an avalanche while climbing a mountain , and Lara is forced to continue alone . She discovers that Trinity has made a Soviet - era mine a base of operations in their search for Kitezh . Lara is caught trying to retrieve the book , and is imprisoned with Ana . Konstantin forces her to reveal what she knows by slowly strangling Ana in front of her , but Lara can not provide useful information . Ana then reveals herself as Trinity 's spy , who manipulated her father . She and Konstantin interrogate Lara about the Divine Source , an artifact believed to bestow immortality . Lara escapes and helps Jacob , a stranger who leads her through the mines after she agrees to aid him and his people against Trinity . Jacob is revealed as leader of the Remnant , descendants of the Prophet 's followers , and warns her that the Divine Source is not what she expects it to be . Konstantin 's forces repeatedly attack the Remnant , justifying the slaughter as God 's will . However , Lara discovers that Ana is dying and seeks the Divine Source to save herself . Jacob and Lara decide that the only way to protect the Divine Source is to retrieve it before Trinity can . Lara recovers the Atlas , an artifact which is a map of Kitezh . She is reunited with Jonah , and they locate the path into the city . Konstantin , aware of Jonah 's presence , followed him in the hope of finding Lara . Trinity ambushes them , and Konstantin stabs Jonah and takes the Atlas . Lara brings Jonah to Jacob , who heals him and reveals that he is the Prophet , given immortality by the Divine Source . With Trinity advancing on the glacier which looms over Kitezh , Lara is forced to enter the city on a dangerous path . She meets the Deathless Ones , the city 's immortal guardians . Reading journals written by a Trinity agent , Lara realizes the truth of Jacob 's warning : the Divine Source bestows immortality at the cost of one 's self . The Remnant attack the Deathless Ones , giving Lara time to reach the heart of the city . She meets Konstantin , who is blocking the path , and critically wounds him . Before he dies , he says that Lara 's father did not commit suicide but was murdered by Trinity . Lara is too late to prevent Ana from retrieving the Divine Source , but Ana is overwhelmed by its power and Lara destroys it . The Deathless Ones perish , and Jacob 's immortality is lost . Happy that his death has finally come , he thanks Lara and peacefully disintegrates . Jacob 's daughter , Sofia , leads the Remnant . Jonah recovers from his wounds and joins Lara in planning their next expedition , with Lara vowing to investigate more of the world 's mysteries and thwart Trinity 's plans . In a post-credits scene , two weeks before Lara and Jonah leave Siberia Lara asks Ana if she killed her father . Ana denies it , admitting that Trinity gave her the order . She is then killed by a sniper , who asks his unseen superior about killing Lara and is ordered to stand down . Baba Yaga : the Temple of the witch ( edit ) In the Baba Yaga downloadable content , Lara investigates a disturbance in the Soviet mine . After fighting off a Trinity patrol she finds a young girl , Nadia , hiding in a sawmill . Nadia confides in Lara about her search for her grandfather , Ivan . Ivan disappeared while trying to enter the Wicked Vale , a valley reportedly haunted by Baba Yaga , a witch in Slavic folklore . Ivan blames the witch for the death of his wife , and wants to kill her . Lara is skeptical about Baba Yaga 's existence but , since Nadia is injured , agrees to enter the Wicked Vale and find Ivan . In the Vale , Lara is exposed to a rare pollen with potent hallucinogenic properties . After stumbling through a forest where she is tormented by visions of her father 's suicide , she meets Baba Yaga and a pack of demonic wolves . Lara narrowly escapes with her life and finds herself in a small , Soviet - era outpost . She unearths evidence of a secret Soviet biological - weapons project which attempted to harness the pollen , which abruptly ended when the researchers -- including Serafima , a biochemist imprisoned in a nearby gulag -- succumbed to the hallucinations . Lara deduces that Serafima weaponized the pollen , developed an antidote and kept her research secret from the military . With Nadia 's help , Lara synthesizes a basic antidote from Serafima 's recipe and returns to the Wicked Vale . Resisting the effects of the pollen , Lara finds the injured Ivan at the entrance to Baba Yaga 's lair . Unable to leave the Wicked Vale while Baba Yaga controls it , Lara battles the witch under the pollen 's influence and destroys its source . Baba Yaga is revealed as Serafima , who was led to believe that her husband , Ivan , and daughter were dead and used the pollen to become Baba Yaga and torment her captors . With Ivan , Serafima and Nadia reunited , Lara leaves the Wicked Vale . Cold Darkness Awakened ( edit ) In the Cold Darkness Awakened content , Lara enters a decommissioned Soviet weapons bunker which has been breached by a Trinity patrol . Trinity has inadvertently released an unstable pathogen into the air , which causes the people it infects to regress to a zombie - like state . Men are particularly vulnerable , since the virus stimulates testosterone and adrenaline production . The pathogen was created to create an army of unstoppable super-soldiers by a Soviet researcher , all of whose experiments failed . He died in the facility after accidentally releasing the pathogen , proud that he had created a weapon to defend his homeland . With Sofia and Nadia providing support from a helicopter , Lara tries to find the source of the pathogen before an enormous cloud is released into the atmosphere and contaminates the Remnant valley . The women plan to channel the pathogen from three towers into the central tower , detonating it and burning off the toxin . Lara shuts down each tower , collecting equipment , rescuing female prisoners and eliminating waves of the infected Trinity soldiers before entering the core tower . While fighting off the infected soldiers , she triggers a catastrophic explosion and jumps from the tower to Nadia and Sofia 's helicopter . Nadia and Lara watch the explosion as they fly to safety . Although the resulting fire burns the remaining pathogen , documents found in the facility indicate that the release was no accident ; Trinity reactivated the facility to acquire a sample of the pathogen , and an agent of Trinity escaped with it before the bunker was destroyed . Blood Ties and Lara 's Nightmare ( edit ) Blood Ties begins with Lara reading a note from her uncle , who says that since her mother disappeared he is the rightful owner of the Croft estate . With trees working their way into the side of the house and the roof caving in , Lara 's childhood home desperately needs repair . She finds her father 's safe and searches the manor for its combination , hoping to find his will and thus prove her ownership . She finds artifacts from her past , and finally figures out the combination ; however , the safe contains no proof of her ownership . Lara find her mother 's tomb under the main staircase , proof of her death . With both her parents proven dead , their property passes to her and she moves back in . Lara 's Nightmare is similar to Blood Ties , with Lara 's uncle unwilling to give her the manor . She fights off hordes of zombies and skulls before finding the master key . Lara kills a large skull in the main hallway , ending her nightmare . Development ( edit ) Rise of the Tomb Raider was developed by Crystal Dynamics , with Eidos Montreal providing support . Development of the game began two weeks after the team finished polishing the 2013 reboot . It was led by Noah Hughes and Brian Horton , the franchise 's creative and game directors respectively . Rhianna Pratchett returned as the game 's writer , and Camilla Luddington reprised her role as protagonist Lara Croft . Bobby Tahouri , known for his work on Game of Thrones , composed the soundtrack . Development was completed on 9 October 2015 , with Crystal Dynamics confirming that the game was declared gold ( indicating that it was being prepared for duplication and release ) . Story and gameplay ( edit ) When we think about what Lara 's gone through , she 's suffered through these traumatic events , seen friends die , and come out of the situation forever changed ... What she needs is a way to reconcile the pain that she has suffered and also the draw that she has , this compulsion , to discover more of these things now that she 's just glimpsed them on Yamatai . -- Game director Brian Horton on Lara 's state after the 2013 reboot One of the game 's intentions was to craft a more `` personal '' experience for players , and the team wanted to explore the journey in which Lara becomes the tomb raider . She becomes determined to uncover more myths , and convinces the world that they are real at the end of the 2013 reboot ; this became her major driving force in the sequel . Although Lara must still struggle to survive , she is more confident and competent . The team tried to find a balance , making Lara more experienced and competent but vulnerable in crisis and appealing to players . They hoped that in the story , players could see Lara 's character progression . To indicate her hunger for knowledge , the team adjusted the collectibles ; players would learn a new language , unlocking new content and upgrades . The new crafting system reflects Lara 's resourcefulness , and her ability to use the environment against her enemies highlights her intelligence . Rhianna Pratchett found Rise of the Tomb Raider more difficult to write than the 2013 reboot , figuring out Lara 's initial mental state and character introduction . Its cast was significantly smaller than the reboot , so more screen time could be given to each character . To help establish the game 's tone and visuals , Crystal Dynamics developed a `` rippomatic '' ( a collection of movie scenes ) . Films included Rambo : First Blood Part II , which inspired the team about the game 's stealth mechanic ; Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , whose protagonist ( Sarah Connor ) and Lara Croft are `` burdened with a truth that no one believes '' . The Edge and The Grey inspired game scenes in which Lara fought bears and wolves . Hanna and The Descent inspired the game 's bows , arrows and pickaxe , and Aliens vs. Predator and The Day After Tomorrow helped the team conceive the game 's tundra setting . They worked on improving the story 's pacing , which Horton thought as important as the story itself . Several features with gameplay potential but not fitting its context , such as vehicles and an early scene in which Lara battled enemies in a jeep , were cut . The team listened to player feedback about the original game and made gameplay adjustments , such as reducing the number of quick time events , expanding the hunting system , and increasing the significance of traversing and stealth . Cinematic moments and action scenes , designed by an internal team known as OMS ( `` oh my shit '' ) , were retained in the sequel . The theme of survival remained the story 's core , with the team modifying gameplay accordingly ; the expanded crafting system required players to use the environments more . However , Crystal Dynamics avoided making it a survival game ; the team felt that it would discourage player exploration . Like its predecessor , Rise of the Tomb Raider has a structure similar to metroidvania ; the team wanted players to feel that Siberia is a living , dynamic world , and the game not merely a long sequence of events . According to design director Michael Brinker , the team decided to make the game less `` grindy '' than other titles ; players would not be forced to complete any optional content . The skill - upgrades system was overhauled to include more player options . After the developers listened to player feedback , the game emphasized tomb - raiding more than its predecessors . According to Hughes , the team analyzed some of the older Tomb Raider titles and distilled their best features while incorporating the reboot 's physics - based puzzles . They intended to add more ancient tombs , making players feel like real discoverers and inspiring awe . The tombs were made larger than the reboot , and water puzzles ( featured in older Tomb Raider games ) were included . The puzzles were often interconnected , with the team adopting a nested - puzzle approach . Optional tombs were made more meaningful , giving players unique skills and items rather than just experience points . The difficulty of each tomb slowly increases as players progress . Art and music ( edit ) The Library of Celsus in Ephesus inspired the Flooded Archive , one of the game 's tombs The game world was designed to reflect Lara 's distorted mental state , and the team introduced the concept of `` ominous beauty '' to achieve this . The color scheme was vibrant , reflecting the game 's large scale . The team was inspired by other video games and fine art , including Russian realists . They traveled to Yosemite National Park and several locations in Turkey , including Cappadocia , Istanbul and Ephesus , researching Byzantine culture and Greek architecture to design Syria and Kitezh . The team took six months to create the game 's snow technology ( such as snow tracks and avalanches ) , which helped increase player immersion in the game . To add variety to its landscape , the team introduced the Oasis ( with a dramatically - different look from Siberia ) . Bobby Tahouri 's primary goal in composing the game 's music was to support its narrative . Tahouri spoke to Crystal Dynamics in 2012 and contracted to write the score in late 2013 , delighted to have more composition time than previous projects . He listened to the earlier games ' soundtracks to `` immerse ( himself ) in the Tomb Raider world '' . The soundtrack was recorded in Nashville by a 52 - piece string - and - brass orchestra , including cello , woodwinds , dulcimer and a handpan developed by Saraz Musical Instruments . The Siberian music features an instrument similar to a gusli and low - pitched male singing . Dynamic Percussion System middleware creates music as the game is played . Crystal Dynamics signed Karen O and guitarist David Pajo to produce the game 's theme song , `` I Shall Rise '' . Technology ( edit ) Camilla Luddington provided the voice and motion capture for Lara Croft in Rise of the Tomb Raider . Camilla Luddington voiced Lara and provided motion capture at a Los Angeles studio over a two - year period . According to the actress , one of the greatest challenges in voicing Lara was having to `` yell over wind and snow '' . Luddington trained for the role , with experts teaching her how to hold the weapons . The team wanted to ensure that Lara 's first game for the eighth generation of video game consoles looked good . Spraying Mova fluorescent paint on Luddington 's face , they obtained 7,000 points of reference . The team had difficulty developing Lara from motion capture , finding Luddington 's footage too realistic , and tried to give the young Lara `` subtle '' facial expressions . They focused on Lara 's physical details in cutscenes , where her muscles tensed as she climbed or her skin became blotchy from the cold . The studio used pose - based deformers to sculpt Lara 's `` exact shape '' as she moved . The team also used wrinkle maps , allowing more natural , realistic movement for the character . Rise of the Tomb Raider was powered by the Foundation in - house game engine . The team used global illumination and physics - based rendering to create light and shadows . They used a Horizon WYSIWYG editor , editing text and graphics in a form closely resembling the finished product . The team adopted a `` kit - bashing technique '' , quickly assembling a level with modules and rebuilding it until they were satisfied . To improve the game 's graphical fidelity , the team partnered with Nixxes Software ( which ported the Xbox 360 version ) . Release ( edit ) On 1 August 2013 , Square Enix Europe executive Phil Rogers announced that a new Tomb Raider game was in development for the eighth generation of video game consoles . Microsoft announced the game during an E3 2014 press conference , with a scheduled late - 2015 release . At Gamescom 2014 , the company said that Rise of the Tomb Raider would be an exclusive for its Xbox series of video - game platforms , including Xbox 360 and Xbox One ; according to Microsoft Studios executive Phil Spencer , it would be a timed exclusive similar to Microsoft 's deal with Capcom and Crytek on Dead Rising 3 and Ryse : Son of Rome ( in which both were released for Microsoft Windows ) . This sparked player outrage from players ( since Tomb Raider had a longer history with PlayStation ) , who blamed franchise owner Square Enix for the decision . Microsoft 's calling the game `` exclusive on Xbox for holiday 2015 '' caused confusion among the gaming press and players . Rogers explained in 2015 that the Microsoft timed exclusivity was primarily due to the company 's strong support for the 2013 reboot . Crystal Dynamics head Darrell Gallagher said that the partnership could help the team `` deliver the best game that ( they ) can '' . Rogers called the arrangement a `` natural '' evolution and a `` tough '' decision . Rise of the Tomb Raider was released on 10 November 2015 , and the Windows version was released on 28 January 2016 . Microsoft Studios was the game 's publisher for Xbox 360 and Xbox One . An 18 - issue comic series , Tomb Raider , began publication in early 2014 . Produced by Dark Horse Comics and written by Pratchett and Gail Simone , the comics bridged the gap between the 2013 reboot and Rise of the Tomb Raider and explained the absence of some secondary characters in the sequel . Microsoft released a Rise of the Tomb Raider Xbox One bundle , including an Xbox One console , a code for Tomb Raider : Definitive Edition and the game . A collector 's edition included a 12 - inch statue of Lara , a steelbook , a jade necklace and a replica of Lara 's journal . A season pass included the base game , additional outfits , weapons and expedition cards , and access to downloadable content . GameStop preorders had exclusive access to the Holy Fire Card Pack , which can be used in the game 's expeditions mode . Microsoft live - streamed a Survival Billboard marketing event on Twitch.tv . Eight contestants standing in front of a Southwark Street billboard were subjected to different harsh weather conditions , which were voted by Twitch 's viewers . The contestant enduring the weather longest received a `` Tomb Raider - themed trip '' Players could earn in - game rewards by participating ( and interacting with ) Twitch live - streaming in expedition mode . The game was supported by downloadable content , and its first post-launch update was released on 4 December 2015 . It introduced an endurance mode , with elements of a survival game as Lara hunts and crafts items while facing hidden dangers and environmental hazards . The first story add - on , Baba Yaga : The Temple of the Witch , was released on 26 January 2016 for Xbox One . Cold Darkness Awakened , the third DLC , introduced a horde mode in which Lara fights waves of infected enemies . A Rise of the Tomb Raider : 20th Year Celebration edition was released for PlayStation 4 on 11 October 2016 . The edition ( developed by Nixxes Software and Crystal Dynamics ) adds several new features , including a classic outfit inspired by Tomb Raider III ; cooperative gameplay for endurance mode ; Blood Ties , a combat - free mode in which Lara explores the Croft manor ; and Lara 's Nightmare , in which players fight infected enemies in the manor . The DLC was free of charge to season - pass holders . To promote the 20th Year Celebration edition , the marketing team hung a jeep from the side of a building in Times Square . Blood Ties supported PlayStation VR when 20th Year Celebration was released , and Oculus Rift and HTC Vive were supported on 6 December 2017 . Feral Interactive released the game for macOS and Linux in April 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic ( PC ) 86 / 100 ( XONE ) 86 / 100 ( PS4 ) 88 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Destructoid 7.5 / 10 EGM 8 / 10 Game Informer 9.5 / 10 Game Revolution GameSpot 9 / 10 GamesRadar+ IGN 9.3 / 10 Critical reception ( edit ) Rise of the Tomb Raider 's graphics were praised by critics . Kimberly Wallace of Game Informer called them `` stunning '' and praised Crystal Dynamics for creating detailed environments for players to explore , although she noted several frame rate issues . Spencer Campbell of Electronic Gaming Monthly agreed , describing the areas as `` gorgeous '' and noting that every location in the game looked unique . Justin Towell of GamesRadar praised the game 's presentation and appreciated its animation , noting that it was a AAA production . Steven Hansen of Destructoid called it one of the best - looking games on the market , although he considered some of the lighting unrealistic . Wallace praised the story for several memorable moments , although she thought it was predictable except for the ending scene . She liked the writers ' decision to explore the relationship between Lara and her father and with Trinity , which she found interesting . Campbell criticized the story for being simple and formulaic ; it `` took too many cues '' from Raiders of the Lost Ark , and its characters were undeveloped and forgettable . Mike Mahardy of GameSpot wrote that the story was emotional and the characters grounded and believable ; its mysticism `` makes sense within the world they occupy '' , and he called the story tragic but uplifting . Towell praised the story for several surprising moments and was largely impressed by the voice acting , although he was disappointed that the story was so similar to the 2013 reboot . Peter Paras of Game Revolution singled out Luddington 's performance as Lara , saying that she `` imbues the character with a sense of wonderment and determination '' . Lucy O'Brien of IGN called Lara an `` endearing '' character driven by `` complex ambitions '' , and described the game 's villains as `` strong '' . Wallace found Rise of the Tomb Raider 's combat entertaining overall , and enjoyed the stealth section . She liked the upgrade trees ( which accommodate different styles of play ) , but found later combat sections repetitious . Campbell called the stealth section satisfyingly challenging , and enjoyed the range of player choices . He noted the combat 's more - strategic nature , due to its larger arsenal . Mahardy called the combat `` superb '' , praising the game for giving players the freedom to experiment with gameplay mechanics . He found the resource - gathering tedious , but the crafting system well - executed . Towell liked the game 's combat and stealth , comparing it to Metal Gear Solid V : The Phantom Pain and noting that Lara often felt like a `` cold - blooded killer '' due to the abundance of combat . He felt that there were too many items to collect . O'Brien found some combat sections uninspired , but the new crafting abilities made them more enjoyable . She called the stealth component enjoyable but redundant . Although Hansen liked the addition of stealth , he said that Rise did not address the problems with the 2013 reboot ( in which Lara was too violent , causing narrative dissonance ) . Wallace praised the game 's abundant side content , finding it intriguing enough to lure her away from the main story . She liked the Metroidvania world design , and the large hubs encouraged her to explore . Wallace enjoyed the expanded tombs and the puzzles , which were deeper and more intricate than those in the previous game . Campbell praised its hunting mechanic , which enhanced the game world . He wrote that the narrative shortcomings were balanced by gameplay complexity , particularly the optional tomb puzzles . Mahardy praised the open hubs ' `` waterfall structure '' , where every player action may unlock new possibilities ; however , Towell found the hubs filled with aimless , unappealing content . O'Brien called the challenge tombs the game 's highlight ( paying homage to the older Tomb Raider games ) , despite its shortage of puzzles . Hansen found much of the content `` open world busywork '' , which he compared to the Assassin 's Creed game series . Paras wrote that the expedition mode was a `` real treat '' ; Oli Welsh of Eurogamer criticized it , saying that there was no reason for the mode to exist other than to please YouTubers and generate revenue from microtransactions . Wallace called Rise of the Tomb Raider `` better in every way '' than the 2013 reboot , and said that the game had high replayability . Campbell was disappointed by the story , but considered the game an overall improvement on its predecessor . Towell called the game a `` safe sequel '' which took few risks , but had a successful formula ; O'Brien agreed that it succeeded in refining its predecessor 's formula . Hansen found much of the game 's content bloated ; although it was an improvement , he criticized it for not fixing many of the original 's shortcomings . According to Paras , the Tomb Raider franchise surpassed gaming classics such as Resident Evil 4 and Uncharted 2 : Among Thieves after 20 years with Rise of the Tomb Raider . The game had `` generally positive reviews '' from the review aggregator Metacritic , with the PlayStation 4 version receiving the highest score ( 88 out of 100 ) . Sales ( edit ) Some gaming journalists were concerned about Rise of the Tomb Raider 's sales , since it was released on the same day as Fallout 4 ( a highly - anticipated game from Bethesda Game Studios , which also had Microsoft as its marketing partner ) . However , Microsoft believed that the games would not compete with one another . It was the fourth - bestselling game in the UK and Ireland in its week of release , debuting at number four in the UK retail software sales chart ( behind Fallout 4 , Call of Duty : Black Ops III and FIFA 16 ) . However , the game did not sell well enough in the month after its release to appear on the NPD Group chart . According to Square Enix , its initial commercial performance was `` solid '' ; game director Brian Horton and Microsoft executive Aaron Greenberg said that Microsoft Studios and Square Enix were satisfied with the game 's sales . Digitally , the Windows version sold three times better than the Xbox One version in the first month of release . The game had sold over one million copies by the end of 2015 , and nearly seven million copies by November 2017 . Awards ( edit ) show List of awards and nominations for Rise of the Tomb Raider Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref . 2015 33rd Golden Joystick Awards Most Wanted Game Rise of the Tomb Raider Nominated The Game Awards Best Performance Camilla Luddington Nominated Best Action / Adventure Rise of the Tomb Raider Nominated Telegraph Video Game Awards Game of the Year Nominated Best Level Design Runner - Up GameSpot 's Game of the Year Awards Game of the Year Eighth Xbox One Game of the Year Nominated GamesRadar 's Game of the Year Game of the Year Fifth EGM 's Best of 2015 Best Game Tenth National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers ( NAVGTR ) awards Animation , Artistic Rise of the Tomb Raider Won Art Direction , Contemporary Won Graphics , Technical Nominated Lighting / Texturing Won Performance in a Drama , Lead Camilla Luddington as Lara Croft Nominated Sound Effects Rise of the Tomb Raider Nominated Use of Sound , Franchise Nominated Game , Franchise Adventure Won 2016 Game Revolution 's Best of 2015 Awards Game of the Year Runner - Up Best Developer Crystal Dynamics Nominated Best Action Adventure Rise of the Tomb Raider Won IGN 's Best of 2015 Game of the Year Nominated Best Xbox One Game of the Year Won Best Action - Adventure Game Won Best Performances Runner - Up Best Xbox 360 Game of the Year Runner - Up Best Art Direction Nominated Technical Excellence Nominated Best Story Nominated 68th Writers Guild of America Awards Outstanding Achievement in Videogame Writing John Stafford Cameron Suey Rhianna Pratchett Philip Gelatt Won 19th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards Game of the Year Rise of the Tomb Raider Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction Nominated Adventure Game of the Year Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Animation Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Character Lara Croft Won Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design Rise of the Tomb Raider Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Story Nominated Outstanding Technical Achievement Nominated Satellite Awards Outstanding Action / Adventure Game Won SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Animation Won Excellence in Visual Achievement Nominated Excellence in SFX Nominated Most Enduring Character Lara Croft Won Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Shadow of the Tomb Raider On 15 March 2018 , Shadow of the Tomb Raider was confirmed by Square Enix . It will be the third game in the rebooted origin story . Eidos Montreal replaced Crystal Dynamics as the game 's lead developer . It is scheduled for worldwide release on PlayStation 4 , Xbox One , and Microsoft Windows on 14 September 2018 . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Microsoft only published the game 's Xbox 360 and Xbox One versions . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Garratt , Patrick ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider : 10 beginner 's tips you absolutely need to know '' . VG 247 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( 29 October 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider video takes a look at guerrilla combat tactics '' . VG 247 . Archived from the original on 17 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Sarker , Samit ( 21 August 2015 ) . `` Yes , Rise of the Tomb Raider will let you play stealthily , and here 's video proof '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 17 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Cork , Jeff ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` The Essential Skills ( And The Ones To Avoid ) In Rise Of The Tomb Raider '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 17 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kamen , Matt ( 24 September 2015 ) . `` Lara Croft 's latest adventure uses new tech to tackle ancient mysteries '' . Wired . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Narcisse , Evan ( 29 January 2016 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider : The Kotaku Review '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on 18 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Towell , Justin ( 12 November 2015 ) . `` 8 things I wish I 'd known before I started Rise of the Tomb Raider '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on 17 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Prell , Sam ( 30 September 2015 ) . `` Set aside 30 - 40 hours for Rise of the Tomb Raider if you 're out to collect everything '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on 18 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hall , Matt ( 10 October 2016 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider - Challenges , side missions '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 17 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Tyrrel , Brandin ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` E3 2015 : Rise of the Tomb Raider Gameplay Footage Revealed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 17 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hall , Mat ( 10 October 2016 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider - Geothermal Valley , fire arrows , Molotov , rescue '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 18 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Newhouse , Alex ( 31 July 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider Much Larger Than Last Game , Wo n't Have Loading Screens '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 18 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 17 February 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider puzzles `` will take you longer to solve '' , Crystal Dynamics promises `` . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 17 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welsh , Oli ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider review : Plunder the Influence '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 22 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 8 October 2015 ) . `` How Rise of the Tomb Raider 's microtransactions work '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 18 May 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2018 . Jump up ^ John Agnello , Anthony ( 14 May 2018 ) . `` Eidos Montreal boss David Anfossi talks Shadow of the Tomb Raider , Deus Ex , and The Avengers '' . VentureBeat . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kerr , Chris ( 12 February 2016 ) . `` The making of Rise Of The Tomb Raider : Crystal Dynamics on continuing Lara Croft 's journey '' . IBTimes . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Corriea , Alexa ( 12 October 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider : Is Lara Struggling With Her Sanity ? '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Mahardy , Mike ( 16 October 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider , and the Writer Behind it All '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider 's Music Written by Game of Thrones Composer '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( 9 October 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider Goes Gold '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The big Rise of the Tomb Raider interview '' . Finder.com. 16 April 2018 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Ben ( 11 February 2015 ) . `` Exploring The New Setting Of Rise Of The Tomb Raider '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Hanson , Ben ( 4 February 2015 ) . `` Five Ways Rise Of The Tomb Raider Improves Upon The Reboot '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Colin ( 10 July 2015 ) . `` The Reconstruction of Lara Croft '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 22 February 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Ben ( 13 February 2015 ) . `` Tomb Raider 's Writer Discusses The Evolution Of Lara Croft '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hilliard , Kyle ( 18 February 2015 ) . `` Eight Films That Helped Influence Rise Of The Tomb Raider '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Ben ( 25 February 2015 ) . `` Balancing Survival Vs. Action In Rise Of The Tomb Raider '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 17 February 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider puzzles `` will take you longer to solve '' , Crystal Dynamics promises `` . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 17 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hanson , Ben ( 16 February 2015 ) . `` Return Of The Tombs : The Puzzles Of Rise Of The Tomb Raider '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 20 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Ray Corriea , Alexa ( 14 October 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider 's True - to - Life World '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The official Rise of the Tomb Raider soundtrack releases for free - exclusive MoTR interview with composer Bobby Tahouri '' . The Music of Tomb Raider. 6 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( 29 October 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider Theme Song Crafted By Karen O '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Morales , Aaron ( 16 November 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider Camilla Luddington interview '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on 18 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hilliard , Kyle ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` Camilla Luddington On Playing Lara Croft And The Difficulties Of Pretending To Drown '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ G. Macy , Seth ( 7 August 2014 ) . `` Upcoming Tomb Raider To Take Mocap To New Heights '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` And the Tomb Raider engine is ACTUALLY called ... Foundation '' . Finder.com. 16 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( 1 August 2013 ) . `` Tomb Raider Next - Gen Sequel Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Walton , Mark ( 9 June 2014 ) . `` E3 2014 : Rise of the Tomb Raider Coming Holiday 2015 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( 14 August 2014 ) . `` Microsoft confirms Rise of the Tomb Raider Xbox exclusivity deal `` has a duration '' `` . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 20 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( 8 December 2014 ) . `` People Are Pissed That Tomb Raider Is An Xbox Exclusive '' . Archived from the original on 24 January 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 23 February 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider Dev Talks Xbox Exclusivity '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . 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Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Blake , Vikki ( 28 September 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Reveals New Rise of the Tomb Raider Xbox One Bundle '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider 's Collector Edition Revealed '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephanny ( 7 October 2015 ) . `` Details on Rise of the Tomb Raider 's Season Pass emerge '' . VG 247 . Archived from the original on 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( 17 October 2015 ) . `` Pre-order Rise of the Tomb Raider from GameStop and you get a Chicken Bomb '' . VG 247 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( 13 November 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is chucking snow at people strung up on a billboard to promote Tomb Raider '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider has some interesting Twitch interactivity on Xbox One '' . Polygo . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Sarker , Samit ( 4 December 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider 's first new mode arrives later this month '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Kollar , Phillip ( 19 January 2016 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider 's Baba Yaga DLC launches next week '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 22 March 2016 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider : Cold Darkness Awakened DLC release date '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 23 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Riaz , Adnan ( 19 July 2018 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider : 20 Year Celebration Announced for PlayStation 4 '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldfarb , Andrew ( 19 July 2016 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider : 20th Year Celebration Edition , PS4 Release Date Announced '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Monllos , Kristina ( 7 October 2016 ) . `` See Why Tomb Raider Hung a Jeep on the Side of a Building and Made It Snow in Times Square '' . Adweek . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Billcliff , James ( 6 December 2017 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider : Blood Ties finally available on Oculus Rift and HTC Vive '' . VG 247 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Tomb Raider TM : 20 Year Celebration '' . Feral Interactive . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Tomb Raider for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 12 February 2016 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Tomb Raider for Xbox One Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rise of the Tomb Raider : 20 Year Celebration for PlayStation 4 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 26 December 2017 . Retrieved 30 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , Steven ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` Review : Rise of the Tomb Raider '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell , Spencer ( 10 November 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider review '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . Archived from the original on 15 November 2015 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wallace , Kimberley ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` Leaping To Greater Heights - Rise of the Tomb Raider '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 13 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Paras , Peter ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider Review '' . Game Revolution . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Mahardy , Mike ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 12 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Towell , Justin ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider review '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on 17 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to : O'Brien , Lucy ( 9 November 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 10 November 2015 . Retrieved 9 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Saed , Sherif ( 27 October 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider can stand on its own against Fallout 4 , says Microsoft '' . VG 247 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( 16 November 2015 ) . `` Fallout 4 tops UK chart , launch sales 200 % up on New Vegas '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 22 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Handrahan , Matthew ( 5 January 2016 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider sold `` well over '' 1 million units `` . Gameindustry.biz . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Tamoor ( 4 February 2016 ) . `` Square Enix Profits Surge Thanks to Mobile and PC Games '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 22 May 2018 . Retrieved 21 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 18 December 2015 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider Has `` Done Well , '' Microsoft Says `` . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 20 December 2015 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Hillier , Brenna . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider PC outsold Xbox One digital 3 : 1 in launch month -- report '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2016 . Retrieved 27 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Scammell , David ( 4 January 2016 ) . `` Rise of the Tomb Raider , Halo 5 , Forza 6 & Gears of War : UE have all sold over 1 million units '' . VideoGamer.com . Archived from the original on 28 January 2016 . Retrieved 4 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` East meets West : Yosuke Matsuda on growing Square Enix 's global empire '' . GamesIndustry.biz. 27 November 2017 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Matthew ( 1 September 2015 ) . `` Golden Joystick Awards 2015 voting now open to the public '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on 30 October 2015 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees The Game Awards 2015 '' . The Game Awards . Ola Balola. 12 November 2015 . Archived from the original on 14 November 2015 . Retrieved 13 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Telegraph Video Game Awards 2015 '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . 16 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 27 December 2015 . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Best Games of 2015 - Game of the Year 2015 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on 19 December 2015 . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Game of the year 2015 '' . GamesRadar . Future plc. 31 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EGM 's Best of 2015 : Part Four : # 10 ~ # 06 '' . Electronic Gaming Monthly . EGM Media . 30 December 2015 . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees - National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers Corporation '' . National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers. 9 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 3 July 2017 . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2015 Awards '' . Game Revolution . Net Revolution . 1 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 26 January 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IGN 's Best of 2015 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 12 January 2016 . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Writers Guild Awards Winners Announced '' . Writers Guild of America , West . 12 February 2016 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Rise of the Tomb Raider Leads D.I.C.E. Awards With 9 Nominations '' . GameSpot. 13 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards ( 2015 ) '' . International Press Academy . IPA. 1 September 2015 . pressacademy.com . Archived from the original on 20 March 2016 . Retrieved 1 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SXSW Gaming Awards Info '' . South by Southwest . Archived from the original on 29 January 2016 . Retrieved 14 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shadow of the Tomb Raider trailer teases a trip to Mayan pyramids '' . Polygon. 15 March 2018 . Archived from the original on 15 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Tomb Raider Lara Croft Video games Main titles First series Tomb Raider ( 1996 ) II III The Last Revelation Chronicles The Angel of Darkness Second series Legend Anniversary Underworld Third series Tomb Raider ( 2013 ) Rise of the Tomb Raider Shadow of the Tomb Raider Spin - offs Handheld series Tomb Raider ( GBC ) Curse of the Sword The Prophecy Lara Croft series Guardian of Light Temple of Osiris Relic Run Go Films Lara Croft : Tomb Raider Lara Croft : Tomb Raider -- The Cradle of Life Tomb Raider Other media Revisioned : Tomb Raider Tomb Raider ( comic ) Tomb Raider Collectible Card Game Corporate Square Enix Square Enix Europe Crystal Dynamics Eidos Montréal Square Enix Montreal Core Design Related List of media Toby Gard Book Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rise_of_the_Tomb_Raider&oldid=848050547 '' Categories : 2015 video games Action - adventure games Crystal Dynamics games Immortality in fiction Linux games MacOS games Microsoft games PlayStation 4 games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games PlayStation VR games Square Enix games Stealth video games Tomb Raider series Universal Windows Platform apps Video game sequels Video games based on Slavic mythology Video games developed in the United States Video games featuring female antagonists Video games set in Russia Video games set in Syria Windows games Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Xbox One X enhanced games Hidden categories : Good articles Use dmy dates from June 2018 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 13 : 41 ( UTC ) . 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Algor mortis
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Algor mortis - Wikipedia Algor mortis Jump to : navigation , search Stages of death Pallor mortis Algor mortis Rigor mortis Livor mortis Putrefaction Decomposition Skeletonization Algor mortis ( Latin : algor -- coldness ; mortis -- of death ) , the second stage of death , is the change in body temperature post mortem , until the ambient temperature is matched . This is generally a steady decline , although if the ambient temperature is above the body temperature ( such as in a hot desert ) , the change in temperature will be positive , as the ( relatively ) cooler body acclimates to the warmer environment . External factors can have a significant influence . Algor mortis also occurs when the body dies . This was first used by DOWLER in 1849 . The first published measurements of the intervals of temperature after death were done by Dr John Davey in 1839 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applicability 2 Variability 3 References 4 External links Applicability ( edit ) An XY plot of the Glaister equation with values from 37 degrees Celsius to 20 degrees Celsius ( a commonly used ambient temperature ) . A measured rectal temperature can give some indication of the time of death . Although the heat conduction which leads to body cooling follows an exponential decay curve , it can be approximated as a linear process : 2 ° Celsius during the first hour and 1 ° Celsius per hour until the body nears ambient temperature . The Glaister equation estimates the hours elapsed since death as a linear function of the rectal temperature : ( 36.9 ∘ C − rectal temperature in Celsius ) ⋅ 6 5 ( \ displaystyle ( 36.9 ^ ( \ circ ) C - ( \ text ( rectal temperature in Celsius ) ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( 6 ) ( 5 ) ) ) or 98.4 ∘ F − rectal temperature in Fahrenheit 1.5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 98.4 \ , ^ ( \ circ ) ( \ rm ( F ) ) - ( \ text ( rectal temperature in Fahrenheit ) ) ) ( 1.5 ) ) ) As decomposition occurs the internal body temperature tends to rise again . Variability ( edit ) Generally , temperature change is considered an inaccurate means of determining time of death , as the rate of change is affected by several key factors , including : Stability or fluctuation of the ambient temperature . The level and thickness of clothing or similar materials . The thermal conductivity of the surface on which a body lies . Diseases or drugs which increase body temperature and thereby raise the starting temperature of the corpse at the time of death The existence of a `` temperature plateau '' , a highly variable length of time in which the body does not cool . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Madea , Burkhard ( 2015 ) . Estimation of the Time Since Death , Third Edition . CRC Press . Jump up ^ http://www.fmap.archives.gla.ac.uk/DC403/DC403_page.htm Jump up ^ Guharaj , P.V. ( 2003 ) . `` Cooling of the body ( algor mortis ) '' . Forensic Medicine ( 2nd ed . ) . Hyderabad : Longman Orient . pp. 61 -- 62 . Jump up ^ http://www.crimewatchcanada.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79:changes-to-a-body-after-death&catid=41:january-february-2010-issue-76&Itemid=53 Jump up ^ Kaliszan , M. ( 20 May 2005 ) . `` Verification of the exponential model of body temperature decrease after death in pigs '' . Experimental Physiology. 90 ( 5 ) : 727 -- 738 . doi : 10.1113 / expphysiol. 2005.030551 . Saferstein , Richard ( 2004 ) . Criminalistics An Introduction to Forensic Science ( 8th ed . ) . Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 113706 - 9 . Karen T. Taylor , `` Forensic art and illustration '' , CRC Press , 2000 , ISBN 0 - 8493 - 8118 - 5 , p. 308 Robert G. Mayer , `` Embalming : history , theory , and practice '' , McGraw - Hill Professional , 2005 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 143950 - 1 , p. 106 Calixto Machado , `` Brain death : a reappraisal '' , Springer , 2007 , ISBN 0 - 387 - 38975 - X , pp. 73 -- 74 External links ( edit ) Standards Employed to Determine Time of Death Estimation of the time since death ( by rectal temperature , C. Henssge , 2004 ) . Death Outline In medicine Cell death Necrosis Avascular necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Temporal lobe necrosis Programmed cell death AICD Anoikis Apoptosis Autophagy Intrinsic apoptosis Necroptosis Paraptosis Parthanatos Phenoptosis Pseudoapoptosis Pyroptosis Autolysis Autoschizis Eschar Immunogenic cell death Ischemic cell death Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Mitotic catastrophe Suicide gene Abortion Autopsy Brain death Brainstem death Clinical death DOA Death by natural causes Death rattle Dysthanasia End - of - life care Euthanasia Lazarus sign Lazarus syndrome Medical definition of death Organ donation Terminal illness Unnatural death Lists Causes of death by rate Expressions related to death Natural disasters People by cause of death Premature obituaries Preventable causes of death Notable deaths by year Unusual deaths TV actors who died during production Mortality Birthday effect Child mortality Gompertz -- Makeham law of mortality Immortality Biological Digital Infant mortality Karōshi Maternal death Maternal mortality in fiction Memento mori Micromort Mortality displacement Mortality rate RAMR Mortality salience Perinatal mortality After death Body Stages Pallor mortis Algor mortis Rigor mortis Livor mortis Putrefaction Decomposition Skeletonization Fossilization Preservation Cryopreservation Cryonics Neuropreservation Embalming Maceration Mummification Plastination Prosection Taxidermy Disposal Burial Bed burial Burial at sea Chariot burial Jar burial Natural burial Premature burial Secondary burial Ship burial Sky burial Space burial Cannibalism Cremation Dismemberment Excarnation Promession Resomation Beating heart cadaver Body donation Cadaveric spasm Coffin birth Death erection Dissection Gibbeting Postmortem Caloricity Post-mortem interval Other aspects Afterlife Cemetery Consciousness Customs Death mask Eternal oblivion Examination Funeral Grief Intermediate state Internet Mourning Obituary Resurrection Taboo on the dead Vigil Paranormal Ghosts Near - death experience Near - death studies Necromancy Out - of - body experience Reincarnation research Séance Legal Abortion law Administration Capital punishment Cause of death Civil death Coroner Death - qualified jury Death certificate Declared death in absentia Death row Dying declaration Faked death Inquest Legal death Murder Prohibition of death Right to die Suspicious death Trust law Will Fields Forensic pathology Funeral director Mortuary science Necrobiology Post-mortem chemistry Post-mortem photography Taphonomy Biostratinomy Thanatology Other Apparent death Dark tourism Darwin Awards Dead pool Death and culture Death anniversary Death anxiety Death deity Personification of death Dying - and - rising god Psychopomp Death camp Death drive Death education Death from laughter Death hoax Death knell Death march Death messenger Death notification Death panel Death poem Death pose Death squad Death threat Death trajectory Dignified death Extinction Fan death Festival of the Dead Fascination with death Homicide Information - theoretic death Last rites Martyr Megadeath Museum of Death Necronym Necrophilia Necrophobia The Order of the Good Death Predation Sacrifice human animal Spiritual death Suicide Assisted suicide Thanatosensitivity Undead Voodoo death Portal WikiProject This medical sign article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This death - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This article related to Latin words and phrases is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algor_mortis&oldid=799994671 '' Categories : Signs of death Latin medical phrases Post-mortem Medical sign stubs Death stubs Latin words and phrases stubs Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español हिन्दी Italiano 日本 語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 01 : 24 . About Wikipedia
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how does algor mortis determine time of death
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"Algor mortis (Latin: algor—coldness; mortis—of death), the second stage of death, is the change in body temperature post mortem, until the ambient temperature is matched. This is generally a steady decline, although if the ambient temperature is above the body temperature (such as in a hot desert), the change in temperature will be positive, as the (relatively) cooler body acclimates to the warmer environment. External factors can have a significant influence. Algor mortis also occurs when the body dies."
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"change in body temperature"
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G0 phase
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G0 phase - wikipedia G phase Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many mammal cells , such as this 9x H neuron , remain permanently or semipermanently in G . The G phase describes a cellular state outside of the replicative cell cycle . Classically , cells were thought to enter G primarily due to environmental factors , like nutrient deprivation , that limited the resources necessary for proliferation . Thus it was thought of as a resting phase . G is now known to take different forms and occur for multiple reasons . For example , most adult neuronal cells , among the most metabolically active cells in the body , are fully differentiated and reside in a terminal G phase . Neurons reside in this state , not because of stochastic or limited nutrient supply , but because it 's part of their internal genetic programming . G was first suggested as a cell state based on early cell cycle studies . When the first studies defined the four phases of the cell cycle using radioactive labeling techniques , it was discovered that not all cells in a population proliferate at similar rates . A population 's `` growth fraction '' -- or the fraction of the population that was growing -- was actively proliferating , but other cells existed in a non-proliferative state . Some of these non-proliferating cells could respond to extrinsic stimuli and proliferate by re-entering the cell cycle . Early contrasting views either considered non-proliferating cells to simply be in an extended G phase or in a cell cycle phase distinct from G -- termed G. Subsequent research pointed to a restriction point ( R - point ) in G where cells can enter G before the R - point but are committed to mitosis after the R - point . These early studies provided evidence for the existence of a G state to which access is restricted . Contents ( hide ) 1 Diversity of G states 2 Examples of reversible G phase 2.1 Tissue stem cells 2.2 Mature hepatocytes 3 Examples of irreversible G phase 3.1 Senescent cells 3.2 Differentiated muscle 3.3 Differentiated bone 3.4 Differentiated nerve 4 References Diversity of G states ( edit ) Three G states exist and can be categorized as either reversible ( quiescent ) or irreversible ( senescent and differentiated ) . Each of these three states can be entered from the G phase before the cell commits to the next round of the cell cycle . Quiescence refers to a reversible G state where subpopulations of cells reside in a ' quiescent ' state before entering the cell cycle after activation in response to extrinsic signals . Quiescent cells are often identified by low RNA content , lack of cell proliferation markers , and increased label retention indicating low cell turnover . Senescence is distinct from quiescence because senescence is an irreversible state that cells enter in response to DNA damage or degradation that would make a cell 's progeny nonviable . Such DNA damage can occur from telomere shortening over many cell divisions as well as reactive oxygen species ( ROS ) exposure , oncogene activation , and cell - cell fusion . While senescent cells can no longer replicate , they remain able to perform many normal cellular functions . Senescence is often a biochemical alternative to the self - destruction of such a damaged cell by apoptosis . In contrast to cellular senescence , quiescence is not a reactive event but part of the core programming of several different cell types . Finally , differentiated cells are stem cells that have progressed through a differentiation program to reach a mature -- terminally differentiated -- state . Differentiated cells continue to stay in G and perform their main functions indefinitely . Examples of reversible G phase ( edit ) Tissue stem cells ( edit ) Stem cells are cells with the unique ability to produce differentiated daughter cells and to preserve their stem cell identity through self - renewal . In mammals , most adult tissues contain tissue - specific stem cells that reside in the tissue and proliferate to maintain homeostasis for the lifespan of the organism . These cells can undergo immense proliferation in response to tissue damage before differentiating and engaging in regeneration . Some tissue stem cells exist in a reversible , quiescent state indefinitely until being activated by external stimuli . Many different types of tissue stem cells exist , including muscle stem cells ( MuSCs ) , neural stem cells ( NSCs ) , intestinal stem cells ( ISCs ) , and many others . Stem cell quiescence has been recently suggested to be composed of two distinct functional phases , G and an ' alert ' phase termed G. Stem cells are believed to actively and reversibly transition between these phases to respond to injury stimuli and seem to gain enhanced tissue regenerative function in G. Thus , transition into G has been proposed as an adaptive response that enables stem cells to rapidly respond to injury or stress by priming them for cell cycle entry . In muscle stem cells , mTORC1 activity has been identified to control the transition from G into G along with signaling through the HGF receptor cMet . Mature hepatocytes ( edit ) While a reversible quiescent state is perhaps most important for tissue stem cells to respond quickly to stimuli and maintain proper homeostasis and regeneration , reversible G phases can be found in non-stem cells such as mature hepatocytes . Hepatocytes are typically quiescent in normal livers but undergo limited replication ( less than 2 cell divisions ) during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy . However , in certain cases , hepatocytes can experience immense proliferation ( more than 70 cell divisions ) indicating that their proliferation capacity is not hampered by existing in a reversible quiescent state . Examples of irreversible G phase ( edit ) Senescent cells ( edit ) Often associated with aging and age - related diseases in vivo , senescent cells can be found in many renewable tissues , including the stroma , vasculature , hematopoietic system , and many epithelial organs . Resulting from accumulation over many cell divisions , senescence is often seen in age - associated degenerative phenotypes . Senescent fibroblasts in models of breast epithelial cell function have been found to disrupt milk protein production due to secretion of matrix metalloproteinases . Similarly , senescent pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells caused nearby smooth muscle cells to proliferate and migrate , perhaps contributing to hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries and eventually pulmonary hypertension . Differentiated muscle ( edit ) During skeletal myogenesis , cycling progenitor cells known as myoblasts differentiate and fuse together into non-cycling muscle cells called myocytes that remain in a terminal G phase . As a result , the fibers that make up skeletal muscle ( myofibers ) are cells with multiple nuclei , referred to as myonuclei , since each myonucleus originated from a single myoblast . Skeletal muscle cells continue indefinitely to provide contractile force through simultaneous contractions of cellular structures called sarcomeres . Importantly , these cells are kept in a terminal G phase since disruption of muscle fiber structure after myofiber formation would prevent proper transmission of force through the length of the muscle . Muscle growth can be stimulated by growth or injury and involves the recruitment of muscle stem cells -- also known as satellite cells -- out of a reversible quiescent state . These stem cells differentiate and fuse to generate new muscle fibers both in parallel and in series to increase force generation capacity . Cardiac muscle is also formed through myogenesis but instead of recruiting stem cells to fuse and form new cells , heart muscle cells -- known as cardiomyocytes -- simply increase in size as the heart grows larger . Similarly to skeletal muscle , if cardiomyocytes had to continue dividing to add muscle tissue the contractile structures necessary for heart function would be disrupted . Differentiated bone ( edit ) Of the four major types of bone cells , osteocytes are the most common and also exist in a terminal G phase . Osteocytes arise from osteoblasts that are trapped within a self - secreted matrix . While osteocytes also have reduced synthetic activity , they still serve bone functions besides generating structure . Osteocytes work through various mechanosensory mechanisms to assist in the routine turnover over bony matrix . Differentiated nerve ( edit ) Outside of a few neurogenic niches in the brain , most neurons are fully differentiated and reside in a terminal G phase . These fully differentiated neurons form synapses where electrical signals are transmitted by axons to the dendrites of nearby neurons . In this G state , neurons continue functioning until senescence or apoptosis . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Howard , Alma ; Pelc , S.R. ( 2009 ) . `` Synthesis of Desoxyribonucleic Acid in Normal and Irradiated Cells and Its Relation to Chromosome Breakage '' . International Journal of Radiation Biology and Related Studies in Physics , Chemistry and Medicine . 49 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 218 . doi : 10.1080 / 09553008514552501 . ISSN 0020 - 7616 . Jump up ^ Baserga , Renato ( 2008 ) . `` BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE CELL CYCLE : A REVIEW '' . Cell Proliferation. 1 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 191 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2184.1968. tb00957. x . ISSN 0960 - 7722 . Jump up ^ Patt , Harvey ; Quastler , Henry ( 1963 ) . `` Radiation Effects on Cell Renewal and Related Systems '' . Physiological Reviews . 43 ( 3 ) : 357 -- 396 . Jump up ^ Pardee , Arthur ( 1974 ) . `` A Restriction Point for Control of Normal Animal Cell Proliferation '' . PNAS. 71 ( 4 ) : 1286 -- 1290 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 71.4. 1286 . PMC 388211 . PMID 4524638 . Jump up ^ Hüttmann , A ( 2001 ) . `` Functional heterogeneity within rhodamine123lo Hoechst33342lo / sp primitive hemopoietic stem cells revealed by pyronin Y '' . Experimental Hematology. 29 ( 9 ) : 1109 -- 1116 . doi : 10.1016 / S0301 - 472X ( 01 ) 00684 - 1 . ISSN 0301 - 472X . Jump up ^ Fukada , So - ichiro ; Uezumi , Akiyoshi ; Ikemoto , Madoka ; Masuda , Satoru ; Segawa , Masashi ; Tanimura , Naoki ; Yamamoto , Hiroshi ; Miyagoe - Suzuki , Yuko ; Takeda , Shin'ichi ( 2007 ) . `` Molecular Signature of Quiescent Satellite Cells in Adult Skeletal Muscle '' . Stem Cells. 25 ( 10 ) : 2448 -- 2459 . doi : 10.1634 / stemcells. 2007 - 0019 . ISSN 1066 - 5099 . Jump up ^ Hayflick L ; Moorhead PS ( December 1961 ) . `` The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains '' . Exp . Cell Res. 25 : 585 -- 621 . doi : 10.1016 / 0014 - 4827 ( 61 ) 90192 - 6 . PMID 13905658 . Jump up ^ Campisi , Judith ( February 2013 ) . `` Aging , Cellular Senescence , and Cancer '' . Annual Review of Physiology. 75 : 685 -- 705 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - physiol - 030212 - 183653 . PMC 4166529 . PMID 23140366 . Jump up ^ Rodier , F. ; Campisi , J. ( 14 February 2011 ) . `` Four faces of cellular senescence '' . The Journal of Cell Biology . 192 ( 4 ) : 547 -- 556 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 201009094 . PMC 3044123 . Jump up ^ Burton , Dominick G.A. ; Krizhanovsky , Valery ( 31 July 2014 ) . `` Physiological and pathological consequences of cellular senescence '' . Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences . 71 ( 22 ) : 4373 -- 4386 . doi : 10.1007 / s00018 - 014 - 1691 - 3 . Jump up ^ Weissman , Irving L ( 2000 ) . `` Stem Cells '' . Cell. 100 ( 1 ) : 157 -- 168 . doi : 10.1016 / S0092 - 8674 ( 00 ) 81692 - X . ISSN 0092 - 8674 . PMID 10647940 . ^ Jump up to : Rodgers , Joseph T. ; King , Katherine Y. ; Brett , Jamie O. ; Cromie , Melinda J. ; Charville , Gregory W. ; Maguire , Katie K. ; Brunson , Christopher ; Mastey , Namrata ; Liu , Ling ; Tsai , Chang - Ru ; Goodell , Margaret A. ; Rando , Thomas A. ( 2014 ) . `` mTORC1 controls the adaptive transition of quiescent stem cells from G0 to GAlert '' . Nature . 510 : 393 -- 6 . doi : 10.1038 / nature13255 . ISSN 0028 - 0836 . PMC 4065227 . PMID 24870234 . ^ Jump up to : Fausto , Nelson ( 2004 ) . `` Liver regeneration and repair : Hepatocytes , progenitor cells , and stem cells '' . Hepatology. 39 ( 6 ) : 1477 -- 1487 . doi : 10.1002 / hep. 20214 . ISSN 0270 - 9139 . Jump up ^ Downward , Julian ; Coppé , Jean - Philippe ; Patil , Christopher K ; Rodier , Francis ; Sun , Yu ; Muñoz , Denise P ; Goldstein , Joshua ; Nelson , Peter S ; Desprez , Pierre - Yves ; Campisi , Judith ( 2008 ) . `` Senescence - Associated Secretory Phenotypes Reveal Cell - Nonautonomous Functions of Oncogenic RAS and the p53 Tumor Suppressor '' . PLoS Biology . 6 ( 12 ) : e301 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pbio. 0060301 . ISSN 1545 - 7885 . PMC 2592359 . PMID 19053174 . Jump up ^ Noureddine , H. ; Gary - Bobo , G. ; Alifano , M. ; Marcos , E. ; Saker , M. ; Vienney , N. ; Amsellem , V. ; Maitre , B. ; Chaouat , A. ; Chouaid , C. ; Dubois - Rande , J. - L. ; Damotte , D. ; Adnot , S. ( 2011 ) . `` Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cell Senescence Is a Pathogenic Mechanism for Pulmonary Hypertension in Chronic Lung Disease '' . Circulation Research . 109 ( 5 ) : 543 -- 553 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCRESAHA. 111.241299 . ISSN 0009 - 7330 . PMC 3375237 . PMID 21719760 . Jump up ^ page 395 , Biology , Fifth Edition , Campbell , 1999 ( hide ) Cell cycle proteins Cyclin A ( A1 , A2 ) B ( B1 , B2 , B3 ) D ( D1 , D2 , D3 ) E ( E1 , E2 ) CDK 6 7 8 9 10 CDK - activating kinase CDK inhibitor INK4a / ARF ( p14arf / p16 , p15 , p18 , p19 ) cip / kip ( p21 , p27 , p57 ) P53 p63 p73 family p53 p63 p73 Other Cdc2 Cdc25 Cdc42 Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein E2F Maturation promoting factor Wee Cullin ( CUL7 ) Phases and checkpoints Interphase G phase S phase G phase M phase Mitosis ( Preprophase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ) Cytokinesis Cell cycle checkpoints Restriction point Spindle checkpoint Postreplication checkpoint Other cellular phases Apoptosis G phase Meiosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G0_phase&oldid=841397972 '' Categories : Cell cycle Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from December 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Hrvatski Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Türkçe Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 May 2018 , at 16 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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How much wood would a woodchuck chuck
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How much wood would a woodchuck chuck - wikipedia How much wood would a woodchuck chuck For the film , see How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck ( film ) . A woodchuck Sawn logs of wood How much wood would a woodchuck chuck is an American English - language tongue - twister . The woodchuck from the Algonquian word `` wejack '' is a kind of marmot regionally called a groundhog . The complete beginning of the tongue - twister usually goes : `` How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood ? '' The tongue - twister relies primarily on alliteration to achieve its effects , with five `` w '' sounds interspersed among five `` ch '' sounds . Contents ( hide ) 1 Answers 2 Origin 3 Popular culture 4 See also 5 References Answers ( edit ) A traditional , if nonsensical , `` response '' to the question is : `` A woodchuck would chuck as much wood as a woodchuck could chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood '' . Other -- similarly unhelpful -- responses include `` So much wood would a woodchuck chuck , if a woodchuck could chuck wood ! '' and `` He would chuck , he would , as much as he could , and chuck as much wood as a woodchuck would if a woodchuck could chuck wood . '' A 1957 Associated Press piece refers to the question as `` a riddle which beats the Sphinx , since it 's still unanswered '' . A more concrete answer was published by the Associated Press in 1988 , which reported that a New York fish and wildlife technician named Richard Thomas had calculated the volume of dirt in a typical 25 -- 30 - foot ( 7.6 -- 9.1 m ) long woodchuck burrow and had determined that if the woodchuck had moved an equivalent volume of wood , it could move `` about 700 pounds ( 320 kg ) on a good day , with the wind at his back '' . Another study , which considered `` chuck '' to be the opposite of upchucking , determined that a woodchuck could ingest 361.9237001 cm ( 22.08593926 cu in ) of wood per day . Another proposed response comes from the parody - filled video game Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge , where the protagonist asks a carpenter the question and gets the response : `` A woodchuck would chuck no amount of wood since a woodchuck ca n't chuck wood . '' Origin ( edit ) The origin of the phrase is from a 1902 song `` The Woodchuck Song '' , written by Robert Hobart Davis for Fay Templeton in the musical The Runaways . The lyrics became better known in a 1904 version of the song written by Theodore Morse , with a chorus of `` How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood ? '' , which was recorded by Ragtime Roberts , in 1904 . The tongue - twister is documented as `` folklore '' in 1972 at Farmington , Michigan . It is used in the title of Werner Herzog 's 1976 film How Much Wood Would a Woodchuck Chuck , a documentation of the World Livestock Auctioneer Championship in New Holland , Pennsylvania . Popular culture ( edit ) Google features this tongue twister as an Easter egg in its Google search and Google Now . A slight variation was featured in the video game `` Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge '' . Wolfram Alpha features an easter egg when asked the query `` How much wood could a woodchuck chuck ? '' Ludacris incorporates this tongue twister in the Chamillionaire single `` Creepin ' ( Solo ) '' . A British YouTube personality , KSI used a version of the phrase in his song titled `` Earthquake '' which achieved over 30 million views . The line in question asks another YouTuber , Behzinga , ' how much wood could a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck looked like you ? ' See also ( edit ) Alliteration Announcer 's test Malapropism Spoonerism Theophilus Thistle References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thomas A. Green , Folklore : An Encyclopedia of Beliefs , Customs , Tales , Music ( 1997 ) : `` Sometimes , tongue twisters utilize elaborate sound inversions in complex juxtapositions -- for example , ' How much wood could a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood ? ' '' ^ Jump up to : Elizabeth Tucker Children 's Folklore : A Handbook 2008 , Page 22 . `` Popular English tongue twisters include ' Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers ' , ' She sells seashells by the seashore ' , and ' How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood ? ' . Jump up ^ Richard M. Hogg , Norman Francis Blake , Roger Lass , The Cambridge History of the English Language ( 1992 ) , Vol. 6 , p. 189 . `` The woodchuck , from Algonquian wejack , a marmot regionally called groundhog , has evoked in jocular folklore the unanswerable question : ' How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood ? ' '' . Jump up ^ Sherrill B. Flora , Early Literacy Intervention Activities , Grades PK - K ( 2011 ) , p. 79 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Florence Kingsland , In and Out Door Games : With Suggestions for Entertainments ( 1904 ) , p. 250 : `` If a woodchuck could chuck , a woodchuck ca n't would chuck as much wood as a woodchuck could chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood . '' Variations abound , as in , Edward W. Mumford , compiler , Smiles in Rime ( 1904 ) : `` Well , If a woodchuck could chuck wood , a woodchuck would chuck all the wood that a woodchuck could chuck , if a woodchuck could chuck wood ! '' ; Helen Josephine Ferris , Favorite Poems Old and New : Selected for Boys and Girls ( 1957 ) , p. 358 : `` He would chuck what wood a woodchuck would chuck , / If a woodchuck would chuck wood '' . Jump up ^ `` Tongue Twister : How much wood would a woodchuck chuck '' , Repeat After Us ; accessed 2018.06. 27 . Jump up ^ Dion Henderson , `` Groundhog Has His Annual Day Saturday ; Move Over Mr. Bacon '' , Sarasota Journal ( January 31 , 1957 ) , p. 14 . Jump up ^ `` How much wood would a woodchuck chuck ? '' , Spokane Chronicle ( July 11 , 1988 ) , p . A9 . Jump up ^ Press Wo n't Chuck That Woodchuck Story . Jump up ^ Giving this number without any error bars . Jump up ^ P.A. Paskevich and T.B. Shea ( July -- August 1995 ) . `` The Ability of Woodchucks to Chuck Cellulose Fibers '' . Annals of Improbable Research . 1 ( 4 ) : 4 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Can be found transcribed in this list of quotes or in the game.en.wikiquote.org Jump up ^ The Tammany Times , Volumes 20 -- 21 , 1902 , Page 305 . `` ' How much wood would a woodchuck chuck , If a woodchuck would chuck wood ? ' That is the beginning of the refrain of a song that Mr. Robert Hobart Davis has written for Fay Templeton in The Runaways . Miss Templeton is trying the song ... '' Jump up ^ Hobbies , Volume 78 , Issues 1 -- 6 , Page 119 , Otto C. Lightner , Pearl Ann Reeder , 1973 . `` Mathias quotes Davis as saying he made $20,000 from the sale of ' The Woodchuck Song ' ( this must have been from sheet music , for royalties were not paid on record sales in those days ) after he and Morse called at Fay Templeton 's home ... '' Jump up ^ Tim Gracyk , Bob Roberts - Tenor . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Edison Amberola Monthly , Thomas A. Edison , Inc. , 1976 , Volume 1 , Page 8 . `` ' The Woodchuck 's Song ' is a Record of Fay Templeton 's song in The Runaways . made by Bob Roberts , a baritone who is thereby introduced to buyers of Edison Gold Moulded Records . This song has for its chorus the old query , ' How ... ' '' . Jump up ^ The James T. Callow Folklore Archive , Tongue Twister : How Much Wood Could a Woodchuck Chuck , Michigan ; Farmington ; 09 - 26 - 1972 . Jump up ^ Nazarian , Robert ( November 17 , 2013 ) . `` Google Now Easter Egg collection '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Knoll , Marc ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Awesome List Of Google Now Voice Commands '' . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shrestha , Ashesh ( December 28 , 2013 ) . `` Try These Google Now Easter Eggs '' . Nepal . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 100 + Google Now Voice Commands and Easter Eggs '' . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monkey Island 2 : LeChuck 's Revenge ( 1991 Video Game ) Quotes '' . Jump up ^ `` Wolfram Alpha woodchuck easter egg '' . Jump up ^ `` Chamillionaire -- Creepin ( Solo ) Feat . Ludacris Lyrics '' . YouTube . March 13 , 2011 . p. 3 : 20 . Jump up ^ KSI ( 2017 - 08 - 12 ) , KSI ft Ricegum - Earthquake ( Official Music Video ) , retrieved 2017 - 11 - 06 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_much_wood_would_a_woodchuck_chuck&oldid=848807775 '' Categories : Fictional squirrels Tongue - twisters 1902 songs Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 July 2018 , at 13 : 10 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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how much could a woodchuck chuck woodchuck could chuck wood
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Microstate
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Microstate - wikipedia Microstate Jump to : navigation , search For the specific configuration of particles of a material in statistical mechanics , see microstate ( statistical mechanics ) . See also : Micronation The world 's five smallest sovereign states by area , from largest to smallest : San Marino , Tuvalu , Nauru , Monaco and Vatican City shown in the same scale for size comparison . Map of the smallest states in the world by land area . Note many of these are not considered microstates . A microstate or ministate is a sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area , and usually both . The meanings of `` state '' and `` very small '' are not well - defined in international law . Recent attempts , since 2010 , to define microstates have focused on identifying political entities with unique qualitative features linked to their geographic or demographic limitations . According to a qualitative definition , microstates are : `` modern protected states , i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints . '' In line with this and most other definitions , examples of microstates include : Liechtenstein , Monaco , San Marino , Andorra , the Cook Islands , Niue and the Federated States of Micronesia . The smallest political unit recognized as a sovereign state is Vatican City , with 842 citizens as of July 2013 and an area of only 44 hectares ( 110 acres ) . However , some scholars dispute qualifying the Vatican as a state arguing that it does not meet the `` traditional criteria of statehood '' and that the `` special status of the Vatican City is probably best regarded as a means of ensuring that the Pope can freely exercise his spiritual functions , and in this respect is loosely analogous to that of the headquarters of international organisations . '' Microstates are distinct from micronations , which are not recognized as sovereign states . Special territories without full sovereignty , such as the British Crown Dependencies , the Chinese Special Administrative Regions and overseas territories of Denmark , France , the Netherlands , Australia , Norway , the United States and the United Kingdom , are also not considered microstates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Quantitative definitions of microstates and their limitations 1.1 By area 1.2 By population 2 Qualitative definitions 2.1 Microstates as modern protected states 3 Historical anomalies and aspirant states 4 See also 5 References Quantitative definitions of microstates and their limitations ( edit ) Most scholars identify microstates by using a quantitative threshold and applying it to either one variable ( such as territory or population size ) or a composite of different variables . While it is agreed that microstates are the smallest of all states , there is no consensus on what variable ( or variables ) or what cut - off point should be used to determine which political units should be labelled as `` microstates '' ( as opposed to small `` normal '' states ) . Map of European ministates ; Liechtenstein , San Marino , Malta , Monaco , Vatican and Andorra By area ( edit ) Sovereign states with a non-sea area less than 1,000 km ( 386 sq mi ) Rank Country / Territory Area ( km2 / sqmi ) Capital city Region Vatican City 0.44 km ( 0.17 sq mi ) Vatican City Europe Monaco 2.02 km ( 0.78 sq mi ) Monaco - Ville Europe Nauru 21 km ( 8 sq mi ) Yaren Oceania Tuvalu 26 km ( 10 sq mi ) Funafuti Oceania 5 San Marino 61 km ( 24 sq mi ) San Marino Europe 6 Liechtenstein 160 km ( 62 sq mi ) Vaduz Europe 7 Marshall Islands 181 km ( 70 sq mi ) Majuro Oceania 8 Saint Kitts and Nevis 261 km ( 101 sq mi ) Basseterre Caribbean 9 Maldives 298 km ( 115 sq mi ) Malé Asia -- Indian Ocean 10 Malta 316 km ( 122 sq mi ) Valletta Europe -- Mediterranean Sea 11 Grenada 344 km ( 133 sq mi ) St. George 's Caribbean 12 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 389 km ( 150 sq mi ) Kingstown Caribbean 13 Barbados 430 km ( 166 sq mi ) Bridgetown Caribbean 14 Antigua and Barbuda 443 km ( 171 sq mi ) St. John 's Caribbean 15 Seychelles 455 km ( 176 sq mi ) Victoria Africa -- Indian Ocean 16 Palau 459 km ( 177 sq mi ) Ngerulmud Oceania 17 Andorra 468 km ( 181 sq mi ) Andorra la Vella Europe 18 Saint Lucia 616 km ( 238 sq mi ) Castries Caribbean 19 Micronesia , Federated States of 702 km ( 271 sq mi ) Palikir Oceania 20 Singapore 714 km ( 276 sq mi ) Singapore Asia 21 Tonga 747 km ( 288 sq mi ) Nukuʻalofa Oceania 22 Dominica 751 km ( 290 sq mi ) Roseau Caribbean 23 Bahrain 765 km ( 295 sq mi ) Manama Asia -- Persian Gulf 24 Kiribati 811 km ( 313 sq mi ) Tarawa Oceania 25 São Tomé and Príncipe 964 km ( 372 sq mi ) São Tomé Africa -- Atlantic Ocean With the exceptions of Singapore and Bahrain , all the above have fewer than 500,000 people . By population ( edit ) Sovereign states with fewer than 500,000 people by latest national statistics or CIA Factbook estimate 2014 . Rank Country / territory / entity Population Density ( pop. / km2 ) Capital Region Vatican City 842 1913.6 Vatican City Europe Nauru 9,488 451.8 Yaren Oceania Tuvalu 10,782 414.7 Funafuti Oceania Palau 21,186 46.2 Ngerulmud Oceania 5 Monaco 37,308 18469.3 Monaco - Ville Europe 6 San Marino 32,742 536.8 San Marino Europe 7 Liechtenstein 37,313 233.2 Vaduz Europe 8 Saint Kitts and Nevis 51,538 197.5 Basseterre Caribbean 9 Marshall Islands 70,983 392.2 Majuro Oceania 10 Dominica 73,449 97.8 Roseau Caribbean 11 Andorra 85,458 182.6 Andorra la Vella Europe 12 Antigua and Barbuda 91,295 206.1 St. John 's Caribbean 13 Seychelles 91,650 201.4 Victoria Africa - Indian Ocean 14 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 102,918 264.6 Kingstown Caribbean 15 Kiribati 104,488 128.8 Tarawa Oceania 16 Micronesia , Federated States of 105,681 150.5 Palikir Oceania 17 Tonga 106,440 142.5 Nukuʻalofa Oceania 18 Grenada 110,152 320.2 St. George 's Caribbean 19 Saint Lucia 163,362 265.2 Castries Caribbean 20 São Tomé and Príncipe 190,428 197.5 São Tomé Africa - Atlantic Ocean 21 Samoa 196,628 69.5 Apia Oceania 22 Vanuatu 266,937 21.9 Port Vila Oceania 23 Barbados 289,680 673.7 Bridgetown Caribbean 24 Iceland 317,351 3.1 Reykjavík Europe 25 Bahamas 321,834 23.2 Nassau Atlantic Ocean 26 Belize 340,844 14.8 Belmopan North America 27 Maldives 393,595 1320.8 Malé Asia - Indian Ocean 28 Malta 412,655 1305.9 Valletta Europe - Mediterranean Sea 29 Brunei 422,675 73.3 Bandar Seri Begawan Asia With the exceptions of Samoa , Vanuatu , Iceland , Bahamas , Belize , and Brunei , all the above have a non-sea area less than 1,000 km ( 386 sq mi ) . While employing simple quantitative criteria may seem straightforward , it can also be perceived as potentially problematic . According to some scholars the quantitative approach to defining microstates suffers from such problems as `` inconsistency , arbitrariness , vagueness and inability to meaningfully isolate qualitatively distinct political units '' Qualitative definitions ( edit ) In response to the problems associated with the quantitative definitions of microstates , some academics have suggested finding states with unique features linked to their geographic or demographic smallness . Newer approaches have proposed looking at the behaviour or capacity to operate in the international arena in order to determine which states should deserve the microstate label . Yet , it has been argued that such approaches could lead to either confusing microstates with weak states ( or failed states ) or relying too much on subjective perceptions . Microstates as modern protected states ( edit ) In order to address both the problems with quantitative approaches and with definitions based on qualitative features , it has been argued that a useful and meaningful way to isolate microstates from other types of states , would be to see them as `` modern protected states '' . According to the definition proposed by Dumienski ( 2014 ) : `` microstates are modern protected states , i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints . '' Adopting this approach permits limiting the number of microstates and separating them from both small states and autonomies or dependencies . Examples of microstates understood as modern protected states include such states as : Liechtenstein , San Marino , Monaco , Niue , Andorra , the Cook Islands or Palau . Historical anomalies and aspirant states ( edit ) A small number of tiny sovereign political units are founded on historical anomalies or eccentric interpretations of law . These types of states , often labelled as `` microstates , '' are usually located on small ( usually disputed ) territorial enclaves , generate limited economic activity founded on tourism and philatelic and numismatic sales , and are tolerated or ignored by the nations from which they claim to have seceded . One example is the Republic of Indian Stream , now the town of Pittsburg , New Hampshire -- a geographic anomaly left unresolved by the Treaty of Paris that ended the U.S. Revolutionary War , and claimed by both the U.S. and Canada . Between 1832 and 1835 , the area 's residents refused to acknowledge either claimant . Another example is the Cospaia Republic , which became independent through a treaty error and survived from 1440 to 1826 . Its independence made it important in the introduction of tobacco cultivation to Italy . See also ( edit ) Island country City state European microstates List of countries and dependencies by population density List of countries and outlying territories by total area List of countries by population References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Warrington , E. , 1994 . Lilliputs Revisited . Asian Journal of Public Administration , 16 ( 1 ) . ^ Jump up to : Dumienski , Zbigniew ( 2014 ) . `` Microstates as Modern Protected States : Towards a New Definition of Micro-Statehood '' ( PDF ) . Occasional Paper . Centre for Small State Studies . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , M. , 1972 . Diminutive States in the United Nations . The International and Comparative Law Quarterly , 21 ( 4 ) , pp. 609 -- 630 . Jump up ^ Mehmet , O. & Tahiroglu , M. , 2002 . Growth and equity in microstates : Does size matter in development ? International Journal of Social Economics , 29 ( 1 / 2 ) , pp. 152 -- 162 . Jump up ^ Boyce , P.J. & Herr , R.A. , 2008 . Microstate diplomacy in the south pacific . Australian Outlook , ( April 2012 ) , pp. 37 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Reid , G.L. , 1975 . Impact of Very Small Size on the International Behaviour of Microstates ( International Studies ) , SAGE Publications Ltd . ^ Jump up to : Neemia , U. , 1995 . Smallness , islandness and foreign policy behaviour : aspects of island microstates foreign policy behaviour with special reference to Cook Islands and Kiribati . University of Wollongong . Jump up ^ Dommen , E. , 1985 . States , Microstates and Islands , Routledge Kegan & Paul . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA -- The World Factbook -- Rank Order -- Population '' . CIA . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Amstrup , N. , 1976 . The Perennial Problem of Small States : A Survey of Research Efforts . Cooperation and Conflict , 11 ( 2 ) , pp. 163 -- 182 . Jump up ^ `` CIA -- The World Factbook -- Rank Order -- Area '' . CIA . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Demographic Yearbook -- Table 3 : Population by sex , rate of population increase , surface area and density '' ( pdf ) . United Nations Statistics Division . 2008 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Neumann , I.B. & Gstöhl , S. , 2004 . Lilliputians in Gulliver 's World ? Small States in International Relations . Jump up ^ Oest , K.J.N. & Wivel , A. , 2010 . Security , profit or shadow of the past ? Explaining the security strategies of microstates . Cambridge Review of International Affairs , 23 ( 3 ) , pp. 429 -- 453 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microstate&oldid=843604319 '' Categories : Country classifications Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano ქართული Қазақша Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Malti Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 06 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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what is the smallest microstate in the un
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Maple
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Maple - wikipedia Maple Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Maple ( disambiguation ) . Maple Acer pseudoplatanus ( sycamore maple ) foliage Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order : Sapindales Family : Sapindaceae Subfamily : Hippocastanoideae Genus : Acer L . Species See either species grouped by sections alphabetical list of species Distribution Acer / ˈeɪsər / is a genus of trees or shrubs commonly known as maple . The genus is placed in the Sapindaceae family . There are approximately 128 species , most of which are native to Asia , with a number also appearing in Europe , northern Africa , and North America . Only one species , Acer laurinum , extends to the Southern Hemisphere . The type species of the genus is the sycamore maple , Acer pseudoplatanus , the most common maple species in Europe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Morphology 2 Pests and diseases 3 Cultural significance 4 Uses 4.1 Horticulture 4.1. 1 Cultivars 4.1. 2 Bonsai 4.1. 3 Collections 4.2 Tourism 4.3 Commercial uses 4.3. 1 Maple syrup 4.3. 2 Timber 4.3. 3 Tonewood 4.3. 4 Agriculture 4.3. 5 Pulpwood 4.4 Gallery 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links Morphology ( edit ) Acer saccharum ( Sugar maple ) Most maples are trees growing to a height of 10 -- 45 m ( 33 -- 148 ft ) . Others are shrubs less than 10 meters tall with a number of small trunks originating at ground level . Most species are deciduous , and many are renowned for their autumn leaf colour , but a few in southern Asia and the Mediterranean region are evergreen . Most are shade - tolerant when young and are often riparian , understory , or pioneer species rather than climax overstory trees with a few exceptions such as Sugar Maple . Many of the root systems are typically dense and fibrous , inhibiting the growth of other vegetation underneath them . A few species , notably Acer cappadocicum , frequently produce root sprouts , which can develop into clonal colonies . Acer circinatum ( Vine maple ) leaves showing the palmate veining typical of most species Maples are distinguished by opposite leaf arrangement . The leaves in most species are palmate veined and lobed , with 3 to 9 ( rarely to 13 ) veins each leading to a lobe , one of which is central or apical . A small number of species differ in having palmate compound , pinnate compound , pinnate veined or unlobed leaves . Several species , including Acer griseum ( Paperbark maple ) , Acer mandshuricum ( Manchurian maple ) , Acer maximowiczianum ( Nikko maple ) and Acer triflorum ( Three - flowered maple ) , have trifoliate leaves . One species , Acer negundo ( Box - elder ) , has pinnately compound leaves that may be simply trifoliate or may have five , seven , or rarely nine leaflets . A few , such as Acer laevigatum ( Nepal maple ) and Acer carpinifolium ( Hornbeam maple ) , have pinnately veined simple leaves . Acer rubrum ( Red maple ) flowers The flowers are regular , pentamerous , and borne in racemes , corymbs , or umbels . They have four or five sepals , four or five petals about 1 -- 6 mm long ( absent in some species ) , four to ten stamens about 6 -- 10 mm long , and two pistils or a pistil with two styles . The ovary is superior and has two carpels , whose wings elongate the flowers , making it easy to tell which flowers are female . Maples flower in late winter or early spring , in most species with or just after the appearance of the leaves , but in some before the trees leaf out . Maple flowers are green , yellow , orange or red . Though individually small , the effect of an entire tree in flower can be striking in several species . Some maples are an early spring source of pollen and nectar for bees . Play media 3D rendering of a μCT scan of a samara . Resolution is about 45 μm / voxel . The distinctive fruits are called samaras , `` maple keys '' , `` helicopters '' , `` whirlybirds '' or `` polynoses '' . These seeds occur in distinctive pairs each containing one seed enclosed in a `` nutlet '' attached to a flattened wing of fibrous , papery tissue . They are shaped to spin as they fall and to carry the seeds a considerable distance on the wind . People often call them `` helicopters '' due to the way that they spin as they fall . During World War II , the US Army developed a special air drop supply carrier that could carry up to 65 pounds of supplies and was based on the Maple seed . Seed maturation is usually in a few weeks to six months after flowering , with seed dispersal shortly after maturity . However , one tree can release hundreds of thousands of seeds at a time . Depending on the species , the seeds can be small and green to orange and big with thicker seed pods . The green seeds are released in pairs , sometimes with the stems still connected . The yellow seeds are released individually and almost always without the stems . Most species require stratification in order to germinate , and some seeds can remain dormant in the soil for several years before germinating . The genus Acer together with genus Dipteronia are either classified in a family of their own , the Aceraceae , or else classified as members of the family Sapindaceae . Recent classifications , including the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system , favour inclusion in Sapindaceae . When put in family Sapindaceae , genus Acer is put in subfamily Hippocastanoideae . The genus is subdivided by its morphology into a multitude of sections and subsections . Fifty - four species of maples meet the International Union for Conservation of Nature criteria for being under threat of extinction in their native habitat . Pests and diseases ( edit ) Rhytisma acerinum fungus on Acer pseudoplatanus leaf The leaves are used as a food plant for the larvae of a number of the Lepidoptera order ( see List of Lepidoptera that feed on maples ) . Aphids are also very common sap - feeders on maples . In horticultural applications a dimethoate spray will solve this . In the United States and Canada , all maple species are threatened by the Asian long - horned beetle ( Anoplophora glabripennis ) . Infestations have resulted in the destruction of thousands of maples and other tree species in Illinois , Massachusetts , New Jersey and New York . Maples are affected by a number of fungal diseases . Several are susceptible to Verticillium wilt caused by Verticillium species , which can cause significant local mortality . Sooty bark disease , caused by Cryptostroma species , can kill trees that are under stress due to drought . Death of maples can rarely be caused by Phytophthora root rot and Ganoderma root decay . Maple leaves in late summer and autumn are commonly disfigured by `` tar spot '' caused by Rhytisma species and mildew caused by Uncinula species , though these diseases do not usually have an adverse effect on the trees ' long - term health . Cultural significance ( edit ) The Canadian flag incorporates a stylized maple leaf A maple leaf is on the coat of arms of Canada , and is on the Canadian flag . The maple is a common symbol of strength and endurance and has been chosen as the national tree of Canada . Maple leaves are traditionally an important part of Canadian Forces military regalia , for example the military rank insignia for generals use maple leaf symbols . There are 10 species naturally growing in the country , with at least one in each province . Although the idea of maple as a national symbol originally hailed from the province of Quebec where the sugar maple is significant , today 's arboreal emblem of Canada rather refers to the species as a whole . The design on the flag is an eleven - point stylization modeled after a sugar maple leaf ( which normally bears 23 points ) . It is also in the name of Canadian ice hockey club Toronto Maple Leafs . The first attested use of the word was in 1260 as `` Mapole '' , and it also appears a century later in Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales , spelled as `` mapul '' . The maple is also a symbol of Hiroshima , ubiquitous in the local meibutsu . Uses ( edit ) Horticulture ( edit ) A red maple tree between pine trees . Acer palmatum ( Japanese maple ) has over 1,000 cultivars . This cultivar is A. palmatum ' Sango kaku ' , sometimes called `` coralbark maple '' . Some species of maple are extensively planted as ornamental trees by homeowners , businesses and municipalities due to their fall colour , relatively fast growth , ease of transplanting , and lack of hard seeds that would pose a problem for mowing lawns . Particularly popular are Norway Maple ( although it is considered invasive in North America ) , Silver Maple , Japanese Maple , and Red Maple . Other maples , especially smaller or more unusual species , are popular as specimen trees . Cultivars ( edit ) Numerous maple cultivars that have been selected for particular characteristics can be propagated only by asexual reproduction such as cuttings , tissue culture , budding or grafting . Acer palmatum ( Japanese maple ) alone has over 1,000 cultivars , most selected in Japan , and many of them no longer propagated or not in cultivation in the Western world . Some delicate cultivars are usually grown in pots and rarely reach heights of more than 50 -- 100 cm . Bonsai ( edit ) Bonsai `` Roter Fächerahorn '' Maples are a popular choice for the art of bonsai . Japanese maple ( Acer palmatum ) , Trident maple ( A. buergerianum ) , Amur maple ( A. ginnala ) , Field maple ( A. campestre ) and Montpellier maple ( A. monspessulanum ) are popular choices and respond well to techniques that encourage leaf reduction and ramification , but most species can be used . Collections ( edit ) Acer griseum is widely grown for its decorative bark Maple collections , sometimes called aceretums , occupy space in many gardens and arboreta around the world including the `` five great W 's '' in England : Wakehurst Place Garden , Westonbirt Arboretum , Windsor Great Park , Winkworth Arboretum and Wisley Garden . In the United States , the aceretum at the Harvard - owned Arnold Arboretum in Boston is especially notable . In the number of species and cultivars , the Esveld Aceretum in Boskoop , Netherlands is the largest in the world . Tourism ( edit ) Many maples have bright autumn foliage , and many countries have leaf - watching traditions . In Japan , the custom of viewing the changing colour of maples in the autumn is called `` momijigari '' . Nikko and Kyoto are particularly favoured destinations for this activity . In addition , in Korea , the same viewing activity is called `` Danpung - Nori '' and the Seoraksan and Naejang - san mountains are very famous places for it . The Acer saccharum ( sugar maple ) are a contributor to seasonal fall tourism in North America , particularly in Central Ontario , Québec , and the northern tier of the United States including Wisconsin , Michigan , Vermont , New York , New Hampshire and Western Massachusetts . Commercial uses ( edit ) Maples are important as source of syrup and wood . Dried wood is often used for the smoking of food . Charcoal from maples is an integral part of the Lincoln County Process used to make Tennessee Whiskey . They are also cultivated as ornamental plants and have benefits for tourism and agriculture . Maple syrup ( edit ) Further information : Maple syrup The Sugar maple ( A. saccharum ) is tapped for sap , which is then boiled to produce maple syrup or made into maple sugar or maple taffy . It takes about 40 litres ( 42 US qt ) of sugar maple sap to make 1 litre ( 1.1 US qt ) of syrup . While any Acer species may be tapped for syrup , many do not have sufficient quantities of sugar to be commercially useful . Timber ( edit ) A bench made of highly figured maple wood Some of the larger maple species have valuable timber , particularly Sugar maple in North America , and Sycamore maple in Europe . Sugar maple wood -- often known as `` hard maple '' -- is the wood of choice for bowling pins , bowling alley lanes , pool cue shafts , and butcher 's blocks . Maple wood is also used for the manufacture of wooden baseball bats , though less often than ash or hickory due to the tendency of maple bats to shatter when broken . The maple bat was introduced to Major League Baseball ( MLB ) in 1998 by Sam Bat founder Sam Holman . Today it is the standard maple bat most in use by professional baseball . Maple is also commonly used in archery as the core material in the limbs of a Recurve Bow due to its stiffness and strength . Maple wood is often graded based on physical and aesthetic characteristics . The most common terminology includes the grading scale from common # 2 ; which is unselected and often used for craft woods ; common # 1 , used for commercial and residential buildings ; clear ; and select grade , which is sought for fine woodworking . Some maple wood has a highly decorative wood grain , known as flame maple , quilt maple , birdseye maple and burl wood . This condition occurs randomly in individual trees of several species , and often can not be detected until the wood has been sawn , though it is sometimes visible in the standing tree as a rippled pattern in the bark . These select decorative wood pieces also have subcategories that further filter the aesthetic looks . Crotch Wood , Bees Wing , Cats Paw , Old Growth and Mottled are some terms used to describe the look of these decorative woods . Maples have a long history of use for furniture production in the United States . Tonewood ( edit ) Maple is considered a tonewood , or a wood that carries sound waves well , and is used in numerous musical instruments . Maple is harder and has a brighter sound than mahogany , which is another major tonewood used in instrument manufacture . The back , sides , and neck of most violins , violas , cellos , and double basses are made from maple . Electric guitar necks are commonly made from maple , having good dimensional stability . The necks of the Fender Stratocaster and Telecaster were originally an entirely maple one piece neck , but later were also available with rosewood fingerboards . Les Paul desired an all maple guitar , but due to the weight of maple , only the tops of Gibson 's Les Paul guitars are made from carved maple , often using quilted or flamed maple tops . Due to its weight , very few solid body guitars are made entirely from maple , but many guitars have maple necks , tops or veneers . Maple is also often used to make bassoons and sometimes for other woodwind instruments like maple recorders . Many drums are made from maple . From the 70s to the 90s , maple drum kits were a vast majority of all drum kits made , but in recent years , birch has become popular for drums once again . Some of the best drum - building companies use maple extensively throughout their mid-pro range . Maple drums are favored for their bright resonant sound . Certain types of drum sticks are also made from maple . Agriculture ( edit ) As they are a major source of pollen in early spring before many other plants have flowered , maples are important to the survival of honeybees that play a commercially important role later in the spring and summer . Pulpwood ( edit ) Maple is used as pulpwood . The fibers have relatively thick walls that prevent collapsing upon drying . This gives good bulk and opacity in paper . Maple also gives paper good printing properties . Gallery ( edit ) Acer cappadocicum ( Cappadocian maple ) Acer carpinifolium leaves Acer freemanii ' Autumn Blaze ' ( a cross between Acer rubrum and Acer saccharinum Acer macrophyllum flowers and young leaves Acer laevigatum leaves and fruit Acer sempervirens foliage Acer ginnala foliage Acer palmatum trees and bamboo in Japan Acer grandidentatum ( Bigtooth Maple ) in autumn colour Acer platanoides leaf Acer palmatum leaf in autumn Acer platanoides ( Norway maple ) samaras Acer griseum ( Paperbark maple ) See also ( edit ) List of Acer species Mazer -- a drinking vessel made from maple wood List of foods made from maple References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stevens , P.F. ( 2001 onwards ) . Angiosperm Phylogeny Website . Version 9 , June 2008 ( and more or less continuously updated since ) . http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ . Jump up ^ Tingzhi Xu ; Yousheng Chen ; Piet C. de Jong ; Herman John Oterdoom ; Chin - Sung Chang . `` Acer Linnaeus '' . Flora of China . Missouri Botanical Garden , St. Louis , MO & Harvard University Herbaria , Cambridge , MA . Retrieved 27 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gibbs , D. & Chen , Y. ( 2009 ) The Red List of Maples Botanic Gardens Conservation International ( BGCI ) ISBN 978 - 1 - 905164 - 31 - 8 ^ Jump up to : van Gelderen , C.J. & van Gelderen , D.M. ( 1999 ) . Maples for Gardens : A Color Encyclopedia Jump up ^ Huxley , A. , ed. ( 1992 ) . New RHS Dictionary of Gardening . Macmillan ISBN 0 - 333 - 47494 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Hook Spirals from Plane '' Popular Mechanics , December 1944 , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Classification of maples Jump up ^ http://www.beetlebusters.info/ ; http://www.umassgreeninfo.org/fact_sheets/wood_attackers/asian_longhorned_beetle_MA.html#226 Jump up ^ Phillips , D.H. & Burdekin , D.A. ( 1992 ) . Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees . Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 49493 - 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.fraser.cc/FlagsCan/Nation/NatSym.html#r10 Jump up ^ http://canada.pch.gc.ca/eng/1444070816842/1444070816844 Jump up ^ Sandberg , L. Anders ( 2014 ) . Urban Forests , Trees , and Greenspace : A Political Ecology Perspective . Routledge . Jump up ^ `` maple , n. 1 '' . OED Online . June 2017 . Oxford University Press . http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/113861?rskey=wmvrdJ&result=1&isAdvanced=false ( accessed June 24 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ D'Cruz , Mark . `` Ma - Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Acer buergerianum '' . Ma - Ke Bonsai . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Zandona , Eric . `` Tennessee Whiskey Gets a Legal Definition '' . EZdrinking . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Sam Holman Maple Baseball Bats Archived 2010 - 05 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Illustrated Grading Guide to American Hardwoods Jump up ^ Wood Terms and Examples Archived 2010 - 03 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Joseph Aronson ( 1965 ) . The encyclopedia of furniture . Random House , Inc . pp. 300 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 517 - 03735 - 5 . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.fender.com/en-GB/news/index.php/?display_article=395 Jump up ^ Geoff Nicholls ; Tony Bacon ( 1 June 1997 ) . The drum book . Hal Leonard Corporation . pp. 54 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87930 - 476 - 8 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Philips , Roger ( 1979 ) . Trees of North America and Europe . New York : Random House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 394 - 50259 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acer . Eichhorn , Markus ( November 2011 ) . `` The Maple Tree '' . Test Tube . Brady Haran for the University of Nottingham . http://www.vicfirth.com/products/americanheritage.php ( hide ) Woodworking Overviews History Glossary Wood ( lumber ) Wood art Forms Boat building Bow and arrow Bush carpentry Cabinetry Caning Carpentry Chainsaw carving Chip carving Clogs Ébéniste Fretwork Intarsia Japanese carpentry Khatam Log building Marquetry Millwork Parquetry Pyrography Relief carving Root carving Sawdust Segmented turning Shingle weaving Shipbuilding Spindle turning Timber framing Whittling Wood carving Woodturning Wood flour Woods Soft Cedar ( Calocedrus , Cedrus ) Cypress Douglas fir Fir Juniper Larch Pine Spruce Yew Hard Ash Alder Aspen Balsa Beech Birch Cherry Chestnut Cocobolo Ebony Elm Hazel Lignum vitae Linden ( lime , basswood ) Mahogany Maple Oak Padauk Plum Poplar Teak Totara Walnut Willow Tools Abrasives Axe Adze Chisel Clamp Drawknife Drill Float Mallet Milling machine Mitre box Moulding plane Plane Rasp Router Sandpaper Spokeshave Timber - framing Vise Winding sticks Wood scribe Workbench Saws Backsaw Bandsaw Bow Bucksaw Chainsaw Circular Compass Coping Crosscut Frame Fretsaw Jigsaw Keyhole Miter Rip Scroll Table Veneer Whipsaw Geometry Joints Birdsmouth Bridle Butt Butterfly Coping Crown of thorns Dado Dovetail Finger Groove Halved Hammer - headed tenon Knee Lap Mason 's mitre Miter Mortise and tenon Rabbet / Rebate Scarf Splice Tongue and groove Profiles Bead Bevel Chamfer Molding Ogee Ogive Treatments French polish Heat bending Paint Paint stripper Steam bending Thermal Varnish Wood drying Wood preservation Wood stain Wood finishing Organizations American Association of Woodturners Architectural Woodwork Institute British Woodworking Federation Building and Wood Workers ' International Caricature Carvers of America International Federation of Building and Wood Workers National Wood Carvers Association Society of Wood Engravers Timber Framers Guild Conversion Chainsaw mill Hewing Sawmill Whipsaw Wood splitting Techniques Frame and panel Frameless construction WikiProject Commons Taxon identifiers Wd : Q42292 EoL : 37290 FloraBase : 40760 FOC : 100167 Fossilworks : 54688 GBIF : 3189834 GRIN : 66 iNaturalist : 47727 IPNI : 36261 - 1 ITIS : 28727 NCBI : 4022 PLANTS : ACER Tropicos : 40030257 VASCAN : 769 LCCN : sh85080843 GND : 4141664 - 8 BNF : cb122677448 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maple&oldid=804660276 '' Categories : Acer Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Tools Wikispecies Alemannisch Aragonés Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Кырык мары Лакку Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Мокшень မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Vahcuengh Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Walon West - Vlams Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 10 October 2017 , at 11 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how many kinds of maple trees are there
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"Acer /ˈeɪsər/ is a genus of trees or shrubs commonly known as maple. The genus is placed in the Sapindaceae family.[1] There are approximately 128 species, most of which are native to Asia,[2] with a number also appearing in Europe, northern Africa, and North America. Only one species, Acer laurinum, extends to the Southern Hemisphere.[3] The type species of the genus is the sycamore maple, Acer pseudoplatanus, the most common maple species in Europe.[4]"
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United States customary units
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United States customary units - wikipedia United States customary units Jump to : navigation , search United States customary units are a system of measurements commonly used in the United States . The United States customary system ( USCS or USC ) developed from English units which were in use in the British Empire before the U.S. became an independent country . However , the United Kingdom 's system of measures was overhauled in 1824 to create the imperial system , changing the definitions of some units . Therefore , while many U.S. units are essentially similar to their Imperial counterparts , there are significant differences between the systems . However , in the U.S. the term `` imperial '' is sometimes used colloquially in reference to the U.S. system . The majority of U.S. customary units were redefined in terms of the meter and the kilogram with the Mendenhall Order of 1893 and , in practice , for many years before . These definitions were refined by the international yard and pound agreement of 1959 . Americans primarily use customary units in commercial activities , as well as for personal and social use . In science , medicine , many sectors of industry and some of government and military , metric units are used . The International System of Units ( SI ) , the modern form of the metric system , is preferred for many uses by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) . For newer units of measure where there is no traditional customary unit , international units are used , sometimes mixed with customary units , such as electrical resistance of wire expressed in ohms ( SI ) per thousand feet . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Units of length 3 Units of area 4 Units of capacity and volume 4.1 Fluid volume 4.2 Dry volume 5 Units of weight 5.1 Grain measures 6 Cooking measures 7 Units of temperature 8 Other units 9 Other names for U.S. customary units 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) See also : Imperial and US customary measurement systems and Comparison of the imperial and US customary measurement systems The United States system of units is similar to the British imperial system . Both systems are derived from English units , a system which had evolved over the millennia before American independence , and which had its roots in Roman and Anglo - Saxon units . The customary system was championed by the U.S. - based International Institute for Preserving and Perfecting Weights and Measures in the late 19th century . Advocates of the customary system saw the French Revolutionary , or metric , system as atheistic . An auxiliary of the Institute in Ohio published a poem with wording such as `` down with every ' metric ' scheme '' and `` A perfect inch , a perfect pint '' . One adherent of the customary system called it `` a just weight and a just measure , which alone are acceptable to the Lord . '' The U.S. government passed the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 , which made the metric system `` the preferred system of weights and measures for U.S. trade and commerce . '' The legislation states that the federal government has a responsibility to assist industry as it voluntarily converts to the metric system , i.e. , metrification . This is most evident in U.S. labeling requirements on food products , where SI units are almost always presented alongside customary units . According to the CIA Factbook , the United States is one of three nations ( along with Liberia and Burma ) that have not adopted the metric system as their official system of weights and measures . U.S. customary units are widely used on consumer products and in industrial manufacturing . Metric units are standard in science , medicine , as well as many sectors of industry and government , including the military . There are anecdotal objections to the use of metric units in carpentry and the building trades , on the basis that it is easier to remember an integer number of inches plus a fraction than a measurement in millimeters , or that foot - inch measurements are more suitable when distances are frequently divided into halves , thirds and quarters , often in parallel . The metric system also lacks a parallel to the foot . Other nations had , or still have unofficially , customary units of their own , sometimes very similar in name and measure to U.S. customary units , since they often share the same Germanic or Roman origins . Frequently , however , these units designate quite different sizes . For example , the mile ranged by country from one - half to five U.S. miles ; foot and pound also had varying definitions . Historically , a wide range of non-SI units were used in the U.S. and in Britain , but many have fallen into disuse . This article deals only with the units commonly used or officially defined in the U.S. Units of length ( edit ) Unit Divisions SI equivalent Exact relationships shown in boldface International 1 point ( p ) ⁄ mm or 6996352778000000000 ♠ 352.778 μm 1 pica ( P̸ ) 12 p ⁄ mm or 6997423300000000000 ♠ 4.233 mm 1 inch ( in or `` ) 6 P̸ 25.4 mm 1 foot ( ft or ' ) 12 in 6999304800000000000 ♠ 0.3048 m 1 yard ( yd ) 3 ft 6999914400000000000 ♠ 0.9144 m 1 mile ( mi ) 7003160934400000000 ♠ 5280 ft or 7003160934400000000 ♠ 1760 yd 7003160934400000000 ♠ 1.609 344 km US Survey 1 link ( li ) ⁄ ft or 7.92 in ⁄ m or 6999201170000000000 ♠ 20.117 cm 1 ( survey ) foot ( ft ) ⁄ m or 6999304800000000000 ♠ 30.480 cm 1 rod ( rd ) 25 li or 16.5 ft ⁄ m or 7000502900000000000 ♠ 5.029 m 1 chain ( ch ) 4 rd or 66 ft ⁄ m or 7001201160000000000 ♠ 20.116 m 1 furlong ( fur ) 10 ch ⁄ km or 7002201168000000000 ♠ 201.168 m 1 survey ( or statute ) mile ( mi ) 8 fur ⁄ km or 7003160934700000000 ♠ 1.609 347 km 1 league ( lea ) 3 mi ⁄ km or 7003482800000000000 ♠ 4.828 km International Nautical 1 fathom ( ftm ) 2 yd 7000182880000000000 ♠ 1.8288 m 1 cable ( cb ) 120 ftm or 1.091 fur 7002219456000000000 ♠ 219.456 m 1 nautical mile ( NM or nmi ) 8.439 cb or 1.151 mi 1.852 km For measuring length , the U.S. customary system uses the inch , foot , yard , and mile , which are the only four customary length measurements in everyday use . Since July 1 , 1959 , these have been defined on the basis of 1 yard = 0.9144 meters except for some applications in surveying . The U.S. , the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries agreed on this definition , and so it is often termed international measure . When international measure was introduced in the English - speaking countries , the basic geodetic datum in North America was the North American Datum of 1927 ( NAD27 ) , which had been constructed by triangulation based on the definition of the foot in the Mendenhall Order of 1893 , that is 1 foot = ⁄ meters : this definition was retained for data derived from NAD27 , but renamed the US survey foot to distinguish it from the international foot . For most applications , the difference between the two definitions is insignificant -- one international foot is exactly 0.999998 of a US survey foot , for a difference of about ⁄ inch ( 3 mm ) per mile -- but it affects the definition of the State Plane Coordinate Systems ( SPCSs ) , which can stretch over hundreds of miles . The NAD27 was replaced in the 1980s by the North American Datum of 1983 ( NAD83 ) , which is defined in meters . The SPCSs were also updated , but the National Geodetic Survey left the decision of which ( if any ) definition of the foot to use to the individual states . All SPCSs are defined in meters , but seven states also have SPCSs defined in US survey feet and an eighth state in international feet : the other 42 states use only meter - based SPCSs . State legislation is also important for determining the conversion factor to be used for everyday land surveying and real estate transactions , although the difference ( 2 ppm ) is of no practical significance given the precision of normal surveying measurements over short distances ( usually much less than a mile ) . Twenty - four states have legislated that surveying measures should be based on the US survey foot , eight have legislated that they be made on the basis of the international foot , and eighteen have not specified the conversion factor from metric units . Units of area ( edit ) Unit Divisions SI equivalent Exact relationships shown in boldface 1 square survey foot ( sq ft or ft ) 144 square inches 6998929034100000000 ♠ 0.092 903 41 m 1 square chain ( sq ch or ch ) 7003435600000000000 ♠ 4356 sq ft ( survey ) or 16 sq rods 7002404687300000000 ♠ 404.6873 m 1 acre 7004435600000000000 ♠ 43 560 sq ft ( survey ) or 10 sq ch 7003404687300000000 ♠ 4046. 873 m 1 section 640 acres or 1 sq mile ( survey ) 7006258999800000000 ♠ 2.589 998 km 1 survey township ( twp ) 36 sections or 4 sq leagues 7007932399300000000 ♠ 93.239 93 km The most widely used area unit with a name unrelated to any length unit is the acre . The National Institute of Standards and Technology contends that customary area units are defined in terms of the square survey foot , not the square international foot . Conversion factors are based on Astin ( July 27 , 1968 ) and National Institute of Standards and Technology ( 2008 ) . Units of capacity and volume ( edit ) Volume in general Unit Divisions SI equivalent 1 cubic inch ( cu in ) or ( in ) 6995163870640000000 ♠ 16.387 064 mL 1 cubic foot ( cu ft ) or ( ft ) 7003172800000000000 ♠ 1728 cu in 6998283168465920000 ♠ 28.316 846 592 L 1 cubic yard ( cu yd ) or ( yd ) 27 cu ft 6999764554857984000 ♠ 764.554 857 984 L 6999764554857984000 ♠ 0.764 554 857 984 m 1 acre - foot ( acre ft ) 7004435600000000000 ♠ 43 560 cu ft 7003161333300000000 ♠ 1613. 333 cu yd 7003123348183754752 ♠ 1.233 481 837 547 52 ML 7003123348200000000 ♠ 1233. 482 m The cubic inch , cubic foot and cubic yard are commonly used for measuring volume . In addition , there is one group of units for measuring volumes of liquids , and one for measuring volumes of dry material . Other than the cubic inch , cubic foot and cubic yard , these units are differently sized from the units in the imperial system , although the names of the units are similar . Also , while the U.S. has separate systems for measuring the volumes of liquids and dry material , the imperial system has one set of units for both . Fluid volume ( edit ) Liquid volume Most common measures shown in italic font Exact conversions in bold font Unit Divisions SI equivalent 1 minim ( min ) ~ 1 drop or 0.95 grain of water 6992616115199218750 ♠ 61.611 519 921 875 μL 1 US fluid dram ( fl dr ) 60 min 6994369669119531250 ♠ 3.696 691 195 3125 mL 1 teaspoon ( tsp ) 80 min 6994492892159374999 ♠ 4.928 921 593 75 mL 1 tablespoon ( Tbsp ) 3 tsp or 4 fl dr 6995147867647812500 ♠ 14.786 764 781 25 mL 1 US fluid ounce ( fl oz ) 2 Tbsp or 1.0408 oz av of water 6995295735295625000 ♠ 29.573 529 5625 mL 1 US shot ( jig ) 1.5 fl oz or 3 Tbsp 6995443602943437500 ♠ 44.360 294 343 75 mL 1 US gill ( gi ) 2 ⁄ jig or 4 fl oz 6996118294118249999 ♠ 118.294 118 25 mL 1 US cup ( cp ) 2 gi or 8 fl oz 6996236588236499999 ♠ 236.588 2365 mL 1 ( liquid ) US pint ( pt ) 2 cp or 16.65 oz av of water 6996473176472999999 ♠ 473.176 473 mL 1 ( liquid ) US quart ( qt ) 2 pt 6996946352946000000 ♠ 0.946 352 946 L 1 ( liquid ) US gallon ( gal ) 4 qt or 231 cu in 6997378541178400000 ♠ 3.785 411 784 L 1 ( liquid ) barrel ( bbl ) 31.5 gal or ⁄ hogshead 6999119240471196000 ♠ 119.240 471 196 L 1 oil barrel ( bbl ) 1 ⁄ ( liquid ) barrel or 42 gal or ⁄ hogshead 6999158987294928000 ♠ 158.987 294 928 L 1 hogshead 1.5 oil barrels or 63 gal or 7000842187500000000 ♠ 8.421 875 cu ft or 524.7 lb of water 6999238480942392000 ♠ 238.480 942 392 L One US fluid ounce is ⁄ of a US pint , ⁄ of a US quart , and ⁄ of a US gallon . The teaspoon , tablespoon , and cup are defined in terms of a fluid ounce as ⁄ , ⁄ , and 8 fluid ounces . The fluid ounce derives its name originally from being the volume of one ounce avoirdupois of water , but in the US it is defined as ⁄ of a US gallon . Consequently , a fluid ounce of water weighs about 1.041 ounces avoirdupois . The saying `` a pint 's a pound the world around '' refers to 16 US fluid ounces of water weighing approximately ( about 4 % more than ) one pound avoirdupois . An imperial pint of water weighs a pound and a quarter ( 20 oz ) . A 23.7 US fl oz ( 700 mL ) bottle displaying both US and metric units . There are varying standards for barrel for some specific commodities , including 31 gal for beer , 40 gal for whiskey or kerosene , and 42 gal for petroleum . The general standard for liquids is 31.5 gal or half a hogshead . The common 55 gallon size of drum for storing and transporting various products and wastes is sometimes confused with a barrel , though it is not a standard measure . In the U.S. , single servings of beverages are usually measured in fluid ounces . Milk is usually sold in half pints ( 8 fluid ounces ) , pints , quarts , half gallons , and gallons . Water volume for sinks , bathtubs , ponds , swimming pools , etc. , is usually stated in gallons or cubic feet . Quantities of gases are usually given in cubic feet ( at one atmosphere ) . Minims , drams and gill are rarely used currently . The gill is often referred to as a `` half - cup '' . Dry volume ( edit ) Dry volume Unit Divisions SI equivalent 1 ( dry ) pint ( pt ) 7001336003125000000 ♠ 33.600 3125 cu in 6996550610471357500 ♠ 0.550 610 471 3575 L 1 ( dry ) quart ( qt ) 2 pt 6997110122100000000 ♠ 1.101 221 L 1 ( dry ) gallon ( gal ) 4 qt 6997440488400000000 ♠ 4.404 884 L 1 peck ( pk ) 2 gal 6997880976800000000 ♠ 8.809 768 L 1 bushel ( bu ) 4 pk 6998352390701668800 ♠ 35.239 070 166 88 L 1 ( dry ) barrel ( bbl ) 7003705600000000000 ♠ 7056 cu in or 6997994242424242424 ♠ 3.281 bu 6999115627100000000 ♠ 115.6271 L Dry volume is measured on a separate system , although many of the names remain the same . Small fruits and vegetables are often sold in dry pints and dry quarts . The US dry gallon is less commonly used , and was not included in the handbook that many states recognize as the authority on measurement law . However pecks , or bushels are sometimes used -- particularly for grapes , apples and similar fruits in agricultural regions . Units of weight ( edit ) Main articles : Pound ( force ) and Pound ( mass ) Conversions Type Unit Divisions SI equivalent Avoirdupois 1 grain ( gr ) ⁄ lb 6995647989100000000 ♠ 64.798 91 mg 1 dram ( dr ) 27 ⁄ gr or 8.859 carats 6997177184519531250 ♠ 1.771 845 195 3125 g 1 ounce ( oz ) 16 dr 6998283495231250000 ♠ 28.349 523 125 g 1 pound ( lb ) 16 oz 6999453592370000000 ♠ 453.592 37 g 1 US hundredweight ( cwt ) 100 lb 7001453592370000000 ♠ 45.359 237 kg 1 long hundredweight 112 lb 7001508023454400000 ♠ 50.802 345 44 kg 1 ton ( short ton ) 20 US cwt or 2000 lb 7002907184740000000 ♠ 907.184 74 kg 1 long ton 20 long cwt or 2240 lb 7003101604690880000 ♠ 1016. 046 9088 kg Troy 1 grain ( gr ) ⁄ lb or ⁄ lb t 6995647989100000000 ♠ 64.798 91 mg 1 pennyweight ( dwt ) 24 gr or 7.776 carats 6997155517384000000 ♠ 1.555 173 84 g 1 troy ounce ( oz t ) 20 dwt 6998311034768000000 ♠ 31.103 4768 g 1 troy pound ( lb t ) 12 oz t or 13.17 oz 6999373241721600000 ♠ 373.241 7216 g Most common measures shown in italics Exact conversions shown in bold There have historically been five different English systems of mass : tower , apothecaries ' , troy , avoirdupois , and metric . Of these , the avoirdupois weight is the most common system used in the U.S. , although Troy weight is still used to weigh precious metals . Apothecaries weight -- once used by pharmacies -- has been largely replaced by metric measurements . Tower weight fell out of use in England ( due to legal prohibition in 1527 ) centuries ago , and was never used in the U.S. The imperial system , which is still used for some measures in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries , is based on avoirdupois , with variations from U.S. customary units larger than a pound . The pound avoirdupois , which forms the basis of the U.S. customary system of mass , is defined as exactly 7002453592370000000 ♠ 453.592 37 grams by agreement between the U.S. , the United Kingdom , and other English - speaking countries in 1959 . Other units of mass are defined in terms of it . The avoirdupois pound is legally defined as a measure of mass , but the name pound is also applied to measures of force . For instance , in many contexts , the pound avoirdupois is used as a unit of mass , but in some contexts , the term `` pound '' is used to refer to `` pound - force '' . The slug is another unit of mass derived from pound - force . Troy weight , avoirdupois weight , and apothecaries ' weight are all built from the same basic unit , the grain , which is the same in all three systems . However , while each system has some overlap in the names of their units of measure ( all have ounces and pounds ) , the relationship between the grain and these other units within each system varies . For example , in apothecary and troy weight , the pound and ounce are the same , but are different from the pound and ounce in avoirdupois in terms of their relationships to grains and to each other . The systems also have different units between the grain and ounce ( apothecaries ' has scruple and dram , troy has pennyweight , and avoirdupois has just dram , sometimes spelled drachm ) . The dram in avoirdupois weighs just under half of the dram in apothecaries ' . The fluid dram unit of volume is based on the weight of 1 dram of water in the apothecaries ' system . To alleviate confusion , it is typical when publishing non-avoirdupois weights to mention the name of the system along with the unit . Precious metals , for example , are often weighed in `` troy ounces '' , because just `` ounce '' would be more likely to be assumed to mean an avoirdupois ounce . For the pound and smaller units , the U.S. customary system and the British imperial system are identical . However , they differ when dealing with units larger than the pound . The definition of the pound avoirdupois in the imperial system is identical to that in the U.S. customary system . In the U.S. , only the ounce , pound and short ton -- known in the country simply as the ton -- are commonly used , though the hundredweight is still used in agriculture and shipping . The grain is used to describe the mass of propellant and projectiles in small arms ammunition . It was also used to measure medicine and other very small masses . Grain measures ( edit ) In agricultural practice , a bushel is a fixed volume of 2150.42 cubic inches . The mass of grain will therefore vary according to density . Some nominal weight examples are : - 1 bushel ( corn ) = 56 lb = 25.4012 kg 1 bushel ( wheat ) = 60 lb = 27.2155 kg 1 bushel ( barley ) = 48 lb = 21.7724 kg In trade terms a bushel is a term used to refer to these nominal weights , although even this varies . With oats , Canada uses 34 lb bushels and the USA uses 32 lb bushels . Cooking measures ( edit ) Main article : Cooking weights and measures Common volume measures in English - speaking countries ( Comparable measures listed for comparison purposes . ) Measure Australia Canada UK US US FDA Teaspoon 5 mL 5 mL 4.74 mL 4.93 mL 5 mL Dessertspoon 10 mL -- 9.47 mL -- -- Tablespoon 20 mL 15 mL 14.21 mL 14.79 mL 15 mL Fluid ounce -- -- 28.41 mL 29.57 mL 30 mL Cup 250 mL 250 mL 284.13 mL 236.59 mL 240 mL Pint -- -- 568.26 mL 473.18 mL -- Quart -- -- 1136.52 mL 946.35 mL -- Gallon -- -- 4546.09 mL 3785.41 mL -- The most common practical cooking measures for both liquid and dry ingredients in the U.S. ( and many other countries ) are the teaspoon , tablespoon , and cup , along with halves , thirds , quarters , and eighths of these . Pounds , ounces , fluid ounces , and common sizes are also used , such as can ( presumed size varies depending on product ) , jar , square ( e.g. , 1 oz of chocolate ) , stick ( e.g. , 4 oz butter ) , or fruit / vegetable ( e.g. , a half lemon , two medium onions ) . Units of temperature ( edit ) Degrees Fahrenheit are used in the U.S. to measure temperatures in most non-scientific contexts . The Rankine scale of absolute temperature also saw some use in thermodynamics . Scientists worldwide use the kelvin and degree Celsius . Several U.S. technical standards are expressed in Fahrenheit temperatures and American medical practitioners often use degrees Fahrenheit for body temperature . The relationship between the different temperature scales is linear but the scales have different zero points , so conversion is not simply multiplication by a factor . Pure water freezes at 32 ° F = 0 ° C and boils at 212 ° F = 100 ° C at 1 atm . The conversion formula is : ( ∘ F ) = 9 5 ( ∘ C ) + 32 ( \ displaystyle ( ^ ( \ circ ) ( \ text ( F ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 9 ) ( 5 ) ) ( ^ ( \ circ ) ( \ text ( C ) ) ) + 32 ) or inversely as ( ∘ C ) = 5 9 ( ( ∘ F ) − 32 ) ( \ displaystyle ( ^ ( \ circ ) ( \ text ( C ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 5 ) ( 9 ) ) ( ( ^ ( \ circ ) ( \ text ( F ) ) ) - 32 ) ) . Other units ( edit ) 1 board - foot = 1 ft × 1 ft × 1 in = 6997236000000000000 ♠ 2.360 dm 1 British thermal unit ( Btu ) ≈ 1055 J 1 ton of refrigeration ( 12,000 Btu / h ) = 3.517 kW 1 calorie ( cal ) = 4.184 J 1 food calorie ( kilocalorie , large calorie ) ( kcal , Cal ) = 4.184 kJ 1 foot - pound ( energy ) ≈ 1.356 J 1 hand = 4 in = 10.16 cm 1 horsepower ≈ 745.7 W 1 R - value ( ft ⋅ ° F ⋅ h / Btu ) ≈ 0.1761 R ( K ⋅ m / W ) 1 slug = 1 lbf ⋅ s / ft 1 U ( rack unit ) = 1.75 in = 44.45 mm Various combination units are in common use , including the foot - pound ( ft ⋅ lbf ) , the acre - foot , and the pound per square inch ( psi ) ; these are straightforwardly defined based on the above basic units . Sizing systems are used for various items in commerce , several of which are U.S. - specific : US standard clothing size American wire gauge is used for most metal wire . Scoop ( utensil ) sizes , numbered by scoops per quart Thickness of leather is measured in ounces , 1 oz equals 1 / 64 inch ( 0.4 mm ) . Bolts and screws follow the Unified Thread Standard rather than the ISO metric screw thread standard . Knitting needles in the United States are measured according to a non-linear unitless numerical system . Aluminium foil is measured in mils ( 1 / 100th of an inch , or 0.0254 mm ) in the United States . Cross-sectional area of electrical wire is measured in Circular mils in the U.S. and Canada , one circular mil ( cmil ) being equal to 6990506700000000000 ♠ 5.067 × 10 mm ( or 6990506708663999999 ♠ 7.854 × 10 in ) . Since this is so small , actual wire is commonly measured in thousands of a cmil , called either kcmil or MCM . The mil or thou is also sometimes used to mean thousandth of an inch . Sheet metal in the U.S. is commonly measured in gauge ( not to be confused with the American wire gauge ) , which is derived from weight and thus differs by material . Nominal Pipe Size is used for the outside diameter of pipes . Below NPS14 , the NPS number is not consistent with the pipe diameter in inches . Copper tubing , however , is measured in nominal size , 1 / 8 inch less than the outside diameter . The Schedule system is used for standard pipe thicknesses . Alcohol content is frequently given in proof . The cord is used for volume of firewood . The square is used to mean 100 square feet in construction . Heat flux in the U.S. is measured in Langleys . Other names for U.S. customary units ( edit ) The United States Code refers to these units as `` traditional systems of weights and measures '' . Other common ways of referring to the system in the U.S. are : `` Standard '' , `` Customary '' , or , erroneously : `` Imperial '' , or `` English '' ( which refers to the post-1824 reform measures used throughout the British Empire ) . Another term is the foot -- pound -- second ( FPS ) system , as opposed to centimeter -- gram -- second ( CGS ) and meter -- kilogram -- second ( MKS ) systems . Tools and fasteners with sizes measured in inches are sometimes called `` SAE bolts '' or `` SAE wrenches '' to differentiate them from their metric counterparts . The Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE ) originally developed fasteners standards using U.S. units for the U.S. auto industry ; the organization now uses metric units . See also ( edit ) Acre - foot Board foot Conversion of units Cord ( unit ) Fahrenheit ( vs. Celsius vs. Kelvin ) History of measurement , systems , and units of measurement Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measures of the United States ( 1790 ) Mars Climate Orbiter Standard cubic foot References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.interexchange.org/articles/career-training-usa/2012/05/24/imperial-vs-metric-system/ Jump up ^ T.C. Mendenhall , Superintendent of Standard Weights and Measures . Order of April 5 , 1893 Archived September 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , published as Appendix 6 to the Report for 1893 of the Coast and Geodetic Survey . ^ Jump up to : Astin , A.V. , Karo , H.A. and Mueller , F.H. ( June 25 , 1959 ) . Doc 59 - 5442 , `` Refinement of Values for the Yard and the Pound . '' Federal Register . When reading the document note that 999,998 = 3937 × 254 . Jump up ^ Laws and Metric Program . U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology , 2010 Jump up ^ `` English units of measurement '' . The Columbia Encyclopedia 6th ed. 2001 - 2007 . archived copy . ^ Jump up to : Gardner , Martin ( 1957 ) . `` The Great Pyramid '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Appendix G - Weights and Measures '' . The World Factbook . Washington , D.C. : Central Intelligence Agency . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robyn Williams ( February 8 , 1998 ) `` Trouble with the Metric System '' . Australian Radio National , Ockham 's Razor . Jump up ^ Ed Tenner , ( May 2005 ) . `` The Trouble with the Meter '' Technologyreview.com ^ Jump up to : Roberts , R.W. ( February 3 , 1975 ) . Federal Register republished in Barbrow , L.E. and Judson , L.V. ( 1976 ) Weights and Measures of the United States . National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 447 . p. 36 ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions about the National Geodetic Survey '' . National Geodetic Survey . Retrieved May 16 , 2009 . contribution = ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ Astin , A.V. ( July 27 , 1968 ) . Federal Register Archived 2006 - 10 - 05 at the Wayback Machine ... Republished in Barbrow , L.E and Judson , L.V. Weights and Measures of the United States : A Brief History . National Bureau of Standards Special Publication 447 . pp. 34 -- 35 . Jump up ^ National Institute of Standards and Technology . ( 2008 ) . Guide for the Use of the International System of Units ( SI ) . Jump up ^ The recommended symbol for the liter in the United States is ' L ' per National Institute of Standards and Technology . ( 1995 . ) Guide for the Use of the International System of Units ( SI ) . Special Publication 811 . ^ Jump up to : 101st Conference on Weights and Measures 2016 . ( 2017 ) . Specifications , Tolerances , and Other Technical Requirements for Weighing and Measuring Devices . National Institute of Standards and Technology . p. C - 6 , C - 11 , C - 16 . Jump up ^ Summary of State Laws and Regulations in Weights and Measures Archived December 5 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( 2005 ) National Institute of Standards and Technology . Jump up ^ NIST Handbook 44 , Appendix C , General Tables of Units of Measurement , page C - 6 Avoirdupois Units of Mass Archived 2011 - 10 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Title 21 , 101.9 Nutrition labeling of food '' ( PDF ) . Code of Federal Regulations . US Government Printing Office . 2012 - 04 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 02 . For nutrition labeling purposes , a teaspoon means 5 milliliters ( mL ) , a tablespoon means 15 mL , a cup means 240 mL , 1 fl oz means 30 mL , and 1 oz in weight means 28 g . Jump up ^ Wells , Larry J. ( 1981 ) . Makin ' Leather : A Manual of Primitive and Modern Leather Skills . Cedar Fort . p. 13 . ISBN 0882908359 . Jump up ^ 15 U.S.C. § 205b Jump up ^ `` Rules for SAE Use of SI ( Metric ) Units '' ( PDF ) . Society of Automotive Engineers , Inc . May 1999 . Retrieved July 2012 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Rowlett 's A Dictionary of Units of Measurement ( hide ) Systems of measurement Current General International System of Units ( SI ) UK imperial system US customary units Myanmar Indian Specific Apothecaries ' Avoirdupois Troy Astronomical Electrical Temperature Natural atomic geometrized Gaussian Lorentz -- Heaviside Planck quantum chromodynamical Stoney Background Metric Overview Introduction Outline History Metrication UK / US Overview Comparison Foot -- pound -- second ( FPS ) Historic Metric meter -- kilogram -- second ( MKS ) meter -- tonne -- second ( MTS ) centimeter -- gram -- second ( CGS ) gravitational quadrant -- eleventh - gram -- second ( QES ) ( hebdometre -- undecimogramme -- second ( HUS ) ) Europe Byzantine Cornish Cypriot Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French ( Trad . Mesures usuelles ) German Greek Hungary Icelandic Irish Scottish Italian Latvia Luxembourgian Maltese Norwegian Ottoman Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Spanish Swedish Switzerland Welsh Winchester measure Asia Afghan Cambodian Chinese Hindu Hong Kong India Indonesian Japanese Korean Mongolian Omani Philippine Pegu Singaporean Sri Lankan Syrian Taiwanese Tatar Thai Vietnamese Africa Algerian Ethiopian Egyptian Eritrean Guinean Libyan Malagasy Mauritian Moroccan Seychellois Somalian South African Tunisian Tanzanian North America Costa Rican Cuban Haitian Honduran Mexico Nicaraguan Puerto Rican South America Argentine Brazilian Chilean Colombian Paraguayan Peruvian Uruguayan Venezuelan Ancient Arabic Biblical and Talmudic Egyptian Greek Hindu Indian Mesopotamian Persian Roman List articles Humorous ( FFF system ) Obsolete Unusual Other N - body Modulor Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_customary_units&oldid=815581539 '' Categories : Customary units of measurement in the United States Imperial units Systems of units Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors : chapter ignored CS1 errors : dates All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano 日本 語 Português Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe اردو Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 18 : 43 . 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what is the system of measurement used in the us
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"United States customary units are a system of measurements commonly used in the United States. The United States customary system (USCS or USC) developed from English units which were in use in the British Empire before the U.S. became an independent country. However, the United Kingdom's system of measures was overhauled in 1824 to create the imperial system, changing the definitions of some units. Therefore, while many U.S. units are essentially similar to their Imperial counterparts, there are significant differences between the systems. However, in the U.S. the term \"imperial\" is sometimes used colloquially in reference to the U.S. system.[1][verification needed]"
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"United States customary units"
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2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights
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2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights - wikipedia 2018 FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Television camera filming Serbia versus Brazil in Group E . FIFA , through several companies , sold the broadcasting rights for the 2018 FIFA World Cup to the following broadcasters . Television ( edit ) Country / Region Broadcaster Ref . Afghanistan ATN Albania RTSH Andorra TF1 , France Télévisions , TVE , beIN Sports Angola TPA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Argentina TV Pública , TyC Sports , DirecTV Armenia ARMTV Australia SBS , Optus Sport Austria ORF , OE24 , DAZN Azerbaijan İTV , AzTV Bangladesh BTV , Maasranga TV , Nagorik TV , Sony Pictures Networks Bahamas ZNS , DirecTV Belarus BTRC Belgium VRT , RTBF Benin ORTB , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Bermuda BBC , DirecTV Bhutan Sony Pictures Networks Bolivia Unitel , Red Uno , DirecTV Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Brazil Globo , SporTV , Fox Sports Brunei Astro Bulgaria BNT Burkina Faso RTB , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Cambodia CBS Cameroon CRTV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Canada CBC , Sportsnet , TVA Sports Chad ORTNV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Chile Canal 13 , TVN , Mega , DirecTV , Movistar China CCTV , Migu , Youku Colombia Caracol TV , RCN TV , DirecTV Congo Télé Congo , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Costa Rica Teletica , Sky , Movistar Côte d'Ivoire RTI , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Croatia HRT Cuba ICRT Cyprus CyBC Czech Republic ČT Denmark DR , TV 2 Dominica Sky , DirecTV Dominican Republic Antena 7 , Sky Ecuador RTS , DirecTV El Salvador TCS , Sky Estonia ERR Faroe Islands DR , TV 2 Finland Yle France TF1 , France Télévisions , beIN Sports Gabon RTG , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Gambia GRTS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Germany ARD , ZDF , Sky Sport , DAZN Georgia GPB Ghana GBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Greece ERT Greenland DR , TV 2 Guatemala TV Azteca , Tigo Sports , Sky , Movistar Guinea RTG , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Honduras TVC , Sky , Movistar Hong Kong ViuTV , Now TV Hungary MTVA Iceland RÚV India Jio TV , AirTel TV , Sony Pictures Networks Indonesia Trans Media , K - Vision , SuperPass , USeeTV Iran IRIB , beIN Sports Ireland RTÉ Israel KAN , Keshet , Sport 5 , Charlton Italy Mediaset Jamaica TVJ , DirecTV Japan NHK , NTV , TV Asahi , TBS , Fuji TV Kazakhstan Qazaqstan Kenya NTV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Kosovo RTK Kyrgyzstan KTRK Laos TVLAO Latvia LTV Lebanon Télé Liban , beIN Sports Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania LRT Macau TDM Madagascar ORTM , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Malaysia Astro , RTM ( only terrestrial network ) Maldives PSM , Sony Pictures Networks Mali Africable , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Malta PBS Mauritius MBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Mexico Televisa , TV Azteca , Sky México Moldova TRM Monaco TF1 , France Télévisions , beIN Sports Mongolia NTV , MNB Montenegro RTCG Morocco SNRT , beIN Sports Mozambique TVM , TV Miramar , TV Sucesso , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Myanmar Skynet Sports Namibia NBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Nepal NTV , Kantipur TV , Sony Pictures Networks Netherlands NOS New Zealand Sky Sport Nicaragua Ratensa , Sky , Movistar Niger ORTN , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Nigeria NTA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ North Korea KCTV Norway NRK , TV 2 Pakistan PTV , Sony Pictures Networks Panama Corporación Medcom , Televisora Nacional , Sky , Movistar Papua New Guinea EM TV , Sky Pacific Paraguay SNT , Telefuturo , TyC , DirecTV Peru Latina , DirecTV Philippines ABS - CBN Poland TVP , NC+ Portugal RTP , SIC , SportTV Romania TVR Rwanda RBA , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Russia Perviy Kanal , VGTRK , Match TV San Marino Mediaset Senegal RTS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Serbia RTS Seychelles SBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Singapore Mediacorp , Singtel , StarHub Slovakia RTVS Slovenia RTVSLO Solomon Islands Our Telekom , Sky Pacific South Africa SABC , SuperSport , StarTimes South Korea KBS , MBC , SBS Spain Mediaset España Comunicación Sri Lanka Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation , Sony Pictures Networks Suriname SCCN , DirecTV Sweden SVT , TV4 Switzerland SRG SSR , DAZN Taiwan ELTA , CTS Tajikistan Varzish TV Tanzania TBC , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Thailand TrueVisions , Channel 5 , Amarin TV Timor Leste ETO Telco Togo TVT , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Trinidad & Tobago CNC3 , DirecTV Tunisia ERTT , beIN Sports Turkey TRT Uganda BBS , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Ukraine Inter , NTN United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories Channel Islands England Isle of Man Northern Ireland Scotland Wales BBC , ITV United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Fox Sports , Telemundo Uruguay Monte Carlo , Canal 10 , Teledoce , TyC , DirecTV Uzbekistan Uzreport TV , Futbol TV Vatican City RAI , Sky Sport Venezuela Venevisión , TVes , Meridiano Televisión , VC Sports , DirecTV Vietnam HTV , VTV Zambia Muvi TV , Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Region Broadcaster Ref . Caribbean Countries / Territories Antigua & Barbuda Anguilla Aruba Barbados Belize British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Haiti Montserrat St. Lucia St. Kitts & Nevis St. Vincent & the Grenadines Turks and Caicos U.S. Virgin Islands DirecTV Middle East and North Africa Countries Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Mauritania Oman Palestinian Authority Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen beIN Sports Oceania Countries / Territories Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Micronesia Nauru Palau Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Sky Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Botswana Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Guinea - Bissau Lesotho Liberia Malawi Sierra Leone Swaziland Zimbabwe Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Radio ( edit ) Nation / Territory Broadcaster Ref Albania RTSH Australia SBS , ABC Austria ORF Belarus BTRC Belgium VRT , RTBF Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Brazil Rádio Bandeirantes , Rádio Gaúcha , Rádio Itatiaia , Rádio Jovem Pan , Rádio Verdes Mares , Radio Sagres 730 , Sistema Globo de Rádio , Super Rádio Tupi Bulgaria BNR Chile ADN Radio , Radio Bío - Bío , Radio Cooperativa , UCV Radio Colombia Blu Radio , Caracol Radio , RCN Radio Costa Rica Radio Columbia , Radio Monumental , Teletica Radio Croatia HRT Cyprus CyBC Denmark DR Ecuador RTS Estonia ERR France Europe 1 , RTL , Radio France , RMC Finland Yle Georgia GPB Germany ARD , RTL Radio , Radio Hamburg , Radio NRW , Hitradio RTL Sachsen , Hitradio FFH , Antenne Bayern , 89.0 RTL Guatemala Emisoras Unidas , La Red Deportes 106.1 Hong Kong RTHK Iceland RÚV Indonesia RRI Iran IRIB Ireland RTÉ Israel KAN Italy RAI , Mediaset Jamaica RJR 94 FM Kosovo RTK Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania LT Macau TDM Macedonia MRT Moldova TeleRadio - Moldova Monaco RMC Sport Montenegro RTCG Morocco SNRT , Radio Mars Netherlands NOS Norway NRK Peru RPP Portugal RTP , TSF , Rádio Renascença Portuguese - speaking Africa Countries Cape Verde Guinea - Bissau Mozambique São Tomé and Príncipe RTP Russia VGTRK Serbia RTS Slovenia RTVSLO South Africa SABC South Korea SBS Spain RTVE , Cadena COPE , Cadena SER , Onda Cero , Radio Marca Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe France Médias Monde Sweden SR Switzerland SRG SSR Turkey TRT United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Gibraltar Channel Islands Isle of Man BBC , Talksport United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Fox Sports Radio ( simulcast of television audio ) , Fútbol de Primera Uruguay 770 AM Oriental , 810 AM El Espectador , 850 AM Carve , 890 AM Sarandí Sport , 930 AM Monte Carlo , 970 AM Radio Universal , 1090 AM Radio Imparcial , 1410 AM Radio LaCatorce10 , 99.5 FM Del Sol Vietnam VOV References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Media Rights Licensees '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . Infront . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Hassett , Sebastian ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` SBS locks in two more World Cups '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA awards further TV rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . FIFA. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBS strike EPL deal with Optus '' . SBS.com.au . SBS . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Independent , The . `` Three TVs to broadcast FIFA WC matches live '' . Three TVs to broadcast FIFA WC matches live theindependentbd.com . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Globo buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports fecha acordo para transmitir Copa do Mundo da Rússia '' . Folha de São Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Band fecha acordo para transmissão da Copa da Rússia '' . UOL. 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bell Media lands deal for FIFA soccer from 2015 through 2022 '' . The Sports Network . 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CCTV pockets Fifa media rights until 2022 '' . SportsProMedia. 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Youku acquires World Cup streaming rights in China '' . SportsProMedia. 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Movistar Costa Rica ( 13 June 2017 ) , Mirá La Copa FIFA Confederaciones en Movistar Play , retrieved 15 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Antena 7 y Antena 21 transmitirán el Mundial de Fútbol para la República Dominicana '' . www.diariolibre.com ( in Spanish ) . Diario Libre . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Rasila , Tanja ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Ylelle mittava jalkapallosopimus -- seuraavat MM - kisat ja FIFA Confederations Cup näkyvät Ylellä '' . yle.fi ( in Finnish ) . Yleisradio . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . Sopimukseen kuuluvat miesten jalkapallon MM - kisat kesällä 2018 , naisten jalkapallon MM - kisat 2019 ja tänä kesänä maanosaliittojen Confederations Cup sekä naisten EM - lopputurnaus . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Executive Committee agrees major governance reforms & Ethics structure '' . FIFA. 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cushnan , David ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` BBC , ITV , ARD and ZDF sign World Cup TV deals '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 2 April 2012 ) . `` ARD and ZDF get rights to 2018 World Cup '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena . `` Sky Deutschland gets ultra HD rights for 2018 Fifa World Cup '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` DAZN lands Fifa World Cup highlights in Germany '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Now TV ‧ ViuTV 獨家 播 2018 世界 盃 '' ( in Chinese ) . Now TV . 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Now TV 與 ViuTV 獨家 播放 俄羅斯 2018 FIFA 世界 盃 '' ( in Chinese ) . ViuTV. 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup 2018 live broadcasters in India '' . Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Transmedia Jadi Pemegang Hak Siar Piala Dunia 2018 '' ( in Indonesian ) . CNN Indonesia . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bolasport.com . `` K - Vision Pegang Hak Siar Piala Dunia 2018 untuk Televisi Kabel '' . bolasport.com ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Superpass Jadi Penyedia Siaran Piala Dunia 2018 via TV Kabel '' . FMA dan SuperPass Resmi Bekerjasama dalam Menyiarkan Piala Dunia ( in Indonesian ) . JawaPos.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IndiHome Sajikan Siaran Langsung Piala Dunia 2018 Goal.com '' ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` تدارک صداوسیما برای جامجهانی 2018 '' ( in Persian ) . Jameja Online . 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , Annahar ( 30 May 2018 ) . `` Télé Liban to broadcast World Cup for free in Lebanon '' . Annahar . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Darrous , Sabine ( 6 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup to be broadcast live for free on Télé Liban '' . The Daily Star . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 24 April 2012 ) . `` SRG secures Swiss World Cup rights until 2022 '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 澳 廣 視 《 2018 FIFA 俄羅斯 世界 盃 》 64 場 全程 直播 '' ( in Chinese ) . TDM. 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guan Eng : RM30mil sponsorship secured for World Cup on RTM '' . The Star . 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia 's World Cup broadcasts all covered by sponsors , says finance minister '' . Channel NewsAsia. 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Emmanuel Santa Maria Chin ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Maxis main sponsor for RTM 's World Cup 2018 telecast , Gobind reveals '' . The Malay Mail . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russie 2018 : La SNRT a obtenu les droits de retransmission des matches '' . Medias24 - Site d'information ( in French ) . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports signs eight - year deal with FIFA '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABS - CBN S + A , Liga to broadcast the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . ABS - CBN Sports . 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTP e Seleção Nacional até 2018 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lopes , Maria . `` RTP partilha direitos do Mundial 2018 com SIC '' . Público.pt ( in Portuguese ) . Público . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sport TV garante emissão da totalidade dos jogos do Mundial 2018 '' . Infocul ( in Portuguese ) . Infocul . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa awards media rights in Russia for 2018 World Cup '' . Sportspromedia.com . SportsPro . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mediacorp , Singtel , StarHub to broadcast 2018 World Cup '' . Channel NewsAsia. 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards 2017 - 2018 media rights for sub-Saharan Africa '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 世 足 6 月 登場 華 視 加入 轉播 行列 '' ( in Chinese ) . Chinese Television System . 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TrueVisions picked to broadcast World Cup '' . The Nation. 28 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Elena Holmes ( 30 April 2018 ) . `` Fifa World Cup rights deals agreed in Thailand '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Wassana Nanuam ; Nanat Suchiva ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` World Cup to be live streamed free , in full '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Інтер транслюватиме усі матчі ЧС - 2018 , -- голова редакції спортпрограм телеканалу '' . Football24.ua ( in Ukrainian ) . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 22 October 2011 ) . `` Fox and Telemundo Win U.S. Rights to World Cups '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards US TV Rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . FIFA.com ( Press release ) . FIFA. 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UZREPORT приобрел права трансляции Чемпионата мира по футболу 2018 '' ( in Uzbek ) . uzreport. news . 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ha Do ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Vietnam strikes eleventh hour World Cup 2018 deal '' . VnExpress . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyên Hà ( 9 June 2018 ) . `` Tiết lộ : Viettel và Vingroup giúp VTV mua bản quyền World Cup 2018 '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Voice of Vietnam . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Cushnan , David ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` DirecTV picks up Fifa rights package in Caribbean '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jazeera Sport buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA. 26 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Eoin ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` Al Jazeera secures first 2018 / 2022 rights package '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jazeera Sport rebranded beIN SPORTS '' . Al Arabiya. 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards 2017 - 2018 media rights for sub-Saharan Africa '' . FIFA. 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 世界 盃. 多 星 道 ( 版權 所 限 , 本 節目 不 設 網 上 收聽 及 重 溫 ) '' . RTHK . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RRI Mendapat Lisensi Radio Siaran Sepakbola Piala Dunia 2018 '' . RRI . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mondiale Russia 2018 in diretta anche su Radio 105 '' . Calcio Casteddu ( in Italian ) . Calcio Casteddu . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTP É MUNDIAL '' ( PDF ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Futbol de Primera Awarded the Exclusive U.S. Spanish - Language Radio Rights to the Mexican National Team '' . FDP Radio . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Theo dõi World Cup 2018 trên các kênh của Đài Tiếng Nói Việt Nam '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Voice of Vietnam . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_broadcasting_rights&oldid=854526326 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 Persian - language sources ( fa ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) CS1 Uzbek - language sources ( uz ) CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from June 2018 Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Español 한국어 Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 August 2018 , at 00 : 46 ( UTC ) . 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who owns the rights to the world cup
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"\n\nCountry/Region\n\nBroadcaster\n\nRef.\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\nATN\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Albania\n\nRTSH\n\n[1]\n\n\n Andorra\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, TVE, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Angola\n\nTPA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Argentina\n\nTV Pública, TyC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Armenia\n\nARMTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Australia\n\nSBS, Optus Sport\n\n[3][4][5]\n\n\n Austria\n\nORF, OE24, DAZN\n\n[1]\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nİTV, AzTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\nBTV, Maasranga TV, Nagorik TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][2][6]\n\n\n Bahamas\n\nZNS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belarus\n\nBTRC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belgium\n\nVRT, RTBF\n\n[1]\n\n\n Benin\n\nORTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bermuda\n\nBBC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bhutan\n\nSony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bolivia\n\nUnitel, Red Uno, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nBHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Brazil\n\nGlobo, SporTV, Fox Sports\n\n[7][8][9]\n\n\n Brunei\n\nAstro\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nBNT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\nRTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nCBS\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Cameroon\n\nCRTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Canada\n\nCBC, Sportsnet, TVA Sports\n\n[4][10][1]\n\n\n Chad\n\nORTNV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Chile\n\nCanal 13, TVN, Mega, DirecTV, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n China\n\nCCTV, Migu, Youku\n\n[2][11][12]\n\n\n Colombia\n\nCaracol TV, RCN TV, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Congo\n\nTélé Congo, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nTeletica, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1][13]\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n\nRTI, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Croatia\n\nHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cuba\n\nICRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nCyBC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\nČT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Denmark\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominica\n\nSky, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nAntena 7, Sky\n\n[14]\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nRTS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nTCS, Sky\n\n[1]\n\n\n Estonia\n\nERR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Faroe Islands\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Finland\n\nYle\n\n[1][15]\n\n\n France\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gabon\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gambia\n\nGRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Germany\n\nARD, ZDF, Sky Sport, DAZN\n\n[16][17][18][19][20]\n\n\n Georgia\n\nGPB\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ghana\n\nGBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greece\n\nERT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greenland\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guatemala\n\nTV Azteca, Tigo Sports, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guinea\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Honduras\n\nTVC, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Hong Kong\n\nViuTV, Now TV\n\n[1][2][21][22]\n\n\n Hungary\n\nMTVA\n\n[1]\n\n\n Iceland\n\nRÚV\n\n[1]\n\n\n India\n\nJio TV, AirTel TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][23]\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nTrans Media, K-Vision, SuperPass, USeeTV\n\n[2][24][25][26][27]\n\n\n Iran\n\nIRIB, beIN Sports\n\n[28]\n\n\n Ireland\n\nRTÉ\n\n[1]\n\n\n Israel\n\nKAN, Keshet, Sport 5, Charlton\n\n[1]\n\n\n Italy\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nTVJ, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Japan\n\nNHK, NTV, TV Asahi, TBS, Fuji TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nQazaqstan\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kenya\n\nNTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kosovo\n\nRTK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\nKTRK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Laos\n\nTVLAO\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Latvia\n\nLTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Lebanon\n\nTélé Liban, beIN Sports\n\n[1][29][30]\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n\nSRG SSR\n\n[31]\n\n\n Lithuania\n\nLRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Macau\n\nTDM\n\n[2][32]\n\n\n Madagascar\n\nORTM, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nAstro, RTM (only terrestrial network)\n\n[1][33][34][35]\n\n\n Maldives\n\nPSM, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mali\n\nAfricable, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malta\n\nPBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mauritius\n\nMBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mexico\n\nTelevisa, TV Azteca, Sky México\n\n[1]\n\n\n Moldova\n\nTRM\n\n[1]\n\n\n Monaco\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mongolia\n\nNTV, MNB\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Montenegro\n\nRTCG\n\n[1]\n\n\n Morocco\n\nSNRT, beIN Sports\n\n[1][36]\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nTVM, TV Miramar, TV Sucesso, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Myanmar\n\nSkynet Sports\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Namibia\n\nNBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nepal\n\nNTV, Kantipur TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Netherlands\n\nNOS\n\n[1]\n\n\n New Zealand\n\nSky Sport\n\n[1][37]\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nRatensa, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Niger\n\nORTN, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nigeria\n\nNTA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n North Korea\n\nKCTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Norway\n\nNRK, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Pakistan\n\nPTV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Panama\n\nCorporación Medcom, Televisora Nacional, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\nEM TV, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n Paraguay\n\nSNT, Telefuturo, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Peru\n\nLatina, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Philippines\n\nABS-CBN\n\n[1][2][38]\n\n\n Poland\n\nTVP, NC+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Portugal\n\nRTP, SIC, SportTV\n\n[39][40][41]\n\n\n Romania\n\nTVR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nRBA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Russia\n\nPerviy Kanal, VGTRK, Match TV\n\n[42]\n\n\n San Marino\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Senegal\n\nRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Serbia\n\nRTS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nSBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Singapore\n\nMediacorp, Singtel, StarHub\n\n[2][43]\n\n\n Slovakia\n\nRTVS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Slovenia\n\nRTVSLO\n\n[1]\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nOur Telekom, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n South Africa\n\nSABC, SuperSport, StarTimes\n\n[1][44]\n\n\n South Korea\n\nKBS, MBC, SBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Spain\n\nMediaset España Comunicación\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nSri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Suriname\n\nSCCN, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sweden\n\nSVT, TV4\n\n[16][18]\n\n\n Switzerland\n\nSRG SSR, DAZN\n\n[31]\n\n\n Taiwan\n\nELTA, CTS\n\n[1][2][45]\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\nVarzish TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nTBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Thailand\n\nTrueVisions, Channel 5, Amarin TV\n\n[2][46][47][48]\n\n\n Timor Leste\n\nETO Telco\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Togo\n\nTVT, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Trinidad & Tobago\n\nCNC3, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nERTT, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Turkey\n\nTRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uganda\n\nBBS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ukraine\n\nInter, NTN\n\n[1][49]\n\n\n United KingdomshowHome Nations/Territories\n Channel Islands\n England\n Isle of Man\n Northern Ireland\n Scotland\n Wales\n\nBBC, ITV\n\n[17]\n\n\n United Statesshowand territories\n American Samoa\n Guam\n Northern Mariana Islands\n Puerto Rico\n Baker Island\n Howland Island\n Jarvis Island\n Johnston Atoll\n Kingman Reef\n Midway Islands\n Navassa Island\n Palmyra Atoll\n Wake Island\n\nFox Sports, Telemundo\n\n[50][51]\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nMonte Carlo, Canal 10, Teledoce, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\nUzreport TV, Futbol TV\n\n[2][52]\n\n\n Vatican City\n\nRAI, Sky Sport\n\n[1]\n\n\n Venezuela\n\nVenevisión, TVes, Meridiano Televisión, VC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nHTV, VTV\n\n[2][53][54]\n\n\n Zambia\n\nMuvi TV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n",
"\n\nCountry/Region\n\nBroadcaster\n\nRef.\n\n\n Afghanistan\n\nATN\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Albania\n\nRTSH\n\n[1]\n\n\n Andorra\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, TVE, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Angola\n\nTPA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Argentina\n\nTV Pública, TyC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Armenia\n\nARMTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Australia\n\nSBS, Optus Sport\n\n[3][4][5]\n\n\n Austria\n\nORF, OE24, DAZN\n\n[1]\n\n\n Azerbaijan\n\nİTV, AzTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bangladesh\n\nBTV, Maasranga TV, Nagorik TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][2][6]\n\n\n Bahamas\n\nZNS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belarus\n\nBTRC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Belgium\n\nVRT, RTBF\n\n[1]\n\n\n Benin\n\nORTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bermuda\n\nBBC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bhutan\n\nSony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bolivia\n\nUnitel, Red Uno, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\n\nBHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Brazil\n\nGlobo, SporTV, Fox Sports\n\n[7][8][9]\n\n\n Brunei\n\nAstro\n\n[1]\n\n\n Bulgaria\n\nBNT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Burkina Faso\n\nRTB, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cambodia\n\nCBS\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Cameroon\n\nCRTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Canada\n\nCBC, Sportsnet, TVA Sports\n\n[4][10][1]\n\n\n Chad\n\nORTNV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Chile\n\nCanal 13, TVN, Mega, DirecTV, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n China\n\nCCTV, Migu, Youku\n\n[2][11][12]\n\n\n Colombia\n\nCaracol TV, RCN TV, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Congo\n\nTélé Congo, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Costa Rica\n\nTeletica, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1][13]\n\n\n Côte d'Ivoire\n\nRTI, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Croatia\n\nHRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cuba\n\nICRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Cyprus\n\nCyBC\n\n[1]\n\n\n Czech Republic\n\nČT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Denmark\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominica\n\nSky, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Dominican Republic\n\nAntena 7, Sky\n\n[14]\n\n\n Ecuador\n\nRTS, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n El Salvador\n\nTCS, Sky\n\n[1]\n\n\n Estonia\n\nERR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Faroe Islands\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Finland\n\nYle\n\n[1][15]\n\n\n France\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gabon\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Gambia\n\nGRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Germany\n\nARD, ZDF, Sky Sport, DAZN\n\n[16][17][18][19][20]\n\n\n Georgia\n\nGPB\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ghana\n\nGBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greece\n\nERT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Greenland\n\nDR, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guatemala\n\nTV Azteca, Tigo Sports, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Guinea\n\nRTG, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Honduras\n\nTVC, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Hong Kong\n\nViuTV, Now TV\n\n[1][2][21][22]\n\n\n Hungary\n\nMTVA\n\n[1]\n\n\n Iceland\n\nRÚV\n\n[1]\n\n\n India\n\nJio TV, AirTel TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1][23]\n\n\n Indonesia\n\nTrans Media, K-Vision, SuperPass, USeeTV\n\n[2][24][25][26][27]\n\n\n Iran\n\nIRIB, beIN Sports\n\n[28]\n\n\n Ireland\n\nRTÉ\n\n[1]\n\n\n Israel\n\nKAN, Keshet, Sport 5, Charlton\n\n[1]\n\n\n Italy\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Jamaica\n\nTVJ, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Japan\n\nNHK, NTV, TV Asahi, TBS, Fuji TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kazakhstan\n\nQazaqstan\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kenya\n\nNTV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kosovo\n\nRTK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Kyrgyzstan\n\nKTRK\n\n[1]\n\n\n Laos\n\nTVLAO\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Latvia\n\nLTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Lebanon\n\nTélé Liban, beIN Sports\n\n[1][29][30]\n\n\n Liechtenstein\n\nSRG SSR\n\n[31]\n\n\n Lithuania\n\nLRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Macau\n\nTDM\n\n[2][32]\n\n\n Madagascar\n\nORTM, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malaysia\n\nAstro, RTM (only terrestrial network)\n\n[1][33][34][35]\n\n\n Maldives\n\nPSM, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mali\n\nAfricable, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Malta\n\nPBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mauritius\n\nMBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mexico\n\nTelevisa, TV Azteca, Sky México\n\n[1]\n\n\n Moldova\n\nTRM\n\n[1]\n\n\n Monaco\n\nTF1, France Télévisions, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Mongolia\n\nNTV, MNB\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Montenegro\n\nRTCG\n\n[1]\n\n\n Morocco\n\nSNRT, beIN Sports\n\n[1][36]\n\n\n Mozambique\n\nTVM, TV Miramar, TV Sucesso, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Myanmar\n\nSkynet Sports\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Namibia\n\nNBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nepal\n\nNTV, Kantipur TV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Netherlands\n\nNOS\n\n[1]\n\n\n New Zealand\n\nSky Sport\n\n[1][37]\n\n\n Nicaragua\n\nRatensa, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Niger\n\nORTN, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Nigeria\n\nNTA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n North Korea\n\nKCTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Norway\n\nNRK, TV 2\n\n[1]\n\n\n Pakistan\n\nPTV, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Panama\n\nCorporación Medcom, Televisora Nacional, Sky, Movistar\n\n[1]\n\n\n Papua New Guinea\n\nEM TV, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n Paraguay\n\nSNT, Telefuturo, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Peru\n\nLatina, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Philippines\n\nABS-CBN\n\n[1][2][38]\n\n\n Poland\n\nTVP, NC+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Portugal\n\nRTP, SIC, SportTV\n\n[39][40][41]\n\n\n Romania\n\nTVR\n\n[1]\n\n\n Rwanda\n\nRBA, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Russia\n\nPerviy Kanal, VGTRK, Match TV\n\n[42]\n\n\n San Marino\n\nMediaset\n\n[1]\n\n\n Senegal\n\nRTS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Serbia\n\nRTS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Seychelles\n\nSBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Singapore\n\nMediacorp, Singtel, StarHub\n\n[2][43]\n\n\n Slovakia\n\nRTVS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Slovenia\n\nRTVSLO\n\n[1]\n\n\n Solomon Islands\n\nOur Telekom, Sky Pacific\n\n[1]\n\n\n South Africa\n\nSABC, SuperSport, StarTimes\n\n[1][44]\n\n\n South Korea\n\nKBS, MBC, SBS\n\n[1]\n\n\n Spain\n\nMediaset España Comunicación\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sri Lanka\n\nSri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation, Sony Pictures Networks\n\n[1]\n\n\n Suriname\n\nSCCN, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Sweden\n\nSVT, TV4\n\n[16][18]\n\n\n Switzerland\n\nSRG SSR, DAZN\n\n[31]\n\n\n Taiwan\n\nELTA, CTS\n\n[1][2][45]\n\n\n Tajikistan\n\nVarzish TV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tanzania\n\nTBC, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Thailand\n\nTrueVisions, Channel 5, Amarin TV\n\n[2][46][47][48]\n\n\n Timor Leste\n\nETO Telco\n\n[1][2]\n\n\n Togo\n\nTVT, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Trinidad & Tobago\n\nCNC3, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Tunisia\n\nERTT, beIN Sports\n\n[1]\n\n\n Turkey\n\nTRT\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uganda\n\nBBS, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n\n\n Ukraine\n\nInter, NTN\n\n[1][49]\n\n\n United KingdomshowHome Nations/Territories\n Channel Islands\n England\n Isle of Man\n Northern Ireland\n Scotland\n Wales\n\nBBC, ITV\n\n[17]\n\n\n United Statesshowand territories\n American Samoa\n Guam\n Northern Mariana Islands\n Puerto Rico\n Baker Island\n Howland Island\n Jarvis Island\n Johnston Atoll\n Kingman Reef\n Midway Islands\n Navassa Island\n Palmyra Atoll\n Wake Island\n\nFox Sports, Telemundo\n\n[50][51]\n\n\n Uruguay\n\nMonte Carlo, Canal 10, Teledoce, TyC, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Uzbekistan\n\nUzreport TV, Futbol TV\n\n[2][52]\n\n\n Vatican City\n\nRAI, Sky Sport\n\n[1]\n\n\n Venezuela\n\nVenevisión, TVes, Meridiano Televisión, VC Sports, DirecTV\n\n[1]\n\n\n Vietnam\n\nHTV, VTV\n\n[2][53][54]\n\n\n Zambia\n\nMuvi TV, Kwesé Sports, SuperSport, StarTimes, Canal+\n\n[1]\n"
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5380017115885972722
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The Count of Monte Cristo (2002 film)
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The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 film ) - wikipedia The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Count of Monte Cristo Theatrical release poster Directed by Kevin Reynolds Produced by Gary Barber Roger Birnbaum Jonathan Glickman Screenplay by Jay Wolpert Based on The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas Starring Jim Caviezel Guy Pearce Richard Harris James Frain Dagmara Dominczyk Luis Guzmán Music by Edward Shearmur Cinematography Andrew Dunn Edited by Stephen Semel Production company Touchstone Pictures Spyglass Entertainment Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date 25 January 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 25 ) Running time 131 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Ireland Language English Budget $35 million Box office $75.4 million The Count of Monte Cristo is a 2002 adventure drama film produced by Roger Birnbaum , Gary Barber , and Jonathan Glickman that was directed by Kevin Reynolds . An international co-production between the United States , the United Kingdom , and Ireland , the film is an adaptation of the book of the same name by Alexandre Dumas , père and stars Jim Caviezel , Guy Pearce , and Richard Harris . It follows the general plot of the novel ( the main storyline of imprisonment and revenge is preserved ) ; but many aspects , including the relationships between major characters and the ending , have been changed , simplified , or removed ; and action scenes have been added . The film met with modest box office success . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The Azure Window of Gozo appears in the background of some scenes ( picture from 2003 ) In 1815 , Edmond Dantés , Second Mate of a French merchant vessel , and his friend Fernand Mondego , representative of the shipping company , seek medical help at Elba for their ailing captain . Napoleon Bonaparte , having kept his guardians from killing the pair , exchanges his physician 's services with Edmond for the delivery of a letter to a Monsieur Clarion . In Marseille , the company owner Morrell commends Edmond for his bravery , promoting him to captain over First Mate Danglars , who gave Edmond explicit orders not to land at Elba . Edmond states his intention to marry his girlfriend , Mercédès , whom Fernand lusts after . Fernand and Danglars inform on Edmond , concerning the letter Fernand saw Napoleon hand him , to the city 's Magistrate , Villefort , who has Edmond arrested . Villefort prepares to exonerate Edmond until he learns the letter is addressed to Villefort 's father , a Bonapartist ; he burns the letter and orders Edmond locked up in Château d'If . Edmond escapes , and turns to Fernand for help , but Fernand holds him up and turns him over to the pursuing gendarmes . Edmond is consigned to the island prison and its sadistic warden , Armand Dorleac . Villefort has Fernand assassinate his father in exchange for persuading Mercédès that Edmond has been executed for treason and that she should take comfort in Fernand . Six years later , Edmond is startled in his cell by an eruption in the ground revealing another prisoner . Abbé Faria , who has been imprisoned for 11 years after he refused to tell Bonaparte the whereabouts of the treasure of Spada , has dug an escape tunnel . For the next seven years Faria educates Edmond in all facets of scholarship , including swordplay , in exchange for his help in digging a new escape route . Faria dies in a tunnel cave - in but before expiring he reveals a map to the treasure . Edmond escapes by switching himself for the priest 's body in the body bag , and is thrown into the sea , pulling Dorleac along with him , whom he drowns . Edmond encounters a band of pirates preparing to execute a fellow pirate , Jacopo , ( Luis Guzmán ) . Their leader , Luigi Vampa , decides justice and entertainment would be better served by pitting Edmond and Jacopo in a knife fight . Edmond wins , but spares Jacopo , who swears himself Edmond 's man for life . Jacopo and Edmond both work for the pirates until they arrive in Marseille . Edmond learns from Morrell , who does not recognize him , that Fernand and Danglars are complicit in his betrayal , and that Fernand and Mercédès have wed . With Jacopo , he locates Faria 's treasure , and establishes himself as a Count in Parisian society . Edmond ingratiates himself to the Mondegos by staging the kidnap and rescue of their son , Albert ( Henry Cavill ) . Now known as the Count of Monte Cristo , Edmond lures Fernand , Villefort and Danglars into a trap by letting slip the notion that he has located the treasure of Spada , and is shipping it through Marseille . Danglars is caught red - handed in the act of theft . Villefort is arrested upon confessing that he ordered the hit on his father and it is revealed that Fernand carried out the murder of Monsieur Clarion . Even though his appearance has dramatically changed , Mercédès recognizes her former fiancé . Eventually , she softens him and they rekindle their relationship . As Fernand prepares to flee , she reveals the only reason she married him was that she was pregnant with Albert who is really Edmond 's son . Fernand encounters Edmond in the ruins of an estate where he hid what he thought were chests full of the treasure but contain nothing but ashes . Albert intervenes when Edmond attempts to kill Fernand , but Mercédès tells him of his true parentage . Fernand leaves , firing a shot that wounds Mercédès , and rides away , but changes his mind upon realizing that he has nothing left to live for . Fernand rides back and calls Edmond out . The two fight to the death ; Edmond prevails . Edmond purchases Château d'If , intending to raze it , but instead leaves it standing as he swears to the spirit of Faria to use his vast resources for nothing but good . Cast ( edit ) Jim Caviezel as Edmond Dantès , Zatara , the Count of Monte Cristo Guy Pearce as Fernand Mondego James Frain as J.F. Villefort Dagmara Dominczyk as Mercedès Mondego ( née Herrera ) Luis Guzmán as Jacopo Richard Harris as Abbé Faria Michael Wincott as Armand Dorleac , prison warden Henry Cavill as Albert Mondego Albie Woodington as Danglars JB Blanc as Luigi Vampa Alex Norton as Napoléon Patrick Godfrey as Morrell Freddie Jones as Colonel Villefort Helen McCrory as Valentina Villefort Christopher Adamson as Maurice Reception ( edit ) The Count of Monte Cristo holds a rating of 73 % based on 143 reviews at Rotten Tomatoes with the critical consensus being that , `` Though it may not reach for any new artistic heights , The Count of Monte Cristo is an old - fashioned yet enjoyable swashbuckler . '' At Metacritic , the film received a score of 61 out of 100 , with generally favourable reviews . Roger Ebert gave the film 3 stars out of 4 writing , `` The Count of Monte Cristo is a movie that incorporates piracy , Napoleon in exile , betrayal , solitary confinement , secret messages , escape tunnels , swashbuckling , comic relief , a treasure map , Parisian high society and sweet revenge , and brings it in at under two hours , with performances by good actors who are clearly having fun . This is the kind of adventure picture the studios churned out in the Golden Age -- so traditional it almost feels new . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) The Count of Monte Cristo OST Soundtrack album by Edward Shearmur Released 25 January 2002 Recorded Genre Soundtrack Length 53 : 03 Label RCA The Count of Monte Cristo Official Soundtrack was composed and conducted by Edward Shearmur and performed by the London Metropolitan Orchestra . Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating SoundtrackNet link References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The count of Monte Cristo budget '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) '' . IMDb Pro . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ Khomami , Nadia ( 8 March 2017 ) . `` ' It 's heartbreaking ' : Maltese mourn collapse of Azure Window arch '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on 8 March 2017 . Jump up ^ The Count of Monte Cristo at Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ `` Count of Monte Cristo , The '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-count-of-monte-cristo-2002 Jump up ^ `` The Count of Monte Cristo ( Soundtrack ) '' . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 film ) The Count of Monte Cristo on IMDb The Count of Monte Cristo at the TCM Movie Database The Count of Monte Cristo at AllMovie The Count of Monte Cristo at Rotten Tomatoes The Count of Monte Cristo at Metacritic Alexandre Dumas , père Novels The Count of Monte Cristo The Three Musketeers The Corsican Brothers The Black Tulip Captain Pamphile Le Chevalier de Maison - Rouge La Dame de Monsoreau Georges The Knight of Sainte - Hermine The Queen 's Necklace La Reine Margot The New Troy Twenty Years After The Two Dianas The Vicomte de Bragelonne The Wolf Leader La Sanfelice The Women 's War Characters Edmond Dantès Aramis Athos Anne of Austria d'Artagnan Abbé Faria Milady de Winter Porthos Cardinal Richelieu Comte de Rochefort M. de Tréville Films The Brigand ( 1952 ) The Corsican Brothers ( 1941 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1934 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1975 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1998 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers The Fifth Musketeer The Four Musketeers ( 1936 ) The Four Musketeers ( 1974 ) The Iron Mask The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1939 ) The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1977 ) The Man in the Iron Mask ( 1998 ) The Man in the Iron Mask Mickey , Donald , Goofy : The Three Musketeers The Musketeer La Reine Margot ( 1954 ) La Reine Margot ( 1994 ) soundtrack The Return of the Musketeers Les Trois Mousquetaires The Three Musketeers ( 1921 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1933 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1948 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1969 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1973 ) The Three Musketeers ( 1992 animated ) The Three Musketeers ( 1993 ) The Three Musketeers ( 2011 ) TV programmes Gankutsuou Albert the Fifth Musketeer The Count of Monte Cristo Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds Young Blades The Three Musketeers The Musketeers Related Alexandre Dumas , fils ( son ) Thomas - Alexandre Dumas ( father ) Marie - Cessette Dumas ( grandmother ) Auguste Maquet ( collaborator ) Théâtre Historique Château de Monte - Cristo L'Autre Dumas ( 2010 film ) The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas Characters Edmond Dantès Abbé Faria Films The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1913 ) Monte Cristo ( 1922 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1929 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1934 ) The Son of Monte Cristo ( 1940 ) El Conde de Monte Cristo ( 1942 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1943 ) The Return of Monte Cristo ( 1946 ) The Wife of Monte Cristo ( 1946 ) Mask of the Avenger ( 1951 ) The Sword of Monte Cristo ( 1951 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1953 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1954 ) Vanjikottai Valiban ( 1958 ) Raj Tilak ( 1958 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1961 ) The Treasure of Monte Cristo ( 1961 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1975 ) Padayottam Veta The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) Television The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1956 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1964 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 1998 miniseries ) Gankutsuou : The Count of Monte Cristo Montecristo Ezel Revenge Yago Literature The Stars My Destination The Stars ' Tennis Balls A Prisoner of Birth Other The Black Count : Glory , Revolution , Betrayal , and the Real Count of Monte Cristo ( biography ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( Wildhorn - Murphy musical ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( Behr musical ) Christ 0 ( album ) Related Auguste Maquet ( collaborator ) Pierre Picaud L'Autre Dumas ( 2010 film ) `` Revenge Is a Dish Best Served Three Times '' Gankutsuou characters Films directed by Kevin Reynolds Fandango ( 1985 ) The Beast ( 1988 ) Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves ( 1991 ) Rapa - Nui ( 1994 ) Waterworld ( 1995 ) One Eight Seven ( 1997 ) The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) Tristan & Isolde ( 2006 ) Hatfields & McCoys ( 2012 ) Risen ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo_(2002_film)&oldid=835836782 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films 2000s adventure films 2000s prison films 2000s romantic drama films American action adventure films American adventure films American films American prison films American romantic drama films British adventure films British films British prison films British romantic drama films Irish films Irish romance films Films scored by Edward Shearmur Films about revenge Films based on The Count of Monte Cristo Films directed by Kevin Reynolds Films set in Rome Films set in the 19th century Films shot in Malta Films produced by Roger Birnbaum Spyglass Entertainment films Swashbuckler films Touchstone Pictures films Treasure hunt films Hidden categories : EngvarB from June 2016 Use dmy dates from June 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 02 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who starred in the movie the count of monte cristo
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Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb
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Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb - wikipedia Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Jump to : navigation , search Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Theatrical release poster Directed by Shawn Levy Produced by Shawn Levy Chris Columbus Mark Radcliffe Screenplay by David Guion Michael Handelman Story by Mark Friedman David Guion Michael Handelman Based on Characters by Thomas Lennon Robert Ben Garant Starring Ben Stiller Robin Williams Owen Wilson Dan Stevens Ben Kingsley Music by Alan Silvestri Cinematography Guillermo Navarro Edited by Dean Zimmerman Production company 21 Laps Entertainment 1492 Pictures TSG Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) ( Ziegfeld Theatre ) December 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 19 ) ( United States ) Running time 97 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $127 million Box office $363.2 million Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a 2014 American comedy adventure film directed by Shawn Levy and written by David Guion and Michael Handelman . It is the sequel to the 2006 film Night at the Museum and the 2009 film Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian . The film stars Ben Stiller , Robin Williams , Owen Wilson , Dan Stevens and Ben Kingsley . In Secret of the Tomb , security guard Larry Daley must travel to London to return the tablet of Ahkmenrah , an Egyptian artifact which causes the exhibits to come to life , before the magic disappears . Principal photography of Secret of the Tomb took place from January to May 2014 in London , England and British Columbia , Canada . The film premiered on December 11 , 2014 , at New York City 's Ziegfeld Theater and was released in the United States on December 19 , 2014 . Secret of the Tomb grossed over $363 million at the box office . This film was dedicated to the memory of Robin Williams , who died four months before the film 's release , and fellow Night at the Museum actor Mickey Rooney , who died before principal photography was finished . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voices 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Track listing 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1938 Egypt , a team of archaeologists discover the tomb of pharaoh Ahkmenrah , including a young Cecil Fredericks , finding the magical Tablet of Ahkmenrah . The locals warn the group that removing the tablet will end its magic . In present day New York City , Larry Daley remains the night guard of the American Museum of Natural History . He , Theodore Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila the Hun , Jedediah , Octavius and Dexter the capuchin monkey help re-open the Hayden Planetarium . A new wax Neanderthal resembling Larry named Laaa is introduced , identifying Larry as his father . Ahkmenrah shows Larry that the tablet is corroding , which later causes the exhibits to act erratically , causing mayhem at the planetarium 's reopening . Afterwards , Larry catches his son Nick throwing a house party , who plans on taking a gap year to sort out his life . Larry reunites with Cecil , now in retirement , who realises the end of the tablet 's magic will cause the exhibits to become lifeless . Cecil explains Ahkmenrah 's parents , Merenkahre and Shepseheret , may be able to restore the tablet 's power , but are located in the British Museum . Larry convinces the museum 's curator , Dr. McPhee , to let him ship Ahkmenrah to London to restore the tablet , convinced that McPhee knows its secrets . Larry and Nick travel to the British Museum , bypassing the night guard Tilly . To Larry 's surprise , Roosevelt , Sacagawea , Attila , Jed , Octavius , Dexter , and Laaa have come as well . Laaa is left to stand guard while the others search the museum , the tablet bringing its own exhibits to life . They are joined by a wax Sir Lancelot who helps them fight off the aggressive museum exhibits like a Xiangliu statue and a Triceratops skeleton . Jedediah and Octavius fall through a ventilation shaft , but are rescued from an erupting Pompeii model by Dexter . The group find Ahkmenrah 's parents , learning the tablet 's power can be regenerated by moonlight , since it is empowered with the magic of Khonsu . Lancelot mistakes the tablet for the Holy Grail and steals it , leaving to find Camelot . Larry and Laaa are locked in the employee break room by Tilly but escape , Laaa remaining behind to distract Tilly , but they become attracted to each other . Lancelot crashes a performance of the musical Camelot , starring Hugh Jackman and Alice Eve as King Arthur and Queen Guinevere , but Larry and the others chase him to the theatre roof , where the New York exhibits begin to die . Lancelot then sees that the quest was about them and gives the tablet back . The moonlight restores the tablet 's power , saving the exhibits . They decide that Ahkmenrah and the tablet should stay with his parents , even if it means the New York exhibits will no longer come to life . Back in New York , Larry spends some final moments with his friends before sunrise . Three years later , Larry now works as a teacher , and a travelling British Museum exhibit comes to New York . Tilly becomes the new night guard , and gives the tablet to Dr. McPhee , showing him its power , and allowing the exhibits to awaken again . Outside , Larry watches them party inside . Cast ( edit ) Ben Stiller as Larry Daley , a security guard at the American Museum of Natural History . Stiller also plays Laaa , a Neanderthal who resembles Larry . Robin Williams as Theodore Roosevelt , the wax statue of the 26th President of the United States . Owen Wilson as Jedediah , a cowboy diorama miniature . Steve Coogan as Octavius , a Roman soldier miniature . Ricky Gervais as Dr. McPhee , the director of the Museum of Natural History . Rachael Harris as Madeline Phelps , the chairwoman of the American Museum of Natural History . Dan Stevens as Sir Lancelot , the wax statue of the legendary Knight of the Round Table . Rebel Wilson as Tilly , the night security guard at the British Museum . Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley , the son of Larry Daley . He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films . Rami Malek as Ahkmenrah , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh . Patrick Gallagher as Attila the Hun , the statue of the leader of the Huns . Mizuo Peck as Sacagawea , the polyurethane model of the Lemhi Shoshone woman who is Theodore Roosevelt 's girlfriend . Ben Kingsley as Merenkahre , the mummy of an ancient pharaoh and Ahkmenrah 's father . Dick Van Dyke as Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks , a retired security guard from the first film . Percy Hynes White plays the younger Cecil `` C.J. '' Fredericks Mickey Rooney as Gus , a retired security guard from the first film . Bill Cobbs as Reginald , a retired security guard from the first film . Andrea Martin as Rose , an archivist at the Museum of Natural History . Brennan Elliott as Robert Fredericks , C.J. 's father in the prologue . Matt Frewer as Archibald Stanley , an archeologist who accompanies Robert and Cecil in the prologue . Anjali Jay as Shepseheret , the mummy of a Great Royal Wife of Merenkahre and mother of Ahkmenrah . Crystal the Monkey as Dexter , a Capuchin monkey . Hugh Jackman as Himself ( uncredited ) Alice Eve as Herself ( uncredited ) Voices ( edit ) Robin Williams as Garuda Artifact . Brad Garrett as Easter Island Head . Regina Taufen as New York Reporter . Production ( edit ) On January 21 , 2010 , co-writer Thomas Lennon said to Access Hollywood , `` I think it 's a really outstanding idea to do Night at the Museum 3 , in fact . I wonder if someone 's not even already working on a script for that . I can not confirm that for a fact , but I can not deny it for a fact either ... It might be in the works . '' In an October 2011 interview with The Hollywood Reporter , Stiller confirmed the sequel , however , he said that it was only in the `` ideas stage '' . In February 2013 it was announced that the film , directed by Shawn Levy , would be released on December 25 , 2014 . On September 10 , 2013 , it was announced that shooting would start in February 2014 . On November 8 , 2013 , actor Dan Stevens was cast as Lancelot . On November 15 , 2013 , it was announced that Skyler Gisondo would be replacing Jake Cherry in the role of Nicky Daley . On December 18 , 2013 , it was announced that Stiller , Robin Williams , and Ricky Gervais would be returning for the sequel . On January 9 , 2014 , it was announced that Rebel Wilson would play a security guard in the British Museum . On January 14 , 2014 , the film 's release date was moved up from December 25 , 2014 , to December 19 , 2014 . On January 23 , 2014 , it was announced Ben Kingsley would play an Egyptian Pharaoh at the British Museum . Principal photography and production began on January 27 , 2014 . On May 6 , 2014 , it was announced that the film would be titled Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . In May 2014 , principal photography ended . Music ( edit ) Alan Silvestri returns to score the final installment of the trilogy . Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Film score by Alan Silvestri Released January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) Recorded 2014 Genre Film score Length 56 : 52 Label Varese Sarabande Track listing ( edit ) Varese Sarabande released a soundtrack album of the score on January 6 , 2015 . All tracks written by Alan Silvestri . Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) No . Title Length 1 . `` The Ahkmenrah Expedition '' 3 : 34 2 . `` Performance Prep '' 2 : 02 3 . `` LOL '' 2 : 22 4 . `` The Grand Re-Opening '' 3 : 13 5 . `` The End Will Come '' 2 : 19 6 . `` Sneak And Greet '' 3 : 25 7 . `` Sir Lancelot '' 3 : 33 8 . `` Where Are Jed And Octavius ? '' 2 : 50 9 . `` Main Hall '' 3 : 24 10 . `` Xiangliu '' 3 : 46 11 . `` Male Bonding '' 2 : 15 12 . `` The Legend Of The Tablet '' 3 : 11 13 . `` The Escher Fight '' 3 : 45 14 . `` Camelot '' 3 : 49 15 . `` The Quest '' 2 : 35 16 . `` Seeing Your Boy Become A Man '' 3 : 14 17 . `` Laaa Love '' 1 : 53 18 . `` A Farewell Kiss '' 2 : 40 19 . `` Teddy 's Goodbye '' 3 : 02 Total length : 56 : 52 Release ( edit ) The film premiered at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 11 , 2014 . It was then released on December 19 , 2014 in the United States . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb grossed $113.7 million in North America , and $249.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $363.2 million against a budget of $127 million . In North America , early analysts were predicting a potential $25 -- $28 million opening . In North America , the film was released on December 19 , 2014 across 3,785 theaters . It opened Friday , December 19 , 2014 and earned $5.6 million on its opening day , placing at number three at the box office . The film underperformed expectations during its opening weekend , earning $17.1 million , which was relatively lower than the openings of the original film ( $30.4 million ) and its sequel ( $54.1 million ) . The film debuted at number two at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies . According to 20th Century Fox , the movie 's audience was 51 % male , with 54 % of the audience under the age of 25 . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' , on an A+ to F scale . The film began its international rollout the same weekend as the North American premiere and earned $10.4 million from 27 markets in its opening weekend , debuting at # 3 behind at the box office behind The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies and Penguins of Madagascar . The film expanded to an additional 40 markets in its second week and grossed $31.2 million . It topped the box office outside North America in its fourth weekend with a total gross of $46.2 million , primarily because of China , where it opened at # 1 with $26 million . The other highest opening figures were from Mexico ( $5.85 million ) , Brazil ( $3.1 million ) , Malaysia ( $3.07 million ) , the UK ( $3 million ) , Australia ( $2.8 million ) , Germany ( $2.1 million ) and Singapore ( $2 million ) . For the weekend of January 16 , 2015 , the film grossed $17.8 million , which includes a $3.9 million debut in South Korea . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a 48 % approval rating , based on 104 reviews , with an average score of 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` While not without its moments , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a less - than - inspired sendoff for the trilogy . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 47 out of 100 , based on 33 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the film an average grade of `` B + '' on an A+ to F scale . Scott Foundas of Variety gave the film a positive review , praising the visual effects and calling the production values `` topnotch '' , and admiring Guillermo Navarro 's work . He added , `` A most enjoyable capper to director Shawn Levy and producer Chris Columbus ' cheerfully silly and sneakily smart family - entertainment juggernaut ... offers little in the way of secrets of surprises , but should add much holiday cheer to Fox 's box - office coffers . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film three stars out of five and said , `` The third part in what absolutely no one is calling the Night at the Museum ' trilogy ' turns out to be a good - natured and entertainingly surreal panto fantasy . '' Glenn Kenny awarded the film 21⁄2 stars out of 4 praising the Indiana Jones themed - set while criticizing the performances of the cast and said , `` As talent - packed as any Night at the Museum picture may be -- in this third installment ... -- one does n't come to a movie of this sort expecting anybody 's best work . Or at least one certainly should n't , because it wo n't materialize . '' Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice gave the film a positive review , saying `` The third installment , Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb may be the best , and even the generally wound - too - tight Ben Stiller - once again playing a bemused Museum of Natural History guard - is easy to tolerate . '' Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Where the previous films felt frenetic and forced , this outing feels breezier , more enjoyable and less contrived . '' Joe Neumaier of the New York Daily News gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` There 's a serenity to museum visits , especially if it 's a place you know and love . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , amazingly , recaptures that feeling in big - studio franchise form . '' Bill Goodykoontz of The Arizona Republic gave the film two out of five stars , saying `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb is a rather lackluster affair , a cash grab that tries to aim a little higher but confuses sappy shortcuts with real emotion . '' Joe McGovern of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying `` It 's kind of fun , unembarrassingly , and not least of all because the people who made it look like they had a good time doing so . '' Tom Long of The Detroit News gave the film a B , saying `` There are some key elements that make this Night at the Museum sequel work better than its predecessor . '' Stephen Whitty of the Newark Star - Ledger gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` The exhibits in this Night at the Museum may still come to life nightly . But their latest movie stays stubbornly inert . '' Tom Russo of The Boston Globe gave the film two and a half stars out of four , saying `` Seeing Ben Stiller , the late Robin Williams , and their magically roused gang together again , this time in London , is initially all about indulgent , nostalgic smiles rather than new wows . But then comes the movie 's exceptionally clever and fresh final act , which delivers genuine surprise along with many laughs . '' Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the film three out of five stars , saying `` The third Night at the Museum film starts strongly , with its heart in the past ... It 's an exciting opening , and perhaps too exciting for the film 's own good . It 's hard not to be disappointed when the plot moves back to the present and settles into the time - honoured formula of digitised creatures running riot and famous people in fancy dress doing shtick . '' Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review , saying `` Despite relocating across the pond to the esteemed British Museum , the creaky Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb fails to capitalize on the comic potential provided by that change of venue . '' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club gave the film a C+ , saying `` Secret of the Tomb plays it as a source of corny jokes , pop - culture references , and father - son bonding moments . In other words , it 's exactly the kind of film that should n't be expected to engage with its assorted bizarre subtexts -- but what a movie it could be if it did . '' Sara Stewart of the New York Post gave the film two out of four stars , saying `` For piquing kids ' interest in history and nature , you could do worse than this goofy Ben Stiller franchise . But its third installment is more meh than manic , too reliant on wide shots of the ragtag Museum of Natural History cohorts striding down corridors . You get the feeling returning director Shawn Levy is ready to hang it up . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film one and a half stars out of five , saying `` The dialogue is schmaltzy and often painfully unfunny . The special effects are often so 1980s - bad , one wonders if it was a deliberate choice , to make the creepy visuals of sculptures dancing and paintings moving less frightening to young viewers . Time and again , terrific actors sink in the equivalent of cinematic quicksand , helpless against the sucking sound of this movie . '' Drew Hunt of Slant Magazine gave the film one out of four stars , saying `` None of the entries in the Night at the Museum series could ever pass for high art , but a wealth of comedic talent gave the first two installments a madcap energy that somewhat forgave their childish premises . Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , the third and supposedly final edition in the franchise , is nothing more than an uncomfortably transparent contractual obligation . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Comedy Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Comedy Ben Stiller Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Ben Stiller Won Home media ( edit ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb was released on Blu - ray and DVD on March 10 , 2015 . The film debuted in second place on the home media charts behind The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM : SECRET OF THE TOMB ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sneak peek : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` Rebel Wilson Joins ' Night At The Museum 3 ' Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming , Mike . `` ' Downton Abbey 's Dan Stevens Joins ' Night At The Museum 3 ' As Lancelot '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Yamato , Jen . `` Skyler Gisondo Set For ' Night At The Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike . `` Ben Kingsley Joins ' Night At The Museum 3 ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raring to go ! A grinning Mickey Rooney , 93 , is pushed through airport in wheelchair as he arrives in Canada to film Night At The Museum 3 '' . Dailymail.co.uk . January 19 , 2014 . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night At The Museum 3 ' In The Works '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller Reveals ' Zoolander ' Sequel Secrets ; Future of the Fockers and What He Thinks of ' Tower Heist ' Co-Star Eddie Murphy as Oscar Host '' . The Hollywood Reporter . October 26 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Shawn Levy Returns to Direct NIGHT AT THE MUSEUM 3 for December 25 , 2014 Release ; THE MAZE RUNNER Set to Open February 14 , 2014 '' . Collider . Retrieved February 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night At The Museum 3 ' In The Works Access Hollywood - Celebrity News , Photos & Videos '' . Access Hollywood . January 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Gervais Reprising In ' Night At The Museum 3 ′ '' . Deadline.com . December 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita . `` Fox Sets Date For ' Planet of the Apes ' Project , Moves Romancer ' The Longest Ride ' Away From ' Fifty Shades of Grey ' ; ' Night At the Museum ' Now Head to Head With ' The Hobbit ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sir Ben Kingsley Joining Shawn Levy 's Night at the Museum 3 '' . Comingsoon.net . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` On The Set For 1 / 27 / 14 : Universal 's ' Ouija ' Wraps , ' Night At The Museum 3 ′ Starts For 20th Century Fox `` Studio System News '' . Studiosystemnews.com . Retrieved January 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet on set ! Ben Stiller and Robin Williams are joined by former Downton Abbey star Dan Stevens as they film Night At The Museum 3 in London '' . DailyMail.com . January 28 , 2014 . Retrieved January 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller 's Third Franchise Adventure is Now Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb . '' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved May 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams leaves behind four upcoming films '' . Insidemovies.ew.com . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . movie-wave.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' Soundtrack Details '' . filmmusicreporter.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night At The Museum : Secret Of The Tomb Soundtrack List Movie ( 2014 '' . songonlyrics.net . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Soundtrack '' . amazon.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Stiller , ' Night at the Museum ' Cast Remember Robin Williams - Variety '' . Variety . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kofi Outlaw . `` ' Night at the Museum 3 ′ Trailer # 2 : Do n't Let the Magic Die '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Finale Opens Strong with $24.5 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Forecast ( cont . ) : ' Night at the Museum , ' ' Annie ' Open Ahead of Christmas Holiday '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Widest Releases '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( December 20 , 2014 ) . `` Hobbit ' Wakes Up Auds ; ' Annie ' Arm Wrestling Ben Stiller For No. 2 -- Friday B.O. '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' The Hobbit ' Rules Them All With $90.6 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend Report ( cont . ) : Final ' Night at the Museum ' Narrowly Tops ' Annie ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Finale Adds $109 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deadline.com reported slightly different opening figures : $10.93 million from 29 international markets . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( December 22 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Rules While Chinese , Indian And French Films Make Noise : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Box Office : ' Hobbit ' Finale Soars To $355 M Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( December 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' , ' Exodus ' Lead XMas Frame ; Euro , Korea Pics Boom Locally : Intl BO Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 11 , 2015 ) . `` Strong Weekend For Fox , Clint Eastwood At International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ray Subers ( December 21 , 2014 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Hobbit ' Finale Adds $109 Million Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( January 4 , 2015 ) . `` ' Hobbit ' Passes $500 M ; ' American Sniper ' , ' Taken 3 ′ Skillful : Intl Box Office Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Taken ' Repeats , ' Hobbit ' Hits $800 Million '' . boxofficemojo.com . IMDB . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Foundas ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' '' . Variety . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter Bradshaw ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb review -- surreal panto fantasy '' . The Guardian . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glenn Kenny ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night At the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Rogererbert.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Zacharek ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` The Night at the Museum Movies Are Better Than Critics Say '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Claudia Puig ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Third ' Night at the Museum ' is breezy , bittersweet fun '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , ' movie review '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : ' Night at the Museum : Tomb ' doomed by ennui '' . The Arizona Republic . December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Long , The Detroit News ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' is family - friendly fun '' . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' review : Bury it '' . Newark Star - Ledger . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tom Russo ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' Night at the Museum ' sequel shakes off the dust '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robbie Collin ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb , review : ' so much fun ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Rechtshaffen . `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Review : The creepy Night At The Museum series comes to a close with Secret Of The Tomb '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New ' Night at the Museum ' is a bit musty '' . New York Post . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ' : Please do not touch '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Drew Hunt ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb - Film Review '' . Slant Magazine . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` WINNERS OF TEEN CHOICE 2015 ANNOUNCED '' . Teen Choice Awards . FOX . August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon Announces Nominations for the ' 28th Annual Kids ' Choice Awards ' '' . Zap2it . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Meryl Streep gets her first Kids ' Choice Awards nomination : See the full list '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 20 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Hunger Games ' Fends Off ' Night at the Museum ' on Home Video Sales Charts '' . Variety.com . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb on IMDb Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at the TCM Movie Database Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb at Box Office Mojo Milan Trenc 's The Night at the Museum Films Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Video games Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian Films directed by Shawn Levy Just in Time ( 1997 ) Jett Jackson : The Movie ( 2001 ) Big Fat Liar ( 2002 ) Just Married ( 2003 ) Cheaper by the Dozen ( 2003 ) The Pink Panther ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) Date Night ( 2010 ) Real Steel ( 2011 ) The Internship ( 2013 ) This Is Where I Leave You ( 2014 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Night_at_the_Museum:_Secret_of_the_Tomb&oldid=805477193 '' Categories : 2014 films English - language films 2010s adventure films 2010s comedy films 2010s fantasy films 1492 Pictures films 21 Laps Entertainment films American films American adventure comedy films American sequel films British Museum Cultural depictions of Attila the Hun Cultural depictions of Theodore Roosevelt Fantasy adventure films Film scores by Alan Silvestri Films about Theodore Roosevelt Films directed by Shawn Levy Films set in 1938 Films set in 2014 Films set in Egypt Films set in London Films set in museums Films set in New York City Films shot in London IMAX films Neanderthals in fiction Performance capture in film Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 17 : 28 . 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who plays larry's son in night at the museum
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"Skyler Gisondo as Nick Daley, the son of Larry Daley.[6] He was previously played by Jake Cherry in the first two films."
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"Skyler Gisondo"
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Carbon tax
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Carbon tax - Wikipedia Carbon tax Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series about Environmental economics Concepts Green accounting Green economy Green trading Eco commerce Green job Environmental enterprise Fiscal environmentalism Environmental finance Renewable energy Policies Sustainable tourism Ecotax Environmental tariff Net metering Environmental pricing reform Pigovian tax Dynamics Renewable energy commercialization Marginal abatement cost Green paradox Green politics Pollution haven hypothesis Carbon related Low - carbon economy Carbon neutral fuel Carbon neutrality Carbon pricing Emissions trading Carbon credit Carbon offset Carbon emission trading Personal carbon trading Carbon tax Carbon finance Feed - in tariff Carbon diet Food miles 2000 - watt society Carbon footprint A carbon tax is a tax levied on the carbon content of fuels . It is a form of carbon pricing . Carbon is present in every hydrocarbon fuel ( coal , petroleum , and natural gas ) and converted to carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) and other products when combusted . In contrast , non-combustion energy sources -- wind , sunlight , geothermal , hydropower , and nuclear -- do not convert hydrocarbons to CO 2 . CO 2 is a heat - trapping `` greenhouse '' gas which represents a negative externality on the climate system ( see scientific opinion on global warming ) . Since GHG emissions caused by the combustion of fossil fuels are closely related to the carbon content of the respective fuels , a tax on these emissions can be levied by taxing the carbon content of fossil fuels at any point in the product cycle of the fuel . Carbon tax offers social and economic benefits . It is a tax that increases revenue without significantly altering the economy while simultaneously promoting objectives of climate change policy . The objective of a carbon tax is to reduce the harmful and unfavorable levels of carbon dioxide emissions , thereby decelerating climate change and its negative effects on the environment and human health . Carbon taxes offer a potentially cost - effective means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions . From an economic perspective , carbon taxes are a type of Pigovian tax . They help to address the problem of emitters of greenhouse gases not facing the full social cost of their actions . Carbon taxes can be a regressive tax , in that they may directly or indirectly affect low - income groups disproportionately . The regressive impact of carbon taxes could be addressed by using tax revenues to favour low - income groups . A number of countries have implemented carbon taxes or energy taxes that are related to carbon content . Most environmentally related taxes with implications for greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries are levied on energy products and motor vehicles , rather than on CO 2 emissions directly . A coal - fired power plant in Luchegorsk , Russia . A carbon tax would tax the CO emitted from the power station . Opposition to increased environmental regulation such as carbon taxes often centers on concerns that firms might relocate and / or people might lose their jobs . It has been argued , however , that carbon taxes are more efficient than direct regulation and may even lead to higher employment ( see footnotes ) . Many large users of carbon resources in electricity generation , such as the United States , Russia , and China , are resisting carbon taxation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 CO and global warming 1.2 Economic theory 1.3 Social cost of carbon 1.4 Carbon leakage 1.5 Border adjustments , tariffs and bans 1.6 Other types of taxes 1.7 Petroleum ( motor gasoline , diesel , jet fuel ) 1.8 Calculation 2 Implementation 2.1 Africa 2.1. 1 Zimbabwe 2.1. 2 South Africa 2.2 Asia 2.2. 1 China 2.2. 2 India 2.2. 3 Japan 2.2. 4 South Korea 2.2. 5 Taiwan 2.3 Oceania 2.3. 1 Australia 2.3. 2 New Zealand 2.4 Europe 2.4. 1 European Union 2.4. 1.1 Denmark 2.4. 1.2 Finland 2.4. 1.3 France 2.4. 1.4 Germany 2.4. 1.5 Republic of Ireland 2.4. 1.6 Netherlands 2.4. 1.7 Sweden 2.4. 1.8 United Kingdom 2.4. 2 Norway 2.4. 3 Switzerland 2.5 Central America 2.5. 1 Costa Rica 2.6 North America 2.6. 1 Canada 2.6. 2 United States 3 Harmonized carbon taxes 4 Support 5 Opposition by the Sierra Club 6 Carbon taxes compared to cap - and - trade 6.1 Views 6.1. 1 Supporters of taxes over caps 6.1. 2 Difficulties with taxes 7 Distributional impacts 8 Footnotes 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Background ( edit ) CO and global warming ( edit ) Carbon dioxide is one of several heat - trapping greenhouse gases ( GHGs ) emitted by humans ( anthropogenic GHGs ) . The scientific consensus is that human - induced greenhouse gas emissions are the primary cause of global warming , and that carbon dioxide is the most important of the anthropogenic GHGs . Worldwide , 27 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide are produced by human activity annually . The physical effect of CO in the atmosphere can be measured as a change in the Earth - atmosphere system 's energy balance -- the radiative forcing of CO . Carbon taxes are one of the policies available to governments to reduce GHG emissions . In the Kyoto Protocol ( an international treaty ) , CO emissions are regulated along with other GHGs . Different GHGs have different physical properties : the global warming potential is an internationally accepted scale of equivalence for other greenhouse gases in units of tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent . Economic theory ( edit ) See also : Carbon tax § Carbon taxes compared to cap - and - trade `` Economists like to argue , about climate change as much as anything else . ( ... ) But on the biggest issue of all they nod in agreement , whatever their political persuasion . The best way to tackle climate change , they insist , is through a global carbon tax . '' -- The Economist , 28 November 2015 A carbon tax is a form of pollution tax ( although carbon dioxide is naturally occurring ) . Pollution taxes are often grouped with two other economic policy instruments : tradable pollution permits / credits and subsidies . These three environmental economic policy instruments are built upon a foundation of a command and control regulation . The difference is that classic command - penalty regulations stipulate , through performance or prescriptive standards , what each polluter is required to do to be in compliance with the law . Command and control regulation is not considered an economic instrument as it is typically enforced by narrower means such as stop or control order , though it may include an administrative monetary penalty in site - specific regulations . The instrumental distinction between a tax and a command - and - control regulation is determined by the enacted legislative names , and whether they contain `` tax '' as a defined term within the Act , for example British Columbia 's Carbon Tax Act versus Alberta 's Specified Gas Emitters Regulation , Alta Reg 139 / 2007 A carbon tax is also an indirect tax -- a tax on a transaction -- as opposed to a direct tax , which taxes income . A carbon tax is called a price instrument , since it sets a price for carbon dioxide emissions . In economic theory , pollution is considered a negative externality , a negative effect on a party not directly involved in a transaction , which results in a market failure . To confront parties with the issue , the economist Arthur Pigou proposed taxing the goods ( in this case hydrocarbon fuels ) , which were the source of the negative externality ( carbon dioxide ) so as to accurately reflect the cost of the goods ' production to society , thereby internalizing the costs associated with the goods ' production . A tax on a negative externality is called a Pigovian tax , and should equal the marginal damage costs . Within Pigou 's framework , the changes involved are marginal , and the size of the externality is assumed to be small enough not to distort the rest of the economy . According to the scientific consensus , the impact of climate change may result in catastrophe and non-marginal changes . `` Non-marginal '' means that the impact could significantly reduce the growth rate in income and welfare . The amount of resources that should be devoted to avoiding climate change impacts is controversial . Policies designed to reduce carbon emissions could also have a non-marginal impact . Prices of hydrocarbon fuels are expected to continue increasing as more countries industrialize and add to the demand on fuel supplies . In addition to creating incentives for energy conservation , a carbon tax would put renewable energy sources such as wind , solar and geothermal on a more competitive footing , stimulating their growth . David Gordon Wilson first proposed a carbon tax in 1973 . Social cost of carbon ( edit ) See also : Economic impacts of climate change § Marginal impacts The social cost of carbon ( SCC ) is the marginal cost of the impacts caused by emitting one extra tonne of carbon ( as carbon dioxide ) at any point in time , inclusive of ' non-market ' impacts on the environment and human health . The concept of a social cost of carbon was first mooted by the Reagan administration in 1981 . The initial purpose of putting a price on a ton of emitted CO2 was to aid policymakers in evaluating whether a policy designed to curb climate change is justified . An intuitive way of looking at this is as follows : if the price of carbon is $50 per tonne in 2030 , and we currently have a technology that can reduce emissions by 1 million metric tonnes in 2030 , then any investment amount below $50 million would make economic sense , while any amount over that would lead us to consider investing the money somewhere else , and paying to reduce emissions in 2030 . Calculating the SCC requires estimating the residence time of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere , along with estimating the impacts of climate change . The impact of the extra tonne of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere must then be converted to equivalent impacts on climate and human health , as measured by the amount of damage done and the cost to fix it . In economics , comparing impacts over time requires a discount rate . This rate determines the weight placed on impacts occurring at different times . Best estimates of the SCC come from Integrated Assessment Models ( IAM ) which predict the effects of climate change under various scenarios and allow for calculation of monetized damages . One of the most widely used IAMs is the Dynamic Integrated model of Climate and the Economy ( DICE ) . The DICE model , developed by William Nordhaus , makes provisions for the calculation of a social cost of carbon . The DICE model defines the SCC to be `` equal to the economic impact of a unit of emissions in terms of t - period consumption as a numéraire . '' The SCC figure computed in 2015 is $31.2 per ton of CO2 for emissions , this amount will rise 3 % in real terms , to account for inflation till 2050 . Estimates of the dollar cost of carbon dioxide pollution is given per tonne , either carbon , $ X / tC , or carbon dioxide , $ X / tCO . One tC is roughly equivalent to 3.7 tCO . According to economic theory , if SCC estimates were complete and markets perfect , a carbon tax should be set equal to the SCC . Emission permits would also have a value equal to the SCC . In reality , however , markets are not perfect , SCC estimates are not complete , and externalities in the market are difficult to calculate accurately , resulting in an inaccurate carbon tax ( Yohe et al ... , 2007 : 823 ) . Estimates of the SCC are highly uncertain . Yohe et al. ( 2007 : 813 ) summarized the literature on SCC estimates : peer - reviewed estimates of the SCC for 2005 had an average value of $43 / tC ( $12 / tCO ) with a standard deviation of $83 / tC . The wide range of estimates is explained mostly by underlying uncertainties in the science of climate change ( e.g. , the climate sensitivity , which is a measure of the amount of global warming expected for a doubling in the atmospheric concentration of CO 2 ) , different choices of discount rate , different valuations of economic and non-economic impacts , treatment of equity , and how potential catastrophic impacts are estimated . One specific issue arises over coming to a consensus on what discount rate to use . Some , like Nordhaus , advocate for a discount rate that is pegged to current market interest rates , as we should treat efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions just like we treat any other economic activity . Others , like Stern , propose a much smaller discount rate because `` normal '' discount rates are skewed when applied over the time scales over which climate change acts . As a result , other estimates of the SCC spanned at least three orders of magnitude , from less than $1 / tC to over $1,500 / tC . The true SCC is expected to increase over time . The rate of increase will very likely be 2 to 4 % per year . A recent meta - analysis of the literature on the estimates of the social costs of carbon , however , finds evidence of publication bias in favor of larger estimates . Carbon leakage ( edit ) Carbon leakage is the effect that regulation of emissions in one country / sector has on the emissions in other countries / sectors that are not subject to the same regulation . Leakage effects can be both negative ( i.e. , increasing the effectiveness of reducing overall emissions ) and positive ( reducing the effectiveness of reducing overall emissions ) . Negative leakages , which are desirable , are usually referred to as `` spill - over '' . According to Goldemberg et al ... ( 1996 , p. 28 ) , short - term leakage effects need to be judged against leakage effects in the long - term . A policy that , for example , saw a carbon taxes set only in developed countries might lead to leakage of emissions to developing countries . However , a desirable negative leakage could occur due to a lowering in demands of coal , oil , and gas from the developed countries and thus the world prices . This will lead to developing countries being able to afford more of any hydrocarbon fuel type , thus being able to substitute more oil or gas for coal , in effect lowering their national emissions . In the long - run , however , if the transfer of less polluting technologies is delayed , this substitution by income effects might have no long - term benefit . Carbon leakage is central to the discussion on climate policy , given the confluence of issues that are currently being debated , including the 2030 Energy and Climate Framework and the review of the EU carbon leakage list by 2014 . Border adjustments , tariffs and bans ( edit ) A number of policies have been suggested to address concerns over competitive losses due to one country introducing a carbon tax while another country does not . Similar policies have also been suggested in an attempt to induce countries to introduce carbon taxes . Suggested policies include border tax adjustments , trade tariffs , trade bans and deaths . Border tax adjustments would account for emissions attributable to imports from nations without a carbon price . An alternative would be trade bans or tariffs applied to non-taxing countries . It has been argued that such approaches could be disadvantageous to a target country as a trade measure ( Gupta et al ... , 2007 ) . To date , World Trade Organization case law has not provided specific rulings on climate - related taxes . The administrative aspects of border tax adjustments has also been discussed . Other types of taxes ( edit ) See also : energy tax and fee and dividend Two other types of taxes that are related to carbon taxes are emissions taxes and energy taxes . An emissions tax on GHG emissions requires individual emitters to pay a fee , charge or tax for every tonne of greenhouse gas released into the atmosphere while an energy tax is charged directly on the energy commodities . In terms of mitigating climate change , a carbon tax , which is levied according to the carbon content of fuels , is not a perfect substitute for a tax on CO emissions . For example , a carbon tax encourages reduced use of hydrocarbon fuels , but it does not provide an incentive to mitigate or improve mitigation technologies , e.g. carbon capture and storage . Energy taxes increase the price of energy uniformly , regardless of the emissions produced by the energy source ( Fisher et al ... , 1996 , p. 416 ) . An ad valorem energy tax is levied according to the energy content of a fuel or the value of an energy product , which may or may not be consistent with the emitted amounts of green house gases and their respective global warming potentials . Studies indicate that to reduce emissions by a certain amount , ad valorem energy taxes would be more costly than carbon taxes . However , although CO emissions are an externality , using energy services may result in other negative externalities , e.g. , air pollution . If these other externalities are accounted for , an energy tax may be more efficient than a carbon tax alone . Another type of tax is a fee and dividend , where the money collected from the tax is returned equitably to all households , effectively taxing carbon emitters and rebating those that burn less carbon . Petroleum ( motor gasoline , diesel , jet fuel ) ( edit ) Many OECD countries have taxed fuel directly for many years for some applications ; for example , the UK imposes duty directly on vehicle hydrocarbon oils , including petrol and diesel fuel . The duty is adjusted to ensure that the carbon content of different fuels is handled with equivalence . While a direct tax should send a clear signal to the consumer , its use as an efficient mechanism to influence consumers ' fuel use has been challenged in some areas : There may be delays of a decade or more as inefficient vehicles are replaced by newer models and the older models filter through the ' fleet ' . There may be political reasons that deter policy makers from imposing a new range of charges on their electorate . There is some evidence that consumers ' decisions on fuel economy are not entirely aligned to the price of fuel . In turn , this can deter manufacturers from producing vehicles that they judge have lower sales potential . Other efforts , such as imposing efficiency standards on manufacturers , or changing the income tax rules on taxable benefits , may be at least as significant . In many countries fuel is already taxed to influence transport behavior and to raise other public revenues . Historically , they have used these fuel taxes as a source of general revenue , as their experience has been that the price elasticity of fuel is low , thus increasing fuel taxation has only slightly impacted on their economies . However , in these circumstances the policy behind a carbon tax may be unclear . Some also note that a suitably priced tax on vehicle fuel may also counterbalance the `` rebound effect '' that has been observed when vehicle fuel consumption has improved through the imposition of efficiency standards . Rather than reduce their overall consumption of fuel , consumers have been seen to make additional journeys or purchase heavier and more powerful vehicles . Calculation ( edit ) A carbon tax that compensates for the SCC varies by fuel source . The carbon dioxide production of the fuel source per unit mass or volume is multiplied by the SCC to obtain the tax . Based on the mean peer reviewed value ( $43 / tC or $12 / tCO , see Social cost of carbon , above ) , the table below estimates the tax : Fuel CO Emissions ( mass of CO produced ) Tax ( per fuel unit ) CO Emissions ( mass of CO produced ) Tax per kWh of electricity gasoline 19.6 lb / US gal ( 2.35 kg / L ) $0.11 / USgal ( $0.028 / L ) n / a n / a diesel fuel 22.3 lb / US gal ( 2.67 kg / L ) $0.12 / USgal ( $0.032 / L ) n / a n / a jet fuel 22.1 lb / US gal ( 2.65 kg / L ) $0.12 / USgal ( $0.032 / L ) n / a n / a natural gas 0.1206 lb / cu ft ( 1.93 kg / m ) $0.00066 / cu ft ( $0.023 / m ) 117 lb / MBTU ( 181 g / kWh ) $0.0066 coal ( lignite ) 2791 lb / ton ( 1.396 kg / kg ) n / a 215 lb / MBTU ( 333 g / kWh ) $0.0121 coal ( subbituminous ) 3715 lb / ton ( 1.858 kg / kg ) n / a 213 lb / MBTU ( 330 g / kWh ) $0.0119 coal ( bituminous ) 4931 lb / ton ( 2.466 kg / kg ) n / a 205 lb / MBTU ( 317 g / kWh ) $0.0115 coal ( anthracite ) 5685 lb / ton ( 2.843 kg / kg ) n / a 227 lb / MBTU ( 351 g / kWh ) $0.0127 Note that the tax per kWh of electricity depends on the thermal efficiency of the generating power plant , which varies from power plant to power plant . The table follows the American Physical Society ( APS ) estimate of 10.3 BTU / Wh ( 33 % ) . The APS notes that `` It is expected that future plants , especially those based on gas turbine systems , often will have higher efficiency , in some cases exceeding 50 % . '' The highest efficiency reached is 62 % by the new EDF powerplant in Bouchain ( 1 ) A theoretical conversion rate of 100 % is 3.412 BTU / Wh . A more practical limit for thermal power plants is Carnot 's theorem . Implementation ( edit ) Both energy and carbon taxes have been implemented in responses to commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change . In most cases where an energy or carbon tax is implemented , the tax is implemented in combination with various forms of exemptions . Africa ( edit ) Zimbabwe ( edit ) Carbon Tax is payable in foreign currency at the rate of US $0.03 ( 3 cents ) per litre of petroleum and diesel products or 5 % of cost , insurance and freight value ( as defined in the Customs and Excise Act ( Chapter 23 : 02 ) ) , whichever is greater . South Africa ( edit ) This section 's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out - of - date information . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2011 ) A tax on emissions has been proposed for South Africa . Announced by Finance Minister Pravin Gordhan , the tax will be implemented starting September 1 , 2015 on new motor vehicles . This tax will apply at the time of sale , and will be related to the amount of CO emitted by the vehicle . 75 South African Rand will be added to the price for every gram of CO per kilometer the vehicle emits over 120 g / km . The tax will apply to passenger cars first and eventually to commercial vehicles . Bakkies ( pickup trucks ) will be taxed because they are often used as passenger vehicles : this has caused an uproar for fear of affecting industry . David Powels of the National Association of Automobile Manufacturers of South Africa ( NAAMSA ) , opposes this taxation on light commercial vehicles . The tax could increase the cost of new vehicles by 2.5 % and cause a decrease in total automobile sales : in addition , Powels questions the ability to accurately predict CO emissions based on engine capacity . NAAMSA acknowledges the ability of carbon taxes to change consumer behavior for the betterment of the environment , but argues that this tax is not transparent enough for consumers because the taxation occurs at the time of automobile production . Powels says the tax is discriminatory because it targets new vehicles , and that the government should focus on introducing `` green fuel '' to South Africa . The goal of the carbon tax is to put South Africa on a `` sustainable path '' . South Africa has produced Long Term Mitigation Scenarios ( LTMS ) to address climate policy issues that consider variables such as technology , investment , and policy ( including carbon taxes ) and to clarify South Africa 's position for potential UNFCC negotiations . Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) The Chinese Government Ministry of Finance had proposed to introduce a carbon tax from 2012 or 2013 , based on carbon dioxide output from hydrocarbon fuel sources such as oil and coal . The introduction of a carbon tax in China might affect severely the internal market , as well as many other laws and regulations of the country , but given the size of Chinese economy also contribute importantly to the mitigation of climate change . India ( edit ) On July 1 , 2010 , India introduced a nationwide carbon tax of 50 rupees per tonne ( $1.07 / t ) of coal both produced and imported into India . In a budget speech in 2014 , the finance Minister increased the price to 100 rupees per tonne ( $1.60 / t at $60.5 conversion ) In India coal is used to power more than half of the country 's electricity generation . India 's total coal production is estimated to reach 571.87 million tons in the year ending March 2010 and is expected to import around 100 million tons . The carbon tax expects to raise 25 billion rupees ( $535 million ) for the financial year 2010 -- 2011 . According to then Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee , the clean energy tax will help to finance a National Clean Energy Fund ( NCEF ) . Industry bodies have not favored the levy and fear that the resultant higher price of coal could trigger inflation . While many remain apprehensive , a carbon tax is a step towards helping India meet their voluntary target to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released per unit of gross domestic product by 25 % from 2005 levels by 2020 . Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh told reporters in June 2010 that a domestic tax should come before a global carbon tax , and India has imposed one while others debate the issue . With the new government in India under PM Narendra Modi , the carbon tax has been further increased form 100Rs per tonne to 200Rs per tonne in the Budget 2015 - 16 . Currently the carbon tax stands at 400rs per tonne . Japan ( edit ) In October 2012 Japan introduced a Carbon tax with the goal to take action on mitigating dangerous climate change . The government plans to use the revenues generated from this tax to finance clean energy and energy saving projects . In December 2009 , nine industry groupings opposed a carbon tax at the opening day of the COP - 15 Copenhagen climate conference stating , `` Japan should not consider a carbon tax as it would damage the economy which is already among the world 's most energy efficient . '' The industry groupings represented the oil , cement , paper , chemical , gas , electric power , auto manufacturing and electronics , and information technology sectors . The sectors state that `` the government has neither studied nor explained thoroughly enough why such a carbon tax is needed , how effective and fair it is and how the payments are to be used . '' In 2005 , an environmental tax proposed by Japanese authorities was also delayed due to major opposition from the Petroleum Association of Japan ( PAJ ) , other industries and consumers . The delay was `` to avoid putting too much economic burden on end - users as they were already paying heavy taxes on hydrocarbon fuels amid high oil prices . '' The tax that was to be implemented would be 2,400 yen ( $20.85 in 2005 dollars ) per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted from fuels . Tax on coal would be about 1.58 yen per kilogram and that on gasoline 1.52 yen per litre ( 4.3 cents per gallon in 2005 dollars ) . Officials estimated that the tax would generate income of 37 billion yen a year for the government and result in a payment of 2,100 yen per year for an average household . South Korea ( edit ) On August 22 , 2008 The Chong Wa Dae , also known as the Blue house -- the executive office and official residence of the South Korean head of state , confirmed a list of 40 new administrative strategy agenda , which included substitution of a carbon tax with the current transportation tax . Most revenues of the tax amounting to an annual $11 trillion won ( $10.4 billion ) will be financed toward the `` Low Carbon , Green Growth '' move , which was announced in President Lee Myung - bak 's speech marking the nation 's 63rd Liberation day the week before the announcement . A carbon tax is imposed on emissions of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide . The direct taxation system is now applied to several European countries , such as Sweden , the Netherlands and Norway , as well as several states in North America . The temporary transportation tax , one of the major objective taxes in the country , is slated to end in 2009 . About 80 percent of its yield is used in transportation - related work like road construction . Additional taxation amendment could follow with a `` tax on emissions '' bottom line , in possible implementations of tax discrimination according to a vehicles ' size and a carbon tax on the currently tax - free thermal power plants . Taxation on emissions is inevitable in that low carbon policies take substantial budget , the government says . In February 2010 , a deputy finance minister Yoon Young - sun confirmed that South Korea is considering a carbon tax to help reduce emissions 4 % from 2005 levels by 2020 . This would be in conjunction with a cap - and - trade program to be implemented later this year . With a tax rate of 31,828 won ( 25 Euros ) per ton of CO , the South Korean government would collect 9.1 trillion won ( $7.9 billion ) in tax revenue based on 2007 emissions . Income from the carbon tax would be used to reduce corporate and income taxes . On July 22 , 2010 Chairman Sohn Kyung - shik of the Korea Chamber of Commerce and Industry asked for the South Korean government to delay the implementation of the carbon tax : `` If the government applies much stricter guidelines over carbon emissions , then companies might be burdened . '' On July 13 , 2010 South Korea 's government announced plans to more than double its financing for green research and development projects to 3.5 trillion won ( $2.9 / £ 1.9 bn ) by 2013 . The finance ministry decided that the new investment will be put into a new dedicated green fund operated by the state - run Korea Finance Corporation , for distribution to private sector projects . The government said that the fund forms part of a huge low - carbon investment drive that will see it invest a total of 107.4 trillion won , or two percent of the country 's annual gross domestic product , on green projects between 2009 and 2013 . However , the government signaled that in addition to setting aside state funds , it will ask private companies to contribute 2.4 trillion won to the fund . It added that spending from the fund will be directed mainly toward business involved in greenhouse gas emissions reduction and promoting energy efficiency . In addition , the government intends to expand its system of tax breaks to cover new technologies in solar , wind and thermal power , low - emission vehicles , rechargeable batteries and next generation nuclear reactors . The government also set a voluntary target last year ( 2007 ) to reduce 2020 emissions by four percent on 2005 levels by 2020 , and is expected to soon announce plans for carbon trading scheme to begin in 2012 . Taiwan ( edit ) In October 2009 vice finance minister Chang Sheng - ho announced that Taiwan was planning to adopt a carbon tax in 2011 . However , Premier Wu Den - yih and legislators stated that the carbon taxes would increase public suffering from the recession and that the government should not levy the new taxes until Taiwan 's economy has recovered . He opposed the carbon tax . Many Taiwanese citizens are opposed to tax increases as well . However , Chung - Hua Institution for Economic Research ( CIER ) , the think - tank that was commissioned by the government to advise on its plan to overhaul the nation 's taxes , had recommended a levy of NT $2,000 ( US $61.8 , £ 37.6 ) on each tonne of CO emissions . CIER estimated that Taiwan could raise NT $164.7 bn ( US $5.1 bn , £ 3.1 bn ) from the energy tax and a further NT $239 bn ( US $7.3 bn , £ 4.4 bn ) from the carbon levy on an annual basis by 2021 . If Taiwan does pass the carbon tax policy , Taiwan would become the first Asian country with taxation on carbon emissions . Due to the amount of revenues from such a comparatively high carbon tax , the government is planning to subsidize low income families and public transportation by using the revenues from carbon taxes . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) Main article : Carbon pricing in Australia On 1 July 2012 the Australian Federal government introduced a carbon price of AUD $23 per tonne of emitted CO-e on selected fossil fuels consumed by major industrial emitters and government bodies such as councils . To offset the impact of the tax on some sectors of society , the government reduced income tax ( by increasing the tax - free threshold ) and increased pensions and welfare payments slightly to cover expected price increases , as well as introducing compensation for some affected industries . On 17 July 2014 , a report by the Australian National University estimated that the Australian scheme had cut carbon emissions by as much as 17 million tonnes , the biggest annual reduction in greenhouse gas emissions in 24 years of records in 2013 as the carbon tax helped drive a large drop in pollution from the electricity sector . On 17 July 2014 , the Abbott Government passed repeal legislation through the Senate , and Australia became the first nation to abolish a carbon tax . In its place the government set up the Emission Reduction Fund , paid by taxpayers from consolidated revenue , which according to RepuTex , a markets consultancy , estimated the government 's main climate policy may only meet a third of the emissions reduction challenge if Australia is to cut 2000 levels by 5 % by 2020 . New Zealand ( edit ) In 2005 , the Fifth Labour Government proposed a carbon tax in order to meet obligations under the Kyoto Protocol . The proposal would have set an emissions price of NZ $15 per tonne of CO-equivalent . The planned tax was scheduled to take effect from April 2007 , and applied across most economic sectors though with an exemption for methane emissions from farming and provisions for special exemptions from carbon intensive businesses if they adopted world 's - best - practice standards of emissions . After the 2005 election , some of the minor parties supporting the Fifth Labour Government ( NZ First and United Future ) opposed the proposed tax , and it was abandoned in December 2005 . In 2008 , the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme was enacted via the Climate Change Response ( Emissions Trading ) Amendment Act 2008 . Europe ( edit ) In Europe , a number of countries have imposed energy taxes or energy taxes based partly on carbon content . These include Denmark , Finland , Germany , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , Norway , Slovenia , Sweden , Switzerland , and the UK . None of these countries has been able to introduce a uniform carbon tax for fuels in all sectors . For a review of Europe 's experience with carbon taxation see Andersen ( 2010 ) . European Union ( edit ) During the 1990s , a carbon / energy tax was proposed at the EU level but failed due to industrial lobbying . In 2010 , the European Commission considered implementing a pan-European minimum tax on pollution permits purchased under the European Union Greenhouse Gas Emissions Trading Scheme ( EU ETS ) in which the proposed new tax would be calculated in terms of carbon content rather than volume , so that fuels with high energy concentrations , despite their subsequently high carbon content , will no longer carry the same traditionally low price . According to the European Commission , the new plan will charge firms a minimum tax per tonne of carbon dioxide emissions at a suggested rate of € 4 to € 30 per tonne of CO . Denmark ( edit ) As of the year 2002 , the standard carbon tax rate since 1996 amounts to 100 DKK per tonne of CO , equivalent to approximately 13 Euros or 18 US dollars . Net carbon emission tax from fuel combustion can vary depending on the level of pollution each source emits , the tax rate varies between 402 DKK per tonne of oil to 5.6 DKK per tonne of natural gas and 0 for non-combustible renewables . The rate for electricity is 1164 DKK per tonne or 10 øre per kWh , equivalent to . 013 Euros or . 017 US dollars per kWh . The CO tax applies to all energy users , including the industrial sector . But the industrial companies can be taxed differently according to two principles : the process the energy is used for , and whether or not the company has entered into a voluntary agreement to apply energy efficiency measures . Danish policies like this provide incentives for companies to put in place more sustainable practices similar to a cap and trade program on carbon dioxide . In 1992 Denmark issued a carbon dioxide tax , which was about $14 for business and $7 for households , per ton of CO . However , Denmark offers a tax refund for energy efficient changes . One of the main goals for the tax is to have people change their habits , because most of the money collected would be put into research for alternative energy resources . Finland ( edit ) Finland was the first country in the 1990s to introduce a CO tax , initially with few exemptions for specific fuels or sectors . Since then , however , energy taxation has been changed many times and substantially . These changes were related to the opening of the Nordic electricity market . Other Nordic countries exempted energy - intensive industries , and Finnish industries felt disadvantaged by this . Finland did place a border tax on imported electricity , but this was found to be out of line with EU single market legislation . Changes were then made to the carbon tax to partially exclude energy - intensive firms . This had the effect of increasing the costs of reducing CO emissions ( p. 16 ) . Vourc'h and Jimenez ( 2000 , p. 17 ) stated that arguments based on competitive losses needed to be viewed with caution . For example , they suggested that carbon tax revenues could be used to reduce labour taxes , which would favour the competitiveness of non energy - intensive industries . France ( edit ) On September 10 , 2009 , France detailed a new carbon tax with a new levy on oil , gas and coal consumption by households and businesses that was supposed to come into effect on January 1 , 2010 . The new carbon tax would be 17 euros ( 25 US dollars ) per tonne of carbon dioxide ( CO ) for households and businesses , which will raise the cost of a liter of unleaded fuel by about four cents ( 25 US cents per gallon ) . The total estimated income from the carbon tax would have been between 3 and 4.5 billion euros annually , with 55 percent of profit coming from households and 45 percent coming from businesses . The tax will not apply to electricity as mostly produced by France 's network of nuclear reactors . On December 30 , the bill was blocked by the French Constitutional Council . It considered the bill included too many exceptions and said they were unconstitutional . It condemned the exemptions for industries as being unequal and inefficient , pointing out that less than half the whole emissions would have been taxed and saying it was unfair to apply the tax only to fuels and heating , which accounted for a limited part of carbon emissions . Discounts and exceptions would have applied to many aspects of industry and agriculture , including fishing , trucking , and farming . French President Nicolas Sarkozy , despite his vow to `` lead the fight to save the human race from global warming '' , did not support the bill , saying that France needed support from the rest of the European Union before it would try and proceed with a carbon tax . In 2013 Carbon tax was again announced for France . Prime Minister Jean - Marc Ayrault launched the new Climate Energy Contribution ( CEC ) on September 21 , 2013 . The tax will apply at a rate of € 7 / tonne CO in 2014 , € 14.50 in 2015 and rising to € 22 in 2016 . Germany ( edit ) The German ecological tax reform was adopted in 1999 . After that , the ecological law of the country was amended twice - in 2000 and in 2003 . First of all , the law provided rung - by - rung growth of the taxes on fuel and fossil fuels and laid the foundation for the tax for energy . Only in 2003 , after the law 's gradual implementation , the amount of emissions reduced by 2.4 % , which is 20 million tons of CO2 . Thus , the eco-tax is one of the most powerful instruments for climate protection in Germany . The number of workplaces rose by 250,000 jobs . Republic of Ireland ( edit ) In 2004 , following a policy review , the Irish Government rejected the introduction of a carbon tax as a policy option . However , in 2007 a Fianna Fáil - Green Party coalition government was formed , and promised to reconsider the matter . In the 2010 budget the country 's first carbon tax was introduced . The new tax was levied at € 15 per tonne of CO emissions ( approx . US $20 per tonne ) . The carbon tax applies to kerosene , marked gas oil , liquid petroleum gas , fuel oil , and natural gas . The Natural Gas Carbon Tax does not apply to electricity because the cost of electricity is already included in pricing under the Single Electricity Market ( SEM ) . Similarly , natural gas users are exempt from the tax if they can prove they are using the gas to `` generate electricity , for chemical reduction , or for electrolytic or metallurgical processes '' . `` A partial relief from the tax is granted for natural gas delivered for use in an installation that is covered by a greenhouse gas emissions permit issued by the Environmental Protection Agency . The natural gas concerned will be taxed at the minimum rate specified in the EU Energy Tax Directive , which is € 0.54 per megawatt hour at gross calorific value . '' Pure biofuels are also exempt . The Economic and Social Research Institute has estimated the tax will cost between about € 2 and € 3 a week per household , or about € 156 per year : a survey from the Central Statistics Office reports that Ireland 's average disposable income was almost € 48,000 in 2007 . There is concern that the carbon tax may disproportionately affect elderly persons and low - income households . One group , Active Retirement Ireland , proposes that `` an extra allowance of € 4 per week be made to people in receipt of the State pension for the 30 weeks currently covered by the fuel allowance , '' they suggest that `` home heating oil be added to the categories covered under the Household Benefit Package , which is available to older people in receipt of the State pension '' . The tax is paid by companies to the Collector General . Fraudulent violation is punishable under section 1078 of the Taxes Consolidation Act 1997 , which allows for a jail sentence of up to 5 years or a fine of no more than € 126,970 . Failure to comply with the tax violates section 73 of the Finance Act of 2010 . Payment for the first accounting period was due in July 2010 . The NGO Irish Rural Link has noted that according to the Irish Economic and Social Research Institute ( ESRI ) `` a carbon tax would weigh more heavily on rural households . '' Irish Rural Link claim that experience from other countries has shown that carbon taxation will only succeed if it is part of a comprehensive package of measures , which includes reducing some other taxes which does not appear to be the Government 's approach . Carbon Tax was introduced in Ireland in the 2010 budget by the Green Party / Fianna Fáil coalition government at a rate of € 15 / tonne CO which was applied to motor gasoline and diesel and to home heating oil ( diesel ) . Electricity was exempted as electricity generation from fossil fuel power stations was covered under the EU ETS . Solid fuels including coal and turf were also exempted . In 2011 the new government coalition of Fine Gael and Labour raised the carbon tax by 33 % to € 20 / tonne . Farmers were granted a tax relief to compensate for this increase . Netherlands ( edit ) The Netherlands initiated a carbon tax in 1990 . However , in 1992 it was replaced with a 50 / 50 carbon / energy tax called the Environmental Tax on Fuels , the taxes are assessed partly on carbon content and partly on energy content . The charge was transformed into a tax and became part of general tax revenues . As such , it fell under the administration of the Ministry of Finance . The general fuel tax is collected on all hydrocarbon fuels . Fuels used as raw materials are not subject to the tax . Tax rates are based 50 / 50 on the energy and carbon contents of fuels . In 1996 The Regulatory Tax on Energy , another 50 / 50 carbon / energy tax , was also implemented . The Environmental tax and the regulatory tax are 5.16 Dutch guilder , or NLG , ( ~ $3.13 ) or per tonne of CO and 27.00 NLG ( ~ 16.40 ) per tonne CO respectively . Under the general fuel tax , electricity is not taxed , though fuels used to produce electricity are taxable . Energy - intensive industries used to benefit from preferential rates under this tax but the benefit was cancelled in January 1997 . Also , since 1997 nuclear power has been taxed under the general fuel tax at the rate of NLG 31.95 per gram of uranium - 235.38 The European Environment Agency put out an Executive Summary stating `` Although the 5th Environmental Action Programme of the EU in 1992 recommended the greater use of economic instruments such as environmental taxes , there has been little progress in their use since then at the EU level . '' However , `` at Member State level , there has been a continuing increase in the use of environmental taxes over the last decade , which has accelerated in the last 5 -- 6 year ... Countries including the Netherlands and the United Kingdom . '' More recently , in 2007 , The Netherlands introduced a Waste Fund that is funded by a carbon - based packaging tax . This tax was both used to finance the national Treasury and to finance the activities to help reach the goals of recycling 65 % of used packaging by 2012 . The organization Nedvang ( Nederland van afval naar grondstof or The Netherlands from waste to value ) , which was set up in 2005 , is the organization supporting producers and importers of packaged goods reaching individual company goals under the Dutch packaging decree . This decree was signed in 2005 and states that producers and importers of packaged goods are responsible for the collection and recycling of that waste , and that at least 65 % of that waste has to be recycled . Producers and importers can choose to reach the goals on an individual basis or by joining an organization like Nedvang . The Carbon - Based Tax on Packaging was analyzed on behalf of the Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment and proven to be ineffective . Therefore , the packaging tax was abolished . Producer responsibility activities for packaging are now financed based on private contracts , that have been declared legally binding . Sweden ( edit ) This section 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In January 1991 , Sweden enacted a CO tax of 0.25 SEK / kg per ton ( $40 at the time , or EUR 27 at current rates ) on the use of oil , coal , natural gas , liquefied petroleum gas , petrol , and aviation fuel used in domestic travel . Industrial users paid half the rate ( between 1993 and 1997 , 25 % of the rate ) , and certain high - energy industries such as commercial horticulture , mining , manufacturing and the pulp and paper industry were fully exempted from these new taxes . In 1997 the rate was raised to 0.365 SEK / kg ( $60 per ton ) of CO . In 2007 , the tax was SEK 930 ( EUR 101 ) per ton of CO . The tax is credited with spurring a significant move from hydrocarbon fuels to biomass . As the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation climate change expert Emma Lindberg said , `` It was the one major reason that steered society towards climate - friendly solutions . It made polluting more expensive and focused people on finding energy - efficient solutions . '' `` It increased the use of bioenergy '' , said University of Lund Professor Thomas Johansson , former director of energy and climate at the UN Development Programme . `` It had a major impact in particular on heating . Every city in Sweden uses district heating . Before , coal or oil were used for district heating . Now biomass is used , usually waste from forests and forest industries . '' Economic growth appears to be unaffected . Between 1990 and 2006 , Sweden 's economy grew by 44 - 46 percent ( approx 2 , 8 % annually ) , depending on source . United Kingdom ( edit ) In 1993 , the UK government introduced the fuel duty escalator ( FDE ) , an environmental tax on retail petroleum products . The tax was explicitly designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the transport sector . Since carbon is in fixed ratio to the quantity of fuel , the FDE roughly approximated a carbon tax . The transport lobby in the UK was extremely critical of the FDE . The FDE , which was the UK 's only `` real '' carbon tax , failed because of the political criticism it provoked , and the automatic increase of the FDE was cancelled in 1999 . Increases in fuel tax have since been discretionary . The politically damaging fuel protests in 2000 contributed to the government decision to reduce the real rates of fuel tax . At the time , tax and duty represented more than 75 % of the total pump price . In money terms , the past increments of the FDE remain in force , but in real terms , increments have been reduced by the rate of inflation . In 2006 , tax represented about 2⁄3 of the pump price . In addition , the UK 's Climate Change Levy was introduced in 2001 . Norway ( edit ) Norway introduced a CO tax on hydrocarbon fuels in 1991 . The tax started at a high rate of US $51 per tonne of CO on gasoline , with an average tax of US $21 per tonne The tax was also applied to diesel , mineral oil , oil and gas used in North Sea extraction activities . The International Energy Agency 's ( IEA ) 2001 Review of Norway in the Energy Policies of IEA Countries stated that `` since 1991 a carbon dioxide tax has applied in addition to excise taxes on fuel . '' It is among the highest carbon taxes in the OECD . Carbon taxation is also applied to the production of oil and gas offshore . The IEA estimates for revenue generated by the CO tax in 2004 were 7,808 million NOK ( about US $1.3 billion in 2010 dollars ) . According to IEA 2005 Review of Norway , Norway 's CO tax is its most important climate policy instrument , and covers about 64 % of Norwegian CO emissions and 52 % of total GHG emissions . Some industry sectors have been granted exemptions from the tax to preserve their competitive position . Various studies in the 1990s , and an economic analysis by Statistics Norway , have estimated the effect of the CO tax to be a reduction of 2.5 -- 11 % of Norwegian emissions under a business - as - usual approach ( i.e. , the predicted emissions that would have occurred without the tax ) . However , even with the carbon tax , Norway 's per capita emissions rose by 15 % between 1991 ( when the carbon tax was introduced ) and 2008 . In attempt to reduce CO2 emissions by a larger amount Norway implemented the first phase of an Emissions Trading Scheme in 2005 and joined the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme ( EU ETS ) in 2008 . As of 2013 , roughly 55 % of CO2 emissions in Norway are taxed and emissions that are not covered by a carbon tax are included in the EU ETS . Certain CO2 taxes are applied to emissions that result from petroleum activities on the continental shelf . This tax is charged per liter of oil and natural gas liquids produced , as well as per standard cubic meter of gas burnt off or otherwise directly emitted into the air . However , this carbon tax is considered a deductible operating cost for petroleum production which can therefore be written off to reduce the ordinary taxes paid by oil companies . In 2013 , carbon tax rates were doubled in Norway to a rate of 0.96 NOK per liter / standard cubic meter of mineral oil and natural gas . As of 2016 , the tax rate has been increased to 1 , 02 NOK per liter or standard cubic meter of oil and natural gas . Despite this increase , there is intention to reduce the tax in the future if there is a rise in the EU ETS price from the rate it was when the increased carbon tax rate was implemented . According to the Norwegian Ministry of the Environment , CO2 taxes have been the most important tool for reducing emissions produced by petroleum activities and there is a low level of CO2 emissions per produced oil equivalent . Switzerland ( edit ) In January 2008 , Switzerland implemented a CO incentive tax on all hydrocarbon fuels , such as coal , oil and natural gas , unless they are used for energy . Gasoline and diesel fuels are not affected by the CO tax . The tax is collected by the Swiss Federal Customs Administration . It is an incentive tax because it is designed to promote the economic use of hydrocarbon fuels . The tax amounts to CHF 12 per tonne CO ( US $11.41 per tonne CO ) , which is the equivalent of CHF 0.03 per litre of heating oil ( US $0.108 per gallon ) and CHF 0.025 per m of natural gas ( US $0.024 per m ) . This tax comes from Switzerland 's 1999 Federal Law on the Reduction of CO ( CO Law ) . Although Switzerland prefers to rely on voluntary actions and measures to achieve emissions reductions , the CO Law mandated the introduction of a CO tax if voluntary measures proved to be insufficient . In 2005 the federal government decided that additional measures were needed to achieve emissions reductions and meet Kyoto Protocol commitments of an 8 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 . In 2007 , the CO tax was approved by the Swiss Federal Council , coming into effect 2008 . In 2010 , the highest tax rate will be CHF 36 per tonne of CO ( US $34.20 per tonne CO ) . Companies are allowed to exempt themselves from the tax by participating in a Swiss cap - and - trade emissions trading scheme where they voluntarily commit to legally binding targets to reduce their CO emissions . Under this scheme , emission allowances are given to companies for free , and each year emission allowances equal to the amount of CO emitted must be surrendered by the company . Companies are allowed to sell or trade excess permits . However , should a company fail to surrender the correct amount of allowances , they must pay the CO tax retroactively for each tonne of CO emitted since the exemption was granted . About 400 companies take part in trading CO emission credits under this program . In 2009 , for the second year in a row , the companies returned enough credits to the Swiss government to cover their CO emissions for the year . The 2009 report shows that companies emitted only about 2.6 million tonnes of CO , falling well below the total permissible quantity of 3.1 million tonnes . The Swiss carbon market still remains fairly small , with few emissions permits being traded . Swiss domestic law tends to favor the use of a CO tax to achieve emissions reductions and this preference for taxes combined with an immature carbon market could partially explain why Switzerland has not yet joined the European Union Emission Trading Scheme ( EU ETS ) . The tax is revenue neutral , and its revenues are redistributed proportionally to companies and to the Swiss population . For example , if the population bears 60 % of the tax burden , they will receive 60 % of the redistribution . For companies , revenues will be redistributed to all companies , except those who chose to exempt themselves from the tax through the cap - and - trade program . The revenue is given to the companies in proportion to the total payroll of their employees and is distributed through an AHV compensation fund ( Federal Old Age and Survivors ' Insurance ) that pays the relevant amount of revenue to the company . The revenues from the tax that were paid by the Swiss population are redistributed equally to all Swiss residents through health insurance companies and a deduction on their insurance premium . In June 2009 the Swiss Parliament decided to allocate about one - third of the revenue from the carbon tax to a 10 - year building program for climate - friendly building renovations . This program promotes building renovations , the use of renewable energies , the utilization of waste heat , and building engineering . As part of the early - redistribution program decided by the Swiss Federal Council in 2009 , the tax revenue from 2008 , 2009 and 2010 are being distributed in 2010 . In 2008 alone , the tax of CHF 12 per tonne of CO raised around CHF 220 million ( US $209 million ) in revenue . As of June 16 , 2010 , a total of around CHF 360 million ( US $342 million ) have become available for distribution to the Swiss population and economy . It is estimated that in 2010 , at the highest tax rate of CHF 36 per tonne of CO , the revenue from the tax will be about CHF 630 million ( US $598 million ) . Out of the projected CHF 630 million , CHF 200 million ( US $190 million ) will be allocated for the building program and the remaining CHF 430 million ( US $409 million ) will be redistributed in 2010 to the population and the economy . The International Energy Agency ( IEA ) commends Switzerland 's CO tax for its excellent design and notes that the recycling of the tax revenues to all citizens and enterprises is `` sound fiscal practice '' . Since 2005 , transport fuels in Switzerland have been subjected to the Climate Cent Initiative surcharge -- a surcharge of CHF 0.015 per litre on gasoline and diesel ( US $. 0038 per gallon ) which will remain in place until the end of 2012 . However , this surcharge can be supplemented with a CO tax on transport fuels if emissions reductions are not satisfactory . In their 2007 review , the IEA recommended that Switzerland implement a CO tax on transport fuels or increase the Climate Cent surcharge to better balance the high costs of meeting emissions reductions targets across sectors . Switzerland is currently on track to meet its Kyoto Protocol commitment of an 8 % reduction in greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels between 2008 and 2012 . The combination of the CO tax and other voluntary measures by businesses and private individuals is enabling Switzerland to achieve these reduction goals . Central America ( edit ) Costa Rica ( edit ) In 1997 Costa Rica imposed a 3.5 percent carbon tax on hydrocarbon fuels . A portion of the funds generated by the tax go to `` Payment for Environmental Services '' ( PSA ) program which gives incentives to property owners to practice sustainable development and forest conservation . Approximately 11 % of Costa Rica 's national territory is protected by the plan . The program now pays out roughly $15 million a year to around 8,000 property owners . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) In the 2008 Canadian federal election , a carbon tax proposed by Liberal Party leader Stéphane Dion , known as the Green Shift , became a central issue in the campaign . It would have been revenue - neutral , with increased taxation on carbon being balanced by tax cuts for individual citizens . However , it proved to be unpopular and contributed to the defeat of Liberal Party with its worst share of the popular vote since Confederation . By contrast , the Conservative party , who won the election , had promised to `` develop and implement a North American - wide cap - and - trade system for greenhouse gases and air pollution , with implementation to occur between 2012 and 2015 . '' Although there is no federal carbon tax , some Canadian provinces do have carbon taxes : Quebec : Main article : Quebec carbon tax The Canadian province of Quebec became the first in Canada to introduce a carbon tax . The tax was to be imposed on energy producers starting October 1 , 2007 , with revenue collected used for energy - efficiency programs including public transit . The tax rate for gasoline is $ CDN0. 008 per liter , or about $3.50 per tonne of CO 2 equivalent . British Columbia : Main article : British Columbia carbon tax On February 19 , 2008 , the province of British Columbia announced its intention to implement a carbon tax of $10 per tonne of Carbon dioxide equivalent ( CO e ) emissions ( 2.41 cents per litre on gasoline ) beginning July 1 , 2008 , making BC the first North American jurisdiction to implement such a tax . The tax will increase each year after until 2012 , reaching a final price of $30 per tonne ( 7.2 cents per litre at the pumps ) . Unlike previous proposals , legislation will keep the pending carbon tax revenue neutral by reducing corporate and income taxes at an equivalent rate . Also , the government will also reduce taxes above and beyond the carbon tax offset by $481 million over three years . In January 2010 , the carbon tax was applied to biodiesel . Before the tax actually went into effect , the government of British Columbia sent out `` rebate cheques '' from expected revenues to all residents of British Columbia as of December 31 , 2007 . In January 2013 , the carbon tax was collecting about $1 billion each year which was used to lower other taxes in British Columbia . Terry Lake , the minister of the environment of British Columbia , said `` It makes sense , it 's simple , it 's well accepted . '' The British Columbia revenue - neutral carbon tax is based on the following principles : All carbon tax revenue is recycled through tax reductions -- The government has a legal requirement to present an annual plan to the legislature demonstrating how all of the carbon tax revenue will be returned to taxpayers through tax reductions . The money will not be used to fund government programs . The tax rate started low and increases gradually -- Starting at a low rate gave individuals and businesses time to make adjustments and respects decisions made prior to the announcement of the tax . Low - income individuals and families are protected -- A refundable Low Income Climate Action Tax Credit is designed to help offset the carbon tax paid by low - income individuals and families . The tax has the broadest possible base -- Virtually all emissions from fuel combustion in B.C. captured in Environment Canada 's National Inventory Report are taxed , with no exemptions except those required for integration with other climate action policies in the future and for efficient administration . The tax will be integrated with other measures -- The carbon tax will not , on its own , meet B.C. 's emission - reduction targets , but it is a key element in the strategy . The carbon tax and complementary measures such as a `` cap and trade '' system will be integrated as these other measures are designed and implemented . Following implementation many Canadians concluded that the carbon tax generally benefitted the British Columbian economy , in large part because its revenue neutral feature did indeed reduce personal income taxes . However some industries complained loudly that the tax had harmed them , notably cement manufacturers and farmers . Nevertheless , the tax generated sufficient praise to attract broad attention in the United States and elsewhere from those seeking an economically efficient way of reducing the emission of greenhouse gases without hurting economic growth . Alberta : In July 2007 , Alberta enacted the Specified Gas Emitters Regulation , Alta . Reg. 139 / 2007 , ( SGER ) . This carbon tax requires a $15 / tonne contribution be made to the `` Climate Change and Emissions Management Fund '' ( CCEMF ) by companies that emit more than 100,000 tonnes of greenhouse gas annually to either reduce their CO emissions per barrel by 12 percent , or buy an offset in Alberta to apply against their total emissions . In January 2016 , the contribution required by large emitters to the CCEMF was increased by the provincial government to $20 / tonne . The tax will fall most heavily on oil companies and coal - fired electricity plants . It intends to give companies a real incentive to lower emissions while fostering technology that makes the job easier . The plan only covers the largest companies that produce 70 % of Alberta 's emissions . There are concerns that this is a serious omission because the smallest energy producers are often the most casual about emissions and pollution . The carbon tax is currently $20 per tonne . Because Alberta has the highest greenhouse gas emissions in Canada the majority of Albertans are strongly opposed to a nationwide carbon tax . There is a fear that a nationwide carbon tax would cause Alberta 's economy to suffer significantly more in proportion to other provinces . Alberta is also opposed to a Cap and Trade system it fears the trades will pull revenue out of the province , a fear not to be dismissed . Alberta 's local carbon price allows the money to stay within Alberta . On November 23 , 2015 , the Alberta government announced a new carbon tax scheme very similar to British Columbia 's in that it will be applied to the entire economy . All businesses and residents will pay a carbon tax based upon the carbon dioxide equivalent emissions , including the burning of wood and biofuels . The tax will come into force in 2017 with a price of $20 per tonne . The price will increase to $30 per tonne in 2018 and increase thereafter by the rate of inflation plus 2 % . Also announced will be the reduction of coal - powered electricity generation . Currently , coal provides 51 % of the power in the province . The target is to eliminate coal generation by 2030 . Renewable energy production ( primarily wind and solar in Alberta ) is targeted at 30 % of generating capacity by 2030 . The effect on consumers will be an increase of 4.49 ¢ per litre for gasoline and $1.011 per gigajoule for natural gas . Because it is primarily generated from burning hydrocarbons , electricity prices are also expected to rise , although the exact amount is currently unknown . The total personal cost is estimated to be about $120 per capita , based on a $300 per household cost . Rebates will be provided to low income earners and temporary rebates provided to exporters to offset competitive disadvantages . United States ( edit ) Estimated effect of a carbon tax on sources of United States electrical generation ( US Energy Information Administration ) According to the Carbon Tax Center , the United States is one of the few large and industrialized nations on Earth that does not implement a Carbon tax . One simple solution being considered is to implement a federal carbon emissions tax , instead of relying on states to enforce their own . According to economists a tax would be the simplest and the easiest way to reduce emissions since , primarily , it seems like a plan both parties can get behind since it would not impose strict regulations on business , instead allowing the industries to self regulate , while also a showing that the government is taking steps to protect the environment . Furthermore , a tax would lead both producers and consumers to adjust their respective habits accordingly , and in ways that may become more efficient . There is also a national movement called Citizens ' Climate Lobby to create support across parties to put a national price on Carbon . Internal Price on Carbon Although the United States does not currently implement a carbon tax , many American corporations have set the precedent on setting an `` internal price on carbon '' . Companies calculate this internal price to assess the risk value of future projects when making economic investment decisions . Companies usually assess a higher internal price when i ) the company emits large amounts of CO2 , and ii ) when the company projects further into the future . Oil companies usually have assets ( factories , refineries ) that have a long lifespan and that can be affected by energy policies in the future ; the products and assets of consumer - goods companies are mostly influenced by current policies , so their carbon prices are usually lower . Oil companies like Shell and ConocoPhillips apply this carbon price to current and future operations ; the motivation is to `` apply the carbon price as much to spur mitigation as to quantify risks '' . Internal Carbon Prices for Various US Companies Company Internal Carbon Price ( $ USD ) CO emitted in 2013 ( million tonnes ) Exxon Mobil 60 127 BP 40 60 Shell 40 72 Total 34 47 Ameren 30 56 Xcel Energy 20 54 Google 13 . 04 Disney 10 - 20 . 9 ConocoPhillips 8 - 46 24 Microsoft 6 . 05 Timeline for implementing Social Cost of Carbon The US Environmental Protection Agency has recently removed their page regarding the social cost of carbon since the new Trump administration has been installed . EPA Director Scott Pruitt 's skepticism towards human contributions to climate change has led to a decreased emphasis towards advancing climate change policies . Several administrative advisers have stated that the social cost should be reduced to zero ( currently at $36 per ton of carbon dioxide ) . A possible reduction or elimination of the social carbon cost would lead to the overhaul of dozens of climate regulations established in previous administrations . Colorado In November 2006 , voters in Boulder , Colorado passed what is said to be the first municipal carbon tax . It is a tax on electricity consumption ( utility bills ) with deductions for using electricity from renewable sources ( primarily Xcel 's WindSource program ) . The goal is to reduce carbon emissions to those outlined in the Kyoto Protocol ; specifically to reduce their emissions by 7 % below 1990 levels by 2012 . Tax revenues are collected by Xcel Energy and are directed to the city 's Office of Environmental Affairs to fund programs to reduce community - wide greenhouse gas emissions . Boulder 's Climate Action Plan ( CAP ) tax is expected to raise $1.6 million in 2010 . The tax was increased to a maximum allowable rate by voters in 2009 to meet CAP goals . Currently the tax is set at $0.0049 / kWh for residential users ( ave . $21 per year ) , $0.0009 / kWh for commercial ( ave . $94 per year ) , and $0.0003 / kWh for industrial ( ave . $9,600 per year ) . The revenues from the tax are expected to decrease over time as businesses and residents reduce their energy use and begin to use more solar and wind power . The tax was renewed by voters on November 6 , 2012 . As of 2015 , the Boulder carbon tax is estimated to reduce carbon output by over 100,000 tons per year , and allows the city to collect $1.8 million in revenue that is interjected back into the city . Those funds are infused back into the community by providing bike lanes , energy efficient solutions , rebates for business and homeowners to further invest in green energy , and community based programs to further still bring awareness to the movement The tax is Boulder 's way of initiating a future global movement . Because of Boulder 's progressiveness and willingness to adapt , this was a fantastic opportunity to trail - run this type of program . It leverages all forms of individual - residential , commercial , and industrial . This results in a low surcharge that has been generally well received . The average household pays just $21 - USD towards the tax each year , while the average business pays just $94 - USD per year . The success of the program has provided a stable and efficient means of carbon tax implementation and enforcement that shows its long - term sustainability in all U.S. markets . California In May 2008 , the Bay Area Air Quality Management District , which covers nine counties in the San Francisco Bay Area , passed a carbon tax on businesses of 4.4 cents per ton of CO . In 2006 , the state of California , passed AB - 32 ( Global Warming Solutions Act of 2006 ) , which requires California to reduce greenhouse gas emissions . To implement AB - 32 , the California Air Resources Board proposed a carbon tax , but has yet to reach agreement with the Western States Petroleum Association which represents the refineries in the state . The WSPA holds that AB - 32 only allows a carbon tax to cover administrative costs . Maryland In May 2010 Montgomery County , Maryland passed the nation 's first county - level carbon tax . The legislation required payments of $5 per ton of CO emitted from any stationary source emitting more than a million tons of carbon dioxide during a calendar year . There is only one source of emissions fitting the criteria laid out by the council , an 850 megawatt coal - fired power plant owned by Mirant Corporation . The tax was expected to raise between $10 million and $15 million for the county , which faced a nearly $1 billion budget gap . The law provided for half of revenue to go toward creating a low interest loan plan for county residents to invest in residential energy efficiency upgrades . The County 's energy supplier buys its energy at auction , so Mirant would have to sell its energy at market value , which meant no discernible increase in energy costs would be felt by the county 's residents . In June 2010 the Mirant Corporation sued the county to stop the tax . In June 2011 the Federal Court of Appeals ruled that the tax was a fee imposed `` for regulatory or punitive purposes '' rather than a tax , and therefore could be challenged in court . The County Council repealed the fee in July 2012 . Washington In 2016 , a group of climate activists put an initiative for a revenue - neutral carbon tax on the November ballot in Washington State . If approved by voters , it would have imposed a tax on carbon dioxide emissions and used that revenue to decrease the state 's sales tax , the business tax , and expand the state 's version of the earned income tax credit for low - income workers . Harmonized carbon taxes ( edit ) Cooper ( 1998 , 2001 ) has been a leading proponent of a harmonized carbon tax ( a tax where the country setting the tax keeps all the revenues ) . Under his proposals , all participating nations would be subject to a tax at a common rate , thus achieving cost - effectiveness . A number of problems have been suggested with Cooper 's proposals : One criticism is of the fairness of having developing countries being subject to the same tax rates as developed countries , given their relative level of welfare and responsibility for the climate problem . It has been asked what incentive developed countries would have to adopt a tax . It is possible that governments would attempt to neutralize the effects of the tax on certain economic sectors . Given the presence of existing tax distortions , it might not be politically feasible to implement a uniform tax rate . Support ( edit ) Former US Vice President Al Gore strongly backed a carbon tax in his book , Earth in the Balance . In 2000 , when Gore ran for president , one commentator labeled Gore 's carbon tax proposal a `` central planning solution '' harking back to `` the New Deal politics of his father . '' Greg Mankiw , head of the Council of Economic Advisers under the George W. Bush administration , economic adviser to Mitt Romney for his 2012 presidential campaign and economics professor at Harvard University since 1985 , has been advocating for increased carbon / oil taxation since at least 1999 . In 2006 , he founded the Pigou Club of economists advocating for Pigovian taxes , a carbon tax chiefly among them . In the club 's manifesto , he writes that `` ( h ) igher gasoline taxes , perhaps as part of a broader carbon tax , would be the most direct and least invasive policy to address environmental concerns . '' In 1979 , economist Milton Friedman expressed support for the idea of a carbon tax in an interview on The Phil Donahue Show , saying `` ... the best way to ( deal with pollution ) is to impose a tax on the cost of the pollutants emitted by a car and make an incentive for car manufacturers and for consumers to keep down the amount of pollution . '' In 2001 , environmental scientist Lester Brown , founder of the Worldwatch Institute and founder and president of the Earth Policy Institute , outlined a detailed `` tax shifting '' structure which would not lead to an overall higher tax level : `` It means reducing income taxes and offsetting them with taxes on environmentally destructive activities such as carbon emissions , the generation of toxic waste , the use of virgin raw materials , the use of non-refillable beverage containers , mercury emissions , the generation of garbage , the use of pesticides , and the use of throwaway products ... activities that should be discouraged by taxing . '' '' Brown subsequently added that such a tax shift would amount to an `` honest market , '' explaining , `` The key to restructuring the economy is the creation of an honest market , one that tells the ecological truth . '' In 2011 he estimated the cost of such a tax shift , including the effects of better technology , the use of renewables and `` updating the concept of national security . '' Former US Federal Reserve chairman Paul Volcker suggested ( February 6 , 2007 ) that `` it would be wiser to impose a tax on oil , for example , than to wait for the market to drive up oil prices . '' NASA climatologist James E. Hansen has argued in support of a carbon tax . Commencing in North America , the nonprofit Citizens Climate Lobby has been advocating for carbon tax legislation ( specifically a progressive fee and dividend model with revenue returned to citizens in the form of a check or rebate ) . The organization has about 165 chapters in the United States , Canada , and several other countries including Bangladesh and Sweden . Former United States Congressional Representative Bob Inglis ( R - South Carolina ) heads the Energy and Enterprise Initiative at George Mason University which is making the conservative case for climate legislation through support for a carbon tax . A number of businesses and business leaders also support a carbon tax . These include : FedEx CEO Fred Smith ; James Owens , CEO of Caterpillar ; Paul Anderson , CEO and Chairman of Duke Energy . Elon Musk , CEO of Tesla and SpaceX Unilever has also spoken out in favor of a carbon tax Nestlé also favors a carbon tax In 2015 , BG Group , BP , Eni , Royal Dutch Shell , Statoil and Total sent an open letter to the UNFCCC calling for the implementation of carbon pricing and eventually link it all up into a global system . Monica Prasad , a Northwestern University sociologist , wrote about Denmark 's carbon tax in the New York Times in 2008 . In her view , the Danish carbon tax served as an example of how to reduce emissions in the US . Prasad argued , however , that a critical component for Denmark 's success in reducing carbon emissions from 1990 -- 2005 was that the tax revenues from the carbon tax were dedicated to subsidies for firms to use for alternative , environmentally cleaner sources of energy . Economist Laura D'Andrea Tyson wrote in June 2013 : `` The beauty of a carbon tax is its market - based simplicity . Economists since Adam Smith have insisted that prices are by far the most efficient way to guide the decisions of producers and consumers . Carbon emissions have an `` unpriced '' societal cost in terms of their deleterious effects on the earth 's climate . A tax on carbon would reflect these costs and send a powerful price signal that would discourage carbon emissions . '' She listed several prominent economists and political figures that have supported carbon taxes . Carbon Tax Now is an online petition for citizens from around the globe to show support for implementing a carbon tax in their country of citizenship . Opposition by the Sierra Club ( edit ) In 2016 in Washington state , the Sierra Club , the Washington Environmental Council , Climate Solutions , and the Alliance for Jobs and Clean Energy opposed a proposed tax of $25 per metric ton on fossil fuels arguing that the enactment would undermine state finances . Carbon taxes compared to cap - and - trade ( edit ) See also : Cap - and - trade An alternative government policy to a carbon tax is a cap on greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions . Emission levels of GHGs are capped and permits to pollute are freely allocated ( called `` grandfathering '' ) or auctioned to polluters . Auctioning permits has significant economic advantages over grandfathering . In particular , auctioning raises revenues that can be used to reduce distortionary taxes and improve overall efficiency . A market may be allowed for these emission permits so that polluters can trade some or all of their permits with others ( cap - and - trade ) . A hybrid instrument of a cap and carbon tax can be made by creating a price - floor and price - ceiling for emission permits . A carbon tax can also be implemented concurrently with a cap . Unlike a cap system with grandfathered permits , a carbon tax raises revenues . If the revenues are used to reduce other distortionary taxes , this can improve the efficiency of the tax . On the other hand , a cap with grandfathered permits can have an efficiency advantage of being applied to all industries . This provides an equal incentive at the margin for all polluters to reduce their emissions . This is an advantage over a tax that exempts or has reduced rates for certain sectors . Views ( edit ) Both cap - and - trade and carbon taxes give polluters a financial incentive to reduce their GHG emissions . Carbon taxes provide certainty regarding emission prices , while a cap provides certainty regarding emissions quantity . In a literature assessment , Fisher et al ... ( 1996 : 430 ) concluded that the choice between an international quota ( cap ) system , or an international carbon tax , remained ambiguous . Lu et al. ( 2012 ) compared a carbon tax , an emission trading , and command - and - control regulation at the industrial level . Their abstract concludes that market - based mechanisms would perform better than emission standards in achieving emission targets without affecting industrial production . Supporters of taxes over caps ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Carbon tax '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on Talk : Carbon tax . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) James E. Hansen has argued in his book ( Storms of My Grandchildren ) and in an open letter to President Obama , that policies to cap carbon emissions and trade permits for them ( see cap and trade ) will only make money for banks and hedge funds and allow ' business - as - usual ' for the chief carbon - emitting industries . He advocates phasing out and protesting against coal - fired power stations that do not have onsite carbon sequestration and imposing a progressive carbon tax . Carl Pope , former executive director of the Sierra Club , supports a carbon tax over cap - and - trade because employers will know exactly what they paid for the carbon dioxide they produced , and because a cap - and - trade system ( with grandfathered permits ) rewards those who have the highest emissions now and have done the least to reduce them previously . Gary Becker , a follower of the Chicago School of Economics , expressed his support for carbon taxes over cap - and - trade . Becker won the Nobel Prize in economics in 1992 . On December 11 , 2008 , Rex Tillerson , the CEO of Exxonmobil , said a carbon tax is `` a more direct , more transparent and more effective approach '' than a cap and trade program , which he said , `` inevitably introduces unnecessary cost and complexity . '' He also said that he hoped that the revenues from a carbon tax would be used to lower other taxes so as to be revenue neutral . The American Enterprise Institute , Environmental economist Jack Pezzey , economist Jeffrey Sachs ( director of the Earth Institute of Columbia University ) , Yale economist William Nordhaus , The Earth Policy Institute , The Australia Institute , the Centre for Independent Studies , and Harvard professor , Gregory Mankiw also prefer carbon taxes to cap - and - trade . Difficulties with taxes ( edit ) According to the Carbon Trust ( 2009 ) , a carbon tax suffers from combining a set price for carbon along with a transfer of revenue from industry to government . This , it is argued , guarantees that the tax will not be set at the appropriate level , but will instead be determined by the politics of large - scale revenue transfers . With a cap , however , the revenues from emission allowances can be separately negotiated with industry . Another issue with taxes is whether the emissions reductions they bring about actually exist -- that is , the `` additionality '' of emissions reductions attributable solely to the taxes ( Carbon Trust , 2009 ) . Additionality usually requires a comparison of observed emission reductions against an estimate of the emission reductions that would have taken place without the presence of the tax ( the emissions `` baseline '' ) . The additionality of a carbon tax , in this sense , is difficult to establish because other policies usually will also have impacts on levels of emissions , e.g. , subsidies and regulations . ( As a case in point , greenhouse gas emissions from British Columbia had fallen 4.5 % between 2007 and 2010 following imposition of its carbon tax . However , it is estimated by the government that most of this decrease is , in fact , attributable to an economic recession . ) There are about USD $550 billion in fossil fuel subsidies annually worldwide . Distributional impacts ( edit ) In most instances , firms pass the costs of a carbon price onto consumers . Studies typically find that poor consumers spend a greater proportion of their income on energy - intensive goods and fuel , and cost increases in energy tend to impact the poor worse than the rich . Therefore , if the revenue from a carbon tax is retained by the government , a price on carbon is expected to be regressive , similar to any policy that increases the cost of fuels and energy . A study by Resources for the Future ( 2014 ) examined the regressive nature of a carbon tax evaluating three different options for the use of a revenue neutral carbon tax . The study concluded that distributing the fee back to the public as a lump sum payment eliminates the regressive nature of the carbon tax , where people in the lower 60 % of income brackets will , on average , perceive a positive impact on their household welfare . Studies by Metcalf et al. ( 2008 ) and Metcalf ( 2009 ) consider the possible distributional impacts of carbon taxes in the United States . The 2008 study considers three recent tax bills introduced to the US Congress . The taxes themselves are highly regressive , but when revenues from the tax are returned lump - sum , the taxes become progressive . The 2009 study looks at a carbon tax combined with a reduction in payroll taxes . It is found that this combination can be distributionally neutral . With an adjustment in Social Security payments for the lowest - income households , the carbon tax policy can be made progressive . A study by Ekins and Dresner ( 2004 ) considers the distributional impact in the UK of introducing a carbon tax and increasing fuel duty . It is found that a carbon tax can be made progressive , but that the tax would make those currently worst affected by fuel poverty more badly off . Of the policy options looked at for transport , the most effective in compensating low - income motorists is found to be an increase in fuel duties and the abolishment of vehicle excise duty . Footnotes ( edit ) Bashmakov et al. ( 2001 ) refer to emissions taxes . Carbon taxes are not identical to emissions taxes , but they can be designed to be a close approximation . See also ( edit ) Global warming portal Ecology portal Environment portal 4 Degrees and Beyond International Climate Conference Economics of global warming Cap and share Carbon Credit Carbon pricing Carbon offset Congestion pricing Emissions Reduction Currency System Environmental economics Environmental impact of aviation Gasoline tax Hyper - mobile travel Landfill Tax Credit Scheme ( in the UK ) Mitigation of global warming Meat tax The Pigou Club Polluter pays principle Tax horsepower Tax on electricity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Hoeller , P. ; M. Wallin ( 1991 ) . OECD Economic Studies No. 17 , Autumn 1991 . 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Jump up ^ The correct conversion factor is the molar mass of carbon dioxide divided by the molar mass of carbon ( approx. 44 g per mol divided by 12 g per mol ) Jump up ^ Yohe , G.W. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` 20.6. 1 History and present state of aggregate impact estimates '' . In M.L. Parry , ; et al. Perspectives on climate change and sustainability . Climate Change 2007 : Impacts , Adaptation and Vulnerability . Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ Klein , R.J.T. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` 18.4. 2 Consideration of costs and damages avoided and / or benefits gained '' . In M.L. Parry ; et al. Inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation . Climate Change 2007 : Impacts , Adaptation and Vulnerability . Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . 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Jump up ^ Décision n ° 2009 - 599 DC du 29 décembre 2009 French Constitutional Council ( in French ) Jump up ^ Chrisafis , Angelique ( September 10 , 2009 ) . `` Sarkozy Launches Carbon Tax to Help ' Save the Human Race ' '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Evans - Pritchard , Ambrose ( March 23 , 2010 ) . `` France Ditches Carbon Tax as Social Protests Mount '' . The Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ Taxe carbone : comment ça va marcher , The Tribune 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon tax policy in Germany '' . biomassa.de . Jump up ^ IEA ( 2007 ) . `` Energy Policies of IEA Countries -- Ireland - 2007 Review '' . International Energy Agency 's website . p. 154 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ The 2010 budget was delivered in December 2009 Jump up ^ `` Carbon tax of € 15 a tonne announced '' . Inside Ireland . 2009 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ € 1 was equal to US $1.32 as of August 2010 . See : 9 August 2010 , Currency Calculator Jump up ^ Bord Gáis Energy ( 2010 ) . `` Help & Questions -- Home Gas -- Carbon Tax '' . Bord Gáis Energy website . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Revenue . `` Guide to Natural Gas Carbon Tax '' . Revenue : Irish tax and customs . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Harry McGee ( Jan 30 , 2010 ) . `` Producers of biofuels want changes to carbon tax '' . Irish Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Harry McGee ( 2009 - 12 - 12 ) . `` Carbon tax to drive up fuel costs '' . IrishTimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ AOIFE CARR ( 2009 ) . `` Irish household income up 10 % in 2007 '' . IrishTimes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Multy woman among group arguing for aid for elderly '' . Westmeath Examiner. 2010 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Revenue ( 2010 ) . `` Guide to Natural Gas Carbon Tax '' ( PDF ) . Revenue : Irish tax and customs . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . 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Jump up ^ `` Carbon Tax on Packaging ( Netherlands ) '' , June 2009 Jump up ^ development@nestdesign.com , Nest Design Letacek . `` General Information Netherlands - PRO Europe '' . www.pro-e.org . Jump up ^ `` CE Delft '' , 2010 Jump up ^ `` Afvalfonds Verpakkingen '' , 2014 Jump up ^ Gareth W , Osborn . `` Can eco-taxation be effective in reducing carbon emissions ? '' . Professor Tom Tietenberg 's research site . Colby College . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon taxes raised to tackle climate change '' . The Local ( Sweden 's news in English ) . 2007 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ IEA ( 2008 ) . `` Energy Policies of IEA Countries -- Sweden - 2008 Review '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency website . p. 150 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Fouché , Gwladys ( April 29 , 2008 ) . `` Sweden 's carbon - tax solution to climate change puts it top of the green list '' . The Guardian . London . ^ Jump up to : Carlgren , Fredrik ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) . `` GDP - Gross Domestic Product - Ekonomifakta '' . Ekonomifakta.se . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Bill ( 2006 - 02 - 02 ) . `` Why UK petrol prices remain high '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ IEA ( 2005 ) . `` Energy Policies of IEA Countries -- Norway - 2005 Review '' . International Energy Agency 's website . p. 208 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ Annegrete Bruvoll ; Bodil Merethe Larsen ( 2002 ) . `` Greenhouse gas emissions in Norway Do carbon taxes work ? '' ( PDF ) . Statistics Norway , Research Department . p. 28 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ OECD ( 1998 ) . `` Economic / Fiscal Instruments : Taxation ( i.e. , carbon / energy ) Annex I Expert Group on the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change '' ( PDF ) . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development website . p. 94 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : IEA ( 2005 ) . `` Energy Policies of IEA Countries -- Norway - 2005 Review '' . International Energy Agency 's website . p. 204 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Sumner , J , Bird , L , & Smith H ( December 2009 ) . `` Carbon Taxes : A Review of Experience and Policy Design Considerations '' ( PDF ) . National Renewable Energy Laboratory . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Norway : An Emissions Trading Case Study '' ( PDF ) . International Emissions Trading Association . International Emissions Trading Association . May 2015 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Putting a Price on Carbon With A Tax '' ( PDF ) . World Bank . World Bank . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IEA - Norway '' . www.iea.org . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The government 's revenues - Norwegianpetroleum.no - Norwegian Petroleum '' . Norwegian Petroleum . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Norway ` s Fifth National Communication under the Framework Convention on Climate Change - Status report as of December 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Norwegian Ministry of the Environment . Norwegian Ministry of the Environment . December 2009 . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Federal Office for the Environment ( 2010 ) . `` CO tax '' . Agency for the Environment FOEN . p. 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : IEA ( 2008 ) . `` CO Tax on Stationary Fuels '' . International Energy Agency 's website . p. 1 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` convert CHF to dollars - Google Search '' . www.google.com . Jump up ^ IEA ( 2000 ) . `` Implementation of the Law on the Reduction of CO Emissions ( CO Law ) '' . International Energy Agency 's website . p. 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : IEA ( 2007 ) . `` Energy Policies of IEA Countries -- Switzerland '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency 's website . p. 128 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Agency for the Environment FOEN ( 2010 ) . `` Redistribution of CO tax '' . Agency for the Environment FOE . p. 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` convert CHF to dollars - Google Search '' . www.google.com . Jump up ^ European Parliament ( 2008 ) . `` Options and Implications of Linking the EU ETS with other Emissions Trading Schemes '' . European Parliament . p. 30 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Agency for the Environment FOEN ( 2010 ) . `` Companies exceed CO targets in 2009 '' . Federal Office for Environment . p. 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Giles Broom ( 2009 ) . `` Swiss Favour Carbon Tax Over Emissions Trading '' . Swisster . p. 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Agency for the Environment FOEN ( 2010 ) . `` Redistribution of the CO tax : The economy receives some 360 million francs '' . Federal Office for Environment . p. 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ IEA ( 2007 ) . `` Energy Policies of IEA Countries -- Switzerland '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency . p. 128 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Agency for the Environment FOEN ( 2009 ) . `` Switzerland Able to Meet its International Commitments '' . Federal Office for the Environment . p. 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Peter ( 2010 ) . `` United States . Costa Rica : Background and U.S. Relations '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica : Experts warn about the dangers of missing environmental targets '' . Agence France Presse ( PDF ) format = requires url = ( help ) . October 8 , 2009 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/R40593_20100222.pdf Jump up ^ `` Costa Rica aims to win `` carbon neutral '' race `` . Reuters. 2007 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ Bryden , Joan . Liberals cast themselves in leader 's light . Toronto Star . October 20 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bilton , Chris . Green shifting right ? Eye Weekly . January 7 , 2009 Jump up ^ Reid , Scott . The good , the ( mostly ) bad , and the faint signs of hope . The Globe and Mail . December 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Findlay , Martha Hall . After the Green Shift . The Globe and Mail . January 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Case of the Conservatives ' carbon amnesia '' . The Globe And Mail . Jump up ^ `` Quebec to collect nation 's 1st carbon tax '' . Jump up ^ `` Quebec Government to Implement Carbon Tax '' . Jump up ^ `` Where Carbon is Taxed '' . ^ Jump up to : `` B.C. introduces carbon tax '' . CanWest MediaWorks Publications . 22 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 10 November 2012 . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` British Columbia Carbon Tax '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Small Business and Revenue . February 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` B.C. 's Revenue - neutral Carbon Tax '' . Balanced Budget 2008 Backgrounder . Province of British Columbia . 1 July 2008 . Retrieved 5 May 2011 . Jump up ^ CTV News ( 23 June 2008 ) . `` B.C. tax rebate cheques due out this week '' . CTV British Columbia News . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Ahearn , Ashley ( 7 January 2013 ) . `` Talk Of A Carbon Tax In The Northwest '' . EarthFix Oregon Public Broadcasting . Retrieved 9 January 2013 . `` It makes sense , it 's simple , it 's well accepted , '' says Terry Lake , the minister of the environment of British Columbia . ^ Jump up to : `` What is a Carbon Tax ? '' . Government of British Columbia . Retrieved 27 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Beaty , Ross ; Lipsey , Richard ; Elgie , Stewart ( 9 July 2014 ) . `` The shocking truth about B.C. 's carbon tax : It works '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto , Ontario . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` British Columbia 's carbon tax ; The evidence mounts '' . The Economist. 31 July 2014 . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Halstead , Ted ( 16 November 2015 ) . `` The Republican Solution for Climate Change ; Republicans have the ability to offer a market - based solution to climate change , so why are n't they doing it ? '' . The Atlantic . Washington , D.C . Retrieved 10 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Specified Gas Emitters Regulation , Alta Reg 139 / 2007 '' . Retrieved 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alberta 's carbon - tax windfall dilemma '' . Globe And Mail . 9 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Tax Favored By Most Economists '' . Brookings . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` To Spur Innovation , What Price to Put on Oil Sands Carbon ? - Tyee Solutions Society '' . www.tyeesolutions.org . Jump up ^ `` Carbon tax proposal a non-starter in Alberta '' . CBC News . January 8 , 2008 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Go figure -- a carbon tax crafted right here at home '' . The Calgary Herald . March 9 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alberta boosts carbon tax to $20 a tonne starting in 2016 as part of climate change plan '' . 25 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alberta Extends Climate Change Rules , Including $15 Tonne Carbon Levy '' . Huffpost Alberta . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Jeffery ( January 22 , 2010 ) . `` Many Albertans agree : A carbon tax was the best solution '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon levy and rebates '' . www.alberta.ca . Government of Alberta . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Tombe , Trevor . `` Here 's what we know -- and do n't know -- about Alberta 's carbon tax '' . Macleans . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Where Carbon Is Taxed '' . www.carbontax.org . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Tyson , Laura D'Andrea . `` The Myriad Benefits of a Carbon Tax '' . Economix Blog . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon copy '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ CNN , Rene Marsh . `` EPA removes climate change information from website '' . CNN . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Climate Action Plan Tax , City of Boulder , Colorado `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 20 . June 30 , 2010 accessed Aug 5 , 2010 Jump up ^ Kelley , Katie ( 2006 - 11 - 18 ) . `` City Approves ' Carbon Tax ' in Effort to Reduce Gas Emissions '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` How Boulder Taxed its Way to a Climate - Friendlier Future '' . Jump up ^ https://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/app/legacy/documents/Boulder-Carbon-Tax.pdf Jump up ^ Air quality board to fine Bay Area polluters , San Francisco Chronicle , May 22 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` California and AB32 '' . www.carbonshare.org . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Natural Sciences Repository Index 130 '' . Itsgettinghotinhere.org . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Template '' . Washingtonexaminer.com. 2013 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Template '' . Washingtonexaminer.com. 2013 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ http://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/Opinions/Published/101882.P.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/council/resources/files/res/2012/20120710_17-484.pdf Jump up ^ Noah , Timothy ( Nov. 9 , 2006 ) . The GOP Triangulates . Slate . Jump up ^ Gas Tax Now ! First Principles , Greg Mankiw , Fortune , May 24 , 1999 . Jump up ^ The Pigou Club Manifesto , Greg Mankiw , October 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ McMahon , Jeff ( October 12 , 2014 ) . `` What Would Milton Friedman Do About Climate Change ? Tax Carbon '' . Forbes . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Lester . Eco-Economy : Building an Economy for the Earth , Chapter 11 . Tools for Restructuring the Economy : Tax Shifting , Earth Policy Institute ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Brown , Lester . Plan B : Rescuing a Planet Under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble , Chapter 11 . Plan B : Rising to the Challenge : Creating an Honest Market , Earth Policy Institute ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Brown , Lester . World on the Edge : How to Prevent Environmental and Economic Collapse , Earth Policy Institute ( 2011 ) , Preface to Part 3 Jump up ^ `` Economist Paul Volcker says steps to curb global warming would not devastate an economy '' . Associated Press . 2007 - 02 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , James . `` Letter to Obama '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Bone , James ( 2009 - 12 - 03 ) . `` Climate scientist James Hansen hopes the summit will fail '' . Timesonline . London . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Randerson , James ( 2009 - 01 - 02 ) . `` Nasa climate expert makes personal appeal to Obama '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Hansen , James . `` Tell Barack Obama the Truth '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Kloor , Keith ( 2009 - 11 - 26 ) . `` The Eye of the Storm . Nature Reports Climate Change '' . Nature . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Climate group forming in Oklahoma City '' . The Oklahoman. 2012 - 12 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Energy and Enterprise Initiative '' . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Fred Smith Addresses the Topic of Carbon Tax '' . FedEx Multimedia Center . 2009 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Bittle , Scott ; Johnson , Jean . `` The Energy Debate We Should Be Having '' . Forbes . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Makower , Joel ( 2005 - 04 - 08 ) . `` Climate Change : Keeping Up with the Andersons '' . Two Steps forward . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ DeBord , Matthew ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` Elon Musk Just Demanded a Carbon Tax in Paris '' . businessinsider.com . Retrieved 8 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Companies pledging action as leaders set to talk climate Jump up ^ `` De CO2 - taks : onethisch en gevaarlijk ondoeltreffend '' . Jump up ^ unfccc.com . `` Six Oil Majors Say : We Will Act Faster with Stronger Carbon Pricing Open Letter to UN and Governments '' . Jump up ^ Monica Prasad ( 2008 - 03 - 25 ) . `` On Carbon , Tax and Do n't Spend '' . NY Times . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ Tyson , Laura ( June 28 , 2013 ) . `` The Myriad Benefits of a Carbon Tax '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carbon Tax Now '' . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` WEC Statement on I - 732 '' . Washington Environmental Council . October 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , S. ( June 11 , 2008 ) . `` Environmentally Related Taxes and Tradable Permit Systems in Practice '' ( PDF ) . OECD , Environment Directorate , Centre for Tax Policy and Administration . Retrieved August 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memorandum submitted by The Carbon Trust ( ET19 ) '' . Environmental Audit Committee -- Memoranda . Contents : The role of carbon markets in preventing dangerous climate charge . UK Parliament website . March 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ Yujie Lu ; Xinyuan Zhu ; Qingbin Cui ( 2012 ) . `` Effectiveness and equity implications of carbon policies in the United States construction industry '' . Building and Environment . Elsevier Ltd. 49 : 259 -- 269 . doi : 10.1016 / j. buildenv. 2011.10. 002 . Jump up ^ James Hansen . Storms of My Grandchildren Bloomsbury , London 2009 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4088 - 0744 - 6 p 241 . Jump up ^ `` Tax on Carbon Emissions Gains Support '' , Juliet Eilperin and Steven Mufson , The Washington Post , April 1 , 2007 , Page A05 Jump up ^ `` The Power in the Carbon Tax '' , John D. Dingell , Washington Post , page A21 , August 2 , 2007 Jump up ^ Exxon supports carbon tax , Herald News Services , January 09 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Exploring a Carbon Tax for Australia '' , John Humphreys , The Centre for Independent Studies Jump up ^ `` Experts divided on carbon tax '' , Matthew Warren , The Australian , July 17 , 2008 Jump up ^ Tickell , Oliver ( 2009 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Replace Kyoto protocol with global carbon tax , says Yale economist '' . The Guardian , . London . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` We need to start emissions debate '' , John Humphreys , The Australian , Feb 18 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Carbon tax only way to keep planet cool : Hansen '' , AFP , March 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Economy plays key role in B.C. meeting greenhouse gas targets '' , June 28 , 2012 Jump up ^ IEA ( June 16 , 2010 ) Analysis of the Scope of Energy Subsidies and Suggestions for the G - 20 Initiative Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . Jump up ^ Neuhoff , K. ( 2008 ) . `` Tackling Carbon : How to price carbon for climate policy '' ( PDF ) . Electricity Policy Research Group . Retrieved August 30 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberton C. Williams III ; Hal Gordon ; Dallas Burtraw ; Jared C. Carbone ; Richard D. Morgenstern ( 2014 ) . `` The Initial Incidence of a Carbon Tax across Income Groups '' . Resources for the Future . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Burtraw , D. ; et al. ( June 2009 ) . `` The Incidence of U.S. Climate Policy : Alternative Uses of Revenues from a Cap - and - Trade Auction '' ( PDF ) . Resources for the Future . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ekins , P. ; S. Dresner ( 2004 ) . `` Green taxes and charges : Reducing their impact on low - income households '' . Joseph Rowntree Foundation . Retrieved September 4 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Aldy , J. ( 9 August 2007 ) . `` Cap - and - Trade vs. Emission Tax : An Introduction '' . www.climatepolicy.org . ClimatePolicy . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 30 . Cuervo , J. ; V.P. Gandhi ( 1 May 1998 ) . `` Carbon Taxes -- Their Macroeconomic Effects and Prospects for Global Adoption -- A Survey of the Literature . Working Paper No. 98 / 73 '' . International Monetary Fund , Fiscal Affairs Department . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . Dower , R.C. ; M.B. Zimmerman ( August 1992 ) . `` The right climate for carbon taxes : Creating economic incentives to protect the environment '' . World Resources Institute website . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Climate change at the OECD . The Carbon Tax Center Analysis of Proposed Carbon Tax Rates Energy Taxes -- analysis by Global Policy Forum The Case for Charges on Greenhouse Gas Emissions -- Richard Cooper , on behalf of the Harvard Project on International Climate Agreements TACA Association 's website Arguments for an Ecotax . GEMINI - E3 web is a web application which simulates world climate change policies and their impacts at the world level . France 's Example : Understanding France 's Carbon Tax . Global warming and climate change Temperatures Brightness temperature Effective temperature Geologic record Hiatus Historical climatology Instrumental record Paleoclimatology Paleotempestology Proxy data Record of the past 1,000 years Satellite measurements Causes Anthropogenic Attribution of recent climate change Aviation Biofuel Black carbon Carbon dioxide Deforestation Earth 's energy budget Earth 's radiation balance Ecocide Fossil fuel Global dimming Global warming potential Greenhouse effect ( Infrared window ) Greenhouse gases ( Halocarbons ) Land use , land - use change and forestry Radiative forcing Tropospheric ozone Urban heat island Natural Albedo Bond events Climate oscillations Climate sensitivity Cloud forcing Cosmic rays Feedbacks Glaciation Global cooling Milankovitch cycles Ocean variability AMO ENSO IOD PDO Orbital forcing Solar variation Volcanism Models Global climate model History History of climate change science Atmospheric thermodynamics Svante Arrhenius James Hansen Charles David Keeling Opinion and climate change Environmental ethics Media coverage of climate change Public opinion on climate change ( Popular culture ) Scientific opinion on climate change Scientists opposing the mainstream assessment Climate change denial Global warming conspiracy theory By country & region ( Africa Arctic Argentina Australia Bangladesh Belgium Canada China Europe European Union Finland Grenada Japan Luxembourg New Zealand Norway Russia Scotland South Korea Sweden Tuvalu United Kingdom United States ) Politics Clean Power Plan Climate change denial ( Manufactured controversy ) Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) March for Science People 's Climate March United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC / FCCC ) Global climate regime Potential effects and issues General Abrupt climate change Anoxic event Arctic dipole anomaly Arctic haze Arctic methane release Climate change and agriculture Climate change and ecosystems Climate change and poverty Current sea level rise Drought Economics of global warming Effect on plant biodiversity Effects on health Effects on humans Effects on marine mammals Environmental migrant Extinction risk from global warming Fisheries and climate change Forest dieback Industry and society Iris hypothesis Megadrought Ocean acidification Ozone depletion Physical impacts Polar stratospheric cloud Regime shift Retreat of glaciers since 1850 Runaway climate change Season creep Shutdown of thermohaline circulation By country Australia India Nepal ( South Asia ) United States Mitigation Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism Joint Implementation Bali Road Map 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference Governmental European Climate Change Programme G8 Climate Change Roundtable United Kingdom Climate Change Programme Paris Agreement United States withdrawal Regional climate change initiatives in the United States List of climate change initiatives Emissions reduction Carbon credit Carbon - neutral fuel Carbon offset Carbon tax Emissions trading Fossil - fuel phase - out Carbon - free energy Carbon capture and storage Efficient energy use Low - carbon economy Nuclear power Renewable energy Personal Individual action on climate change Simple living Other Carbon dioxide removal Carbon sink Climate change mitigation scenarios Climate engineering Individual and political action on climate change Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation Reforestation Urban reforestation Climate Action Plan Climate action Proposed adaptations Strategies Damming glacial lakes Desalination Drought tolerance Irrigation investment Rainwater storage Sustainable development Weather modification Programmes Avoiding dangerous climate change Land allocation decision support system Glossary of climate change Index of climate change articles Category : Climate change Category : Global warming Portal : Global warming Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carbon_tax&oldid=809009156 '' Categories : Ecotax Environmental law Carbon finance Climate change policy Low - carbon economy Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with French - language external links Pages using citations with format and no URL Pages using web citations with no URL All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with obsolete information from August 2011 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia articles needing style editing from April 2010 All articles needing style editing Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2010 Accuracy disputes from March 2010 All accuracy disputes Talk Article Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Polski Português Slovenščina Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 16 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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which country was the first country to impose carbon tax
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"Finland was the first country in the 1990s to introduce a CO2 tax, initially with few exemptions for specific fuels or sectors.[92] Since then, however, energy taxation has been changed many times and substantially. These changes were related to the opening of the Nordic electricity market. Other Nordic countries exempted energy-intensive industries, and Finnish industries felt disadvantaged by this. Finland did place a border tax on imported electricity, but this was found to be out of line with EU single market legislation. Changes were then made to the carbon tax to partially exclude energy-intensive firms. This had the effect of increasing the costs of reducing CO2 emissions (p. 16)."
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"Finland"
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List of Dragon Ball Z episodes (season 1)
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List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 1 ) - wikipedia List of Dragon Ball Z episodes ( season 1 ) Jump to : navigation , search Dragon Ball Z ( season 1 ) DVD release poster Country of origin Japan No. of episodes 39 Release Original network Fuji Television Original release April 26 , 1989 ( 1989 - 04 - 26 ) -- March 7 , 1990 ( 1990 - 03 - 07 ) Season chronology Next → Season 2 List of Dragon Ball Z episodes The first season of the Dragon Ball Z anime series was directed by Daisuke Nishio and produced by Toei Animation . It contains a single story arc , the Saiyan Saga , which adapts the 17th through the 21st volumes of the Dragon Ball manga series by Akira Toriyama . The series follows the adventures of Goku . The episodes deal with Goku as he learns about his Saiyan heritage and battles Raditz , Nappa , and Vegeta , three other Saiyans who want Goku to join them and help them destroy life on Earth . The season initially ran from April 1989 until March 1990 in Japan on Fuji Television . The season was then licensed for a heavily edited dubbed broadcast by Funimation Entertainment . Their adaptation first ran in September 1996 through September 1997 on FOX , UPN and WB affiliate stations in the United States and Canada . The 39 episodes were cut down to a mere 28 . Their edited adaptation was syndicated to television by Saban Entertainment , and was released by Geneon Entertainment ( then known as Pioneer ) on VHS and DVD in 1999 . Eventually , Geneon Entertainment lost the license to the first 67 episodes and Funimation began redubbing the series for an uncut broadcast . The unedited version was released on DVD in 2005 , but later cancelled and Funimation eventually began releasing season box sets of Dragon Ball Z and they re-released their first season on February 6 , 2007 . In late 2013 , the company re-released the first season box set on the Blu - ray Disc format . In June 2009 , Funimation announced that they would be re-releasing Dragon Ball Z in a new seven volume set called the `` Dragon Boxes '' . Based on the original series masters with frame - by - frame restoration , the first set was released November 10 , 2009 . Two pieces of theme music were used throughout the season . The opening theme , `` Cha - La Head - Cha - La '' , is performed by Hironobu Kageyama and the ending theme , `` Detekoi Tobikiri Zenkai Power ! '' ( で て こい とびきり ZENKAI パワー ! , Detekoi Tobikiri Zenkai Pawā ! , `` Come out , incredible full - force power ! '' ) is performed by Manna . The theme for the original 1996 English dub is `` Rock the Dragon '' , performed by Jeremy Sweet . The uncut English redub from 2005 uses `` Dragon Ball Z Movie theme '' by Mark Menza . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 English dub production 2 Episode list 3 References Development ( edit ) English dub production ( edit ) In 1996 , Funimation began working on their first season of an English dub Dragon Ball Z . The company had previously produced a dub of Dragon Ball 's first 13 episodes and first movie , but when plans for a second season were cancelled due to lower than expected ratings , they partnered with Saban Entertainment ( known at the time for shows such as Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and X-Men ) to distribute their adaption to Fox , UPN and The WB affiliate stations . Heightened exposure from Saban helped ensure a larger audience for the series , which led to Funimation creating a second season . Like the prior Dragon Ball dub , this production used Canadian voice actors from Vancouver , British Columbia . However , this time ADR work was handled by The Ocean Group ( now known as Ocean Productions ) , leading to fans referring to this dub as `` the Ocean dub '' . Funimation also outsourced the role of music to ex-Saban musician Ron Wasserman , who was allowed to compose the background score from his home in Los Angeles , California . The theme song `` Main Title '' ( known by fans as `` Rock the Dragon '' ) was created by Saban Entertainment , with the vocals performed by Jeremy Sweet . In 2004 , Funimation redubbed these episodes , now with their then - current American voice actors from Dallas , Texas . Unlike the 1996 Ocean / Saban co-production , this dub had no episodes or scenes cut out , and no visual censorship ; and while the script was still not based on a translation , they did rewrite it , and even threw in curse words . It featured a new background score by Dallas - based composer Nathan M. Johnson . Episode list ( edit ) No . Initial dub No . Translated title / Original FUNimation dub title ( Funimation 's redub title ) Japanese title Japanese airdate English airdate `` Mini-Goku is an Overprotected Boy ! I Am Gohan . '' / `` The Arrival of Raditz '' ( The New Threat ) `` Mini Gokū wa Obotchama ! Boku Gohan Desu . '' ( ミニ 悟空 はお ぼっ ちゃ ま ! ボク 悟 飯 です . ) April 26 , 1989 September 13 , 1996 June 14 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Five years have passed since Goku 's victory at the 23rd World Martial Arts Tournament . Goku 's son , Gohan , is wandering around the woods outside of his house when a tiger steals his hat . While he 's looking for the tiger , he accidentally falls into a river . Goku , searching for his son , finds his hat . He suddenly sees Gohan floating down a river , but he ca n't reach him in time before he goes over a waterfall . Goku looks up and sees Gohan clinging to a branch , having somehow jumped out of the river . With Gohan safe , they head to Master Roshi 's house . Meanwhile , a mysterious alien has arrived on Earth looking for a man named Kakarrot . With a special device : the Scouter he wears on his head , he searches for high power levels on Earth . He finds Piccolo , whose attack is completely ineffective . The alien is about to devastate Piccolo when he finds a higher power level and flies off . `` The Mightiest Warrior in All of History is Goku 's Older Brother ! '' / `` The Arrival of Raditz '' ( Reunions ) `` Shijō Saikyō no Senshi wa Gokū no Ani Datta ! '' ( 史上 最強 の 戦士 は 悟空 の 兄 だっ た ! ) May 3 , 1989 September 13 , 1996 June 15 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Goku and Gohan arrive at Master Roshi 's island to meet Bulma , Krillin , Master Roshi , and Turtle . Quickly the others notice the difference between Gohan 's behavior and that of Goku as a child . Goku informs his friends that Chi Chi refuses to allow Gohan to fight , instead he studies constantly . The same mysterious alien arrives at the island and reveals himself : he is a Saiyan warrior named Raditz , and he is Goku 's older brother . He also reveals that Goku 's real Saiyan name is Kakarrot . Goku learns that he was sent to destroy all life on Earth , but his memory loss from a terrible fall as a child prevented this outcome . Raditz came to Earth to get Goku to join him and the other two remaining Saiyans , and he wo n't accept a refusal . `` All Right ! This is the Strongest Combo in the World ! '' / `` The World 's Strongest Team '' ( Unlikely Alliance ) `` Yatta ! Kore ga Chijō Saikyō no Konbi Da ! '' ( やっ た ! これが 地上 最強 の コンビ だ ! ) May 10 , 1989 September 20 , 1996 June 16 , 2005 ( re-dub ) In order to get Goku to join him , Raditz kidnaps Gohan and orders Goku to kill 100 Earthlings before the next day . Goku tries to stop him , but not even he could stop his brother 's power . Even though he 's no match for him , Goku will do whatever it takes to save his son . Krillin and Roshi volunteer to join Goku and save Gohan , however Goku refuses . He tells them that once the Eternal Dragon grants a wish , he will not grant it again , hence the two can not be resurrected again . Suddenly , Piccolo appears and proposes that he and Goku team up in order to stop Raditz . He had seen Raditz 's power while the Saiyan was looking for Goku , and he knows that neither of them are a match for this alien . Raditz returns to the location of his landing pod , leaving Gohan imprisoned in it . His Scouter detects a large power level coming from Gohan , but ignores it thinking that it 's malfunctioning . Using the Dragon Radar to find Gohan ( with a Dragon Ball on his hat ) and Raditz , Goku and Piccolo arrive and shed their equipment , boosting their power levels . `` Piccolo 's Trump Card ! Gohan , the Crybaby - kun '' / `` Gohan 's Hidden Powers '' ( Piccolo 's Plan ) `` Pikkoro no Kirifuda ! Gohan wa Nakimushikun '' ( ピッコロ の 切り札 ! 悟 飯 は 泣き むし クン ) May 17 , 1989 September 27 , 1996 June 20 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Goku and Piccolo throw everything they 've got against Raditz , but it seems that even their combined power stops short of Raditz 's own strength . Both get injured and Piccolo even loses an arm . However , Piccolo has an idea that might beat him : the Special Beam Cannon , his newest and most powerful technique . But , he has to power up to make it work . He requires five minutes to gather the strength , and Goku does his best to give him that . Despite the fact that the two drastically raise their power levels with heavy concentration , they do not manage to defeat Raditz using their attacks . Suddenly , Goku does manage to grab Raditz 's tail , instantly weakening him . Raditz surrenders and Goku releases his tail . However , Raditz quickly attacks Goku again elbowing him in the face and crushing his chest . As Raditz prepares to kill Goku , he suddenly picks up an enormous power level coming from Gohan . 5 `` Goku Dies ! There 's Only One Last Chance '' / `` Goku 's Unusual Journey '' ( Gohan 's Rage ) `` Gokū Shisu ! Rasuto Chansu wa Ichido dake '' ( 悟空 死す ! ラスト チャンス は 一度 だけ ) May 24 , 1989 October 4 , 1996 June 21 , 2005 ( re-dub ) As Raditz tortures Goku , Gohan bursts out of Raditz 's spaceship and hurls himself into Raditz with incredible power that stuns and injures the Saiyan . However , Gohan 's power disappears as quickly as it surfaced , leaving him defenseless against his father 's attacker who quickly hits Gohan , knocking him out . Raditz intends to kill Gohan , who he views as the only person capable of defeating him . In a last - ditch effort to save his son , Goku gets Raditz in a hold that leaves both of them open to Piccolo 's Special Beam Cannon . Goku urges Piccolo to use it , even if it costs his own life . Piccolo then starts to wonder whether or not he should use it . Despite Raditz 's pleas for mercy , Piccolo lets loose his attack , which kills both Goku and Raditz . Thinking they 've already won , Piccolo tells Raditz ( who 's slowly dying ) about the Dragon Balls . Once he 's heard everything , Raditz tells Piccolo that his Scouter is also a transmitter and that in one year 's time , two more Saiyans , more powerful than Raditz , will arrive on Earth to avenge his murder . Goku lives to see Bulma , Roshi and Krillin arrive and hear that the unconscious Gohan is alive , but thereafter dies , his body taken by Kami . Far away in another planet , Nappa and Vegeta plan to visit Earth and wish for immortality using the Dragon Balls . 6 `` Even Yama - sama is Surprised -- The Fight Continues in the Next World '' / `` Goku 's Unusual Journey '' ( No Time Like the Present ) `` Enmasama mo Bikkuri -- Ano Yo de Faito '' ( エンマ 様 も ビックリ あの世 で ファイト ) June 7 , 1989 October 4 , 1996 June 22 , 2005 ( re-dub ) To prepare for this threat , Kami takes Goku to the Other World for training with the legendary martial arts master , King Kai . But in order to get to King Kai , first he must cross a treacherous path called Snake Way . Only one person has ever successfully crossed it , King Yemma . King Yemma tells Goku not to fall off Snake Way or he will never return . Goku starts the long journey by flying over the path , until eventually he runs out of energy and must continue on foot . Back on Planet Earth , Piccolo regnerates his arm and decides to take Gohan ( who 's still unconscious ) under his wing , with the hope of tapping into his hidden power . Piccolo awakens the boy and forces him to train using fear . Bulma studies the circuitry of Raditz 's Scouter , and agrees with Master Roshi that Krillin should be the one to tell Chi Chi the recent news of Goku and Gohan . 7 5 `` Survival with Dinosaurs ! Gohan 's Harsh Training '' / `` Gohan 's Metamorphosis '' ( Day 1 ) `` Kyōryū to Sabaibaru ! Gohan no Tsurai Shugyō '' ( 恐竜 と サバイバル ! 悟 飯 の ツライ 修行 ) June 14 , 1989 October 11 , 1996 June 23 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Piccolo leaves Gohan alone in the wilderness for six months so he can learn to take care of himself , just like his father did as a child . Even though there are dangerous animals in the wild , Gohan 's hidden powers help him escape , but also get him stuck on a really tall boulder , from which he ca n't get down . High above , Kami tells Mr. Popo that in a years time , both he and Piccolo will die from unknown causes and that if Piccolo knew this it might have been what caused his slow change of heart towards Gohan . Meanwhile , Krillin tries to break the news about Goku and Gohan to Chi Chi , but is too scared . 8 5 `` A Great Transformation on a Moonlit Night ! The Secret of Gohan 's Power '' / `` Gohan 's Metamorphosis '' ( Gohan Goes Bananas ! ) `` Tsuki no Kagayaku Yoru ni Daihenshin ! Gohan Pawā no Himitsu '' ( 月 の 輝く 夜 に 大 変身 ! 悟 飯 パワー の 秘密 ) June 21 , 1989 October 11 , 1996 June 27 , 2005 ( re-dub ) As Krillin and the others try to find the Dragon Balls after Bulma adjusts the eyepiece for their use . Chi Chi arrives with her father to search for Goku and Gohan , there Master Roshi is forced to tell Chi Chi the truth himself , to which she faints . Yajirobe appears with a task for Krillin : he must bring Yamcha , Tien , and Chiaotzu to Korin Tower in preparation for the Saiyans ' arrival , before he leaves he also tells them that Baba is coming to tell them that Goku wishes to be brought back just before the Saiyans ' arrival . That night , back at the wilderness , Gohan sees the full moon for the first time and goes through the same transformation as his father once did , becoming a giant ape - like creature , known as a Great Ape . Gohan then went on destroying the Earth , unable to control his new monstrous form and power . With no other way to stop the rampaging Gohan , Piccolo is forced to destroy the moon . Gohan reverts to his normal , naked form , and with no moon , the chance of the transformation ever happening again is gone . Just to be safe , Piccolo pulls Gohan 's tail off before giving him new clothes with his symbol on it and a sword . Finally , Piccolo again leaves Gohan by himself . 9 6 `` Sorry , Robot - san -- The Desert of Vanishing Tears '' / `` Gohan Makes a Friend '' ( The Strangest Robot ) `` Gomen ne Robottosan Sabaku ni Kieta Namida . '' ( ゴメン ね ロボット さん 砂漠 に 消え た 涙 . ) June 28 , 1989 October 18 , 1996 June 28 , 2005 ( re-dub ) After waking up from his transformation , Gohan finds his tail gone and a new set of clothes that resemble his father 's gi . But he has no time to figure out what happened , as hungry animals descend upon him . Gohan escapes , but falls into a cave where he finds an ancient Capsule Corp. robot that 's been trapped for over 30 years , and it 's not too pleased about having company . Wanting to escape the cave , he seeks the robot for help , but it 's not interested . However , the robot lets out his soft side and helps Gohan get some mushrooms to eat . Later when Gohan tries to help the robot escape , the cave starts collapsing and the robot helps him , throwing him to safety . 10 6 `` Do n't Cry , Gohan ! His First Fight '' / `` Gohan Makes a Friend '' ( A New Friend ) `` Naku na Gohan ! Hajimete no Tatakai . '' ( 泣く な 悟 飯 ! はじめて の 闘い ) July 5 , 1989 October 18 , 1996 June 29 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Krillin and Bulma find Yamcha and Puar . Krillin tells Yamcha of the important news , and start heading to Korin Tower on the Capsule Corp. ship with the others . As Gohan becomes more like his father in bravery , power , and benevolence , he finds a wounded dinosaur , and aids it in recovering . He then defends it from a hungry predator . 11 7 `` The Saiyans , Mightiest Warriors in the Universe , Awaken ! '' / `` Trouble on Arlia '' ( Terror on Arlia ) `` Uchūichi no Kyōsenshi Saiyajin Mezameru ! '' ( 宇宙 一 の 強 戦士 サイヤ 人 めざめる ! ) July 12 , 1989 October 25 , 1996 June 30 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Goku continues his seemingly endless journey on Snake Way . Deep in space , the Saiyan warriors , Vegeta and Nappa , make a stop on a planet called Arlia and `` become prisoners '' to their tyrant king . When they are called before the king , they break their bonds and kill the guards . The king summons his giant monster on them , but they easily take care of them both . The other Arlians are grateful of the Saiyans for killing their tyrant king . They proclaim that Vegeta and Nappa will always receive a hero 's welcome on Arlia . Despite all of this , Vegeta destroys the entire planet . 12 8 `` Catnap on the Serpentine Road Goku Takes a Tumble '' / `` Home For Infinite Losers '' ( Global Training ) `` Hebi no Michi de Inemuri Gokū ga Okkochiru '' ( 蛇 の 道 で い ねむり 悟空 が 落っこちる ) July 19 , 1989 November 1 , 1996 July 4 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Gohan trains hard in the wilderness , while Piccolo trains himself . Meanwhile , Krillin and Bulma are still trying to find Tien and Chiaotzu so they can begin training with Kami . Unfortunately for Tien and Chiaotzu , Launch is n't very willing to part with her company . 13 8 `` Hands Off ! Yama - sama 's Secret Fruit '' / `` Home For Infinite Losers '' ( Goz and Mez ) `` Te o Dasu na ! Enmasama no Himitsu no Kudamono '' ( 手 を 出す な ! エンマ 様 の 秘密 の 果実 ) July 26 , 1989 November 1 , 1996 July 5 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Goku accidentally falls from Snake Way into Hell , where he finds a fruit tree . Goku is famished , so he tries to take a piece . However , the tree belongs to King Yemma , and the two oni there , Goz and Mez , will do anything it takes to stop Goku from acquiring the fruit . They explain that it is a special fruit that will keep whoever eats it full for a long time . Goz and Mez have their own tests to give . The first was n't very successful ( even though he won ) , but the second was . To their great surprise , Goku wins the race . Frustrated , they direct Goku to a `` shortcut '' back to Snake Way . Goku reveals that he has stolen a piece of fruit from the tree . Unfortunately , this leads back to King Yemma , and Goku must start all over . However , after eating the fruit he is much faster and will not get as tired . 14 9 `` Such Sweet Temptation ! The Snake Princess - sama 's Hospitality '' / `` Princess Snake 's Hospitality '' ( Princess Snake ) '' `` Ama 〜 i Yūwaku ! Hebihimesama no Omotenashi '' ( あま ~ い 誘惑 ! 蛇 姫 さま の おもてなし ) August 2 , 1989 November 8 , 1996 July 6 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Even though Goku has to start all over on Snake Way , he quickly catches up to where he was last thanks to King Yemma 's fruit . He sees a castle in up ahead , and assumes it must belong to King Kai . He enters the castle , only to find out that it belongs to Princess Snake . The Princess finds Goku very attractive , so she does everything she can to keep him there . Goku tries several times to leave , but finally , she is forced to show her true form . In her new , horrible form , she captures Goku , but he is able to break free and continue down Snake Way . 15 10 `` Escape from Piccolo ! Gohan Summons a Storm '' / `` Escape from Piccolo '' ( Dueling Piccolos ) `` Pikkoro kara no Dasshutsu ! Arashi o Yobu Gohan '' ( ピッコロ から の 脱出 ! 嵐 を 呼ぶ 悟 飯 ) August 9 , 1989 September 14 , 1998 July 7 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Piccolo splits himself in half , and the two forms fight each other . Piccolo uses this method to train by himself at a high intensity . Meanwhile , Gohan sleds down a sandy hill . After he crashes , he tries to find a way out of wherever he is to his mother ( he thinks his home is close by ) After coming to the same spot he originally was at first , he realizes , he must be on an island . Brainstorming , he builds a boat , so he can pay a quick visit to his mother , whom he misses . As he drifts on the sea at night , a huge storm is heading Gohan 's way , and he ca n't swim . 16 10 `` Run , Gohan ! Longing for Mount Paozu , Where Chichi is Waiting '' / `` Escape from Piccolo '' ( Plight of the Children ) `` Hashire Gohan ! Chichi no Matsu Natsukashi no Paozu Yama '' ( 走れ 悟 飯 ! チチ の 待つ なつかし の パオズ 山 ) August 16 , 1989 September 14 , 1998 July 11 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Gohan was able to survive the storm , and he washes up on the shore . There he finds a group of orphans living on their own . The adults in the area are trying to capture them and take them to an orphanage . After telling them his goal , Pigero , their leader , designs a plan to get Gohan home , and get all of the orphans to a safe location . The adults come , and Pigero and Gohan are able to defend themselves against the adults , but Pigero suddenly realizes something : the children will be better off at the orphanage . Knowing this , he lets the adults capture the other orphans . He takes Gohan to the woods near his house , and then drives off . Gohan gets within sight of his home , but decides not to go in . He knows how important it is that he train for the Saiyans . Piccolo , hovering above him , sees all of this , and takes Gohan back . 17 11 `` City of No Tomorrow ! The Long Road to Victory '' / `` Showdown in the Past '' ( Pendulum Room Peril ) `` Asu Naki Machi ! Shōri e no Tōi Michinori '' ( 明日 なき 街 ! 勝利 へ の 遠い 道のり ) August 30 , 1989 November 15 , 1996 July 12 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Gohan 's real training is about to begin , as Piccolo trains him in the martial arts . On Kami 's Lookout , Yamcha , Tien , Krillin and Chiaotzu want to get the same training as Goku did . So , Mr. Popo takes them to the Pendulum Room where the past , present , and future intertwine . Krillin and the others use the room and are sent to Planet Vegeta in the past , facing two powerful Saiyan warriors . After a horrifying battle , the Z Fighters continue their training with more motivation . 18 12 `` Last Stop on the Serpentine Road ! Are You Kaio - sama ? '' / `` The End of Snake Way '' ( The End of Snake Way ) `` Shūte 〜 n Hebi no Michi ! Omē Kaiōsama ka ? '' ( 終点 ~ ん 蛇 の 道 ! お め え 界 王様 か ? ) September 6 , 1989 January 3 , 1997 July 13 , 2005 ( re-dub ) After a rough day of training with Piccolo , Gohan rests for the next day . Gohan has a bad dream involving Raditz beating his father , and he suddenly wakes up . Gohan looks up at the moon which has mysteriously reappeared , and overcome by his nightmares of Goku 's death , he losts control of himself and attacks Piccolo , who has arrived to see what 's going on . Piccolo does his best to stop him , but once Gohan grows his tail back and changes into a Great Ape with another gaze at the moon , he was powerless to stop him . Piccolo tries to destroy the moon , but finds that it is a projection from Goku 's old spaceship . Piccolo destroys the ship , reversing the transformation . Meanwhile , after a long trip , Goku finally makes it to King Kai 's planet , and finds a friendly little monkey , whom he believes to be King Kai . 19 13 `` The Battle with Gravity ! Catch Bubbles - kun '' / `` A Fight Against Gravity ... Catch Bubbles ! '' ( Defying Gravity ) `` Jūryoku to no Tatakai ! Baburusukun o Tsukamaero '' ( 重力 と の 戦い ! バブルス 君 を つかまえろ ) September 13 , 1989 January 10 , 1997 July 14 , 2005 ( re-dub ) As Gohan 's training gets harder every day , Goku 's training with King Kai has just begun . He has about 88 days to prepare for the Saiyans . It turns out that the monkey is not King Kai , but it is his pet . His first task is to catch the monkey , whose name is Bubbles , but it 's not going to be easy . The gravity on this tiny planet is 10 times that of Earth , making it hard for Goku to even stand up . Just when Goku is losing hope , he gets inspired after learning that his people withstand different fighting conditions . After three weeks , Goku conquers the gravity and catches Bubbles . 20 14 `` The Saiyan Legend Reborn ! Goku 's Roots '' / `` The Legend of the Saiyans '' ( Goku 's Ancestors ) `` Yomigaeru Saiyajin Densetsu ! Gokū no Rūtsu '' ( よみがえる サイヤ 人 伝説 ! 悟空 の ルーツ ) September 20 , 1989 January 17 , 1997 July 18 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Goku 's next task in King Kai 's training is to hit the grasshopper , Gregory , with a heavy mallet . After a long chase , it seems that Goku ca n't hit Gregory yet . While taking a break , King Kai tells Goku about the Saiyan people . They were a warrior race who shared a planet with the smarter , though weaker , Tuffles . Eventually , the Saiyans overpowered the Tuffles and stole their technology . Willing to stop the Saiyans from destroying Earth , Goku continues his training and manages to hit Gregory . Now King Kai will train Goku himself in the ways of the Kaio - Ken . 21 15 `` Come Forth , Shen Long ! The Saiyans Finally Arrive on Earth '' / `` A Black Day for Planet Earth '' ( Counting Down ) `` Ide yo Shenron ! Saiyajin Tsui ni Chikyū Tōchaku '' ( いでよ 神龍 ! サイヤ 人 ついに 地球 到着 ) September 27 , 1989 January 24 , 1997 July 19 , 2005 ( re-dub ) After 70 days of hard training with King Kai , Goku has gotten much stronger and faster . But , the Saiyans are going to arrive the next day , so Goku speaks to Master Roshi telepathically through King Kai . He asks him to use the Dragon Balls to wish him back . Suddenly , King Kai realizes that he forgot to account for the time it will take Goku to go back down Snake Way . With no time to waste , Goku leaves King Kai 's planet and races down Snake Way . 22 16 `` Unbelievable ! Saibaimen , Born of the Soil '' / `` The Battle Begins ... Goku Where Are You ? '' ( The Darkest Day ) ( ん な バカ な ! 土 から 生まれ た サイバイマン ) October 11 , 1989 February 1 , 1997 July 20 , 2005 ( re-dub ) After a year of space travel , the two Saiyans , Vegeta and Nappa , arrive on Earth . To celebrate their arrival , Nappa completely destroys East City with ease by creating an energy blast . Sensing their power , the Z Fighters mobilize for an attack . The Saiyans search for any large power levels with their scouters , and they head toward Piccolo and Gohan . Just when Krillin shows up to help , the Saiyans also arrive . Piccolo learns that he is a Namekian , because Vegeta recognizes the green skin that is typical of Namekians . Yajirobe knows the threat as well , but instead of stopping them , he is posing as the leader of the earth 's Special Forces to get food . 23 17 `` Yamucha Dies ! The Terror of the Saibaimen '' / `` The Saibamen Strike '' ( Saibamen Attack ! ) `` Yamucha Shisu ! Osoru Beshi Saibaiman '' ( ヤムチャ 死す ! お そる べし サイバイマン ) October 18 , 1989 February 8 , 1997 July 21 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Just to have some fun , Vegeta and Nappa grow some weird creatures , called Saibamen , to test their opponents ' strength . Suddenly , Tien , Chiaotzu , and Yamcha arrive to join the battle . Tien is the first to go up against one of the Saibamen . Thanks to his training , Tien easily beats one of them . Angry at his failure , Vegeta destroys the losing Saibaman . Yamcha is up against the next Saibaman , and it seems he , too , is stronger , but his opponent grabs Yamcha and self - destructs , killing them both . 24 18 `` Farewell Ten - san ! Chaozu 's Suicide Strategy '' / `` Nappa ... The Invincible ? '' ( The Power of Nappa ) `` Sayonara Tensan ! Chaozu no Sutemi no Senpō '' ( さよなら 天 さん ! 餃子 の 捨て身 の 戦法 ) October 25 , 1989 February 15 , 1997 July 25 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Yamcha has been killed by the Saibaman 's surprise explosion . Back at the Kame House , everyone mourns his death , especially Bulma and Puar . Angered by losing him , Krillin fights the remaining Saibamen . He fires a powerful energy attack that completely destroys the remaining Saibamen . However , the real battle is about to begin , because the Saiyan Nappa steps up to fight . Nappa is clearly much stronger than any of them . 25 19 `` Tenshinhan Cries Out ! ! This is My Final Kikoho '' / `` Tien Goes All Out ! ! '' ( Sacrifice ) `` Tenshinhan Zekkyō ! ! Kore ga Saigo no Kikōhō Da '' ( 天津飯 絶叫 ! ! これが 最後 の 気功 砲 だ ) November 1 , 1989 February 22 , 1997 July 26 , 2005 ( re-dub ) As Tien gets beaten up by Nappa , Chiaotzu latches on to Nappa 's back and explodes after a telepathic goodbye to Tien . As the smoke clears , it is discovered Nappa has only been slightly wounded by Chiaotzu 's attack . Piccolo and Krillin do their best against Nappa , but the Saiyan is much too strong for them . Using all the power he has , Tien fires an attack to avenge his fallen friend , but it is still not enough to stop the rampaging Nappa . Even though the attack had no effect , Tien dies of exhaustion claiming that he has failed . 26 19 `` An Intense Three - Hour Delay ! The Kinto Un Bullet - Express '' / `` Tien Goes All Out ! ! '' ( Nappa 's Rampage ) `` Hitasura Matte Sanjikan ! Dangan Hikō no Kintoun '' ( ひたすら 待っ て 3 時間 ! 弾丸 飛行 の 筋斗 雲 ) November 8 , 1989 February 22 , 1997 July 27 , 2005 ( re-dub ) With Tien gone , only Piccolo , Krillin , and Gohan are left to fight , and they begin to wonder when Goku will show up . They tell Vegeta that Goku is far more powerful than any of them , and the Saiyan Prince ca n't resist the thought of a better fight , as he has grown bored of the relatively weak Earthlings . He tells Nappa that they will wait three hours for Goku . But instead of standing around for three hours , Nappa flies around the world destroying everything in his path to kill some time . Goku arrives on Earth , but he is far away from the battlefield . The three hours are up , so Vegeta tells Nappa to continue the fight . 27 20 `` Leave it to Me ! Gohan 's Great Burst of Anger '' / `` Time 's Up ! '' ( Nimbus Speed ) `` Boku ni Makasete ! Gohan - Ikari no Daibakuhatsu '' ( ぼく に まかせ て ! 悟 飯 ・ 怒り の 大 爆発 ) November 22 , 1989 April 12 , 1997 July 28 , 2005 ( re-dub ) As Goku heads toward the battlefield , Piccolo , Krillin , and Gohan devise a plan to stop Nappa : they plan to pull his tail , which will weaken him enough to take him out . As Piccolo grabs Nappa 's tail , Gohan rushes to finish the fight . However , it seems that Nappa and Vegeta have evolved past their weaknesses , and they are no longer crippled when their tail is pulled . With their plan a failure , Nappa begins to pound on Piccolo and Krillin . Only Gohan is left to fight , and the young Saiyan is holding his own against Nappa . Enraged by Gohan 's attack , Nappa fires a blast at Gohan that could finish him off . 28 21 `` Ferocity of the Saiyans ! Kami - sama and Piccolo Both Die '' / `` The Return of Goku '' ( Goku 's Arrival ) `` Saiyajin no Mōi ! Kamisama mo Pikkoro mo Shinda '' ( サイヤ 人 の 猛威 ! 神様 も ピッコロ も 死ん だ ) November 29 , 1989 April 19 , 1997 August 1 , 2005 ( re-dub ) To save his only friend , Piccolo makes the ultimate sacrifice , and dives in front of Gohan to block Nappa 's attack . As Piccolo dies , he tells Gohan that he is his only friend and how sorry he was about going so hard on him during training . With Piccolo dead , Kami and the Dragon Balls are also gone , meaning that no one can be wished back . When all hope seems lost for Earth , Goku finally arrives . After giving Gohan and Krillin a Senzu bean , Goku learns what happened to his friends . Angered , Goku takes out his frustration on the hulking Nappa . 29 22 `` Father is Awesome ! Kaio - ken , the Ultimate Finishing Technique '' / `` Goku Strikes Back '' ( Lesson Number One ) `` Tōsan Sugē ya ! Kyūkyoku no Hissatsuwaza - Kaiōken '' ( 父さん すげ ぇ や ! 究極 の 必殺 技 ・ 界 王 拳 ) December 6 , 1989 April 26 , 1997 August 2 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Goku is able to easily beat Nappa , thanks to King Kai 's training . With a measured power level in the thousands , he is vastly superior to the man who so easily defeated his friends . Goku avenges all of his friends . Having seen enough of the fight , Vegeta orders Nappa to stop and let him fight Goku . To have some more fun , Nappa decides to attack Gohan and Krillin , only to be stopped by Goku 's Kaio - ken attack . Unable to move , Nappa asks Vegeta for help , but the cruel prince does not tolerate weakness . He kills his partner with a sadistic display of power . 30 23 `` A Hot , Unbounded Battle ! Goku vs. Vegeta '' / `` Goku vs. Vegeta ... A Saiyan Duel ! '' ( Goku vs. Vegeta ) `` Genkai o Koeta Atsui Tatakai ! Gokū Tai Bejīta '' ( 限界 を 超え た 熱い 戦い ! 悟空 対 ベジータ ) December 13 , 1989 May 3 , 1997 August 3 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Goku instructs Krillin and Gohan to leave the battlefield , because he does n't want them to get hurt . With no one in their way , Goku and Vegeta begin their fight for the fate of the Earth . Even with Goku using his Kaio - ken technique , Vegeta is still more powerful . Goku has no choice but to try a Kaio - ken x2 , but even with this increase in power , he still ca n't overpower Vegeta . His only choice is to try a Kaio - ken x3 , but the incredible surge in power could destroy his body . 31 23 `` Now , Goku ! A Final Technique with Everything on the Line '' / `` Goku vs. Vegeta ... A Saiyan Duel ! '' ( Saiyan Sized Secret ) `` Ima da Gokū ! Subete o Kaketa Saigo no Ōwaza '' ( いまだ 悟空 ! すべて を 賭け た 最後 の 大 技 ) December 20 , 1989 May 3 , 1997 August 4 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Thanks to the Kaio - ken x3 technique , Goku has the upper hand against Vegeta , but the Saiyan Prince will not give up so easily . He decides that if he ca n't beat Goku , he will destroy the Earth . He flies high up in the air and fires his Galick Gun attack . Goku unleashes the Kamehameha wave , and the two energy blasts meet in midair . Goku and Vegeta pour all of their energy into this attack , and after a long struggle , Vegeta 's blast is pushing Goku 's back , even with Goku using the Kaio - ken x3 attack . With no choice left , Goku uses a Kaio - ken x4 attack , and with the extra power , he is able to blast Vegeta into space . However , Vegeta is able to recover , and he decides to become a Great Ape for his rematch with Goku . The evil Saiyan Prince starts searching for the full moon , but could n't find it ( it 's because the moon was destroyed by Piccolo before the Vegeta and Nappa 's arrival ) . Thinking Goku must have blown up the moon just to prevent him from transforming , Vegeta returns to Earth where Goku is completely spent and claims to have a trick up his sleeve . After telling Goku the origin of how Saiyans transform into Great Apes through Blutz Waves : the power of the moon that reaches 17 million zenos , he creates and launches an artificial moon into the sky . Absorbing the Blutz Waves reflecting from the artificial moon , Vegeta begins to transform into a Great Ape as Goku looked on in horror . Meanwhile , Krillin and Gohan feel the tremendous surge in energy coming from the battlefield , and decide to head back . 32 24 `` Battle Power Times Ten ! ! Vegeta 's Great Metamorphosis '' / `` Vegeta ... Saiyan Style ! '' ( Spirit Bomb Away ! ) `` Sentōryoku Jūbai ! ! Bejīta Daihenshin '' ( 戦闘 力 10 倍 ! ! ベジータ 大 変身 ) January 17 , 1990 May 10 , 1997 August 8 , 2005 ( re-dub ) By creating an artificial moon with a specialized ball of energy completed with Blutz Waves , Vegeta transforms into a Great Ape . But unlike most other Saiyans , he has complete control of himself while in this transformed state . Luckily , Goku has one last attack that could finish Vegeta : the Spirit Bomb . As Gohan and Krillin return to the battlefield , Goku is able to create the bomb . Vegeta , however , is able to prevent Goku from using it . With no energy left , Goku is now at the mercy of Vegeta . 33 25 `` Do n't Die , Father ! ! This is the Depth of Gohan 's Power '' / `` Stop Vegeta Now ! '' ( Hero in the Shadows ) `` Shinanaide Tōsan ! ! Kore ga Gohan no Sokojikara '' ( 死な ない で 父さん ! ! これが 悟 飯 の 底力 ) January 24 , 1990 May 17 , 1997 August 9 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Gohan and Krillin arrive at the battlefield , but have to be quick to save Goku , who is being pounded mercilessly . Krillin devises a plan to stop Vegeta : cut off the Saiyan Prince 's tail . As Krillin prepares to fire the Destructo Disk and Gohan distracts Vegeta . But , the Saiyan Prince is too smart for their tricks , and foils their plot . Suddenly , Yajirobe appears out of nowhere and cuts Vegeta 's tail off . Vegeta reverts to his normal form , but he is still too powerful to be stopped by the remaining Z Fighters . 34 25 `` Shoot , Kuririn ! The Genki Dama , Packed with Hope '' / `` Stop Vegeta Now ! '' ( Krillin 's Offensive ) `` Ute Kuririn ! Negai o Kometa Genkidama '' ( 撃て クリリン ! 願い を こめ た 元気 玉 ) January 31 , 1990 May 17 , 1997 August 10 , 2005 ( re-dub ) As Gohan fights against Vegeta , Goku gives Krillin the part of the Spirit Bomb that he was able to save . As Krillin prepares to unleash the ball , King Kai says not to use his eyes to throw it , but to feel it out . Sensing the right moment , Krillin fires the bomb , but Vegeta is able to dodge it . Goku telepathically communicates with Gohan , telling his son to redirect the blast at Vegeta , who has jumped into the air . Gohan is able to aim it directly at Vegeta , and lands a direct hit . However , Vegeta falls back down to Earth , and recovers from the blast . He blew away the Z Fighters with a giant explosion of energy , but finds that they withstood the blast , separated from each other . Vegeta is about to destroy them one by one starting with Gohan , when he notices in horror that Gohan 's tail has grown back . 35 26 `` Cause a Miracle ! Son Gohan , the Super Saiyan '' / `` The Battle Ends '' ( Mercy ) `` Kiseki o Okose ! Sūpā Saiyajin Son Gohan '' ( 奇跡 を 起こせ ! スーパー サイヤ 人 孫 悟 飯 ) February 7 , 1990 May 24 , 1997 August 11 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Vegeta attempted to rip off Gohan 's tail to prevent him from looking at his artificial moon and transforming , when Yajirobe jumps in and stops him by cutting through his armor with his sword , resulting in a heroic distraction . Gohan recovers , and then on Goku 's telepathic commands , he looks at Vegeta 's moon and transforms into a Great Ape . However , unlike Vegeta , Gohan ca n't control himself in this state . But quickly stopped by Goku and Krillin 's cries for him to defeat Vegeta , Gohan quickly regains some of his consciousness and resumes the fight , pounding on Vegeta . Vegeta is able to cut off Gohan 's tail in midair , but as Gohan falls to Earth , he lands on Vegeta and crushes him before finally reverting to his normal form . Vegeta pulls out his remote and summons his spaceship . As he crawls toward it , Krillin attempts to kill him with Yajirobe 's sword . Goku tells him to stop , and let Vegeta go . His life spared , Vegeta promises the Z Fighters revenge when he will return as he leaves the Earth in his spaceship for good . The battle with Vegeta is over . 36 27 `` We 're Off Into Space ! The Star of Hope is Piccolo 's Homeland '' / `` A New Goal ... Namek '' ( Picking Up the Pieces ) `` Tobidase Uchū e ! Kibō no Hoshi wa Pikkoro no Furusato '' ( 飛び出せ 宇宙 へ ! 希望 の 星 は ピッコロ の 故郷 ) February 14 , 1990 September 13 , 1997 August 15 , 2005 ( re-dub ) The exhausted Goku , Krillin , and Gohan won their battle , and Bulma , Chi Chi , and the others arrive to help their friends . Learning of the death of Yamcha , Chiaotzu , Tien , Piccolo , and Kami , the Z Fighters were upset because without the Dragon Balls the others ca n't be wished back to life again , but Krillin has an idea . He overheard Vegeta saying that it was the Nameks who created the Dragon Balls , so they decide to go to the planet Namek . The only problem is that it will take 4339.2516 years to reach Namek . They decide to use Nappa 's spaceship , because Saiyan spaceships travel much faster . 37 27 `` Mysterious Yunzabit ! The Search for Kami - sama 's Spaceship '' / `` A New Goal ... Namek '' ( Plans for Departure ) `` Nazo no Yunzabitto ! Kamisama no Uchūsen o Sagase '' ( 謎 の ユンザビット ! 神様 の 宇宙 船 を 探せ ) February 21 , 1990 September 13 , 1997 August 16 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Bulma destroys the Saiyan ship by accidentally pressing the self - destruct button on its remote . Mr. Popo arrives , and tells them that he knows of another spaceship . It 's the Namekian ship that Kami used to come to Earth when he was a boy . Hesitant , but willing , Bulma goes with Mr. Popo despite her fear over him . 38 28 `` Blast - off for Planet Namek ! The Terror Awaiting Gohan & Co . '' / `` Journey to Namek '' ( Nursing Wounds ) `` Namekkusei Iki Hasshin ! Gohantachi o Matsu Kyōfu '' ( ナメック 星 行き 発進 ! 悟 飯 たち を 待つ 恐怖 ) February 28 , 1990 September 20 , 1997 August 17 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Because the ship works on voice commands given in the Namekian language , Mr. Popo teaches Bulma a little of the language so she can operate the spaceship . Meanwhile , Goku , Krillin , and Gohan recover from their wounds . Because Goku 's injuries are worse , he has to stay in the hospital after Gohan and Krillin are completely recovered . Gohan and Krillin decide to accompany Bulma on her journey to planet Namek . 39 28 `` Friends or Foes ? Children of the Mysterious Giant Spaceship '' / `` Journey to Namek '' ( Friends or Foes ? ) `` Teki ka Mikata ka ? Nazo no Kyodai Uchūsen no Kodomotachi '' ( 敵 か 味方 か ? 謎 の 巨大 宇宙 船 の 子供 たち ) March 7 , 1990 September 20 , 1997 August 18 , 2005 ( re-dub ) Gohan , Krillin , and Bulma blast off to Namek . On the way , they run into what appears to be an invisible spaceship . They enter the ship , only to discover that it 's full of traps . After getting through what seemed to be all the traps , Bulma , Gohan , and Krillin feast on a table - full of food . They soon figured out that was a mistake after the children with guns holding Bulma hostage came into the picture . Notes The term Oozaru has been changed to Great Ape as it was used in the live - action movie Dragonball Evolution which Akira Toriyama was not involved in and was not mentioned at all in the series , therefore it is non-canon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Funimation Entertainment Announces First U.S. Release of Dragon Box '' ( Press release ) . Funimation . July 20 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2009 . Retrieved August 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Vol. 6 , No. 3 of Animerica magazine Jump up ^ https://variety.com/1996/scene/vpage/saban-to-sell-new-kangaroo-x-men-1117466224/ Jump up ^ Erickson , Hal ( 2005 ) . Television cartoon shows : an illustrated encyclopedia , 1949 through 2003 . McFarland & Co. pp. 283 -- 285 . Jump up ^ http://www.awn.com/mag/issue1.6/articles/schechter1.6.html ^ Jump up to : Dragon Ball Z end credits ( FUNimation / Saban dub , 1996 ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 interview with Ron Wasserman '' . Marvel.com . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' Escape From Piccolo '' Unaired English Dub Episode Played on Cartoon Network `` . Kanzenshuu . ( hide ) Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama Media Manga chapters Dragon Ball Z Dragon Ball episodes Z episodes season 1 5 6 7 8 9 GT episodes Z Kai episodes Super episodes Films and TV specials Video games Soundtracks Characters Goku Bulma Master Roshi Yamcha Krillin Tien Shinhan Piccolo Gohan Vegeta Frieza Trunks Android 17 Android 18 Cell Majin Buu Beerus Zamasu Related Dr. Slump Arale Norimaki List of Dr. Slump characters Neko Majin Episode of Bardock Jaco the Galactic Patrolman Portal Anime and manga portal Dragon Ball portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dragon_Ball_Z_episodes_(season_1)&oldid=835280146 '' Categories : 1989 Japanese television seasons 1990 Japanese television seasons 1996 American television seasons 1997 American television seasons 2005 American television seasons Dragon Ball episode lists Hidden categories : Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Add links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 18 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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how many episodes are in season 1 of dragon ball z
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"\n\nDragon Ball Z (season 1)\n\n\n\nDVD release poster\n\n\n\nCountry of origin\nJapan\n\n\nNo. of episodes\n39\n\n\nRelease\n\n\nOriginal network\nFuji Television\n\n\nOriginal release\nApril 26, 1989 (1989-04-26) – March 7, 1990 (1990-03-07)\n\n\nSeason chronology\n\n\n\n\nNext →\nSeason 2\n\n\n\nList of Dragon Ball Z episodes\n\n"
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Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)
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Yemeni civil war ( 2015 -- present ) - wikipedia Yemeni civil war ( 2015 -- present ) Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Yemeni Civil War . Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 -- present ) Part of the Arab Winter , the Yemeni Crisis and the Iran -- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Military situation in Yemen on 21 May 2018 Controlled by the Supreme Political Council ( Houthis ) Controlled by the Hadi - led government and allies Controlled by Southern Transitional Council Controlled by Ansar al - Sharia and Al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Controlled by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( ISIL ) Controlled by local , non-aligned forces ( For a map of the military situation in Yemen and border areas in Saudi Arabia , see here . ) Date 19 March 2015 -- ongoing ( 3 years , 2 months , 1 week and 3 days ) Location Yemen , southern Saudi Arabia ( spillovers ) Status Ongoing Yemen 's capital city , Sana'a , falls to the Houthis . Saudi - led coalition forces intervene in Yemen to restore the Hadi government . The Hadi government is reestablished in Aden . 2016 -- 18 Yemen cholera outbreak Former president Ali Abdullah Saleh is shot by a Houthi sniper in the Battle of Sana'a , Houthis gain absolute control over all of Sana'a . Aden is captured by Southern Transitional Council forces from pro-Hadi forces . Hadi declares total war on the STC in response . Territorial changes As of May 2016 : AQAP controls 36 % of the country ( 193,000 km2 ) Main belligerents Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces ( until 2017 ) Pro-Houthi security forces , including some Popular Committees Alleged support : ( show ) Iran Hezbollah North Korea Hadi government Pro-Hadi Security forces Al - Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement ( until 2018 ) Pro-Saleh forces , including Republican Guard ( from 2017 ) Saudi - led coalition Saudi Arabia United Arab Emirates Senegal Sudan Qatar ( 2015 -- 17 ) Under 1000 troops : ( show ) Bahrain Egypt Kuwait Jordan Morocco Support : ( show ) United Kingdom France United States NATO Southern Transitional Council ( from 2017 ) Southern Movement Support : ( show ) United Arab Emirates Ansar al - Sharia AQAP ISIL - YP Commanders and leaders Mohamed al - Atifi ( 2016 -- ) Mohammed al - Houthi ( 2015 -- 16 ) Hussein Khairan ( 2015 − 16 ) Abdul - Malik al - Houthi Abu Bakr al - Salami Ali Abdullah Saleh † ( until 2017 ) Casualties ( show ) Ali Raymi † Yahya Hassan Al - Emad † Ahmed Mohsen Ali Al - Harbi † Abdul - Malik Al - Arar † Ali Alzviv † Abdul Razzaq Al - Marwani † Mohammed bin Hilal † Ali bin Ali Al - Jaifi † Abdul - Qader Hilal † Mansoor Mujahed Namran † Ahmad Al - Khatib † Hasan Abdullah Almalsi † Hashim al - Barawi † Abu Hamza al - Houthi † Hassan Yahya al - Sharafi † Abdul - Khaliq al - Houthi ( POW ) Abu Jabar Ahmad al - Houthi ( POW ) Hussain al - Mutawakel ( POW ) Saleh al - Sammad † Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Ali Mohsen ( 2016 -- ) Khaled Bahah ( 2015 -- 16 ) Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh ( 2017 -- ) Tareq Saleh ( 2017 -- ) Saudi - led coalition : King Salman Muhammad bin Salman Khalifa bin Zayed Tamim bin Hamad ( 2015 -- 17 ) Omar al - Bashir Macky Sall Under 1000 troops ( show ) Abdullah II Mohamed VI Sabah Al - Ahmad Al - Jaber Al - Sabah Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa Casualties ( show ) Lt. Gen. Muhammad Al Shaalan † Maj. Gen. Abdulrahman bin Saad al - Shahrani † Brig. Gen. Ibrahim Hamzi † Col. Abdullah al - Sahian † Col. Hassan Ghasoum Ageeli † Lt. Col. Abdullah al - Balwi † Col. Mohammed Ali al - Kitbi † Khalid bin Hamad Al Khalifa ( WIA ) Ali Abdullah Saleh † Mahmoud al - Subaihi ( POW ) Gen. Abd Rabbo Hussein † Gen. Ahmad Seif Al - Yafei † Maj. Gen. Abdul - Rab al - Shadadi † Maj. Gen. Jaafar Mohammed Saad † Brig. Gen. Hameed al - Qushaibi † Cmdr . Jarallah Salhi † Capt . Zafir Mansour Ahmed Al - Turki † Nasir al - Wuhayshi † Qasim al - Raymi Nasser al - Ansi † Ibrahim al - Rubaish † Khalid Batarfi Ibrahim al Qosi Abu Bilal al - Harbi Strength Supreme Political Council : 150,000 -- 200,000 fighters 100 warplanes and 150,000 soldiers ( claim ) 30 warplanes 15 warplanes and 300 troops 15 warplanes 10 warplanes and 1,000 soldiers 6 warplanes 6 warplanes and 1,500 troops 4 warplanes and 6,000 troops 2,100 troops 4 warships and warplanes Academi : 1,800 security contractors Ansar al - Sharia AQAP : 4,000 ISIL : 300 Casualties and losses Unknown Unknown 1,000 + killed ( May 2018 ) 120 soldiers killed 412 soldiers killed 8 soldiers killed 4 soldiers killed 1 soldier killed 15 Academi mercenaries killed ( Dec. 2015 ) 100 -- 800 + killed 8,670 -- 13,600 killed overall in Yemen ( 5,202 + civilians ) 500 killed overall in Saudi Arabia 49,960 wounded overall in Yemen 3,154,572 people displaced Yemeni Crisis Revolution ( 2011 -- 12 ) Sa'dah 1st Sana'a 1st Ta'izz 1st Dammaj AQAP campaign ( 2011 -- 15 ) 1st Zinjibar Dofas 1st Abyan 1st Sana'a Radda ( 2013 ) 2nd Sana'a Rescue operations Rada ' Ibb 3rd Sana'a Houthi rebellion ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2nd Dammaj Amran 2nd Sana'a Houthi takeover Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 -- present ) 1st Shabwah Aden Airport 4th & 5th Sana'a Ma'rib Ad Dali ' Saudi - led intervention 1st Aden 2nd Abyan Lahij Saudi -- Yemeni border conflict 2nd Shabwah 1st Mukalla 2nd Ta'izz Ma'rib missile strike Aden unrest 1st Aden hotel attack 2nd Aden 3rd Aden 4th Aden 5rd Aden 6th Aden 7th & 8th Aden 2nd Zinjibar and Jaar Taiz missile strike Nihm Port Midi Hadramaut 2nd Abyan 3rd Abyan 2nd Mukalla 3rd Mukalla 4th Mukalla Sana'a funeral air raid Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla 3rd Sana'a 2nd Aden Al Hudaydah Masini valley Hajjah Governorate airstrike UAE takeover of Socotra Part of a series on the Yemeni Crisis ( 2011 -- present ) Main topics ( show ) Yemeni Revolution Yemeni presidential election , 2012 Houthi insurgency in Yemen al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen South Yemen insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 -- present ) Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen Background ( show ) History of Yemen Yemeni unification Yemeni peace process The Yemeni Civil War is an ongoing conflict that began in 2015 between two factions , each claiming to constitute the Yemeni government , along with their supporters and allies . Houthi forces controlling the capital Sana'a and allied with forces loyal to the former president Ali Abdullah Saleh have clashed with forces loyal to the government of Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi , based in Aden . Al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula ( AQAP ) and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant have also carried out attacks , with AQAP controlling swathes of territory in the hinterlands , and along stretches of the coast . On 21 March , after taking over Sana'a and the Yemeni government , the Houthi - led Supreme Revolutionary Committee declared a general mobilization to overthrow Hadi and further their control by driving into southern provinces . The Houthi offensive , allied with military forces loyal to Saleh , began on the next day with fighting in Lahj governorate . By 25 March , Lahij fell to the Houthis and they reached the outskirts of Aden , the seat of power for Hadi 's government ; Hadi fled the country the same day . Concurrently , a coalition led by Saudi Arabia launched military operations by using airstrikes to restore the former Yemeni government and the United States provided intelligence and logistical support for the campaign . According to the UN and other sources , from March 2015 to December 2017 , 8,670 -- 13,600 people have been killed in Yemen , including more than 5,200 civilians . The international community has sharply condemned the Saudi Arabian intervention , which has included widespread bombing of civilian areas , and Iranian support for Houthi militants . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Allegations of outside support 2 Timeline 2.1 Conflict begins 2.1. 1 Political developments 2.2 Control of Taiz 2.2. 1 Western Yemen advance 2.3 Southern offensive 2.3. 1 Battle of Dhale 2.3. 2 Fighting in Lahij 2.4 Fighting reaches Aden 2.5 Other campaigns 2.5. 1 Abyan Governorate 2.5. 2 Sana'a Governorate 2.5. 3 Hadhramaut Governorate 2.5. 4 Lahij Governorate 2.5. 5 Shabwah Governorate 2.5. 6 Elsewhere 2.6 Military intervention 2.6. 1 Saudi - led intervention in Yemen 2.6. 2 Arab League 2.6. 3 Drone strikes 2.7 Islamic State presence and operations 2.8 May 2015 truce 2.8. 1 Omani Initiative 2.9 Sabeen square mass demonstration 2.10 2017 2.11 2018 3 Humanitarian situation 3.1 War crime accusations 3.2 Refugees 3.3 Evacuation of foreign nationals from Yemen 3.4 Impact on citizens 3.4. 1 Children and women 3.4. 2 Education 3.4. 3 Residential condition 4 United Nations response 5 Other calls for ceasefire 6 Other developments 7 Environmental impacts 7.1 Water 7.2 Agriculture 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) Main articles : Houthi insurgency in Yemen , Houthi takeover in Yemen , and Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Ansar Allah ( sometimes Anglicised as Ansarullah ) , known popularly as the Houthis , a Zaidi group with its origins in the mountainous Sa'dah Governorate on Yemen 's northern border with Saudi Arabia , began waging a low - level insurgency against the Yemeni government in 2004 . The intensity of the conflict waxed and waned over the course of the 2000s , with multiple peace agreements being negotiated and later disregarded . The Houthi insurgency heated up in 2009 , briefly drawing in neighbouring Saudi Arabia on the side of the Yemeni government , but quieted the following year after a ceasefire was signed . During the early stages of the Yemeni Revolution in 2011 , Houthi leader Abdul - Malik al - Houthi declared the group 's support for demonstrations calling for the resignation of President Ali Abdullah Saleh . Later in the year , as Saleh prepared to leave office , the Houthis laid siege to the Sunni - majority village of Dammaj in northern Yemen , a step toward attaining virtual autonomy for Sa'dah . The Houthis boycotted a single - candidate election in early 2012 meant to give Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi a two - year term of office . They participated in a National Dialogue Conference , but withheld support from a final accord in early 2014 that extended Hadi 's mandate in office for another year . Meanwhile , the conflict between the Houthis and Sunni tribes in northern Yemen spread to other governorates , including the Sana'a Governorate by mid-2014 . After several weeks of street protests against the Hadi administration , which made cuts to fuel subsidies that were unpopular with the group , the Houthis came to blows with Yemen Army forces under the command of General Ali Mohsen al - Ahmar . In a battle that lasted only a few days , Houthi fighters seized control of Sana'a , the Yemeni capital , in September 2014 . The Houthis forced Hadi to negotiate an agreement to end the violence , in which the government resigned and the Houthis gained an unprecedented level of influence over state institutions and politics . In January 2015 , unhappy with a proposal to split the country into six federal regions , Houthi fighters seized the presidential compound in Sana'a . The power play prompted the resignation of President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi and his ministers . The Houthi political leadership then announced the dissolution of parliament and the formation of a Revolutionary Committee to govern the country on 6 February 2015 . On 21 February , one month after Houthi militants confined Hadi to his residence in Sana'a , he slipped out of the capital and traveled to Aden . In a televised address from his hometown , he declared that the Houthi takeover was illegitimate and indicated he remained the constitutional president of Yemen . His predecessor as president , Ali Abdullah Saleh -- who had been widely suspected of aiding the Houthis during their takeover of Sana'a the previous year -- publicly denounced Hadi and called on him to go into exile . Allegations of outside support ( edit ) On April 2015 , National Security Council spokeswoman Bernadette Meehan stated that : `` It remains our assessment that Iran does not exert command and control over the Houthis in Yemen '' The Houthis have long been accused of being proxies for Iran , since they both follow Shia Islam ( although the Iranians are Twelve - Imam Shias and the Houthis are Five - Imam Shias ) . The United States and Saudi Arabia have alleged that the Houthis receive weapons and training from Iran . The Houthis and Iranian government have denied any affiliation . The African nation of Eritrea has also been accused of funneling Iranian material to the Houthis , as well as offering medical care for injured Houthi fighters . The Eritrean government has called the allegations `` groundless '' and said after the outbreak of open hostilities that it views the Yemeni crisis `` as an internal matter '' . The Yemeni government , meanwhile , has enjoyed significant international backing from the United States and Persian Gulf monarchies . U.S. drone strikes were conducted regularly in Yemen during Hadi 's presidency in Sana'a , usually targeting Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula . The United States was also a major supplier of weapons to the Yemeni government , although according to the Pentagon , hundreds of millions of dollars ' worth of that material has gone missing since it was delivered . Saudi Arabia provided financial aid to Yemen until late 2014 , when it suspended it amid the Houthis ' takeover of Sana'a and increasing influence over the Yemeni government . According to Amnesty International , the United Kingdom also supplied weaponry used by Saudi - led coalition to strike targets in Yemen . Timeline ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of the Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 - present ) Conflict begins ( edit ) See also : Battle of Aden Airport and 2015 Sana'a mosque bombings Troops loyal to Hadi clashed with those who refused to recognise his authority in the Battle of Aden Airport on 19 March 2015 . The forces under General Abdul - Hafez al - Saqqaf were defeated , and al - Saqqaf himself reportedly fled toward Sana'a . In apparent retaliation for the routing of al - Saqqaf , warplanes reportedly flown by Houthi pilots bombed Hadi 's compound in Aden . Aden After the 2015 Sana'a mosque bombings on 20 March 2015 , in a televised speech , Abdul - Malik al - Houthi , the leader of the Houthis , said his group 's decision to mobilize for war was `` imperative '' under current circumstances and that Al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and its affiliates -- among whom he counts Hadi -- would be targeted , as opposed to southern Yemen and its citizens . President Hadi declared Aden to be Yemen 's temporary capital while Sana'a remained under Houthi control . Saudi Arabian soldier from the First Airborne Brigade with an Emirati soldier . Also , the same day as the mosque bombings , al - Qaeda militants captured the provincial capital of Lahij , Al Houta District , after killing about 20 soldiers , before being driven out several hours later . Political developments ( edit ) Hadi reiterated in a speech on 21 March that he was the legitimate president of Yemen and declared , `` We will restore security to the country and hoist the flag of Yemen in Sana'a , instead of the Iranian flag . '' He also officially declared Aden to be Yemen 's `` economic and temporary capital '' due to the Houthi occupation of Sana'a , which he pledged would be retaken . In Sana'a , the Houthi Revolutionary Committee appointed Major General Hussein Khairan as Yemen 's new defence minister and placed him in overall command of the military offensive . Control of Taiz ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Taiz ( 2015 -- present ) Houthi forces backed by troops loyal to Saleh entered Taiz , Yemen 's third - largest city , on 22 March and quickly took over its key points . They encountered little resistance , although one protester was shot dead and five more were injured . Western media outlets began to suggest Yemen was sliding into civil war as the Houthis from the north confronted holdouts in the south . Western Yemen advance ( edit ) On 23 March 2015 , Houthi forces advanced towards the strategic Bab - el - Mandeb strait , a vital corridor through which much of the world 's maritime trade passes . The next day , fighters from the group reportedly entered the port of Mocha . On 31 March , Houthi fighters entered a coastal military base on the strait after the 17th Armoured Division of the Yemen Army opened the gates and turned over weapons to them . On 2 April , Mahamoud Ali Youssouf , the foreign minister of Djibouti , said the Houthis placed heavy weapons and fast attack boats on Perim and a smaller island in the Bab - el - Mandeb strait . He warned that the weapons posed `` a big danger '' to his country , commercial shipping traffic , and military vessels . Southern offensive ( edit ) Battle of Dhale ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Dhale Houthi forces seized administrative buildings in Dhale ( or Dali ) amid heavy fighting on 24 March , bringing them closer to Aden . However , Houthi fighters were swiftly dislodged from Ad Dali ' and Kirsh by Hadi - loyal forces . Fighting over Dhale continued even as the Houthis advanced further south and east . On 31 March , Hadi loyalists clashed with the Houthis and army units loyal to Saleh . The next day , a pro-Houthi army brigade was said to have `` disintegrated '' after being pummeled by coalition warplanes in Ad Dali . The commander of the 33rd Brigade reportedly fled , and groups of pro-Houthi troops withdrew to the north . Three Saudi F - 15Cs from 13th Squadron The city reportedly fell into pro-government hands by the end of May . Fighting in Lahij ( edit ) See also : Lahij insurgency In the Lahij Governorate , heavy fighting erupted between Houthis and pro-Hadi fighters on 24 March . The next day , Al Anad Air Base , 60 kilometers from Aden , was captured by the Houthis and their allies . The base had recently been abandoned by United States of America US SOCOM troops . Defence Minister Mahmoud al - Subaihi , one of Hadi 's top lieutenants , was captured by the Houthis in Al Houta and transferred to Sana'a . Houthi fighters also advanced to Dar Saad , a small town , 20 km north of Aden . On 26 March , after clashes erupted in Aden , Hadi loyalists counterattacked as a Saudi - led military intervention got underway . Artillery shelled Al Anad Air Base , forcing some of its Houthi occupants to flee the area . Saudi airstrikes also hit Al Anad . Despite the airstrikes , however , the southern offensive continued . Fighting reaches Aden ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Aden ( 2015 ) In Aden , military officials said militias and military units loyal to Hadi had `` fragmented '' by 25 March , speeding the rebel advance . They said the rebels were fighting Hadi 's troops on five different fronts . Aden International Airport suspended all flights . Fighting reached Aden 's outskirts on 25 March , with pro-Saleh soldiers taking over Aden International Airport and clashes erupting at an army base . Hadi reportedly fled his `` temporary capital '' by boat as the unrest worsened . The next day , he resurfaced in the Saudi capital , Riyadh , where he arrived by plane and was met by Saudi Prince Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud . Over the following days , Houthi and allied army forces encircled Aden and hemmed in Hadi 's holdouts , although they encountered fierce resistance from the embattled president 's loyalists and armed city residents . They began pressing into the city center on 29 March despite coalition airstrikes and shelling from Egyptian Navy warships offshore . On 2 April , the compound that has been used as a temporary presidential palace was taken by the Houthis , and fighting moved into the central Crater and Al Mualla districts . A small contingent of foreign troops were reportedly deployed in Aden by early May , fighting alongside anti-Houthi militiamen in the city . Saudi Arabia denied the presence of ground troops , while Hadi 's government claimed the troops were Yemeni special forces who had received training in the Persian Gulf and were redeployed to fight in Aden . President Hadi meets U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry in Riyadh , Saudi Arabia , 7 May 2015 It is reported that forces loyal to Hadi have recaptured Aden with support from the Saudi Arabian government , this has allowed supplies to finally reach the port city giving civilians well needed aid . Pro-government fighters fully recaptured Aden from Houthi fighters on 21 July in Operation Golden Arrow after months of fighting . At this point , the pro-government fighters had recaptured more than 90 % of the Province of Aden . On 22 July a Saudi military plane landed in Aden international airport filled with relief aid . On 21 July , a UN ship docked in Aden carrying much - needed relief supplies , the first UN vessel to reach the city in four months . Another ship sent by the UAE also delivered medical aid . On 21 July a UAE technical team had arrived to repair the tower and passenger terminal at Aden international airport , heavily damaged in clashes . On 24 July a military plane from the UAE arrived filled with relief aid . On 4 August , Houthi rebels were pushed back from the Al - Anad airbase , by Pro-Hadi forces . On 17 October , Saudi Arabia confirmed the arrival of Sudanese troops into Aden for the purpose of bolstering the Saudi - led coalition . In January 2016 , new conflict began in Aden , with ISIL and AQAP controlling neighborhoods in the city . Other campaigns ( edit ) Abyan Governorate ( edit ) Main article : Abyan campaign ( March -- August 2015 ) The Houthis racked up a series of victories in the Abyan Governorate east of Aden in the days following their entrance into Hadi 's provisional capital , taking control of Shuqrah and Zinjibar on the coast and winning the allegiance of a local army brigade , but they also encountered resistance from both pro-Hadi army brigadiers and al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula militants . The Zinjibar , Jaar recaptured by AQAP on 2 December . In 20 February 2016 the southern Abyan also captured by AQAP linked them with their headquarters in Mukalla . Sana'a Governorate ( edit ) Main article : Nihm Offensive As of February 2016 , loyalist forces have managed to enter Sana'a governorate by capturing the Nihm District killing dozens of Houthi fighters . They continued advance capturing some cities and villages . Hadhramaut Governorate ( edit ) Main articles : Battle of Mukalla ( 2015 ) and Battle of Mukalla ( 2016 ) Al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula took control of Mukalla in the eastern Hadhramaut Governorate on 2 April , driving out soldiers defending the city with mortar fire and springing some 300 inmates from prison , including a local al Qaeda leader . Local tribal fighters aligned with Hadi surrounded and entered Mukalla two days later , retaking parts of the city and clashing with both al - Qaeda militants and army troops . Still , the militants remained in control of about half of the town . In addition , al - Qaeda fighters captured a border post with Saudi Arabia in an attack that killed two soldiers . On 13 April 2015 , Southern militia said they took control of the army base loyal to the Houthis near Balhaf . Mukalla City was recaptured from AQAP in late April 2016 , after UAE and Hadi loyalists troops entered the city , killing some 800 AQAP fighters . Lahij Governorate ( edit ) Main article : Lahij insurgency Although the Houthis took control of Lahij on the road to Aden , resistance continued in the Lahij Governorate . Ambushes and bombings struck Houthi supply lines to the Aden front , with a landmine killing a reported 25 Houthi fighters on their way to Aden on 28 March . Shabwah Governorate ( edit ) Main articles : Shabwah campaign ( March -- August 2015 ) and Shabwah Governorate offensive ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Fighting also centered on the Shabwa Province , in the oil - rich Usaylan region , where Al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula ( AQAP ) and Ansar al - Sharia hold sway . On 29 March , 38 were killed in fighting between the Houthis and Sunni tribesmen . Tribal sources confirmed the death toll , and claimed only eight of them were from their side , with the other 30 either Houthis or their allies from the Yemeni military . On 9 April , the Houthis and their allies seized the provincial capital of Ataq . The takeover was facilitated by local tribal chiefs and security officials . AQAP seized Azzan , and Habban in early February 2016 . Elsewhere ( edit ) In the province of Ma'rib , six members of Sunni tribes were killed during fighting against Houthis on 22 March . The next day , 15 Houthis and 5 tribesmen were killed in clashes in the Al Bayda Governorate . During fighting between Hadi loyalists and Houthi militiamen in Sana'a , the Ethiopian embassy was reportedly struck by shelling on 3 April . The Ethiopian government said the attack appeared to be unintentional . No injuries at the embassy were reported . Armed tribesmen drove off Houthis who had set up a makeshift camp in southern Ibb Governorate and seized their weapons on 7 April . Between 17 and 18 April , at least 30 people were killed when the Houthis and allied army units attacked a pro-Hadi military base in Taiz . The dead included 8 -- 16 pro-Hadi and 14 -- 19 Houthi fighters , as well as three civilians . Another report put the number of dead at 85 . On the morning of 19 April , 10 more Houthi and four pro-Hadi fighters were killed . A pro-Hadi official claimed 150 pro-Houthi and 27 tribal fighters had been killed in fighting in Ma'rib province between 2 and 21 April . On 4 September a Houthi missile hit an ammunition dump at a military base in Ma'rib killing 45 UAE , 10 Saudi and 5 Bahraini soldiers . On 16 October , Houthis and allied forces reportedly seized control of a military base in the town of Mukayris , pushing opponents out of southern Bayda . On 6 January 2016 , Hadi loyalists captured the strategic port of Midi District , but insurgents backed by the Houthi government continued making attacks in and around the city . Military intervention ( edit ) Saudi - led intervention in Yemen ( edit ) Main article : Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen In response to rumours that Saudi Arabia could intervene in Yemen , Houthi commander Ali al - Shami boasted on 24 March 2015 that his forces would invade the larger kingdom and not stop at Mecca , but rather Riyadh . The following evening , Saudi Arabia began a military intervention alongside eight other Arab states and with the logistical support of the United States against the Houthis , bombing positions throughout Sana'a . In a joint statement , the nations of the Gulf Cooperation Council ( with the exception of Oman ) said they decided to intervene against the Houthis in Yemen at the request of Hadi 's government . King Salman of Saudi Arabia declared the Royal Saudi Air Force to be in full control of Yemeni airspace within hours of the operation beginning . The airstrikes were aimed at hindering the Houthis ' advance toward Hadi 's stronghold in southern Yemen . Al Jazeera reported that Mohammed Ali al - Houthi , a Houthi commander appointed in February as President of the Revolutionary Committee , was injured by an airstrike in Sana'a on the first night of the campaign . Reuters reported that planes from Egypt , Morocco , Jordan , Sudan , Kuwait , United Arab Emirates , Qatar , and Bahrain are also taking part in the operation . Iran condemned the Saudi - led airstrikes and urged an immediate end to attacks on Yemen . Saudi Arabia requested that Pakistan commit forces as well , but Pakistan 's parliament officially voted to remain neutral . However , Pakistan agreed to provide support in line with a United Nations Security Council resolution , dispatching warships to enforce an arms embargo against the Houthis . The bombing campaign was officially declared over on 21 April 2015 , with Saudi officials saying they would begin Operation Restoring Hope as a combination of political , diplomatic , and military efforts to end the war . Even still , airstrikes continued against Houthi targets , and fighting in Aden and Ad Dali ' went on . Arab League ( edit ) In Egypt , the Yemeni foreign minister called for an Arab League military intervention against the Houthis . Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al - Sisi floated the idea of a unified military force . The Arab League announced the formation of a unified military force to respond to conflict in Yemen and Libya . Drone strikes ( edit ) See also : Terrorism in Yemen § US air attacks , and List of drone strikes in Yemen Since the mid-2000s , the United States has been carrying out targeted killings of jihadist militants and ideologues in Yemen , although the U.S. government generally does not confirm involvement in specific attacks conducted by unmanned aerial vehicles as a matter of policy . During the civil war in Yemen , drone strikes have continued , targeting wanted leaders of Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula . Ibrahim al - Rubeish and Nasser bin Ali al - Ansi , two leading AQAP figures , were killed by U.S. drone strikes in the vicinity of Mukalla in May . Approximately 240 AQAP militants have been killed by American drone strikes since the civil war began . In 2013 Radhya Al - Mutawakel and Abdelrasheed Al - Faqih , Directors of Mwatana , published a joint report with Open Society Foundation s , detailing evidence of civilian casualties and damage to civilian objects in nine US drone strikes . The report was titled ' Death by Drones ' . Islamic State presence and operations ( edit ) The Islamic State has proclaimed several provinces in Yemen and has urged its adherents to wage war against the Houthi movement , as well as against Zaydis in general . ISIS militants have conducted bombing attacks in various parts of the country , particularly against mosques in Sana'a . On 6 October 2015 , IS militants conducted a series of suicide bombings in Aden that killed 15 soldiers affiliated with the Hadi government and the Saudi - led coalition . The attacks were directed against the al - Qasr hotel , which had been a headquarters for pro-Hadi officials , and also military facilities . Prior to the claim of responsibility by the Islamic State , officials from the UAE attributed the damage to rockets fired by forces loyal to the Houthis and Ali Abdullah Saleh . May 2015 truce ( edit ) Main article : Yemeni crisis reconciliation attempts A five - day ceasefire proposed by Saudi Arabia was accepted by the Houthis and their allies in the military on 10 May 2015 . The ceasefire was intended to allow the delivery of humanitarian aid to the country . The temporary truce began on the night of 12 May to allow the delivery of food , water , medical , and fuel aid throughout the country . On the fourth day of the truce , the fragile peace unraveled as fighting broke out in multiple southern governorates . At least three civilians in Aden and 12 in Taiz were killed on 16 May , despite the ceasefire . Agence France - Presse reported that `` dozens '' were killed in southern Yemen by the clashes , including 26 Houthi and 12 pro-Hadi fighters . Omani initiative ( edit ) Around this same time reports surfaced in the media suggesting that Oman , which is the only Middle Eastern Monarchy not taking part in the coalition and has a border with Yemen , has presented a 7 - point plan to both Iran and Saudi Arabia . Oman has played a vital role as a bridge between Tehran and the West in the past to help in the nuclear negotiations and thus enjoys good relations with Iran as well as its GCC neighbors . It has also been suggested that Oman was responsible to mediate a 24 - hour ceasefire although analysts doubt if Oman can help bring about more rigid negotiations . The following parts constituted the planned initiative : The withdrawal of the Houthis and forces loyal to deposed president Ali Abdullah Saleh from all Yemeni cities and the return of military hardware and munitions seized from the Yemeni Army . The restoration of the president Abd Rabbo Mansour Hadi and the government of Khalid Bahah . Early parliamentary and presidential elections . An agreement signed by all Yemeni parties . The conversion of Ansarullah into a political party . An international aid conference attended by donor states . Yemen entering the Gulf Cooperation Council . Sabeen square mass demonstration ( edit ) On Saturday , 20 August 2016 , Yemeni demonstrated at Satin Sana'a 's Sabeen square , to show support for the Higher Political Council , the Shia Houthi rebel governing body backed by Iran and former Yemeni president Ali Abdullah Saleh . The head of council pledged to form a full government within days . The crowd size was variously placed at tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands . The crowd 's demands were `` quickly rejected by the United Nations and the country 's internationally recognized government . '' Meanwhile , Saudi planes roared above the population and bombed nearby leaving an unknown number of casualties . 2017 ( edit ) On 29 January , the Yakla raid occurred . U.S. Navy SEALs executed a raid , approved over dinner by U.S. President Donald Trump ; the raid caused several civilian casualties , with `` a chain of mishaps and misjudgments '' leading to a 50 - minute shootout that led to the killing of one SEAL , the wounding of three other SEALs , and the deliberate destruction of a $75 million U.S. MV - 22 Osprey aircraft that had been badly damaged on landing . The U.S. government reported that 14 Al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula fighters were killed and acknowledged that `` civilian noncombatants likely were killed '' as well . Human Rights Watch , citing witness statements , reported the death of 14 civilians , including nine children . From 1 to 8 March 2017 , the US conducted 45 airstrikes against AQAP , a record amount of airstrikes conducted against the group by the US in recent history . The airstrikes were reported to have killed hundreds of AQAP militants . On 25 March 2017 a court in the Houthi - controlled Sana'a sentenced Hadi and six other government officials to death in absentia for `` high treason '' in the form of `` incitement and assistance to Saudi Arabia and its allies '' . The sentence was announced by the Houthi - controlled Saba News Agency . In May 2017 , ISIL 's Wilayats in Yemen released their videos , claiming attacks upon both government , Houthi and AQAP targets . One , they recorded their attack upon a Houthi target , then assassinating government troops and tribal members . Then posting their suicide attacks . On July 22 , 2017 , Houthis and forces loyal to Ali Abdullah Saleh launched a retaliation missile ( called Volcano H - 2 ) on Saudi Arabia targeting the oil refineries in the Yanbu Province of Saudi Arabia . Houthis and Ali Saleh media have claimed that the missile hit its target causing a major fire , while Saudi Arabia has claimed that it was due to the extreme heat that caused one of the generators to blow up . On 27 July 2017 , Houthis and forces loyal to Ali Abdullah Saleh launched approximately 4 Volcano 1 missiles at King Fahad Air Base , the Houthis and Saleh said that the missiles had successfully hit their targets , whereas Saudi Arabia said that it was able to shoot down the missiles claiming that the Houthis real goal was to hit Mecca . CNN reported that on 1 October 2017 , a US MQ - 9 Reaper drone was shot down north of Sanaa , the Houthi - controlled Defense Ministry said that it had `` downed '' the drone . Also , sometime in late 2017 , in a gradual escalation of U.S. military action , a group of U.S. Army commandos arrived to seek and destroy Houthi missiles near the Saudi Arabian border . In public statements , the U.S. government has tried to keep secret the extent of its involvement in the conflict since the Houthis pose no direct threat to America . CNN reported that on 16 October 2017 , the US carried out its first airstrikes specifically targeting ISIS - YP , the strikes targeted two ISIS training camps in Al Bayda Governorate . A US Defense official told CNN that there were an estimated 50 fighters at the camps , the Pentagon said in a statement that the camps purpose was to `` train militants to conduct terror attacks using AK - 47s , machine guns , rocket - propelled grenade launchers and endurance training . '' strikes disrupted the organization 's attempts to train new fighters ; the strikes were carried out in cooperation with the government of Yemen . On 2 December 2017 , Ali Abdullah Saleh formally split with the Houthis , calling for a dialogue with Saudi Arabia to end the civil war . Clashes in Saana ensued . On 4 December 2017 , Saleh was attacked and later killed by Houthi fighters while trying to flee Sanaa . Shortly after his death , Saleh 's son , Ahmed Saleh , called for Saleh 's forces to split from the Houthis . On December 7 , 2017 , troops loyal to Hadi captured the strategic coastal town of Al - Khawkhah in western Yemen ( 115 km south of Al Hudaydah ) from the Houthis . It was the first time in 3 years forces loyal to Hadi had entered the Al Hudaydah Governorate . On December 16 , 2017 , troops loyal to Hadi captured the cities of Beihan and Usaylan , officially ending Houthi Presence in any major city that is a part of the Shabwah Governorate . 2018 ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Aden ( 2018 ) The southern separatists represented by the Southern Transitional Council were backing the Hadi government against the Houthis , but tensions erupted in January 2018 with the separatists accusing the government of corruption and discrimination . Gun battles erupted in Aden on 28 January 2018 after the deadline set by the separatists for Hadi to dismiss his cabinet elapsed . Pro-STC forces seized a number of government offices , including the Hadi government 's headquarters . By 30 January , the STC had taken control of most of the city . On 3 March 2018 , fighting between Yemen 's Houthi Ansarullah movement and Saudi - backed troops left over 55 people dead in the Nihm District in Yemen 's north , with many more wounded ; on the same day , fighting between the opposing groups killed at least 25 people along the western coast of Yemen . Also in early March 2018 , Yemeni fighters killed four Saudi `` sharpshooters '' in retaliation for Saudi Arabia 's numerous attacks on Yemen . On 8 March 2018 , the Saudi - led coalition conducted airstrikes across Yemen that left 9 Yemeni civilians ( including women and children ) dead . The following day , Yemen launched an attack on a military site in Jizan . On 2 April 2018 , the Saudi - led coalition bombed a residential housing area in Al Hudaydah , killing at least 14 civilians and wounding nine . On 7 April 2018 , dozens of `` mercenaries '' from Sudan were ambushed and killed by Houthis . The incident led to calls for Sudan to stop fighting in the war in Yemen . On 9 April 2018 , another series of airstrikes by Saudi Arabia killed at least 22 civilians in Yemen , with more injured . A few days later , on April 12 , Saudi Arabia bombed the set of a TV series in western Yemen , killing two people . Another series of airstrikes by Saudi Arabia hit Yemen on April 16 , which left at least six civilians ( including at least one child ) dead , with several others wounded . On 19 April 2018 , another series of Saudi killed at least five civilians and injured several others . In response to Saudi Arabia 's aggression against Yemen , Houthi forces hit a `` mercenary camp '' in Saudi Arabia with artillery and rocket fire ( which killed and wounded some people at the mercenary camp ) , targeted a power plant in the Najran region of Saudi Arabia , and targeted an airport in Jizan . Saudi Arabia later carried out a series of airstrikes in northwestern Sa'ada that destroyed three houses , as well as an aerial attack in southwestern Yemen that left 20 people dead . On 19 April 2018 , two leaders of Al - Qaeda in Yemen were killed on Thursday after a security raid was carried out by Yemeni forces in the province of Abyan . The security sources said that the leaders of al - Qaeda in Yemen , Murad Abdullah Mohammed al - Doubli , nicknamed `` Abu Hamza al - Batani '' and Hassan Baasrei were killed after a raid by security forces in the Al - Qaeda strong hold . Also known as Al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula or AQAP , are primarily active in Yemen . The U.S government believes AQAP to be the most dangerous al - Qaeda brands . On 22 April 2018 , the Saudi - led coalition carried out airstrikes on a wedding in Hajjah , a town in northwestern Yemen ; the airstrikes left at least 33 people dead and 41 wounded . The attack consisted of two missiles that hit several minutes apart . Most of the people killed were women ( including the bride at the wedding ) and children . Ambulances were not able to get to the site of the attack at first , because , as jets were continuing to fly overhead after the attack , there were concerns about further airstrikes . Houthi media outlets announced on 23 April 2018 that a Houthi political leader had been killed in an airstrike by the Saudi - led coalition the previous week . Also on April 23 , an aerial attack by Saudi Arabia in Hajjah killed 18 people and wounded 13 others , while another airstrike by the Saudi - led coalition in Saada killed at least three people and wounded two others . The same day , Yemen announced that it had fired two missiles at an oil facility in Jizan , a Saudi province near the Saudi - Yemeni border . On 25 April 2018 , Yemeni forces destroyed a tank of the Saudi - led coalition on the western coast of Yemen . It was also reported by Yemen 's official news agency that 13 Saudi mercenaries had been killed or wounded in several parts of Yemen . Later in April 2018 , another series of Saudi airstrikes across a period of 24 hours killed at least eight civilians across Yemen , seven of whom were women and children . At least 10 other civilians were injured as a result of the airstrikes . On 6 May 2018 , a Yemeni ballistic missile hit Saudi military positions in Asir . Two Saudi troops were also killed by Yemeni snipers in the Haskul military base in Jizan . At around the same time , Saudi Arabia was bombing various parts of northern Yemen : a Saudi bombing in Sa'ada killed five members of a family , and Saudi air raids in Hudaydah left two civilians killed . Saudi Arabia also bombed Hajjah , which ended up being bombed 10 times over a 24 - hour period . On 7 May 2018 , airstrikes by the Saudi - led coalition hit Yemen 's presidency building . The attack left at least 6 people dead , all of whom were civilians . 30 people were also wounded in the airstrikes . The following day , clashes between the Yemeni army and Saudi - backed forces in Taiz left dozens of militants backed by Saudi Arabia killed , with several others wounded . On 9 May 2018 , Yemeni forces fired ballistic missiles at `` economic targets '' in Riyadh . According to Colonel Aziz Rashed , a military spokesman for the Houthi Ansarullah movement , the missile attack was revenge for Saudi Arabia 's airstrikes on Yemen . On 10 May 2018 , separate Saudi - led airstrikes on Yemeni residential areas killed two entire families . One of the airstrikes , which targeted a house in Sana'a , killed a father , mother , and two children from the same family , as well as two other civilians , in addition to wounding six people ( including three children ) . Also on 10 May , the Yemeni army destroyed two Abrams tanks of the Saudi army and Saudi mercenaries in Jizan . On 11 May 2018 , it was reported that cluster bombs made by the United States were being used by Saudi Arabia on their airstrikes that were targeting civilians . Also on 11 May , the United Nations Human Rights office reported that April had been the deadliest month to date in 2018 in Yemen , with 236 civilian deaths and 238 civilian injuries in April alone ; this was an increase from the 180 civilian casualties in March of that year . On 14 May , Yemen fired a ballistic missile ( that had been domestically manufactured ) at a Saudi Armaco oil facility in Jizan . The Yemeni army , backed by the Houthis , also shot down a Saudi reconnaissance drone in Jizan ( in southwestern Saudi Arabia ) . On 17 May , Yemeni forces fired another ballistic missile at a military base in Lahij , in southwestern Yemen , that was run by Saudi mercenaries . Also on 17 May , Amnesty International said that heavy fighting near Al Hudaydah has displaced tens of thousands of people . It also warned that `` the worst could be yet to come , '' as Saudi - backed militants were advancing towards the Houthi - controlled area . Amnesty International also said that clashes along the western coast of Yemen had displaced around 100,000 people in recent months , with most people from Al Hudaydah Governorate . It added that it was `` a glimpse of what potentially lies in store on a wider scale if the fighting encroaches on the densely populated port city . '' On 18 May , another Yemeni missile was fired into Jizan , in southwestern Saudi Arabia . The missile was reported to have struck Jazan Economic City . Also on 18 May , over a dozen Saudi mercenaries were killed and injured by Yemeni snipers and their allies . On 21 May , Yemeni forces fired a ballistic missile targeting Jizan Airport . Also on 21 May , the Saudi - led coalition launched 11 airstrikes on the Kitaf district of Saada , in northern Yemen . Saudi rockets and artillery shells also hit several border areas , which inflicted heavy causalities on houses and farms of citizens . Further , on the night of 21 May , clashes were reported to have started between forces of the UAE and Qatar in the Taiz province of Yemen . On 22 May , 10 Saudi soldiers and five Saudi commanders were killed in an attempt to restore a series of mountains in Jizan . On 24 May , it was reported that a Yemeni missile targeted a Saudi port in Jizan , at at dawn on 25 May , Yemeni forces fired a ballistic missile at a Saudi military camp in Najran . It was also reported on 25 May that airstrikes by the Saudi - led coalition killed 7 civilians , in addition to injuring some other civilians , in the Taiz and Saada provinces of Yemen . On 26 May , Yemeni forces announced that military drones had bombarded a Saudi airport in Asir for the second time in over a month . The attack led to the suspension of flights to and from the airport . Also on 26 May , a Saudi bulldozer near the Alab border crossing was destroyed by Yemeni artillery fire . Further , also on that day , eight airstrikes by the Saudi - led coalition hit Al Hudaydah Governorate , while another airstrike by the Saudi - led coalition on a gas station in Sana'a killed at least four people and wounded at least 10 others . Also towards the end of May 2018 , dozens of Saudi - led mercenaries were killed and injured along Yemen 's western coast . On 28 May , a Saudi commander and a mercenary were killed in Jizan , and a military vehicle with mercenaries in Najran was destroyed . Humanitarian situation ( edit ) See also : Human rights violations during the Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 - present ) and 2016 -- 17 Yemen cholera outbreak CNN reported on 8 April 2015 that almost 10,160,000 Yemenis were deprived of water , food , and electricity as a result of the conflict . The report also added per sources from UNICEF officials in Yemen that within 15 days , some 100,000 people across the country were dislocated , while Oxfam said that more than 10 million Yemenis did not have enough food to eat , in addition to 850,000 half - starved children . Over 13 million civilians were without access to clean water . A medical aid boat brought 2.5 tonnes of medicine to Aden on 8 April 2015 . A UNICEF plane loaded with 16 tonnes of supplies landed in Sana'a on 10 April . The United Nations announced on 19 April 2015 that Saudi Arabia promised to provide $273.7 million in emergency humanitarian aid to Yemen . The UN appealed for the aid , saying 7.5 million people had been affected by the conflict and many were in need of medical supplies , potable water , food , shelter , and other forms of support . On 12 May 2015 , Oxfam warned that the five days a humanitarian ceasefire was scheduled to last would not be sufficient to fully address Yemen 's humanitarian crisis . It has also been said that the Houthis are collecting a war tax on goods . The political analyst Abdulghani al - Iryani affirmed that this tax is : `` an illegal levy , mostly extortion that is not determined by law and the amount is at the discretion of the field commanders '' . As the war dragged on through the summer and into the fall , things were made far worse when Cyclone Chapala , the equivalent of a category 2 Hurricane , made landfall on 3 November 2015 . According to the NGO Save the Children , the destruction of healthcare facilities and a healthcare system on the brink of collapse as a result of the war will cause an estimated 10,000 preventable child deaths annually . Some 1,219 children have died as a direct result of the conflict thus far . Edward Santiago , the NGO 's Yemen director , asserted in December 2016 : Even before the war tens of thousands of Yemeni children were dying of preventable causes . But now , the situation is much worse and an estimated 1,000 children are dying every week from preventable killers like diarrhoea , malnutrition and respiratory tract infections . On March 2017 , the World Food Program reported that while Yemen is not yet in a full - blown famine , 60 % of Yemenis , or 17 million people , are in `` crisis '' or `` emergency '' food situations . In June 2017 a cholera epidemic resurfaced which was reported to be killing a person an hour in Yemen by mid June . News reports in mid June stated that there had been 124,000 cases and 900 deaths and that 20 of the 22 provinces in Yemen were affected at that time . UNICEF and WHO estimated that , by 24 June 2017 , the total cases in the country exceeded 200,000 , with 1,300 deaths . War crime accusations ( edit ) Destroyed house in the south of Sanaa , 13 June 2015 According to Farea Al - Muslim , direct war crimes have been committed during the conflict ; for example , an IDP camp was hit by a Saudi airstrike , while Houthis have sometimes prevented aid workers from giving aid . The UN and several major human rights groups discussed the possibility that war crimes may have been committed by Saudi Arabia during the air campaign . Human Rights Watch ( HRW ) wrote that the Saudi - led air campaign that began on 26 March 2015 , had `` conducted airstrikes in apparent violation of the laws of war , such as the March 30 attack on a displaced persons camp in Mazraq , northern Yemen , that struck a medical facility and a market '' . HRW also said that the Houthis had `` unlawfully deployed forces in densely populated areas and used excessive force against peaceful protesters and journalists '' . In addition , HRW said that by providing logistical and intelligence assistance to coalition forces , `` the United States may have become a party to the conflict , creating obligations under the laws of war '' . Other incidents noted by HRW that had been deemed as `` indiscriminate or disproportionate '' or `` in violation of the laws of war '' were : a strike on a dairy factory outside the Red Sea port of Hodaida ( 31 civilian deaths ) ; a strike that destroyed a humanitarian aid warehouse of the international aid organization Oxfam in Saada ; the Saudi Arabia - led coalition 's blockade of Yemen which kept out fuel desperately needed for the Yemeni population 's survival . Amnesty International said that several Saudi Arabian -- led airstrikes , documented by it , hit five densely populated areas ( Sa'dah , Sana'a , Hodeidah , Hajjah and Ibb ) , and `` raise concerns about compliance with the rules of international humanitarian law '' . Amnesty International added , that according to its research , at least 139 people , including at least 97 civilians ( 33 of whom were children ) were killed during these strikes , and 460 individuals were injured ( at least 157 whom are civilians ) . HRW also said that pro-Houthi fighters may have committed war crimes when two women were killed in Yemen and aid workers were arrested for two weeks . U.N. Humanitarian Coordinator for Yemen , Johannes van der Klaauw , said that air strikes by the Saudi - led coalition on Sa'ada city in Yemen , where many civilians were trapped , were in breach of international humanitarian law , despite calls for civilians to leave the area . Scores of civilians were reportedly killed and thousands forced to flee their homes after the Saudi - led coalition declared the entire governorate a military target , he said . Van der Klaauw also said that coalition strikes had targeted schools and hospitals , in breach of international law , Yemeni capital Sanaa after airstrikes , 9 October 2015 A group of 17 aid agencies working in Yemen condemned the growing intensity of airstrikes in the north of Yemen on 8 and 9 May 2015 . Save the Children 's Country Director in Yemen , Edward Santiago , said that the `` indiscriminate attacks after the dropping of leaflets urging civilians to leave Sa'ada raises concerns about the possible pattern being established in breach of International Humanitarian Law '' . Euro - Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor has claimed that Houthi militias in alliance with the militants of exiled former president Ali Abdullah Saleh killed purposely at least 22 civilians in Taiz . According to eyewitnesses , the militants launched Katyusha rockets targeting the markets and residential neighbourhoods in the center of Taiz . As a result , many civilians were killed and wounded . On the other hand , local media belonging to Houthi militias have denied such accusation , accusing Saudi and ISIS for committing these attacks . In December 2015 , HRW claimed that six `` unlawful airstrikes '' were carried out in the capital by the Saudi - led coalition in September and October , which killed 60 civilians . They also criticized the United States , a party to the conflict , for refusing to investigate the attacks . In January 2016 , local sources in the Yemeni capital of Sana'a reported that a Saudi - led coalition airstrike targeted the Noor Center for the Blind . On 8 October 2016 , a Saudi - led airstrike on a funeral ceremony that killed roughly 100 people and injured 500 , including children . HRW is calling the attack an apparent war crime . In November 2017 , U.S. Senator Chris Murphy accused the United States of complicity in war crimes and the humanitarian crisis on the Senate floor , stating `` there is a humanitarian catastrophe inside this country -- that very few people in this nation can locate on a map -- of absolutely epic proportion . This humanitarian catastrophe -- this famine ... is caused , in part , by the actions of the United States of America . '' Refugees ( edit ) Djibouti , a small country in the Horn of Africa across the Bab - el - Mandeb strait from Yemen , has received an influx of refugees since the start of the campaign . Refugees also fled from Yemen to Somalia , arriving by sea in Somaliland and Puntland starting 28 March . On 16 April 2015 , 2,695 refugees of 48 nationalities were reported to have fled to Oman in the past two weeks . According to Asyam Hafizh , an Indonesian student who was studying in Yemen , Al - Qaeda of Yemen has rescued at least 89 Indonesian civilians which trapped in the conflict . Later on he arrived in Indonesia and he told his story to local Media United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) reported in August 2015 that a total of almost 100,000 people fled Yemen , especially to regional countries , like Saudi Arabia and Djibouti . In September 2016 , UNHCR estimated displacement of 2.4 million Yemenis within the country and 120,000 seeking asylum . Evacuation of foreign nationals from Yemen ( edit ) See also : Evacuation of Pakistani citizens during the Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 ) and Operation Raahat ( India ) Registration of Indian citizens evacuating from Yemen in March , 2015 The Royal Saudi Navy evacuated diplomats and United Nations staff from Aden to Jeddah on 28 March 2015 . Pakistan dispatched two special PIA flights to evacuate some 500 stranded Pakistanis on 29 March 2015 . Several UN staff members and Arab diplomats were also evacuated following the airstrikes . The Indian government responded by deploying ships and planes to Yemen to evacuate stranded Indians . India began evacuating its citizens on 2 April by sea . An air evacuation of Indian nationals from Sana'a to Djibouti started on 3 April , after the Indian government obtained permission to land two Airbus A320s at the airport . The Indian Armed Forces carried out rescue operation codenamed Operation Raahat and evacuated more than 4640 overseas Indians in Yemen along with 960 foreign nationals of 41 countries . The air evacuation ended on 9 April 2015 while the evacuation by sea ended on 11 April 2015 . The United States has assets in the region , but through its Yemen diplomatic mission website , instructed its citizens to evacuate using Indian assistance . A Chinese missile frigate docked in Aden on 29 March to evacuate Chinese nationals from Yemen . The ship reportedly deployed soldiers ashore on 2 April to guard the evacuation of civilians from the city . Hundreds of Chinese and other foreign nationals were safely evacuated aboard the frigate in the first operation of its kind carried out by the Chinese military . The Philippines have announced that 240 Filipinos were evacuated across the Saudi border to Jizan , before boarding flights to Riyadh and then to Manila . The Malaysian government have deployed two Royal Malaysian Air Force C - 130 aircraft to evacuate their citizens . On 15 April , around 600 people have been evacuated by Malaysia which also comprising other Southeast Asian countries citizens such as 85 Indonesians , 9 Cambodians , 3 Thais and 2 Vietnamese . The Ethiopian Foreign Ministry said it would airlift its citizens out of Yemen if they requested to be evacuated . There were reportedly more than 50,000 Ethiopian nationals living and working in Yemen at the outbreak of hostilities . More than 3,000 Ethiopians registered to evacuate from Yemen , and as of 17 April , the Ethiopian Foreign Ministry had confirmed 200 evacuees to date . Throughout April , Russian military forces evacuated more than 1,000 people of various nationalities , including Russian citizens , to the Chkalovsky Airport , a military air base . Impact on citizens ( edit ) Children and women ( edit ) Yemeni refugee female and children are extremely susceptible to smuggling and human trafficking . NGOs report that vulnerable populations in Yemen were at increased risk for human trafficking in 2015 because of ongoing armed conflict , civil unrest , and lawlessness . Migrant workers from the Somalia who remained in Yemen during this period suffered from increased violence , and women and children became most vulnerable to human trafficking . Prostitution on women and child sex workers is social issue in Yemen . Citizens of other gulf states are beginning to be drawn into the sex tourism industry . The poorest people in Yemen work locally and children are commonly sold as sex slaves abroad . While this issue is worsening , the plight of Somali 's in Yemen has been ignored by the government . Children are recruited between the ages of 13 and 17 , and as young as 10 years old into armed forces despite a law against it in 1991 . The rate of militant recruitment in Yemen increases exponentially . According to an international organization , between 26 March and 24 April 2015 , armed groups recruited at least 140 children . Both the Saudi - led coalition and the Houthis were blacklisted by the UN over the deaths of children during the war . In 2016 Saudi Arabia was removed from the list after alleged pressure from gulf countries who threatened to withdraw hundreds of millions of dollars in assistance to the UN , the decision was criticized by Human rights groups and the coalition added again in 2017 and was accused of killing or injuring 683 children , and attacking many of schools and hospitals in 38 confirmed attacks , while the Houthis were accused of being responsible for 414 child casualties in 2016 . Education ( edit ) The civil war in Yemen severely impacted and degraded the country 's education system . The number of children who are out of school increased to 1.8 million in 2015 -- 2016 out of more than 5 million registered students according to the 2013 statistics released by the Ministry of Education . Moreover , 3600 schools are directly affected ; 68 schools are occupied by armed groups , 248 schools have severe structural damage , and 270 are used to house refugees . The Yemen government has not been able to improve this situation due to limited authority and manpower . Some of the education system 's problems include : not enough financial resources to operate schools and salaries of the teachers , not enough materials to reconstruct damaged schools , and lack of machinery to print textbooks and provide school supplies . These are caused by the unstable government that can not offer enough financial support since many schools are either damaged or used for other purposes . Due to warfare and destruction of schools , the education ministry , fortunately , was able to send teams to oversee primary and secondary schools ' final exam in order to give students 15 - 16 school year certificates . Currently , the UNICEF is raising money to support students and fix schools damaged by armed conflicts . Residential condition ( edit ) The Yemeni quality of life is affected by the civil war and people have suffered enormous hardships . Although mines are banned by the government , the Houthi forces have placed anti-personnel mines in many parts of Yemen including Aden . Thousands of civilians are injured when they accidentally step on mines ; many lose their legs and injure their eyes . In addition , the nine - country coalition led by Saudi Arabia launched several airstrikes against the Houthi forces . However , strikes between 2015 and 2016 killed more than 1920 civilians and destroyed much civilian infrastructure for good and food production , storage , and distribution . Factories have ceased production and thousands of people have lost their job . Due to decreased production , food , medicines , and other consumer staples have become scarce . The prices of these goods have gone up and civilians can no longer afford them for sustenance . United Nations response ( edit ) The United Nations representative Baroness Amos , Under - Secretary - General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator , said on 2 April that she was `` extremely concerned '' about the fate of civilians trapped in fierce fighting , after aid agencies reported 519 people killed and 1,700 injured in two weeks . The UN children 's agency reported 62 children killed and 30 injured and also children being recruited as soldiers . Russia called for `` humanitarian pauses '' in the coalition bombing campaign , bringing the idea before the United Nations Security Council in a 4 April emergency meeting . However , Saudi Arabia 's ambassador to the United Nations questioned whether humanitarian pauses would be the best way of delivering humanitarian assistance . On 14 April , the United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution placing sanctions on Abdul - Malik al - Houthi and Ahmed Ali Saleh , establishing an arms embargo on the Houthis , and calling on the Houthis to quit Sana'a and other areas they seized . The Houthis condemned the UN resolution and called for mass protests . Jamal Benomar , the UN envoy to Yemen who brokered the deal that ended Ali Abdullah Saleh 's presidency during the 2011 -- 12 revolution , resigned on 15 April . Mauritanian diplomat Ismail Ould Cheikh Ahmed , formerly the head of the UN 's Ebola response mission , was confirmed as the new UN Envoy to Yemen on 25 April . The Panel of Experts on Yemen mandated by the Security Council , UN submitted a 329 - page report to the latter 's President on 26 January 2018 denouncing the UAE , the Yemeni government and the Houthi Rebels for torturing civilians in the Yemeni conflict . Other calls for ceasefire ( edit ) Main article : Yemeni crisis reconciliation attempts On 4 April , the International Committee of the Red Cross called for a 24 - hour ceasefire to deliver aid and supplies after the Saudi - led coalition blocked three aid shipments to Yemen . On 5 April , Reuters quoted a Houthi leader as saying the group would be willing to sit down for peace talks if the airstrikes stopped and a neutral party acted as mediator . On 7 April , China added its support of a ceasefire in Yemen , following an appeal by the ICRC and Russia for a humanitarian pause . Despite Saudi Arabia asking for Pakistan 's support to join the coalition , the Pakistan government has also called for a ceasefire in order to help negotiate a diplomatic solution . Alongside Turkey , Pakistan has taken initiatives to arrange a ceasefire in Yemen . Analysis written in U.S. News , Pakistan 's strategic calculations firmly believes that if the Saudis enter into a ground war in Yemen -- with or without Pakistani military -- it will become a stalemate ; therefore , Pakistan is increasing its efforts to potentially help engineer a face - saving solution to achieve a ceasefire and end the war . On 12 April , Saudi Arabia rejected Iran 's request about a ceasefire in Yemen . Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud al - Faisal said in the Saudi capital , Riyadh , at a news conference with his French counterpart Laurent Fabius , that `` Saudi Arabia is a responsible for establishing legitimate government in Yemen and Iran should not interfere . '' Australia called for the ceasefire in Yemen , because of the civilian casualties numbers . On 16 April , Secretary - General Ban Ki - moon requested an immediate ceasefire in Yemen . Also he said all parties must stop war as soon as possible . Iranian foreign minister Mohammad Javad Zarif submitted four - point Yemen peace plan to United Nations . In this letter he pointed to enormous civilian casualties and destruction of civilian infrastructure . He said the only way to stop the war is to require that Yemeni parties form a national unity government without any foreign military intervention . Furthermore , since 21 April 2016 , peace talks have started in Kuwait at the Bayan Palace . In June 2015 , a solution to ending the Saudi intervention in Yemen sought the participation of a Yemeni delegation to the Geneva peace talks ; the delegation came under attack in the Geneva peace talks . In 10 April 2016 , cease fire agreement reached in Yemen , after months of negotiation , but peace talks were suspended on 6 August . Second Yemeni ceasefire attempt on 21 November 2016 , collapsed within 48 hours . Other developments ( edit ) Armed Houthis ransacked Al Jazeera 's news bureau in Sana'a on 27 March 2015 , amid Qatar 's participation in the military intervention against the group . The Qatar - based news channel condemned the attack on its bureau . On 28 March , Ali Abdullah Saleh stated neither he nor anyone in his family would run for president , despite recent campaigning by his supporters for his son Ahmed to seek the presidency . He also called on Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi to step down as president and said new elections should be held . Rumours about Saleh 's whereabouts have swirled during the conflict . Foreign Minister Riyad Yassin , a Hadi loyalist , claimed on 4 April that Saleh left Yemen aboard a Russian aircraft evacuating foreign nationals from Sana'a International Airport . Later in the month , Saleh reportedly asked the Saudi - led coalition for a `` safe exit '' for himself and his family , but the request was turned down . King Salman reshuffled the Saudi cabinet on 28 April , removing Prince Muqrin as his designated successor . The Saudi royal palace said Muqrin had asked to step down , without giving a reason , but media speculation was that Muqrin did not demonstrate sufficient support for the Saudi - led military campaign in Yemen . A spokesman for Yemen 's exiled government told Reuters on 29 April that the country would officially seek membership in the Gulf Cooperation Council . Media reports have noted that the civil war has reached nearly all of Yemen , with one notable exception being the remote Indian Ocean archipelago of Socotra , where the war spread due to the South Yemeni insurgency in 2017 . Environmental impacts ( edit ) Water ( edit ) Water availability in Yemen has decreased . Water scarcity with an intrinsic geographical formation in highlands and limited capital to build water infrastructures and provision service caused a catastrophic water shortage in Yemen . In a vicious circulation of dehydration between climate change , the water recharge into aquifers is decreasing and salt water intrusion is increasing . After the civil war began in 2015 , the water buckets were destroyed significantly and price of water highly increased . Storing water has demolished by war and supply chains have been occupied by military personnel , which makes the delivery of water far more difficult . In 2015 , over 15 million people need healthcare and over 20 million need clean water and sanitation -- an increase of 52 percent since the intervention , but the government agencies can not afford to deliver clean water to displaced Yemeni citizens . Agriculture ( edit ) The Yemen civil war has resulted in a severe lack of food and vegetation . Agricultural production in the country has suffered substantially leaving Yemen to face the threat of Famine . Yemen is currently under blockade by land , sea and air which has disrupted the delivery of many of the countries resources . In country where 90 % of the food requirements are met through imports this blockade has had serious consequences concerning the availability of food to its citizens . It is reported that out of the population of 24 million in Yemen , everyday 13 million are going hungry and 6 million are at risk of starvation . Contributing to this scarcity in food is the deliberate attack on the country 's agricultural resources . According to reports there is strong evidence suggesting that Yemen 's agricultural sector is being deliberately destroyed , exacerbating the food shortage and leaving the country dependent solely on imports to meet the food requirements of its citizens . See also ( edit ) Famine in Yemen Yemen cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals in Yemen Arab Spring Arab Winter Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen Conflict in Najran , Jizan and Asir al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Volcano 1 Volcano H - 2 Iraqi insurgency Iraqi Civil War Second Libyan Civil War Syrian Civil War Spillover of the Syrian Civil War List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eleonora Ardemagni ( 19 March 2018 ) . `` Yemen 's Military : From the Tribal Army to the Warlords '' . IPSI . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ See : `` Exclusive : Iran Steps up Support for Houthis in Yemen 's War -- Sources '' . U.S. News & World Report . 21 March 2017 . Archived from the original on 22 March 2017 . Retrieved 30 March 2017 . `` Arab coalition intercepts Houthi ballistic missile targeting Saudi city of Jazan '' . english.alarabiya.net . Al Arabiya. 20 March 2017 . 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( ( cite web url = https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-10-14/us-involvement-yemen-war-just-got-deeper title = Canadian involvement in the Yemen war just got deeper Public Radio International website = Pri.org date = 2016 - 10 - 14 accessdate = 2017 - 07 - 14 deadurl = no archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170731161832/https://www.pri.org/stories/2016-10-14/us-involvement-yemen-war-just-got-deeper archivedate = 31 July 2017 df = dmy - all ) ) Kube , Courtney . `` Canadian Officials : Iran Supplying Weapons to Yemen 's Houthi Rebels '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on 25 July 2017 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ McFadden , Cynthia . `` Yemen Raid Had Secret Target : Al Qaeda Leader Qassim Al - Rimi '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on 10 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What is going on in southern Yemen ? '' . Al Jazeera. 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . 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Jump up ^ Aboudi , Sami ; Browning , Noah . `` Exiled son of Yemen 's Saleh takes up anti-Houthi cause '' . Reuters . Reuters . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . External links ( edit ) External video The US may be aiding war crimes in Yemen on YouTube Demystifying Yemen 's Conflict ( Midwest Diplomacy ) Yemen and the Huthis : Genesis of the 2015 Crisis ( Asian Affairs Journal ) Timeline : Yemen ( BBC ) As Saudis Block a Human Rights Inquiry in Yemen , America Stays Quiet . Vice . 1 October 2015 . Yemen : Coalition Bombs Homes in Capital . Human Rights Watch . 21 December 2015 . The United States May Be Guilty of War Crimes in Yemen . The Nation . November 2016 . Tomgram : Rebecca Gordon , Yet Another Undeclared U.S. War ( December 2016 ) , TomDispatch.com Yemen : Civil War and Regional Intervention Congressional Research Service Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 -- present ) Timeline of the Yemeni Civil War Part of the Yemeni Crisis ( 2011 -- present ) Background Houthi insurgency in Yemen Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sana'a ( 2014 ) Battles and attacks Shabwah Governorate offensive ( 2014 -- present ) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sana'a mosque bombings Ma'rib Campaign Battle of Dhale Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen Battle of Aden ( 2015 ) Abyan campaign ( March -- August 2015 ) Lahij insurgency Saudi -- Yemeni border conflict ( 2015 -- present ) Shabwah campaign ( March -- August 2015 ) Battle of Mukalla ( 2015 ) Battle of Taiz ( 2015 -- present ) September 2015 Ma'rib Toshka missile attack Aden unrest ( 2015 -- present ) October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings Zinjibar and Jaar December 2015 Taiz missile attack Nihm Offensive Battle of Port Midi Hadramaut Insurgency Southern Abyan Offensive ( 2016 ) Abyan conflict ( 2016 - 2017 ) Battle of Mukalla ( 2016 ) May 2016 Yemen police bombings June 2016 Mukalla attacks 2016 Sana'a funeral airstrike Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla Battle of Sana'a ( 2017 ) Battle of Aden ( 2018 ) Reactions Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates takeover of Socotra Impacts Famine in Yemen 2016 -- 17 Yemen cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals in Yemen Belligerents Mansur Hadi government Pro-Hadi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al - Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Houthis government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee People Mansur Hadi government Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al - Subaihi Ali Mohsen al - Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthis government Saleh Ali al - Sammad Mohamed al - Atifi Mohammed Ali al - Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul - Malik Badreddin al - Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Yemen portal List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 1910s World War I Middle Eastern theatre Arab Revolt Armenian Genocide Assyrian genocide Unification of Saudi Arabia Simko Shikak revolt Egyptian revolution of 1919 Turkish War of Independence Greco - Turkish War Turkish -- Armenian War Franco - Turkish War Revolts Mahmud Barzanji revolts 1920s Franco - Syrian War Iraqi revolt against the British Sectarian conflict in Mandatory Palestine Adwan Rebellion Arab separatism in Khuzestan Great Syrian Revolt Sheikh Said rebellion 1921 Persian coup d'état 1930s Ararat rebellion Ahmed Barzani revolt Simele massacre Saudi -- Yemeni War ( 1934 ) Goharshad Mosque rebellion 1935 -- 36 Iraqi Shia revolts 1935 Yazidi revolt Dersim rebellion 1940s World War II Italian bombing of Palestine Anglo - Iraqi War Syria -- Lebanon Campaign Anglo - Soviet invasion of Iran 1943 Barzani revolt Alwaziri coup Al - Wathbah uprising Kurdish separatism in Iran Iran crisis of 1946 Arab -- Israeli conflict Israeli -- Palestinian conflict 1950s Egyptian revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Jebel Akhdar War Cypriot ethnic crisis Yemeni -- Adenese clan violence 1958 Lebanon crisis 1958 Iraqi revolution 1959 Mosul uprising 1960s Iraqi -- Kurdish conflict First Iraqi -- Kurdish War Dhofar Rebellion North Yemen Civil War Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 8th March Syrian Revolution Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup Aden Emergency 1964 Hama riot 1966 Syrian coup d'état 1970s Black September in Jordan 1972 North Yemen -- South Yemen war Turkish invasion of Cyprus Lebanese Civil War Political violence in Turkey ( 1976 -- 80 ) Libyan -- Egyptian War Islamist uprising in Syria NDF Rebellion Iranian Revolution Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 1979 Qatif Uprising Grand Mosque seizure 1980s Sadr uprising ( 1980 ) Iran -- Iraq War 1980 Turkish coup d'état Kurdish separatism in Turkey Turkey - PKK conflict South Yemen Civil War 1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 1986 Damascus bombings Mecca massacre Abu Nidal 's executions 1990s Gulf War ( 1990 -- 1991 ) 1991 uprisings in Iraq Terror campaign in Egypt ( 1990s ) Yemeni Civil War ( 1994 ) Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia ( 2000 -- present ) Operation Desert Fox al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 2000s Iraq War Balochi insurgency in Iran 2004 al - Qamishli riots Houthi insurgency in Yemen Iran -- Israel proxy conflict 2006 Lebanon War Fatah -- Hamas conflict Nahr al - Bared fighting 2008 conflict in Lebanon South Yemen insurgency 2009 -- 10 Iranian election protests 2010s Bahraini uprising of 2011 Egyptian Crisis Sinai insurgency Insurgency in Egypt ( 2013 -- present ) Syrian Civil War Syrian War spillover in Lebanon Iraqi insurgency ( 2011 -- 13 ) Iraqi Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Yemeni Crisis Turkish involvement in Syria This list includes post-Ottoman conflicts ( after 1918 ) of at least 100 fatalities each Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated ; ongoing conflicts are marked italic and conflict with + 100,000 killed with bold . Ongoing armed conflicts Africa ADF insurgency Anglophone Crisis Batwa - Luba clashes Boko Haram insurgency Burundian unrest Central African Republic Civil War Communal conflicts in Nigeria ( Herder -- farmer conflicts in Nigeria ) Conflict in the Niger Delta Eritrean -- Ethiopian border conflict Second Afar insurgency Ethnic violence in South Sudan South Sudanese Civil War Insurgency in Egypt Insurgency in the Maghreb ISIL insurgency in Tunisia Islamist insurgency in Mozambique Ituri conflict Kamwina Nsapu rebellion Katanga insurgency Kivu conflict Libyan Crisis Second Civil War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Northern Mali conflict Ogaden insurgency Oromo - Somali clashes RENAMO insurgency Sinai insurgency Somali Civil War War in Somalia Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Sudanese nomadic conflicts War in Darfur Americas Colombian conflict EPP insurgency Mexican Drug War Peruvian internal conflict Mapuche conflict East and South Asia Balochistan conflict Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency Insurgency in Laos Insurgency in Northeast India Assam Meghalaya Manipur Nagaland Insurgency in the Philippines CPP -- NPA -- NDF Moro Internal conflict in Bangladesh Internal conflict in Myanmar Kachin Karen Rohingya Kashmir conflict Naxalite -- Maoist insurgency Papua conflict Sectarianism in Pakistan South Thailand insurgency War in Afghanistan 2001 -- present War in North - 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Qaeda ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Houthi ( 2004 -- 15 ) South Yemen ( 2009 -- 15 ) Yemeni Crisis ( 2011 -- present ) Coup d'état ( 2014 -- 15 ) Civil War ( 2015 -- present ) Civil conflict in Turkey Political violence ( 1976 -- 80 ) Maoist insurgency DHKP / C insurgency PKK conflict Turkey -- ISIL conflict Others Kurdish separatism in Iran KDPI insurgency ( 1989 -- 96 ) Iran -- PJAK conflict ( 2004 -- present ) Sinai insurgency ( 2011 -- present ) Bahraini uprising ( 2011 ) Syrian Civil War ( 2011 -- present ) Regional spillover Related topics War on Terror ( 2001 -- 13 ) Operation Inherent Resolve ( 2014 - present ) Arab Spring ( 2010 -- 11 ) Arab Winter Colour revolutions European conflicts African conflicts Conflicts in the Americas Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Names of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Leadership Current Abu Bakr al - Baghdadi Abu Ahmad al - Alwani Abu Fatima al - Jaheishi Abu Muhammad al - Shimali † Former Haji Bakr Abu Abdulrahman al - Bilawi Abu Mohannad al - Sweidawi Abdul Rauf Aliza Abu Sayyaf Ali Awni al - Harzi Abu Umar al - Tunisi Abu Khattab al - Tunisi Abu Muslim al - Turkmani Mohammed Emwazi Abu Nabil al - Anbari Abu Ali al - Anbari Abu Waheeb Abu Omar al - Shishani Abu Mohammad al - Adnani Abu Jandal al - Kuwaiti Ahmad Abousamra Turki al - Binali History Jama'at al - Tawhid wal - Jihad ( 1999 -- 2004 ) Tanzim Qaidat al - Jihad fi Bilad al - Rafidayn ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Mujahideen Shura Council ( 2006 ) Islamic State of Iraq ( 2006 -- 2013 ) Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Islamic State ( 2014 -- present ) Timeline of events 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 International branches Khorasan Province ( Afghanistan and Pakistan ) Libyan Provinces ( Libya ) Caucasus Province ( North Caucasus ) Sinai Province ( Sinai ) Algeria Province ( Algeria ) Yemen Province ( Yemen ) Abnaa ul - Calipha ( Somalia ) Abu Sayyaf ( Philippines ) Boko Haram ( West Africa ) Wars War on Terror Iraq War Iraqi insurgency ( 2003 -- 11 ) Sectarian violence ( 2006 -- 07 ) Iraqi insurgency ( 2011 -- 14 ) Iraqi Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Syrian Civil War Spillover Spillover in Lebanon Inter-rebel conflict Sinai insurgency Libyan Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) War in North - West Pakistan War in Afghanistan ( 2015 -- present ) Moro conflict ( Philippines ) al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 -- present ) Boko Haram insurgency Military intervention against ISIL American - led intervention in Iraq American - led intervention in the Syrian Civil War Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War Turkish military intervention in Syria Battles 2013 Akashat ambush Hawija clashes Raqqa campaign ( 2012 -- 13 ) Operation al - Shabah Battle of Ras al - Ayn Battle of Tell Abyad Latakia offensive Siege of Menagh Air Base Battle of Sadad Battle of Qalamoun Aleppo offensive ( October -- December 2013 ) Anbar campaign ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2014 Fall of Fallujah Northern Aleppo offensive ( February -- July 2014 ) Battle of Markada Northern Iraq offensive ( June 2014 ) Fall of Mosul Salahuddin campaign First Battle of Tikrit Northern Iraq offensive ( August 2014 ) Siege of Kobanî Sinjar massacre Derna campaign ( 2014 -- 16 ) Battle of Baiji Battle of Ramadi ( 2014 -- 15 ) Deir ez - Zor offensive ( December 2014 ) Battle of Baiji ( 2014 -- 15 ) Sinjar offensive ( December 2014 ) Battle of Zumar Siege of Amirli 2015 Fall of Nofaliya West African offensive February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya Bosso and Diffa raid Eastern al - Hasakah offensive Second Battle of Tikrit Battle of Sirte Hama and Homs offensive ( March -- April 2015 ) Battle of Sarrin ( March -- April 2015 ) Battle of Yarmouk Camp Anbar offensive ( 2015 ) Qalamoun offensive ( May -- June 2015 ) Palmyra offensive ( May 2015 ) Western al - Hasakah offensive Al - Hasakah city offensive ( May -- June 2015 ) Tell Abyad offensive ( May -- July 2015 ) Battle of Sarrin ( June -- July 2015 ) Battle of al - Hasakah Kobanî massacre Palmyra offensive ( July -- August 2015 ) Battle of Ramadi ( 2015 -- 16 ) Battle of Al - Qaryatayn ( August 2015 ) Al - Hawl offensive Homs offensive ( November -- December 2015 ) Sinjar offensive ( November 2015 ) East Aleppo offensive ( 2015 -- 16 ) Nineveh Plains offensive Tishrin Dam offensive 2016 Deir ez - Zor offensive ( January 2016 ) Siege of Fallujah ( 2016 ) Nangarhar Offensive Battle of Ben Guerdane Ithriyah - Raqqa offensive ( February -- March 2016 ) Al - Shaddadi offensive 2016 Khanasir offensive Battle of al - Qaryatayn ( March -- April 2016 ) Palmyra offensive ( March 2016 ) Northern Aleppo offensive ( March -- June 2016 ) Hīt offensive Battle of Basilan Battle of Sirte Ar - Rutbah offensive Northern Raqqa offensive ( May 2016 ) Battle of Fallujah Manbij offensive Ithriyah - Raqqa offensive ( June 2016 ) Abu Kamal offensive Battle of al - Rai ( August 2016 ) Northern al - Bab offensive ( September 2016 ) Western al - Bab offensive ( September 2016 ) 2016 Dabiq offensive Western al - Bab offensive ( October -- November 2016 ) Battle of al - Bab Aleppo offensive ( November -- December 2016 ) Palmyra offensive ( December 2016 ) 2017 Battle of Mosul ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Raqqa campaign ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Palmyra offensive ( 2017 ) Deir ez - Zor offensive ( January -- February 2017 ) East Aleppo offensive ( January -- April 2017 ) Eastern Homs offensive ( 2017 ) Hama offensive ( 2017 ) Western Nineveh offensive ( 2017 ) Battle of Tabqa ( 2017 ) Syrian Desert campaign ( December 2016 -- April 2017 ) Syrian Desert campaign ( May -- July 2017 ) Maskanah Plains offensive Battle of Marawi Battle of Raqqa ( 2017 ) Southern Raqqa offensive ( June 2017 ) Central Syria campaign ( 2017 ) Battle of Tal Afar ( 2017 ) Hawija offensive ( 2017 ) Eastern Syria campaign ( September -- December 2017 ) 2017 Abu Kamal offensive 2017 Western Iraq campaign Attacks 2014 Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting Saint - Jean - sur - Richelieu ramming attack 2015 Porte de Vincennes siege Beheading of Copts in Libya Corinthia Hotel attack Al Qubbah bombings Bardo National Museum attack Sana'a mosque bombings Jalalabad suicide bombing Curtis Culwell Center attack Qatif and Dammam mosque bombings 26 June 2015 Islamist attacks Kobanî massacre Saint - Quentin - Fallavier attack Kuwait mosque bombing Sousse attacks Khan Bani Saad bombing Suruç bombing Baghdad bombing ( August ) Ankara bombings Metrojet Flight 9268 Beirut bombings Paris attacks ( November ) Tunis bombing Qamishli bombings 2016 Zliten truck bombing Hurghada attack Istanbul bombing ( January ) Jakarta attacks Ramadi bombing Mahasin mosque attack Sayyidah Zaynab attack ( January ) Mosul massacre Homs bombings ( February ) Sayyidah Zaynab bombings ( February ) Baghdad bombings ( February ) Istanbul bombing ( March ) Brussels bombings Aden car bombing Iskandariya suicide bombing Baghdad bombing ( April ) Samawa bombing Gaziantep bombing ( May ) Baghdad bombings ( 11 May ) Real Madrid fan club massacres Baghdad gas plant attack Yemen police bombings ( 15 May ) Baghdad bombings ( 17 May ) Jableh and Tartous bombings ( May ) Yemen bombings ( 23 May ) Aktobe shootings Magnanville stabbing Mukalla attacks ( June ) Movida Bar grenade attack Atatürk Airport attack Dhaka attack ( July ) Karrada bombing Muhammad ibn Ali al - 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led intervention in Bahrain Saudi Arabian - led intervention in Yemen Saudi -- Yemeni border conflict Iranian intervention in Iraq Incidents 1987 Mecca incident Bahraini uprising of 2011 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot 2011 -- 12 Saudi Arabian protests 2015 Mina stampede Execution of Nimr al - Nimr 2016 attack on the Saudi diplomatic missions in Iran Iranian relations with GCC member states Iran -- Bahrain relations Iran -- Qatar relations Iran -- Oman relations Iran -- Kuwait relations Iran -- United Arab Emirates relations See also Arab League -- Iran relations Iran -- Saudi Arabia football rivalry Shia -- Sunni relations 2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis 2017 Lebanon -- Saudi Arabia dispute Category Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015 -- present ) &oldid = 843541360 '' Categories : Yemeni civil war ( 2015 -- present ) 2010s civil wars 2015 in Yemen Arab Winter in Yemen Conflicts in 2015 Military history of Yemen Ongoing conflicts Shia -- Sunni sectarian violence Wars involving Saudi Arabia Wars involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Wars involving Yemen Yemeni Crisis ( 2011 -- present ) Iran -- Saudi proxy conflict Human rights abuses Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 French - 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United States Attorney General
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United States Attorney General - Wikipedia United States Attorney General Jump to : navigation , search Attorney General of the United States of America Seal of the Department of Justice Flag of the Attorney General Incumbent Jeff Sessions since February 9 , 2017 United States Department of Justice Style The Honorable ( formal ) Mister Attorney General ( informal ) Member of Cabinet Reports to The President Seat Washington , D.C. , United States Appointer The President with Senate confirmation Term length No fixed term Constituting instrument Judiciary Act of 1789 Formation September 26 , 1789 First holder Edmund Randolph Succession Seventh Deputy Deputy Attorney General Salary Executive Schedule , level 1 Website www.justice.gov The United States Attorney General ( A.G. ) is the head of the United States Department of Justice per 28 U.S.C. § 503 , concerned with legal affairs , and is the chief lawyer of the United States government . Also in cases of the federal death penalty , the power to seek the death penalty rests with the Attorney General . The Attorney General is appointed by the President of the United States and takes office after confirmation by the United States Senate . The Attorney General is subject to summary dismissal by the President and impeachment by Congress . The current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions , who assumed the office on February 9 , 2017 . The Attorney General is a member of the Cabinet and is seventh in the presidential line of succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Presidential transition 3 List of Attorneys General 4 Living former U.S. Attorneys General 5 Line of succession 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) See also : United States Department of Justice § History Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789 which , besides other things , established the Office of the Attorney General . The original duties of this officer were `` to prosecute and conduct all suits in the Supreme Court in which the United States shall be concerned , and to give his or her advice and opinion upon questions of law when required by the President of the United States , or when requested by the heads of any of the departments . '' The Department of Justice was established in 1870 to support the Attorney General in the discharge of their responsibilities . The Attorney General , the Secretary of State , the Secretary of the Treasury , and the Secretary of Defense are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet officials because of the importance and age of their departments . Presidential transition ( edit ) It is the practice for the Attorney General , along with many other public officials , to give resignation with effect on the Inauguration Day ( 20 January ) of a new President . The Deputy Attorney General , who is also required to tender their resignation , is commonly requested to stay on and act as Attorney General pending the confirmation by the Senate of the new Attorney General . For example , on the inauguration of President Donald Trump on January , 20 , 2017 , the tenure of the then Attorney General Loretta Lynch was brought to an end , and the Deputy Attorney General Sally Yates , who had also tendered her resignation , was asked to stay on and be Acting Attorney General until the confirmation of the new Attorney General Jeff Sessions , who had been nominated for the office in November 2016 by then - President - elect Donald Trump . However , Yates was dismissed by Trump on 30 January 2017 before Sessions had been confirmed . Dana Boente automatically succeeded Yates as Acting Attorney General as the next available successor in the line of succession . Boente , who was the United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia , was the most senior Justice Department official whose resignation had not been accepted by Trump . When Sessions was confirmed and sworn in as Attorney General on February 9 , 2017 , Boente became Acting Deputy Attorney General . On March 10 , 2017 , Sessions oversaw the firing of 46 United States Attorneys , leaving only his acting Deputy Dana Boente and nominated Deputy Rod Rosenstein in place . Rosenstein 's appointment was subject to Senate confirmation . Rosenstein was confirmed on April 25 , 2017 and became Deputy Attorney General on April 26 , 2017 , and Boente reverted to his permanent position . As at May 12 , 2017 , 205 of the 207 senior Justice Department positions subject to presidential appointment were still awaiting nomination and then confirmation . Hearings by the Senate Committee on the Judiciary of four presidential nominees are still to take place . Deputy United States Attorneys , who are career officials , were left in an acting capacity for the Attorneys . List of Attorneys General ( edit ) Parties No party ( 1 ) Federalist ( 3 ) Democratic - Republican ( 5 ) Democratic ( 34 ) Whig ( 4 ) Republican ( 38 ) Status Denotes service as acting Attorneys General prior to appointment or after resignation No . Portrait Name Home state Took office Left office President ( s ) Edmund Randolph Virginia September 26 , 1789 January 26 , 1794 George Washington William Bradford Pennsylvania January 27 , 1794 August 23 , 1795 Charles Lee Virginia December 10 , 1795 February 19 , 1801 John Adams Levi Lincoln Sr . Massachusetts March 5 , 1801 March 2 , 1805 Thomas Jefferson 5 John Breckinridge Kentucky August 7 , 1805 December 14 , 1806 6 Caesar A. Rodney Delaware January 20 , 1807 December 10 , 1811 James Madison 7 William Pinkney Maryland December 11 , 1811 February 9 , 1814 8 Richard Rush Pennsylvania February 10 , 1814 November 12 , 1817 9 William Wirt Virginia November 13 , 1817 March 4 , 1829 James Monroe John Quincy Adams 10 John M. Berrien Georgia March 9 , 1829 July 19 , 1831 Andrew Jackson 11 Roger B. Taney Maryland July 20 , 1831 November 14 , 1833 12 Benjamin Franklin Butler New York November 15 , 1833 July 4 , 1838 Martin Van Buren 13 Felix Grundy Tennessee July 5 , 1838 January 10 , 1840 14 Henry D. Gilpin Pennsylvania January 11 , 1840 March 4 , 1841 15 John J. Crittenden Kentucky March 5 , 1841 September 12 , 1841 William Henry Harrison John Tyler 16 Hugh Swinton Legaré South Carolina September 13 , 1841 June 30 , 1843 17 John Nelson Maryland July 1 , 1843 March 4 , 1845 18 John Y. Mason Virginia March 5 , 1845 October 16 , 1846 James K. Polk 19 Nathan Clifford Maine October 17 , 1846 March 17 , 1848 20 Isaac Toucey Connecticut June 21 , 1848 March 4 , 1849 21 Reverdy Johnson Maryland March 8 , 1849 July 21 , 1850 Zachary Taylor 22 John J. Crittenden Kentucky July 22 , 1850 March 4 , 1853 Millard Fillmore 23 Caleb Cushing Massachusetts March 7 , 1853 March 4 , 1857 Franklin Pierce 24 Jeremiah S. Black Pennsylvania March 6 , 1857 December 16 , 1860 James Buchanan 25 Edwin M. Stanton Pennsylvania December 20 , 1860 March 4 , 1861 26 Edward Bates Missouri March 5 , 1861 November 24 , 1864 Abraham Lincoln 27 James Speed Kentucky December 2 , 1864 July 22 , 1866 Andrew Johnson 28 Henry Stanbery Ohio July 23 , 1866 July 16 , 1868 29 William M. Evarts New York July 17 , 1868 March 4 , 1869 30 Ebenezer R. Hoar Massachusetts March 5 , 1869 November 22 , 1870 Ulysses S. Grant 31 Amos T. Akerman Georgia November 23 , 1870 December 13 , 1871 32 George Henry Williams Oregon December 14 , 1871 April 25 , 1875 33 Edwards Pierrepont New York April 26 , 1875 May 21 , 1876 34 Alphonso Taft Vermont May 22 , 1876 March 4 , 1877 35 Charles Devens Massachusetts March 12 , 1877 March 4 , 1881 Rutherford B. Hayes 36 Wayne MacVeagh Pennsylvania March 5 , 1881 December 15 , 1881 James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur 37 Benjamin H. Brewster Pennsylvania December 16 , 1881 March 4 , 1885 38 Augustus H. Garland Arkansas March 6 , 1885 March 4 , 1889 Grover Cleveland 39 William H.H. Miller Indiana March 7 , 1889 March 4 , 1893 Benjamin Harrison 40 Richard Olney Massachusetts March 6 , 1893 April 7 , 1895 Grover Cleveland 41 Judson Harmon Ohio April 8 , 1895 March 4 , 1897 42 Joseph McKenna California March 5 , 1897 January 25 , 1898 William McKinley 43 John W. Griggs New Jersey January 25 , 1898 March 29 , 1901 44 Philander C. Knox Pennsylvania April 5 , 1901 June 30 , 1904 Theodore Roosevelt 45 William H. Moody Massachusetts July 1 , 1904 December 17 , 1906 46 Charles J. Bonaparte Maryland December 17 , 1906 March 4 , 1909 47 George W. Wickersham New York March 4 , 1909 March 4 , 1913 William Howard Taft 48 James C. McReynolds Tennessee March 5 , 1913 August 29 , 1914 Woodrow Wilson 49 Thomas Watt Gregory Texas August 29 , 1914 March 4 , 1919 50 Alexander Mitchell Palmer Pennsylvania March 5 , 1919 March 4 , 1921 51 Harry M. Daugherty Ohio March 4 , 1921 April 6 , 1924 Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge 52 Harlan F. Stone New York April 7 , 1924 March 1 , 1925 53 John G. Sargent Vermont March 7 , 1925 March 4 , 1929 54 William D. Mitchell Minnesota March 4 , 1929 March 4 , 1933 Herbert Hoover 55 Homer Stille Cummings Connecticut March 4 , 1933 January 1 , 1939 Franklin D. Roosevelt 56 Frank Murphy Michigan January 2 , 1939 January 18 , 1940 57 Robert H. Jackson New York January 18 , 1940 August 25 , 1941 58 Francis Biddle Pennsylvania August 26 , 1941 June 26 , 1945 Harry S. Truman 59 Tom C. Clark Texas June 27 , 1945 July 26 , 1949 60 J. Howard McGrath Rhode Island July 27 , 1949 April 3 , 1952 61 James P. McGranery Pennsylvania April 4 , 1952 January 20 , 1953 62 Herbert Brownell Jr . New York January 21 , 1953 October 23 , 1957 Dwight D. Eisenhower 63 William P. Rogers Maryland October 23 , 1957 January 20 , 1961 64 Robert F. Kennedy Massachusetts January 20 , 1961 September 3 , 1964 John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson 65 Nicholas Katzenbach Illinois September 4 , 1964 January 28 , 1965 January 28 , 1965 November 28 , 1966 66 Ramsey Clark Texas November 28 , 1966 March 10 , 1967 March 10 , 1967 January 20 , 1969 67 John N. Mitchell New York January 20 , 1969 February 15 , 1972 Richard Nixon 68 Richard Kleindienst Arizona February 15 , 1972 May 25 , 1973 69 Elliot Richardson Massachusetts May 25 , 1973 October 20 , 1973 -- Robert Bork Acting Pennsylvania October 20 , 1973 January 4 , 1974 70 William B. Saxbe Ohio January 4 , 1974 January 14 , 1975 Gerald Ford 71 Edward H. Levi Illinois January 14 , 1975 January 20 , 1977 -- Dick Thornburgh Acting Pennsylvania January 20 , 1977 January 26 , 1977 Jimmy Carter 72 Griffin Bell Georgia January 26 , 1977 August 16 , 1979 73 Benjamin Civiletti Maryland August 16 , 1979 January 19 , 1981 74 William French Smith California January 23 , 1981 February 25 , 1985 Ronald Reagan 75 Edwin Meese California February 25 , 1985 August 12 , 1988 76 Dick Thornburgh Pennsylvania August 12 , 1988 August 15 , 1991 George H.W. Bush 77 William P. Barr New York August 16 , 1991 November 26 , 1991 November 26 , 1991 January 20 , 1993 -- Stuart M. Gerson Acting Washington , D.C. January 20 , 1993 March 12 , 1993 Bill Clinton 78 Janet Reno Florida March 12 , 1993 January 20 , 2001 -- Eric Holder Acting Washington , D.C. January 20 , 2001 February 2 , 2001 George W. Bush 79 John Ashcroft Missouri February 2 , 2001 February 3 , 2005 80 Alberto Gonzales Texas February 3 , 2005 September 17 , 2007 -- Paul Clement Acting Washington , D.C. September 17 , 2007 September 18 , 2007 -- Peter Keisler Acting Washington , D.C. September 18 , 2007 November 9 , 2007 81 Michael Mukasey New York November 9 , 2007 January 20 , 2009 -- Mark Filip Acting Illinois January 20 , 2009 February 3 , 2009 Barack Obama 82 Eric Holder Washington , D.C. February 3 , 2009 April 27 , 2015 83 Loretta Lynch New York April 27 , 2015 January 20 , 2017 -- Sally Yates Acting Georgia January 20 , 2017 January 30 , 2017 Donald Trump -- Dana Boente Acting Virginia January 30 , 2017 February 9 , 2017 84 Jeff Sessions Alabama February 9 , 2017 Incumbent Living former U.S. Attorneys General ( edit ) As of October 2017 , there are eleven , living former US Attorneys General , the oldest being Ramsey Clark ( served 1967 -- 1969 , born 1927 ) . The most recent Attorney General to die was Janet Reno ( served 1993 -- 2001 , born 1938 ) on November 7 , 2016 . Name Term of office Date of birth ( and age ) Ramsey Clark 1967 -- 1969 ( 1927 - 12 - 18 ) December 18 , 1927 ( age 89 ) Benjamin Civiletti 1979 -- 1981 ( 1935 - 07 - 17 ) July 17 , 1935 ( age 82 ) Edwin Meese 1985 -- 1988 ( 1931 - 12 - 02 ) December 2 , 1931 ( age 85 ) Dick Thornburgh 1988 -- 1991 ( 1932 - 07 - 16 ) July 16 , 1932 ( age 85 ) William P. Barr 1991 -- 1993 ( 1950 - 05 - 23 ) May 23 , 1950 ( age 67 ) John Ashcroft 2001 -- 2005 ( 1942 - 05 - 09 ) May 9 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Alberto Gonzales 2005 -- 2007 ( 1955 - 08 - 04 ) August 4 , 1955 ( age 62 ) Michael Mukasey 2007 -- 2009 ( 1941 - 07 - 28 ) July 28 , 1941 ( age 76 ) Eric Holder 2009 -- 2015 ( 1951 - 01 - 21 ) January 21 , 1951 ( age 66 ) Loretta Lynch 2015 -- 2017 ( 1959 - 05 - 21 ) May 21 , 1959 ( age 58 ) Line of succession ( edit ) On February 9 , 2017 , President Donald Trump signed an Executive Order which modified the line of succession for the Attorney General . Under Executive Order 13762 signed by President Obama on January 13 , 2017 , before leaving office , the line of succession was : United States Deputy Attorney General United States Associate Attorney General Other Officers potentially designated by the Attorney General ( in no particular order ) : Solicitor General of the United States Assistant Attorney General , Antitrust Division Assistant Attorney General , Civil Division Assistant Attorney General , Civil Rights Division Assistant Attorney General , Criminal Division Assistant Attorney General , National Security Division Assistant Attorney General , Environment and Natural Resources Division Assistant Attorney General , Justice Management Division Assistant Attorney General , Tax Division Assistant Attorney General , Office of Justice Programs Assistant Attorney General , Office of Legal Counsel Assistant Attorney General , Office of Legal Policy Assistant Attorney General , Office of Legislative Affairs United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia United States Attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina United States Attorney for the Northern District of Texas See also ( edit ) Government of the United States portal Law portal Subpoena duces tecum Subpoena ad testificandum United States Deputy Attorney General United States Associate Attorney General United States Assistant Attorney General United States Solicitor General List of living former members of the United States Cabinet Executive Order 13557 for `` Order of Succession Within the Department of Justice '' Notes ( edit ) Nicholas Katzenbach ( 1964 -- 1965 ) , Ramsey Clark ( 1966 -- 1967 ) and William P. Barr ( 1991 ) served as acting attorney general in their capacity as deputy attorney general , until their own appointment as attorney general . Richard L. Thornburgh ( 1977 ) and Eric Holder ( 2001 ) served as acting attorney general in their capacity as deputy attorney general , until the appointment of a new attorney general . Both subsequently served as attorney general , Thornburgh 1988 -- 1991 and Holder 2009 -- 2015 . On October 20 , 1973 , Solicitor General Robert Bork became acting attorney general following the `` Saturday Night Massacre '' , in which U.S. Attorney General Elliot Richardson and Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus both resigned . Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ Civil Division Stuart M. Gerson was acting attorney general from January 20 , 1993 , to March 12 , 1993 . Gerson was fourth in the line of succession at the Justice Department ( other senior DOJ officials had already resigned ) . During his time as Acting AG , Gerson supported the Brady bill and was in office in the beginnings of the Waco siege . Janet Reno , President Clinton 's nominee for attorney general , was confirmed on March 12 , and he resigned the same day . Acting Attorney General Gerson 's last day at the Justice Department was March 19 . On August 27 , 2007 , President Bush named Solicitor General Paul Clement as the future acting attorney general , to take office upon the resignation of Alberto Gonzales , effective September 17 , 2007 . According to administration officials , Clement took that office at 12 : 01 am September 17 , 2007 , and left office 24 hours later . On September 17 , President Bush announced that Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ Civil Division Peter Keisler would become acting attorney general , pending a permanent appointment of a presidential nominee . Keisler served as acting attorney general until the nomination of Michael Mukasey on November 9 , 2007 . Deputy Attorney General Mark Filip was asked to assume the position of acting attorney general by then President - elect Obama . Filip led the Department while President Obama 's nominee , then Attorney - General Designate Eric Holder , awaited confirmation by the United States Senate . Holder was confirmed on February 2 , 2009 , and sworn in the next day , thus ending Filip 's tenure as the acting attorney general . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . Jump up ^ Judiciary Act of 1789 , section 35 . Jump up ^ Cabinets and Counselors : The President and the Executive Branch ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly . p. 87 . Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric ; Apuzzo , Matt ; Landler , Mark ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Fires Acting Attorney General '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Acting Attorney General Sally Yates Refuses to Enforce Trump Refugee EO '' . Lawfare Blog . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the U.S. Attorney : Dana J. Boente '' . U.S. Department of Justice . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric ; Apuzzo , Matt ; Landler , Mark ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` Trump Fires Acting Attorney General '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Acting Attorney General Sally Yates Refuses to Enforce Trump Refugee EO '' . Lawfare Blog . January 31 , 2017 . Retrieved January 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lichtblau , Eric ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jeff Sessions Confirmed as Attorney General , Capping Bitter Battle '' . The New York Times Company . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Acting Deputy Attorney General DAG Department of Justice '' . www.justice.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 28 . ^ Jump up to : Charlie Savage ; Maggie Haberman ( 11 March 2017 ) . `` Trump Abruptly Orders 46 Obama - Era Prosecutors to Resign '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . Retrieved 10 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Wall Street Journal , May 12 , 2017 , The 205 Open Jobs at Justice Jump up ^ `` Without fanfare , Trump reverses Obama order on Justice Department succession '' . USA Today . February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Providing an Order of Succession Within the Department of Justice '' . Federal Register . 2017 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 13787 , Providing an Order of Succession Within the Department of Justice '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register / Vol. 82 , No. 64 / Presidential Documents. April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cahoon , Ben ( 2000 ) . `` United States Government '' . World Statesmen . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . January 20 , 1993 -- March 12 , 1993 Stuart M. Gerson ( acting ) ( b . 1944 ) ^ Jump up to : Staff reporter ( 1993 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Stuart Gerson 's Parting Shot '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . As supporters of the Brady gun - control bill prepare to introduce it in Congress yet again this week , they find a welcome , if unlikely , ally in Stuart Gerson , the Acting Attorney General . Because President Clinton has had so many problems finding a new Attorney General , Mr. Gerson remains in office ... Jump up ^ Labaton , Stephen ( 1993 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Notes on Justice ; Who 's in Charge ? Bush Holdover Says He Is , but Two Clinton Men Differ '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Scruggs , Richard ; Steven Zipperstein ; Robert Lyon ; Victor Gonzalez ; Herbert Cousins ; Roderick Beverly ( 1993 - 10 - 08 ) . `` Report to the Deputy Attorney General on the Events at Waco , Texas February 28 to April 19 , 1993 '' . Department of Justice . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Ifill , Gwen ( 1993 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Reno Confirmed in Top Justice Job '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . She will replace Acting Attorney General Stuart M. Gerson , a holdover appointee from the Bush Administration . Ms. Reno said he resigned today . Jump up ^ Meyers , Steven Lee ( August 27 , 2007 ) . `` Embattled Attorney General Resigns '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2007 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Eggen , Dan ; Elizabeth Williamson ( September 19 , 2007 ) . `` Democrats May Tie Confirmation to Gonzales Papers '' . Washington Post . pp. A10 . Retrieved September 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` President Bush Announces Judge Michael Mukasey as Nominee for Attorney General '' , White House press release , September 17 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Bush Text on Attorney General Nomination '' . NewsOK.com . The Oklahoman . The Associated Press . September 17 , 2007 . Retrieved September 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2009 - 01 - 15 ) . `` Obama asks U.S. Attorneys to stay ' for the time being ' '' . CNN Political Ticker . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . In addition , Obama 's transition team has asked current Deputy Attorney General Mark Filip , also a Bush appointee , to serve as Acting Attorney General replacing outgoing Attorney General Michael Mukasey. ) Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2009 - 01 - 21 ) . `` Bush Appointees Holding Down the Fort While Obama Nominees Await Confirmation '' . FOX News . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 04 . While Holder waits for his confirmation , Bush appointee Mark Filip is acting attorney general . A former U.S. District Court judge in Illinois , the native Chicagoan holds a law degree from Harvard and was a lecturer at the University of Chicago Law School . Holder was supposed to have faced a confirmation vote on Wednesday , but scheduling conflicts necessitated a delay in the Senate . Jump up ^ `` Acting Attorney General Mark Filip . '' United States Department of Justice . January 20 , 2009 . ( Archived by WebCite at https://www.webcitation.org/5eJ6TAbgg ) Jump up ^ Staff reporter ( 2009 - 02 - 03 ) . `` Obama attorney - general confirmed '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . President Barack Obama 's choice for attorney - general , Eric Holder , has been confirmed in the post by the US Senate . Jump up ^ Staff ( n.d. ) . `` USDOJ : Office of the Attorney General '' . US Department of Justice . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 03 . Alberto Gonzales . was sworn in as the 83rd Attorney General of the United States on March 22 , 2013 by Vice-President Joe Biden . President Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Mr. Gonzales on December 1 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website Current U.S. order of precedence ( ceremonial ) Preceded by James Mattis as Secretary of Defense Order of Precedence of the United States as Attorney General Succeeded by Ryan Zinke as Secretary of the Interior Current U.S. presidential line of succession Preceded by Secretary of Defense James Mattis 7th in line Succeeded by Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke United States Attorneys General 18th century Randolph Bradford Lee 19th century Lincoln Breckinridge Rodney Pinkney Rush Wirt Berrien Taney Butler Grundy Gilpin Crittenden Legaré Nelson Mason Clifford Toucey Johnson Crittenden Cushing Black Stanton Bates Speed Stanbery Evarts Hoar Akerman Williams Pierrepont Taft Devens MacVeagh Brewster Garland Miller Olney Harmon McKenna Griggs 20th century Knox Moody Bonaparte Wickersham McReynolds Gregory Palmer Daugherty Stone Sargent W.D. Mitchell Cummings Murphy Jackson Biddle T.C. Clark McGrath McGranery Brownell Rogers Kennedy Katzenbach R. Clark J.N. Mitchell Kleindienst Richardson Saxbe Levi Bell Civiletti Smith Meese Thornburgh Barr Reno 21st century Ashcroft Gonzales Mukasey Holder Lynch Sessions Agencies under the United States Department of Justice Headquarters : Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building Jeff Sessions , Attorney General Rod Rosenstein , Deputy Attorney General Deputy Attorneys General Justice Management Division Criminal Division National Security Division Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives Drug Enforcement Administration Federal Bureau of Investigation Federal Bureau of Prisons National Institute of Corrections United States Marshals Service Executive Office for Immigration Review Office of Attorney Recruitment and Management Office of the Federal Detention Trustee Office of the Pardon Attorney Office of Privacy and Civil Liberties Office of Professional Responsibility Office on Sexual Violence and Crimes against Children Office of Tribal Justice Professional Responsibility Advisory Office United States Attorneys INTERPOL , U.S. National Central Bureau United States Parole Commission Office of Legal Counsel Associate Attorneys General Office of Justice Programs Office of Dispute Resolution Office on Violence Against Women Community Oriented Policing Services Office of Information Policy Foreign Claims Settlement Commission Antitrust Division Civil Division Civil Rights Division Environment and Natural Resources Division Tax Division United States Trustee Program Community Relations Service Office of Legal Policy Assistant Attorneys General Antitrust Division Civil Division Civil Rights Division Criminal Division National Security Division Environmental and Natural Resources Division Justice Management Division Tax Division Office of Legal Counsel Office of Legal Policy Office of Legislative Affairs Office of Justice Programs Solicitor General Leaders of the United States federal executive departments Current Agriculture Commerce Defense Education Energy Health and Human Services Homeland Security Housing and Urban Development Interior Justice Labor State Transportation Treasury Veterans Affairs Past Commerce and Labor Health , Education , and Welfare Navy Post Office War Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( James Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Eric Hargan ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Elaine Duke ) Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Attorneys General of the Individual States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington , D.C. Insular areas American Samoa The Marianas Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Associated states Marshall Islands FS Micronesia Palau Attorneys General of the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Attorney_General&oldid=806777242 '' Categories : United States Attorneys General 1789 establishments in the United States Cabinet of the United States Lists of members of the Cabinet of the United States Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2017 , at 02 : 40 . 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which department in the presidents cabinet is led by the attorney general
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"The United States Attorney General (A.G.) is the head of the United States Department of Justice per 28 U.S.C. § 503, concerned with legal affairs, and is the chief lawyer of the United States government. Also in cases of the federal death penalty, the power to seek the death penalty rests with the Attorney General."
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"Department of Justice"
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Apple Watch
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Apple Watch - Wikipedia Apple Watch Jump to : navigation , search Apple Watch An Apple Watch with white Sport Band Developer Apple Inc . Manufacturer Quanta Computer ( contract manufacturer ) Type Smartwatch Release date Original : April 24 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 04 - 24 ) Series 1 and Series 2 : September 16 , 2016 ; 15 months ago ( 2016 - 09 - 16 ) Series 3 : September 22 , 2017 ; 3 months ago ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) Introductory price Watch Sport 38 mm : US $349 42 mm : US $399 Watch 38 mm : US $399 -- US $999 42 mm : US $449 -- US $1,049 Watch Edition 38 mm & 42 mm : US $1,299 Operating system watchOS System - on - chip used Apple Watch Original : Apple S1 ( 32 - bit ARMv7 ) Apple Watch Series 1 : Apple S1P Apple Watch Series 2 : Apple S2 Apple Watch Series 3 : Apple S3 Memory Original , Series 1 , and Series 2 : 512 MB DRAM Series 3 : 768 MB DRAM Storage Original , Series 1 , and Series 2 : 8 GB Series 3 : 8 or 16 GB Display OLED 38mm 33.96 mm ( 1.337 in ) diagonal , 272 × 340 pixels , 326 dpi 42mm 38.96 mm ( 1.534 in ) diagonal , 312 × 390 pixels , 326 dpi Watch Sport Strengthened Ion - X glass Watch / Watch Edition Sapphire glass Graphics PowerVR SGX543 Connectivity Original , Series 1 , and Series 2 : Bluetooth 4.0 Series 3 : Bluetooth 4.2 All models : NFC , Wi - Fi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz only ) Diagnostics port Power Built - in rechargeable Li - Po battery 38mm 3.8 V 0.78 W h ( 205 mA h ) 42mm 3.78 V 0.93 W h ( 246 mA h ) 38 mm 38.6 mm × 33.3 mm × 10.5 mm ( 1.52 in × 1.31 in × 0.41 in ) 42 mm 42 mm × 35.9 mm × 10.5 mm ( 1.65 in × 1.41 in × 0.41 in ) Backward compatibility iPhone 5s and later running iOS 8.2 or later , connected via Wi - Fi or Bluetooth . Website www.apple.com/watch Apple Watch is a line of smartwatches developed , designed , and marketed by Apple Inc . It incorporates fitness tracking and health - oriented capabilities with integration with iOS and other Apple products and services . The original generation of the device was available in four variants : Apple Watch Sport , Apple Watch , Apple Watch Hermès , and Apple Watch Edition ; each was distinguished by different combinations of cases and first - or third - party interchangeable bands . Apple Watch ( excluding Series 3 LTE ) relies on a wirelessly connected iPhone to perform many of its default functions such as calling and texting . The first generation watches are compatible with iPhone 5 or later models running iOS 8.2 or later , through the use of Wi - Fi or Bluetooth . Announced by Apple CEO Tim Cook in September 2014 , the device was released on April 24 , 2015 . The Apple Watch quickly became the best - selling wearable device with the supply of 4.2 million smartwatches in the second quarter of the 2015 fiscal year . The second generation of Apple Watch , released in September 2016 , includes two tiers : Apple Watch Series 1 , which includes the S1P chip , but is otherwise identical to the original , and Apple Watch Series 2 . The Series 3 was announced at a presentation at Apple Park on September 12 , 2017 and was released on September 22 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 Unveiling and release 2.1 Release 3 Specifications 3.1 Design 3.2 Hardware 3.2. 1 First generation 3.2. 2 Second generation 3.2. 3 Third generation 3.2. 4 Comparison of Models 4 Software 4.1 Version history 4.2 Third - party apps 5 Models 6 Reception 6.1 Sales 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) The goal of the Apple Watch was to enhance the uses of an iPhone while also providing the user with some additional new features . Essentially , the Apple Watch connected via Bluetooth to the iPhone and accessed its compatible apps . Kevin Lynch was hired by Apple to make wearable technology for the wrist . He said : `` People are carrying their phones with them and looking at the screen so much . People want that level of engagement . But how do we provide it in a way that 's a little more human , a little more in the moment when you 're with somebody ? '' Apple 's development process was held very much under wraps until a Wired article revealed how some internal design decisions were made . Unveiling and release ( edit ) Rumors surrounded an Apple - developed wearable device back as far as 2011 , which conceptualized the device as a variation of the iPod that would curve around the user 's wrist , and feature Siri integration . On February 10 , 2013 , both The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal reported that Apple was beginning to develop an iOS - based smartwatch with a curved display . On February 12 , 2013 , Bloomberg reported that Apple 's smartwatch project was `` beyond the experimentation phase in its development '' , and had a team of at least 100 designers working on the project . Further reports in March 2013 indicated that Apple planned to release the device by the end of the year . In July 2013 , Financial Times reported that Apple had begun hiring more employees to work on the smartwatch , and that it was targeting a possible retail release in late 2014 . In April 2014 , Apple CEO Tim Cook told The Wall Street Journal that the company was planning to launch new product categories that year , but did not reveal any specifics . In June 2014 , Reuters reported that production was expected to begin in July for a release in October . On September 9 , 2014 , during a press event where the iPhone 6 was also presented , the new product was introduced by Tim Cook as `` the next chapter in Apple 's story '' with a video that focused on its design and the various combinations of bands and case styles that would be available to the consumers . After the reveal video , the auditorium was filled with prolonged applause and a standing ovation as Tim Cook reappeared onstage wearing an Apple Watch . Cook explained that Apple Watch was `` a precise timepiece , a new intimate way to communicate from your wrist , and a comprehensive health and fitness device . '' In comparison to other Apple products and competing smartwatches , marketing of Apple Watch focused more on advertising the device as a fashion accessory ; a 12 - page advertising spread for Apple Watch in an issue of Vogue focused primarily on the different combinations of body and band styles available , and downplayed the technological aspects of it . Apple has also , in particular , focused upon its health and fitness - oriented features , competing against dedicated activity trackers , and with WatchOS 3 , has expanded on them with fitness tracking for wheelchair users , social sharing in the Activity app , and a new Breathe app to encourage mindfulness . Release ( edit ) Pre-orders for the Apple Watch began on April 10 , 2015 , with the official release on April 24 . Initially , the Apple Watch was not available at the Apple Store ; beginning on April 10 , 2015 , customers could receive appointments for demonstrations and fitting , but the device was not in - stock for walk - in purchases , and had to be reserved and ordered online ( however , sales representatives were able to assist in the process ) . CNET felt that this distribution model was designed to prevent Apple Store locations from having long line - ups due to the high demand . Selected Apple Watch models were available in - store at certain luxury boutiques and authorized Apple resellers in limited quantities . On June 4 , 2015 , Apple announced that it did plan to stock Apple Watch models at its retail locations . On August 24 , 2015 , during an earnings call , Best Buy announced that it would begin stocking Apple Watch at its retail stores by the end of September . Both T - Mobile US and Sprint also announced plans to offer Apple Watch through its retail stores . On September 9 , 2015 , in Apple 's Special Event , Apple launched a new collection of Apple Watch in collaboration with Hermès . This new collection , Apple Watch Hermès , comes in stainless steel body with finely crafted leather bands in distinctive styles from Hermès , including the Single Tour , Double Tour and Cuff models . Initially , Apple Watch Hermès was only available in selected retail stores of Apple and Hermès , but it became available for purchase at Apple 's website on January 22 , 2016 . New colors for Apple - designed bands were also announced , along with a release date for watchOS 2 update . The device was not branded as `` iWatch '' ( which would put it in line with its pre-existing product lines such as iPod , iPhone , and iPad ) due to trademark conflicts in certain territories ; in the United States , the `` iWatch '' trademark is owned by OMG Electronics -- who was crowdfunding a device under the same name , and is owned in the European Union by Irish firm Probendi . In July 2015 , Probendi sued Apple Inc. for trademark infringement , arguing that through keyword advertising on the Google search engine , it caused advertising for the Apple Watch to appear on search results pages when users searched for the trademarked term `` iWatch '' . Apple Watch went on sale in India on November 6 , 2015 . The device has also launched in Chile , the Philippines , and South Africa . Apple Watch became available in Indonesia on December 4 . During an Apple event on March 21 , 2016 , a refreshed color lineup of watch bands were announced along with a new nylon band . The price of the Sport models were also cut by $50 . Specifications ( edit ) Design ( edit ) The original Apple Watch came in four collections ( Apple Watch Sport , Apple Watch , Apple Watch Edition , and Apple Watch Hermès ) and features two case sizes : 38 mm ( 1.5 in ) and 42 mm ( 1.7 in ) . The case of the watch includes a mechanism to enable the straps to be interchangeable . For input , the watch includes a `` digital crown '' , which can be turned to scroll or zoom and pressed to return to the home screen , and a touchscreen that features Force Touch technology , which makes it pressure - sensitive and capable of distinguishing between a tap and a press . The watch also has a side button which can be used to display favorite contacts and access Apple Pay . Apple rates the device 's battery for 18 hours of mixed usage . Apple Watch is charged by means of inductive charging , using a cable similar to the MagSafe cable from Apple 's MacBook family of laptops . If the watch 's battery depletes to less than 10 percent , the user is alerted and offered to enable a `` power reserve '' mode , which allows the user to continue to read the time for an additional 72 hours . The watch then reverts to its original mode when recharged . Apple does not explicitly market the original Apple Watch as being waterproof , stating that it can withstand splashes of water ( such as rain and hand washing ) , but does not recommend submersion ( IPX7 ) . However , external testing by The Iconfactory and others revealed that Apple Watch can function when submerged in various conditions ( such as swimming ) , although its touchscreen experiences `` erratic '' behavior when submerged . Additionally , usage in water may void its warranty , constituting `` damage caused by ( use ) outside Apple 's published guidelines '' , and apps taking advantage of this may not be allowed per App Store policies which forbid the publishing of apps that encourage users to use devices in ways that may damage them . Hardware ( edit ) First generation ( edit ) Apple S1 The first - generation Apple Watch uses the single - core S1 system - on - chip . It does not have a built - in GPS chip , instead relying on a paired iPhone for location services . It uses a linear actuator called the `` Taptic Engine '' to provide haptic feedback when an alert or a notification is received , and is used for other purposes by certain apps . The watch is equipped with a built - in heart rate sensor , which uses both infrared and visible - light LEDs and photodiodes . All versions of the first - generation Apple Watch have 8 GB of storage ; the operating system allows the user to store up to 2 GB of music and 75 MB of photos . When the Apple Watch is paired with an iPhone , all music on that iPhone is also available to be controlled and accessed from the Apple Watch . The Apple Watch only turns on when you activate the watch ( either by lifting your wrist , touching the screen , or pressing a button ) . The hardware has a large number of proprietary and custom accessories available for a customized look . Third - party bands and cases can be switched at the user 's discretion . Second generation ( edit ) Main article : Apple Watch Series 2 Apple S1P Apple S2 The second generation has two tiers . One , Series 1 , has a variant of the Apple S2 processor but without GPS known as the Apple S1P . It also has a lower starting price than first generation watches . Other than the updated , dual - core S1P processor , which is on par with the S2 other than GPS , Series 1 watches are substantially similar to the first generation watches . The other , Series 2 , has the dual - core Apple S2 processor , water resistance to 50 meters , a display a bit more than twice as bright ( 1000 nits vs 450 nits ) , and a GPS receiver . Third generation ( edit ) Main article : Apple Watch Series 3 Apple S3 The third generation of the Apple Watch features a faster processor , the dual - core S3 , Bluetooth 4.2 vs 4.0 on older models , a built - in altimeter for measuring flights of stairs climbed , increased RAM size , and optional LTE cellular connectivity . Siri is able to speak on Apple Watch Series 3 due to the increased processing speed of the Watch . Comparison of Models ( edit ) Specification 1st Generation ( Series 0 ) Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 non-LTE & Series 3 LTE System on chip ( SoC ) Apple S1 Apple S1P Apple S2 Apple S3 Global Positioning System ( GPS ) and GLONASS No No Built - in Built - in , including Galileo and QZSS Cellular ( LTE / UMTS ) No No No Optional ( eSIM ) Water resistance IPX7 splash resistant ( up to 1 meter ) IPX7 splash resistant ( up to 1 meter ) ISO 22810 : 2010 water resistant ( up to 50 meters ) ISO 22810 : 2010 water resistant ( up to 50 meters ) Wireless networking WiFi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz ) WiFi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz ) WiFi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz ) WiFi ( 802.11 b / g / n 2.4 GHz ) Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.0 Bluetooth 4.0 / Bluetooth 4.2 Bluetooth 4.0 Bluetooth 4.2 Heart rate sensor Yes Yes Yes Yes Accelerometer Yes Yes Yes Yes Gyroscope Yes Yes Yes Yes Ambient light sensor Yes Yes Yes Yes Altimeter No No No Yes Display OLED Retina display with Force Touch ( 450 nits ) OLED Retina display with Force Touch ( 450 nits ) Second - generation OLED Retina display with Force Touch ( 1000 nits ) Second - generation OLED Retina display with Force Touch ( 1000 nits ) Central Processing Unit ( CPU ) 520 MHz Single - Core 780 MHz Dual - Core 780 MHz Dual - Core Dual - Core Storage 8 GB 8 GB 8 GB Non-LTE : 8 GB LTE : 16 GB Random Access Memory ( RAM ) 512 MB DRAM 512 MB DRAM 512 MB DRAM 768 MB DRAM OS Versions watchOS 1 to 4 watchOS 3.2. 2 to 4 watchOS 3.2. 2 to 4 watchOS 4 Requires iPhone 5 or later running iOS 8.2 or later iPhone 5 or later running iOS 10 or later iPhone 5 or later running iOS 10 or later Non-LTE : iPhone 5s or later running iOS 11 or later LTE : iPhone 6 or later running iOS 11 or later Battery 205 mAh , 3.8 V , 0.78 Wh battery capacity ( 38 mm ) 250 mAh , 3.78 V , 0.93 Wh battery capacity ( 42 mm ) 205 mAh , 3.8 V , 0.78 Wh battery capacity ( 38 mm ) 250 mAh , TBC V , TBC Wh battery capacity ( 42 mm ) 273 mAh , 3.77 V , 1.03 Wh battery capacity ( 38 mm ) 334 mAh , 3.80 V , 1.27 Wh battery capacity ( 42 mm ) Non-LTE : 262 mAh , 3.81 V , 1.00 Wh battery capacity ( 38 mm ) TBC mAh , TBC V , TBC Wh battery capacity ( 42 mm ) LTE : 279 mAh , 3.82 V , 1.07 Wh battery capacity ( 38 mm ) 352 mAh , TBC V , 1.34 Wh battery capacity ( 42 mm ) Software ( edit ) Apple Watch runs watchOS , whose interface is based around a home screen with circular app icons . The OS can be navigated using the touchscreen or the crown on the side of the watch . Apple Watch must be paired with an iPhone 5 or later running iOS 8.2 or later ; this version of iOS introduced the Apple Watch app , which is used to advertise Apple Watch , pairing with an iPhone , customize settings and loaded apps , and highlight compatible apps from the App Store . It is capable of receiving notifications , messages , and phone calls via a paired iPhone . `` Glances '' allowed users to swipe between pages containing widget - like displays of information ; however , this feature was replaced by a new Control Center . WatchOS also supports Handoff to send content from Apple Watch to an iOS or OS X device , and act as a viewfinder for an iPhone camera , Siri is also available for voice commands , although it is not capable of responding with voice prompts . Apple Watch also supports Apple Pay , and enables its use with older iPhone models that do not contain near - field communication ( NFC ) support . Apple Watch 's default apps are designed to interact with their iOS counterparts , such as Mail , Phone , Calendar , Messages , Maps , Music , Photos , Reminders , Remote ( which can control iTunes and Apple TV ) , Stocks , and Wallet . Using the Activity and Workout apps , a user can track their physical activity and send data back to the iPhone for use in its Health app and other HealthKit - enabled software . With WatchOS 3 , Reminders , Home , Find My Friends , Heart Rate , and Breathe were added to the many stock apps . Version History ( edit ) See also : watchOS version history WatchOS 1.0. 1 featured performance improvements and support for additional emoji and languages , and was released on May 29 , 2015 . At WWDC 2015 , Tim Cook announced watchOS 2.0 ; described by CNET as a `` significant revamp '' , it included a new software development kit that allows more direct access to the device 's hardware , new watch faces , the ability to reply to an e-mail , and other features . watchOS 2.0 was set to be released on September 16 , 2015 , but was delayed due to a bug fix taking longer than expected ; it was instead released on September 21 , 2015 . WatchOS 2.0 was released as a way to bring new features and more improvements to Apple Watch . Although enhancements were seen through this software update , many users pointed out that their apps are almost universally useless due to lag and touches that do n't register immediately . However , there are ways to speed up the Apple Watch by turning off several options from the Settings app . WatchOS 3.0 was announced at WWDC 2016 , with a priority on performance . Users are able to keep apps running in memory as well as receive background updates and refreshed information . Other updates include a new Dock invoked with the side button to replace the performance - laden Glances , an updated Control Center , and new reply options on Messages . Several new watch faces have also been added , including Minnie Mouse , along with the ability to switch watch faces from the lock screen simply by swiping . A new feature called SOS allows users to hold the dock button to make a call to the local emergency line and pull up the user 's Medical ID . Another feature is Activity Sharing , which allows sharing of workouts with friends and even sending their heartbeats to one another . A new app called Breathe guides users through breathing exercises throughout the day , with visuals and haptic feedback . watchOS 3.0 was released to developers on June 13 , 2016 and was made available to the public on September 13 , 2016 . WatchOS 3.1 was released to the public on October 24 , and watchOS 3.2 was released near the end of March , 2017 . Both updates added minor improvements and bug fixes . WatchOS 4.0 was announced at WWDC 2017 on June 5 , 2017 , and released to the public on September 19 . WatchOS 4 features a proactive Siri watch face , personalised activity coaching , and an entirely new music experience . It also introduces GymKit , a technology platform to connect workouts with cardio equipment . Third - party apps ( edit ) WatchOS supports third - party applications ; a WatchKit app runs in the background on the iPhone as an application extension while a set of native user interface resources are installed on Apple Watch . Thus , watchOS apps must be bundled within their respective iOS app , and are synced to the watch either manually , or automatically upon installation of the phone app . Starting June 1 , 2016 , the only new watch apps allowed on the App Store will be those developed with the watchOS 2 ( or later ) SDK ; no third - party languages or SDKs can be used to develop apps . Models ( edit ) See also : List of iOS devices § Apple Watch An Apple Store showcase with various Apple Watch models . As of October 2017 , three generations and four series of Apple Watch have been released . The series in bold are the current generation of the device : Apple Watch ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Apple Watch Series 1 ( 2016 -- present ) Apple Watch Series 2 ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Apple Watch Series 3 ( 2017 -- present ) Apple Watch Series 2 and Series 3 models are divided into four `` collections '' : Apple Watch , Apple Watch Nike+ , Apple Watch Hermès and Apple Watch Edition . They are differentiated by combinations of cases , bands , and exclusive watch faces ; Apple Watch comes with either aluminum or stainless steel cases , and various watch bands ; Apple Watch Nike+ uses aluminum cases and special variants of sport band ; Apple Watch Hermès uses stainless steel cases and Hermès watch bands ; and Apple Watch Edition comes with ceramic cases ( the original generation Apple Watch Edition used 18 karat gold ) . Apple Watch Series 1 models are only available with aluminum cases and sport bands . Apple Watch Series 3 models are also optionally available with cellular networking . Each model comes in a 38 - or 42 - millimeter body , with the 42 mm size having a slightly larger screen and battery . Each model has various color and band options . Featured Apple - made bands include colored sport bands , sport loop , woven nylon band , classic buckle , modern buckle , leather loop , milanese loop , and a link bracelet . Reception ( edit ) An Apple Store opens its doors on the first day of sales of the Apple Watch . Following the announcement , initial impressions from technology and watch industry observers were varied ; the watch was praised by some for its `` design , potential capabilities and eventual usefulness '' , while others offered criticism of these same aspects . Venture capitalist Marc Andreessen said he `` ca n't wait '' to try it , and Steve Jobs ' biographer Walter Isaacson described it as `` extremely cool '' and an example of future technology that is `` much more embedded into our lives '' . However , Evan Dashevsky of PC Magazine said it offered nothing new in terms of functionality compared to the Moto 360 , except the customizable vibration notifications . In November 2014 , Apple Watch was listed by Time as one of the 25 Best Inventions of 2014 . Initial reviews for the device have been generally positive with some caveats . Reviewers praised the watch 's potential ability to integrate into everyday life and the overall design of the product , but noted issues of speed and price . Many reviewers described the watch as functional and convenient , while also noting failure to offer as much potential functionality as preceding smartphones . Farhad Manjoo of The New York Times mentioned the device 's steep learning curve , stating it took him `` three long , often confusing and frustrating days '' to become accustomed to it . Some reviewers also compared it to competing products , such as Android Wear devices , and claimed `` The Smartwatch Finally Makes Sense '' . Reviewers had mixed opinions on battery life though , with Geoffrey Fowler of The Wall Street Journal saying `` the battery lives up to its all - day billing , but sometimes just barely , '' and others compared it to the Samsung Gear 2 , which `` strolls through three days of moderate usage . '' Tim Bradshaw of the Financial Times used several applications over a period of days . He concluded that there is no `` killer application '' so far besides telling the time , which is the basic function of a wristwatch anyhow . When using the Apple Watch , some users have reported issues using the heart monitoring feature due to permanent skin conditions including tattoos . The Watch uses photoplethysmography technology ( PPG ) which utilizes the green LED lights to measure heart rates . To gauge a user 's heart rate , the watch flashes green light from the LEDs at the skin and records the amount of this light that is absorbed by the red pigment of the blood . However , under certain circumstances the skin may not allow for the light absorption to be read properly and thus provide inaccurate results . Some users have complained that the logo and text on the back of the Apple Watch Sport model , primarily the space gray version , can be easily worn off . The first generation Apple Watch Edition , where 18 k gold models retailed from US $10,000 to US $17,000 , received a lukewarm reception as the Apple brand `` has n't established its value yet in gold '' compared to similar - priced timepieces from Rolex and Patek Philippe . These Swiss luxury manufacturers were known for their `` products ' intricate craftsmanship ( that ) justifies that high price tag '' . An analyst suggested `` What makes a high - end watch ? It 's the Swiss movements , the inner workings . That 's why collectors buy them . This ( Apple Watch Edition ) has none of that . It 's inserting a high - end case on a piece of electronics '' which was not endlessly upgradable and would become obsolete in a couple years like other tech gadgets . In addition , Apple Retail Stores that carry the Apple Watch Edition would be `` totally antithetical to their current retail model '' , according to the Jewelers ' Security Alliance , since `` You ca n't have people touching it . You ca n't have it out on counters . You have the same problems that retail jewelers have , in terms of distraction thefts , in terms of switching , in terms of grab and runs '' . Apple has apparently given up on competing in the luxury watch market after failing to make much headway , as the second - generation Apple Watch Edition is made of ceramic and sells for US $1,249 . Sales ( edit ) Financial analysts offered early sales estimates from a few million to as many as 34.7 million in the first year . Time 's Tim Bajarin summarized the breadth of reactions , writing that `` there is not enough information yet to determine how this product will fare when it finally reaches the market next year '' . Owing to the inadequacy of materials , the Apple Watch 's delivery was delayed from its initial pre-order release date of April 10 , 2015 . As a result , only 22 percent of the pre-ordered Apple Watches were despatched in the United States during the weekend after the release date . It is estimated Apple received almost one million Apple Watch pre-orders in the United States during the initial six hours of the pre-order period on April 10 , 2015 , after which it sold out and further orders would start delivering in June . A report later on by an analyst stated that Apple Watch was already a $10 billion business during its first year . Although the Apple Watch was launched to much fanfare , Apple has not disclosed any sales figures of its Watch . According to an estimate by IDC , Apple shipped over 12 million units in 2015 . In late 2016 , a veteran of the Swiss watch industry said Apple sold about 20 million watches and had a market share of about 50 percent . See also ( edit ) Apple Inc. portal List of iOS devices References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eva Dou ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Who Is Apple 's Watch Maker ? '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelion , Leo ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Apple Watch prices and apps revealed '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Steve T-S on Twitter '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Teardown shows Apple Watch S1 chip has custom CPU , 512MB RAM , 8GB storage '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Review : The absolutely optional Apple Watch and Watch OS 1.0 '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch runs ' most ' of iOS 8.2 , may use A5 - equivalent processor '' . AppleInsider . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Teardown - iFixit '' . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Ho , Joshua ; Chester , Brandon ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` The Apple Watch Review '' . AnandTech . Retrieved July 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Verge live blog '' . The Verge . Vox Media . September 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Etherington , Darrell . `` Tim Cook Says Apple Watch Ships In April '' . TechCrunch . AOL . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch is ' world 's best selling wearable ' with 4.2 million shifted in Q2 '' . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Price Details in India '' . Jump up ^ Mangalindan , JP ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Apple announces Apple Watch Series 2 on September 7 , 2016 '' . Yahoo Tech . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` iPhone Killer : The Secret History of the Apple Watch '' . WIRED . Jump up ^ `` Rumor : Apple working on wearable iPod with Siri control iMore '' . iMore . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple is ' experimenting ' with curved glass smartwatch , says NYT and WSJ '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Said to Have Team Developing Wristwatch Computer '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's Planned ' IWatch ' Could Be More Profitable Than TV '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple on iWatch hiring blitz ahead of possible late 2014 launch , says Financial Times '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's Cook on New Products : ' Take the Time to Get It Right ' '' . Digits . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple 's iWatch may launch in October with 2.5 - inch screen , says Reuters '' . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch announced : available for $349 early next year '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Apple Watch is poised to dominate the market for digital fitness trackers '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch is competing as a fashion accessory , and that 's a risky move '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Apple Watch ads in U.S. magazines favor fashion lovers over techies '' . Mashable . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Quinn , Bradley . `` Apple Watch is n't about fashion design ; it 's about the fashion industry '' . Techradar . Future . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch release date is April 24th , with pricing from $349 to over $10,000 '' . The Verge . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch launch : Plan ahead -- it 's by appointment only '' . CNET . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple Watch can now be reserved for in - store purchase '' . CNET . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Want an Apple Watch on Friday ? Head to a luxury boutique '' . CNET . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Apple Watch will be available at all Best Buy locations next month '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Buy Apple Watch From Sprint on Friday '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Don . `` Apple 's Pricey Hermès Smartwatch Will Be Available Online Friday '' . fortune.com . Fortune Magazine . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Apple companies hold iWatch trademark in U.S. , U.K. , China '' . CNET . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why the Apple Watch is n't called the iWatch '' . CNBC . NBCUniversal News Group . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Apple iWatch does n't exist , but a legal fight over it does '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Diaconescu , Adrian ( November 6 , 2015 ) . `` Apple Watch finally goes on sale in India starting at the equivalent of $470 '' . Pocketnow . Retrieved November 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch coming to India on Nov. 6 , prices and resellers unknown '' . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tanggal Rilis Apple Watch di Indonesia Terkuak : Akhir November ! '' . Makemac . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rhodes , Margaret . `` The Military History Behind the Apple Watch 's New Straps '' . Wired . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch - Buy - Apple '' . Apple . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Case and Band Sizes - Apple '' . Apple . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Verge : The 15 most important announcements from the Apple Watch , iPhone 6 event '' . The Verge . Vox Media . September 9 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wearable of the Month : The Apple Watch '' . Humavox . October 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` General Battery Information '' . Apple inc . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Detailed Look at How the Apple Watch Functions in Water '' . MacRumors . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch swim app works -- but it will void your warranty '' . Cult of Mac . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Your heart rate . What it means , and where on Apple Watch you 'll find it . '' ( in German ) , Apple Support , https://support.apple.com/en-us/HT204666 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 16 Jump up ^ Apple Watch includes 8 GB of storage , allows 2 GB of music storage and 75 MB of photos . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Early 2015 Smartwatch Comparison Guide '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Apple Watch - Compare - Specs '' . apple.com . Retrieved September 16 , 2016 . Archive.org link : https://web.archive.org/web/20170712183811/https://www.apple.com/watch/compare/ Jump up ^ https://9to5mac.com/2016/10/04/is-apple-watch-series-2-faster-than-series-1-video/ Jump up ^ `` Apple - Press Info - Apple Introduces Apple Watch Series 2 , The Ultimate Device For A Healthy Life '' . apple.com . Retrieved September 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stern , Joanna ( 20 September 2017 ) . `` Apple Watch Series 3 Review : Untethered ... and Unreliable '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Apple Watch ( 1st generation ) - Technical Specifications ^ Jump up to : Apple Watch Series 3 - Technical Specifications ^ Jump up to : Apple introduces Apple Watch Series 2 Jump up ^ `` Apple releases first Apple Watch update with watchOS 1.0. 1 , adding new Emoji & languages , app improvements , more '' . 9to5Mac . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Get ready for Apple Watch 2.0 '' . CNET . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Previews New Apple Watch Software '' . Retrieved August 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew ( September 21 , 2015 ) . `` After delay , Apple releases watchOS 2.0 to the public '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Why I 'm cheating on my Apple Watch Cult of Mac '' . Cult of Mac . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch slow ? How to Speed Up watchOS with these Tips '' . Cupertino Watch . Retrieved March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Releases watchOS 3.1 to the public with bug fixes , update through iPhone Watch app 9TO5Mac '' . 9TO5Mac . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Andrew ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Apple releases WatchKit developer tools alongside first iOS 8.2 beta '' . Ars Technica . Condé Nast . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple requires all new watchOS apps be native by June 1 '' . AppleInsider. April 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anvin VS ( September 18 , 2014 ) . `` Apple Watch : 18 - Karat Gold Premium Smartwatch Edition To Be Priced At $5000 -- Reports '' . International Business Times AU . Jump up ^ `` Buy Apple Watch Series 1 - Apple '' . apple.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bajarin , Tim ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` Nobody Can Predict the Success of Apple 's Watch Yet '' . Time . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Zuckerberg is world 's best CEO , Twitter the eighth wonder , says Marc Andreessen '' . CNET . October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaban , Hamza ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Walter Isaacson Talks AI , Apple Watch , and His New Book The Innovators '' . Gizmodo . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` There 's Only One Reason to Buy an Apple Watch '' . PC Magazine . September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 25 Best Inventions of 2014 '' . Time . November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Biggs , Tim ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Apple watch reviews very positive , with some caveats '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Manjoo , Farhad ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Apple Watch Review : Bliss , but Only After a Steep Learning Curve '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , Geoffrey ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` Apple Watch Review : The Smartwatch Finally Makes Sense '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Luke . `` Samsung Gear 2 : Apps , Battery , Value and Verdict '' . TrustedReviews . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . It strolled through three days moderate usage , which is two full days longer than the Galaxy Gear , but 's still short of what we would like to see on a wearable . Jump up ^ Tim Bradshaw : `` Apple Watch . '' In : `` Financial Times . '' May 22 , 2015 , p. 10 Jump up ^ Cooper , Belle ( 21 February 2016 ) . `` How do fitness trackers measure your heart rate ? '' . Jump up ^ Hern , Alex ( 30 April 2015 ) . `` How # tattoogate has highlighted a wider problem with wearables '' . Jump up ^ `` Your heart rate . What it means , and where on Apple Watch you 'll find it '' . Apple Inc . May 30 , 2015 . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Roger Fingas . `` Apple Watch Sport owners report unexpected rear logo damage , other text scratching off '' . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Sport Users Complain That Lettering And Logo Are Wearing Off '' . Consumerist . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.jckonline.com/blogs/cutting-remarks/2016/01/20/what-will-apple-watch-edition-cost-jewelry-and-watch-people-weigh Jump up ^ http://www.jckonline.com/blogs/cutting-remarks/2016/01/20/apple-treated-its-high-end-watch-gold-headed-stepchild Jump up ^ http://www.jckonline.com/blogs/cutting-remarks/2016/09/09/apple-decides-it-wont-be-rolex Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch sales to reach 36 million in first year , analyst predicts - CNET '' . CNET . Retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shara Tibkens . `` Apple Watch delays delays may be due to faulty part - CNET '' . CNET . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lance Whitney . `` Apple Watch may have shipped to only 22 percent of preorder buyers so far - CNET '' . CNET . Retrieved August 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dan Frommer . `` Apple Watch pre-orders were 1 million in the US on its first day , a shopping data firm estimates '' . Quartz . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Is Already a $10 Billion Business '' . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Watch Is A Colossal $10 Billion Business After Just 1 Year In The Market '' . The Cryd 's Daily . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Here 's How Much the Apple Watch Business Is Worth '' . Fortune . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reisinger , Ron . `` Apple Watch Sales Have Plummeted , Analyst Says '' . Fortune . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nick , Statt . `` Apple shipped 11.6 million Apple Watches last year , says IDC ( Feb 24 , 2016 ) '' . TheVerge.com . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss watch sector set for smartwatch boom '' . Reuters . January 1 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apple Watch . Apple Watch -- Official site iOS and iOS - based products History Outline Hardware Apple TV Apple Watch Series 2 Series 3 iPad 1st 2nd 3rd 4th Air Air 2 2017 iPad Mini 1st iPad Pro iPhone 1st 3G 3GS 4S 5 5C 5S 6 & 6 Plus 6S & 6S Plus SE 7 & 7 Plus 8 & 8 Plus X iPod Touch 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Software AirDrop AirPlay AirPrint CarPlay Cocoa Touch Control Center Core Animation HomeKit iTunes iOS 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All Notification Center SDK Siri Spotlight SpringBoard VoiceOver WebKit Bundled apps Calendar Clock Contacts FaceTime Files Find My Friends Find My iPhone Health Home iBooks Mail Maps Messages Music News Notes Photo Booth Photos Reminders Safari TV Videos Wallet Weather Watch Discontinued Newsstand Apple apps AirPort Utility Clips iLife GarageBand iMovie iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Logic Remote Remote Discontinued Beats Music Cards iPhoto Nike + iPod Services Apple Pay App Store Game Center iBookstore iCloud iMessage iTunes Connect iTunes Store Multitasking Push Notifications TestFlight Discontinued iAd iTunes Radio MobileMe Other 300 - page bill Apple mobile application processors FairPlay Free and open - source iOS applications Games History of iPhone iFund Jailbreaking Metal Swift WWDC Apple Inc . History Outline Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Board of directors Current James A. Bell Tim Cook ( CEO ) Albert Gore Jr . Robert A. Iger Andrea Jung Arthur D. Levinson ( Chairman ) Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Fred D. Anderson Gil Amelio Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Larry Ellison Steve Jobs Delano Lewis Mike Markkula Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt John Sculley Edgar S. Woolard Jr . Jerry York Executives Current Tim Cook ( CEO ) Jonathan Ive ( CDO ) Jeff Williams ( COO ) Luca Maestri ( CFO ) Katherine Adams ( General Counsel ) Angela Ahrendts Phil Schiller Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Dan Riccio Johny Srouji Lisa Jackson Former Steve Jobs Fred D. Anderson John Browett Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Nancy R. 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Semi PrimeSense Shazam Siri Spotsetter Topsy Related Advertising 1984 Think different Get a Mac iPods Product Red Campus Park Design IDg Typography Book Didi Chuxing History Codenames Community Criticism Litigation FBI -- Apple encryption dispute iOS app approvals Apple Music Festival Welcome to Macintosh ( 2008 documentary ) Artistic depictions of Steve Jobs Original programs distributed by Apple Book Portal Smartwatch Wearable computer Calculator watch Wrist computer Android i 'm Watch Motorola Motoactv Samsung Galaxy Gear WIMM One ZGPAX s5 Omate TrueSmart Neptune Pine Android Wear Asus ZenWatch Asus ZenWatch 2 Asus ZenWatch 3 Casio WSD - F10 Casio WSD - F20 Huawei Watch LG G Watch LG G Watch R LG Watch Urbane LG Watch Urbane 2nd Edition LG Watch Sport LG Watch Style Michael Kors Access Moto 360 1st generation 2nd generation Moto 360 Sport Fossil Q Founder Fossil Q Marshal Fossil Q Wander Nixon Mission Polar M600 Samsung Gear Live Sony SmartWatch 3 Tag Heuer Connected Apple Watch Apple Watch Apple Watch Series 1 Apple Watch Series 2 Apple Watch Series 3 Tizen Samsung Gear Samsung Gear 2 Samsung Gear Fit Samsung Gear S Samsung Gear S2 Samsung Gear S3 Fossil Wrist PDA Ruputer ZYPAD MetaWatch Microsoft Band Pebble Pebble Time Qualcomm Toq Sony SmartWatch Wrist communicators Fashion S9110 Hyundai MB 910 LG GD910 Martian Watches SWaP Classic Z1 Android Watch - Phone Wrist data unit Casio Databank Timex Datalink Others Casio G - Shock GB - 6900 Nelsonic Game Watch Software Android Wear AsteroidOS Tizen WatchOS Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_Watch&oldid=819160080 '' Categories : Apple Inc. hardware Smartwatches Wearable devices Computer - related introductions in 2015 Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages containing links to subscription - only content Use mdy dates from March 2017 Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Lietuvių Magyar مصرى Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 January 2018 , at 20 : 28 . 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Neal Caffrey
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Neal Caffrey - wikipedia Neal Caffrey Jump to : navigation , search Neal Caffrey White Collar character A promotional photograph of Neal Caffrey as portrayed by Matt Bomer First appearance `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Last appearance `` Au Revoir '' ( episode 6.06 ) Created by Jeff Eastin Portrayed by Matt Bomer Owen Elkin ( young ) Information Full name Neal Thomas Caffrey Aliases Danny Brooks ( in WITSEC ) , George Devore , George Danvery , George Donnelly , Nicholas `` Nick '' Halden , Dr. Leonard Parker , Steve Tabernacle , Benjamin Cooper , Gary Rydell , Victor Moreau , Chris Gates , James Maine , Neal Armstrong , Neal Craig , Neal Mcalli William Grey Occupation FBI Consultant , Con Artist , Art Thief , Forger Wikiquote has quotations related to : Neal Caffrey Neal Caffrey ( born Neal George Bennett on March 21 , 1977 , later changed his name to Neal George Caffrey ) is the main character of the USA Network original series White Collar . Neal currently works as a criminal consultant for the White Collar Crime Division of the FBI in New York City . He is a world - class forger and conman , with a fondness for art , fine wine , Sy Devore suits , fedoras , and beautiful women . Neal speaks eight languages , including conversational Swahili , and has 27 known aliases . Caffrey was suspected of hundreds of thefts before Agent Peter Burke of the FBI apprehended him . Neal received a four - year sentence for bond forgery . After escaping from prison -- and getting caught once again by Agent Burke when he is found in his ex-girlfriend Kate 's apartment with an empty bottle of wine -- Neal struck a bargain in exchange for his release from prison after he identifies a bomb material from Peter Burke 's suit , Neal helps the FBI catch the most cunning white collar criminals in the country . Now , Neal must walk the line between his new job as a top FBI consultant , and his old life as a white collar criminal . Matt Bomer portrays Neal Caffrey on White Collar . Bomer describes the character as having `` the veneer of the charming , hyper - intelligent , eloquent , sly mastermind , but underneath , he was really a kind of die hard romantic who would go to any lengths to find the love of his life '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Personality 2 History 2.1 Early life and background 2.2 Life as a con artist 3 Relationships 3.1 Peter Burke 3.1. 1 Season 1 3.1. 2 Season 2 3.1. 3 Season 3 3.1. 4 Season 4 3.1. 5 Season 5 3.2 Mozzie 3.3 Alexandra `` Alex '' Hunter 3.4 Kate Moreau 3.5 Sara Ellis 3.5. 1 Season 2 3.5. 2 Season 3 4 Criminal career 4.1 Known and implied crimes 5 References Personality ( edit ) Neal is presented as a charming , sophisticated gentleman with a wide range of knowledge , from art to foreign languages , most of which seems to be self - taught ; he reveals early in Season 2 that he did not graduate high school . He is described as a romantic , which is shown when he breaks out of prison to track down Kate Moreau , his girlfriend and true love , after she breaks up with him . Neal is also highly secretive , and does not trust anyone completely . In the Season 1 episode `` Threads '' , he tells Mozzie that he lied to both Mozzie and Kate about the location of his stash of stolen goods , telling Mozzie it was in Portland and Kate in San Diego , in order to test their loyalty to him . Neal rarely makes himself vulnerable , hiding behind a facade of indifference or cheerfulness when he is upset , even after a major personal tragedy in the Season 1 finale . He does not enjoy talking about his past , preferring the mystery . Neal is a people person . His confidence makes it easy for him to con people ( particularly women ) , and he frequently draws attention to himself wherever he goes . Jeff Eastin says of casting Neal : `` I wanted a guy who walked into a room and every head turned . Because this guy is elegant , and he 's sophisticated , and he 's smart and he loves the attention . '' History ( edit ) Early life and background ( edit ) Born Neal George Bennett ( Compromising Positions Season 4 : episode 7 ) , Neal grew up in United States Federal Witness Protection Program under the name Danny Brooks in St. Louis , Missouri . His mother told him that his father , James Bennett , a police detective in the Washington , D.C. Metro Police Department , died when he was two years old , while taking out a bunch of bad guys . Neal grew up wanting to be just like him : intending to be a police officer and training with guns . However , when he was 18 , Ellen Parker , his father 's former partner , told him the truth : His father is still alive , but is not a hero . James had been arrested for the murder of a fellow police officer when Neal was three years old . ( Diminishing Returns Season 4 : episode 3 ) After finding out this information , Neal left WITSEC and took his mother 's maiden name , Caffrey . Now , he can still use guns , but prefers not to , and shows strong distaste towards firearms in general . Neal did not graduate from high school ; he also did not attend college , although he has , ( most likely ) fictitiously acquired three MBAs and two doctorate degrees ( Copycat Caffrey Season 2 : episode 3 ) . He learns more about his father only years later , when he asks Ellen for more information : After he was arrested , James told Ellen that their department was filled with dirty cops who had set him up . But then , his father confessed to the murder , and turned state 's evidence on the Flynn organization , a crime family with some of the police department on the payroll , including Neal 's father . His testimony brought down most of the organization . Neal , his mother , and Ellen were placed in witness protection . ( Gloves Off Season 4 : episode 9 ) Life as a con artist ( edit ) Neal came to New York City in his early twenties . Mozzie saw Neal con a man out of $500 and later approached him about pulling a long con on a CEO named Vincent Adler . For about approximately six months , Neal worked for Adler at Adler Financial Management under the alias Nicholas Halden . It is through Adler that Neal met fellow thief Alexandra `` Alex '' Hunter when she attempted to steal information from Adler . The two ended up spending the night together after their first encounter . He fell in love with Adler 's assistant , Kate Moreau , who eventually became his girlfriend . Before Neal could complete the con , Adler figured out Neal 's true identity and his con and ran off with a billion dollars , leaving all of his employees -- including Neal and Kate -- jobless and broke . Adler left only one dollar in the account Neal was after and a password that was an anagram for `` Nice Try Neal '' . After this , Neal , Kate , and Mozzie began running cons together . Neal refers to Vincent Adler as `` the man who made me who I am today . '' He follows Adler 's advice to `` assault the commonplace every chance we get , from the clothes we wear to the art we collect , to the women in our lives . '' ( Forging Bonds Season 2 : episode 11 ) Neal tried to persuade Kate to leave for Europe with him . Kate got upset when he mentioned Copenhagen , because she knew that Alex Hunter had contacted him about a job there . She accused Neal of trying to con her , instead of simply telling her that . She stayed in New York while Neal left for Copenhagen . Upon his return , Neal found that Kate was hiding from him and started doing bigger cons and forgeries , trying to catch her attention . The FBI tracked Kate down and , realizing that Neal had no idea where Kate was , they set a trap for Neal by leaking her whereabouts and waiting for him to go to her . ( Forging Bonds Season 2 : episode 11 ) Relationships ( edit ) Peter Burke ( edit ) Agent Peter Burke was the case agent assigned to catch Neal Caffrey . He spent three years chasing Neal before finally arresting him . Neal sent Peter birthday cards each year while he was in prison . Burke is considered the only man capable of catching Caffrey . ( Pilot Season 1 : episode 1 ) The relationship between the two of them is characterized by mutual respect and mistrust . With Neal , Peter follows the motto `` Trust but Verify , '' which means he checks Neal 's tracking information every day to see where he 's gone when he 's not at work ( The Portrait Season 1 : episode 5 ) . However , Peter does consider Neal a partner , a friend , and one of the cleverest people he knows ( Pilot Season 1 : episode 1 , All In Season 1 : episode 6 , Hard Sell Season 1 : episode 8 ) . Neal trusts Peter more than anyone else in his life , including Mozzie ( Vital Signs Season 1 : episode 10 ) . Together they form a remarkable partnership . Neal Caffrey uses his criminal background to go undercover while Peter Burke keeps the investigation focused and on - track . Season 1 ( edit ) During White Collar 's first season , the duo is assigned cases ranging from art theft to jewelry heists to recovering stolen jade elephants . Despite reservations on Burke 's part regarding the sincerity of Caffrey 's aims , as well as Caffrey 's occasional mistrust of Burke , the two build a sincere friendship in addition to their effective partnership . However , on several occasions Burke is convinced that Caffrey was behind the crimes that they are investigating . Neal , meanwhile , keeps secrets from Peter , especially when it comes to tracking down Kate Moreau . However , Neal 's private investigation eventually requires Peter 's help . When Neal is set to run away with Kate in finale , Peter intercepts him at the airport and asks : `` You said goodbye to everyone but me . Why ? '' To which Neal eventually replies , `` Cause you 're the only one who could change my mind . '' ( Out of the Box Season 1 : episode 14 ) Season 2 ( edit ) The cases in season two lead to a growing understanding between Neal and Peter . A manhunt for a fugitive FBI agent causes Peter Burke to go on the run with Caffrey 's aid ( Prisoner 's Dilemma Season 2 : episode 7 ) . When Burke is suspected of planting evidence , Neal assists him in an intricate con to prove his innocence ( Burke 's Seven Season 2 : episode 10 ) . Neal Caffrey becomes torn between the need for revenge for Kate 's death and the justice Burke insists on within the legal system . When Caffrey corners Kate Moreau 's suspected killer , he is ' talked down ' by Peter Burke ( Point Blank Season 2 : episode 9 ) . When Neal Caffrey goes undercover with a thief looking for that one last score , he wonders if he 's seeing an older image of himself . `` If ever you do decide to grow up , you should realize this one thing , '' Peter Burke tells Neal . `` You can either be a con or a man -- you ca n't be both . '' ( Countermeasures Season 2 : episode 13 ) Later , the duo switch identities , with Peter Burke pretending to be Neal Caffrey and vice versa , giving them both a first - hand look at what it is like to be in the other 's shoes ( Power Play Season 2 : episode 15 ) . At the end of the season , Mozzie swipes a lost cache of art amassed by the Nazis ( known variously as the U-boat , music box , Nazi , or Nazi sub treasure ) . Unfortunately , Peter Burke suspects Neal as the true perpetrator of the theft when he spies a piece of Neal 's painting among the debris . The scene shatters the relationship between Neal and Peter . ( Under the Radar Season 2 : episode 16 ) Season 3 ( edit ) The trust that has slowly been accumulating between FBI Agent Peter Burke and Neal Caffrey dissolves in the explosion at the warehouse . Their differences , however , must be set aside when Burke is kidnapped by Caffrey 's nemesis Matthew Keller . `` You , '' Neal Caffrey tells Peter Burke when asked why he did not simply take the Nazi treasure and run . `` Elizabeth , Sara . The view out that window , stepping off the elevator Monday morning . All of it . I have a life here . '' ( Checkmate Season 3 : episode 11 ) Season 4 ( edit ) The Plot continues after Neal and Mozzie run off to Cape Verde and are brought back by Burke . The season mainly focuses on Neal 's Father , James , who comes back to New York to hunt for a box hidden within the city . It is Later revealed that the box contains information on either James or Senator Pratt , the new antagonist of the series , Season 5 ( edit ) Peter is about to be prosecuted for murder , which could end his FBI career even if he were acquitted . Elizabeth urges Neal to save him at any cost . Neal is contacted by the Dutchman , Curtis Hagan ( Mark Sheppard ) , the man he helped Peter convict of forgery in their first case together . Disillusioned , Peter tells Elizabeth he wants to stay in his current position closer to field work ; she agrees but wants to keep the job in DC . A bitter Neal asks Mozzie to circumvent the new anklet . After Mozzie leaves , Neal recognizes and confronts a man who has been following him . He is then grabbed from behind and thrown in a van , without his anklet . Mozzie ( edit ) Mozzie , often called Moz short for Mozart , is Neal 's partner in crime and a close friend . Mozzie was orphaned as a baby and raised in an orphanage in Detroit . His love of literature came from the man who found him and ran the orphanage , Mr. Jeffries . Mozzie started his criminal career by running cons on bullies , then running numbers for book makers until he became the brains behind the most successful and notorious book maker , `` The Dentist of Detroit . '' Only years later was it revealed that Mozzie was the Dentist and that he had conned a Detroit crime boss out of $500,000 when he was barely a teenager . Mozzie is a conspiracy nut and at one time believed that his parents may have been spies and that was why they could not raise him . Mozzie first met Neal after Neal got the better of him when Mozzie was pulling the `` Find the Lady '' con in the park not long after Neal moved to New York . Mozzie later approached Neal about pulling a long con on a CEO named Vincent Adler . Though the plan eventually failed , their friendship has flourished . Mozzie is the one who beckons Neal to a life of indulgence , wealth and pleasure , at the same time as FBI agent Peter Burke is pushing Neal toward respectability . `` This is a guy who never liked other people , '' says Willie Garson , the actor who plays Mozzie . `` He has never thought he needed people around . But Neal brought him out of his shell and now he 's not so sure . '' During the first season , Mozzie uses his various connections to the criminal world to help Neal with both his investigations with Peter and his private investigations into Kate 's disappearance . During the second season , Mozzie becomes much more involved with the investigation into Kate 's murder , discovering the identity of the last person Kate spoke to ( Fowler ) and breaking the code of the music box . In the season finale , unbeknownst to Neal , Mozzie steals the treasure linked to the music box and plans to share it with Neal . This causes Neal a great deal of trouble during season three , as Peter suspects him of the theft . He is not the only one : Neal 's old competitor , Matthew Keller , comes to claim the treasure as well . Mozzie wants Neal to leave the country with him , but Neal is unwilling to throw away his life in New York . They are finally forced to flee , because of a D.C. Art Crimes agent with a yearning to make Neal his asset . Neal and Mozzie take refuge on the non-extraditing island of Cape Verde , living a lavish lifestyle in a seaside villa , until brought back to New York by Agent Burke . Mozzie goes back to the basics of street cons after Neal is allegedly declared dead . Alexandra `` Alex '' hunter ( edit ) Alex is an old accomplice of Neal 's . He first met her when he worked for Vincent Adler under the alias of Nick Halden , and she was attempting to steal information on Adler . Alex can tell Neal is not really who he says he is , and the two end up spending the night together the first day they meet , even though Neal is currently pining for Kate . Afterwards , Alex tells him about the music box for the first time . They work together again to steal it in Copenhagen , but the con goes wrong and Alex ends up in the hospital , where Neal leaves her . The next time they see each other , he is out of prison and needs her help tracking down the music box again , which he plans on giving to Fowler in exchange for Kate . Though at first wary of his connections to the FBI , Alex agrees to help him , and they concoct an elaborate theft to steal the box . However , she double crosses him at the last minute and runs off with the box for herself . She later changes her mind and returns it to Neal , admitting that she does n't want this to be goodbye , implying that she still has feelings for him . After Kate 's plane blows up , Alex goes underground for a while to avoid the mysterious people who are searching for the music box , later resurfacing to assist Neal in an FBI investigation . He helps her get out of the country ( along with a valuable Matisse that she stole ) , and before she leaves for Italy , Alex gives him a piece of the music box and kisses him . They later see each other again in the Season 2 mid-season finale `` Point Blank '' . Alex has snuck back into the country , still hiding from the people searching for her and the music box . Neal offers to help get this target off her back , sending her to steal the box again , this time from FBI Agent Diana Barrigan 's apartment , and donate it to the Russian Heritage Museum , finally ending her involvement with the box . This time , she gives Neal her number before she leaves . In the season finale `` Under The Radar '' , Alex has been kidnapped by Vincent Adler , followed shortly by Peter and Neal . This is directly after the realization that she is the granddaughter of the man who received the final transmission from the Nazi submarine that Adler is looking for , and that the fractal in the music box leads to . She explains that her grandfather encoded the fractal into the box with hopes of someday finding the treasure for himself , but died before he could . He did manage to indirectly give Alex the code to open the submarine hatch , and she uses this knowledge to help Peter and Neal get in . After a near - death experience at the hands of Adler , Neal and Alex , relieved at being alive , share a kiss , which is seen by Neal 's current girlfriend Sara Ellis . Alex and Sara later meet , and Alex quickly realizes that she and Neal are involved . Alex gives Neal her blessing and one final kiss goodbye , as well as likening him to the Nazi treasure : some wonderful fantasy that 's just out of reach . Kate Moreau ( edit ) Kate is the driving force behind the majority of Neal 's actions throughout the series . When she breaks up with him while he is in prison , he quickly escapes in order to find her , only to be two days late . Neal is convinced that she is in trouble , a belief further enforced when he sees a picture of her at an ATM with a mysterious hand on her shoulder . Neal calls the man `` The Man With The Ring '' because of the strange ring he is wearing on his pinky finger . Using cryut she tells Mozzie ( still over the phone ) that this is the only way , before disappearing again . Over time , it is revealed that Kate may or may not be being controlled by corrupt FBI Agent Garrett Fowler , who is working for Vincent Adler , a former employer of Neal and Kate 's . Neal manages to make a deal with Fowler , giving him a mysterious music box in exchange for life with Kate . Neal is about to board the private jet that contains Kate , but is slowed down by Peter . Before Neal can make a decision of staying or going , the jet explodes , killing Kate . Season 2 follows Neal 's search for Kate 's killer , eventually leading him to Adler . It is never fully explained whether Kate was willingly working for Adler or not , and if she ever truly loved Neal . In a flashback episode , it is revealed that Kate was originally Adler 's assistant , and Neal met her while under the alias of Nicolas Halden , trying to con Adler out of his money . They fell in love , and when Adler vanished with all of their savings , Neal finally tells her his true identity , and they become partners in crime together . Kate leaves Neal , however , when he tries to con her into going to Copenhagen to work with Alex . He pulls off several of the biggest cons and thefts of his career ( including stealing a Raphael that he and Kate admired when they first met ) in order to get her attention again . The FBI realizes this , and leaks Kate 's location to him in order to have him walk into a sting , which he does , despite knowing the risks . He is reunited with Kate just long enough for them to confess their love for one another , and is arrested by Peter quickly afterwards . Kate visits him in prison every week for almost four years before breaking up with him , leaving him heartbroken , and her eventual death haunts him throughout Season 2 . He also reveals to Mozzie that he planned for a marriage and family with Kate , and had hidden a 2.5 million dollar ring in the park where they used to go . By the end of the season , he has moved on from her death and found closure and peace . Sara Ellis ( edit ) Sara is an insurance investigator for Sterling Bosch , which insured a Raphael painting stolen by Neal . She testified against him at his trial , but he was not found guilty of the crime . In the trial it is revealed that Sara thought Neal was a sociopath . When Neal is working as a consultant for the FBI he works closely with Sara as she is helping with a case at the FBI . Although she is initially hesitant towards Neal they soon grow closer and share a few intimate encounters . However Neal and Sara 's relationship officially ended after she found out that Neal was in possession of some stolen treasure . Whilst not romantically involved Neal and Sara work on a case which forces Sara to pretend to date an Ex . This causes some jealousy on Neal 's part indicating he still has feelings for her . Neal and Sara start a ' friends who have fun ' relationship until Sara announces that she has accepted a job in London . While working one final case Neal fake proposes to Sara but it is clear that he meant every word of it . Sara then moved away leaving Neal and ultimately ending their relationship . Season 2 ( edit ) They share a slightly antagonistic relationship at first when they are forced to work in `` Unfinished Business '' together on a case , which is n't helped when Neal , working undercover , unknowingly breaks into her house with a gun , only to have her pull one on him . He explains the situation , and they agree to fake her death to fool the man who put the hit out on her in the first place . They are able to forge a slightly closer relationship , even though Neal is only being nice to her because he had Kate 's flight recorder data mailed to her house and needs to get to it . He finds his opportunity when offering to give Sara a lift home after she is `` brought back to life , '' but is not able to retrieve the recording . Mozzie breaks in instead and successfully steals it , which is found out by Sara , returning her and Neal 's relationship to its original level . She later learns the whole story about Kate , and agrees to help him with the investigation into her death . Gradually , they begin to respect each other more , and eventually begin a romantic relationship in the finale lead - in `` Power Play '' , when they make out during a blackout in a library . They make tentative plans in the next episode , but things are temporarily halted when she sees him kissing Alex after a near - death experience . They work past this , however , and she forgives him . At one point , Sara tells Neal her younger sister ran away when she was 13 and she never found out what happened to her . Season 3 ( edit ) They start a relationship and while they maintain that they are just having fun , seem to genuinely be falling for each other . This is complicated by Neal and Mozzie 's plan to run away with their hidden stash of treasure . in the episode `` Taking Account '' , Neal and Sara temporarily move in together while her apartment is under construction , and Neal finds himself enjoying the idyllic lifestyle he has with her . At one point , he comes extremely close to asking her to come with him and Mozzie when they leave , but backs out when she says she could never be happy leading a life that she did n't deserve . Later , she breaks into his laptop and sees the stolen treasure on it , quickly ending their relationship . When Neal confronts her , she confesses to knowing about the treasure , but in the end chooses to not turn him in . In `` Pulling Strings '' , Sara and Neal are forced to work together to recover a missing violin , and there is romantic tension between them . Neal seems consistently jealous when she talks about a former boyfriend , the primary suspect in their case . Neal asks Sara to tell him everything , in the interest of the case . Sara tells Neal that she was engaged to the man at one point , and then claims that disclosing secrets feels good and encourages Neal to try it some time . At a concert Neal `` runs into '' the suspect , who Sara is on a date with , undercover . The two men get into a tense back and forth over Sara in which the suspect compares Neal to fireworks that although bright , do n't generate enough heat to last . Neal returns that `` The nice thing about fireworks is , they always have a second show . '' Neal does n't hear , but Sara 's ex-boyfriend says he can tell that she is lying to him because she ca n't kiss him `` as passionately as she looks at Caffrey . '' After the case closes , Neal asks Sara where they stand . She tells him that they should be friends , but when Neal points out that `` friends do occasionally go out , '' she agrees that he should call her sometime . During the season finale , Sara kisses Neal after he tells her that he did indeed steal the Raphael . Criminal career ( edit ) Known and implied crimes ( edit ) Neal forged Atlantic Incorporated bonds . ( Forging Bonds Season 2 : episode 11 ) Neal , Kate & Mozzie ran a con and stole a Faulkner Manuscript ( `` Forging Bonds '' Season 2 : episode 11 ) He stole Raphael 's `` St. George and the Dragon '' in April 2005 worth $15 million . ( In the Red Season 2 : episode 6 , Judgment Day Season 3 : episode 16 ) He may have forged the Vinland map . ( Book of Hours Season 1 : episode 3 ) He may have forged the Papyrus Seven Scrolls . ( On the Fence Season 3 : episode 9 ) He once melted down stolen gold . ( Flip of the Coin Season 1 : episode 4 ) He stole the McNally Solitaire worth $2.5 million which had been missing for 100 years or so and told Peter to contact the Scotland Royal Museum . It appears Neal stole the ring from another thief not the museum . ( Payback Season 2 : episode 14 ) He may have stolen a Fiorentino from the Smithsonian 8 years earlier and replaced it with a chocolate one wrapped in foil . ( Countdown Season 3 : episode 10 ) Neal stole Poe 's Tamerlane book , a Tamayo Painting , and Washington 's love letters . ( All In Season 1 : episode 6 ) Neal stole the Antioch manuscripts using carrier pigeons to carry the vault combinations . ( Vital Signs Season 1 : episode 10 ) Neal stole Catherine the Great 's amber music box from the Italian Embassy which had also stolen it , with Mozzie and Alex 's help . ( Out of the Box Season 1 : episode 14 ) Neal ran a money laundering scam in Canary Islands in 2004 under the name of Nicholas Halden . ( All In Season 1 : episode 6 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Season 4 , episode 1 : `` Wanted '' . Jump up ^ Krakow , Jonah ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` White Collar : `` Pilot '' Review : Another charismatic crime - solver joins USA Network `` . IGN TV . IGN . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Kristyn . `` Matt Bomer and Tim DeKay PCM Interview '' . PCM . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Transcripts of White Collar DVD Extra `` Pro and Con '' `` . LiveJournal . October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved June 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( July 17 , 2012 ) . `` Willie Garson : The pros and cons of playing Mozzie on ' White Collar ' '' , New York Daily News . Retrieved May 4 , 2013 . ( hide ) White Collar Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Upper West Side Story '' `` Neighborhood Watch '' `` Pulling Strings '' Characters Neal Caffrey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neal_Caffrey&oldid=825744850 '' Categories : Fictional characters from Missouri Fictional con artists Fictional gentleman thieves Fictional characters introduced in 2009 Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 15 February 2018 , at 04 : 27 . About Wikipedia
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Revenge
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Revenge - wikipedia Revenge `` Retaliation '' and `` Retaliate '' redirect here . For other uses , see Retaliation ( disambiguation ) and Revenge ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Justice and Divine Vengeance Pursuing Crime by Pierre - Paul Prud'hon , c. 1805 -- 1808 Revenge is a form of justice enacted in the absence or defiance of the norms of formal law and jurisprudence . Often , revenge is defined as being a harmful action against a person or group in response to a grievance , be it real or perceived . It is used to punish a wrong by going outside the law . Francis Bacon described revenge as a kind of `` wild justice '' that `` does ... offend the law ( and ) putteth the law out of office . '' Primitive justice or retributive justice is often differentiated from more formal and refined forms of justice such as distributive justice and divine judgment . Contents 1 Function in society 2 History 3 Proverbs 4 In art 5 In literature 6 In animals 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Function in society ( edit ) Engraving by Gustave Doré illustrating the Erinyes , chthonic deities of vengeance and death Shakespeare 's Hamlet tells a history in which a man avenged the murder of his father by killing his uncle ( Artist : Gustave Moreau ) Social psychologist Ian Mckee states that the desire for the sustenance of power motivates vengeful behavior as a means of impression management : `` People who are more vengeful tend to be those who are motivated by power , by authority and by the desire for status . They do n't want to lose face '' . Vengeful behavior has been found across a majority of human societies . Some societies encourage vengeful behavior , which is called a feud . These societies usually regard the honor of individuals and groups as of central importance . Thus , while protecting of his reputation an avenger feels as if he restores the previous state of dignity and justice . According to Michael Ignatieff , `` Revenge is a profound moral desire to keep faith with the dead , to honor their memory by taking up their cause where they left off '' . Thus , honor may become a heritage that passes from generation to generation . Whenever it is compromised , the affected family or community members might feel compelled to retaliate against an offender to restore the initial `` balance of honor '' that preceded the perceived injury . This cycle of honor might expand by bringing the family members and then the entire community of the new victim into the brand - new cycle of revenge that may pervade generations . History ( edit ) This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( September 2017 ) German announcement of killing 2300 civilians in Kragujevac massacre as retaliation for 10 killed German soldiers . Nazi - occupied Serbia , 1941 Feuds are cycles of provocation and retaliation , fueled by a burning desire for revenge and carried out over long periods of time by familial or tribal groups ; they were an important part of many pre-industrial societies , especially in the Mediterranean region . They still persist in some areas , notably in Albania with its tradition of gjakmarrja or `` blood feuds '' . During the Middle Ages , most would not regard an insult or injury as settled until it was avenged , or , at the least , paid for -- hence , the extensive Anglo - Saxon system of weregild ( literally , `` man - price '' ) payments , which placed a certain monetary value upon certain acts of violence in an attempt to limit the spiral of revenge by codifying the responsibility of a malefactor . Blood feuds are still practiced in many parts of the world , including Kurdish regions of Turkey and in Papua New Guinea . In Japan , honoring one 's family , clan , or lord through the practice of revenge killings is called `` katakiuchi '' ( 敵討ち ). These killings could also involve the relatives of an offender . Today , katakiuchi is most often pursued by peaceful means , but revenge remains an important part of Japanese culture . The motto of Scotland is Nemo me impune lacessit , Latin for `` Nobody shall provoke / injure me with impunity '' . The origin of the motto reflects the feudal clan system of ancient Scotland , particularly the Highlands . The goal of some legal systems is limited to `` just '' revenge -- in the fashion of the contrapasso punishments awaiting those consigned to Dante 's Inferno , some have attempted to turn the crime against the criminal , in clever and often gruesome ways . Proverbs ( edit ) The popular expression `` revenge is a dish best served cold '' suggests that revenge is more satisfying if enacted when unexpected or long feared , inverting traditional civilized revulsion toward `` cold - blooded '' violence . The idea 's origin is obscure . The French diplomat Charles Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord ( 1754 -- 1838 ) has been credited with the saying , `` La vengeance est un met que l'on doit manger froid '' ( `` Revenge is a dish that must be eaten cold '' ) , albeit without supporting detail . It has been in the English language at least since the 1846 translation of the 1845 French novel Mathilde by Joseph Marie Eugène Sue : `` la vengeance se mange très bien froide '' , there italicized as if quoting a proverbial saying , and translated `` revenge is very good eaten cold '' . It has been wrongly credited to the novel Les Liaisons Dangereuses ( 1782 ) . Its path to modern popularity may begin with the 1949 film Kind Hearts and Coronets which had revenge is a dish which people of taste prefer to eat cold . The familiar wording appears in the film Death Rides a Horse ( 1967 ) , in the novel The Godfather by Mario Puzo ( 1969 ) , as if from an `` old Klingon proverb '' in the film Star Trek II : The Wrath of Khan ( 1982 ) . The title sequence of the Quentin Tarantino film Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2003 ) referred to this last movie by again citing it as a Klingon proverb . After that it appeared in the 2004 version of Man on Fire . The phrase has also been credited to the Pashtuns of Afghanistan . Another proverb states , `` Before you embark on a journey of revenge , dig two graves '' . Another version ( Chinese : 子 不 复仇 非 子 也 ) proposes that a son who does not take revenge for his parents is not a son . In art ( edit ) Igagoe buyuden . This is an episode from a popular story of revenge -- how the son of a murdered samurai tracked the killer over all Japan . Revenge is a popular subject across many forms of art . Some examples include the painting Herodias ' Revenge by Juan de Flandes and the opera Don Giovanni by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . In Japanese art , revenge is a theme in various woodblock prints depicting the forty - seven Ronin by many well - known and influential artists , including Utagawa Kuniyoshi . The Chinese playwright Ji Junxiang used revenge as the central theme in his theatrical work The Orphan of Zhao ; it depicts more specifically familial revenge , which is placed in the context of Confucian morality and social hierarchical structure . In literature ( edit ) This section is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Revenge has been a popular literary theme historically and continues to play a role in modern and contemporary works today . Notable examples of literature that feature revenge as a theme include the plays Hamlet and Othello by William Shakespeare , the novel The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas , and the short story `` The Cask of Amontillado '' by Edgar Allan Poe . More modern examples include the novels Carrie by Stephen King and Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn . Other examples are the Greek myths of Medea , and the novel The Princess Bride by William Goldman . Although revenge is a theme in itself , it is also considered to be a genre . Revenge as a genre has been consistent with a variety of themes that have frequently appeared in different texts over the last few centuries . Such themes at hand include but are not limited to : disguise , masking , sex , cannibalism , the grotesque , bodily fluids , power , violent murders , and secrecy . Each theme , along with the concept of dramatic irony , play a large role in the success of revenge in literature . Dramatic irony is a literary device in which the audience possesses knowledge unavailable to characters in a novel , play , or film . Its purpose is to intensify the tragic events that are going to unfold by creating tension between the audience and the actions of the characters . It is essential to narratives of revenge . The most common theme within the genre of revenge is the recurring violent murders that take place throughout the text , more so , however , in the final act or scene . The root of the violence is usually derived from the characters ' childhood development . Violent murders are seen in many texts ranging from dramas to novels . Carrie , a 20th century novel written by Stephen King , has prime examples of this theme that do , indeed , occur during the final scenes . Another interesting text that incorporates this theme is the sixteenth - century drama Titus Andronicus by William Shakespeare . Continuing on , the themes of masking and disguise have the ability to go hand in hand with one another . A character may employ disguise literally or metaphorically . A mask , per se , is the literal example of this theme ; while pretending to be something one is not is considered to be the metaphoric example . Additional themes that may cause the protagonist and antagonist to develop a masked or disguised identity include sex , power , and even cannibalism . Examples of sex and power being used as themes can be seen in the novel Gone Girl , by Gillian Flynn , as well as the already mentioned drama , Titus Andronicus . Overall , although revenge is considered a theme in itself , its constant development over the last few centuries can allow it to be considered a genre as well . Key components , expressed as themes , that make up this genre are prevalent in copious literary works . In animals ( edit ) Horsfall , J.A. ( 1984 ) . Brood reduction and brood division in coots . Animal Behaviour , 32 ( 1 ) : 216 - 225 . This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Humans are not the only species known to take revenge . There are several species such as camels , elephants , fish , lions , coots , and many species of primates ( chimpanzees , macaques , baboons , etc . ) that have been recognized to seek revenge . Primatologists Frans de Waal and Lesleigh Luttrellave conducted numerous studies that provide evidence of revenge in many species of primates . They observed chimpanzees and noticed patterns of revenge . For example , if chimpanzee A helped chimpanzee B defeat his opponent , chimpanzee C , then chimpanzee C would be more likely to help chimpanzee A 's opponent in a later squabble . Chimpanzees are one of the most common species that show revenge due to their desire for dominance . Studies have also been performed on less cognitive species such as fish to demonstrate that not only intellectual animals execute revenge . See also ( edit ) Crime of passion Cycle of violence Dirty Work ( 1998 film ) Divine retribution Eye for an eye / Lex talionis ( disambiguation ) Frontier justice Guilt - Shame - Fear spectrum of cultures Honor killing Karma Lawsuit Nemesis ( mythology ) Proportionality ( law ) Punishment Retributive justice Schadenfreude Vengeful ghost Vigilantism War References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sir Francis Bacon `` On Revenge '' `` . rjgeib.com . Jump up ^ The Killing Scene : Hamlet 5.2. 303 -- 309 . Jump up ^ Michael Price ( June 2009 ) . Revenge and the people who seek it . 40 , No. 6 . apa.org . p . Print version : page 34 . Retrieved 1 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Ian McKee , PhD. 2008 . Social Justice Research ( Vol. 138 , No. 2 ) Jump up ^ Ericksen , K.P. ; Horton , H. ( 1992 ) . `` Blood feuds '' : Cross-cultural variations in kin group vengeance . Behavior Science Research . 26 ( 1 - 4 ) : 57 - 85 . doi : 10.1177 / 106939719202600103 . Jump up ^ Brandon Hamber and Richard A. Wilson , Symbolic Closure through Memory , Reparation and Revenge in Post-conflict Societies ( Johannesburg : Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation , 1999 ) Jump up ^ Helena Yakovlev - Golani ( 2012 ) . `` Revenge - the Volcano of Despair : The Story of the Israeli - Palestinian Conflict '' . Exploring the Facets of Revenge . p. 83 . Jump up ^ `` Peacemaker breaks the ancient grip of Albania 's blood feuds '' . The Christian Science Monitor June 24 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Blood feuds and gun violence plague Turkey 's southeast '' . Reuters . May 5 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Deadly twist to PNG 's tribal feuds '' . BBC News . August 25 , 2005 Jump up ^ Jennifer Speake ( 2008 ) . Concise Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs , 5th Ed . Oxford University Press . p. 576 . Retrieved 23 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Le Dictionnaire Marabout des pensées des auteurs du monde entier . Verviers : Gérard & Co. 1969 . Jump up ^ Eugène Sue ( 1845 ) . Mathilde : mémoires d'une jeune femme . Welter . p. 148 . Retrieved 26 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Marie Joseph Eugène Sue ( 1846 ) . The orphan ; or , Memoirs of Matilda , tr. ( from Mathilde ) by the hon . D.G. Osborne . p. 303 . Jump up ^ `` The meaning and origin of the expression : Revenge is a dish best served cold '' . Retrieved 24 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Fergusson , James ( 2011 ) . Taliban : The Unknown Enemy . Da Capo Press . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82034 - 2 . Jump up ^ Liu , Wu - Chi ( 1953 ) . `` The Original Orphan of China '' . Comparative Literature. 5 ( 3 ) : 195 . JSTOR 1768912 . Jump up ^ Shi , Fei ( 2009 ) . `` Tragic Ways of Killing a Child : Staging Violence and Revenge in Classical Greek and Chinese Drama '' . In Constantinidis , Stratos E. Text & presentation , 2008 . Jefferson : McFarland . p. 175 . ISBN 9780786443666 . Jump up ^ Marguerite , Tassi ( September 22 , 2012 ) . `` Women and Revenge in Shakespeare : Gender , Genre , and Ethics '' . Renaissance Quarterly . Jump up ^ Grobbink , Leonie ( July 2015 ) . `` Revenge : An Analysis of Its Psychological Underpinnings '' . International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology . ^ Jump up to : Rholetter , Wylene ( January 2015 ) . `` Dramatic Irony '' . Research Starters . Salem Press Encyclopedia of Literature . Jump up ^ Bloom , Sandra ( 2001 ) . `` Reflections on the Desire for Revenge '' . Center for Nonviolence and Social Justice . Journal of Emotional Abuse . Jump up ^ Mills , M.G.L. ( 1991 ) . Conservation management of large carnivores in Africa . Koedoe. 34 ( 1 ) : 81 - 90 . Jump up ^ Horsfall , J.A. ( 1984 ) . Brood reduction and brood division in coots . Animal Behaviour. 32 ( 1 ) : 216 - 225 . doi : 10.1016 / S0003 - 3472 ( 84 ) 80340 - 1 . Jump up ^ McCullough , Michael ( 2008 ) . Beyond Revenge : The Evolution of the Forgiveness Instinct . Jossey - Bass . pp. 79 -- 85 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Revenge at Wikimedia Commons Look up revenge in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Avenger of Blood . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Revenge Emotions ( list ) Emotions Adoration Affection Agitation Agony Amusement Anger Anguish Annoyance Anxiety Apathy Arousal Attraction Awe Boredom Calmness Compassion Contempt Contentment Defeat Depression Desire Disappointment Disgust Ecstasy Embarrassment Vicarious Empathy Enthrallment Enthusiasm Envy Euphoria Excitement Fear Frustration Gratitude Grief Guilt Happiness Hatred Hiraeth Homesickness Hope Horror Hostility Humiliation Hysteria Infatuation Insecurity Insult Interest Irritation Isolation Jealousy Joy Limerence Loneliness Longing Love Lust Melancholy Mono no aware Neglect Nostalgia Panic Passion Pity Pleasure Pride hubris Rage Regret Rejection Remorse Resentment Sadness Saudade Schadenfreude Sehnsucht Sentimentality Shame Shock Shyness Sorrow Spite Stress Suffering Surprise Sympathy Tenseness Wonder Worry World views Cynicism Defeatism Nihilism Optimism Pessimism Reclusion Weltschmerz Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Revenge&oldid=851286919 '' Categories : Revenge Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with too many examples All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles containing Chinese - language text Wikipedia articles needing style editing from September 2017 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from November 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 July 2018 , at 08 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament
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NCAA Division I Women 's basketball tournament - wikipedia NCAA Division I Women 's basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Most recent season or competition : 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Sport Basketball Founded 1982 No. of teams 64 Country NCAA Division I ( USA ) Most recent champion ( s ) Notre Dame ( 2nd ) Most titles Connecticut ( 11 ) TV partner ( s ) ESPN , ESPN2 , ESPNU , WatchESPN Official website NCAA.com The NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament is an annual college basketball tournament for women . Held each March , the Women 's Championship was inaugurated in the 1981 -- 82 season . The NCAA tournament was preceded by the AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament , which was held annually from 1972 to 1982 . Basketball was one of 12 women 's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981 -- 82 school year , as the NCAA engaged in battle with the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women for sole governance of women 's collegiate sports . The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same 12 ( and other ) sports ; however , after a year of dual women 's championships , the NCAA prevailed , while the AIAW disbanded . Attendance and interest in the Women 's Division I Championship have grown over the years , especially from 2003 to 2016 , when the final championship game was moved to the Tuesday following the Monday men 's championship game . The women 's championship game is the penultimate overall game of the college basketball season since 2017 . From 1982 to 1990 , 1996 to 2002 , and since 2017 the Women 's Final Four is usually played on the Friday before the Men 's Final Four or the hours before the men played on the final Saturday of the tournament . The final was usually played the Sunday afternoon following the Men 's Final Four ; since 2017 , Sunday evening . The tournament bracket is made up of champions from each Division I conference , which receive automatic bids . The remaining slots are at - large bids , with teams chosen by an NCAA selection committee . The selection process and tournament seedings are based on several factors , including team rankings , win - loss records , and Ratings Percentage Index ( RPI ) data . Unlike the men 's tournament , there are only 32 at - large bids ( since 2014 ) , and no play - in game . The women 's tournament , like the men 's , is staged in a single elimination format and is part of the media and public frenzy known colloquially as March Madness or The Big Dance . All 63 games have been broadcast on television since 2003 on ESPN and ESPN2 . Similar to the pre-2011 men 's tournament coverage on CBS , local teams are shown on each channel when available , with `` whip - around '' coverage designed to showcase the most competitive contests in the rest of the country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament format 2 Number of teams , and seeding 3 Selection process 4 Women 's NCAA Division I basketball champions 4.1 Team titles 4.2 NCAA Final Fours by school 4.3 Multiple NCAA championship coaches 4.4 NCAA Championship by Conference 4.5 NCAA Final Four locations 5 Tournament trends 5.1 Top - ranked teams 5.2 Champions excluded the next year 5.3 # 1 seeds 5.4 High seeds 5.5 Low seeds 5.6 Best Performances by # 14 & # 15 Seeds 5.7 First - round games 5.8 Second - round games 5.9 Teams entering the tournament unbeaten 5.10 Home state 5.11 Championship margins 5.12 Same - conference championship games 6 Result by school and by year 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Tournament format ( edit ) Main article : NCAA basketball tournament selection process A total of 64 teams qualify for the tournament played in March and April . Of these teams , 32 earn automatic bids by winning their respective conference tournaments . Since 2017 the Ivy League conducts their own post-season tournament . The remaining teams are granted `` at - large '' bids , which are extended by the NCAA Selection Committee . Dr. Marilyn McNeil , vice president / director of athletics at Monmouth University is the current chairwoman . On March 1 , 2011 , Bowling Green State University 's director of intercollegiate athletics , Greg Christopher , was appointed chair of the NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Committee during the 2011 -- 12 academic year . The tournament is split into four regional tournaments , and each regional has teams seeded from 1 to 16 , with the committee ostensibly making every region as comparable to the others as possible . The top - seeded team in each region plays the # 16 team , the # 2 team plays the # 15 , etc . Number of teams , and seeding ( edit ) The first NCAA women 's basketball tournament was held in 1982 . The AIAW also held a basketball tournament in 1982 , but most of the top teams , including defending AIAW champion Louisiana Tech , decided to participate in the NCAA tournament . The championship consisted of 32 teams from 1982 -- 1985 ( in 1983 , 36 ) , 40 teams from 1986 -- 1988 , and 48 teams from 1989 -- 1993 . Since 1994 , 64 teams compete in each tournament . Prior to 1996 , seeding was conducted on a regional basis . The top teams ( eight in the 32 - , 40 - , and 48 - team formats , and 16 in the 64 - team format ) were ranked and seeded on a national basis . The remaining teams were then seeded based on their geographic region . Teams were moved outside of its geographic region only if it was necessary to balance the bracket , or if the proximity of an opponent outside of its region would be comparable and a more competitive game would result . In 1993 , all teams except for the top four were explicitly unseeded . The regional seeding resumed in 1994 . In 1996 , seeds were assigned on a national basis using an `` S - Curve '' format similar to the process used in selecting the field for the men 's tournament . The following table summarizes some of the key attributes of the seeding process : Number of teams selected Year Automatic At - Large Total Location of first round ( s ) Seeding Basis 1982 12 20 32 Higher seed Regional 14 22 36 Higher seed † 1984 17 15 32 1985 18 14 Higher seed 1986 17 23 40 Higher seed † 18 22 1988 1989 19 29 48 1990 21 27 1991 1992 22 26 1993 23 25 1994 32 32 64 1995 31 33 Higher seed National 1997 30 34 Higher seed † 1998 Higher seed 1999 2000 Higher seed † 2001 31 33 2002 Higher seed 2003 16 Sites ‡ 2005 8 Sites ‡ 2006 2007 2008 2009 16 Sites ‡ 2011 2012 2013 2014 32 32 2015 Higher seed † 2016 2017 2018 2019 † Some exceptions . Due to venue availability , in some cases , the lower seed hosted , or the game was played at a neutral site . ‡ From 2003 -- 2014 , sixteen predetermined sites were selected for first and second - round games . Teams were allowed to play at home , if hosting . Between 2005 and 2008 , eight sites were used for first - round games . Selection process ( edit ) Further information : NCAA basketball tournament selection process A special selection committee appointed by the NCAA determines which 64 teams will enter the tournament , and where they will be seeded and placed in the bracket . Because of the automatic bids , only 32 teams ( the at - large bids ) rely on the selection committee to secure them a spot in the tournament . Women 's NCAA Division I basketball champions ( edit ) Year Winner Score Opponent Venue Other Semifinalists 1982 Louisiana Tech 76 -- 62 Cheyney State Norfolk Scope ( Norfolk , Virginia ) Tennessee & Maryland USC 69 -- 67 Louisiana Tech Old Dominion & Georgia 1984 USC 72 -- 61 Tennessee Pauley Pavilion ( Los Angeles , California ) Cheyney State & Louisiana Tech 1985 Old Dominion 70 -- 65 Georgia Frank Erwin Center ( Austin , Texas ) Western Kentucky & Northeast Louisiana 1986 Texas 97 -- 81 USC Rupp Arena ( Lexington , Kentucky ) Western Kentucky & Tennessee Tennessee 67 -- 44 Louisiana Tech Frank Erwin Center ( Austin , Texas ) Texas & Long Beach State 1988 Louisiana Tech 56 -- 54 Auburn Tacoma Dome ( Tacoma , Washington ) Long Beach State & Tennessee 1989 Tennessee 76 -- 70 Auburn Louisiana Tech & Maryland 1990 Stanford 88 -- 81 Auburn Thompson -- Boling Arena ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) Virginia & Louisiana Tech 1991 Tennessee 70 -- 67 ( OT ) Virginia Lakefront Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Connecticut & Stanford 1992 Stanford 78 -- 62 Western Kentucky Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena ( Los Angeles , California ) Southwest Missouri State & Virginia 1993 Texas Tech 84 -- 82 Ohio State Omni Coliseum ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Iowa & Vanderbilt 1994 North Carolina 60 -- 59 Louisiana Tech Richmond Coliseum ( Richmond , Virginia ) Purdue & Alabama 1995 Connecticut 70 -- 64 Tennessee Target Center ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) Stanford & Georgia Tennessee 83 -- 65 Georgia Charlotte Coliseum ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) Connecticut & Stanford 1997 Tennessee 68 -- 59 Old Dominion Riverfront Coliseum ( Cincinnati , Ohio ) Notre Dame & Stanford 1998 Tennessee 93 -- 75 Louisiana Tech Kemper Arena ( Kansas City , Missouri ) Arkansas & North Carolina State 1999 Purdue 62 -- 45 Duke San Jose Arena ( San Jose , California ) Louisiana Tech & Georgia 2000 Connecticut 71 -- 52 Tennessee First Union Center ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) Rutgers & Penn State 2001 Notre Dame 68 -- 66 Purdue Savvis Center ( St. Louis , Missouri ) Connecticut & Southwest Missouri State 2002 Connecticut 82 -- 70 Oklahoma Alamodome ( San Antonio , Texas ) Tennessee & Duke 2003 Connecticut 73 -- 68 Tennessee Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) Texas & Duke Connecticut 70 -- 61 Tennessee New Orleans Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Minnesota & LSU 2005 Baylor 84 -- 62 Michigan State RCA Dome ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) LSU & Tennessee 2006 Maryland 78 -- 75 ( OT ) Duke TD Garden ( Boston , Massachusetts ) North Carolina & LSU 2007 Tennessee 59 -- 46 Rutgers Quicken Loans Arena ( Cleveland , Ohio ) 2008 Tennessee 64 -- 48 Stanford St. Pete Times Forum ( Tampa , Florida ) LSU & Connecticut 2009 Connecticut 76 -- 54 Louisville Scottrade Center ( St. Louis , Missouri ) Stanford & Oklahoma Connecticut 53 -- 47 Stanford Alamodome ( San Antonio , Texas ) Baylor & Oklahoma 2011 Texas A&M 76 -- 70 Notre Dame Conseco Fieldhouse ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) Connecticut & Stanford 2012 Baylor 80 -- 61 Notre Dame Pepsi Center ( Denver , Colorado ) Stanford & Connecticut 2013 Connecticut 93 -- 60 Louisville New Orleans Arena ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Notre Dame & California 2014 Connecticut 79 -- 58 Notre Dame Bridgestone Arena ( Nashville , Tennessee ) Stanford & Maryland 2015 Connecticut 63 -- 53 Notre Dame Amalie Arena ( Tampa , Florida ) South Carolina & Maryland 2016 Connecticut 82 -- 51 Syracuse Bankers Life Fieldhouse ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) Oregon State & Washington 2017 South Carolina 67 -- 55 Mississippi State American Airlines Center ( Dallas , Texas ) Connecticut & Stanford 2018 Notre Dame 61 -- 58 Mississippi State Nationwide Arena ( Columbus , Ohio ) Connecticut & Louisville 2019 Amalie Arena ( Tampa , Florida ) 2020 Smoothie King Center ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) Team titles ( edit ) Baylor Connecticut Louisiana Tech Maryland North Carolina Notre Dame Old Dominion Purdue South Carolina Stanford Tennessee Texas Texas A&M Texas Tech USC Schools who have won the NCAA Championship -- 11 championships -- 8 championships -- 2 championships -- 1 championship Team Titles Year Won Connecticut 11 1995 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Tennessee 8 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2008 Baylor 2005 , 2012 Louisiana Tech 1982 , 1988 Notre Dame 2001 , 2018 Stanford 1990 , 1992 USC 1983 , 1984 Maryland 2006 North Carolina 1994 Old Dominion 1985 Purdue 1999 South Carolina 2017 Texas 1986 Texas A&M 2011 Texas Tech 1993 NCAA Final Fours by school ( edit ) School Final Four Years Number of Appearances Championships Connecticut 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 19 11 Tennessee 1982 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1991 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 18 8 Stanford 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 1997 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 , 2017 13 Louisiana Tech 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1994 , 1998 , 1999 10 Notre Dame 1997 , 2001 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2018 8 Georgia 1983 , 1985 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 5 0 LSU 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 5 0 Maryland 1982 , 1989 , 2006 , 2014 , 2015 5 Duke 1999 , 2002 , 2003 , 2006 0 Auburn 1988 , 1989 , 1990 0 Baylor 2005 , 2010 , 2012 Louisville 2009 , 2013 , 2018 0 North Carolina 1994 , 2006 , 2007 Oklahoma 2002 , 2009 , 2010 0 Old Dominion 1983 , 1985 , 1997 Purdue 1994 , 1999 , 2001 Texas 1986 , 1987 , 2003 USC 1983 , 1984 , 1986 Virginia 1990 , 1991 , 1992 0 Western Kentucky 1985 , 1986 , 1992 0 Cheyney St . 1982 , 1984 0 Long Beach St . 1987 , 1988 0 Mississippi St . 2017 , 2018 0 Missouri St . 1992 , 2001 0 Rutgers 2000 , 2007 0 South Carolina 2015 , 2017 Alabama 1994 0 Arkansas 1998 0 California 2013 0 Iowa 1993 0 Louisiana - Monroe 1985 0 Michigan St . 2005 0 Minnesota 0 North Carolina St . 1998 0 Ohio St . 1993 0 Oregon St . 2016 0 Penn St . 2000 0 Syracuse 2016 0 Texas A&M 2011 Texas Tech 1993 Vanderbilt 1993 0 Washington 2016 0 Multiple NCAA championship coaches ( edit ) Coach School Championships Geno Auriemma Connecticut 11 Pat Summitt Tennessee 8 Muffet McGraw Notre Dame Kim Mulkey Baylor Linda Sharp USC Tara VanDerveer Stanford NCAA championship by conference ( edit ) Note : Conferences are listed by all champions ' affiliations at that time ; these do not necessarily match current affiliations . Conference Year Championships Big East 1995 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 9 Southeastern 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2007 , 2008 , 2017 American Athletic 2014 , 2015 , 2016 Atlantic Coast 1994 , 2006 , 2018 Big 12 2005 , 2011 , 2012 Pac - 12 1990 , 1992 Southwest 1986 , 1993 Western Collegiate 1983 , 1984 American South 1988 Big Ten 1999 Independent 1982 Sun Belt 1985 Jump up ^ The Big East Conference operated in its original form from 1979 until 2013 . During that time , Connecticut won eight championships , and Notre Dame won one . Following the three - way 2013 split of that conference and subsequent settlement between the non-FBS schools and the remaining schools , the conference legally changed its name to the American Athletic Conference . Three schools ( among them Notre Dame ) left for the Atlantic Coast Conference in 2013 , with a fourth doing the same in 2014 ; one school left for the Big Ten in 2014 ; and the non-FBS schools retained the Big East name . However , the current Big East now maintains the history of the original conference in all sports that it sponsors , including women 's basketball . The American no longer claims any of the original Big East 's competition history , even in the two sports that it sponsors and the current Big East does not ( football and women 's rowing ) . Jump up ^ Known as the Pacific - 10 Conference , or Pac - 10 , when both of its titles were won . NCAA Final Four locations ( edit ) 1982 -- Norfolk , Virginia 1983 -- Norfolk , Virginia 1984 -- Los Angeles , California 1985 -- Austin , Texas 1986 -- Lexington , Kentucky 1987 -- Austin , Texas 1988 -- Tacoma , Washington 1989 -- Tacoma , Washington 1990 -- Knoxville , Tennessee 1991 -- New Orleans , Louisiana 1992 -- Los Angeles , California 1993 -- Atlanta , Georgia 1994 -- Richmond , Virginia 1995 -- Minneapolis , Minnesota 1996 -- Charlotte , North Carolina 1997 -- Cincinnati , Ohio 1998 -- Kansas City , Missouri 1999 -- San Jose , California 2000 -- Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 2001 -- St. Louis , Missouri 2002 -- San Antonio , Texas 2003 -- Atlanta , Georgia 2004 -- New Orleans , Louisiana 2005 -- Indianapolis , Indiana 2006 -- Boston , Massachusetts 2007 -- Cleveland , Ohio 2008 -- Tampa Bay , Florida 2009 -- St. Louis , Missouri 2010 -- San Antonio , Texas 2011 -- Indianapolis , Indiana 2012 -- Denver , Colorado 2013 -- New Orleans , Louisiana 2014 -- Nashville , Tennessee 2015 -- Tampa Bay , Florida 2016 -- Indianapolis , Indiana 2017 -- Dallas , Texas 2018 -- Columbus , Ohio 2019 -- Tampa Bay , Florida 2020 -- New Orleans , Louisiana 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 NCAA Final Four locations ( hover over city to see arena ) Tournament trends ( edit ) Top - ranked teams ( edit ) Since the women 's tournament began in 1982 , 16 teams have entered the tournament ranked # 1 in at least 1 poll and gone on to win the tournament : 1982 : Louisiana Tech 1983 : USC 1986 : Texas 1989 : Tennessee 1995 : Connecticut 1998 : Tennessee 1999 : Purdue 2000 : Connecticut 2002 : Connecticut 2003 : Connecticut 2009 : Connecticut 2010 : Connecticut 2012 : Baylor 2014 : Connecticut 2015 : Connecticut 2016 : Connecticut Champions excluded the next year ( edit ) Only once has the reigning champion ( the previous year 's winner ) not made it to the tournament the next year . 1985 champion Old Dominion went 15 -- 13 in 1986 . # 1 seeds ( edit ) Since 1982 , at least one # 1 seed has made the Final Four every year . Under coach Geno Auriemma , Connecticut has been seeded # 1 a record 22 times . Tennessee is second with 21 # 1 seeds . All four # 1 seeds have made it to the Final Four 4 times ( champion in bold ) : 1989 Auburn , Louisiana Tech , Maryland , Tennessee 2012 Baylor , Connecticut , Notre Dame , Stanford 2015 Connecticut , Maryland , Notre Dame , South Carolina 2018 Connecticut , Mississippi State , Notre Dame , Louisville The championship game has matched two # 1 seeds 13 times : 1983 USC beat Louisiana Tech 1986 Texas beat USC 1989 Tennessee beat Auburn 1991 Tennessee beat Virginia 1995 Connecticut beat Tennessee 2000 Connecticut beat Tennessee 2002 Connecticut beat Oklahoma 2003 Connecticut beat Tennessee 2010 Connecticut beat Stanford 2012 Baylor beat Notre Dame 2014 Connecticut beat Notre Dame 2015 Connecticut beat Notre Dame 2018 Notre Dame beat Mississippi State Three teams have beaten three # 1 seeds during the course of a tournament ( the largest number of such teams that can be faced ) ( all three teams won the national championship as beating a 3rd # 1 seed in a single tournament can only happen in the finals ) : 1987 Tennessee ( beat Auburn , Long Beach State , Louisiana Tech ) 1988 Louisiana Tech ( beat Auburn , Tennessee , Texas ) 2005 Baylor ( beat LSU , Michigan State , North Carolina ) Prior to the expansion of the tournament to 64 teams , all four # 1 seeds advanced to the Sweet Sixteen with three exceptions . Notably , the first two times this occurred were at the hands of the same school : 1986 East # 1 seed Virginia lost to # 8 seed James Madison 1991 East # 1 seed Penn State lost to # 8 seed James Madison 1992 Midwest # 1 seed Iowa lost to # 8 seed Southwest Missouri State High seeds ( edit ) 1999 was the first time in tournament history ( since the expansion to 64 teams ) that all top seeds ( 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 seeds ) made it to the Sweet Sixteen . Low seeds ( edit ) See also : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship upsets Lowest seeds to reach each round since the expansion to 64 teams : Second Round : # 16 seed Harvard in 1998 ( the only # 16 seed to beat a # 1 seed in either the women 's or men 's tournament until 2018 , and still the only one to do so in the women 's tournament ) Regional Semifinals ( Sweet Sixteen ) : # 13 seed Texas A&M in 1994 Liberty in 2005 Marist in 2007 Regional Finals ( Elite Eight ) : # 11 seed Gonzaga in 2011 National Semifinals ( Final Four ) : # 9 seed Arkansas in 1998 National Finals ( Championship Game ) : # 5 seed Louisville in 2013 National Champion : # 3 seed North Carolina in 1994 Tennessee in 1997 Best performances by # 14 & # 15 seeds ( edit ) Unlike in the men 's tournament , no # 14 seed has beaten a # 3 and no # 15 seed has beaten a # 2 seed , but they have come close . 2 points : # 14 Seed Austin Peay lost to UNC in 2003 ( 2 points , 72 -- 70 ) Eastern Michigan lost to Boston College in 2004 ( 2 points , 58 -- 56 ) Creighton lost to St. John 's in 2012 ( 2 points , 69 -- 67 ) Overtime games : # 15 Seed UTSA lost to Baylor in 2009 ( 5 points , 87 -- 82 ) . UTSA is the only # 15 seed to take a game into overtime . 1 point : # 15 Seed Long Beach State lost to Oregon State in 2017 ( 1 point , 56 -- 55 ) First - round games ( edit ) Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994 , each seed - pairing has played 100 first - round games with these results : The # 1 seed is 99 -- 1 against the # 16 seed (. 990 ) . The # 2 & # 3 seeds are 100 -- 0 against the # 15 & # 14 seeds ( 1.000 ) . The # 4 seed is 94 -- 6 against the # 13 seed (. 940 ) . The # 5 seed is 78 -- 22 against the # 12 seed (. 780 ) . The # 6 seed is 69 -- 31 against the # 11 seed (. 690 ) . The # 7 seed is 65 -- 35 against the # 10 seed (. 650 ) . The # 9 seed is 53 -- 47 against the # 8 seed (. 530 ) . Second - round games ( edit ) Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994 , the following results have occurred for each pairing : In the 1 / 16 / 8 / 9 bracket : vs. # 8 vs. # 9 # 1 45 -- 1 (. 978 ) 46 -- 2 (. 958 ) # 16 -- 0 -- 1 (. 000 ) note : The 3 losses by the # 1 seed vs # 8 / 9 were : Duke ( vs Michigan St , 2009 ) , Ohio St ( vs Boston College , 2006 ) , Texas Tech ( vs Notre Dame , 1998 ) . note : The # 9 vs. # 16 game was Arkansas over Harvard in 1998 . In the 2 / 15 / 7 / 10 bracket : vs. # 7 vs. # 10 # 2 49 -- 13 (. 790 ) 31 -- 3 (. 912 ) # 15 -- -- In the 3 / 14 / 6 / 11 bracket : vs. # 6 vs. # 11 # 3 45 -- 22 (. 672 ) 17 -- 12 (. 586 ) # 14 -- -- In the 4 / 13 / 5 / 12 bracket : vs. # 5 vs. # 12 # 4 42 -- 27 (. 609 ) 18 -- 3 (. 857 ) # 13 3 -- 3 (. 500 ) -- Teams entering the tournament unbeaten ( edit ) Of the 18 teams who have entered the tournament unbeaten , 9 went on to win the National Championship . In 1986 , Texas entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , beat USC for the national title , and ended the season 34 -- 0 . In 1990 , Louisiana Tech entered the tournament 29 -- 0 , but lost in the Final Four to Auburn . In 1992 , Vermont entered the tournament 29 -- 0 , but lost in the first round to George Washington . In 1993 , Vermont entered the tournament 28 -- 0 , but lost in the first round to Rutgers . In 1995 , Connecticut entered the tournament 29 -- 0 , beat Tennessee for the national title , and ended the season 35 -- 0 . In 1997 , Connecticut entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , but lost in the Midwest Regional Final to Tennessee . In 1998 , Tennessee ( 33 -- 0 ) and Liberty ( 28 -- 0 ) both entered the tournament unbeaten ; Liberty lost in the first round to Tennessee , which went on to beat Louisiana Tech for the national title and ended the season 39 -- 0 . In 2002 , 2009 , and 2010 , Connecticut entered the tournament 33 -- 0 , won the national title in each , and ended those seasons 39 -- 0 . They respectively beat Oklahoma , Louisville , and Stanford in those championship games . In 2012 , Baylor entered the tournament 34 -- 0 , beat Notre Dame for the national title , and ended the season 40 -- 0 . The Lady Bears became the first team in NCAA college basketball history , for either women or men , to win 40 games in a season . Notably , Louisiana Tech went 40 -- 5 during the 1979 -- 80 season . This was during the AIAW era for women 's basketball . In 2014 , Connecticut ( 34 -- 0 ) and Notre Dame ( 32 -- 0 ) both entered the tournament unbeaten ; Connecticut beat Notre Dame 79 -- 58 for the national title , ended the season 40 -- 0 and is the 8th team to end the season unbeaten . In 2015 , Princeton entered the tournament 30 -- 0 , but lost in the second round to Maryland . In 2016 , Connecticut entered the tournament 32 -- 0 , beat Syracuse for the national title , ending the season 38 -- 0 . In 2017 , Connecticut entered the tournament 32 -- 0 , but lost in the Final Four to Mississippi State , ending their 111 - game winning streak to finish 36 -- 1 . In 2018 , Connecticut entered the tournament 32 -- 0 , but lost in the Final Four to Notre Dame , ending their 36 - game winning streak to finish 36 -- 1 . Home State ( edit ) Only one team has ever played the Final Four on its home court . Two other teams have played the Final Four in their home cities , and seven others have played the Final Four in their home states . The only team to play on its home court was Texas in 1987 , which lost its semifinal game at the Frank Erwin Special Events Center . Old Dominion enjoyed nearly as large an advantage in 1983 when the Final Four was played at the Norfolk Scope in its home city of Norfolk , Virginia , but also lost its semifinal . The Scope has never been the Lady Monarchs ' regular home court . ODU has always used on - campus arenas , first the ODU Fieldhouse and since 2002 the Ted Constant Convocation Center . The following year , USC won the national title at Pauley Pavilion , the home court of its Los Angeles arch - rival UCLA . Of the other teams to play in their home states , Stanford ( 1992 ) won the national title ; Notre Dame ( 2011 ) lost in the championship game ; and Western Kentucky ( 1986 ) , Penn State ( 2000 ) , Missouri State ( 2001 ) , LSU ( 2004 ) , and Baylor ( 2010 ) lost in the semifinals . Championship margins ( edit ) Overtime games in a championship game : Tennessee 70 , Virginia 67 / OT ( 1991 ) Maryland 78 , Duke 75 / OT ( 2006 ) Smallest margin of victory in a championship game : 1 point North Carolina 60 , Louisiana Tech 59 ( 1994 ) Biggest margin of victory in a championship game : 33 points Connecticut 93 , Louisville 60 ( 2013 ) Margin of 10 points : Louisiana Tech ( 1982 ) , Tennessee ( 1987 & 1989 ) , Purdue ( 1999 ) , Connecticut ( 2000 , 2002 , 2009 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 & 2016 ) , and Baylor ( 2012 ) are teams to win every game in the tournament by 10 points or more on their way to a championship . The 2016 UConn team won every game by more than 20 points . Top 8 largest point differentials accumulated over the entire tournament by tournament champion . Notably , Louisiana Tech 's differential is prior to the expansion of 64 teams and the addition of one more round of play . 2016 Connecticut ( + 239 ) 2010 Connecticut ( + 214 ) 2013 Connecticut ( + 208 ) 2015 Connecticut ( + 197 ) 2000 Connecticut ( + 187 ) 2002 Connecticut ( + 161 ) 1982 Louisiana Tech ( + 158 ) 2014 Connecticut ( + 156 ) Same - conference championship games ( edit ) 6 championship games have featured two teams from the same conference ( winner in bold ) : 1989 SEC , Tennessee and Auburn 1996 SEC , Tennessee and Georgia 2006 ACC , Maryland and Duke 2009 Big East , Connecticut and Louisville 2013 Big East , Connecticut and Louisville 2017 SEC , South Carolina and Mississippi State Result by school and by year ( edit ) 267 teams have appeared in the NCAA Tournament in at least a year , since 1982 ( the initial year that the post-season tournament was under the auspices of the NCAA ) . The results for all years are shown in this table below . The code in each cell represents the furthest the team made it in the respective tournament : < blank > Not in tournament O Opening Round ( only in 1983 ) 1 First round 2 Second Round S Sweet 16 E Elite 8 F Final 4 R National Runner - up C National Champion Year - > 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Team Akron 1 ! 1 Alabama 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Alabama St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Albany ( NY ) 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Alcorn St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 American 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Appalachian St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Arizona 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Arizona St . 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Arkansas 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Army 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Auburn 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 6 ! R 6 ! R 6 ! R 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Austin Peay 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ball St . 2 ! 2 Baylor 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 7 ! C 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 4 ! E 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S Belmont 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Boise St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Boston College 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S Boston U . 1 ! 1 Bowling Green 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Brown 1 ! 1 Bucknell 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Buffalo 1 ! 1 3 ! S Butler 1 ! 1 BYU 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Cal Poly 1 ! 1 Cal St. Fullerton 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Cal St. Northridge 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 California 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Campbell 1 ! 1 Canisius 1 ! 1 Central Arkansas 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Central Mich . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S Charlotte 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Chattanooga 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Cheyney 6 ! R 3 ! S 5 ! F Cincinnati 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Clemson 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Cleveland St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Colgate 1 ! 1 Colorado 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Colorado St . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Connecticut 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 7 ! C 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 7 ! C 5 ! F 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 5 ! F 7 ! C 7 ! C 5 ! F 5 ! F 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 6 ! F 5 ! F Coppin St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Cornell 1 ! 1 Creighton 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Dartmouth 0 ! O 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Dayton 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Delaware 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S Delaware St . 1 ! 1 Denver 1 ! 1 DePaul 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Detroit 1 ! 1 Drake 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Drexel 1 ! 1 Duke 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 5 ! F 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S Duquesne 2 ! 2 East Carolina 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 East Tenn . St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Eastern Ill . 1 ! 1 Eastern Ky . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Eastern Mich . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Eastern Wash . 1 ! 1 Elon 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Evansville 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Fairfield 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 FGCU 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 FIU 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Fla . Atlantic 1 ! 1 Florida 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Florida A&M 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Florida St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 Fordham 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Fresno St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Furman 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ga . Southern 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Gardner - Webb 1 ! 1 George Washington 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Georgetown 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Georgia 1 ! 1 5 ! F 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 5 ! F 6 ! R 4 ! E 1 ! 1 5 ! F 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Georgia St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Georgia Tech 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Gonzaga 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Grambling 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Green Bay 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Hampton 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Hartford 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Harvard 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Hawaii 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Holy Cross 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Houston 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Howard 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Idaho 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Idaho St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Illinois 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Illinois St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Indiana 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Iona 1 ! 1 Iowa 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 5 ! F 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 Iowa St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Jackson St . 1 ! 1 0 ! O 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Jacksonville 1 ! 1 James Madison 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Kansas 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S Kansas St . 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Kent St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Kentucky 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 La. - Monroe 1 ! 1 3 ! S 5 ! F La Salle 0 ! O 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 La. - Lafayette 1 ! 1 Lamar 4 ! E 1 ! 1 Lehigh 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Liberty 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Lipscomb 1 ! 1 Little Rock 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 LIU Brooklyn 1 ! 1 Long Beach St . 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 5 ! F 5 ! F 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Louisiana Tech 7 ! C 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 6 ! R 7 ! C 5 ! F 5 ! F 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Louisville 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 2 ! 2 6 ! R 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F Loyola Marymount 1 ! 1 Loyola ( MD ) 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 LSU 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Maine 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Manhattan 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Marist 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Marquette 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Marshall 1 ! 1 Maryland 5 ! F 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 5 ! F 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 7 ! C 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 5 ! F 5 ! F 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Massachusetts 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 McNeese St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Memphis 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Mercer 1 ! 1 Miami ( FL ) 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Miami ( OH ) 1 ! 1 Michigan 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Michigan St . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 6 ! R 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Middle Tenn . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Milwaukee 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Minnesota 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Ole Miss 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E Mississippi St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 6 ! R Missouri 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Missouri State 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 5 ! F 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Monmouth 1 ! 1 Montana 0 ! O 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Montana State 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Mount St. Mary 's 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Murray St . 1 ! 1 N.C. A&T 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Navy 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Nebraska 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 New Mexico 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 New Mexico St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 New Orleans 2 ! 2 Nicholls St . 1 ! 1 Norfolk St . 1 ! 1 North Carolina 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 7 ! C 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 5 ! F 5 ! F 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S North Carolina St . 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 5 ! F 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S North Dakota 1 ! 1 North Texas 1 ! 1 Northeastern 1 ! 1 Northern Ariz . 1 ! 1 Northern Colorado 1 ! 1 Northern Ill . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Northern Iowa 1 ! 1 Northwestern 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Northwestern St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Notre Dame 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 7 ! C 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 6 ! R 5 ! F 6 ! R 6 ! R 3 ! S 4 ! E 7 ! C Oakland 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ohio 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Ohio St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 6 ! R 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Oklahoma 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 6 ! R 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Oklahoma St . 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Old Dominion 3 ! S 5 ! F 4 ! E 7 ! C 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S Oral Roberts 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Oregon 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E Oregon St . 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 5 ! F 3 ! S 4 ! E Penn 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Penn St . 3 ! S 4 ! E 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 5 ! F 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S Pepperdine 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Pittsburgh 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Portland 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Portland St . 1 ! 1 Prairie View 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Princeton 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Providence 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Purdue 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 7 ! C 2 ! 2 6 ! R 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Quinnipiac 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 Radford 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Rhode Island 1 ! 1 Rice 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Richmond 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Robert Morris 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Rutgers 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 3 ! S 6 ! R 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Sacred Heart 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Samford 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 San Diego 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 San Diego St . 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 San Francisco 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Santa Clara 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Savannah St . 1 ! 1 Seton Hall 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Siena 1 ! 1 SMU 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 South Ala . 1 ! 1 South Carolina 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 7 ! C 4 ! E South Carolina St . 1 ! 1 South Dakota 1 ! 1 South Dakota St . 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 South Fla . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Southeast Mo . St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Southern California 4 ! E 7 ! C 7 ! C 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Southern Ill . 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Southern Miss 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Southern U . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 St. Bonaventure 3 ! S 2 ! 2 St. Francis Brooklyn 1 ! 1 Saint Francis ( PA ) 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 St. John 's 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Saint Joseph 's 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Saint Mary 's 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Saint Peter 's 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Seattle 1 ! 1 Stanford 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 7 ! C 5 ! F 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 5 ! F 5 ! F 5 ! F 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 6 ! R 5 ! F 6 ! R 5 ! F 5 ! F 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 4 ! E 6 ! F 3 ! S Stephen F. Austin 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Stetson 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Syracuse 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 6 ! R 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 TCU 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Temple 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 Tennessee 5 ! F 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 5 ! F 7 ! C 5 ! F 7 ! C 4 ! E 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 6 ! R 7 ! C 7 ! C 7 ! C 4 ! E 6 ! R 3 ! S 5 ! F 6 ! R 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 7 ! C 7 ! C 1 ! 1 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Tennessee St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Tennessee Tech 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Texas 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 7 ! C 5 ! F 4 ! E 4 ! E 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 5 ! F 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S Texas A&M 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 7 ! C 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S Texas Southern 1 ! 1 Texas St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Texas Tech 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 7 ! C 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Texas - Arlington 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Toledo 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Troy 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Tulane 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Tulsa 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 UAB 1 ! 1 3 ! S UC Davis 1 ! 1 UC Irvine 1 ! 1 UC Riverside 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UC Santa Barb . 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UCF 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UCLA 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E UMBC 1 ! 1 UNC Asheville 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UNC Greensboro 1 ! 1 UNI 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UNLV 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 UT Martin 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Utah 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 UTEP 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 UTSA 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Valparaiso 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Vanderbilt 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 5 ! F 3 ! S 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 4 ! E 4 ! E 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 VCU 1 ! 1 Vermont 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Villanova 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 4 ! E 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Virginia 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 3 ! S 4 ! E 3 ! S 5 ! F 6 ! R 5 ! F 4 ! E 3 ! S 4 ! E 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Virginia Tech 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 Wake Forest 2 ! 2 Washington 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 2 ! 2 4 ! E 3 ! S 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 5 ! F 3 ! S Washington St . 1 ! 1 Weber St . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 West Virginia 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 Western Caro . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Western Ill . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Western Ky . 5 ! F 5 ! F 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 3 ! S 6 ! R 3 ! S 2 ! 2 3 ! S 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Western Mich . 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Wichita State 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Winthrop 1 ! 1 Wisconsin 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 Wright St . 1 ! 1 Wyoming 1 ! 1 Xavier 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 4 ! E 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 4 ! E 2 ! 2 Youngstown St . 1 ! 1 2 ! 2 1 ! 1 See also ( edit ) College basketball portal NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament NCAA Division III Women 's Basketball Tournament AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women , Basketball Champions Pre-NCAA Women 's Basketball Champions NCAA Women 's Division I Tournament bids by school NAIA national women 's basketball championship List of NCAA Women 's Final Four broadcasters NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NCAA may move Women 's Final Four dates '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 75 Jump up ^ `` Greg Christopher named chair of DI Women 's Basketball Committee '' . NCAA . Mar 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NCAA Women 's Final Four Records '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 15 Apr 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 58 Jump up ^ Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 67 Jump up ^ Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 6 , 7 ^ Jump up to : Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record p 9 Jump up ^ Nixon , Rick . `` Official 2017 NCAA Women 's Final Four Records Book '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 02 . References ( edit ) `` Official 2012 NCAA Women 's Final Four Record Book '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved 11 April 2012 . `` List of Winning Rosters '' . allcompetitions . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament AIAW Tournaments 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 NCAA Tournaments 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Records & statistics AIAW Tournament ( pre-NCAA ) Appearances Broadcasters NCAA women 's college basketball tournaments Division I postseason conference tournaments ACC America East The American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland SWAC Sun Belt Summit WAC West Coast Division I postseason tournaments AIAW Women 's Basketball Tournament NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Women 's National Invitation Tournament Women 's Basketball Invitational Division II and III postseason tournaments NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament NCAA Division III Women 's Basketball Tournament National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Awards Hall of Champions Conferences Division I Institutions Athletic directors Baseball Championship CWS Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football FBS FCS Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Division II Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Gymnastics Men Women Ice hockey Men Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Women Wrestling Championship Division III Institutions Baseball Championship Basketball Men Women Cross Country Men Women Field hockey Championship Football Championship Golf Men Women Ice hockey Men Women Lacrosse Men Women Rowing Women Soccer Men Women Softball Championship / WCWS Swimming & Diving Men Women Tennis Men Women Track and Field Men 's indoor and outdoor Women 's indoor and outdoor Volleyball Men Women Wrestling Championship Single - division sports and championships Beach volleyball Women Bowling Women Boxing Championship Fencing Championships Gymnastics Men Women Rifle Championship Skiing Championships Trampoline Championship Water polo Men Women Events listed in italics have been discontinued . Major women 's sport leagues in North America Women 's basketball Women 's National Basketball Association ( WNBA ) Women 's American Basketball Association ( WABA ) Women 's Blue Chip Basketball League ( WBCBL ) American Basketball League ( defunct ) National Women 's Basketball League ( defunct ) Women 's Professional Basketball League ( defunct ) NCAA Division I NCAA Division II NCAA Division III NAIA U Sports Women 's ice hockey Canadian Women 's Hockey League ( CWHL ) National Women 's Hockey League ( NWHL ) Western Women 's Hockey League ( defunct ) National Collegiate women 's ice hockey championship NCAA Division III women 's ice hockey ( NCAA ) U Sports women 's ice hockey Women 's soccer National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) Liga MX Femenil Women 's Premier Soccer League ( WPSL ) United Women 's Soccer ( UWS ) Liga Mexicana de Fútbol Femenil NCAA Women 's Soccer Championship NAIA Women 's Soccer Championship U Sports women 's soccer Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) ( defunct ) Women 's United Soccer Association ( WUSA ) ( defunct ) Women 's League Soccer ( WLS ) ( defunct ) Women 's Premier Soccer League Elite ( defunct ) USL W - League ( defunct ) Women 's softball National Pro Fastpitch ( NPF ) NCAA Division I Softball Championship Women 's College World Series ( WCWS ) NAIA Softball Championship Women 's gridiron football Independent Women 's Football League ( IWFL ) Women 's Football Alliance ( WFA ) United States Women 's Football League ( USWFL ) Legends Football League ( LFL ) Maritime Women 's Football League ( MWFL ) Western Women 's Canadian Football League ( WWCFL ) LFL Canada ( LFL ) American Football Women 's League ( AFWL ) ( defunct ) Women 's American Football League ( WAFL ) ( defunct ) Women 's Football Association ( WFA ) ( defunct ) Ladies Tackle Football League ( LTFL ) ( defunct ) Women 's Football League ( WFL ) ( defunct ) Women 's Professional Football League ( WPFL ) ( defunct ) National Women 's Football Association ( NWFA ) ( defunct ) Other sports Ladies Professional Golf Association ( LPGA ) Women 's Flat Track Derby Association ( WFTDA ) National Ringette League ( NRL ) United Women 's Lacrosse League ( UWLX ) National Collegiate Athletic Association NCAA Beach Volleyball Championship NCAA Bowling Championship NCAA Women 's Division I Cross Country Championship NCAA Division I Field Hockey Championship NCAA Division I Women 's Golf Championships NCAA Women 's Gymnastics Championships NCAA Division I Women 's Lacrosse Championship NCAA Division I Rowing Championship NCAA Women 's Division I Swimming and Diving Championships NCAA Women 's Tennis Championship NCAA Women 's Indoor Track and Field Championship NCAA Women 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship NCAA Women 's Volleyball Championship NCAA Women 's Water Polo Championship National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics NAIA Women 's Cross Country Championship NAIA Women 's Golf Championship NAIA Women 's Swimming and Diving Championships NAIA Women 's Tennis Championship NAIA Women 's Indoor Track and Field Championship NAIA Women 's Outdoor Track and Field Championship NAIA Volleyball Championship NAIA lacrosse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_Division_I_Women%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=837936264 '' Categories : NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship Postseason college basketball competitions in the United States Recurring sporting events established in 1982 Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2009 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2009 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Ελληνικά Français 日本 語 Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 22 : 52 . 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who has won the most ncaa women's basketball championships
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"NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament\nMost recent season or competition:2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament\nSport\nBasketballFounded\n1982No. of teams\n64Country\nNCAA Division I (USA)Most recentchampion(s)\nNotre Dame (2nd)Most titles\nConnecticut (11)TV partner(s)\nESPN, ESPN2, ESPNU, WatchESPNOfficial website\nNCAA.com"
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"Connecticut (11)"
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1916793360678634314
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History of the center of the Universe
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History of the center of the Universe - wikipedia History of the center of the Universe Jump to : navigation , search Figure of the heavenly bodies -- An illustration of the Ptolemaic geocentric system by Portuguese cosmographer and cartographer Bartolomeu Velho , 1568 ( Bibliothèque Nationale , Paris ) , depicting Earth as the centre of the Universe . The center of the Universe is a concept that lacks a coherent definition in modern astronomy ; according to standard cosmological theories on the shape of the universe , it has no center . Historically , the center of the Universe had been believed to be a number of locations . Many mythological cosmologies included an axis mundi , the central axis of a flat Earth that connects the Earth , heavens , and other realms together . In the 4th century BCE Greece , the geocentric model was developed based on astronomical observation , proposing that the center of the Universe lies at the center of a spherical , stationary Earth , around which the sun , moon , planets , and stars rotate . With the development of the heliocentric model by Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century , the sun was believed to be the center of the Universe , with the planets ( including Earth ) and stars orbiting it . In the early 20th century , the discovery of other galaxies and the development of the Big Bang theory led to the development of cosmological models of a homogeneous , isotropic Universe ( which lacks a central point ) that is expanding at all points . Contents ( hide ) 1 Outside astronomy 2 Center of a flat Earth 3 Earth as the center of the Universe 4 Sun as center of the Universe 5 Milky Way 's galactic center as center of the Universe 6 The nonexistence of a center of the Universe 6.1 Expanding Universe 6.2 Copernican and cosmological principles 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References Outside astronomy ( edit ) Nature timeline view discuss edit - 13 -- -- - 12 -- -- - 11 -- -- - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- cosmic expansion Earliest light cosmic speed - up Solar System water Single - celled life photosynthesis Multicellular life Land life Earliest gravity Dark energy Dark matter ← Earliest universe ( − 13.80 ) ← Earliest galaxy ← Earliest quasar / sbh ← Omega Centauri forms ← Andromeda Galaxy forms ← Milky Way Galaxy spiral arms form ← Alpha Centauri forms ← Earliest Earth ( − 4.54 ) ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans i f r i m o r d i l Axis scale : billions of years ago . Also see : Human timeline and Life timeline In religion or mythology , the axis mundi ( also cosmic axis , world axis , world pillar , columna cerului , center of the world ) is a point described as the center of the world , the connection between it and Heaven , or both . Mount Hermon in Lebanon was regarded in some cultures as the axis mundi . Mount Hermon was regarded as the axis mundi in Caananite tradition , from where the sons of God are introduced descending in 1 Enoch ( 1En6 : 6 ) . The ancient Greeks regarded several sites as places of earth 's omphalos ( navel ) stone , notably the oracle at Delphi , while still maintaining a belief in a cosmic world tree and in Mount Olympus as the abode of the gods . Judaism has the Temple Mount and Mount Sinai , Christianity has the Mount of Olives and Calvary , Islam has Mecca , said to be the place on earth that was created first , and the Temple Mount ( Dome of the Rock ) . In Shinto , the Ise Shrine is the omphalos . In addition to the Kun Lun Mountains , where it is believed the peach tree of immortality is located , the Chinese folk religion recognizes four other specific mountains as pillars of the world . A 1581 map depicting Jerusalem as the center of the world . Sacred places constitute world centers ( omphalos ) with the altar or place of prayer as the axis . Altars , incense sticks , candles and torches form the axis by sending a column of smoke , and prayer , toward heaven . The architecture of sacred places often reflects this role . `` Every temple or palace -- and by extension , every sacred city or royal residence -- is a Sacred Mountain , thus becoming a Centre . '' The stupa of Hinduism , and later Buddhism , reflects Mount Meru . Cathedrals are laid out in the form of a cross , with the vertical bar representing the union of earth and heaven as the horizontal bars represent union of people to one another , with the altar at the intersection . Pagoda structures in Asian temples take the form of a stairway linking earth and heaven . A steeple in a church or a minaret in a mosque also serve as connections of earth and heaven . Structures such as the maypole , derived from the Saxons ' Irminsul , and the totem pole among indigenous peoples of the Americas also represent world axes . The calumet , or sacred pipe , represents a column of smoke ( the soul ) rising form a world center . A mandala creates a world center within the boundaries of its two - dimensional space analogous to that created in three - dimensional space by a shrine . In medieval times some Christians thought of Jerusalem as the center of the world ( Latin : umbilicus mundi , Greek : Omphalos ) , and was so represented in the so - called T and O maps . Byzantine hymns speak of the Cross being `` planted in the center of the earth . '' Center of a flat Earth ( edit ) The Flammarion engraving ( 1888 ) depicts a traveller who arrives at the edge of a Flat Earth and sticks his head through the firmament . The Flat Earth model is a belief that the Earth 's shape is a plane or disk covered by a firmament contain heavenly bodies . Most pre-scientific cultures have had conceptions of a Flat Earth , including Greece until the classical period , the Bronze Age and Iron Age civilizations of the Near East until the Hellenistic period , India until the Gupta period ( early centuries AD ) and China until the 17th century . It was also typically held in the aboriginal cultures of the Americas , and a flat Earth domed by the firmament in the shape of an inverted bowl is common in pre-scientific societies . `` Center '' is well - defined in a Flat Earth model . A flat earth would have a definite geographic center . There would also be a unique point at the exact center of a spherical firmament ( or a firmament that was a half - sphere ) . Earth as the center of the Universe ( edit ) Main article : Geocentric model The Flat Earth model gave way to an understanding of a Spherical Earth . Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BCE ) provided observational arguments supporting the idea of a spherical Earth , namely that different stars are visible in different locations , travelers going south see southern constellations rise higher above the horizon , and the shadow of Earth on the Moon during a lunar eclipse is round , and spheres cast circular shadows while discs generally do not . This understanding was accompanied by models of the Universe that depicted the Sun , Moon , stars , and naked eye planets circling the spherical Earth , including the noteworthy models of Aristotle ( see Aristotelian physics ) and Ptolemy . This geocentric model was the dominant model from the 4th century BCE until the 17th century CE . Sun as center of the Universe ( edit ) Main articles : Copernican heliocentrism and Copernican revolution The heliocentric model from Nicolaus Copernicus ' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium Heliocentrism , or heliocentricism , is the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around a relatively stationary Sun at the center of our Solar System . The word comes from the Greek ( ἥλιος helios `` sun '' and κέντρον kentron `` center '' ) . The notion that the Earth revolves around the Sun had been proposed as early as the 3rd century BCE by Aristarchus of Samos , but had received no support from most other ancient astronomers . Nicolaus Copernicus ' major theory of a heliocentric model was published in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ( On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres ) , in 1543 , the year of his death , though he had formulated the theory several decades earlier . Copernicus ' ideas were not immediately accepted , but they did begin a paradigm shift away from the Ptolemaic geocentric model to a heliocentric model . The Copernican revolution , as this paradigm shift would come to be called , would last until Isaac Newton 's work over a century later . Johannes Kepler published his first two laws about planetary motion in 1609 , having found them by analyzing the astronomical observations of Tycho Brahe . Kepler 's third law was published in 1619 . The first law was `` The orbit of every planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci . '' On 7 January 1610 Galileo used his telescope , with optics superior to what had been available before . He described `` three fixed stars , totally invisible by their smallness '' , all close to Jupiter , and lying on a straight line through it . Observations on subsequent nights showed that the positions of these `` stars '' relative to Jupiter were changing in a way that would have been inexplicable if they had really been fixed stars . On 10 January Galileo noted that one of them had disappeared , an observation which he attributed to its being hidden behind Jupiter . Within a few days he concluded that they were orbiting Jupiter : Galileo stated that he had reached this conclusion on 11 January . He had discovered three of Jupiter 's four largest satellites ( moons ) . He discovered the fourth on 13 January . His observations of the satellites of Jupiter created a revolution in astronomy : a planet with smaller planets orbiting it did not conform to the principles of Aristotelian Cosmology , which held that all heavenly bodies should circle the Earth , and many astronomers and philosophers initially refused to believe that Galileo could have discovered such a thing . Newton made clear his heliocentric view of the solar system -- developed in a somewhat modern way , because already in the mid-1680s he recognised the `` deviation of the Sun '' from the centre of gravity of the solar system . For Newton , it was not precisely the centre of the Sun or any other body that could be considered at rest , but rather `` the common centre of gravity of the Earth , the Sun and all the Planets is to be esteem 'd the Centre of the World '' , and this centre of gravity `` either is at rest or moves uniformly forward in a right line '' ( Newton adopted the `` at rest '' alternative in view of common consent that the centre , wherever it was , was at rest ) . Milky Way 's Galactic center as center of the Universe ( edit ) Great Andromeda Nebula by Isaac Roberts ( 1899 ) In 1750 Thomas Wright , in his work An original theory or new hypothesis of the Universe , correctly speculated that the Milky Way might be a body of a huge number of stars held together by gravitational forces rotating about a Galactic Center , akin to the solar system but on a much larger scale . The resulting disk of stars can be seen as a band on the sky from our perspective inside the disk . In a treatise in 1755 , Immanuel Kant elaborated on Wright 's idea about the structure of the Milky Way . At the time , the existence of other galaxies had not been discovered . The nonexistence of a center of the Universe ( edit ) In 1917 , Heber Doust Curtis observed a nova within what then was called the `` Andromeda Nebula '' . Searching the photographic record , 11 more novae were discovered . Curtis noticed that novas in Andromeda were drastically fainter than novas in the Milky Way . Based on this , Curtis was able to estimate that Andromeda was 500,000 light - years away . As a result , Curtis became a proponent of the so - called `` island Universes '' hypothesis , which held that objects previously believed to be spiral nebulae within the Milky Way were actually independent galaxies . In 1920 , the Great Debate between Harlow Shapley and Curtis took place , concerning the nature of the Milky Way , spiral nebulae , and the dimensions of the Universe . To support his claim that the Great Andromeda Nebula ( M31 ) was an external galaxy , Curtis also noted the appearance of dark lanes resembling the dust clouds in our own Galaxy , as well as the significant Doppler shift . In 1922 Ernst Öpik presented a very elegant and simple astrophysical method to estimate the distance of M31 . His result put the Andromeda Nebula far outside our Galaxy at a distance of about 450,000 parsec , which is about 1,500,000 ly . Edwin Hubble settled the debate about whether other galaxies exist in 1925 when he identified extragalactic Cepheid variable stars for the first time on astronomical photos of M31 . These were made using the 2.5 metre ( 100 in ) Hooker telescope , and they enabled the distance of Great Andromeda Nebula to be determined . His measurement demonstrated conclusively that this feature was not a cluster of stars and gas within our Galaxy , but an entirely separate galaxy located a significant distance from our own . This proved the existence of other galaxies . Expanding Universe ( edit ) Hubble also demonstrated that the redshift of other galaxies is approximately proportional to their distance from the Earth ( Hubble 's law ) . This raised the appearance of our galaxy being in the center of an expanding Universe , however , Hubble rejected the findings philosophically : ... if we see the nebulae all receding from our position in space , then every other observer , no matter where he may be located , will see the nebulae all receding from his position . However , the assumption is adopted . There must be no favoured location in the Universe , no centre , no boundary ; all must see the Universe alike . And , in order to ensure this situation , the cosmologist , postulates spatial isotropy and spatial homogeneity , which is his way of stating that the Universe must be pretty much alike everywhere and in all directions . '' The redshift observations of Hubble , in which galaxies appear to be moving away from us at a rate proportional to their distance from us , are now understood to be a result of the metric expansion of space . This is the increase of the distance between two distant parts of the Universe with time , and is an intrinsic expansion whereby the scale of space itself changes . As Hubble theorized , all observers anywhere in the Universe will observe a similar effect . Copernican and cosmological principles ( edit ) The Copernican principle , named after Nicolaus Copernicus , states that the Earth is not in a central , specially favored position . Hermann Bondi named the principle after Copernicus in the mid-20th century , although the principle itself dates back to the 16th - 17th century paradigm shift away from the geocentric Ptolemaic system . The cosmological principle is an extension of the Copernican principle which states that the Universe is homogeneous ( the same observational evidence is available to observers at different locations in the Universe ) and isotropic ( the same observational evidence is available by looking in any direction in the Universe ) . A homogeneous , isotropic Universe does not have a center . See also ( edit ) Cosmic microwave background radiation Doughnut theory of the universe Illustris project Multiverse Religious cosmology Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Copernican heliocenterism held that the Sun itself was the center of the entire Universe . As it is modernly understood , Heliocenterism refers to the much narrower concept that the sun is the center of the Solar System , not the center of the entire Universe . Jump up ^ The work of Aristarchus 's in which he proposed his heliocentric system has not survived . We only know of it now from a brief passage in Archimedes 's The Sand Reckoner . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelley Coblentz Bautch ( 25 September 2003 ) . A Study of the Geography of 1 Enoch 17 - 19 : `` no One Has Seen what I Have Seen '' . BRILL . pp. 62 -- . ISBN 9789004131033 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Mircea Eliade ( tr . Willard Trask ) . ' Archetypes and Repetition ' in The Myth of the Eternal Return . Princeton , 1971 . p. 12 Jump up ^ Jean Chevalier and Alain Gheerbrandt . The Penguin Dictionary of Symbols . Editions Robert Lafont S.A. et Editions Jupiter : Paris , 1982 . Penguin Books : London , 1996 . pp. 148 - 149 Jump up ^ Mircea Eliade ( tr . Philip Mairet ) . ' Symbolism of the Centre ' in Images and Symbols . Princeton , 1991 . p. 52 - 54 Jump up ^ `` Their cosmography as far as we know anything about it was practically of one type up til the time of the white man 's arrival upon the scene . That of the Borneo Dayaks may furnish us with some idea of it . ' They consider the Earth to be a flat surface , whilst the heavens are a dome , a kind of glass shade which covers the Earth and comes in contact with it at the horizon . ' '' Lucien Levy - Bruhl , Primitive Mentality ( repr . Boston : Beacon , 1966 ) 353 ; `` The usual primitive conception of the world 's form ... ( is ) flat and round below and surmounted above by a solid firmament in the shape of an inverted bowl . '' H.B. Alexander , The Mythology of All Races 10 : North American ( repr . New York : Cooper Square , 1964 ) 249 . Jump up ^ Lawson , Russell M. ( 2004 ) . Science in the ancient world : an encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 29 -- 30 . ISBN 1851095349 . Retrieved 2 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Teaching about Evolution and the Nature of Science ( National Academy of Sciences , 1998 ) , p. 27 ; also , Don O ' Leary , Roman Catholicism and Modern Science : A History ( Continuum Books , 2006 ) , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Dreyer , J.L.E. ( 1906 ) . History of the planetary systems from Thales to Kepler . pp. 135 -- 48 . Jump up ^ Linton , C.M. ( 2004 ) . From Eudoxus to Einstein : A History of Mathematical Astronomy . E-Libro . Cambridge University Press . p. 38,205 . ISBN 9781139453790 . ^ Jump up to : Holton , Gerald James ; Brush , Stephen G. ( 2001 ) . Physics , the Human Adventure : From Copernicus to Einstein and Beyond ( 3rd paperback ed . ) . Piscataway , NJ : Rutgers University Press . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 2908 - 5 . Retrieved December 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ i.e. , invisible to the naked eye . ^ Jump up to : Drake , Stillman ( 1978 ) . Galileo at Work : His Scientific Biography . University of Chicago Press . pp. 146 , 152 , 157 -- 163 . Jump up ^ In Sidereus Nuncius , 1892 , 3 : 81 ( in Latin ) Jump up ^ Linton , C.M. ( 2004 ) . From Eudoxus to Einstein : A History of Mathematical Astronomy . E-Libro . Cambridge University Press . p. 38 . ISBN 9781139453790 . Jump up ^ See Curtis Wilson , `` The Newtonian achievement in astronomy '' , pages 233 -- 274 in R Taton & C Wilson ( eds ) ( 1989 ) The General History of Astronomy , Volume , 2A ' , at page 233 . Jump up ^ Text quotations are from 1729 translation of Newton 's Principia , Book 3 ( 1729 vol. 2 ) at pages 232 -- 233 . Jump up ^ Evans , J.C. ( 1995 ) . `` Our Galaxy '' . Retrieved 25 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Curtis , H.D. ( 1988 ) . `` Novae in Spiral Nebulae and the Island Universe Theory '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 100 : 6 . Bibcode : 1988PASP ... 100 ... 6C . doi : 10.1086 / 132128 . Jump up ^ Öpik , E. ( 1922 ) . `` An estimate of the distance of the Andromeda Nebula '' . Astrophysical Journal . 55 : 406 -- 410 . Bibcode : 1922ApJ ... 55 ... 406O . doi : 10.1086 / 142680 . Jump up ^ Hubble , E.P. ( 1929 ) . `` A spiral nebula as a stellar system , Messier 31 '' . Astrophysical Journal . 69 : 103 -- 158 . Bibcode : 1929ApJ ... 69 ... 103H . doi : 10.1086 / 143167 . Jump up ^ Hubble , E.P. ( 1937 ) . The observational approach to cosmology . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ H. Bondi ( 1952 ) . Cosmology . Cambridge University Press . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Livio , Mario ( 2001 ) . The Accelerating Universe : Infinite Expansion , the Cosmological Constant , and the Beauty of the Cosmos . John Wiley and Sons . p. 53 . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . ( hide ) Earth 's location in the Universe Included Earth → Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Related Cosmic View ( 1957 essay ) To the Moon and Beyond ( 1964 film ) Cosmic Zoom ( 1968 film ) Powers of Ten ( 1968 and 1977 films ) Cosmic Voyage ( 1996 documentary ) Cosmic Eye ( 2012 ) Astronomy portal - Cosmology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_center_of_the_Universe&oldid=813692514 '' Categories : History of astronomy History of ideas Physical cosmology Obsolete scientific theories Hidden categories : Articles with Latin - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Articles containing Greek - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 19 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who wrote a book describing the universe with the sun in the center
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"Nicolaus Copernicus' major theory of a heliocentric model was published in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), in 1543, the year of his death, though he had formulated the theory several decades earlier. Copernicus' ideas were not immediately accepted, but they did begin a paradigm shift away from the Ptolemaic geocentric model to a heliocentric model. The Copernican revolution, as this paradigm shift would come to be called, would last until Isaac Newton’s work over a century later."
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"Nicolaus Copernicus"
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Kinematic pair
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Kinematic pair - wikipedia Kinematic pair Jump to : navigation , search Classical mechanics F → = m a → ( \ displaystyle ( \ vec ( F ) ) = m ( \ vec ( a ) ) ) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches ( hide ) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals ( show ) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations ( show ) Newton 's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton -- Jacobi equation Appell 's equation of motion Udwadia -- Kalaba equation Koopman -- von Neumann mechanics Core topics ( show ) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler 's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton 's law of universal gravitation Newton 's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler 's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation ( show ) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists ( show ) Galileo Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy A kinematic pair is a connection between two bodies that imposes constraints on their relative movement . Franz Reuleaux introduced the kinematic pair as a new approach to the study of machines that provided an advance over the motion of elements consisting of simple machines . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Lower pair 3 Higher pairs 4 Wrapping pair 5 References Description ( edit ) Kinematics is the branch of classical mechanics which describes the motion of points , bodies ( objects ) and systems of bodies ( groups of objects ) without consideration of the causes of motion . Kinematics as a field of study is often referred to as the `` geometry of motion '' . For further detail , see Analytical dynamics . Hartenberg & Denavit presents the definition of a kinematic pair : In the matter of connections between rigid bodies , Reuleaux recognized two kinds ; he called them higher and lower pairs ( of elements ) . With higher pairs , the two elements are in contact at a point or along a line , as in a ball bearing or disk cam and follower ; the relative motions of coincident points are dissimilar . Lower pairs are those for which area contact may be visualized , as in pin connections , crossheads , ball - and socket joints and some others ; the relative motion of coincident points of the elements , and hence of their links , are similar , and an exchange of elements from one link to the other does not alter the relative motion of the parts as it would with higher pairs . Lower pair ( edit ) A lower pair is an ideal joint that constrains contact between a surface in the moving body to a corresponding surface in the fixed body . A lower pair is one in which there occurs a surface or area contact between two members , e.g. nut and screw , universal joint used to connect two propeller shafts . Cases of lower joints : A revolute pair , or hinged joint , requires a line in the moving body to remain co-linear with a line in the fixed body , and a plane perpendicular to this line in the moving body maintain contact with a similar perpendicular plane in the fixed body . This imposes five constraints on the relative movement of the links , which therefore has one degree of freedom . A prismatic joint , or slider , requires that a line in the moving body remain co-linear with a line in the fixed body , and a plane parallel to this line in the moving body maintain contact with a similar parallel plane in the fixed body . This imposes five constraints on the relative movement of the links , which therefore has one degree of freedom . A screw pair requires cut threads in two links , so that there is a turning as well as sliding motion between them . This joint has one degree of freedom . A cylindrical joint requires that a line in the moving body remain co-linear with a line in the fixed body . It is a combination of a revolute joint and a sliding joint . This joint has two degrees of freedom . A planar joint requires that a plane in the moving body maintain contact with a plane in fixed body . This joint has three degrees of freedom . The moving plane can slide in two dimensions along the fixed plane , and it can rotate on an axis normal to the fixed plane . Higher pairs ( edit ) Generally , a higher pair is a constraint that requires a curve or surface in the moving body to maintain contact with a curve or surface in the fixed body . For example , the contact between a cam and its follower is a higher pair called a cam joint . Similarly , the contact between the involute curves that form the meshing teeth of two gears are cam joints , as is a wheel rolling on a surface . It has a point or line contact . Ball or spherical joint requires that a point in the moving body maintain contact with a point in the fixed body . This joint has three degrees of freedom . Wrapping pair ( edit ) A wrapping pair is a constraint that comprises belts , chains , and such other devices . A belt - driven pulley is an example of this pair . In this type of which is very similar to the higher pair ( which is having point or line contact ) , but having multiple point contact . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Reuleaux , F. , 1876 The Kinematics of Machinery , ( trans . and annotated by A.B.W. Kennedy ) , reprinted by Dover , New York ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ A.P. Usher , 1929 , A History of Mechanical Inventions , Harvard University Press , ( reprinted by Dover Publications 1968 ) . Jump up ^ Thomas Wallace Wright ( 1896 ) . Elements of Mechanics Including Kinematics , Kinetics and Statics . E and FN Spon . Chapter 1 . Jump up ^ Russell C. Hibbeler ( 2009 ) . `` Kinematics and kinetics of a particle '' . Engineering Mechanics : Dynamics ( 12th ed . ) . Prentice Hall . p. 298 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 607791 - 9 . Jump up ^ R.S. Hartenberg and J. Denavit ( 1964 ) Kinematic synthesis of linkages , pp 17 - 18 , New York : McGraw - Hill . Hartenberg , R.S. & J. Denavit ( 1964 ) Kinematic synthesis of linkages , pp 17 , 18 , New York : McGraw - Hill , online link from Cornell University . ( hide ) Kinematic pair Lower pairs Revolute Prismatic Cylindrical Screw Planar Spherical ( ball ) Higher pairs Cam Gears Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kinematic_pair&oldid=805579232 '' Categories : Kinematics Rigid bodies Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Español Italiano Қазақша 日本 語 Polski Română Русский Српски / srpski Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 08 : 58 . About Wikipedia
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universal joint is an example of which pair
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"A lower pair is an ideal joint that constrains contact between a surface in the moving body to a corresponding surface in the fixed body. A lower pair is one in which there occurs a surface or area contact between two members, e.g. nut and screw, universal joint used to connect two propeller shafts. Cases of lower joints:"
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"lower pair"
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A Feast for Crows
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A Feast for Crows - Wikipedia A Feast for Crows Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the George R.R. Martin fantasy novel . For the Corpus Christi album , see A Feast for Crows ( album ) . A Feast for Crows US hardcover edition Author George R.R. Martin Audio read by John Lee ( 2005 ) Roy Dotrice ( 2011 ) Country United States Language English Series A Song of Ice and Fire Genre Fantasy Published 2005 ( Voyager Books / UK & Bantam Spectra / US ) Pages 976 ( US paperback ) ISBN 0 - 00 - 224743 - 7 ( UK hardback ) ISBN 0 - 553 - 80150 - 3 ( US hardback ) OCLC 61261403 Dewey Decimal 813 /. 54 22 LC Class PS3563. A7239 F39 2005 Preceded by A Storm of Swords Followed by A Dance with Dragons A Feast for Crows is the fourth of seven planned novels in the epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire by American author George R.R. Martin . The novel was first published on October 17 , 2005 , in the United Kingdom , with a United States edition following on 8 November 2005 . In May 2005 , Martin announced that the `` sheer size '' of his still - unfinished manuscript for A Feast for Crows had led him and his publishers to split the narrative into two books . Rather than divide the text in half chronologically , Martin opted to instead split the material by character and location , resulting in `` two novels taking place simultaneously '' with different casts of characters . A Feast for Crows was published months later , and the concurrent novel A Dance with Dragons was released on July 12 , 2011 . Martin also noted that the A Song of Ice and Fire series would now likely total seven novels . A Feast for Crows was the first novel in the series to debut at number one on The New York Times Best Seller list , a feat among fantasy writers only previously achieved by Robert Jordan and Neil Gaiman . In 2006 the novel was nominated for the Hugo Award , the Locus Award , and the British Fantasy Society Award . It has since been adapted , along with A Dance With Dragons , for television as the fifth season of Game of Thrones , though elements of the novel appeared in the series ' fourth and sixth seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 1.1 In the Seven Kingdoms 1.1. 1 Prologue in Oldtown 1.1. 2 King 's Landing 1.1. 3 Riverlands 1.1. 4 The Vale 1.1. 5 Iron Islands 1.1. 6 Dorne 1.2 Across the Narrow Sea 2 Characters 3 Editions 4 Publication 5 Release details 6 Reception 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Plot summary ( edit ) The War of the Five Kings is slowly coming to its end . Stannis Baratheon has gone to the aid of the Wall , where Jon Snow has become the 998th Lord Commander of the Night 's Watch . King Tommen Baratheon , Joffrey 's eight - year - old brother , now rules in King 's Landing under his mother , Cersei Lannister . Brienne , the Maid of Tarth , is on a mission to find Sansa Stark , aided by Jaime Lannister . Sansa is hiding in the Vale , protected by Petyr Baelish , who has murdered his wife Lysa Arryn and named himself Protector of the Vale and guardian of eight - year - old Lord Robert Arryn . In the seven kingdoms ( edit ) Prologue in Oldtown ( edit ) Pate , a young apprentice at the Citadel in Oldtown , is studying to become a maester . He has stolen an important key to a depository of books and records at the request of a stranger in exchange for a reward ; after turning over the key and receiving the reward , he dies abruptly from poison . King 's Landing ( edit ) Following the death and funeral of Tywin Lannister , Cersei 's reign is marked by rampant cronyism , and her councils staffed with incompetent loyalists . She also disregards accurate advice by her uncle Kevan Lannister and her brother Jaime , alienating them both . Making matters worse is Cersei 's increasing distrust of the Tyrells , particularly Margaery , whom Cersei implicates in a prophecy that Cersei herself will see her children crowned but all of them will die before her . Her incompetent management raises the kingdom 's debts to the Iron Bank of Braavos and the Faith of the Seven . When Cersei dismisses its representatives , the Iron Bank refuses to grant new loans and demands immediate repayment , nearly crippling the economy of Westeros . To settle the crown 's debts to the Faith of the Seven , Cersei permits the restoration of that religion 's military order , the Faith Militant , ignoring the danger to her own power . Hoping to weaken the Tyrells , Cersei dispatches Ser Loras Tyrell to besiege Stannis Baratheon 's forces on Dragonstone ; as a result , almost a thousand loyalists are killed , and Ser Loras is gravely injured . A scheme to falsely have the Faith put Margaery on trial for adultery backfires when the religious leadership imprisons Cersei herself on similar ( correct ) charges . Riverlands ( edit ) After a series of disagreements , Cersei dispatches Jaime to the Riverlands to re-establish control . He negotiates with Brynden `` the Blackfish '' Tully to surrender Riverrun in exchange for Edmure Tully 's life , Riverrun having been granted to Walder Frey 's second son Emmon , who is married to Tywin 's sister Genna Lannister . Though the siege ends bloodlessly , Brynden escapes , to Jaime 's fury . Jaime also finds that Walder Frey 's grandson and heir , Ryman Frey , was hanged by the Brotherhood without Banners . He then receives word that Cersei , who has been imprisoned , wants him to defend her in a trial by combat ; but learns that Tyrion 's accusation of Lancel Lannister and Cersei was true ( Lancel having been King Robert 's true killer ) . Disgusted by the excessive loss of life and Cersei 's paranoia , Jaime abandons her to her fate . Brienne of Tarth 's quest for Sansa leads her all over the Riverlands , where she observes the destruction caused by the war , and acquires Podrick Payne , former squire to Tyrion Lannister . She meets Ser Hyle , a knight whom she has met before , and Lord Randyll Tarly ( Samwell 's father ) , who insults her despite Ser Hyle 's praise of her . Eventually she is captured by the Brotherhood Without Banners and sentenced to death by Catelyn Stark , who was resurrected three days after death by Beric Dondarrion , though at the cost of Dondarrion 's life , and who has now assumed the name Lady Stoneheart . Catelyn offers to let her live if she agrees to kill Jaime Lannister ( whom she believes played a role in Robb 's death ) . When Brienne refuses to decide , she and some of her companions are sentenced to be hanged , at which she screams an undisclosed word . The author later revealed that the word was `` sword '' , in response to Catelyn 's ultimatum of `` Sword or noose '' , which offered either Brienne 's continued service to Catelyn herself , or hanging . The Vale ( edit ) In the Eyrie , Sansa poses as Petyr 's daughter Alayne : befriending young Robert Arryn , managing the household , and receiving informal training in royal politics . During this time , Petyr appears to be carefully manipulating his murdered wife 's former bannermen and securing control of the Protectorship of the Vale . He eventually reveals that he has betrothed Sansa to Harrold Hardyng , the next in line to Robert 's title ; when the sickly Robert dies , Petyr intends to reveal Sansa 's identity and claim her family stronghold of Winterfell in her name . Iron Islands ( edit ) On the Iron Islands , Aeron Damphair hears of Balon 's death and that Balon 's eldest surviving brother , Euron Greyjoy , has returned from exile and claimed the Seastone Chair . To prevent this Aeron calls a Kingsmoot to identify Balon Greyjoy 's successor as king of the Iron Islands . Hotly contested by Balon 's brother Victarion Greyjoy and daughter Asha Greyjoy , eventually Euron is chosen as king for his promise to control dragons with an enchanted horn he possesses . The fleet of the Iron Men captures the Shield Islands at the mouth of the river Mander , threatening House Tyrell 's seat at Highgarden . Victarion estimates that when the Redwyne fleet returns from the siege at Dragonstone it will retake the islands ; and when Euron sends him east to woo Daenerys Targaryen on his behalf , to thus gain a claim to the Iron Throne , Victarion decides to woo her for himself instead . Dorne ( edit ) In Dorne , Doran Martell is confronted by three of his brother Oberyn 's bastard daughters , who want vengeance for their father 's death . Because they are inciting the commonfolk , Doran has them imprisoned in the palace . A bold attempt by Doran 's daughter Arianne Martell and her lover , Ser Arys Oakheart of the Kingsguard , to crown Doran 's ward Myrcella Baratheon as queen of Westeros under Dornish law , by which the eldest child succeeds regardless of gender , is thwarted by Doran . In the confusion , one of Arianne 's co-conspirators , the knight Gerold `` Darkstar '' Dayne , attempts to kill Myrcella ; she survives but her face is scarred , and Ser Arys is killed . This strains the new Dornish alliance with House Lannister and the Iron Throne . To his daughter , Doran reveals that her brother Quentyn has gone east to bring back `` Fire and Blood '' . Across the Narrow Sea ( edit ) Arriving in Braavos , Arya Stark finds her way to the House of Black and White , a temple associated with the assassins known as the Faceless Men . As a novice there , Arya attempts to master their belief that Faceless Men have no true identity by throwing all her treasures into the water ( secretly keeping her sword , Needle ) and posing as a girl called `` Cat of the Canals '' . Her former identity asserts itself in the form of wolf dreams , and also when she kills Dareon , sworn brother of Samwell Tarly , for abandoning the Night 's Watch . Having confessed this death , she is given a glass of warm milk as punishment . She wakes up the following morning blind . Jon Snow has ordered Samwell Tarly to sail to the Citadel in Oldtown ( via Braavos ) , to research the Others and become a Maester . Sam is accompanied by aging Maester Aemon , the wildling mother Gilly , her newborn baby , and sworn brother Dareon . The voyage across the Narrow Sea is underway before Sam realizes Jon swapped the sons of Gilly and Mance Rayder , to protect the Wildling `` prince '' from sacrifice by the priestess Melisandre . Aemon becomes sick and the party wait in Braavos for his health to improve . After a Summer Islander tells Aemon about the Targaryen dragons , Aemon decides that Daenerys has come to fulfill a prophecy . He dies at the age of 102 shortly after they leave Braavos . At the end of the novel , Samwell arrives at the Citadel to begin his training . He meets the archmaester Marwyn , who tells him the Citadel have a plan against magic , and leaves to find Daenerys . Samwell also encounters a fellow apprentice who introduces himself as Pate , connecting the prologue to the narrative . Characters ( edit ) The story is narrated from the point of view of 12 characters and a one - off prologue point of view . Unlike its predecessors , the fourth novel follows numerous minor characters as well . Prologue : Pate , a novice of the Citadel in Oldtown Cersei Lannister , The Queen Regent Ser Jaime Lannister , Lord Commander of the Kingsguard Brienne , Maid of Tarth , a young warrior woman searching for Sansa and Arya Stark Sansa Stark , pretending to be Petyr Baelish 's daughter `` Alayne Stone '' ( her later chapters are titled as such ) Arya Stark , later referred to as `` Cat of the Canals '' , beginning her training at the Temple of Him of Many Faces in the free city of Braavos Samwell Tarly , a sworn brother of the Night 's Watch In the Iron Islands : The Prophet , The Drowned Man : Aeron `` Damphair '' Greyjoy , Self - proclaimed servant of the Drowned god , youngest of Late King Balon 's three surviving brothers The Kraken 's Daughter : Princess Asha Greyjoy , daughter of Late King Balon of the Iron Islands The Iron Captain , The Reaver : Prince Victarion Greyjoy , Captain of the Iron fleet , one of Late King Balon 's three surviving brothers In Dorne : The Captain of Guards : Areo Hotah , Captain of the Guards to Prince Doran Martell of Dorne The Soiled Knight : Ser Arys Oakheart of the Kingsguard The Queenmaker , The Princess in the Tower : Arianne Martell , daughter of Prince Doran and heir to Dorne Editions ( edit ) Foreign - language editions Bulgarian : Бард : `` Пир за Врани '' Catalan : Alfaguara : `` Festí de corbs '' ( `` Feast of crows '' ) Chinese ( Simplified ) : 重庆 出版 社 ( 2008 ) : `` 群 鸦 的 盛宴 '' ( `` Feast for Crows '' ) . Chinese ( Traditional ) : 高 寶 國際 ( 2006 ) : `` 群 鴉 盛宴 '' ( `` Feast for Crows '' ) . Croatian : `` Gozba vrana '' ( `` Crows ' Feast '' ) Czech : Talpress ; `` Hostina pro vrány '' ( `` Feast for Crows '' ) Danish : Kragernes rige ( `` The Kingdom of the Crows '' ) Dutch : Luitingh - Sijthoff : `` Een feestmaal voor kraaien '' ( `` A Feast for Crows '' ) Estonian : Two volumes , hardcover : Varrak `` Vareste pidusöök '' ( `` Feast of Crows '' ) book 1 & book 2 Finnish : `` Korppien kestit '' ( `` Feast of Crows '' ) French : Three Volumes , Hardcover : Pygmalion ( 2006 - ... ) : `` Le chaos '' , `` Les sables de Dorne '' , `` Un Festin pour les Corbeaux '' ( `` Chaos '' , `` The Sands of Dorne '' , `` A Feast For Crows '' ) . German : Single volume , Fantasy Productions ( 2006 ) : `` Krähenfest '' ( `` Crow 's Feast '' , to be released ) . Two volumes , Blanvalet ( 2006 ) : `` Zeit der Krähen '' , `` Die dunkle Königin '' ( `` Time of the Crows '' , `` The Dark Queen '' ) . Greek : Anubis : `` Βορά Ορνίων '' ( `` Prey of Vultures '' ) Hebrew : `` משתה לעורבים א \ ב '' ( `` Feast for Crows pts . A / B '' ) Hungarian : Alexandra Könyvkiadó : `` Varjak lakomája '' ( `` Feast of Crows '' ) Italian : Two volumes , Arnoldo Mondadori Editore ( Hardcover 2006 , 2007 - Paperback 2007 , 2008 ) : `` Il dominio della regina '' , `` L'ombra della profezia '' ( `` The Rule of the Queen '' , `` The Shadow of the Prophecy '' ) . Japanese : Two volumes , hardcover : Hayakawa ( 2008 ) , paperback : Hayakawa ( 2013 ) : `` 乱 鴉 の 饗宴 '' ( `` Feast of the War Crows '' ) I and II Korean : Eun Haeng Namu Publishing Co. : `` 까마귀 의 향연 '' ( `` Feast for Crows '' ) Lithuanian : Alma Littera `` Varnų puota '' ( `` Crows ' Feast '' ) Norwegian : Two volumes , `` Kråkenes gilde '' ( The Crows ' Feast ) , `` Jern og sand '' ( Iron and Sand ) Polish : Two volumes , Zysk i S - ka : `` Uczta dla wron : Cienie Śmierci '' , `` Uczta dla wron : Sieć Spisków '' ( `` A Feast for Crows : Shadows of Death '' , `` A Feast for Crows : Web of Intrigues '' ) Brazilian Portuguese : Leya : `` O Festim dos Corvos '' ( `` The Crows Feast '' ) European Portuguese : Two volumes , Saída de Emergência : `` O Festim de Corvos '' ( `` A Feast of Crows '' ) , `` O Mar de Ferro '' ( `` The Iron Sea '' ) Romanian : Paperback 2009 , Harcover 2011 : `` Festinul ciorilor '' ( `` The Crows ' Feast '' ) Russian : AST : `` Пир стервятников '' ( `` Vultures ' Feast '' ) . Serbian : Two Volumes , Лагуна : `` Гозба за вране Део први '' , `` Гозба за вране Део други '' ( `` A Feast for Crows '' ) Slovenian : Vranja gostija ( `` A Feast for Crows '' ) Spanish : Gigamesh ( 2007 ) : `` Festín de Cuervos '' ( `` Feast of Crows '' ) Swedish : Forum bokförlag : `` Kråkornas fest '' ( `` The Crows ' Feast '' ) Turkish : Two volumes , Epsilon Yayınevi : `` Buz ve Ateşin Şarkısı IV : Kargaların Ziyafeti - Kısım I & Kargaların Ziyafeti - Kısım II '' ( `` A Feast for Crows '' ) Ukrainian : KM Publishing ( 2016 ) : `` Бенкет круків '' ( `` The Feast of Crows '' ) Vietnamese : Two Volumes : `` Trò Chơi Vương Quyền 4A : Tiệc Quạ đen '' , `` Trò Chơi Vương Quyền 4B : Lời Tiền tri '' . ( `` Game of Thrones 4A : A Feast of Crows '' , `` Game of Thrones 4B : The Prophecy '' ) Publication ( edit ) Martin released the first four `` Iron Islands '' chapters of A Feast for Crows as a novella called Arms of the Kraken , published in the 305th edition of Dragon magazine , published in May 2003 . Another chapbook featuring three Daenerys chapters was published for BookExpo 2005 although , following the geographical division of the book , these chapters were subsequently moved into the fifth volume in the series , A Dance with Dragons . Martin originally planned for the fourth book to be called A Dance with Dragons with the story picking up five years after the events of A Storm of Swords ( primarily to advance the ages of the younger characters ) . However , during the writing process it was discovered that this was leading to an overreliance on flashbacks to fill in the gap . After twelve months or so of working on the book , Martin decided to abandon much of what had previously been written and start again , this time picking up immediately after the end of A Storm of Swords . He announced this decision , along with the new title A Feast for Crows , at Worldcon in Philadelphia on September 1 , 2001 . He also announced that A Dance with Dragons would now be the fifth book in the sequence . In May 2005 Martin announced that his manuscript for A Feast for Crows had hit 1527 completed pages but still remained unfinished , with `` another hundred or so pages of roughs and incomplete chapters , as well as other chapters sketched out but entirely unwritten . '' As the size of the manuscript for 2000 's A Storm of Swords , his previous novel , had been a problem for publishers around the world at 1521 pages , Martin and his publishers had decided to split the narrative planned for A Feast for Crows into two books . Rather than divide the text in half chronologically , Martin opted to instead split the material by character and location : It was my feeling ... that we were better off telling all the story for half the characters , rather than half the story for all the characters . Cutting the novel in half would have produced two half - novels ; our approach will produce two novels taking place simultaneously , but set hundreds or even thousands of miles apart , and involving different casts of characters ( with some overlap ) . Martin noted that A Feast for Crows would focus on `` Westeros , King 's Landing , the riverlands , Dorne , and the Iron Islands , '' and that the next novel , A Dance with Dragons , would cover `` events in the east and north . '' Martin also added that the A Song of Ice and Fire series would now likely total seven novels . A Feast for Crows was published months later on October 17 , 2005 , over five years after the previous volume in the series , A Storm of Swords . The parallel novel A Dance with Dragons was released on July 12 , 2011 . Release details ( edit ) 2005 , UK , Voyager ISBN 0 - 00 - 224743 - 7 , Pub date 17 October 2005 , hardback 2005 , UK , Voyager ISBN 0 - 00 - 722463 - X , Pub date ? ? 2005 , hardback ( presentation edition ) 2005 , US , Spectra Books ISBN 0 - 553 - 80150 - 3 , Pub date 8 November 2005 , hardback 2006 , UK , Voyager ISBN 0 - 00 - 224742 - 9 , Pub date 25 April 2006 , paperback Reception ( edit ) Though A Feast for Crows was the first novel in the sequence to debut at number one on The New York Times Best Seller list , it received more negative reviews in comparison with the previous novels in the series . Martin 's decision to halve the plot in terms of character and location was highly controversial ; many critics felt that this novel consisted of characters that people were less interested in . Publishers Weekly said , `` Long - awaited does n't begin to describe this fourth installment in bestseller Martin 's staggeringly epic Song of Ice and Fire . ( ... ) . This is not Act I Scene 4 but Act II Scene 1 , laying groundwork more than advancing the plot , and it sorely misses its other half . The slim pickings here are tasty , but in no way satisfying . '' Salon.com 's Andrew Leonard said in 2011 , `` I do n't care how good a writer you are : If you subtract your three strongest characters from your tale , you severely undermine the basis for why readers fell under your spell in the first place . It did n't work . But there was also a sense in A Feast of Crows that Martin had lost his way . The characters whose stories he did tell wandered back and forth across a landscape devastated by war and oncoming winter , but did n't seem to be headed anywhere in particular . '' Remy Verhoeve of The Huffington Post noted in their 2011 A Dance with Dragons review that the fifth volume had to `` repair some of the damage done by A Feast for Crows , which frankly felt as if it was written by a ghost writer at times . '' Both books had `` the same structural problems '' , being `` sprawling and incoherent '' , and in her opinion Feast has the less interesting characters . The Atlantic 's Rachael Brown said in their A Dance With Dragons review that Feast was `` bleak and plodding '' and `` sorely missed '' Daenerys Targaryen , Tyrion Lannister , and Jon Snow . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Hugo Award -- Best Novel ( nominated ) -- ( 2006 ) Locus Award for Fantasy -- Best Novel ( nominated ) -- ( 2006 ) British Fantasy Award -- Best Novel ( nominated ) -- ( 2006 ) Quill Award -- Best Novel ( Science Fiction & Fantasy ) ( nominated ) -- ( 2006 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : A Feast for Crows : Product Details ( UK ) . Amazon.com . October 17 , 2005 . ISBN 0002247437 . Jump up ^ A Feast for Crows : Product Details ( US ) . Amazon.com . November 8 , 2005 . ISBN 0553801503 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` Done . '' . GeorgeRRMartin.com ( Author 's official website ) . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2005 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( March 3 , 2011 ) . `` Huge Game of Thrones news : Dance With Dragons publication date revealed ! -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Retrieved March 3 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Best - Seller Lists : Hardcover Fiction '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . November 27 , 2005 . Retrieved March 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Best Seller list : November 8 , 1998 '' ( PDF ) . Hawes.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Best Seller list : November 26 , 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Hawes.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Best Seller list : January 26 , 2003 '' ( PDF ) . Hawes.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Best Seller list : October 30 , 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Hawes.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The New York Times Best Seller list : November 15 , 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Hawes.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best - Seller Lists : Hardcover Fiction '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . October 9 , 2005 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Science Fiction & Fantasy Books : 2006 Award Winners & Nominees '' . WorldsWithoutEnd.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dragon # 305 ; Urban Adventures '' . rpg.net . Retrieved 10 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Citadel : So Spake Martin '' . Westeros.org . September 1 , 2001 . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Miller , Faren ( November 2000 ) . `` Locu Online Reviews : A Storm of Swords ( August 2000 ) '' . Locus . LocusMag.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fiction review : A Feast for Crows : Book Four of A Song of Ice and Fire '' . publishersweekly.com . October 3 , 2005 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Andrew ( July 10 , 2011 ) . `` Return of the new fantasy king : `` A Dance With Dragons '' `` . salon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Verhoeve , Remy ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` My Love / Hate Relationship with A Dance with Dragons '' . huffingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Brown , Rachael ( July 11 , 2011 ) . `` George R.R. Martin on Sex , Fantasy , and A Dance With Dragons '' . theatlantic.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 02 . Zimmerman , W. Frederick ( December 15 , 2005 ) . Unauthorized A Feast for Crows Analysis ( Paperback ) . Nimble Books . ISBN 0 - 9765406 - 1 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Official website of author George R.R. Martin A Feast for Crows title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database A Feast for Crows at the Internet Book List George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) Franchise media Novellas Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) TV series Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Awards Characters Music `` Game of Thrones Theme '' `` The Rains of Castamere '' `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' `` Light of the Seven '' Catch the Throne Live Concert Experience Soundtracks Season 1 5 6 Title sequence After the Thrones Thronecast Video games A Game of Thrones : Genesis Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) Game of Thrones Ascent Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) Other media The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) Board game Card game ( Second edition ) Comic book series Characters Petyr Baelish Joffrey Baratheon Renly Baratheon Robert Baratheon Stannis Baratheon Tommen Baratheon Ramsay Bolton Roose Bolton Bronn Gregor Clegane Sandor Clegane Khal Drogo Gendry Tormund Giantsbane Gilly Theon Greyjoy Cersei Lannister Jaime Lannister Tyrion Lannister Tywin Lannister Oberyn Martell Melisandre Missandei Jorah Mormont Daario Naharis Ellaria Sand Davos Seaworth Jon Snow High Sparrow Arya Stark Bran Stark Catelyn Stark Ned Stark Rickon Stark Robb Stark Sansa Stark Daenerys Targaryen Viserys Targaryen Samwell Tarly Brienne of Tarth Margaery Tyrell Olenna Tyrell Varys Ygritte World Languages Dothraki Valyrian Themes Iron Throne White Walker Miscellaneous Fandom Book Works by George R.R. 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Martin HarperCollins books Hidden categories : Pages to import images to Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 15 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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The Sound of Music (film)
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The Sound of Music ( film ) - wikipedia The Sound of Music ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Sound of Music Theatrical release poster by Howard Terpning Directed by Robert Wise Produced by Robert Wise Screenplay by Ernest Lehman Story by Maria von Trapp ( uncredited ) Based on The Sound of Music by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse Starring Julie Andrews Christopher Plummer Music by Richard Rodgers Oscar Hammerstein II Irwin Kostal ( score ) Cinematography Ted D. McCord Edited by William H. Reynolds Production company 20th Century Fox Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date March 2 , 1965 ( 1965 - 03 - 02 ) ( US ) Running time 174 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $8.2 million Box office $286.2 million The Sound of Music is a 1965 American musical drama film produced and directed by Robert Wise , and starring Julie Andrews and Christopher Plummer , with Richard Haydn and Eleanor Parker . The film is an adaptation of the 1959 stage musical of the same name , composed by Richard Rodgers with lyrics by Oscar Hammerstein II . The film 's screenplay was written by Ernest Lehman , adapted from the stage musical 's book by Lindsay and Crouse . Based on the memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers by Maria von Trapp , the film is about a young Austrian woman studying to become a nun in Salzburg in 1938 who is sent to the villa of a retired naval officer and widower to be governess to his seven children . After bringing and teaching love and music into the lives of the family through kindness and patience , she marries the officer and together with the children they find a way to survive the loss of their homeland through courage and faith . The film was released on March 2 , 1965 in the United States , initially as a limited roadshow theatrical release . Although critical response to the film was widely mixed , the film was a major commercial success , becoming the number one box office movie after four weeks , and the highest - grossing film of 1965 . By November 1966 , The Sound of Music had become the highest - grossing film of all - time -- surpassing Gone with the Wind -- and held that distinction for five years . The film was just as popular throughout the world , breaking previous box - office records in twenty - nine countries . Following an initial theatrical release that lasted four and a half years , and two successful re-releases , the film sold 283 million admissions worldwide and earned a total worldwide gross of $286,000,000 . The Sound of Music received five Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director . The film also received two Golden Globe Awards , for Best Motion Picture and Best Actress , the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement , and the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Written American Musical . In 1998 , the American Film Institute ( AFI ) listed The Sound of Music as the fifty - fifth greatest American movie of all time , and the fourth greatest movie musical . In 2001 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Production 4.1 Screenplay and pre-production 4.2 Casting and rehearsals 4.3 Filming and post-production 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Box office 6 Historical accuracy 7 Soundtrack 8 Accolades 8.1 Awards and nominations 8.2 AFI recognition 8.3 Legacy 9 Television and home media 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Plot ( edit ) Maria is a free - spirited young Austrian woman studying to become a nun at Nonnberg Abbey in Salzburg in 1938 . Her love of music and the mountains , her youthful enthusiasm and imagination , and her lack of discipline cause some concern among the nuns . The Mother Abbess , believing Maria would be happier outside the abbey , sends her to the villa of retired naval officer Captain Georg von Trapp to be governess to his seven children -- Liesl , Friedrich , Louisa , Kurt , Brigitta , Marta , and Gretl . The Captain has been raising his children alone using strict military discipline following the death of his wife . Although the children misbehave at first , Maria responds with kindness and patience , and soon the children come to trust and respect her . Liesl , the oldest , is won over after Maria protects her from discovery when she is nearly caught sneaking back into the house after meeting Rolf , a delivery boy she is in love with . While the Captain is away in Vienna , Maria makes play clothes for the children and takes them around Salzburg and the surrounding mountains , and she teaches them how to sing . When the Captain returns to the villa with Baroness Elsa Schraeder , a wealthy socialite , and their mutual friend , Max Detweiler , they are greeted by Maria and the children returning from a boat ride on the lake that concludes when their boat overturns . Displeased by his children 's clothes and activities , and Maria 's impassioned appeal that he get closer to his children , the Captain orders her to return to the abbey . Just then he hears singing coming from inside the house and is astonished to see his children singing for the Baroness . Filled with emotion , the Captain joins his children , singing for the first time in years . Afterwards , he apologizes to Maria and asks her to stay . Impressed by the children 's singing , Max proposes he enter them in the upcoming Salzburg Festival but the suggestion is immediately rejected by the Captain as he does not allow his children to sing in public . He does agree , however , to organize a grand party at the villa . The night of the party , while guests in formal attire waltz in the ballroom , Maria and the children look on from the garden terrace . When the Captain notices Maria teaching Kurt the traditional Ländler folk dance , he cuts in and dances with Maria in a graceful performance , culminating in a close embrace . Confused about her feelings , Maria blushes and breaks away . Later , the Baroness , who noticed the Captain 's attraction to Maria , hides her jealousy while convincing Maria that she must return to the abbey . Back at the abbey , when Mother Abbess learns that Maria has stayed in seclusion to avoid her feelings for the Captain , she encourages her to return to the villa to look for her life . After Maria returns to the villa , she learns about the Captain 's engagement to the Baroness and agrees to stay until they find a replacement governess . The Captain 's feelings for Maria , however , have not changed , and after breaking off his engagement the Captain marries Maria . While they are on their honeymoon , Max enters the children in the Salzburg Festival against their father 's wishes . When they learn that Austria has been annexed by the Third Reich in the Anschluss , the couple return to their home , where a telegram awaits informing the Captain that he must report to the German Naval base at Bremerhaven to accept a commission in the German Navy . Strongly opposed to the Nazis and the Anschluss , the Captain tells his family they must leave Austria immediately . Many of the Von Trapp 's friends are prepared to accept the new regime , including Rolf , who Liesl is devastated to see has joined the Hitler youth . That night , as the von Trapp family attempt to leave , they are stopped by a group of Brownshirts waiting outside the villa . When questioned by Gauleiter Hans Zeller , the Captain maintains they are headed to the Salzburg Festival to perform . Zeller insists on escorting them to the festival , after which his men will accompany the Captain to Bremerhaven . Later that night at the festival , during their final number , the von Trapp family slip away and seek shelter at the nearby abbey , where Mother Abbess hides them in the cemetery crypt . Brownshirts soon arrive and search the abbey , and the family is discovered by Rolf . Upon seeing Liesl , he hesitates raising the alarm long enough to allow the family time to flee , and the family is able to escape using the caretaker 's car . When the soldiers attempt to pursue , they discover their cars will not start as two nuns have removed parts of the engines . The next morning , after driving to the Swiss border , the von Trapp family make their way on foot across the frontier into Switzerland to safety and freedom . Cast ( edit ) Julie Andrews as Maria von Trapp Christopher Plummer as Captain von Trapp Bill Lee as Captain von Trapp 's singing voice Eleanor Parker as Baroness Elsa von Schraeder Richard Haydn as Max Detweiler Peggy Wood as the Mother Abbess Charmian Carr as Liesl von Trapp Nicholas Hammond as Friedrich von Trapp Heather Menzies as Louisa von Trapp Duane Chase as Kurt von Trapp Angela Cartwright as Brigitta von Trapp Debbie Turner as Marta von Trapp Kym Karath as Gretl von Trapp Anna Lee as Sister Margaretta Portia Nelson as Sister Berthe Ben Wright as Herr Zeller Daniel Truhitte as Rolfe Norma Varden as Frau Schmidt Gil Stuart as Franz Marni Nixon as Sister Sophia Ada Beth Lee as Sister Catherine Doreen Tryden as Sister Agatha Evadne Baker as Sister Bernice Doris Lloyd as Baroness Ebberfeld Background ( edit ) Composer Richard Rodgers and lyricist Oscar Hammerstein II The Sound of Music story is based on Maria von Trapp 's memoir , The Story of the Trapp Family Singers , published in 1949 to help promote her family 's singing group following the death of her husband Georg in 1947 . Hollywood producers expressed interest in purchasing the title only , but Maria refused , wanting her entire story to be told . In 1956 , German producer Wolfgang Liebeneiner purchased the film rights for $9,000 ( equivalent to $81,000 in 2017 ) , hired George Hurdalek and Herbert Reinecker to write the screenplay , and Franz Grothe to supervise the soundtrack , which consisted of traditional Austrian folk songs . The Trapp Family was released in West Germany on October 9 , 1956 and became a major success . Two years later , Liebeneiner directed a sequel , The Trapp Family in America , and the two pictures became the most successful films in West Germany during the post-war years . Their popularity extended throughout Europe and South America . In 1956 , Paramount Pictures purchased the United States film rights , intending to produce an English - language version with Audrey Hepburn as Maria . The studio eventually dropped its option , but one of its directors , Vincent J. Donehue , proposed the story as a stage musical for Mary Martin . Producers Richard Halliday and Leland Heyward secured the rights and hired playwrights Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse , who had won the Pulitzer Prize for State of the Union . They approached Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II to compose one song for the musical , but the composers felt the two styles -- traditional Austrian folk songs and their composition -- would not work together . They offered to write a complete new score for the entire production if the producers were willing to wait while they completed work on Flower Drum Song . The producers quickly responded that they would wait as long as necessary . The Sound of Music stage musical opened on November 16 , 1959 at the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre in New York City and ran on Broadway for 1,443 performances , winning six Tony Awards , including Best Musical . In June 1960 , Twentieth Century Fox purchased the film adaptation rights to the stage musical for $1.25 million ( equivalent to $10,300,000 in 2017 ) against ten percent of the gross . Production ( edit ) For the film , Richard Rodgers added two new songs , `` I Have Confidence '' and `` Something Good '' , for which he wrote the lyrics as well as the music ( Hammerstein having died in August 1960 ) , while three of the original stage songs were omitted , `` How Can Love Survive '' , `` No Way To Stop It '' and `` An Ordinary Couple '' . Arranger and conductor Irwin Kostal prerecorded the songs with a large orchestra and singers on a stage prior to the start of filming , and later adapted instrumental underscore passages based on the songs . Choreographers Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood , who had worked with Andrews on Mary Poppins , worked out all new choreography sequences that incorporated many of the Salzburg locations and settings . The Sound of Music was filmed from March 26 through September 1 , 1964 , with external scenes shot on location in Salzburg , Austria , and the surrounding region , and interior scenes filmed at the 20th Century Fox studios in California . The movie was photographed in 70 mm Todd - AO by Ted McCord and produced with DeLuxe Color processing and six - track sound recording . Screenplay and pre-production ( edit ) Robert Wise , 1990 In December 1962 , 20th Century Fox president Richard D. Zanuck hired Ernest Lehman to write the screenplay for the film adaptation of the stage musical . Lehman reviewed the original script for the stage musical , rearranged the sequence of songs , and began transforming a work designed for the stage into a film that could use the camera to emphasize action and mood , and open the story up to the beautiful locations of Salzburg and the Austrian Alps . The `` Do - Re-Mi '' sequence in the play , for example , was originally a stagnant number ; Lehman transformed it into a lively montage showing some of the beautiful sites of Salzburg , as well as showing Maria and the children growing closer over time . Lehman also eliminated two songs , `` How Can Love Survive ? '' and `` No Way to Stop It '' , sung by the characters of Elsa and Max . In January 1963 , he saw the Fox English - dubbed version of the two German films , was not especially impressed , and decided to use the stage musical and Maria 's memoir for most of his source material . While Lehman was developing the screenplay , he and Zanuck began looking for a director . Their first choice was Robert Wise , with whom Lehman had worked on the film adaptation of West Side Story , but Wise was busy preparing work for another film , The Sand Pebbles . Other directors were approached and turned down the offer , including Stanley Donen , Vincent J. Donehue , George Roy Hill , and Gene Kelly . In January 1963 , Lehman invited one of his favorite directors , William Wyler , to travel to New York City with him to see the Broadway musical . After seeing the show , Wyler said he hated it , but after two weeks of Lehman 's persuasion , Wyler reluctantly agreed to direct and produce the film . After hiring musical supervisor Roger Edens , Wyler , Lehman , and Edens traveled to Salzburg to scout filming locations . In two weeks they managed to see approximately seventy - five locations -- an experience that helped Lehman conceptualize several important sequences . During that trip , Lehman began to have reservations about Wyler 's commitment to the project , and communicated this to Zanuck , who instructed the writer to finalize the first draft of the screenplay as quickly as possible . Lehman completed the first draft on September 10 , 1963 and sent it to Wyler , who had no suggestions or changes . At that time , Lehman also secretly gave a copy of the script to the agent of Robert Wise , whom Lehman still wanted as the director . Later that month , Wyler 's agent approached Zanuck asking that production on the film be delayed so Wyler could direct The Collector . Zanuck told him to tell Wyler to make the other film , and that they would move ahead on schedule with another director , ending Wyler 's participation . Meanwhile , Wise , whose film The Sand Pebbles had been postponed , read Lehman 's first draft , was impressed by what he read , and agreed to direct the film . Wise joined the picture in October 1963 , and flew to Salzburg with associate producer Saul Chaplin and members of his production team to scout filming locations , including many that Wyler had identified . When he returned , Wise began working on the script . Wise shared Lehman 's vision of the film being centered on the music , and the changes he made were consistent with the writer 's approach -- mainly reducing the amount of sweetness and sentimentality found in the stage musical . He had reservations about Lehman 's opening aerial sequence because they 'd used a similar opening in West Side Story , but decided to keep it . Other changes included replacing `` An Ordinary Couple '' with a more romantic number , and a new song for Maria 's departure from the abbey -- Rodgers provided `` Something Good '' and `` I Have Confidence '' especially for the film . Lehman completed the second draft on December 20 , 1963 , but additional changes would be made based on input from Maria von Trapp and Christopher Plummer about the character of the Captain . Plummer especially helped transform a character lacking substance into a stronger , more forceful complex figure with a wry sense of humor and a darker edge . Lehman completed his final draft on March 20 , 1964 . Casting and rehearsals ( edit ) Christopher Plummer and Julie Andrews on location in Salzburg , 1964 Lehman 's first and only choice for Maria was Julie Andrews . When Wise joined the project , he made a list of his choices for the role , which included Andrews as his first choice , Grace Kelly , and Shirley Jones . Wise and Lehman went to Disney Studios to view footage from Mary Poppins , which was not yet released . A few minutes into the film , Wise told Lehman , `` Let 's go sign this girl before somebody else sees this film and grabs her ! '' Andrews had some reservations -- mainly about the amount of sweetness in the theatrical version -- but when she learned that her concerns were shared by Wise and Lehman and what their vision was , she signed a contract with Fox to star in The Sound of Music and one other film for $225,000 ( equivalent to $1,780,000 in 2017 ) . Wise had a more difficult time casting the role of the Captain . A number of actors were considered for the part , including Bing Crosby , Yul Brynner , Sean Connery , and Richard Burton . Wise had seen Christopher Plummer on Broadway and wanted him for the role , but the stage actor turned down the offer several times . Wise flew to London to meet with Plummer and explained his concept of the film ; the actor accepted after being assured that he could work with Lehman to improve the character ; Plummer later described himself as having become quite arrogant at the time , `` spoiled by too many great theater roles '' . Wise also spent considerable time and effort on casting the secondary characters . For the role of Max Detweiler , Wise initially considered Victor Borge , Noël Coward , and Hal Holbrook among others before deciding on Richard Haydn . For the character of Baroness Elsa Schraeder , Wise looked for a `` name '' actress -- Andrews and Plummer were not yet widely known to film audiences -- and decided on Eleanor Parker . The casting of the children characters began in November 1963 and involved over two hundred interviews and auditions throughout the United States and England . Some of the child - actors interviewed or tested , who were not selected , included Mia Farrow , Patty Duke , Lesley Ann Warren , Geraldine Chaplin , Shelley Fabares , Teri Garr , Kurt Russell , and The Osmonds . Most of the actors selected had some acting , singing , or dancing experience . Charmian Carr , however , was a model who worked part - time in a doctor 's office and had no ambition to pursue a career as an actress . After a friend sent her photo to Wise 's office , she was asked to interview . Wise later recalled , `` She was so pretty and had such poise and charm that we liked her immediately . '' The last person to be cast was Daniel Truhitte in the role of Rolfe . Rehearsals for the singing and dance sequences began on February 10 , 1964 . The husband - and - wife team of Marc Breaux and Dee Dee Wood , who had worked with Andrews on Mary Poppins , worked out the choreography with Saul Chaplin on piano -- the arrangements could not be altered under Rodgers and Hammerstein 's contract . The stage choreography was not used because it was too restrictive . Breaux and Wood worked out all new choreography better suited for film that incorporated many of the Salzburg locations and settings . They even choreographed the newly added puppet dance sequence for `` The Lonely Goatherd '' . The choreography for the Ländler strictly followed the traditional Austrian folk dance . The musical arranger Irwin Kostal prerecorded the songs with a large orchestra and singers on a stage prior to the start of filming . In her book , The Sound of Music : The Making of America 's Favorite Movie , Julia Antopol Hirsch says that Kostal used seven children and five adults to record the children 's voices ; the only scene where the child - actors actually sing is when they sing `` The Sound of Music '' on their own after Maria leaves . Charmian Carr refuted the claim that the voices of the child actors were dubbed in the film and on the soundtrack . Carr contended that all of the children who are in the film sing on the track , but four other children were added to most of the songs to give them a fuller sound , they did not replace them as singers . The voices of some of the adult actors had voice doubles , including Peggy Wood and Christopher Plummer . Filming and post-production ( edit ) Schloss Leopoldskron , where scenes representing the lakefront terrace and gardens of the von Trapp villa were filmed Principal photography began on March 26 , 1964 at 20th Century Fox studios in Los Angeles , where scenes from Maria 's bedroom and the abbey cloister and graveyard were filmed . The company then flew to Salzburg where filming resumed on April 23 at Mondsee Abbey for the wedding scenes . From April 25 through May 22 , scenes were filmed at the Felsenreitschule , Nonnberg Abbey , Mirabell Palace Gardens , Residence Fountain , and various street locations throughout the Altstadt ( Old Town ) area of the city . Wise faced opposition from city leaders who opposed him staging scenes with swastika banners . They relented after he threatened instead to include actual newsreel footage of crowds cheering Hitler during a visit to the town . On days when it rained -- a constant challenge for the company -- Wise arranged for scenes to be shot at St. Margarethen Chapel and Dürer Studios ( Reverend Mother 's office ) . From May 23 to June 7 , the company worked at Schloss Leopoldskron and an adjacent property called Bertelsmann for scenes representing the lakeside terrace and gardens of the von Trapp villa . From June 9 to 19 , scenes were shot at Frohnburg Palace which represented the front and back façades of the villa . The `` Do - Re-Mi '' picnic scene in the mountains was filmed above the town of Werfen in the Salzach River valley on June 25 and 27 . The opening sequence of Maria on her mountain was filmed from June 28 to July 2 at Mehlweg mountain near the town of Marktschellenberg in Bavaria . The final scene of the von Trapp family escaping over the mountains was filmed on the Obersalzberg in the Bavarian Alps . The Sound of Music gazebo at Hellbrunn Palace in Salzburg was moved here from its original location at Schloss Leopoldskron . The cast and crew flew back to Los Angeles and resumed filming at Fox studios on July 6 for all remaining scenes , including those in the villa dining room , ballroom , terrace , living room , and gazebo . Following the last two scenes shot in the gazebo -- for the songs `` Something Good '' and `` You Are Sixteen '' -- principal photography concluded on September 1 , 1964 . A total of eighty - three scenes were filmed in just over five months . Post-production work began on August 25 with three weeks of dialogue dubbing to correct lines that were ruined by various street noises and rain . In October , Christopher Plummer 's singing voice was dubbed by veteran Disney playback singer Bill Lee . The film was then edited by Wise and film editor William Reynolds . Once the film was edited , Irwin Kostal , who orchestrated the musical numbers , underscored the film with background music consisting of variations on Rodgers and Hammerstein 's original songs to amplify or add nuances to the visual images . When dubbing , editing , and scoring were complete , Wise arranged for two sneak - preview showings -- the first one held in Minneapolis on Friday January 15 , 1965 at the Mann Theater , and the second one held the following night in Tulsa . Despite the `` sensational '' responses from the preview audiences , Wise made a few final editing changes before completing the film . According to the original print information for the film , the running time for the theatrical release version was 174 minutes . The film was eventually given a G rating by the Motion Picture Association of America . The Sound of Music was filmed in 70 mm Todd - AO by Ted McCord and produced with DeLuxe Color processing . Aerial footage was photographed with an MCS - 70 camera . The sound was recorded on 70 mm six - track using a Westrex recording system . The sets used for the film were based on the storyboards of sketch artist Maurice Zuberano , who accompanied Wise to Austria to scout filming locations in November 1963 . Wise met with the artist over a ten - week period and explained his objective for each scene -- the feeling he wanted to convey and the visual images he wanted to use . When Zuberano was finished , he provided Wise with a complete set of storyboards that illustrated each scene and set -- storyboards the director used as guidance during filming . Zuberano 's storyboards and location photos were also used by art director Boris Leven to design and construct all of the original interior sets at Fox studios , as well as some external sets in Salzburg . The von Trapp villa , for example , was actually filmed in several locations : the front and back façades of the villa were filmed at Frohnburg Palace , the lakeside terrace and gardens were a set constructed on a property adjacent to Schloss Leopoldskron called Bertelsmann , and the interior was a constructed set at Fox studios . The gazebo scenes for `` Something Good '' and `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' were filmed on a larger reconstructed set at Fox studios , while some shots of the original gazebo were filmed on the grounds at Schloss Leopoldskron in Salzburg . Release ( edit ) Marketing ( edit ) Robert Wise hired Mike Kaplan to direct the publicity campaign for the film . After reading the script , Kaplan decided on the ad line `` The Happiest Sound in All the World '' , which would appear on promotional material and artwork . Kaplan also brought in outside agencies to work with the studio 's advertising department to develop the promotional artwork , eventually selecting a painting by Howard Terpning of Andrews on an alpine meadow with her carpetbag and guitar case in hand with the children and Plummer in the background . In February 1964 , Kaplan began placing ads in the trade papers Daily Variety , Weekly Variety , and The Hollywood Reporter to attract future exhibitor interest in the project . The studio intended the film to have an initial roadshow theatrical release in select large cities in theaters that could accommodate the 70 - mm screenings and six - track stereophonic sound . The roadshow concept involved two showings a day with reserved seating and an intermission similar to Broadway musicals . Kaplan identified forty key cities that would likely be included in the roadshow release and developed a promotional strategy targeting the major newspapers of those cities . During the Salzburg production phase , 20th Century Fox organized press junkets for America journalists to interview Wise and his team and the cast members . Critical response ( edit ) `` No one is comfortable with an excess of hearts and flowers , but there is no valid reason for hiding honest emotion . This has always been a major element in the theatre , and it 's my conviction that anyone who ca n't , on occasion , be sentimental about children , home or nature is sadly maladjusted . '' Richard Rodgers The film had its opening premiere on March 2 , 1965 at the Rivoli Theater in New York City . Initial reviews were mixed . Bosley Crowther , in The New York Times , criticized the film 's `` romantic nonsense and sentiment '' , the children 's `` artificial roles '' , and Robert Wise 's `` cosy - cum - corny '' direction . Judith Crist , in a biting review in the New York Herald Tribune , dismissed the movie as `` icky sticky '' and designed for `` the five to seven set and their mommies '' . In her review for McCall 's magazine , Pauline Kael called the film `` the sugar - coated lie people seem to want to eat '' , and that audiences have `` turned into emotional and aesthetic imbeciles when we hear ourselves humming the sickly , goody - goody songs '' . Wise later recalled , `` The East Coast , intellectual papers and magazines destroyed us , but the local papers and the trades gave us great reviews '' . Indeed , reviewers such as Philip K. Scheuer of the Los Angeles Times described the film as `` three hours of visual and vocal brilliance '' , and Variety called it `` a warmly - pulsating , captivating drama set to the most imaginative use of the lilting R-H tunes , magnificently mounted and with a brilliant cast '' . The `` wildly mixed film reviews '' reflected the critical response to the stage musical , according to The Oxford Companion to the American Musical . After its Los Angeles premiere on March 10 , The Sound of Music opened in 131 theaters in the United States , including a limited number of roadshow events . After four weeks , the film became the number one box office movie in the country , and held that position for thirty out of the next forty - three weeks in 1965 . The original theatrical release of the film in America lasted four and a half years . A few months after its United States release , The Sound of Music opened in 261 theaters overseas -- the first American movie to be completely dubbed in a foreign language , both dialogue and music . The German , French , Italian , and Spanish versions were completely dubbed , the Japanese version had Japanese dialogue with English songs , and other versions were released with foreign subtitles . The film was a popular success in every country it opened , except the two countries where the story originated , Austria and Germany . In these countries , the film had to compete with the much - loved Die Trapp - Familie ( 1956 ) , which provided the original inspiration for the Broadway musical , and its sequel Die Trapp - Familie in Amerika ( 1958 ) -- both films still widely popular in German - speaking Europe and considered the authoritative von Trapp story . Austrians took exception to the liberties taken by the filmmakers with regard to the costumes , which did not reflect traditional style , and the replacement of traditional Austrian folk songs with Broadway show tunes . The film 's Nazi theme was especially unpopular in Germany , where the Munich branch manager for 20th Century Fox approved the unauthorized cutting of the entire third act of the film following the wedding sequence -- the scenes showing Salzburg following the Anschluss . Robert Wise and the studio intervened , the original film was restored , and the branch manager was fired . The Sound of Music has never been popular in Austria and Germany . Box office ( edit ) The Sound of Music is one of the most commercially successful films of all time . Four weeks after its theatrical release , it became the number one box office movie in the United States , from revenue generated by twenty - five theaters , each screening only ten roadshow performances per week . It held the number one position for thirty of the next forty - three weeks , and ended up the highest - grossing film of 1965 . One contributing factor in the film 's early commercial success was the repeat business of many filmgoers . In some cities in the United States , the number of tickets sold exceeded the total population . By January 1966 , the film had earned $20 million in distributor rentals from just 140 roadshow engagements in the United States and Canada . Overseas , The Sound of Music broke previous box - office records in twenty - nine countries , including the United Kingdom , where the film earned £ 4 million in rentals and grossed £ 6 million -- more than twice as much as any other film had ever taken in . By November 1966 , The Sound of Music had become the highest - grossing film of all - time , surpassing Gone with the Wind , which held that distinction for twenty - four years . In November 1969 , The Sound of Music completed its initial four - and - a-half year theatrical release run in the United States , having earned $68,313,000 in North American ( United States and Canada ) rentals and $44,168,000 in foreign rentals , for a worldwide total of $112,481,000 in gross returns . It was the first film to gross over $100 million . The film was re-released in 1973 , and increased its North American rentals to $78.4 million . By the end of the 1970s , it was ranked seventh in all time North American rentals , having earned $79 million . The film 's re-release in 1990 increased the total North American admissions to 142,415,400 -- the third highest number of tickets sold behind Gone with the Wind and Star Wars -- and about 283.3 million admissions worldwide . The Sound of Music eventually earned a total domestic gross of $163,214,076 , and a total worldwide gross of $286,214,076 . Adjusted for inflation , the film earned about $2.366 billion at 2014 prices -- the fifth highest - grossing film of all time . Historical accuracy ( edit ) Maria and Georg Ludwig von Trapp The Sound of Music film , like the stage musical , presents a history of the von Trapp family that is not completely accurate . The filmmakers used artistic license to convey the essence and meaning of their story . Georg Ludwig von Trapp was indeed an anti-Nazi opposed to the Anschluss , and lived with his family in a villa in a district of Salzburg called Aigen . Their lifestyle depicted in the film , however , greatly exaggerated their standard of living . The actual family villa , located at Traunstraße 34 , Aigen 5026 , was large and comfortable but not nearly as grand as the mansion depicted in the film . The house was also not their ancestral home , as depicted in the film . The family had previously lived in homes in Zell Am See and Klosterneuburg after being forced to abandon their actual ancestral home in Pola following World War I. Georg moved the family to the Salzburg villa shortly after the death of his first wife in 1922 . In the film , Georg is referred to as `` Baron '' , but his actual family title was `` Ritter '' ( German for `` knight '' ) , a hereditary knighthood the equivalent of which in the United Kingdom is a baronetcy . Austrian nobility , moreover , was legally abolished in 1919 and the nobiliary particle von was proscribed after World War I , so he was legally `` Georg Trapp '' . Both the title and the prepositional nobiliary particle von , however , continued to be widely used unofficially as a matter of courtesy . Georg was offered a position in the Kriegsmarine , but this occurred before the Anschluss . He was heavily recruited by the Nazis because he had extensive experience with submarines , and Germany was looking to expand its fleet of U-boats . With his family in desperate financial straits , and having no other marketable skills other than his training as a naval officer , he seriously considered the offer before deciding he could not serve a Nazi regime . Rather than threaten arrest , the Nazis actually continued to woo him . In the film , Georg is depicted initially as a humorless , emotionally distant father . In reality , third child Maria von Trapp ( called `` Louisa '' in the film ) described her father as a doting parent who made handmade gifts for the children in his woodshop and who would often lead family musicales on his violin . She has a different recollection of her stepmother , whom she described as moody and prone to outbursts of rage . In a 2003 interview , Maria remembered , `` ( She ) had a terrible temper ... and from one moment to the next , you did n't know what hit her . We were not used to this . But we took it like a thunderstorm that would pass , because the next minute she could be very nice . '' Maria Augusta Kutschera had indeed been a novice at Nonnberg Abbey in Salzburg and had been hired by the von Trapp family . However , she was hired only to be a tutor to young Maria Franziska ( `` Louisa '' in the movie ) , who had come down with scarlet fever and needed her lessons at home , not to be a governess for all of the children . Maria and Georg married for practical reasons , rather than love and affection for each other . Georg needed a mother for his children , and Maria needed the security of a husband and family once she decided to leave the abbey . `` I really and truly was not in love , '' Maria wrote in her memoir , `` I liked him but did n't love him . However , I loved the children , so in a way I really married the children . '' They were married in 1927 , not in 1938 as depicted in the film , and the couple had been married for over a decade by the time of the Anschluss and had two of their three children together by that time . Maria later acknowledged that she grew to love Georg over time and enjoyed a happy marriage . The von Trapp family lost most of its wealth during the worldwide depression of the early 1930s , when the Austrian national bank folded . In order to survive , the family dismissed the servants and began taking in boarders . They also started singing onstage to earn money -- a fact that caused the proud Georg much embarrassment . In the film , the von Trapp family hike over the Alps from Austria to Switzerland to escape the Nazis , which would not have been possible ; Salzburg is over two hundred miles from Switzerland . The von Trapp villa , however , was only a few kilometers from the Austria -- Germany border , and the final scene shows the family hiking on the Obersalzberg near the German town of Berchtesgaden , within sight of Adolf Hitler 's Kehlsteinhaus Eagle 's Nest retreat . In reality , the family simply walked to the local train station and boarded a train to Italy . Although Georg was an ethnic German - Austrian , he was also an Italian citizen , having been born in the Dalmatian city of Zadar , which at that time was part of the Austro - Hungarian Empire , and later fell into Italian territory after World War I. From Italy , they traveled to London and ultimately the United States . The character Max Detweiler , the scheming family music director , is fictional . The von Trapps ' family priest , the Reverend Franz Wasner , was their musical director for over twenty years and accompanied them when they left Austria . The character of Friedrich ( the second oldest child in the film version ) was based on Rupert , the oldest of the real von Trapp children . Liesl ( the oldest child in the film ) was based on Agathe von Trapp , the second oldest in the real family . The names and ages of the children were changed , in part because the third child ( who would be portrayed as `` Louisa '' ) was also named Maria , and producers thought that it would be confusing to have two characters called Maria in the film . The von Trapp family had no control over how they were depicted in the film and stage musical , having given up the rights to their story to a German producer in the 1950s who then sold the rights to American producers . Robert Wise met with Maria von Trapp and made it clear , according to a memo to Richard Zanuck , that he was not making a `` documentary or realistic movie '' about her family , and that he would make the film with `` complete dramatic freedom '' in order to produce a `` fine and moving film '' -- one they could all be proud of . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Sound of Music ( soundtrack ) The soundtrack to The Sound of Music was written by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II , and arranged and conducted by Irwin Kostal , who also adapted the instrumental underscore passages . The soundtrack album was released by RCA Victor in 1965 and is one of the most successful soundtrack albums in history , having sold over 20 million copies worldwide . The album reached the number one position on the Billboard 200 that year in the United States . It remained in the top ten for 109 weeks , from May 1 , 1965 to July 16 , 1966 , and remained on the Billboard 200 chart for 238 weeks . The album was the best - selling album in the United Kingdom in 1965 , 1966 and 1968 and the second best - selling of the entire decade , spending a total of 70 weeks at number one on the UK Albums Chart . It also stayed 73 weeks on the Norwegian charts , becoming the seventh best - charting album of all time in that country . In 2015 , Billboard named the album the second greatest album of all time . The album has been reissued several times , including anniversary editions with additional tracks in 1995 , 2000 , 2005 , 2010 and 2015 . Accolades ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Nominee Result Ref Academy Awards Best Picture Robert Wise Won Best Director Robert Wise Won Best Actress in a Leading Role Julie Andrews Nominated Best Actress in a Supporting Role Peggy Wood Nominated Best Music ( Scoring of Music -- Adaptation or Treatment ) Irwin Kostal Won Best Cinematography ( Color ) Ted D. McCord Nominated Best Art Direction ( Color ) Boris Leven ( art direction ) ; Walter M. Scott and Ruby R. Levitt ( set decoration ) Nominated Best Costume Design ( Color ) Dorothy Jeakins Nominated Best Sound Recording James Corcoran and Fred Hynes Won Best Film Editing William H. Reynolds Won BAFTA Awards Best British Actress Julie Andrews Nominated Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures Robert Wise Won Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Robert Wise Won Best Director -- Motion Picture Robert Wise Nominated Best Motion Picture Actress -- Musical or Comedy Julie Andrews Won Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture Peggy Wood Nominated Laurel Awards General Entertainment The Sound of Music Won Musical Performance -- Female Julie Andrews Won National Board of Review Top Ten Films of 1965 The Sound of Music Won New York Film Critics Circle Best Actress Julie Andrews 2nd place Writers Guild of America Best Written American Musical Ernest Lehman Won AFI recognition ( edit ) The Sound of Music has been included in numerous top film lists from the American Film Institute . AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- No. 55 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- No. 40 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- No. 41 AFI 's 100 Years of Musicals -- No. 4 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 27 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` The Sound of Music '' -- No. 10 `` My Favorite Things '' -- No. 64 `` Do - Re-Mi '' -- No. 88 Legacy ( edit ) In 1966 , American Express created the first Sound of Music guided tour in Salzburg . Since 1972 , Panorama Tours has been the leading Sound of Music bus tour company in the city , taking approximately 50,000 tourists a year to various film locations in Salzburg and the surrounding region . Sing - along Sound of Music revival screenings began in London in 1999 , leading to a successful run at the Prince Charles Cinema which is ongoing as of 2016 . During the screenings , audience members are often dressed as nuns and von Trapp children and are encouraged to sing along to lyrics superimposed on the screen . In July 2000 , Sing - along Sound of Music shows opened in Boston and Austin , Texas . Some audience members dressed up as cast members and interacted with the action shown on the screen . The film began a successful run at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City in September 2000 , with the opening attended by cast members Charmian Carr ( Liesl ) , Daniel Truhitte ( Rolfe ) , and Kym Karath ( Gretl ) . Sing - along Sound of Music screenings have since become an international phenomenon . In 2001 , the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry , finding it `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . The Academy Film Archive preserved The Sound of Music in 2003 . Television and home Media ( edit ) The first American television transmission of The Sound of Music was on February 29 , 1976 on ABC , which paid $15 million for a one - time only broadcast that became one of the top - rated films ever shown on television to that point . The movie was not shown again until NBC acquired the broadcast rights and telecast the film on February 11 , 1979 . NBC continued to air the film annually for twenty years . During most of its run on NBC , the film was heavily edited to fit a three - hour time slot -- approximately 140 minutes without commercials . The thirty minutes edited out of the original film included portions of the `` Morning Hymn and Alleluia '' sung by the nuns , part of the dialogue between Mother Abbess and Maria in the abbey , part of Liesl and Rolfe 's dialogue preceding `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' , Liesl 's verse of `` Edelweiss '' sung with the Captain , the Captain and Baroness waltzing at the party , and minor dialogue cuts within existing scenes . The film aired in its uncut form ( minus the entr'acte ) on April 9 , 1995 , on NBC . Julie Andrews hosted the four - hour telecast which presented the musical numbers in a letterbox format . As the film 's home video availability cut into its television ratings , NBC let their contract lapse in 2001 . That year , the film was broadcast one time on the Fox network , in its heavily edited 140 - minute version . Since 2002 , the film has aired on ABC , generally during Christmas week , and has been broadcast on its sister cable network , Freeform , periodically around Easter and other holidays . Most of its more recent runs have been the full version in a four - hour time slot , complete with the entr'acte . ABC first broadcast a high definition version on December 28 , 2008 . On December 22 , 2013 , the annual broadcast had its highest ratings since 2007 ; the increase in ratings were credited to NBC 's broadcast of The Sound of Music Live ! -- a live television adaptation of the original musical which aired earlier that month . In the United Kingdom , the film was first aired on BBC One on 25 December 1978 and , as of December 2016 , fifteen times since , mostly around Christmas time . As the BBC channels in Britain are not funded by advertising there was no need to cut scenes to fit within a timeslot and the film was screened in the full 174 - minute version without breaks . The film has been released on VHS , LaserDisc , and DVD numerous times . The first DVD version was released on August 29 , 2000 to commemorate the 35th anniversary of the film 's release . The film is often included in box sets with other Rodgers & Hammerstein film adaptations . A 40th anniversary DVD , with `` making of '' documentaries and special features , was released on November 15 , 2005 . The film made its debut issue on Blu - ray Disc on November 2 , 2010 , for its 45th anniversary . For the Blu - ray release , the original 70 mm negatives were rescanned at 8K resolution , then restored and remastered at 4K resolution for the transfer to Blu - ray , giving the most detailed copy of the film seen thus far . On March 10 , 2015 , Fox Home Entertainment released The Sound of Music 50th Anniversary Ultimate Collector 's Edition -- a five - disc set featuring thirteen hours of bonus features , including a new documentary , The Sound of a City : Julie Andrews Returns to Salzburg . A March 2015 episode of ABC 's 20 / 20 entitled The Untold Story of the Sound of Music featured a preview of the documentary and interviews by Diane Sawyer . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Twentieth Century Fox also purchased the rights to the two German films for distribution in the United States . Fox combined the two films , Die Trapp - Familie and Die Trapp - Familie in Amerika , dubbed them in English , and released them as a single 106 - minute film titled The Trapp Family , which was released on April 19 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Maria 's morning run back to Nonnberg Abbey would have been about 11 miles ( 18 km ) . Jump up ^ At the conclusion of filming at Schloss Leopoldskron , 20th Century Fox left behind the original gazebo as a gift to the city . The film 's later popularity , however , led many fans to trespass onto the private and secluded lakefront property . To provide fans easier access to the famous structure , the city moved it to its present location at Hellbrunn Palace Park . Jump up ^ Terpning also created the poster artwork for Lawrence of Arabia , Doctor Zhivago , The Sand Pebbles , The Guns of Navarone , and the 1967 theatrical re-release of Gone with the Wind . He is also known for his numerous magazine covers and his paintings of the American West and the Plains Indians . Jump up ^ Pauline Kael 's review for McCall 's generated a significant negative response from readers and contributed to her dismissal from the magazine . Jump up ^ In Salt Lake City , Utah ( population 199,300 ) , for example , 309,000 tickets were sold in forty weeks . In Albany , New York ( population 156,000 ) , 176,536 tickets were sold in twenty - seven weeks . In Orlando , Florida ( population 88,135 ) , 105,181 tickets were sold in thirty - five weeks . Jump up ^ The Sound of Music remained the highest - grossing film of all time for five years until 1971 , when Gone with the Wind recaptured the crown following its successful 1967 widescreen rerelease . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) : Original Print Information '' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sound of Music '' . The Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Solomon 1989 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Yoffe ; , Emily ( 1993 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Hollywood 's Widower Fantasy '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Santopietro 2015 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 7 -- 8 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ http://www.visit-salzburg.net/travel/soundofmusic_songlist.htm Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , pp. 23 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 13 . Jump up ^ Baer 2008 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 16 . 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Archived from the original on June 2 , 2005 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hischak ( 2008 ) , p. 697 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 181 -- 183 . Jump up ^ Dassanowsky , Robert Von ( 2003 ) . `` An Unclaimed Country : The Austrian Image in American Film and the Sociopolitics of The Sound of Music '' . Bright Lights Film Journal . 41 . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Santopietro 2015 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Index '' . The Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( January 8 , 1966 ) . `` Variety Celebrates 60 Years '' . Saskatoon Star - Phoenix . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Barthel , Joan ( November 20 , 1966 ) . `` The Sound of Music : Biggest Money - Naking Movie of All Time '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Berkowitz 2010 , p. 160 . 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Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Gearin , Joan ( Winter 2005 ) . `` Movie vs. Reality : The Real Story of the von Trapp Family '' . National Archives . 37 ( 4 ) . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of My Family '' . Trapp Family Lodge . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , pp. 201 -- 202 . Jump up ^ Hirsch 1993 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Eyman , Scott . `` The Hills Are Alive With the Sound of Money '' , The Wall Street Journal , February 27 , 2015 , accessed December 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Hischak ( 2007 ) , p. 44 ^ Jump up to : https://www.billboard.com/music/soundtrack/chart-history/billboard-200/song/671939 ^ Jump up to : `` The Sound of Music Original Motion Picture Soundtrack : Releases '' , Allmusic.com , accessed December 29 , 2017 Jump up ^ Claufield , Keith ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` 50 Years Ago : The Sound of Music Soundtrack Hit No. 1 on the Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6762397/sound-of-music-soundtrack-no-1-anniversary ^ Jump up to : `` Why fans are still singing along to the Sound of Music '' . BBC News . September 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Best of All Time : Albums '' . VG - lista . Hung Medien . Retrieved June 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/greatest-of-all-time/6760797/adele-the-beatles-billboard-200-albums-artists-all-time Jump up ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-music-adele/adeles-21-deemed-billboards-greatest-album-of-all-time-idUSKCN0T22BH20151114 ^ Jump up to : `` The 38th Academy Awards -- 1966 '' . Oscars.org . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Film -- Best British Actress in 1966 '' . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved April 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) : Awards '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Santopietro 2015 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies , 10th Anniversary Edition '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Musicals '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Maslon 2015 , p. 172 . ^ Jump up to : Vinciguerra , Thomas ( August 20 , 2000 ) . `` Do You Really Call That Sound Music ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Asch , Amy ; Ehren , Christina ( September 7 , 2000 ) . `` Crowds Turn Out for Opening of ' Sing - a-Long Sound of Music ' in NYC '' . Playbill . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Maslon 2015 , pp. 157 -- 158 . Jump up ^ `` Preserved Projects '' . Oscars.org . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hirsch 1993 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ `` Chaos in Television '' . Time . March 12 , 1979 . Retrieved April 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Sound of Music ' Continues to Echo Across the Ratings Landscape '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC One -- The Sound of Music '' . BBC . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Sound of Music : Releases '' . AllMovie . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calogne , Juan ( August 31 , 2010 ) . `` The Sound of Music Blu - ray announced '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved November 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Smotroff , Mark . `` HomeTechTell Review : The Sound of Music 45th Anniversary Blu - ray '' . Hometechtell . technologytell.com . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Head , Stephen Slaughter ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Sound of Music ' 50th Anniversary ... '' Post-Movie . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sawyer , Diane ( March 2015 ) . `` The Untold Story of The Sound of Music '' . ABC . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Bibliography ( edit ) Baer , William ( 2008 ) . Classic American Films : Conversations with the Screenwriters . Westport : Praeger Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 34898 - 3 . Bawden , Liz - Anne ( 1976 ) . The Oxford Companion to Film . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 192 - 11541 - 6 . Berkowitz , Edward D. ( 2010 ) . Mass Appeal : The Formative Age of the Movies , Radio , and TV . Cambridge Essential Histories . New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88908 - 7 . Block , Alex Ben ; Wilson , Autrey , eds. ( 2010 ) . George Lucas 's Blockbusting : A Decade - By - Decade Survey of Timeless Movies . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 061 - 77889 - 6 . Carr , Charmian ( 2000 ) . Forever Liesl . New York : Penguin Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 029840 - 6 . Flinn , Carlyn ( 2015 ) . The Sound of Music ( BFI Film Classics ) . London : British Film Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 844 - 57474 - 2 . Glenday , Craig , ed. ( 2015 ) . Guinness World Records 2015 . New York : Bantam . ISBN 978 - 1 - 101 - 88380 - 8 . Herman , Jan ( 1995 ) . A Talent for Trouble . New York : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 399 - 14012 - 9 . Hirsch , Julia Antopol ( 1993 ) . The Sound of Music : The Making of America 's Favorite Movie . Chicago : Contemporary Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 809 - 23837 - 8 . Hischak , Thomas ( 2007 ) . The Rodgers and Hammerstein Encyclopedia . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 313 - 34140 - 0 . Hischak , Thomas ( 2008 ) . The Oxford Companion to the American Musical . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 195 - 33533 - 0 . Maslon , Laurence ( 2015 ) . The Sound of Music Companion . New York : Universe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 789 - 32935 - 6 . Rodgers , Richard ( 1975 ) . Musical Stages : An Autobiography . New York : Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 47596 - 7 . Santopietro , Tom ( 2015 ) . The Sound of Music Story . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 250 - 06446 - 2 . Solomon , Aubrey ( 1989 ) . Twentieth Century Fox : A Corporate and Financial History . Lanham , Maryland : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 810 - 84244 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Sound of Music ( film ) The Sound of Music on IMDb The Sound of Music at the TCM Movie Database The Sound of Music at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Robert Wise The Curse of the Cat People ( 1944 ) Mademoiselle Fifi ( 1944 ) The Body Snatcher ( 1945 ) A Game of Death ( 1945 ) Criminal Court ( 1946 ) Born to Kill ( 1947 ) Mystery in Mexico ( 1948 ) Blood on the Moon ( 1948 ) The Set - Up ( 1949 ) Two Flags West ( 1950 ) Three Secrets ( 1950 ) The House on Telegraph Hill ( 1951 ) The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 1951 ) The Captive City ( 1952 ) Something for the Birds ( 1952 ) Destination Gobi ( 1953 ) The Desert Rats ( 1953 ) So Big ( 1953 ) Executive Suite ( 1954 ) Helen of Troy ( 1956 ) Tribute to a Bad Man ( 1956 ) Somebody Up There Likes Me ( 1956 ) This Could Be the Night ( 1957 ) Until They Sail ( 1957 ) Run Silent , Run Deep ( 1958 ) I Want to Live ! 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Songs `` Oh , What a Beautiful Mornin ' '' `` The Surrey with the Fringe on Top '' `` Kansas City '' `` I Cai n't Say No '' `` Many a New Day '' `` It 's a Scandal ! It 's a Outrage ! '' `` People Will Say We 're in Love '' `` Lonely Room '' `` The Farmer and the Cowman '' `` All Er Nuthin ' '' `` Oklahoma '' `` If I Loved You '' `` Soliloquy '' `` You 'll Never Walk Alone '' `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' `` That 's for Me '' `` A Fellow Needs a Girl '' `` So Far '' `` Some Enchanted Evening '' `` There Is Nothing Like a Dame '' `` Bali Ha'i '' `` I 'm Gonna Wash That Man Right Outa My Hair '' `` I 'm in Love with a Wonderful Guy '' `` Younger Than Springtime '' `` Happy Talk '' `` You 've Got to Be Carefully Taught '' `` I Whistle a Happy Tune '' `` Hello , Young Lovers '' `` Getting to Know You '' `` We Kiss in a Shadow '' `` Something Wonderful '' `` I Have Dreamed '' `` Shall We Dance ? '' `` No Other Love '' `` I Enjoy Being a Girl '' `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` Edelweiss '' Related articles `` Something Good '' The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event Trapp Family Singers Members Maria von Trapp Georg von Trapp Rupert Agathe Maria Franziska Werner Hedwig Johanna Martina Johannes Memoir The Story of the Trapp Family Singers Films The Trapp Family ( 1956 ) The Trapp Family in America ( 1958 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The von Trapp Family : A Life of Music ( 2015 ) Other adaptations The Sound of Music ( 1959 musical ) Trapp Family Story ( 1991 anime ) The Sound of Music Live ! ( 2013 ) The Sound of Music Live ( 2015 ) Songs `` The Sound of Music '' `` Maria '' `` My Favorite Things '' `` Do - Re-Mi '' `` Sixteen Going on Seventeen '' `` The Lonely Goatherd '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` No Way to Stop It '' `` So Long , Farewell '' `` Edelweiss '' `` Something Good '' Albums The Groovy Sound of Music ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 soundtrack ) The Sound of Music : Music from the NBC Television Event ( 2013 ) Related Elisabeth von Trapp The von Trapps Trapp Family Lodge Trapp Family Austrian Relief Links to related articles Academy Award for Best Picture 1927 / 28 -- 1950 Wings ( 1927 / 28 ) The Broadway Melody ( 1928 / 29 ) All Quiet on the Western Front ( 1929 / 30 ) Cimarron ( 1930 / 31 ) Grand Hotel ( 1931 / 32 ) Cavalcade ( 1932 / 33 ) It Happened One Night ( 1934 ) Mutiny on the Bounty ( 1935 ) The Great Ziegfeld ( 1936 ) The Life of Emile Zola ( 1937 ) You Ca n't Take It with You ( 1938 ) Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) Rebecca ( 1940 ) How Green Was My Valley ( 1941 ) Mrs. Miniver ( 1942 ) Casablanca ( 1943 ) Going My Way ( 1944 ) The Lost Weekend ( 1945 ) The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) Gentleman 's Agreement ( 1947 ) Hamlet ( 1948 ) All the King 's Men ( 1949 ) All About Eve ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1975 An American in Paris ( 1951 ) The Greatest Show on Earth ( 1952 ) From Here to Eternity ( 1953 ) On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) Marty ( 1955 ) Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) The Bridge on the River Kwai ( 1957 ) Gigi ( 1958 ) Ben - Hur ( 1959 ) The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) A Man for All Seasons ( 1966 ) In the Heat of the Night ( 1967 ) Oliver ! 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( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Lady Bird ( 2017 ) VIAF : 230602756 LCCN : n93063312 GND : 4416694 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Sound_of_Music_(film)&oldid=833616877 '' Categories : 1965 films English - language films The Sound of Music 1960s biographical films 1960s drama films 1960s musical comedy films 20th Century Fox films American biographical films American films American musical drama films American romantic musical films Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Best Picture Academy Award winners Films about Catholic nuns Films about Christianity Films about music and musicians Films about widowhood Films based on biographies Films based on musicals Films directed by Robert Wise Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance Films featuring puppetry Films set in the Alps Films set in Austria Films set in country houses Films set in the 1930s Films set in Salzburg Films shot in Austria Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award Films whose director won the Best Directing Academy Award Films whose editor won the Best Film Editing Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Musical films based on actual events Nuns in fiction Salzburg Trapp family United States National Film Registry films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Magyar Македонски मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 46 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 April 2018 , at 16 : 36 . 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Communitas
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Communitas - wikipedia Communitas For the book by Percival and Paul Goodman , see Communitas ( book ) . Part of a series on Anthropology of religion Initiation at the Villa of Mysteries , Pompeii , a rite of passage expressing communitas Basic concepts ( hide ) Afterlife Animism Communitas Comparative religion Divination Divine language Evolutionary origin of religions Fetishism Great Spirit Henotheism Initiation Liminality Magic Mana Monotheism Polytheism Transtheism Revitalization movement Rite of passage Ritual Sacred language Sacred -- profane dichotomy Shamanism Soul dualism Theories about religions Totem Veneration of the dead Case studies ( show ) Magic Coral Gardens and Their Magic Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants Neo-Paganism Ritual Angakkuq Babaylan Bobohizan Bomoh Bora Dukun Miko Jhākri Pawang Slametan Wu Revitalization movement Cargo cult Ghost Dance Handsome Lake Related articles ( show ) The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life Purity and Danger Myth and ritual Archaeology of religion and ritual Poles in mythology Major theorists ( show ) Augustin Calmet Akbar S. Ahmed Talal Asad Joseph Campbell Mary Douglas Émile Durkheim Arnold van Gennep E.E. Evans - Pritchard James Frazer Clifford Geertz Robin Horton Claude Lévi - Strauss Robert Marett Roy Rappaport Saba Mahmood Marshall Sahlins Melford Spiro Stanley Tambiah Victor Turner Edward Burnett Tylor Daniel Martin Varisco Anthony F.C. Wallace Journals ( show ) Anthropological Perspectives on Religion Folklore The Hibbert Journal The Journal of Religion Oceania Religions ( show ) Ethnic and folk religions Afro - American religion Alaska Native religion Anito Atua Böö mörgöl Hanitu Hausa Kejawèn Native American religion Noaidi Shen Shindo Shamanism in Siberia Shinto Traditional African religions Buddhism Mahayana Nichiren Pure Land Shingon Theravada Tiantai Tibetan Vajrayana Zen Christianity Adventism Anglicanism Armenian Apostolic Church Baptists Calvinism Catholic Church Coptic Eastern Orthodox Coptic Orthodox Lutheranism Methodism Pentecostalism Protestantism Quakers Russian Orthodox Hinduism Hindu denominations Shaivism Vaishnavism Shaktism Islam Ahmadiyya Ibadi Mahdavia Non-denominational Quranists Shia Sufism Sunni Yazdânism Jainism Judaism Social and cultural anthropology Communitas is a Latin noun commonly referring either to an unstructured community in which people are equal , or to the very spirit of community . It also has special significance as a loanword in cultural anthropology and the social sciences . Victor Turner , who defined the anthropological usage of communitas , was interested in the interplay between what he called social ' structure ' and ' antistructure ' ; Liminality and Communitas are both components of antistructure . Communitas refers to an unstructured state in which all members of a community are equal allowing them to share a common experience , usually through a rite of passage . Communitas is characteristic of people experiencing liminality together . This term is used to distinguish the modality of social relationship from an area of common living . There is more than one distinction between structure and communitas . The most familiar is the difference of secular and sacred . Every social position has something sacred about it . This sacred component is acquired during rites of passages , through the changing of positions . Part of this sacredness is achieved through the transient humility learned in these phases , this allows people to reach a higher position . Contents 1 Victor and Edith Turner 2 Paul and Percival Goodman 3 Roberto Esposito 4 Others 5 References 6 External links Victor and Edith. Turner ( edit ) Communitas is an acute point of community . It takes community to the next level and allows the whole of the community to share a common experience , usually through a rite of passage . This brings everyone onto an equal level : even if you are higher in position , you have been lower and you know what that is . Turner ( 1969 , Pg. 132 ; see also ) distinguishes between : existential or spontaneous communitas , the transient personal experience of togetherness ; e.g. that which occurs during a counter-culture happening . normative communitas , which occurs as communitas is transformed from its existential state to being organized into a permanent social system due to the need for social control . ideological communitas , which can be applied to many utopian social models . Communitas as a concept used by Victor Turner in his study of ritual has been criticized by anthropologists . See John Eade & Michael J. Sallnow 's Contesting the Sacred ( 1991 ) Edith Turner , Victor 's widow and anthropologist in her own right , published in 2011 a definitive overview of the anthropology of communitas , outlining the concept in relation to the natural history of joy , including the nature of human experience and its narration , festivals , music and sports , work , disaster , the sacred , revolution and nonviolence , nature and spirit , and ritual and rites of passage . Paul and Percival Goodman ( edit ) Main article : Communitas ( book ) Communitas is also the title of a book published in 1947 by the 20th - century American thinker and writer Paul Goodman and his brother , Percival Goodman . Their book examines three kinds of possible societies : a society centered on consumption , a society centered on artistic and creative pursuits , and a society which maximizes human liberty . The Goodmans emphasize freedom from both coercion by a government or church and from human necessities by providing these free of cost to all citizens who do a couple of years of conscripted labor as young adults . Roberto Esposito ( edit ) In 1998 , Italian philosopher Roberto Esposito published a book under the name Communitas challenging the traditional understanding of this concept . It was translated in English in 2010 by Timothy Campbell . In this book , Esposito offers a very different interpretation of the concept of communitas based on a thorough etymological analysis of the word : `` Community is n't a property , nor is it a territory to be separated and defended against those who do not belong to it . Rather , it is a void , a debt , a gift to the other that also reminds us of our constitutive alterity with respect to ourselves . '' He goes on with his `` deconstruction '' of the concept of communitas : `` From here it emerges that communitas is the totality of persons united not by a `` property '' but precisely by an obligation or a debt ; not by an `` addition '' but by a `` subtraction '' : by a lack , a limit that is configured as an onus , or even as a defective modality for him who is `` affected '' , unlike for him who is instead `` exempt '' or `` exempted '' . Here we find the final and most characteristic of the oppositions associated with ( or that dominate ) the alternative between public and private , those in other words that contrast communitas to immunitas . If communis is he who is required to carry out the functions of an office ― or to the donation of a grace ― on the contrary , he is called immune who has to perform no office , and for that reason he remains ungrateful . He can completely preserve his own position through a vacatio muneris . Whereas the communitas is bound by the sacrifice of the compensatio , the immunitas implies the beneficiary of the dispensatio . '' `` Therefore the community can not be thought of as a body , as a corporation in which individuals are founded in a larger individual . Neither is community to be interpreted as a mutual , intersubjective `` recognition '' in which individuals are reflected in each other so as to confirm their initial identity ; as a collective bond that comes at a certain point to connect individuals that before were separate . The community is n't a mode of being , much less a `` making '' of the individual subject . It is n't the subject 's expansion or multiplication but its exposure to what interrupts the closing and turns it inside out : a dizziness , a syncope , a spasm in the continuity of the subject . '' Others ( edit ) For more on this perspective , see also Jean - Luc Nancy 's paper `` The Confronted Community '' as well as his book The Inoperative Community . See also Maurice Blanchot 's book The Unavowable Community ( 1983 ) which is an answer to Jean - Luc Nancy 's Inoperative Community . Giorgio Agamben engages in a similar argument about the concept of community in his 1990 book The Coming Community ( translated in English by Michael Hardt in 1993 ) . Rémi Astruc , a French scholar , recently proposed in his essay Nous ? L'aspiration à la Communauté et les arts ( 2015 ) , to operate a distinction between Community with a capital C as the longing for communitas and communities ( plural and small c ) to name the numerous actualizations in human societies . Finally , on the American side , see The Community of Those Who Have Nothing in Common by Alphonso Lingis . Christian author Alan Hirsch used the term to describe a more active , tighter - knit community in his book `` The Forgotten Ways : Reactivating the Missional Church . '' ( 1 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Turner , V. ( 1974 ) . Dramas , Fields , and Metaphors : Symbolic Action in Human Society . Cornell University Press . pp. 273 - 4 . Jump up ^ Olaveson , T. ( 2001 ) . Collective Effervescence and Communitas : Processual Models of Ritual and Society in Emile Durkheim and Victor Turner . Dialectical Anthropology , 26 , pp. 105 . Jump up ^ Turner , Edith. 2012 . Communitas : The Anthropology of Collective Joy . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . Jump up ^ Stanford University Press : Communitas . The Origin and Destiny of Community by Roberto Esposito , translated by Timothy C. Campbell Jump up ^ ESPOSITO , Roberto ( ( 1998 ) 2010 ) . Communitas . The Origin and Destiny of Community , tr. by Timothy Campbell , Stanford : Stanford University Press , p. 6 Jump up ^ ESPOSITO , Roberto ( ( 1998 ) 2010 ) . Communitas . The Origin and Destiny of Community , tr. by Timothy Campbell , Stanford : Stanford University Press , p. 7 Jump up ^ NANCY , Jean - Luc ( ( 2001 ) 2003 ) . `` The Confronted Community '' , Postcolonial Studies , Vol. 6 no . 1 , pp. 23 - 36 Jump up ^ NANCY , Jean - Luc ( ( 1983 ) 1991 ) . The Inoperative Community , Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press . This essay was first published in the French magazine Aléa , which was edited at that time by Christian Bourgois . Cf. Jean - Luc Nancy , La communauté désoeuvrée , Paris : Christian Bourgois , 1983 Jump up ^ BLANCHOT , Maurice ( ( 1983 ) 1988 ) . ' The Unavowable Community ' , Station Hill Press Jump up ^ AGAMBEN , Giorgio ( ( 1990 ) 1993 ) . The Coming Community , Minnesota : University of Minnesota Press , 1993 Google Books Preview Jump up ^ ASTRUC , Rémi ( 2015 ) Nous ? L'aspiration à la Communauté et les arts , Versailles , RKI Press Jump up ^ LINGIS , Alphonso ( 1994 ) . The Community of Those Who Have Nothing in Common , Indiana : Indiana University Press . Google Books Preview Turner , Victor . `` Rituals and Communitas . '' Creative Resistance. 26 Nov. 2005 < http://citationmachine.net/ > . Eade & Sallnow , ' Contesting the Sacred ' ( 1991 ) Carse , James P . `` The Religious Case Against Belief '' , Penguin , New York , 2008 External links ( edit ) Communitas - Communitas , Italian journal of sociology and economy Communitas.org - The Communitas Group , Bremerton WA . Communitas.ca - The Communitas Group , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada . Communitas - Wikipedia community development journal at Meta Communitas and classical Greek ritual theatre on www.mysticism.nl ( broken link ) Creating Communitas , a project at www.wechange.org , including two books by Forbes Leslie : Communal Sustainability and Forming Tribalized Communities . Read the introduction from Roberto Esposito 's book Communitas . The Origin and Destiny of Community : Introduction : Nothing In Common Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Communitas&oldid=845299793 '' Categories : Community Spirituality Latin words and phrases Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 21 : 25 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Crusades
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Crusades - wikipedia Crusades For other uses , see Crusade ( disambiguation ) . A battle of the Second Crusade ( illustration of William of Tyre 's Histoire d'Outremer , 1337 ) Crusades In the Holy Land ( 1095 -- 1291 ) First 1101 Norwegian Venetian Second Third 1197 Fourth Fifth Sixth Barons ' Seventh Eighth Ninth After 1291 Smyrniote 1343 -- 1351 Alexandrian 1365 Savoyard 1366 Barbary 1390 Nicopolis 1396 Varna 1443 Portuguese 1481 Spanish 1505 -- 1510 Northern Crusades ( 1147 -- 1410 ) Wendish 1147 Swedish 1150 1249 1293 Livonian 1198 -- 1290 Prussian 1217 -- 1274 Lithuanian 1283 -- 1410 Popular crusades People 's 1096 Children 's 1212 Shepherds ' 1251 Poor 1309 Shepherds ' 1320 Against Christians Bosnian 1235 -- 1241 Albigensian 1209 -- 1229 Aragonese 1284 / 5 Despenser 's 1382 / 3 Hussite 1419 -- 1434 Reconquista ( 718 -- 1492 ) Book : The Crusades Portal : Crusades Part of a series on Christianity Jesus Christ ( show ) Jesus in Christianity Virgin birth Crucifixion Resurrection Bible Foundations ( show ) Old Testament New Testament Gospel Canon Books Church Creed New Covenant Theology ( show ) God Trinity Father Son Holy Spirit Apologetics Baptism Christology History of theology Mission Salvation History Tradition ( show ) Mary Apostles Peter Paul Fathers Early Christianity Constantine Councils Augustine East -- West Schism Crusades Aquinas Luther Reformation Related topics ( show ) Art Criticism Ecumenism Liturgy Music Other religions Prayer Sermon Symbolism Denominations Groups ( show ) Western Adventist Anabaptist Anglican Baptist Calvinist Catholic Evangelical Holiness Lutheran Methodist Pentecostal Protestant Eastern Eastern Orthodox Oriental Orthodox Assyrian Nontrinitarian Jehovah 's Witness Latter Day Saint Oneness Pentecostal Christianity portal The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period . The most commonly known Crusades were the campaigns in the Eastern Mediterranean aimed at recovering the Holy Land from Muslim rule . The term `` Crusades '' is also applied to other church - sanctioned campaigns , such as Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars or the Baltic Crusades . These were fought for a variety of reasons including the suppression of paganism and heresy , the resolution of conflict among rival Roman Catholic groups , or for political and territorial advantage . In 1095 , Pope Urban II called for the First Crusade in a sermon at the Council of Clermont . He encouraged military support for the Byzantine Empire and its Emperor , Alexios I , who needed reinforcements for his conflict with westward migrating Turks colonizing Anatolia . One of Urban 's aims was to guarantee pilgrims access to the Eastern Mediterranean holy sites that were under Muslim control but scholars disagree as to whether this was the primary motive for Urban or those who heeded his call . Urban 's strategy may have been to unite the Eastern and Western branches of Christendom , which had been divided since the East -- West Schism of 1054 and to establish himself as head of the unified Church . The initial success of the Crusade established the first four Crusader states in the Eastern Mediterranean : the County of Edessa , the Principality of Antioch , the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the County of Tripoli . The enthusiastic response to Urban 's preaching from all classes in Western Europe established a precedent for other Crusades . Volunteers became Crusaders by taking a public vow and receiving plenary indulgences from the Church . Some were hoping for a mass ascension into heaven at Jerusalem or God 's forgiveness for all their sins . Others participated to satisfy feudal obligations , to obtain glory and honour or to seek economic and political gain . The two - century attempt to recover the Holy Land ended in failure . Following the First Crusade there were six major Crusades and numerous less significant ones . After the last Catholic outposts fell in 1291 there were a number of abortive attempts such as the Nicopolis Crusade of 1395 . The Wendish Crusade and those of the Archbishop of Bremen brought all the North - East Baltic and the tribes of Mecklenburg and Lusatia under Catholic control in the late 12th century . In the early 13th century the Teutonic Order created a Crusader state in Prussia and the French monarchy used the Albigensian Crusade to extend the kingdom to the Mediterranean Sea . The rise of the Ottoman Empire in the late 14th century prompted a Catholic response which led to further defeats at Nicopolis in 1396 and Varna in 1444 . Catholic Europe was in chaos and the final pivot of Christian -- Islamic relations was marked by two seismic events : the fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453 and a final conclusive victory for the Spanish over the Moors with the conquest of Granada in 1492 . The idea of Crusading continued , not least in the form of the Knights Hospitaller , until the end of the 18th century but the focus of Western European interest moved to the New World . Modern historians hold widely varying opinions of the Crusaders . To some , their conduct was incongruous with the stated aims and implied moral authority of the papacy , as evidenced by the fact that on occasion the Pope excommunicated Crusaders . Crusaders often pillaged as they travelled , and their leaders generally retained control of captured territory instead of returning it to the Byzantines . During the People 's Crusade , thousands of Jews were murdered in what is now called the Rhineland massacres . Constantinople was sacked during the Fourth Crusade . However , the Crusades had a profound impact on Western civilisation : they reopened the Mediterranean to commerce and travel ( enabling Genoa and Venice to flourish ) ; they consolidated the collective identity of the Latin Church under papal leadership ; and they constituted a wellspring for accounts of heroism , chivalry , and piety that galvanised medieval romance , philosophy , and literature . Contents 1 Terminology 2 Eastern Mediterranean 2.1 Background 2.2 First Crusade ( 1096 -- 1099 ) and aftermath 2.3 12th century 2.4 13th century 2.5 Crusader states 2.6 Finances 2.7 Military orders 2.8 Legacy 2.9 Historiography 3 European campaigns 3.1 Northern Crusades 3.2 Albigensian Crusade 3.3 Bosnian Crusade 3.4 Reconquista 4 Late Middle Ages and Renaissance 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 9.1 Historiography 9.2 Primary sources Terminology ( edit ) Further information : Historiography of the Crusades The term used for the campaign of the First Crusade was iter `` journey '' or peregrinatio `` pilgrimage '' . The terminology of crusading is still largely indistinguishable from that of pilgrimage in the 12th century , reflecting the reality of the first century of crusading where not armed pilgrims fought , and not all who fought had taken the cross . A more specific `` language of crusading '' emerges in the late 12th to early 13th centuries . Pope Innocent III used the term negotium crucis `` affair of the cross '' for the overseas crusades , but was reluctant to apply crusading terminology to the Albigensian crusade . Such terminology was , however , in vernacular use , as is evident the Song of the Albigensian Crusade , written c. 1213 , which contains the first use of Occitan crozada , the term later adopted in French as croisade and in English as crusade . The `` two - front view '' of crusading was current by the 1230s , when the terms crux transmarina and crux cismarina , for crusades in Outremer against Muslims or pagans , and in Europe , against Christian heretics , respectively , are used by Sinibaldo Fieschi ( the future pope Innocent IV ) . The term crusade is ultimately derived from a Middle Latin cruxata , cruciata . The adjective cruciatus had been used in the sense of `` marked with a cross '' from the 12th century ; cruciatus ( also cruxatus , croxatus , crucesignatus ) was used of crusaders by the mid 13th century , from their practice of attaching a cloth cross symbol to their clothing . Use of cruxata ( cruciata ) for `` crusade , military expedition against enemies of the church '' is in use by the 1280s . The Middle French croisade is recorded from at least the 15th century . The French spelling croisade is recorded in English still in the 16th century ; the modern spelling crusade dates to c. 1760 . The term crusade used in modern historiography at first referred to the wars in the Holy Land beginning in 1095 , but the range of events to which the term has been applied has been greatly extended , so that its use can create a misleading impression of coherence , particularly regarding the early Crusades . The Crusades in the Holy Land are traditionally counted as nine distinct campaigns , numbered from the First Crusade of 1095 -- 99 to the Ninth Crusade of 1271 -- 72 . This convention is used by Charles Mills in his History of the Crusades for the Recovery and Possession of the Holy Land ( 1820 ) and is often retained for convenience even though it is somewhat arbitrary . The Fifth and Sixth Crusades led by Frederick II may be considered a single campaign , as can the Eighth Crusade and Ninth Crusade led by Louis IX . The term `` Albigensian crusade '' originates in French , as croisade contre les Albigeois , adopted into English still in the 18th century , as Croisade of the Albigeois . The term `` northern crusade '' for the wars of the Teutonic Order in the Baltic is in use in the 19th century . In modern historiography , the term `` Crusade '' may differ in usage depending on the author . Giles Constable describes four different perspectives among scholars : Traditionalists restrict their definition of the Crusades to the Christian campaigns in the Holy Land , `` either to assist the Christians there or to liberate Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulcher '' , during 1095 -- 1291 . Pluralists use the term Crusade of any campaign explicitly sanctioned by the reigning Pope . This reflects the view of the Roman Catholic Church ( including medieval contemporaries such as Saint Bernard of Clairvaux ) that every military campaign given Papal sanction is equally valid as a Crusade , regardless of its cause , justification , or geographic location . This broad definition includes attacks on paganism and heresy such as the Albigensian Crusade , the Northern Crusades , and the Hussite Wars , and wars for political or territorial advantage such as the Aragonese Crusade in Sicily , a Crusade declared by Pope Innocent III against Markward of Anweiler in 1202 , one against the Stedingers , several ( declared by different popes ) against Emperor Frederick II and his sons , two Crusades against opponents of King Henry III of England , and the Christian re-conquest of Iberia . Generalists see Crusades as any and all holy wars connected with the Latin Church and fought in defence of the faith . Popularists limit the Crusades to only those that were characterised by popular groundswells of religious fervour -- that is , only the First Crusade and perhaps the People 's Crusade . A common term for Muslim was Saracen , in origin referring to the pre-Islamic , non-Arab inhabitants of the desert areas around the Roman province of Arabia . The term evolved to include Arab tribes , and by the 12th century it was an ethnic and religious marker Medieval Latin literature corresponding to modern `` Muslim '' . Frank and Latin were used during the Crusades for Western Europeans , distinguishing them from Greeks . Medieval Muslim historiographers such as Ali ibn al - Athir refer to the Crusades as the `` Frankish Wars '' ( ḥurūb al - faranǧa حروب الفرنجة ) . The term used in modern Arabic , ḥamalāt ṣalībiyya حملات صليبية , lit . `` campaigns of the cross '' , is a loan translation of the term Crusade as used in Western historiography . Eastern Mediterranean ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Further information : Muslim conquests , Great Seljuk Empire , Byzantine -- Seljuk wars , Arab -- Byzantine wars , Council of Clermont , and Reconquista Islamic expansion from 622 to 750 Islamic expansion under Muhammad , 622 -- 632 ... during the Rashidun Caliphate , 632 -- 661 ... and during the Umayyad Caliphate , 661 -- 750 Map of the Eastern Mediterranean in 1135 . The Frankish Crusader states are indicated with a red cross ☩ : Kingdom of Jerusalem , County of Tripoli , Principality of Antioch , County of Edessa . The Principality of Armenian Cilicia was a Crusader state under Armenian ( Rubenid ) rule . The remnant of the Byzantine Empire is visible in the west ; the ( nascent ) Seljuq Empire and Fatimid Egypt are shown in green . The Islamic prophet Muhammad founded Islam in the Arabian Peninsula and had united much of Arabia into a single polity by his death in 632 . Arab power expanded rapidly in the 7th and 8th centuries largely by military conquest . This influence spread to the northwest Indian subcontinent , across Central Asia , the Middle East , North Africa , southern Italy , the Iberian peninsula and the Pyrenees . Jerusalem was taken from the Byzantine Empire after a siege in 637 . Tolerance , trade , and political relationships between the Arabs and the Christian kingdoms waxed and waned . Pilgrimages by Catholics to sacred sites were permitted , Christian residents in Muslim territories were given Dhimmi status , legal rights , and legal protection . These Christians were allowed to maintain churches , and marriages between faiths were not uncommon . The various cultures and creeds coexisted and competed , but the status quo was disrupted by the western migration of the Turkish tribes . The 1071 victory over the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert was once considered a pivotal event by historians but is now regarded as only one further step in the expansion of the Great Seljuk Empire into Anatolia . Though Catholic pilgrims and merchants reported that the frontier conditions between the Syrian ports and Jerusalem became increasingly inhospitable . From the 8th century , the Christians entered to recapture the Iberian peninsula from the Muslims , known as the Reconquista . The campaign reached a turning point in 1085 when Alfonso VI of León and Castile captured Toledo . In the same period , the Muslim Emirate of Sicily was conquered by Norman adventurer Roger de Hauteville in 1091 . Europe was immersed in power struggles on many different fronts . The Christian Church split along Latin Orthodox lines in 1054 after centuries of disagreement leading to a permanent division called the East -- West Schism . Following the Gregorian Reform , an assertive , reformist papacy attempted to increase its power and influence over the laity . Beginning around 1075 and continuing during the First Crusade , the Investiture Controversy was a power struggle between Church and state in medieval Europe over whether the Catholic Church or the Holy Roman Empire held the right to appoint church officials and other clerics . Antipope Clement III was an alternative pope for most of this period , and Pope Urban spent much of his early pontificate in exile from Rome . The result was intense piety and an increased interest in religious affairs amongst the general population in Catholic Europe and religious propaganda by the Papacy advocating a just war to reclaim Palestine from the Muslims . Participation in a crusade was seen as a form of penance that could counterbalance sin . First Crusade ( 1096 -- 1099 ) and aftermath ( edit ) Main articles : First Crusade , People 's Crusade , Crusade of 1101 , Norwegian Crusade , and Battle of Ascalon See also : Rhineland massacres In 1095 , at the Council of Piacenza , Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos requested military aid from Pope Urban II , probably in the form of a small body of mercenary reinforcements he could direct and control . Alexios had restored the Empire 's finances and authority , but he still faced a number of foreign enemies , particularly the migrating Turks who had colonised the sparsely populated areas of Anatolia . At the Council of Clermont later that year , Urban raised the issue again and preached for a Crusade . Many historians consider that Urban also hoped that aiding the Eastern Church would lead to its reunion with the Western under his leadership . Miniature of Peter the Hermit leading the crusade ( Egerton 1500 , Avignon , 14th century ) Almost immediately Peter the Hermit led thousands of mostly poor Christians out of Europe in what became known as the People 's Crusade . He claimed he had a letter from heaven instructing Christians to prepare for the imminent apocalypse by seizing Jerusalem The motivations of this Crusade included a `` messianism of the poor '' inspired by an expected mass ascension into heaven at Jerusalem . Germany witnessed the first incidents of major violent European antisemitism when these Crusaders massacred Jewish communities in what become known as the Rhineland massacres . In Speyer , Worms , Mainz , and Cologne the range of anti-Jewish activity was broad , extending from limited , spontaneous violence to full - scale military attacks . The Crusaders journeyed , despite advice from Alexios ' to wait for the nobles , to Nicaea . Only 3000 survived an ambush by the Turks at the Civetot . Both Philip I of France and Emperor Henry IV were in conflict with Urban and declined to participate in the official crusade . However , members of the high aristocracy from France , western Germany , the Low countries , and Italy were drawn to the venture , commanding their own military contingents in loose , fluid arrangements based on bonds of lordship , family , ethnicity , and language . Foremost amongst these was the elder statesman , Raymond IV , Count of Toulouse . He was rivalled by the relatively poor but martial Bohemond of Taranto and his nephew Tancred from the Norman community of southern Italy . They were joined by Godfrey of Bouillon and his brother Baldwin I of Jerusalem in leading a loose conglomerate from Lorraine , Lotharingia , and Germany . These five princes were pivotal to the campaign that was also joined by a Northern French army led by Robert Curthose , Stephen , Count of Blois , and Robert II , Count of Flanders . The armies , which may have contained as many as 100,000 people , including non-combatants , travelled eastward by land to Byzantium where they were cautiously welcomed by the Emperor . Alexios persuaded many of the princes to pledge allegiance to him and that their first objective should be Nicaea , which Kilij Arslan I had declared the capital of the Sultanate of Rum . Having already destroyed the earlier People 's Crusade , the over-confident Sultan left the city to resolve a territorial dispute , enabling its capture in 1097 after a Crusader siege and a Byzantine naval assault . This marked a high point in Latin and Greek co-operation and also the start of Crusader attempts to take advantage of political and religious disunity in the Muslim world : Crusader envoys were sent to Egypt seeking an alliance . The Crusades ' first experience with the Turkish tactic of lightly armoured mounted archers occurred when an advanced party led by Bohemond and Duke Robert was ambushed at Dorylaeum . The Normans resisted for hours before the arrival of the main army caused a Turkish withdrawal . After this , the nomadic Seljuks avoided the Crusade . The factionalism amongst the Turks that followed the death of Malik Shah meant they did not present a united opposition . Instead , Aleppo and Damascus had competing rulers . The three - month march to Antioch was arduous , with numbers reduced by starvation , thirst , and disease , combined with the decision of Baldwin to leave with 100 knights in order to carve out his own territory in Edessa . The Crusaders embarked on an eight - month siege of Antioch but lacked the resources to fully invest the city ; similarly , the residents lacked the resources to repel the invaders . Eventually , Bohemond persuaded a tower guard in the city to open a gate and the Crusaders entered , massacring the Muslim and many Christian Greeks , Syrian and Armenian inhabitants . Sunni Islam now recognised the threat . The sultan of Baghdad raised a force to recapture the city led by the Iraqi general Kerbogha . The Byzantines provided no assistance to the Crusaders ' defence of the city because the deserting Stephen of Blois told them the cause was lost . Losing numbers through desertion and starvation in the besieged city , the Crusaders attempted to negotiate surrender , but this was rejected by Kerbogha , who wanted to destroy them permanently . Morale within the city was boosted when Peter Bartholomew claimed to have discovered the Holy Lance . Bohemond recognised that the only option now was for open combat , and he launched a counterattack against the besiegers . Despite superior numbers , Kerbogha 's army , which was divided into factions and surprised by the commitment and dedication of the Franks , retreated and abandoned the siege . The Crusaders then delayed for months while they argued over who would have the captured territory . This ended only when news arrived that the Fatimid Egyptians had taken Jerusalem from the Turks , and it became imperative to attack before the Egyptians could consolidate their position . Bohemond remained in Antioch , retaining the city despite his pledge that this would return to Byzantine control , while Raymond led the remaining Crusader army rapidly south along the coast to Jerusalem . An initial attack on the city failed and , due to the Crusaders ' lack of resources , the siege became a stalemate . However , the arrival of craftsman and supplies transported by the Genoese to Jaffa tilted the balance in their favour . Crusaders constructed two large siege engines ; the one commanded by Godfrey breached the walls on 15 July 1099 . For two days the Crusaders massacred the inhabitants and pillaged the city . Historians now believe the accounts of the numbers killed have been exaggerated , but this narrative of massacre did much to cement the Crusaders ' reputation for barbarism . Godfrey further secured the Frankish position by surprising the Egyptian relief force commanded by the vizier of the Fatimid Caliph , Al - Afdal Shahanshah , at Ascalon . This relief force retreated to Egypt , with the vizier fleeing by ship . At this point most of the Crusaders considered their pilgrimage complete and returned to Europe , leaving behind Godfrey with a mere 300 knights and 2,000 infantry to defend Palestine . Of the other princes , only Tancred remained with the ambition to gain his own princedom . On a popular level , the First Crusade unleashed a wave of impassioned , pious Catholic fury -- expressed in the massacres of Jews that accompanied the Crusades and the violent treatment of the `` schismatic '' Orthodox Christians of the east which occurred at Antioch . The Islamic world seems to have barely registered the Crusade ; certainly there is limited written evidence before 1130 . This may be in part due to a reluctance to relate Muslim failure , but it is more likely to be the result of cultural misunderstanding . Al - Afdal and the Muslim world mistook the Crusaders for the latest in a long line of Byzantine mercenaries rather than religiously motivated warriors intent on conquest and settlement . In any case , the Muslim world was divided between the Sunnis of Syria and Iraq and the Shia Fatimids of Egypt . Even the Turks were divided , with rival rulers in Damascus and Aleppo . In Baghdad the Seljuk sultan vied with an Abbasid caliph in a Mesopotamian struggle . This gave the Franks a crucial opportunity to consolidate without any pan-Islamic counterattack . 12th century ( edit ) Main articles : Second Crusade , Third Crusade , and German Crusade Under the papacies of successive Popes smaller groups of Crusaders continued to travel to the Eastern Mediterranean to fight the Muslims and aid the Crusader States in the early 12th century . The third decade saw campaigns by Fulk V of Anjou , the Venetians , and Conrad III of Germany and the foundation of the Knights Templar . The period also saw the innovation of granting indulgences to those who opposed papal enemies , and this marked the beginning of politically motivated Crusades . The loss of Aleppo in 1128 and Edessa ( Urfa ) in 1144 to Imad ad - Din Zengi , governor of Mosul , led to preaching for what subsequently became known as the Second Crusade . King Louis VII and Conrad III led armies from France and Germany to Jerusalem and Damascus without winning any major victories . As in the First Crusade , the preaching led to attacks on Jews including massacres in the Rhineland , Cologne , Mainz , Worms and Speyer amid claims that the Jews were not contributing financially to the rescue of the Holy Land . Bernard of Clairvaux , who had encouraged the Second Crusade in his preaching , was so perturbed by the violence that he journeyed from Flanders to Germany to deal with the problem . Christian princes continued to make gains in the Iberian peninsula : the King of Portugal , Afonso I , captured Lisbon and Raymond Berenguer IV of Barcelona conquered the city of Tortosa . In northern Europe the Saxons and Danes fought against tribes of Polabian Slavs known as Wends in the Wendish Crusade , although no official papal bulls were issued authorising new Crusades . The Wends were finally defeated in 1162 . Egypt was ruled by the Shi'ite Fatimid dynasty from 969 , independent from the Sunni Abbasid rulers in Baghdad and with a rival Shi'ite caliph -- considered the successor to the Muslim prophet Mohammad . The caliph 's chief administrator , called the vizier , was chiefly responsible for governance . From 1121 the system fell into murderous political intrigue and Egypt declined from its previous affluent state . This encouraged Baldwin III of Jerusalem to plan an invasion that was only halted by the payment by Egypt of a tribute of 160,000 gold dinars . In 1163 the deposed vizier , Shawar , visited Zengi 's son and successor , Nur ad - Din , atabeg of Aleppo , in Damascus seeking political and military support . Some historians have considered Nur ad - Din 's support as a visionary attempt to surround the Crusaders , but in practice he prevaricated before responding only when it became clear that the Crusaders might gain an unassailable foothold on the Nile . Nur al - Din sent his Kurdish general , Shirkuh , who stormed Egypt and restored Shawar . However , Shawar asserted his independence and allied with Baldwin 's brother and successor Amalric of Jerusalem . When Amalric broke the alliance in a ferocious attack , Shawar again requested military support from Syria , and Shirkuh was sent by Nur ad - Din for a second time . Amalric retreated , but the victorious Shirkuh had Shawar executed and was appointed vizier . Barely two months later he died , to be succeeded by his nephew , Yusuf ibn Ayyub , who has become known by his honorific ' Salah al - Din ' , ' the goodness of faith ' , which in turn has become westernised as Saladin . Nur al - Din died in 1174 . He was the first Muslim to unite Aleppo and Damascus in the Crusade era . Some Islamic contemporaries promoted the idea that there was a natural Islamic resurgence under Zengi , through Nur al - Din to Saladin although this was not as straightforward and simple as it appears . Saladin imprisoned all the caliph 's heirs , preventing them from having children , as opposed to having them all killed , which would have been normal practice , to extinguish the bloodline . Assuming control after the death of his overlord , Nur al - Din , Saladin had the strategic choice of establishing Egypt as an autonomous power or attempting to become the preeminent Muslim in the Eastern Mediterranean -- he chose the latter . Miniature showing King Philip II of France arriving in the Eastern Mediterranean ( Royal MS 16 G VI , mid-14th century ) As Nur al - Din 's territories became fragmented after his death , Saladin legitimised his ascent by positioning himself as a defender of Sunni Islam subservient to both the Caliph of Baghdad and Nur al - Din 's son and successor , As - Salih Ismail al - Malik . In the early years of his ascendency , he seized Damascus and much of Syria , but not Aleppo . After building a defensive force to resist a planned attack by the Kingdom of Jerusalem that never materialised , his first contest with the Latin Christians was not a success . His overconfidence and tactical errors led to defeat at the Battle of Montgisard . Despite this setback , Saladin established a domain stretching from the Nile to the Euphrates through a decade of politics , coercion , and low - level military action . After a life - threatening illness early in 1186 , he determined to make good on his propaganda as the champion of Islam , embarking on heightened campaigning against the Latin Christians . King Guy responded by raising the largest army that Jerusalem had ever put in the field . However , Saladin lured the force into inhospitable terrain without water supplies , surrounded the Latins with a superior force , and routed them at the Battle of Hattin . Saladin offered the Christians the option of remaining in peace under Islamic rule or taking advantage of 40 days ' grace to leave . As a result , much of Palestine quickly fell to Saladin including , after a short five - day siege , Jerusalem . According to Benedict of Peterborough , Pope Urban III died of deep sadness on 19 October 1187 on hearing of the defeat . His successor as Pope , Gregory VIII issued a papal bull titled Audita tremendi that proposed a further Crusade later named the Third Crusade to recapture Jerusalem . On 28 August 1189 King Guy of Jerusalem besieged the strategic city of Acre , only to be in turn besieged by Saladin . Both armies could be supplied by sea so a long stalemate commenced . Such were the deprivations of the Crusaders that at times they are thought to have resorted to cannibalism . The journey to the Eastern Mediterranean was inevitably long and eventful . Travelling overland , Frederick I , Holy Roman Emperor , drowned in the Saleph River , and few of his men reached the Eastern Mediterranean . Travelling by sea , Richard the Lionheart , King of England conquered Cyprus in 1191 in response to his sister and fiancée , who were travelling separately , being taken captive by the island 's ruler , Isaac Komnenos . Philip II of France was the first king to arrive at the siege of Acre ; Richard arrived on 8 June 1191 . The arrival of the French and Angevin forces turned the tide in the conflict , and the Muslim garrison of Acre finally surrendered on 12 July . Philip considered his vow fulfilled and returned to France to deal with domestic matters , leaving most of his forces behind . But Richard travelled south along the Mediterranean coast , defeated the Muslims near Arsuf , and recaptured the port city of Jaffa . He twice advanced to within a day 's march of Jerusalem before judging that he lacked the resources to successfully capture the city , or defend it in the unlikely event of a successful assault , while Saladin had a mustered army . This marked the end of Richard 's crusading career and was a calamitous blow to Frankish morale . A three - year truce was negotiated that allowed Catholics unfettered access to Jerusalem . Politics in England and illness forced Richard 's departure , never to return , and Saladin died in March 1193 . Emperor Henry VI initiated the German Crusade to fulfil the promises made by his father , Frederick , to undertake a Crusade to the Holy Land . Led by Conrad , Archbishop of Mainz , the army captured the cities of Sidon and Beirut . However , in 1197 Henry died and most of the Crusaders returned to Germany to protect their holdings and take part in the election of his successor as Emperor . 13th century ( edit ) Main articles : Fourth Crusade , Latin Empire , Frankokratia , Siege of Constantinople ( 1203 ) , Sack of Constantinople ( 1204 ) , Battle of Adrianople ( 1205 ) , Siege of Zara , Fifth Crusade , Sixth Crusade , Barons ' Crusade , Siege of Jerusalem ( 1244 ) , Seventh Crusade , War of Saint Sabas , Eighth Crusade , Ninth Crusade , Sicilian Vespers , Fall of Tripoli ( 1289 ) , and Siege of Acre ( 1291 ) Siege of Constantinople ( 1204 ) ( BNF Arsenal MS 5090 , 15th century ) Pope Innocent III also began preaching what became the Fourth Crusade in 1200 , primarily in France but also in England and Germany . After gathering in Venice , the Crusade was used by Doge Enrico Dandolo and Philip of Swabia to further their secular ambitions . Dandolo aimed to expand Venice 's power in the Eastern Mediterranean , and Philip intended to restore his exiled nephew , Alexios IV Angelos , along with Angelos 's father , Isaac II Angelos , to the throne of Byzantium . This would require overthrowing the present ruler , Alexios III Angelos , the uncle of Alexios IV . When an insufficient number of knights arrived in Venice , the Crusaders were unable to pay the Venetians for a fleet , so they agreed to divert to Constantinople and share what could be looted as payment . As collateral , the Crusaders seized the Christian city of Zara ; Innocent was appalled , and promptly excommunicated them . However , the French Crusaders eventually had their excommunications lifted . When the original purpose of the campaign was defeated by the assassination of Alexios IV Angelos , they conquered Constantinople , not once but twice . Following upon their initial success , the Crusaders captured Constantinople again and this time sacked it , pillaging churches and killing many citizens . The Fourth Crusade never came within 1,000 miles of its objective of Jerusalem . The 13th century saw popular outbursts of ecstatic piety in support of the Crusades such as that resulting in the Children 's Crusade in 1212 . Large groups of young adults and children spontaneously gathered , believing their innocence would enable success where their elders had failed . Few , if any at all , journeyed to the Eastern Mediterranean . Though little reliable evidence survives for these events , they provide an indication of how hearts and minds could be engaged for the cause . Frederick II ( left ) meets al - Kamil ( right ) , illumination from Giovanni Villani 's Nuova Cronica ( Vatican Library ms . Chigiano L VIII 296 , 14th century ) . Following Innocent III 's Fourth Council of the Lateran , crusading resumed in 1217 against Saladin 's Ayyubid successors in Egypt and Syria for what is classified as the Fifth Crusade . Led by Andrew II of Hungary and Leopold VI , Duke of Austria , forces drawn mainly from Hungary , Germany , Flanders , and Frisia achieved little . Leopold and John of Brienne besieged and captured Damietta but an army advancing into Egypt was compelled to surrender . Damietta was returned and an eight - year truce agreed . Frederick II , Holy Roman Emperor , was excommunicated for breaking a treaty obligation with the Pope that required him to lead a crusade . However , since his marriage to Isabella II of Jerusalem gave him a claim to the kingdom of Jerusalem , he finally arrived at Acre in 1228 . Frederick was culturally the Christian monarch most empathetic to the Muslim world , having grown up in Sicily , with a Muslim bodyguard and even a harem . His great diplomatic skills meant that the Sixth Crusade was largely negotiation supported by force . A peace treaty was agreed upon , giving Latin Christians most of Jerusalem and a strip of territory that linked the city to Acre , while the Muslims controlled their sacred areas . In return , an alliance was made with Al - Kamil , Sultan of Egypt , against all of his enemies of whatever religion . The treaty and suspicions about Frederick 's ambitions in the region made him unpopular , and he was forced to return to his domains when they were attacked by Pope Gregory IX . While the Holy Roman Empire and the Papacy were in conflict , it often fell to secular leaders to campaign . What is sometimes known as the Barons ' Crusade was led by Theobald I of Navarre and Richard of Cornwall ; it combined forceful diplomacy and the playing of rival Ayyubid factions off against each other . This brief renaissance for Frankish Jerusalem was illusory , being dependent on Ayyubid weakness and division following the death of Al - Kamil . In 1244 a band of Khwarezmian mercenaries travelling to Egypt to serve As - Salih Ismail , Emir of Damascus , seemingly of their own volition , captured Jerusalem en route and defeated a combined Christian and Syrian army at the Battle of La Forbie . In response , Louis IX , king of France , organised a Crusade , called the Seventh Crusade , to attack Egypt , arriving in 1249 . It was not a success . Louis was defeated at Mansura and captured as he retreated to Damietta . Another truce was agreed upon for a ten - year period , and Louis was ransomed . Louis remained in Syria until 1254 to consolidate the Crusader states . From 1265 to 1271 , the Mamluk sultan Baibars drove the Franks to a few small coastal outposts . Late 13th - century politics in the Eastern Mediterranean were complex , with a number of powerful interested parties . Baibars had three key objectives : to prevent an alliance between the Latins and the Mongols , to cause dissension between the Mongols particularly between the Golden Horde and the Persian Ilkhanate , and to maintain access to a supply of slave recruits from the Russian steppes . In this he developed diplomatic ties with Manfred , King of Sicily , supporting him against the Papacy and Louis IX 's brother Charles of Anjou . The Crusader states were fragmented , and various powers were competing for influence . In the War of Saint Sabas , Venice drove the Genoese from Acre to Tyre where they continued to trade happily with Baibars ' Egypt . Indeed , Baibars negotiated free passage for the Genoese with Michael VIII Palaiologos , Emperor of Nicaea , the newly restored ruler of Constantinople . Miniature of the Siege of Acre ( 1291 ) ( Estoire d'Oultre - Mer , BNF fr. 2825 , fol 361v , ca . 1300 ) The French , led by Charles , similarly sought to expand their influence ; Charles seized Sicily and Byzantine territory while marrying his daughters to the Latin claimants to Byzantium . To create his own claim to the throne of Jerusalem , Charles executed one rival and purchased the rights to the city from another . In 1270 Charles turned his brother King Louis IX 's last Crusade , known as the Eighth Crusade , to his own advantage by persuading Louis to attack his rebel Arab vassals in Tunis . Louis ' army was devastated by disease , and Louis himself died at Tunis on 25 August . Louis ' fleet returned to France , leaving only Prince Edward , the future king of England , and a small retinue to continue what is known as the Ninth Crusade . Edward survived an assassination attempt organised by Baibars , negotiated a ten - year truce , and then returned to manage his affairs in England . This ended the last significant crusading effort in the Eastern Mediterranean . The 1281 election of a French pope , Martin IV , brought the full power of the papacy into line behind Charles . He prepared to launch a crusade against Constantinople but , in what became known as the Sicilian Vespers , an uprising fomented by Michael VIII Palaiologos deprived him of the resources of Sicily , and Peter III of Aragon was proclaimed king of Sicily . In response , Martin excommunicated Peter and called for an Aragonese Crusade , which was unsuccessful . In 1285 Charles died , having spent his life trying to amass a Mediterranean empire ; he and Louis had viewed themselves as God 's instruments to uphold the papacy . The causes of the decline in Crusading and the failure of the Crusader States is multi-faceted . Historians have attempted to explain this in terms of Muslim reunification and Jihadi enthusiasm but Thomas Asbridge , amongst others , considers this too simplistic . Muslim unity was sporadic and the desire for Jihad ephemeral . The nature of Crusades was unsuited to the conquest and defence of the Holy Land . Crusaders were on a personal pilgrimage and usually returned when it was completed . Although the philosophy of Crusading changed over time , the Crusades continued to provide short - lived armies without centralised leadership led by independently minded potentates . What the Crusader states needed were large standing armies . Religious fervour enabled amazing feats of military endeavour but proved difficult to direct and control . Succession disputes and dynastic rivalries in Europe , failed harvests and heretical outbreaks , all contributed to reducing Latin Europe 's concerns for Jerusalem . Ultimately , even though the fighting was also at the edge of the Islamic world , the huge distances made the mounting of Crusades and the maintenance of communications insurmountably difficult . It enabled Islam , under the charismatic leadership of Nur al - Din and Saladin as well as the ruthless Baibars to use the logistical advantages from proximity to victorious effect . The mainland Crusader states of the outremer were finally extinguished with the fall of Tripoli in 1289 and Acre in 1291 . Many Latin Christians were evacuated to Cyprus by boat , were killed or enslaved . Crusader states ( edit ) Main article : Crusader states The Latin and Byzantine Empires in 1205 After the First Crusade 's capture of Jerusalem and victory at Ascalon the majority of the Crusaders considered their personal pilgrimage complete and returned to Europe . Godfrey found himself left with only 300 knights and 2,000 infantry to defend the territory won in the Eastern Mediterranean . Of the crusader princes , only Tancred remained with the aim of establishing his own lordship . At this point the Franks held Jerusalem and two great Syrian cities - Antioch and Edessa - but not the surrounding country . Jerusalem remained economically sterile despite the advantages of being the centre of administration of church and state and benefitting from streams of pilgrims . The `` Law of Conquest '' supported the seizure of land and property by impecunious Crusaders from the autochthonous population , enabling poor men to become rich and part of a noble class . That class did not expel the native population , but adopted strict segregation and at no point attempted to integrate it by way of religious conversion . In this way the Crusaders created a colonial noble class that perpetuated itself through an incessant flow of religious pilgrims and settlers keen to take economic advantage . The territorial gains followed distinct ethnic and linguistic entities . The Principality of Antioch , founded in 1098 and ruled by Bohemond , became Norman in character and custom . The Kingdom of Jerusalem , founded in 1099 , followed the traditions of northern France . The County of Tripoli , founded in 1104 ( although the city of Tripoli itself remained in Muslim control until 1109 ) by Raymond de Saint - Gilles became Provençal . The County of Edessa , founded in 1098 , differed in that although it was ruled by the French Bouillons and Courteneys its largely Armenian and Jacobite native nobility was preserved . These states were the first examples of `` Europe overseas '' . They are generally known as Outremer , from the French outre - mer ( `` overseas '' in English ) . Largely based in the ports of Acre and Tyre , Italian , Provençal and Spanish communes provided a significant characteristic of Crusader social stratification and political organisation . Separate from the Frankish nobles or burgesses , the communes were autonomous political entities closely linked to their countries of origin . This gave the inhabitants the ability to monopolise foreign trade and almost all banking and shipping in the Crusader states . Every opportunity to extend trade privileges was taken . One example saw the Venetian Doge receiving one third of Tyre , its territories and exemption from all taxes , after Venice participated in the successful 1124 siege of the city . However , despite all efforts , the two ports were unable to replace Alexandria and Constantinople as the primary centres of commerce in the region . Instead , the communes competed with the Crown and each other to maintain economic advantage . Power derived from the support of the communards ' native cities rather than their number , which never reached more than several hundred . Thus by the middle of the 13th century , the rulers of the communes were barely required to recognise the authority of the crusaders and divided Acre into a number of fortified miniature republics . The Fourth Crusade established a Latin Empire in the east and allowed participating crusaders to partition the Byzantine European territory . The Latin emperor controlled one - fourth of the Byzantine territory , Venice three - eighths ( including three - eighths of the city of Constantinople ) , and the remainder was divided among the other leaders of the Crusade . This began the period of Greek history known as Frankokratia or Latinokratia ( `` Frankish ( or Latin ) rule '' ) , when Catholic Western European nobles -- primarily from France and Italy -- established states on former Byzantine territory and ruled over the Orthodox Byzantine Greeks . In the long run , the sole beneficiary was Venice . Finances ( edit ) Crusades were expensive , and as the wars increased in number , their costs escalated . Pope Urban II called upon the rich to help First Crusade lords such as Duke Robert of Normandy and Count Raymond of Toulouse , who subsidised knights in their armies . The total cost to King Louis IX of France of the 1284 -- 85 Crusades was estimated at six times the king 's annual income . Rulers demanded subsidies from their subjects , and alms and bequests prompted by the conquest of Palestine were additional sources of income . The popes ordered that collection boxes be placed in churches and , beginning in the mid-12th century , granted indulgences in exchange for donations and bequests . Military orders ( edit ) Main article : Military order ( monastic society ) The Crusaders ' mentality to imitate the customs from their Western European homelands meant that there were very few innovations developed from the culture of the crusader states . Three notable exceptions to this rule are the military orders , warfare and fortifications . The Hospitallers ( Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ) were founded in Jerusalem before the First Crusade but added a martial element to its ongoing medical functions to become a much larger military order . In this way the knighthood entered the previously monastic and ecclestical sphere . The military orders such as the Knights Hospitaller and the Knights Templar provided Latin Christendom 's first professional armies in support of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states . The Poor Knights of Christ ( Templars ) and their Temple of Solomon were founded around 1119 by a small band of knights who dedicated themselves to protecting pilgrims en route to Jerusalem . The Hospitallers and the Templars became supranational organisations as Papal support led to rich donations of land and revenue across Europe . This in turn led to a steady flow of new recruits and the wealth to maintain multiple fortifications across the Outremer . In time , this developed into autonomous power in the region . After the fall of Acre the Hospitallers first relocated to Cyprus , then conquered and ruled Rhodes ( 1309 -- 1522 ) and Malta ( 1530 -- 1798 ) , and continue in existence to the present day . Philip IV of France probably had financial and political reasons to oppose the Knights Templar , which led to him exerting pressure on Pope Clement V . The Pope responded in 1312 , with a series of papal bulls including Vox in excelso and Ad providam that dissolved the order on the alleged and probably false grounds of sodomy , magic , and heresy . Legacy ( edit ) Further information : Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe , Protestantism and Islam , Reception of Islam in Early Modern Europe , and Latin translations of the 12th century `` Saladin and Guy de Lusignan after battle of Hattin in 1187 '' , painting by Said Tahsine ( 1954 ) The Kingdom of Jerusalem was the first experiment in European colonialism creating a ' Europe Overseas ' or Outremer . The raising , transportation , and supply of large armies led to flourishing trade between Europe and the outremer . The Italian city states of Genoa and Venice flourished , creating profitable trading colonies in the Eastern Mediterranean . This trade was sustained through the middle Byzantine and Ottoman eras , and the communities were often assimilated and known as Levantines or Franco - Levantines . The Crusades consolidated the papal leadership of the Latin Church , reinforcing the link between Western Christendom , feudalism , and militarism and increased the tolerance of the clergy to violence . The growth of the system of indulgences became a catalyst for the Protestant Reformation in the early 16th century . The Crusades also had a role in the creation and institutionalisation of the military and the Dominican orders as well as the Medieval Inquisition . The behaviour of the Crusaders appalled the Greeks and Muslims , creating a lasting barrier between the Latin world and both the Islamic and Orthodox religions . It was an obstacle to the reunification of the Christian church and created a perception of Westerners as defeated aggressors . The Battle of the Ice ( 1242 ) , mosaic panel by Aleksandr Kirovich Bystrov ( 1985 ) , Ploshchad Alexandra Nevskogo I metro station , Saint Petersburg . Many historians argue that the interaction between the western Christian and Islamic cultures was a significant , ultimately positive , factor in the development of European civilisation and the Renaissance . The many interactions between Europeans and the Islamic world across the entire length of the Mediterranean Sea led to improved perceptions of Islamic culture , but also make it difficult for historians to identify the specific source of various instances of cultural cross-fertilisation . The art and architecture of the Outremer show clear evidence of cultural fusion but it is difficult to track illumination of manuscripts and castle design back to their sources . Textual sources are simpler , and translations made in Antioch are notable but considered secondary in importance to the works emanating from Muslim Spain and the hybrid culture of Sicily . In addition , Muslim libraries contained classical Greek and Roman texts that allowed Europe to rediscover pre-Christian philosophy , science and medicine . Jonathan Riley - Smith considers that much of the popular understanding of the Crusades derives from the novels of Walter Scott and the French histories by Joseph François Michaud . The Crusades provided an enormous amount of source material , stories of heroism , and interest that underpinned growth in medieval literature , romance , and philosophy . Historical parallelism and the tradition of drawing inspiration from the Middle Ages have become keystones of Islamic ideology . Secular Arab Nationalism concentrates on the idea of Western Imperialism . Gamal Abdel Nasser likened himself to Saladin and imperialism to the Crusades . In his History of the Crusades Sa'id Ashur emphasised the similarity between the modern and medieval situation facing Muslims and the need to study the Crusades in depth . Sayyid Qutb declared there was an international Crusader conspiracy . The ideas of Jihad and a long struggle have developed some currency . Historiography ( edit ) Further information : Historiography of the Crusades Illustration of the Council of Clermont , Jean Colombe , Les Passages d'Outremer , BnF Fr 5594 , c. 1475 Five major sources of information exist on the Council of Clermont that led to the First Crusade : the anonymous Gesta Francorum ( The Deeds of the Franks ) , dated about 1100 -- 01 ; Fulcher of Chartres , who attended the council ; Robert the Monk , who may have been present , and the absent Baldric , archbishop of Dol and Guibert de Nogent . These retrospective accounts differ greatly . In his 1106 -- 07 Historia Iherosolimitana , Robert the Monk wrote that Urban asked western Roman Catholic Christians to aid the Orthodox Byzantine Empire because `` Deus vult '' ( `` God wills it '' ) and promised absolution to participants ; according to other sources , the pope promised an indulgence . In these accounts , Urban emphasises reconquering the Holy Land more than aiding the emperor , and lists gruesome offences allegedly committed by Muslims . Urban wrote to those `` waiting in Flanders '' that the Turks , in addition to ravaging the `` churches of God in the eastern regions '' , seized `` the Holy City of Christ , embellished by his passion and resurrection -- and blasphemy to say it -- have sold her and her churches into abominable slavery '' . Although the pope did not explicitly call for the reconquest of Jerusalem , he called for military `` liberation '' of the Eastern Churches . During the 16th century Reformation and Counter-Reformation , Western historians saw the Crusades through the lens of their own religious beliefs . Protestants saw them as a manifestation of the evils of the papacy , and Catholics viewed them as forces for good . 18th century Enlightenment historians tended to view the Middle Ages in general , and the Crusades in particular , as the efforts of barbarian cultures driven by fanaticism . These scholars expressed moral outrage at the conduct of the Crusaders and criticised the Crusades ' misdirection -- that of the Fourth in particular , which attacked a Christian power ( the Byzantine Empire ) instead of Islam . The Fourth Crusade had resulted in the sacking of Constantinople , effectively ending any chance of reconciling the East -- West Schism and leading to the fall of the Byzantine Empire to the Ottomans . In The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , 18th - century English historian Edward Gibbon wrote that the Crusaders ' efforts could have been more profitably directed towards improving their own countries . The 20th century produced three important histories of the Crusades : one by Steven Runciman , another by Rene Grousset , and a multi-author work edited by Kenneth Setton . Historians in this period often echoed Enlightenment - era criticism : Runciman wrote during the 1950s , `` High ideals were besmirched by cruelty and greed ... the Holy War was nothing more than a long act of intolerance in the name of God '' . According to Norman Davies , the Crusades contradicted the Peace and Truce of God supported by Urban and reinforced the connection between Western Christendom , feudalism , and militarism . The formation of military religious orders scandalised the Orthodox Byzantines , and Crusaders pillaged countries they crossed on their journey east . Violating their oath to restore land to the Byzantines , they often kept the land for themselves . The Fourth Crusade is widely considered controversial in its `` betrayal '' of Byzantium . Similarly , Norman Housley viewed the persecution of Jews in the First Crusade -- a pogrom in the Rhineland and the massacre of thousands of Jews in Central Europe -- as part of the long history of anti-Semitism in Europe . With an increasing focus on gender studies in the early 21st century , studies have examined the topic of `` Women in the Crusades '' . An essay collection on the topic was published in 2001 under the title Gendering the Crusades . In an essay on `` Women Warriors '' , Keren Caspi - Reisfeld concludes that `` the most significant role played by women in the West was in maintaining the status quo '' , in the sense of noble women acting as regents of feudal estates while their husbands were campaigning . The presence of individual noble women in Crusades has been noted , such as Eleanor of Aquitaine ( who joined her husband , Louis VII ) . The presence of non-noble women in the Crusading armies , as in medieval warfare in general , was mostly in the role of logistic support ( such as `` washerwomen '' ) , while the occasional presence of women soldiers was recorded by Muslim historians . The Muslim world exhibited little interest in European culture until the 16th century and in the Crusades until the mid-19th century . There was no history of the Crusades translated into Arabic until 1865 and no published work by a Muslim until 1899 . In the late 19th century , Arabic - speaking Syrian Christians began translating French histories into Arabic , leading to the replacement of the term `` wars of the Ifranj '' -- Franks -- with al - hurub al Salabiyya -- wars of the Cross . Namik Kamel published the first modern Saladin biography in 1872 . The Jerusalem visit in 1898 of Kaiser Wilhelm prompted further interest , with Sayyid Ali al - Harri producing the first Arabic history of the Crusades . Muslim thinkers , politicians and historians have drawn parallels between the Crusades and modern political developments such as the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon , Mandatory Palestine , and the United Nations mandated foundation of the state of Israel . European campaigns ( edit ) Northern Crusades ( edit ) Main articles : Northern Crusades , Wendish Crusade , Livonian Crusade , Prussian Crusade , and Swedish Crusades ( disambiguation ) Extent of the Teutonic Order in 1300 The success of the First Crusade inspired 12th - century popes such as Celestine III , Innocent III , Honorius III , and Gregory IX to call for military campaigns with the aim of Christianising the more remote regions of northern and north - eastern Europe . These campaigns are known as the Northern Crusades . The Wendish Crusade of 1147 saw Saxons , Danes , and Poles attempt to forcibly convert the tribes of Mecklenburg and Lusatia , who were Polabian Slavs or `` Wends '' . Celestine III called for a Crusade in 1193 , but when Bishop Berthold of Hanover responded in 1198 , he led a large army into defeat and to his death . In response , Innocent III issued a bull declaring a Crusade , and Hartwig of Uthlede , Bishop of Bremen , along with the Brothers of the Sword brought all of the north - east Baltic under Catholic control . Konrad of Masovia gave Chelmno to the Teutonic Knights in 1226 as a base for a Crusade against the local Polish princes . The Livonian Brothers of the Sword were defeated by the Lithuanians , so in 1237 Gregory IX merged the remainder of the order into the Teutonic Order as the Livonian Order . By the middle of the century , the Teutonic Knights completed their conquest of the Prussians before conquering and converting the Lithuanians in the subsequent decades . The order also came into conflict with the Eastern Orthodox Church of the Pskov and Novgorod Republics . In 1240 the Orthodox Novgorod army defeated the Catholic Swedes in the Battle of the Neva , and , two years later , they defeated the Livonian Order in the Battle on the Ice . Albigensian Crusade ( edit ) Main article : Albigensian Crusade Dual miniature showing Innocent III excommunicating the Albigensians ( left ) , and the crusaders massacring them ( BL Royal 16 G VI , fol . 374v , 14th century ) The Albigensian Crusade ( 1209 -- 1229 ) was a campaign against heretics that Innocent III launched to eradicate Catharism , which had gained a substantial following in southern France . The Cathars were brutally suppressed and the autonomous County of Toulouse formally submitted to the crown of France . The county 's sole heiress Joan was engaged to Alphonse , Count of Poitiers , a younger brother of Louis IX of France . The marriage was childless so that after Joan 's death the county fell under the direct control of Capetian France which was in part one of the motivations of the Crusaders . Bosnian Crusade ( edit ) Main article : Bosnian Crusade The Bosnian Crusade was a campaign against the independent Bosnian Church , which was accused of Catharism ( Bogomilism ) . However , it was also possibly motivated by Hungarian territorial ambitions . In 1216 a mission was sent to convert Bosnia to Rome but failed . In 1225 Honorius III encouraged the Hungarians to crusade in Bosnia . This ended in failure after the Hungarians were defeated by the Mongols at the Battle of Mohi . From 1234 Gregory IX encouraged further crusading , but again the Bosniaks repelled the Hungarians . Reconquista ( edit ) Main article : Reconquista `` The Surrender of Granada ( 1492 ) '' , history painting by Francisco Pradilla Ortiz ( 1882 ) In the Iberian peninsula , Crusader privileges were given to those aiding the Templars , the Hospitallers , and the Iberian orders that merged with the orders of Calatrava and Santiago . The Christian kingdoms pushed the Muslim Moors and Almohads back in frequent Papal - endorsed Iberian Crusades from 1212 to 1265 . The Emirate of Granada held out until 1492 , at which point the Muslims and Jews were finally expelled from the peninsula . Late Middle Ages and renaissance ( edit ) Main article : Ottoman wars in Europe Further information : Crusade of Nicopolis , Crusade of Varna , Alexandrian Crusade , Smyrniote crusades , Savoyard Crusade , and Hussite Wars The Battle of Nicopolis in a miniature by Jean Colombe titled Les Passages d'Outremer , BnF Fr 5594 , c. 1475 Minor Crusading efforts lingered into the 14th century , and several Crusades were launched during the 14th and 15th centuries to counter the expansion of the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans . In 1309 as many as 30,000 peasants gathered from England , north - eastern France , and Germany proceeded as far as Avignon but disbanded there . Peter I of Cyprus captured and sacked Alexandria in 1365 in what became known as the Alexandrian Crusade ; his motivation was as much commercial as religious . Louis II led the 1390 Barbary Crusade against Muslim pirates in North Africa ; after a ten - week siege , the Crusaders signed a ten - year truce . The Ottomans had conquered most of the Balkans and reduced Byzantine influence to the area immediately surrounding Constantinople after victory at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 . Nicopolis was seized from the Bulgarian Tsar Ivan Shishman in 1393 and a year later Pope Boniface IX proclaimed a new Crusade against the Turks , although the Western Schism had split the papacy . This Crusade was led by Sigismund of Luxemburg , King of Hungary ; many French nobles joined Sigismund 's forces , including the Crusade 's military leader , John the Fearless ( son of the Duke of Burgundy ) . Sigismund advised the Crusaders to adopt a cautious , more defensive strategy , when they reached the Danube , instead they besieged the city of Nicopolis . The Ottomans defeated them in the Battle of Nicopolis on 25 September , capturing 3,000 prisoners . Hussite victory over the Crusaders in the Battle of Domažlice in 1431 ( Jena Codex fol . 56r , c. 1500 ) The Hussite Wars , also known as the Hussite Crusade , involved military action against the Bohemian Reformation in the Kingdom of Bohemia and the followers of early Czech church reformer Jan Hus , who was burned at the stake in 1415 . Crusades were declared five times during that period : in 1420 , 1421 , 1422 , 1427 , and 1431 . These expeditions forced the Hussite forces , who disagreed on many doctrinal points , to unite to drive out the invaders . The wars ended in 1436 with the ratification of the compromise Compacts of Basel by the Church and the Hussites . As the Ottomans pressed westward , Sultan Murad II destroyed the last Papal - funded Crusade at Varna on the Black Sea in 1444 and four years later crushed the last Hungarian expedition . In 1453 they extinguished most of the remains of the Byzantine Empire with the capture of Constantinople . John Hunyadi and Giovanni da Capistrano organised a 1456 Crusade to oppose the Ottoman Empire and lift its Siege of Belgrade . Æneas Sylvius and John of Capistrano preached the Crusade , the princes of the Holy Roman Empire in the Diets of Ratisbon and Frankfurt promised assistance , and a league was formed between Venice , Florence , and Milan , but nothing eventually came of it . In April 1487 Pope Innocent VIII called for a Crusade against the Waldensians of Savoy , the Piedmont , and the Dauphiné in southern France and northern Italy because they were unorthodox and heretical . The only efforts undertaken were in the Dauphiné , resulting in little change . Venice was the only polity to continue to pose a significant threat to the Ottomans in the Mediterranean , but it pursued the `` Crusade '' mostly for its commercial interests , leading to the protracted Ottoman -- Venetian Wars , which continued , with interruptions , until 1718 . The end of the Crusading in terms of at least nominal efforts by Catholic Europe against Muslim incursion , came in the 16th century , when the Franco - Imperial wars assumed continental proportions . Francis I of France sought allies from all quarters , including from German Protestant princes and Muslims . Amongst these , he entered into one of the capitulations of the Ottoman Empire with Suleiman the Magnificent while making common cause with Hayreddin Barbarossa and a number of the Sultan 's North African vassals . See also ( edit ) Crusade cycle -- Old French cycle of epic poems concerning the First Crusade List of principal Crusaders List of Crusader castles Art of the Crusades History of the Jews and the Crusades Miles Christianus ( `` Christian soldier '' ) Religious war Arab -- Byzantine wars ( 634 -- 1050s ) Byzantine -- Ottoman Wars ( 1265 -- 1479 ) Ottoman Wars in Europe ( 1453 -- 1922 ) The Crusades , An Arab Perspective Jihad Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae is a valuable record of early - 13th - century Byzantine administrative divisions ( episkepsis ) and family estates . Jump up ^ Frankolevantini ; French Levantins , Italian Levantini , Greek Φραγκολεβαντίνοι , and Turkish Levantenler or Tatlısu Frenk leri . The term `` Levantine '' was used pejoratively for inhabitants of mixed Arab and European descent and for Europeans who adopted local dress and customs . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Asbridge 2012 , p. 40 ^ Jump up to : Christopher Tyerman , God 's War : A New History of the Crusades , Harvard University Press , 2006 p. 259 . Jump up ^ Eliza Miruna Ghil , `` Crozada : Avatars of a Religious Term in Thirteenth Century Occitan Poetry '' , Tenso 10.2 ( Spring 1995 ) , 99 -- 109 , doi : 10.1353 / ten. 1995.0009 . Jump up ^ p. 480 . Jean Richard , The Crusades , C. 1071 - c. 1291 , Cambridge University Press , ( 1999 ) , p 361 . Burnam W. Reynolds , The Prehistory of the Crusades : Missionary War and the Baltic Crusades , Bloomsbury Publishing ( 2016 ) , p. 31 . Jump up ^ The main meaning of cruciatus is `` tormented '' ( participle of crucio ) ; the meaning `` marked by a cross '' and `` crusader ; crusade '' is often spelled with x in Middle Latin . Mittellateinisches Wörterbuch vol. 2 ( 1999 ) , s.v. `` cruciatus '' : Annales Ianuenses. II p. 124 , 16 rex Aragonensis cum maxima multitudine militum et peditum et cum multis croxatis ... Yspaniam intraverunt . Annales Placentini Gibellini a . 1270 p. 549 , 41 facta pactione cum rege Tunicano et gente Saracena et vendita cruxata pro peccunia . a . 1284 p. 579 , 19 ordinavit et statuit papa magnam cruxatam per christianos , ita quod generaliter predicatur ... ubique magna cruxata contra eum ( sc . regem Aragonensem ) . Charles du Fresne , sieur du Cange , Glossarium mediae et infimae latinitatis , éd . augm. , Niort : L. Favre , 1883 ‐ 1887 , t . 2 , col . 629a , s.v. `` Cruciatæ '' ( Expeditiones sacræ contra Saracenos et Hæreticos , quod , qui iis sese adjungerent , Crucis signum in vestibus deferrent ) references the use of the Latin term in the 14th and 15th centuries . Occurrit non semel apud Will . Thorn. et apud Ericum Upsaliensem lib. 3 . Hist . Suecor . ann. 1292 . ubi Loccenius , nescio quam historiam de Cruce Christi somniat Jump up ^ Av. 1475 `` guerre sainte contre les Infidèles '' ( Chastellain , Chroniques , éd . Kervyn de Lettenhove , III , p. 69 ) . The equivalent Provencal form crozata is recorded in the early 13th century ( prov . crozata ( début xiii s . Crois . alb . ds Lévy ) ) . The French form has replaced the suffix - ata ( which would yield croisate ) by - ade to avoid polysemy with the Old French term croisata , which was still in use in the literal sense of `` bearing the sign of the cross '' , probably under the influence of Spanish cruzada ( recorded 1378 ) . `` croisade '' in : Trésor de la langue Française informatisé ATILF - CNRS & Université de Lorraine . The figurative sense of a rhetorical ( political , etc . ) `` crusade '' is recorded in Voltaire , `` before 1778 '' ( av. 1778 `` tentative pour diriger l'opinion en faveur ou contre quelque chose '' ( Voltaire , Lettres à Catherine II , 119 ds Littré ) . ) Jump up ^ `` Crusade '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) ^ Jump up to : Davies 1997 , p. 358 Jump up ^ Memoirs of Maximilian de Bethune , Duke of Sully , Prime Minister to Henry the Great ( 4th ed. 1763 ) , p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` another ( crusade ) was destined to extirpate the pagans from the North of Europe . This northern crusade , it is supposed , comsumed about one hundred thousand Christians , besides the infidels they destroyed . '' Alexander Fraser Tytler , Lord Woodhouselee , Universal History , from the Creation of the World to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century vol. 2 , 1836 , p. 160 . ^ Jump up to : Constable 2001 , pp. 12 -- 15 Jump up ^ Constable 2001 , p. 12 Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2009 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , pp. 255 -- 56 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , pp. 172 -- 80 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 167 Jump up ^ Davies 1997 , pp. 362 -- 64 Jump up ^ The Arabic loanword Muslim is first attested in English in the 17th century . Tolan 2002 , p. xv Jump up ^ Retso 2003 , pp. 505 -- 06 Jump up ^ Retso 2003 , p. 96 Jump up ^ `` Frank '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ `` Latin '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Determann 2008 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Wickham 2009 , p. 280 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Hindley 2004 , p. 14 Jump up ^ Findley 2005 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 27 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 28 Jump up ^ Bull 1999 , pp. 18 -- 19 Jump up ^ Mayer 1988 , pp. 17 -- 18 Jump up ^ Mayer 1988 , pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Rubenstein 2011 , p. 18 Jump up ^ Cantor 1958 , pp. 8 -- 9 Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , pp. 8 -- 10 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Pierson 2009 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Hindley 2004 , pp. 20 -- 21 Jump up ^ Slack 2013 , pp. 228 -- 30 Jump up ^ Cohn 1970 , pp. 61 , 64 Jump up ^ Slack 2013 , pp. 108 -- 09 Jump up ^ Chazan 1996 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Hindley 2004 , p. 23 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 43 -- 47 Jump up ^ Hindley 2004 , pp. 30 -- 31 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 52 -- 56 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 57 -- 59 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 21 -- 22 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 59 -- 61 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 72 -- 73 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 72 -- 82 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 146 -- 53 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 96 -- 103 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 104 -- 06 ^ Jump up to : Asbridge 2012 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , pp. 23 -- 24 Jump up ^ Tyerman 2006 , pp. 192 -- 94 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 111 -- 13 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , pp. 144 -- 45 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , pp. 146 -- 47 Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , pp. 104 -- 05 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 144 Jump up ^ Hindley 2004 , pp. 71 -- 74 Jump up ^ Hindley 2004 , pp. 77 -- 85 Jump up ^ Tyerman 2006 , pp. 281 -- 88 Jump up ^ Hindley 2004 , p. 77 Jump up ^ Hindley 2004 , pp. 75 -- 77 Jump up ^ Villegas - Aristizabal 2009 , pp. 63 -- 129 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 148 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 213 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , pp. 55 -- 56 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 266 -- 68 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 272 -- 75 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 282 -- 86 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 287 -- 88 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 292 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 307 -- 08 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 322 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 333 -- 36 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 343 -- 57 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 367 ^ Jump up to : Asbridge 2012 , p. 686 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 398 -- 405 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 424 Jump up ^ Tyerman 2007 , pp. 35 -- 36 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 429 -- 30 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 509 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 512 -- 13 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Tyerman 2006 , pp. 502 -- 08 ^ Jump up to : Davies 1997 , pp. 359 -- 60 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , pp. 158 -- 59 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 530 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 533 -- 35 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , pp. 168 -- 69 Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , pp. 179 -- 80 Jump up ^ Hindley 2004 , pp. 561 -- 62 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 566 -- 71 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 569 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 573 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 574 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 574 -- 76 Jump up ^ Tyerman 2006 , pp. 770 -- 75 Jump up ^ Hindley 2004 , pp. 194 -- 95 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 178 Jump up ^ Tyerman 2006 , pp. 816 -- 17 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 628 -- 30 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 643 -- 44 Jump up ^ Runciman 1958 , p. 88 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 660 -- 64 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 122 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 656 Jump up ^ Tyerman 2006 , pp. 820 -- 22 Jump up ^ Prawer 2001 , p. 87 Jump up ^ Historians have cast doubt on a traditional model of crusading whereby impecunious or landless younger sons typified the crusaders . See : Jotischky , Andrew ( 2017 ) ( 2004 ) . Crusading and the Crusader States . Recovering the Past ( 2 ed . ) . London : Taylor & Francis . p. 39 . ISBN 9781351983921 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . The question of the motivation for taking the cross has been rephrased by some historians . The model once proposed , according to which the primary motivation must be understood in sociological and economic rather than spiritual terms , is now accepted by few . This model ( ... ) suggested that the practice of inheritance of family land by the eldest son led to the disenfranchisement of younger sons by denying them a landed base , and thus made the prospect of military adventure in the East more appealing ( ... ) . Jump up ^ Prawer 2001 , pp. 60 -- 63 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 147 -- 50 Jump up ^ `` Outremer '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2005 , pp. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Prawer 2001 , pp. 85 -- 87 Jump up ^ Prawer 2001 , pp. 87 -- 93 ^ Jump up to : Runciman 1951 , p. 480 Jump up ^ Davies 1997 , p. 360 Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2009 , pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 2009 , p. 44 Jump up ^ Prawer 2001 , p. 252 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 169 Jump up ^ Prawer 2001 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , p. 168 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 169 -- 70 Jump up ^ Davies 1997 , p. 359 Jump up ^ Housley 2006 , pp. 152 -- 54 Jump up ^ `` Levantine '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) Jump up ^ Krey 2012 , pp. 280 -- 81 Jump up ^ Housley 2006 , pp. 147 -- 49 Jump up ^ Strayer 1992 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Nicholson 2004 , p. 96 ^ Jump up to : Asbridge 2012 , pp. 667 -- 68 Jump up ^ Nicholson 2004 , pp. 93 -- 94 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 675 -- 80 Jump up ^ Strack 2012 , pp. 30 -- 45 Jump up ^ Riley - Smith & Riley - Smith 1981 , p. 38 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 257 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 259 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 269 Jump up ^ Kolbaba 2000 , p. 49 Jump up ^ Vasilev 1952 , p. 408 Jump up ^ Nicolle 2011 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Housley 2006 , pp. 161 -- 63 ^ Jump up to : Caspi - Reisfeld 2002 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Owen 1993 , p. 22 Jump up ^ Nicholson 1997 , p. 337 Jump up ^ Nicholson 2004 , p. 95 Jump up ^ Asbridge 2012 , pp. 674 -- 75 ^ Jump up to : Davies 1997 , p. 362 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 96 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 103 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , pp. 221 -- 22 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , pp. 104 , 221 Jump up ^ Riley - Smith 1999 , p. 4 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , pp. 163 -- 65 Jump up ^ Lambert 1977 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 211 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , pp. 187 -- 88 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , pp. 195 -- 96 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 199 ^ Jump up to : Davies 1997 , p. 448 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 200 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , pp. 201 -- 02 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , pp. 202 -- 03 Jump up ^ Lock 2006 , p. 204 Jump up ^ Davies 1997 , pp. 544 -- 45 Bibliography ( edit ) Asbridge , Thomas ( 2012 ) . The Crusades : The War for the Holy Land . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84983 - 688 - 3 . Bull , Marcus ( 1999 ) . `` Origins '' . In Riley - Smith , Jonathan . The Oxford History of the Crusades . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280312 - 3 . Cantor , Norman F ( 1958 ) . Church . Kingship , and Lay Investiture in England : 1089 -- 1135 . Princeton University Press . ISBN 1 - 4008 - 7699 - 0 . Caspi - Reisfeld , Keren ( 2002 ) . `` Women Warriors during the Crusades 1095 -- 1254 '' . In Edington , Susan B. ; Lambert , Sarah . Gendering the Crusades . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12598 - 7 . Chazan , Robert ( 1996 ) . European Jewry and the First Crusade . U. of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 91776 - 7 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Cohn , Norman ( 1970 ) . The Pursuit of the Millennium . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 500456 - 4 . Constable , Giles ( 2001 ) . `` The Historiography of the Crusades '' . In Laiou , Angeliki E. ; Mottahedeh , Roy P . The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World . Dumbarton Oaks . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88402 - 277 - 0 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Davies , Norman ( 1997 ) . Europe -- A History . Pimlico . ISBN 0 - 7126 - 6633 - 8 . Determann , J. ( 2008 ) . `` The Crusades in Arabic Schoolbooks '' . Islam and Christian - Muslim Relations . Routledge . ISSN 0959 - 6410 . Findley , Carter Vaughan ( 2005 ) . The Turks in World History . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516770 - 8 . Hindley , Geoffrey ( 2004 ) . The Crusades : Islam and Christianity in the Struggle for World Supremacy . Carrol & Graf . ISBN 0 - 7867 - 1344 - 5 . Housley , Norman ( 2006 ) . Contesting the Crusades . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 1189 - 5 . Kolbaba , T.M. ( 2000 ) . The Byzantine Lists : Errors of the Latins . University of Illinois . ISBN 0 - 252 - 02558 - X . Krey , August C. ( 2012 ) . The First Crusade : The Accounts of Eye - Witnesses and Participants . Arx Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935228 - 08 - 0 . Lambert , Malcolm D. ( 1977 ) . Medieval Heresy : Popular Movements from Bogomil to Hus . Holmes & Meier Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8419 - 0298 - 5 . Lock , Peter ( 2006 ) . Routledge Companion to the Crusades . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39312 - 4 . Mayer , Hans Eberhard ( 1988 ) . The Crusades ( Second ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 873097 - 7 . Nicholson , Helen ( 1997 ) . `` Women on the Third Crusade '' . Journal of Medieval History . 23 ( 4 ) : 335 . doi : 10.1016 / S0304 - 4181 ( 97 ) 00013 - 4 . Nicholson , Helen ( 2004 ) . The Crusades . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32685 - 1 . Nicolle , David ( 2011 ) . The Fourth Crusade 1202 -- 04 : The Betrayal of Byzantium . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 1 - 84908 - 821 - 7 . Owen , Roy Douglas Davis ( 1993 ) . Eleanor of Aquitaine : Queen and Legend . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 90 - 474 - 3259 - 2 . Pierson , Paul Everett ( 2009 ) . The Dynamics of Christian Mission : History Through a Missiological Perspective . WCIU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86585 - 006 - 4 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Prawer , Joshua ( 2001 ) . The CRusaders ' Kingdom . Phoenix Press . ISBN 1 - 84212 - 224 - X . Retso , Jan ( 2003 ) . The Arabs in Antiquity : Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 1679 - 1 . Pringle , Denys ( 1999 ) . `` Architecture in Latin East '' . In Riley - Smith , Jonathan . The Oxford History of the Crusades . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280312 - 3 . Riley - Smith , Jonathan ( 1999 ) . Riley - Smith , Jonathan , ed . The Crusading Movement and Historians . The Oxford History of the Crusades . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280312 - 3 . Riley - Smith , Jonathan ( 2005 ) . The Crusades : A Short History ( Second ed . ) . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10128 - 7 . Riley - Smith , Jonathan ( 2009 ) . What Were the Crusades ? . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 22069 - 0 . The Crusades : Idea and Reality , 1095 -- 1274 . Documents of Medieval History . 4 . E. Arnold . 1981 . ISBN 0 - 7131 - 6348 - 8 . Riley - Smith , Louise ; Riley - Smith , Jonathan ( 1981 ) . The Crusades : Idea and Reality , 1095 -- 1274 . Documents of Medieval History . 4 . E. Arnold . ISBN 0 - 7131 - 6348 - 8 . Rubenstein , Jay ( 2011 ) . Armies of Heaven : The First Crusade and the Quest for Apocalypse . Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 01929 - 3 . Runciman , Steven ( 1951 ) . A History of the Crusades : The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades ( reprinted 1987 ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 06163 - 6 . Runciman , Steven ( 1958 ) . The Sicilian Vespers . A History of the Mediterranean World in the Later Thirteenth Century ( reprinted 1987 ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 43774 - 1 . Slack , Corliss K ( 2013 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Crusades . Scarecrow Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7831 - 0 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Strack , Georg ( 2012 ) . `` The Sermon of Urban II in Clermont and the Tradition of Papal Oratory '' ( PDF ) . Medieval Sermon Studies . 56 : 30 . doi : 10.1179 / 1366069112Z. 0000000002 . Strayer , Joseph Reese ( 1992 ) . The Albigensian Crusades . University of Michigan Press . ISBN 0 - 472 - 06476 - 2 . Tolan , John Victor ( 2002 ) . Saracens : Islam in the Medieval European Imagination . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12333 - 4 . Tyerman , Christopher ( 2006 ) . God 's War : A New History of the Crusades . Belknap Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02387 - 1 . Tyerman , Christopher ( 2007 ) . The Crusades . Sterling Publishing Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 6891 - 0 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 04 . Vasilev , Aleksandr Aleksandrovich ( 1952 ) . History of the Byzantine Empire : 324 -- 1453 . University of Wisconsin Press . Villegas - Aristizabal , L ( 2009 ) . `` Anglo - Norman involvement in the conquest of Tortosa and Settlement of Tortosa , 1148 -- 1180 '' . Crusades ( 8 ) . Wickham , Chris ( 2009 ) . The Inheritance of Rome : Illuminating the Dark Ages 400 -- 1000 . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 311742 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Further information : Historiography of the Crusades Asbridge , Thomas ( 2005 ) . The First Crusade : A New History : The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam . ISBN 0 - 19 - 518905 - 1 . Daniel , Norman ( 1979 ) . The Arabs and Mediaeval Europe . Longman Group Limited . ISBN 0 - 582 - 78088 - 8 . Hodgson , Natasha ( 2007 ) . Women , Crusading and the Holy Land in Historical Narrative . Boydell . Kahf , Mohja ( 1999 ) . Western Representations of the Muslim Women : From Termagant to Odalisque . U of Texas Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 292 - 74337 - 3 . Maier , Christoph T. ( March 2004 ) . `` The roles of women in the Crusade movement : a survey '' . Journal of Medieval History . 30 ( 1 ) : 61 -- 82 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jmedhist. 2003.12. 003 . Paterson , Linda . ' Singing the Crusades . French and Occitan Responses the Crusading Movements , 1137 -- 1336 ' . Cambridge : D.S. Brewer , 2018 . Phillips , Jonathan . Holy Warriors : A Modern History of the Crusades ( 2010 ) Riley - Smith , Jonathan ( ed . ) The Oxford Illustrated History of the Crusades Paperback , Oxford University Press ( 2001 ) . Riley - Smith , Jonathan . The Crusades : A history ( Bloomsbury Publishing , 2014 ) Runciman , Steven . A History of the Crusades ( 3 vols. 1951 -- 1954 ) Setton , Kenneth ed. , A History of the Crusades , University of Wisconsin Press ( 6 vols. , 1969 -- 1989 ; online edition ( wisc.edu ) ) Includes : The first hundred years ( 2nd ed. 1969 ) ; The later Crusades , 1189 -- 1311 ( 1969 ) ; The fourteenth and fifteenth centuries ( 1975 ) ; The art and architecture of the Crusader states ( 1977 ) ; The impact of the Crusades on the Near East ( 1985 ) ; The impact of the Crusades on Europe ( 1989 ) . Tolan , John ; Veinstein , Gilles ; Henry , Laurens ( 2013 ) . Europe and the Islamic World : A History . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 14705 - 5 . Villegas - Aristizábal , Lucas , `` Pope Gregory VII and Count Eblous II of Roucy 's Proto - Crusade in Iberia c. 1073 '' , Medieval History Journal 21.1 ( 2018 ) , 1 - 24 . http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0971945817750508 Historiography ( edit ) Constable , Giles . `` The Historiography of the Crusades '' in Angeliki E. Laiou , ed . The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World ( 2001 ) Extract online . Phillips , Jonathan . `` A new history of the Crusades '' The Telegraph 17 Sep 2006 Powell , James M. `` The Crusades in Recent Research , '' The Catholic Historical Review ( 2009 ) 95 # 2 pp. 313 -- 19 in Project MUSE Rubenstein , Jay . `` In Search of a New Crusade : A Review Essay , '' Historically Speaking ( 2011 ) 12 # 2 pp. 25 -- 27 in Project MUSE von Güttner - Sporzyński , Darius . `` Recent Issues in Polish Historiography of the Crusades '' in Judi Upton - Ward , The Military Orders : Volume 4 , On Land and by Sea ( 2008 ) available on Researchgate , available on Academia.edu Primary sources ( edit ) Barber , Malcolm , Bate , Keith ( 2010 ) . Letters from the East : Crusaders , Pilgrims and Settlers in the 12th -- 13th Centuries ( Crusade Texts in Translation Volume 18 , Ashgate Publishing Ltd ) Bird , Jessalynn , et al. eds . Crusade and Christendom : Annotated Documents in Translation from Innocent III to the Fall of Acre , 1187 -- 1291 ( 2013 ) excerpts Housley , Norman , ed . Documents on the Later Crusades , 1274 -- 1580 ( 1996 ) Savignac , David . `` The Medieval Russian Account of the Fourth Crusade - A New Annotated Translation '' . Shaw , M.R.B. ed. Chronicles of the Crusades ( 1963 ) Villehardouin , Geoffrey , and Jean de Joinville . 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Pulitzer Prize for Music
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Pulitzer Prize for music - wikipedia Pulitzer Prize for music Jump to : navigation , search Pulitzer Prizes Joseph Pulitzer Pulitzers by year Winners Journalism Reporting Breaking News Investigative Explanatory Local National International Writing Feature Editorial Photography Breaking News Feature Other Commentary Criticism Editorial Cartooning Public Service Letters Drama Music Biography / Autobiography Fiction General Nonfiction History Poetry Drama Music Special Citations and Awards The Pulitzer Prize for Music is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Letters , Drama , and Music . It was first awarded in 1943 . Joseph Pulitzer did not call for such a prize in his will , but had arranged for a music scholarship to be awarded each year . This was eventually converted into a full - fledged prize : `` For a distinguished musical composition of significant dimension by an American that has had its first performance in the United States during the year . '' Because of the requirement that the composition had its world premiere during the year of its award , the winning work had rarely been recorded and sometimes had received only one performance . In 2004 the terms were modified to read : `` For a distinguished musical composition by an American that has had its first performance or recording in the United States during the year . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Criticism 3 Winners 3.1 1940s 3.2 1950s 3.3 1960s 3.4 1970s 3.5 1980s 3.6 1990s 3.7 2000s 3.8 2010s 3.9 Additional citations 4 Repeat winners 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) In 1965 , the jury unanimously decided that no major work was worthy of the Pulitzer Prize . In lieu they recommended a special citation be given to Duke Ellington in recognition of the body of his work , but the Pulitzer Board refused and therefore no award was given that year . Ellington responded : `` Fate is being kind to me . Fate does n't want me to be too famous too young . '' ( He was then sixty - seven years old . ) Despite this joke , Nat Hentoff reported that when he spoke to Ellington about the subject , he was `` angrier than I 'd ever seen him before , '' and Ellington said , `` I 'm hardly surprised that my kind of music is still without , let us say , official honor at home . Most Americans still take it for granted that European - based music -- classical music , if you will -- is the only really respectable kind . '' In 1996 , after years of internal debate , the Pulitzer Prize board announced a change in the criteria for the music prize `` so as to attract the best of a wider range of American music . '' The result was that the following year Wynton Marsalis became the first jazz artist to win the Pulitzer Prize . However , his victory was controversial because according to the Pulitzer guidelines , his winning work , a three - hour - long oratorio about slavery , `` Blood on the Fields '' , should not have been eligible . Although a winning work was supposed to have had its first performance during that year , Marsalis ' piece premiered on April 1 , 1994 and its recording , released on Columbia Records , was dated 1995 . Yet , the piece won the 1997 prize . Marsalis ' management had submitted a `` revised version '' of `` Blood on the Fields '' which was `` premiered '' at Yale University after the composer made seven small changes . When asked what would make a revised work eligible , the chairman of that year 's music jury , Robert Ward , said : `` Not a cut here and there ... or a slight revision , '' but rather something that changed `` the whole conception of the piece . '' After being read the list of revisions made to the piece , Ward acknowledged that the minor changes should not have qualified it as an eligible work , but he said that `` the list you had here was not available to us , and we did not discuss it . '' Seven women have been awarded the Pulitzer Prize : Ellen Taaffe Zwilich , 1983 ; Shulamit Ran , 1991 ; Melinda Wagner , 1999 ; Jennifer Higdon , 2010 ; Caroline Shaw , 2013 ; Julia Wolfe , 2015 ; and Du Yun , 2017 . In addition to being the first woman to receive the award , Ellen Taaffe Zwilich was also the first woman to receive a Doctor of Musical Arts degree in composition at the Juilliard School of Music . In 1992 the music jury , which that year consisted of George Perle , Roger Reynolds , and Harvey Sollberger , selected Ralph Shapey 's Concerto Fantastique for the award . However , the Pulitzer Board rejected that decision and chose to give the prize to the jury 's second choice , Wayne Peterson 's The Face of the Night , the Heart of the Dark . The music jury responded with a public statement stating that they had not been consulted in that decision and that the Board was not professionally qualified to make such a decision . The Board responded that the `` Pulitzers are enhanced by having , in addition to the professional 's point of view , the layman 's or consumer 's point of view , '' and they did not rescind their decision . George Walker was the first African American composer to win the Prize , which he received for his work Lilacs in 1996 . Walker is a graduate of the Oberlin Conservatory which he entered at the age of fourteen , and graduated at eighteen with the highest honors in his Conservatory class . He was the first black graduate at the renowned Curtis Institute of Music , where he received an Artist Diplomas degree , and he was the first black recipient of a Doctoral degree at the Eastman School of Music . In 2004 , responding to criticism , Sig Gissler , the administrator of the Pulitzer Prizes at the Columbia University School of Journalism , announced that they wanted to `` broaden the prize a bit so that we can be more assured that we are getting the full range of the best of America 's music ... '' Jay T. Harris , a member of the Pulitzer governing board said : `` The prize should not be reserved essentially for music that comes out of the European classical tradition . '' The announced rule changes included altering the jury pool to include performers and presenters , in addition to composers and critics . Entrants are now no longer required to submit a score . Recording will also be accepted , although scores are still `` strongly urged . '' Gissler said , `` The main thing is we 're trying to keep this a serious prize . We 're not trying to dumb it down any way shape or form , but we 're trying to augment it , improve it ... I think the critical term here is ' distinguished American musical compositions . ' '' Reaction among Pulitzer Prize in Music winners has varied . The Pulitzer Prize Advisory Board officially announced : `` After more than a year of studying the Prize , now in its 61st year , the Pulitzer Prize Board declares its strong desire to consider and honor the full range of distinguished American musical compositions -- from the contemporary classical symphony to jazz , opera , choral , musical theater , movie scores and other forms of musical excellence ... Through the years , the Prize has been awarded chiefly to composers of classical music and , quite properly , that has been of large importance to the arts community . However , despite some past efforts to broaden the competition , only once has the Prize gone to a jazz composition , a musical drama or a movie score . In the late 1990s , the Board took tacit note of the criticism leveled at its predecessors for failure to cite two of the country 's foremost jazz composers . It bestowed a Special Citation on George Gershwin marking the 1998 centennial celebration of his birth and Duke Ellington on his 1999 centennial year . Earlier , in 1976 , a Special Award was made to Scott Joplin in his centennial year . While Special Awards and Citations continue to be an important option , the Pulitzer Board believes that the Music Prize , in its own annual competition , should encompass the nation 's array of distinguished music and hopes that the refinements in the Prize 's definition , guidelines and jury membership will serve that end . '' Subsequently , in 2006 , a posthumous `` Special Citation '' was given to jazz composer Thelonious Monk , and in 2007 the prize went to Ornette Coleman , a free jazz composer . In 2018 , rapper Kendrick Lamar won the award for his 2017 rap album Damn . The recording was the first musical work not in the jazz or classical genres to win the prize . Criticism ( edit ) Donald Martino , the 1974 winner , said , `` If you write music long enough , sooner or later , someone is going to take pity on you and give you the damn thing . It is not always the award for the best piece of the year ; it has gone to whoever has n't gotten it before . '' John Corigliano , the winner in 2001 , said that although the prize was intended for music that meant something to the world , it had become a very different kind of award , `` by composers for composers '' and `` mired in a pool of rotating jurors . '' Composer and music critic Kyle Gann complained in an essay about `` The Uptown Prejudice Against Downtown Music '' that the judges for the Pulitzer and other top awards for composition often included `` the same seven names over and over as judges '' : Gunther Schuller , Joseph Schwantner , Jacob Druckman , George Perle , John Harbison , Mario Davidovsky , and Bernard Rands . Gann argued that `` Downtown '' composers , like himself , did not win awards because the composer - judges were all `` white men , all of them coming pretty much from the same narrow Eurocentric aesthetic ... These seven men have determined who wins the big prizes in American music for the last two decades . They have made sure that Downtown composers never win . '' After winning the Pulitzer in 2003 , John Adams expressed `` ambivalence bordering on contempt '' because `` most of the country 's greatest musical minds '' have been ignored in favor of academic music . Gunther Schuller welcomed the broadening of the eligibility criteria for the prize in 2004 : `` This is a long overdue sea change in the whole attitude as to what can be considered for the prize . It is an opening up to different styles and not at all to different levels of quality . '' Olly Wilson agreed that the changes were `` a move in the right direction '' because they acknowledge `` a wider spectrum of music , including music that is not written down . '' Some other former prize winners disagreed . John Harbison called it `` a horrible development '' , adding , `` If you were to impose a comparable standard on fiction you would be soliciting entries from the authors of airport novels . '' According to Donald Martino , the prize had `` already begun to go in the direction of permitting less serious stuff '' before the 2004 changes . Lewis Spratlan , who won the prize in 2000 , also objected , saying `` The Pulitzer is one of the very few prizes that award artistic distinction in front - edge , risk - taking music . To dilute this objective by inviting the likes of musicals and movie scores , no matter how excellent , is to undermine the distinctiveness and capability for artistic advancement . '' Winners ( edit ) In its first 71 years to 2013 , the Music Pulitzer was awarded 67 times ; it was never split and no prize was given in 1953 , 1964 , 1965 , and 1981 . 1940s ( edit ) 1943 : William Schuman , Secular Cantata No. 2 : A Free Song 1944 : Howard Hanson , Symphony No. 4 , `` Requiem '' 1945 : Aaron Copland , Appalachian Spring , ballet 1946 : Leo Sowerby , The Canticle of the Sun 1947 : Charles Ives , Symphony No. 3 1948 : Walter Piston , Symphony No. 3 1949 : Virgil Thomson , Louisiana Story , film score 1950s ( edit ) 1950 : Gian Carlo Menotti , The Consul , opera 1951 : Douglas Stuart Moore , Giants in the Earth , opera 1952 : Gail Kubik , Symphony Concertante 1953 : no prize awarded 1954 : Quincy Porter , Concerto Concertante for two pianos and orchestra 1955 : Gian Carlo Menotti , The Saint of Bleecker Street , opera 1956 : Ernst Toch , Symphony No. 3 1957 : Norman Dello Joio , Meditations on Ecclesiastes 1958 : Samuel Barber , Vanessa , opera 1959 : John La Montaine , Piano Concerto No. 1 , Op. 9 . 1960s ( edit ) 1960 : Elliott Carter , String Quartet No. 2 1961 : Walter Piston , Symphony No. 7 1962 : Robert Ward , The Crucible , opera 1963 : Samuel Barber , Piano Concerto 1964 : no prize awarded 1965 : no prize awarded ( See Duke Ellington ) 1966 : Leslie Bassett , Variations for Orchestra 1967 : Leon Kirchner , Quartet No. 3 for strings and electronic tape 1968 : George Crumb , Echoes of Time and the River 1969 : Karel Husa , String Quartet No. 3 1970s ( edit ) 1970 : Charles Wuorinen , Time 's Encomium 1971 : Mario Davidovsky , Synchronisms No. 6 for Piano and Electronic Sound ( 1970 ) 1972 : Jacob Druckman , Windows 1973 : Elliott Carter , String Quartet No. 3 1974 : Donald Martino , Notturno 1975 : Dominick Argento , From the Diary of Virginia Woolf 1976 : Ned Rorem , Air Music 1977 : Richard Wernick , Visions of Terror and Wonder 1978 : Michael Colgrass , Deja Vu for percussion and orchestra 1979 : Joseph Schwantner , Aftertones of Infinity 1980s ( edit ) Indented entries are finalists after each year 's winner . 1980 : David Del Tredici , In Memory of a Summer Day After the Butterfly , by Morton Subotnick Quintets for Orchestra , by Lukas Foss 1981 : no prize awarded 1982 : Roger Sessions , Concerto for Orchestra 1983 : Ellen Zwilich , Three Movements for Orchestra ( Symphony No. 1 ) Drama for Orchestra , by Vivian Fine 1984 : Bernard Rands , Canti del Sole Piano Concerto , by Peter Lieberson 1985 : Stephen Albert , Symphony No. 1 RiverRun Songs of Innocence and Experience , a Musical Illumination of the Poems of William Blake , by William Bolcom 1986 : George Perle , Wind Quintet No. 4 , for flute , oboe , clarinet , horn , and bassoon Symphony No. 5 , by George Rochberg 1987 : John Harbison , The Flight into Egypt Flower of the Mountain , by Stephen Albert 1988 : William Bolcom , 12 New Etudes for Piano Concerto For String Quartet and Orchestra , by Gunther Schuller 1989 : Roger Reynolds , Whispers Out of Time Concerto for Orchestra , by Steven Stucky H'un ( Lacerations ) : In Memoriam 1966 - 1976 , by Bright Sheng 1990s ( edit ) 1990 : Mel D. Powell , Duplicates : A Concerto Concerto for Cello , Piano , and String Orchestra by Ralph Shapey 1991 : Shulamit Ran , Symphony Four Movements for Piano by Bright Sheng Wilde by Charles Fussell 1992 : Wayne Peterson , The Face of the Night , the Heart of the Dark Concerto Fantastique by Ralph Shapey 1993 : Christopher Rouse , Trombone Concerto Music for Cello and Orchestra by Leon Kirchner Violin Concerto by Joan Tower 1994 : Gunther Schuller , Of Reminiscences and Reflections Still Movement with Hymn by Aaron Jay Kernis Microsymphony by Charles Wuorinen 1995 : Morton Gould , Stringmusic Evensong by Donald Erb Adam by Andrew Imbrie 1996 : George Walker , Lilacs , for soprano and orchestra Variations for Violin and Piano by Peter Lieberson Adagio tenebroso by Elliott Carter 1997 : Wynton Marsalis , Blood on the Fields , oratorio Dove Sta Amore by John Musto Passacaglia Immaginaria by Stanisław Skrowaczewski 1998 : Aaron Jay Kernis , String Quartet No. 2 , Musica Instrumentalis Century Rolls by John Adams Horntrio by Yehudi Wyner 1999 : Melinda Wagner , Concerto for Flute , Strings , and Percussion Persistent Memory by David Rakowski Concerto for Orchestra by Stanisław Skrowaczewski 2000s ( edit ) 2000 : Lewis Spratlan , Life is a Dream , opera ( awarded for concert version of Act II ) 2001 : John Corigliano , Symphony No. 2 , for string orchestra 2002 : Henry Brant , Ice Field 2003 : John Adams , On the Transmigration of Souls 2004 : Paul Moravec , Tempest Fantasy 2005 : Steven Stucky , Second Concerto for Orchestra 2006 : Yehudi Wyner , Chiavi in Mano , ( piano concerto ) 2007 : Ornette Coleman , Sound Grammar 2008 : David Lang , The Little Match Girl Passion 2009 : Steve Reich , Double Sextet 2010s ( edit ) 2010 : Jennifer Higdon , Violin Concerto 2011 : Zhou Long , Madame White Snake , opera 2012 : Kevin Puts , Silent Night : Opera in Two Acts 2013 : Caroline Shaw , Partita for 8 Voices 2014 : John Luther Adams , Become Ocean 2015 : Julia Wolfe , Anthracite Fields 2016 : Henry Threadgill , In for a Penny , In for a Pound 2017 : Du Yun , Angel 's Bone , opera 2018 : Kendrick Lamar , DAMN . Additional Citations ( edit ) 1974 : Roger Sessions ( 1896 -- 1985 ) ; 1976 : Scott Joplin ( 1868 -- 1917 , posthumous ) ; 1982 : Milton Babbitt ( 1916 -- 2011 ) ; 1985 : William Schuman ( 1910 -- 1992 ) ; 1998 : George Gershwin ( 1898 -- 1937 , posthumous ) ; 1999 : Duke Ellington ( 1899 -- 1974 , posthumous ) ; 2006 : Thelonious Monk ( 1917 -- 1982 , posthumous ) ; 2007 : John Coltrane ( 1926 -- 1967 , posthumous ) ; 2008 : Bob Dylan ( born 1941 ) ; 2010 : Hank Williams ( 1923 -- 1953 , posthumous ) . Repeat winners ( edit ) Four people have won the Pulitzer Prize for Music twice . Walter Piston , 1948 , 1961 Gian Carlo Menotti , 1950 , 1955 Samuel Barber , 1958 , 1963 Elliott Carter , 1960 , 1973 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NewMusicBox '' . NewMusicBox. 2000 - 06 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` History of The Pulitzer Prizes '' . The Pulitzer Prizes ( pulitzer.org ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lang , Peter . `` The Pulitzer Prize Winners for Music '' . Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften , 2010 , pp. 102 -- 103 . ^ Jump up to : Kaplan , Fred ( 2006 - 04 - 19 ) . `` When will the Pulitzer Prize in music get it right ? -- By Fred Kaplan -- Slate Magazine '' . Slate.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` WSJ - Arts , Theatre , Film , Music , Books , Food , Wine , Fashion , Events - WSJ.com '' . Opinionjournal.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Adams ; Interviews , Articles & Essays '' . Earbox.com. 2003 - 05 - 06 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Wynton Marsalis and the Pulitzer Prize '' . Greg Sandow . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 23 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Pulitzer Prize in Music : 1943 -- 2002 '' . American.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem News -- Yahoo ! Music '' . Music.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.pulitzer.org/resources/musannounce.html Archived July 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kendrick Lamar Wins Pulitzer Prize Pitchfork '' . pitchfork.com . Retrieved 16 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Dyer , Richard ( June 1 , 2004 ) . `` Changes to Definition of Pulitzer for Music Spark Dissonance '' . Boston Globe . p . E2 . ISSN 0743 - 1791 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2004 . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gann , Kyle ( April 18 , 1998 ) . `` Breaking the Chain Letter : An Essay on Downtown Music '' . Kyle Gann : Composer and Author . Retrieved July 17 , 2015 . In his list of writings , Gann includes this essay under the heading `` On Gann 's music '' . Jump up ^ `` Music '' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 20 . Further reading ( edit ) Heinz Dietrich Fischer ( 2010 ) . The Pulitzer Prize Winners for Music : Composer Biographies , Premiere Programs and Jury Reports . Peter Lang . ISBN 978 - 3 - 631 - 59608 - 1 . External links ( edit ) Music portal The Pulitzer Prize for Music : A Sonic Gallery Pulitzer Prize for Music 1943 -- 1950 William Schuman ( ' 43 ) : A Free Song Howard Hanson ( ' 44 ) : Symphony No. 4 Aaron Copland ( ' 45 ) : Appalachian Spring Leo Sowerby ( ' 46 ) : The Canticle of the Sun Charles Ives ( ' 47 ) : Symphony No. 3 Walter Piston ( ' 48 ) : Symphony No. 3 Virgil Thomson ( ' 49 ) : Louisiana Story Gian Carlo Menotti ( ' 50 ) : The Consul 1951 -- 1960 Douglas Moore ( ' 51 ) : Giants in the Earth Gail Kubik ( ' 52 ) : Symphony Concertante n.a. ( ' 53 ) Quincy Porter ( ' 54 ) : Concerto Concertante Gian Carlo Menotti ( ' 55 ) : The Saint of Bleecker Street Ernst Toch ( ' 56 ) : Symphony No. 3 Norman Dello Joio ( ' 57 ) : Meditations on Ecclesiastes Samuel Barber ( ' 58 ) : Vanessa John La Montaine ( ' 59 ) : Piano Concerto No. 1 Elliott Carter ( ' 60 ) : String Quartet No. 2 1961 -- 1970 Walter Piston ( ' 61 ) : Symphony No. 7 Robert Ward ( ' 62 ) : The Crucible Samuel Barber ( ' 63 ) : Piano Concerto n.a. ( ' 64 ) n.a. ( ' 65 ) Leslie Bassett ( ' 66 ) : Variations for Orchestra Leon Kirchner ( ' 67 ) : Quartet No. 3 for strings and electronic tape George Crumb ( ' 68 ) : Echoes of Time and the River Karel Husa ( ' 69 ) : String Quartet No. 3 Charles Wuorinen ( ' 70 ) : Time 's Encomium 1971 -- 1980 Mario Davidovsky ( ' 71 ) : Synchronisms No. 6 Jacob Druckman ( ' 72 ) : Windows Elliott Carter ( ' 73 ) : String Quartet No. 3 Donald Martino ( ' 74 ) : Notturno Dominick Argento ( ' 75 ) : From the Diary of Virginia Woolf Ned Rorem ( ' 76 ) : Air Music Richard Wernick ( ' 77 ) : Visions of Terror and Wonder Michael Colgrass ( ' 78 ) : Deja Vu Joseph Schwantner ( ' 79 ) : Aftertones of Infinity David Del Tredici ( ' 80 ) : In Memory of a Summer Day 1981 -- 1990 n.a. ( ' 81 ) Roger Sessions ( ' 82 ) : Concerto for Orchestra Ellen Taaffe Zwilich ( ' 83 ) : Symphony No. 1 Bernard Rands ( ' 84 ) : Canti del Sole Stephen Albert ( ' 85 ) : Symphony No. 1 George Perle ( ' 86 ) : Wind Quintet No. 4 John Harbison ( ' 87 ) : The Flight into Egypt William Bolcom ( ' 88 ) : 12 New Etudes for Piano Roger Reynolds ( ' 89 ) : Whispers Out of Time Mel Powell ( ' 90 ) : Duplicates : A Concerto 1991 -- 2000 Shulamit Ran ( ' 91 ) : Symphony Wayne Peterson ( ' 92 ) : The Face of the Night , the Heart of the Dark Christopher Rouse ( ' 93 ) : Trombone Concerto Gunther Schuller ( ' 94 ) : Of Reminiscences and Reflections Morton Gould ( ' 95 ) : Stringmusic George Walker ( ' 96 ) : Lilacs Wynton Marsalis ( ' 97 ) : Blood on the Fields Aaron Jay Kernis ( ' 98 ) : String Quartet No. 2 Melinda Wagner ( ' 99 ) : Concerto for Flute , Strings , and Percussion Lewis Spratlan ( ' 00 ) : Life Is a Dream 2001 -- 2010 John Corigliano ( ' 01 ) : Symphony No. 2 Henry Brant ( ' 02 ) : Ice Field John Adams ( ' 03 ) : On the Transmigration of Souls Paul Moravec ( ' 04 ) : Tempest Fantasy Steven Stucky ( ' 05 ) : Second Concerto for Orchestra Yehudi Wyner ( ' 06 ) : Chiavi in Mano Ornette Coleman ( ' 07 ) : Sound Grammar David Lang ( ' 08 ) : The Little Match Girl Passion Steve Reich ( ' 09 ) : Double Sextet Jennifer Higdon ( ' 10 ) : Violin Concerto 2011 -- 2020 Zhou Long ( ' 11 ) : Madame White Snake Kevin Puts ( ' 12 ) : Silent Night Caroline Shaw ( ' 13 ) : Partita for 8 Voices John Luther Adams ( ' 14 ) : Become Ocean Julia Wolfe ( ' 15 ) : Anthracite Fields Henry Threadgill ( ' 16 ) : In for a Penny , In for a Pound Du Yun ( ' 17 ) : Angel 's Bone Kendrick Lamar ( ' 18 ) : DAMN . Special citations Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II for Oklahoma ! ( 1944 ) Roger Sessions ( 1974 ) Scott Joplin ( 1976 ) Milton Babbitt ( 1982 ) William Schuman ( 1985 ) George Gershwin ( 1998 ) Duke Ellington ( 1999 ) Thelonious Monk ( 2006 ) John Coltrane ( 2007 ) Bob Dylan ( 2008 ) Hank Williams ( 2010 ) Complete list ( 1943 -- 1950 ) ( 1951 -- 1960 ) ( 1961 -- 1970 ) ( 1971 -- 1980 ) ( 1981 -- 1990 ) ( 1991 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) ( Citations ) ( hide ) Pulitzer Prizes 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulitzer_Prize_for_Music&oldid=842358343 '' Categories : Pulitzer Prizes by category American music awards Awards established in 1943 1943 establishments in the United States Pulitzer Prize for Music winners Pulitzer Prize for Music - winning works Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Kiswahili Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 23 : 09 . 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National Christmas Tree (United States)
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National Christmas tree ( United States ) - wikipedia National Christmas tree ( United States ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Christmas Tree placed on the Ellipse near the White House . For the Christmas Tree placed inside the White House , see White House Christmas tree . For the giant Sequoia known as the `` Nation 's Christmas Tree '' , see General Grant ( tree ) . Lighting of the National Christmas Tree and the Pageant of Peace A children 's choir from Olney Elementary School in Olney , Maryland , sing before the 2012 National Christmas Tree . Begins December 1 Ends January 1 Frequency Annual Location ( s ) The Ellipse , Washington , D.C. , U.S. Years active 1923 -- 1941 ; 1945 -- present Attendance 17,000 ( 2011 approximate ) Organized by National Park Foundation and Pageant of Peace , Inc . Website www.thenationaltree.org The National Christmas Tree is a large evergreen tree located in the northeast quadrant of The Ellipse near the White House in Washington , D.C. Each year since 1923 , the tree has been decorated as a Christmas tree . Every early December , the tree is traditionally lit by the President of the United States . Every president since Franklin D. Roosevelt has made formal remarks during the tree lighting ceremony . Since 1954 , the event has marked the start of month - long festivities known as the Pageant of Peace . Smaller trees representing the U.S. states , District of Columbia , and the five territories around the National Christmas Tree are referred to as the Pathway to Peace . Contents ( hide ) 1 Beginnings of the National Christmas Tree tradition 1.1 1923 tree 1.2 1924 tree 1.3 1927 to 1933 trees 2 National Christmas Tree during the Great Depression and World War II 3 Post-War National Christmas Trees and the Pageant of Peace 3.1 Development of the Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace 4 National Christmas Trees from 1955 to 1972 5 National Christmas Tree : Living trees since 1973 5.1 The first living trees : 1973 to 1977 5.2 The third living tree : 1978 to 2010 5.3 Recent replacement living trees : 2011 to present 6 Locations of the National Christmas Tree 7 Sources of National Christmas Trees 8 Organizing and decorating the National Christmas Tree 8.1 The modern Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace 9 Legal issues 10 Gallery of the U.S. National Christmas Tree in recent years 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Beginnings of the National Christmas tree tradition ( edit ) `` The first National Christmas Tree , '' lit on December 24 , 1923 , in the middle of the Ellipse outside the White House . 1923 tree ( edit ) The idea of a decorated , outdoor national Christmas tree originated with Frederick Morris Feiker . Feiker was a highly educated engineer who had been a technical journalist for General Electric from 1906 - 1907 and editor of Electrical World and Electrical Merchandising from 1915 to 1921 . In 1921 , Feiker joined the personal staff of United States Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover as a press aide . The Society for Electrical Development ( an electrical industry trade group ) was looking for a way to encourage people to purchase more electric Christmas lights and use electricity , and Feiker suggested that President Calvin Coolidge personally light the tree as a way of giving Christmas lights prominence and social cachet . Vermont Republican Senator Frank L. Greene accompanied Feiker to the White House , where they successfully convinced Coolidge to light the tree . Feiker arranged for Paul Moody , president of Middlebury College in Vermont to donate a 48 - foot ( 15 m ) tall balsam fir as the first National Christmas Tree . Middlebury College alumni paid to have it shipped via express to Washington . The branches on the lower 10 feet ( 3.0 m ) of the tree were damaged in transit , so cut branches from a local evergreen were tied to the tree to restore its appearance . Feiker put together a group of local civic organizations to erect the tree in the center of the Ellipse and decorate it , and the U.S. electrical industry donated $5,000 worth of electrical cables ( which were buried under the Ellipse and provided the tree with electricity ) . The site for the tree was personally approved by Grace Coolidge . Arrangements were also made to have 3,000 city school children present to sing Christmas carols and the United States Marine Band to play music . The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) agreed to broadcast the event on radio . The tree was decorated with more than 2,500 electric bulbs in red , white , and green donated by the Electric League of Washington . At 3 : 00 P.M. on December 24 , 1923 , a 100 - voice choir from the First Congregational Church assembled on the South Portico of the White House and began a two - hour concert of Christmas carols . At 5 : 00 P.M. ( dusk ) on Christmas Eve , President Coolidge touched a button at the foot of the tree which lit the lights and electric candles adorning the tree , but he did not speak . A searchlight from the nearby Washington Monument was trained on the tree to help illuminate it as well . The Coolidge family invited citizens of the city to sing Christmas carols on the Ellipse after dark . Between 5,000 and 6,000 people thronged the park , joined by 3,000 more people by 9 : 00 P.M. The crowds were joined by the Epiphany Church and First Congregational Church choirs , which sang carols , and the Marine Band played Christmas - themed music . The singing ended shortly before midnight . After the white residents of the city had dispersed , African American residents of the city were permitted on the park grounds to see the National Christmas Tree . An outdoor Christian worship service was held , and a mass choir composed of signing groups from area community centers sang more Christmas carols . An illuminated Christian cross was flashed on the Washington Monument , and men dressed as shepherds walked from the National Christmas Tree to the monument . 1924 tree ( edit ) President Coolidge lights the 1924 tree . The 1924 ceremony changed significantly . In April 1924 , Coolidge gave a speech to the American Forestry Association in which he criticized cutting down trees for use as Christmas decorations . Feiker believed this was the end of the Christmas tree lighting ceremony , but his wife suggested that a live tree be used instead . Feiker , accompanied by T.H. Ormesby of the Society for Electrical Development and Republican Representative Hamilton Fish II extended the invitation to light the tree to Coolidge on December 6 , which he again accepted . Will H. Hays , chairman of the Republican National Committee , was also chairman of Amawalk Nursery , and Hays arranged for a live , 30 - year - old , 35 - foot ( 11 m ) Norway spruce to be delivered to the capital . The tree arrived in the city on December 13 and was planted on December 18 on the west side of Sherman Plaza ( the patio , garden , and public square just south of the Treasury Building and its adjacent Alexander Hamilton Place ) . The tree was planted by the American Forestry Association , and decorated with 1,000 red , white , and green lights and white electric candles again provided by the Electric League of Washington . The organization donated the strings of lights to the federal government . Power was provided by the Potomac Electric Power Company via an open manhole on the plaza . The tree was now called the National Community Christmas Tree , and the Community Center Department of the District of Columbia Public Schools coordinated the choirs for the event while the United States Army Band provided music . Coolidge threw a switch at 8 : 00 P.M. to light the tree . It was the only year a switch was used ; before and since , a button has been pushed . Although he did not address the people , he and Mrs. Grace Coolidge stayed to sing Christmas carols with the large crowd of several thousand . Dr. Jason Noble Pierce , pastor of the First Congregational Church , wrote a new Christmas carol , `` Christmas Bells , '' which was dedicated to Mrs. Coolidge ( the Coolidge 's son , Calvin Coolidge , Jr. , had died on July 7 from blood poisoning ) . The 70 - voice First Congregational Church choir sang the carol for the Coolidges , accompanied by buglers and flute provided by the U.S. Army Band . 1927 to 1933 trees ( edit ) Over the next seven years , the annual National Community Christmas Tree lighting ceremony did not change in major ways . The lighting ceremony was pushed back to 6 : 00 P.M. in 1925 to better accommodate children 's bedtimes . In 1926 , a flare was fired into the air as the tree was illuminated , a tradition which occurred for several years . In 1927 , a bronze marker was placed at the base of the tree , declaring it the National Community Christmas Tree . The tree was decorated with improved lighting strings ( which only required 500 multi-colored bulbs ) as well as with 2,000 light - scattering jewels . Colored floodlights at the base of the tree also helped provide color . President Coolidge briefly addressed the crowd , beginning a tradition of a brief presidential speech during the ceremony . NBC broadcast a selection of Christmas carols from speakers placed around the tree from 9 : 00 P.M. until midnight . In 1928 , the time of the lighting ceremony was again moved to 8 : 00 P.M. That year , the Christmas lights were replaced completely by colored floodlights . An inspection of the National Community Christmas Tree in 1929 found that the tree had been severely damaged by the decoration process and the heat and weight of the lights . Amawalk nurseries again donated a living tree , this one a 35 - foot ( 11 m ) tall Norway spruce . It was planted on May 29 , 1929 . The year 1929 was special in other ways , too . It was the first time that Christmas tree decorations ( not just lights ) were placed on the tree . To prevent the tree from being damaged during decoration , scaffolding was erected around the tree ( instead of ladders placed into the branches ) , lighter strings of lights were used , lights with a lower wattage were employed , and a low fence erected around the tree so that its roots would not be trampled . Although much of the Christmas choral and music program remained unchanged ( the ceremony reverted to its 6 : 00 P.M. time again ) , the 1929 event was notable for another reason as well . That evening , as President Herbert Hoover and Mrs. Lou Henry Hoover entertained children from the local community , a fire broke out in the West Wing of the White House . While Mrs. Hoover quietly moved the children into the East Wing and safety , the President and other men rushed into the West Wing where they retrieved furniture , files , historic items , important papers , Hoover 's personal effects , and even a puppy ( being given as a gift to one of the children ) . The West Wing ( including the Oval Office ) was gutted and had to be rebuilt . The National Community Christmas Tree was again found to be so severely damaged in 1931 that it was replaced a second time . The National Park Service history of the tree concludes that although there is no documentation that the tree was removed , photographic evidence clearly shows the 35 - foot ( 11 m ) tall Norway spruce had been replaced by a 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) tall blue spruce . The National Park Service believes this tree was obtained from the Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks of the National Capitol ( an independent federal agency ) in the spring of 1931 . During the 1931 ceremony , a buzzer went off when Hoover lit the tree at 5 : 00 P.M. Because the button he pressed was not actually connected to the electricity , the buzzer alerted another official to actually light the tree . The button the president pushed would not be reconnected to actual electricity again until 1980 . Changes also occurred in 1932 . President Hoover and his family were vacationing away from the White House that year , so Vice President Charles Curtis lit the tree at 5 : 00 P.M. on December 24 . Loudspeakers connected to a phonograph were concealed in the branches of the tree , and Christmas carols were played every night from 6 : 00 P.M. to 10 : 00 P.M. until New Year 's Day . The Singing Tree was a hit with the public , and although music and choirs continued to perform each year , the tradition of the Singing Tree lasted for several more decades . In 1933 , the National Community Christmas Tree stood alone on Sherman Square . All plants but the National Christmas Tree had been removed from the area in the fall and the ground regraded as part of a widening of E Street NW . During early 1934 , the tree was cut down and replaced with double row of willow oaks . National Christmas tree during the great depression and World War II ( edit ) Program for the 1938 tree lighting ceremony , which marked the last time the National Christmas Tree ceremony was held in Lafayette Park . In 1934 , the National Christmas Tree was relocated to Lafayette Park north of the White House . The 1931 Norway spruce had again become damaged , and the National Park Service purchased two `` Koster '' blue spruce cultivars to plant on the west side of Sherman Square with the intent of using alternating between trees each year . But when it became clear later that year that the National Christmas Tree would have to be moved from Sherman Square , the agency asked the Commission of Fine Arts ( which had partial jurisdiction over planting decisions around the White House ) for permission to plant the two trees to the southeast and southwest of the statue of Andrew Jackson in Lafayette Square . The Commission of Fine Arts opposed the plan , and suggested that two fir trees be planted east and west of the statue instead . For a time , the National Park Service hoped to plant two trees ( of an undetermined species ) on the Ellipse near the White House , but in the end acceded to the Commission of Fine Art 's plan . Two 23 - foot ( 7.0 m ) high Fraser firs from North Carolina were planted to the 18 to 23 feet ( 5.5 to 7.0 m ) east and west of the Jackson statue . The trees were planted just a few weeks before the tree lighting ceremony , and the western tree was chosen to begin the alternating use of the trees because it was more visible from the first family 's living quarters . During the tree lighting ceremony , President Roosevelt drew attention to the statue of Andrew Jackson and asked the American people to be as courageous in the face of the depression as Jackson had been throughout his lifetime . The tree did not light when Roosevelt threw the switch . The tree remained unlit for about five seconds while Roosevelt worriedly looked about , but then the lights came on . In 1935 , the 24 - foot ( 7.3 m ) high eastern tree was used . During the tree lighting ceremony , President Roosevelt extemporaneously poked fun at the previous year 's lighting glitch before exhorting all Americans to come together in courage and unity as did the famous American war heroes who are honored with statues in the park : Comte de Rochambeau , the Marquis de Lafayette , General Tadeusz Kos'ciuszko , Major General Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben , and Andrew Jackson . New star - shaped Christmas tree lights were used in 1935 , but some were stolen the week after Christmas . To discourage future thefts , a temporary low octagonal fence was constructed around the 1936 tree . The method of lighting the tree also changed . The National Park Service history of the tree claims that in 1936 or 1937 , the button used since 1925 was replaced by a switchbox . The Washington Post , however , indicates that the button was still used in 1936 . The box was definitely in use by 1937 . It was constructed and donated by the Electric Institute of Washington , and was engraved with the name of every person who had lit the tree since 1923 . In 1938 , the Electric Institute of Washington donated mercury - vapor floodlights to the federal government , which were used to help illuminate the tree . The National Community Christmas Tree in Lafayette Square , circa 1936 to 1938 . In 1939 , the National Community Christmas Tree was moved back to the Ellipse . Reasons for moving the event varied . The National Park Police said it was because the Ellipse was more spacious . A 36 - foot ( 11 m ) high red cedar was dug up from along the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway in Virginia , and planted just a few days before Christmas at a site just south of the center of the Ellipse . ( The tree was replanted back at its old site after January 1 , 1940 . ) The tree was the second - highest national Christmas tree in the history of the event , and it required 700 hand - colored light bulbs , 100 hand - crafted glass stars and several mercury - vapor floodlights to decorate and illuminate . More than 8,000 people attended the 1939 ceremony . The tradition of the `` Singing Tree '' was discontinued this year , however . The tradition of using a briefly - transplanted tree occurred again in 1940 . The 1940 tree was a 34 - foot ( 10 m ) high red cedar . More than 700 hand - colored lights , 700 ornaments , and six blue - green mercury - vapor lights were used to light and decorate the tree . Once more , the tree was taken from along the Mount Vernon Memorial Parkway and replanted after January 1 . President Franklin D. Roosevelt speaks before lighting the 1941 National Christmas Tree . British Prime Minister Winston Churchill ( right ) was a surprise guest . In 1941 , however , the National Christmas Tree was relocated to just inside the south fence on the South Lawn of the White House . President Roosevelt personally made the request ( after having discussed the issue with Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt on December 24 , 1940 ) so that the ceremony could be a more `` homey '' experience . Two live , 35 - foot ( 11 m ) high Oriental spruce trees were taken from the White House grounds itself and planted 100 feet ( 30 m ) north of the south fence of the White House ( each about 25 feet ( 7.6 m ) off the north - south axis with the Jefferson Memorial ) . As with the trees in Lafayette Park , they were to be used in alternate years . After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7 , there was concern that the tree would not be lit due to security concerns . But the ceremony and musical program went ahead as planned , with the east tree serving as the year 's National Community Christmas Tree . On December 22 , British Prime Minister Winston Churchill secretly arrived in the United States about the HMS Duke of York and flew the remaining 150 miles ( 240 km ) to Washington , where he stayed with President Roosevelt in the White House for the Arcadia Conference . At 4 : 00 P.M. on December 24 , the southeast and southwest gates of the South Lawn were opened , and between 20,000 and 40,000 people entered the grounds ( searched and watched over by U.S. Army soldiers , D.C. Metropolitan Police , and agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ) . Another 2,000 to 3,000 people waited outside the fence . On the portico of the White House with Roosevelt and Churchill stood Crown Prince Olav and Crown Princess Märtha of Norway and their three children ; Roosevelt confidante Harry Hopkins ; Attorney General Francis Biddle ; Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Stanley Forman Reed ; and Associate Justice Robert H. Jackson . ( Norway had been occupied by Nazi Germany on April 9 , 1940 . ) Although warned that it was a security risk , Roosevelt and Churchill remained on the portico for the entire hour - long program . The crowd was kept at least 330 feet ( 100 m ) from the White House porch . For the first time in its history , the National Community Christmas Tree was not lit in 1942 due to the need to conserve power and observe security restrictions on outdoor lighting . For security reasons , it was not lit again until after the war concluded in 1945 . Nonetheless , President Roosevelt continued to give a national radio address on what would have been the date of the tree lighting ceremony during these three years . Ornaments for the 1942 tree were donated by local D.C. schoolchildren , and limited to the colors red , white , and blue . With the president and his family spending Christmas of 1943 at the family home of Springwood in Hyde Park , New York , and with concern that the tree ceremony might worsen the transportation overcrowding situation in the city , the decision was made to cancel the National Community Christmas Tree decoration altogether . But Eleanor Roosevelt requested that the ceremony proceed , and it did . Once more , local children contributed the tree 's ornaments ( which were again permitted to be multi-colored ) . Each ornament had a small white tag attached to it , commemorating an American soldier , sailor , or flier who had been wounded , killed , or gone missing in combat . Roosevelt was in Hyde Park again in 1944 ( although Eleanor Roosevelt remained at the White House for the annual tree ceremony ) , and once more local schoolchildren contributed the ornaments . Post-war National Christmas trees and the Pageant of Peace ( edit ) The lighting ceremony was first televised in 1946 , although the broadcast was limited and reached few homes . The two Oriental spruce trees were again found to be damaged by the decorations . Federal officials raised the suggestion that the trees be replaced with artificial trees , but this was actively opposed by the live Christmas tree industry and the idea was dropped . Television coverage expanded for the 1947 ceremony , with both NBC and the DuMont Television Network televising the event . Television coverage continued to expand in the following years . In 1948 , the tree included many more white bulbs in addition to the traditional red and green ones , so that the tree would look better on TV . It was also topped by a star - shaped tree topper consisting of eight flashing bulbs . That year , for the first time since 1938 , the `` Singing Tree '' returned . From 1948 to 1951 , President Truman spent Christmas at his home in Independence , Missouri , and lit the National Community Christmas Tree by remote control . Declining public attendance after four years of the president 's absence led organizers in January 1952 to plead for Truman 's presence at the next ceremony . Truman agreed to stay at the White House for Christmas 1952 , and personally lit the tree . Even though the Korean War was raging during Christmas 1950 , 1951 , and 1952 , crowds were still permitted on the White House grounds . The lone exception was in 1950 , when crowds were kept outside the fences due to renovations going on at the White House . Development of the Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace ( edit ) The annual lighting ceremony for the National Community Christmas Tree was growing quickly in the 1950s . In 1953 , the New York Times reported that millions of Americans were watching the ceremony on television . There were also pressures to expand the event . For roughly 15 years , the ceremony had remained largely the same . A local choir would sing some carols and a military service band would play a selection of Christmas music for a half - hour before the president emerged to speak briefly and light the tree . A member of the Boy Scouts of America and either the Girl Scouts of America or the Camp Fire Girls would greet the president on behalf of the people of the city of Washington . After the president returned to the White House , the band would play more music for a half - hour , and then the public would be cleared from the area . In 1952 , however , a group of Catholic Church sodalities asked that a nativity scene be included in the ceremony . The request was repeated in 1953 . There was also pressure to move the ceremony off the White House 's South Lawn . In 1953 , only 700 members of the public were allowed onto the White House grounds ( while another 3,500 watched from outside the fence ) due to security concerns . 1954 marked the beginning of the Pageant of Peace . The pageant was the brainchild of Edward M. Kirby , public relations counsel for the National Capitol Committee of the Washington Board of Trade . Kirby had flown into the District of Columbia in early December 1953 , and was disappointed that the city had none of the visual impact that other major metropolises did . On December 29 , 1953 , Kirby submitted a memo to the Board of Trade proposing a pageant of light , music , and art . The concept evolved into a three - week - long series of nightly performances and religious observances . The Board of Trade was also interested in the idea because of waning interest in the lighting ceremony . The pageant would , however , require that the Christmas tree be moved off the White House grounds and that the tree lighting ceremony be moved from Christmas Eve to earlier in December . President Dwight Eisenhower approved the plan on November 4 . The 1954 Pageant of Peace was held on December 17 , 1954 . The Ellipse became the site of the National Community Christmas Tree , and cut trees were used because Park Service officials felt that a living tree would interfere with the various cultural and recreational events on the Ellipse at other times of the year . The `` pageant of peace '' theme was intended to echo the words of the angels ( `` Glory to God in the highest , and on earth peace , good will toward men '' ) during the Annunciation to the shepherds as found in the Authorized King James Version of the New Testament . Most of the goods and services which made the event possible were donated : Local architect Leon Chatelain , Jr. , designed the site ; Michigan State College provided the tree ; the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and Norfolk Southern Railway gave the transportation to get the tree to D.C. ; Pepco supplied the Christmas lights and power ; Hargrove Display Decorators provided the nativity scene ; the peace symbols , plaques , and trees for the `` Pathway of Peace '' were given by 27 U.S. states and territories and 23 embassies ; and the reindeer stalls , metal fencing , stage , and wooden walkways were provided by the National Park Service . A half - hour concert by the Marine Band and the 80 - voice Justin Lawrie Choir preceded the 5 : 00 P.M. ceremony . The Pageant of Peace included a life - size nativity scene with live animals , an outdoor stage which accommodated singing groups and tableau vivant , and a `` Children 's Corner '' with live reindeer and a place for children to donate toys to less fortunate children overseas . Religious ceremonies and religious and secular entertainment both occurred nightly through January 6 . More than 6,000 people performed or participated in the pageant , and 22 22 embassies took part . The National Community Christmas Tree was a 67 - foot ( 20 m ) tall balsam fir from northern Michigan decorated in 2,100 red , blue , and gold lights and topped by a brilliant white star . South of the tree , a `` Pathway of Peace '' extended in a straight line from E Street NW to the middle of the Ellipse and the National Community Christmas Tree . Smaller Christmas trees decorated by U.S. states , U.S. territories , and foreign embassies stood on either side of the pathway . These smaller trees were adorned with multi-colored lights and various kind of ornaments , and wooden boardwalks were used to guide visitors along the path and to the various parts of the pageant ( which took up much of the Ellipse ) . Man - made snow covered the grounds , courtesy of the American Ice Co . President Eisenhower lit the tree in front of 7,500 people at 5 : 25 P.M. Six Boy Scouts and Cub Scouts from around the world ( flown in with funds provided by UNICEF ) joined the president on the dais . Movie actor Robert Montgomery , who served as Eisenhower 's advisor on the president 's television appearances , was also present . The ceremony was carried by all the major radio and television networks . The total cost of the event was set at $30,000 ( about $253,000 in 2011 inflation - adjusted dollars ) , most of which was provided by payment in kind ( although the Board of Trade contributed $7,500 in cash ) . The 1954 Pageant of Peace was a huge success . More than 6,000 people performed during the pageant . Up to 20,000 people a day visited the event . Between 300,000 and 500,000 people visited the Ellipse to see the exhibits and performances ( with bumper - to - bumper traffic on nearby streets as people drove by to see the trees ) , and the pageant proved so popular that it was extended for two days . National Christmas trees from 1955 to 1972 ( edit ) Red lights adorn the state trees surrounding the National Christmas tree in 1965 . Smaller live trees representing the 50 states , five territories , and the District of Columbia , formed a `` Pathway of Peace . '' A formal organization , Pageant of Peace , Inc. , was formed in 1955 to take over the event from the loose confederation of business , religious , and civic groups which had organized the 1954 pageant . Spurring the legal incorporation of the group was the projected cost of the 1955 event , which was estimated to be between $35,000 and $50,000 . The group was incorporated on September 30 , 1955 , with the Board of Trade providing the seed money for the new nonprofit organization . President Eisenhower had suffered a serious heart attack on September 24 , 1955 , and was recuperating at his farm near Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , so the 1955 tree was lit remotely once more . 1955 was also the first year that decorating company Hargrove Inc. of Cheverly , Maryland , began decorating the National Christmas Tree . Ten minutes after the tree was lit , the star and many lights near the top of the tree went out . Earl Hargrove quickly ascended a ladder and discovered why : A string of lights had come unplugged . The problem was immediately rectified . More than 50 embassies took part in the Pathway of Peace . Attendance at the now two - week event soared to 540,000 . A record 51 embassies participated in the 1956 Pageant of Peace , which included a 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) high Christmas tree jointly donated by 11 Arab nations . In 1957 , the Pageant of Peace culminated in a night of folk dancing at Lisner Auditorium on the campus of George Washington University . Foreign embassies were not invited to participate in the 1958 Pathway to Peace , after festival organizers came to believe that they were imposing on the legations . But the embassies were invited to participate again in 1959 , and did so . 1959 also saw festival organizers dye the grass green for the first time . When President Eisenhower lit the tree on December 23 , a `` Singing Christmas Tree '' ( a choir on an inclined grandstand holding candles , forming the triangular shape of a Christmas tree ) formed a backdrop behind him . President John F. Kennedy did not light the tree in December 1961 , because his father , Joseph P. Kennedy , Sr. , had suffered a major stroke , so Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson lit the tree . An electronic console nearby picked up musical sounds from performers on the stage , and altered the color and brightness of the tree 's 3,000 multicolored lights . The tree lighting occurred three days earlier than usual because President Kennedy had been scheduled to leave for Bermuda to meet with British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan . The Washington Post reported that embassies did not provide trees or symbols for the Pathway of Peace , instead participating in a music festival at Lisner Auditorium on December 26 . Just 16 U.S. states provide trees for the Pathway of Peace . President Kennedy did light the 1962 tree ( on December 17 ) , although the changing lights used in 1961 were not used again . The number of Christmas trees on the Pathway of Peace now numbered 52 , including all 50 states , Guam , and Puerto Rico . The 1963 tree lighting ceremony was scheduled for December 18 . But President Kennedy was assassinated on November 22 . President Johnson declared an official 30 - day period of national mourning , which delayed lighting of the National Christmas Tree until December 22 . After a one - hour candle - lighting ceremony at the Lincoln Memorial , President Johnson traveled to the Ellipse and lit the tree . That year , the General Electric company began donating the lights for the tree , changing the lighting set every year . In addition to the life - size nativity scene , Yule log , stage , and live reindeer , the International Paper Company donated 80 cut , small Christmas trees which were decorated with white lights and erected in the shape of a `` Cross of Peace '' on the Ellipse . Although green dye had been used since 1959 to make the grass look green , no dye was used in 1963 due to the unusual snow which covered the grounds . Small changes in the tree lighting scheme and pageant occurred throughout the 1960s . Instead of multi-colored lights , in 1964 the tree was lit with 5,000 red bulbs . It was decorated with 500 large gold ornaments , and instead of a star was topped with a white cross . But when British Prime Minister Harold MacMillan visited the United States in 1965 and witnessed the tree lighting ceremony , the tree once more featured multi-colored ( blue , green , and white ) lights . The 53 trees on the Pathway of Peace that year were lit with red and white bulbs . This was also the first year that the American Mining Congress , a coalition of coal industry mining companies , began providing the trees of the Pathway of Peace . In 1966 , the 53 Christmas trees of the Pathway of Peace were alternatively lit in all green or all blue lights , and were arranged in an arc around the National Christmas Tree rather than lining the path to it . The following year , the National Christmas Tree was lit with blue lights and encircled with strings of red and white lights , and decorated with gold balls . The tree - topper that year was not a star but a 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) tall gold spire with a base of golden stars . The trees on the Pathway to Peace , however , returned to multi-colored lights . For the first time in the history of the tree lighting ceremony , a non-American choir ( the Festival Singers of Toronto ) performed at the opening event . The National Christmas Tree used a blue , white , and yellow lighting scheme in 1968 . When President Johnson lit the National Christmas Tree , this caused another Christmas tree to be lit remotely by radio control in the newly electrified village of Nulato , Alaska ( one of 59 rural Eskimo villages to receive electricity for the first time that year ) . In 1969 , the number of trees on the Pathway to Peace expanded to 57 , to include all American unincorporated territories and the District of Columbia . The National Christmas Tree that year was decorated in bands of red and white lights , and was at the top of a huge capital letter `` V '' formed by the Pathway 's 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) tall Red Pine trees from eastern Ohio . The 1969 ceremony was interrupted by about 200 individuals protesting the Vietnam War , who repeatedly heckled the president during his short speech and who temporarily planted an 8 - foot ( 2.4 m ) tall `` peace tree '' a few yards from the National Christmas Tree . Eight adults and a youth were arrested during the event for disorderly conduct . The 1970 National Christmas Tree suffered several near - disasters . The 78 - foot ( 24 m ) tall blue spruce from South Dakota 's Black Hills was carried to Washington , D.C. , on a train . The train derailed twice on its way to the city . The weekend before the tree lighting ceremony , the tree blew over in high winds and several cut branches had to be attached to the tree to replace damaged ones . A few days after the tree was lit , lightbulbs on the lower half of the tree began exploding after a fireproofing liquid applied to the sockets began causing shorts in the strings of lights . No anti-war protests occurred during the tree lighting ceremony in 1970 , however . Women Strike for Peace temporarily won a court order permitting them to set up an anti-Vietnam War display of 11 lighted styrofoam tombstones listing the number of American war dead near the pageant , but this ruling was overturned by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit two days later on December 18 . ( The anti-war display was set up on the Washington Monument grounds instead . ) The 1970 tree was lit by President Richard Nixon and Andre Proctor , a local District of Columbia child whom President Nixon picked out of the crowd at the last moment to assist him with the tree - lighting . The 1970 Pageant of Peace also included a tree dedicated to prisoners of war and soldiers missing in action . Vice President Spiro Agnew lit the 1971 National Christmas Tree . Protesters briefly interrupted the beginning of Agnew 's speech , chanting for peace , before Agnew and seven - year - old Gary Morris ( a child in the institutional care of the city ) lit the tree . On December 15 , Women Strike for Peace was granted permission by Judge Joseph Cornelius Waddy of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia to place an anti-war display next to the National Christmas Tree , but they did not have time to erect a display before the lighting ceremony . The tree - topper that year resembled a white snowflake , while the tree itself was decorated with red and white bulbs in clusters amid a wider blanket of gold lights . There were 56 trees in Pageant of Peace , plus an extra tree for POW / MIAs . Vice President Agnew again lit the tree in 1972 . Assisting the Vice President was Eric Watt , 10 - year - old son of future Secretary of the Interior James G. Watt . More than 9,000 green bulbs , 1,000 clear bulbs , and 250 5 - inch ( 13 cm ) globe bulbs were used to decorate the tree . The U.S. Army supplied floodlights which also helped to illuminate the tree , which was kept lit 24 hours a day . There were 57 trees representing the 50 U.S. states and territories at the Pageant of Peace , with another 75 evergreen trees for decoration . The trees were again placed in the shape of a giant `` V '' rather than two parallel rows . The American Mining Congress declined to supply the smaller trees in 1972 , so the state of Pennsylvania agreed to do so . Former President Harry S. Truman died on December 26 , 1972 . All performances at the Pageant of Peace were cancelled on December 28 ( the national day of mourning for Truman ) , although the tree remained lit for security reasons . Although there were no protests at the tree lighting ceremony , anti-war protests were held at the Pageant of Peace on December 25 and December 30 . National Christmas tree : living trees since 1973 ( edit ) The first living trees : 1973 to 1977 ( edit ) Having used cut trees from around the country since 1954 , the Christmas Pageant of Peace reintroduced a living tree in 1973 . A spontaneous , grass - roots letter writing campaign by American citizens began pressing in 1965 for a live tree . The letter - writing campaign intensified in 1969 . Prodded by environmentalists , a much larger letter - writing campaign ( `` more letters and phone calls of protest than in the previous 10 years '' a Park Service spokesperson said ) occurred in the two months prior to the 1972 tree lighting ceremony , which prompted the National Park Service to bow to public pressure and plant a live tree . A 42 - foot Colorado blue spruce from the Sunset Lake Nursery near Shickshinny , Pennsylvania , was donated by the National Arborist Association and planted in the Ellipse close to the Zero Milestone ( just east of the central north - south axis of the White House ) . The tree arrived in the city via flatbed truck and was planted on October 11 , 1973 . The tree was badly damaged just before it was planted when it fell off the flatbed truck carrying it , an accident which had significant effects on the tree 's lifespan . North of the tree , a bronze plaque was installed that read `` National Christmas Tree , Transplanted October 11 , 1973 , Christmas Pageant of Peace Committee . '' Initially , the General Electric company , which had been donating the lighting for the tree for years , developed a `` cool lighting '' system to help protect the tree from the heat damage caused by standard Christmas tree lights . But this scheme was subsequently abandoned due to the need to conserve energy because of the 1973 oil crisis . Instead , eight colored floodlights at the base of the tree were used to illuminate the National Christmas Tree 's decorations and its 36 - inch ( 91 cm ) high gold snowflake tree - topper ( although the snowflake itself was lit from within ) . The spotlights did not illuminate the tree directly for fear of causing heat damage ; instead , the light was reflected on the tree . To further conserve energy , the National Christmas Tree was lit not 24 hours a day but only from 5 P.M. to 10 P.M. Public pressure on the Park Service and the energy crisis also led to changes in the 1973 Pageant of Peace . The Park Service used no cut trees for the Pageant of Peace . Instead , it obtained 57 live trees and planted them on the Ellipse . After the Pageant of Peace ended , the living trees were replanted in D.C. area parks or donated to the states they were intended to represent . These trees were decorated , but had no Christmas lights due to the energy crisis . Only footlights illuminated the Pageant 's trees , primarily for safety reasons . Upset by a court ruling that held that the Christian nativity scene could not be included in the Pageant of Peace , local resident Vaughn Barkdoll and a few friends formed the Christian Heritage Association and won a permit to display a nativity scene just beyond the service road encircling the Ellipse . The Barkdoll display included four sheep , a donkey , and a Holstein calf . An American Legion post from Hyattsville , Maryland , erected a similar but smaller display on the opposite side of the Ellipse . Energy conserving lights were used on the National Christmas Tree in 1974 , however . More than 2,000 tiny amber and white lights ( which used just a third of the wattage of pre-1973 strings of lights ) , as well as braided gold - colored rope and large gold ornaments , were used . The Pageant of Peace continued to feature just 57 trees , but there was competition over the nativity scene ( which was no longer part of the festival ) . Barkdoll 's Christian Heritage Association provided a creche with 2 - foot ( 0.61 m ) high plaster figures and no live animals . The Hyattsville American Legion provided a display with life - size papier - mâché figures and live animals including some sheep , a calf , and a burro . A third display was provided by the Christian Service Corps ( a nondenominational Christian organization whose members mixed public service with missionary work ) . The Christian Service Corps display included live actors in period costumes , a musical soundtrack , three camels , a cow , a donkey , and 15 sheep . In 1975 , the National Christmas Tree had a Bicentennial theme . The tree was decorated with 4,600 red , white , and blue lights ; red , white , and blue ornaments , and silver garland ; and topped by a 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) high gold and green Liberty Bell . The low - watt Christmas tree lights were specially designed by General Electric . In a circle around the National Christmas Tree were 13 tall evergreen trees , symbolizing the Thirteen Colonies . An additional 47 smaller trees formed the Pathway to Peace , representing the rest of the states , U.S. territories , POW / MIAs , and senior citizens . The 12,000 total light bulbs and 2 - mile ( 3.2 km ) of electrical cord used 40 percent less wattage than the year before . Once more , three different organizations provided three different nativity scenes away from the pageant . With the Bicentennial year ending , the 1976 National Christmas Tree was decorated with 2,500 red lamps ( rather than strings of tree lights ) , which represented the theme `` Youth . '' That year 's Pageant of Peace was also truncated , presenting live entertainment only through December 23 . However , there were now 60 trees in the Pathway to Peace . By December 1976 , it was clear that the National Christmas Tree planted just three years earlier was dying . The appearance of the tree had deteriorated significantly , with many of the lower branches dead or damaged and many parts of the tree showing large areas of dead needles . Government horticulturalists said the tree had suffered root damage and had not thrived in the hot , damp climate of Washington , D.C. David Rhoads , a citizen from Silver Spring , Maryland , donated his 25 - foot ( 7.6 m ) tall blue spruce to the National Park Service , chopped off its branches and wired many of them to the lower part of the existing tree to cover up the damage . The tree 's plight was so obvious that the public made 112 offers for a new living tree to the government by early December . The 1974 tree was removed and used for the Yule log in 1977 . An anonymous resident of Potomac , Maryland donated a 34 - foot ( 10 m ) tall blue spruce as the new National Christmas tree . The new tree was planted on the Ellipse on November 3 , 1977 . President Jimmy Carter , assisted by his daughter , Amy , lit the tree during a ceremony on December 15 , 1977 . The tree was decorated with 2,000 five - watt green lamps ( not bulbs ) symbolizing `` Hope , '' as well as 500 `` twinkle lamps '' and white ornaments . Due to the ongoing energy crisis , the tree was only lit from dusk to midnight from December 15 to December 26 , and from dusk to 10 P.M. from December 27 to January 2 . This achieved a further 74 percent reduction in energy use . A petting zoo was added to the Pagaent of Peace for the first time . The 1977 living tree did not last , however . January 1978 brought several severe rain and snow storms to the Washington , D.C. , region , along with heavy winds , heavy precipitation , and extremes in temperatures . On January 26 , 62 mph ( 100 km / h ; 54 kn ) winds whipped through the nation 's capitol ( and a tornado damaged homes in nearby Quantico , Virginia ) . Park Service officials feared the National Christmas Tree would be toppled , and attached guy - wires to the tree to keep it upright . But despite the additional bracing , the tree was nearly uprooted in mid-afternoon and leaned at a 45 degree angle for several hours until workers were able to get it upright again . A National Park Service spokesperson said that the agency feared the tree had suffered extensive root damage , and would not survive . The third living tree : 1978 to 2010 ( edit ) The Washington Monument glows behind the yet - to - be-lit 1979 U.S. National Christmas Tree . The National Park Service undertook a lengthy study to find a species of tree that could thrive in the climate and soil conditions of the capital and better withstand the annual decoration process . Agency officials traveled more than 2,000 miles ( 3,200 km ) to find a tree that met their specifications . A 30 - foot ( 9.1 m ) tall blue spruce , located at the home of Mr. and Mrs. William E. Myers of York , Pennsylvania , was chosen as the new National Christmas Tree planted in the Ellipse in 1978 . ( The Myers offered to donate the tree , but were paid $1,500 for it . ) A second tree , an 18 - foot ( 5.5 m ) tall blue spruce purchased from a nursery in New Jersey , was planted in a corner of the Ellipse in early summer 1978 for use as a spare in case the new transplanted tree did not survive . New , stronger cables were used to help brace the tree against high winds . The bronze plaque at the base of the tree was altered slightly to reflect the new date of the tree 's transplanting ( October 11 , 1978 ) . The tree was topped off by First Daughter Amy Carter on December 5 , 1978 , a ceremony which began a new tradition of having a member of the President or Vice President 's family top off the tree ( a tradition observed every year since except in 1980 ) . President Carter , assisted by his wife Rosalynn and daughter Amy , lit the newly transplanted National Christmas Tree on December 15 , 1978 . The tree was illuminated by 1,600 low - watt gold lamps , floodlit with gold spotlights , and decorated with gold garland and 50 large red ornaments . Once more , each state and territory was represented by a tree on the Pathway of Peace , and the petting zoo and live reindeer both returned to the Pageant of Peace . Additionally , there was a small tree representing senior citizens , as well as a new `` community tree . '' In 1979 , the National Christmas Tree was only partially lit . When President Jimmy Carter sent his daughter Amy to light the tree on December 13 , the switch lit only the star atop the National Christmas Tree , while the state trees on the Pathway of Peace were illuminated only by tiny blue lights . Carter told the surprised crowd that the National Christmas Tree would remain dark until the American hostages in Iran were set free . The theme of the tree was `` Hope and Light '' , which celebrated the 100th anniversary of Thomas Edison 's invention of the practical incandescent light . The tree itself was trimmed with silver balls and white garland , and a complex , changing lighting scheme ( also in white ) designed . There were only 50 smaller trees that year ( one for each of the hostages ) , and a single tree separate from the Pathway of Peace representing prisoners of war . Only nine days of musical performances were planned . President Carter helps light the first National Menorah in 1979 . 1979 also marked the first appearance of the National Menorah commemorating Hanukkah . The 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) high steel menorah ( painted gold ) was the brainchild of Rabbi Abraham Shemtov , leader of the Chabad - Lubavitch movement . President Carter assisted Rabbi Shemtov in lighting the menorah , which was placed in Lafayette Square . By 1987 , the National Menorah had been moved to The Ellipse . A new aluminum menorah replaced the steel one in 1998 . The National Christmas Tree again remained largely unlit in 1980 . President Carter 's five - year - old grandson , Jason , switched on the tree . The tree had been completely decorated with large balls and lights , but at a meeting in early December 1980 the families of the American hostages asked that the tree remain unlit . The lights on the tree shone for 417 seconds , one second for every day that the hostages had been captive . The lights were then turned off , leaving only the star atop the tree shining . When the hostages were released on January 20 , 1981 , the tree was redecorated . It was relit for the returning hostages on January 27 . 1980 was also the first year that the Pageant of Peace organizers were required by the National Park Service to hold an open meeting to solicit input from the public . Once again , a separate small tree honored of American prisoners of war . Due to security concerns about an assassination attempts , President Ronald Reagan lit the National Christmas Tree via remote control from the East Room of the White House in 1981 , 1982 , and 1983 . Supporters of the Equal Rights Amendment and increased aid for the poor protested at the event . The lights on the 1981 tree suffered from faulty wiring , and could not be lit on the final night of the event ( January 1 , 1982 ) . 1981 also marked the beginning of a number of changes to the Pageant of Peace . The petting zoo was canceled due to cost concerns , but for the first time each state or territory donated the ornaments to be used on their tree lining the Pathway of Peace . A request to honor Vietnam War veterans during the ceremony was turned down to keep the focus on Christmas . A new contractor , Westport Marketing Group , was also hired to manage the tree lighting ceremony . Westport changed the ceremony so that fewer guests sat on stage . This made room for more performers . Westport also suggested that more national celebrities be invited to perform as well to turn the event into a national ( rather than local ) event and boost the appeal to a national audience . Westport suggested even more radical reductions in the number of guests and field seating as well as elimination of the Yule log in 1982 . There was also discussion of moving the entire event into the White House , but these suggestions were not acted on . In 1984 , First Lady Nancy Reagan lit the National Christmas Tree from the stage on The Ellipse . Westport Marketing Group proposed selling a National Christmas Tree ornament to raise money for the pageant , but the idea was discarded because it illegally commercialized a national civic event . President Reagan resumed his involvement with the tree lighting ceremony in 1985 , when he and Nancy Reagan jointly lit the tree via remote control while standing on the South Portico of the White House . A large video screen depicted the Reagans for the crowd . As the Pageant of Peace opened , the Community for Creative Non-Violence ( CCNV ; an advocacy organization for the homeless led by Mitch Snyder ) sued to have a life - size statue of three homeless people huddled over a steam grate included in the event . On December 11 , a federal district judge ruled against the organization . A federal appellate court upheld the decision . The group then applied for a regular protest permit , which it received . The statue of the homeless family was erected on Christmas Eve just outside the fence from the official pageant . Another change did occur , however . For the first time since 1954 , there were no reindeer present at the Pageant of Peace . Officials said the cost of transporting the animals to and from Maine was too prohibitive . `` Reindeer '' ( actually fallow deer from Virginia ) returned to the pageant the following year . President Reagan lit the tree from inside the White House in 1986 , 1987 , and 1988 . The 1987 tree lighting ceremony was held on December 7 ( almost a week early ) due to the arrival of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev for a summit meeting to be held December 8 . American Marketing ( the former Westport Marking ) again proposed the sale of a tree ornament and was again turned down . Opposition to the nativity scene and menorah were again expressed , and CCNV again tried to get its statue of homeless people into the pageant ( and was unsuccessful ) . Michelle Obama reads `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' at the National Christmas Tree lighting ceremony on the Ellipse in Washington , D.C. , on December 9 , 2010 . President George H.W. Bush resumed the tradition of lighting the National Christmas Tree from a platform on The Ellipse in 1989 . In 1991 , President Bush presided over the tree - lighting ceremony with five Americans who had recently been released by their kidnappers in Lebanon : journalist Terry A. Anderson , university employee Joseph Cicippio , professor Alann Steen , professor Thomas Sutherland , and professor Jesse Turner . Also in attendance was Secretary - General of the United Nations Javier Pérez de Cuéllar , who had helped negotiate the release of the hostages . Anderson attempted to light the tree twice , but failed . Bush tried to the light the tree , and after several seconds the lights finally came on . In 1992 , the National Park Service permitted the first National Christmas Tree ornament to be produced . The designer was Peggy Henkel , president of Georgetown Marketing Company ( formerly American Marketing ) , and to avoid rules against commercialization the ornament was distributed without charge . 1992 was also the year that the National Christmas Tree and Pageant of Peace was featured on the official White House House Christmas card . The card was created by artist Kamil Kubik and printed by Hallmark Cards . Several changes were made to the National Christmas Tree and the Pageant of Peace in 1993 and 1994 . Although organizers considered moving the pageant to the Washington Monument or onto the National Mall , no change in location was actually made . In 1994 , a G scale model railway was placed around the base of the tree . A study by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory showed that solar lighting could be used to help illuminate the tree during the daytime , and the lights ( donated by the United States Department of Energy ) were used . 1994 also saw the first commercial sales of official National Christmas Tree items . The National Park Service approved the sales after organizers said proceeds would be used to fund the Pageant of Peace . Two items were sold : a National Christmas Tree ornament , and a limited edition Christmas card bearing an image of the tree . But few other changes were made during the latter half of the 1990s . In 1995 , the National Christmas Tree was lit by solar power for the first time at night , using energy stored during the day . The United States federal government shutdown of 1995 and 1996 forced the cancellation of the Pageant of Peace beginning December 16 , although the National Park Service had enough funds to keep the tree lit through January 1 , 1996 . The park service also decided to discontinue the display of live deer during the pageant . In 1996 , the Office of Surface Mining declined to donate trees for the Pageant of Peace ( as it had done for many years ) . This forced the pageant organizers to purchase cut trees . Pageant organizers also sold 1,950 limited - edition prints and 250 artist 's proofs by local artist G. Harvey to raise money for the pageant . Finally , the President 's Park unit of the National Park Service began administering the music portion of the pageant . The National Christmas Tree Growers Association provided cut trees for the Pageant of Peace in 1997 , and another limited edition print was sold to raise money for the event . But in 1998 , tree grower Ron Hudler of North Carolina agreed to begin donating cut trees for the festival . Polk Aristo - Craft began providing the model train , and for the first time refreshments were sold . To celebrate the millennium on December 31 , 1999 , the National Christmas Tree 's lights turned white at midnight . The following year , Polk Aristo - Craft expanded the model train display and a new wrought iron fence was erected around the tree ( replacing an older chain - link fence ) . In the wake of the September 11 attacks , the United States Secret Service announced on November 16 that only those individuals with tickets would be permitted onto The Elllipse for the December 6 tree lighting . The restrictions were lifted just 10 days later . Access to The Ellipse was closed except for two points ( at 17th and E Streets NW and at 17th Street NW and Constitution Avenue NW ) . 15th Street NW was temporarily closed for the event , while traffic moved only in a north - bound direction on 17th Street NW . ( The street closings during the ceremony continued to occur through the 2011 ceremony . ) The original gold , green , and red lighting scheme was changed after September 11 to a patriotic red , white , and blue with red garland . The model train was provided again by Aristo - Craft , with financial , set - up , and other assistance from the National Capital Trackers ( a model train enthusiasts group ) . Clowns , a magician , and a juggler were added to help lighten the crowd 's mood . Major changes to the lighting display and ornaments were made after 2001 . In 2002 , the National Christmas Tree sported a gold , green , and red design ( again ) with gold garland and wreath - shaped ornaments . For the first time , light - emitting diodes ( LEDs ) were used as part of the lighting scheme . Two strands of red LED lights were entwined with the garland . The incandescent tree lights changed from gold to green and back again continuously . The garland and lighted ornaments remained lit without a color change . The tree consumed enough power nightly to light two homes . The following year , the 80th anniversary of the tree - lighting ceremony , a nostalgic and simplified lighting design featuring 13,000 incandescent blue , gold , green , and red lights with lighted candle and snowflake ornaments was used . In 2004 , holographic suncatchers were first used as ornaments on the tree , to help make it sparkle during daylight hours . A blue , gold , green , and red lighting scheme ( composed of 15,000 incandescent bulbs ) was used again , but de-emphasized the green in order to evoke a patriotic theme . One - hundred and thirty star - shaped ornaments also adorned the tree . A three - dimensional star made of Lexan topped the tree . The 2005 lighting design used 25,000 clear white incandescent lights . There were 105 large snowflake ornaments ( each lit from within by 25 clear incandescent lights ) with holographic blue vinyl accents , and a three - dimensional snowflake tree topper . Suncatchers were used also again . There were 105 snowflake - shaped suncatchers on the tree . A traditional lighting design returned in 2006 . The tree featured 25,000 blue , green , orange purple , and red incandescent lights . Its 125 18 - inch ( 46 cm ) wide round ornaments with concave fronts . The glass fronts were reverse painted , while the concave area was covered in a gold holographic material that made the ornament appear to sparkle when lit . The tree topper was a star in three dimensions , with a holographic vinyl plate between the two to enhance its sparkle . In 2007 , LEDs replaced the incandescent lights on the National Christmas Tree . The tree 's 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) of red garland also used LEDs . The 2006 star - shaped tree - topper was reused , although it was reworked to use LEDs as well . According to the National Park Service officials , the tree was 100 times more energy efficient than in 2006 -- although the lighting designer from General Electric said it was just 60 percent more energy efficient . The ornaments were 125 red bows 26 inches ( 66 cm ) high and 20 inches ( 51 cm ) wide . SABIC Innovative Plastics donated the Lexan used to make the ornaments . That same year , the tree lighting ceremony was officially named the Lighting of the National Christmas Tree . The Pageant of Peace was also officially renamed as `` The National Christmas Tree and Pathway of Peace . '' LEDs replaced incandescent lights on the state trees along the Pathway of Peace , the lighted garland was omitted , and smaller illuminated ornaments were used in 2008 , achieving an additional 50 percent savings in electricity . However , traditional bulbs were still used in the ornaments . A Santa 's workshop was added to the pageant in 2008 as well . The lighting ceremony was dedicated to the memory of Ron Hudler . The three - dimensional star tree topper first created in 2006 continued to top the National Christmas Tree in 2011 . Recent replacement living trees : 2011 to present ( edit ) The replacement National Christmas Tree on November 2 , 2012 , six days after it was planted . On Saturday , February 19 , 2011 , the National Christmas tree was felled after its trunk snapped in a windstorm which contained gusts of up to 50 mph ( 80 km / h ; 43 kn ) . National Park Service spokesman Bill Line noted the tree was at risk since it stood alone exposed to the elements and lacked the protection of other trees . Knowing the tree was at risk and would eventually need to be replaced , a successor tree had already been selected . The new tree was planted on March 19 , 2011 . The new tree was a 26.5 - foot ( 8.1 m ) tall Colorado blue spruce which was obtained from an unnamed tree nursery in New Jersey . On May 5 , 2012 , the blue spruce was declared dead by the National Park Service due to `` transplant shock '' . The agency said the exceptionally warm summer of 2011 and the winter of 2011 - 2012 also played a role . The dead tree was cut down . The NPS said it had already identified a Colorado spruce as a replacement . On Saturday , October 27 , 2012 , a 28 - foot ( 8.5 m ) Colorado blue spruce from Virginia was planted as the new National Christmas Tree . The Park Service decided to plant the tree even though Hurricane Sandy would pass near the D.C. area in less than 48 hours . Park Service horticulturists felt the tree was safer in the ground than in the container in which it was shipped . Wires were attached to the tree to help stabilize it , and a special base ( hidden by mulch and soil ) surrounded the roots to help prevent flooding . For the first time in 50 years , the National Park Service did not have a Yule log during the 2012 Pageant of Peace . The performance stage was made much smaller and shifted from the east side of the display area to the south ( so that the National Christmas Tree provided a backdrop for performances ) . Park Service personnel say that this interfered with the Yule log pit . The model railroad , nativity scene , Santa 's Workshop , and state trees and Pathway of Peace remained in 2012 . The Yule log pit remains , but is covered over by steel plates and 14 inches ( 36 cm ) of soil and sod . The lighting scheme for the National Christmas Tree was altered in 2013 . General Electric provided the lights , as it had since 1962 , and for the fourth year in a row LED lights were used . New round `` sugar plum lights '' in bright blue , green , and red colors were added in 2013 to enhance the tree 's nighttime appearance . A garland of twinkling white 7 - inch ( 18 cm ) spherical ornaments were also added . The ornaments were lit during the day as well to improve the tree 's daytime visual interest . The star - shaped tree topper was rebuilt for 2013 as well using a commercial lighting system to provide for brighter illumination . The lighting scheme used 60,000 LED lights strung in 110 nets and 225 strings , and 265 spherical ornaments . The lighting scheme weighed several hundred pounds , and used 5700 watts of energy . CNN said in 2013 that the National Christmas Tree was the sixth most beautiful Christmas tree in the world . The cable new channel listed 12 trees , and put the National Christmas Tree behind the tree erected in Cathedral Square , Vilnius , Lithuania ; the Lego Christmas tree at Legoland Malaysia ; the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree at Rockefeller Center in New York City ; the tree at the Galeries Lafayette department store in Paris , France ; and the `` Floating Christmas tree '' erected by oil company Bradesco Seguros in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil . The 2015 Christmas Tree was covered in amber and white lights that occasionally twinkled . The state and territory trees had the same color lights and were decorated with ornaments made from the state or territory they represented . Locations of the National Christmas tree ( edit ) The National Christmas Tree is a living evergreen tree planted in the Ellipse in the President 's Park , close to the Zero Milestone but just east of the central north - south axis . In early 1974 , a low stone wall was constructed around the National Christmas Tree to provide partial protection for its roots , and currently serves as the limit of the planting bed below the tree . In 2001 , a cast iron fence was built around the tree about 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) from the low stone wall to protect the soil from compaction by the thousands of people who visit the tree annually . A temporary gravel road is constructed in the northeast quadrant of the Ellipse each year to give workers access to the tree for decoration . A wooden snow fence is installed near the tree and around the Pageant of Peace area each year as well to protect the lawn during periods of high foot traffic . According to the National Park Service , since the National Christmas Tree and its associated ceremonies go back to a historic period in the nation 's history , this cultural event has not only become historically important itself but has helped to protect the historic integrity of the Ellipse . The agency says that the tree has become `` a defining feature of President 's Park South '' . Visitors also have a decent view of the front of the White House illuminated with its own Christmas decorations . A `` backup National Christmas Tree '' is occasionally mentioned by many sources . This tree is located southwest of Ellipse Road , where the path from the 17th Street NW and Constitution Avenue NW meets the Ellipse sidewalk . This tree was planted by the National Park Service as a replacement for the National Christmas Tree . However , this tree is not historic , did not grow well , and by 2010 was not considered as a backup for the National Christmas Tree any longer . When cut trees were used , backup trees were also identified . In 1971 , the National Park Service revealed that it required four trees to be selected as `` the '' National Christmas Tree . One would be the actual tree used ; two would be replacement trees in case some accident befell the primary tree ; and the fourth tree was cut up and its branches used to fill out bare spots in the primary tree . Sources of National Christmas trees ( edit ) Main article : List of sources of the National Christmas Tree ( United States ) Cut evergreen trees were used in 1923 , and from 1954 to 1972 . Living trees were used from 1924 to 1953 , and again from 1973 to the present ( 2012 ) . The species , height , and sources of these trees has varied widely over time . Organizing and decorating the National Christmas tree ( edit ) The model railroad train is ready to be unpacked and set up at the base of the 2012 U.S. National Christmas Tree . An undecorated `` state tree '' is to the right . Creating the design of the National Christmas Tree and organizing the Pageant of Peace is a year - long process . In 1999 , the Washington Post reported that General Electric ( GE ) lighting designers begin sketching plans for the lighting scheme in March . In 2004 , they began their design efforts in February . GE changes the design every year . The lights are manufactured at a GE plant in Cleveland , Ohio , and are tested on a tree at GE 's headquarters in Fairfield , Connecticut , in mid-October to ensure that the design looks right and nothing is technically wrong with it . Contractors begin soliciting ornaments for the trees along the Pathway of Peace about the same time , usually around a theme . Other vendors begin contacting nationally known singers , performers , and the providers of children 's characters ( such as Warner Bros. Animation , Sesame Workshop , or The Walt Disney Company ) for their availability . Various contractors build the decorations , depending on what is required . In 2000 , Brilliant Electric Sign Co. of Cleveland , Ohio , spent four weeks building the 200 ornaments required for that year 's display . Many of the decorations in 2000 and 2002 were manufactured with the same high - tech plastic used to make the faceplates of astronaut helmets . During the summer , National Park Service workers apply a pesticide to the tree to kill red spider mites ( which can kill evergreen trees ) . The tree is also checked so that rodents do not take up residence in its roots or branches . The tree is pruned yearly , and fertilized every three years . The 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) high Fraser Firs for the Pathway of Peace are cut in early November . Hargrove Inc. , a company which provides trade show and custom exhibits , begins decorating all the trees with the lights and decorations about 10 days before the tree lighting ceremony is set to occur . ( As of 2001 , Hargrove had decorated the tree every year since 1954 . ) The lights and decorations do not actually hang from the National Christmas Tree itself . Rather , they hang from guy - wires which run up the sides of the tree . In 2008 , it took 15 people to decorate the tree . The National Christmas Tree can be covered with fewer or greater lights , depending on the lighting scheme . In 1999 , 5,000 feet ( 1,500 m ) of lights containing 75,000 bulbs were used . In 2000 , however , 125,000 lights ( using 75,000 watts per day ) were used . There were 200,000 bulbs in 2002 , but just 13,000 in 2003 ( the year a more traditional lighting scheme was used ) . In 2008 , after the switch to LED lights , the National Christmas Tree was illuminated by more than 45,000 lights on 900 50 - light strings . About 34,000 LED lights were used on the branches , with the remainder used to light ornaments and the tree topper . Improvements in LED technology meant that 100 fewer strings were used than in 2007 ( the first year LED lighting was used ) . By 2010 , although the number of LED lights had increased to 81,104 , the number of strings had been reduced to 750 . The National Christmas Tree and Pathway of Peace trees consumed 7,000 watts over four weeks in 2010 , at a cost of about $180 per day . ( The National Christmas Tree alone consumed 2,000 watts per day in 2011 . ) The lighting scheme used 60,000 LED lights and 265 spherical ornaments in 2013 , while consuming just 5700 watts of energy . It took 173 feet ( 53 m ) of incandescent lights ( containing 225 small bulbs ) and about 50 ornaments to decorate each state tree in 1999 . By 2008 , after the switch to LED lights , it took six to seven strings of clear LEDs lights to decorate each state tree . To provide electricity to the National Christmas Tree and all the trees in the Pathway of Peace , up to 6 miles ( 9.7 km ) of electrical cord was laid in 2000 -- all connected to an underground electrical system . Aristo - Craft Trains originally donated , set up , and ran the model trains at the base of the tree . Gravel was placed in each engine and car so that wind could not blow them off the tracks . By 2008 , sponsorship of the train had expanded to include Bachmann Industries , BridgeWorks , Garden Metal Models , Hartland Locomotive Works , LGB , Mainline America , Sound Traxx , Split Jaw Rail Clamps , and USA Trains . The train expanded from two trains to nine trains and three trolley lines ( running in more than 1,000 feet ( 300 m ) of track ) in 2008 . National Capital Trackers as well as other model railroading groups continued to set up , run , and maintain the model train . The modern Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace ( edit ) As of 2010 , 56 smaller cut evergreen trees representing the states , District of Columbia , and unincorporated territories of the United States are arranged in a large oval around the National Christmas Tree each December . A sign in front of each tree identifies which geographic area the small tree represents . A temporary black plastic walkway is laid down to provide pedestrian access ( the actual `` Pathway of Peace '' ) , and the trees guarded by a white vinyl picket fence . The National Park Service lays boardwalks , plastic paths , and artificial turf walkways on The Ellipse beginning in October . A stage and a blue plywood amphitheater are erected southeast of the National Christmas Tree , and the placement of heavy plastic mats and metal folding chairs in front of the stage ( with seating for only 200 people at most ) creates an audience area for performances . A plywood nativity scene , 15 - by - 10 - foot ( 4.6 by 3.0 m ) Yule log fire pit , and barn for donkeys , reinder , and sheep are built south of the Pathway of Peace . Speakers on high stands throughout the area broadcast the live performances , or provide recorded music for viewers ' enjoyment . Since the Pageant of Peace and Pathway of Peace are traditions extending back only to 1954 , they are not considered historic elements by the National Park Service . Legal issues ( edit ) Several times , the Pageant of Peace has been the subject of legal dispute . The first legal challenge occurred in 1968 when the American Civil Liberties Union ( ACLU ) objected to the inclusion of the Christian nativity scene in the pageant . The ACLU argued the display violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . Although the National Park Service responded that the nativity scene was not religious per se but a symbol `` of the national holiday '' , the agency did agree not to store , maintain , or erect the display ( turning those duties over to Pageant of Peace , Inc. , in September 1968 ) . The legal effort to remove the creche continued the following year . In 1969 , three clergymen , an atheist , and a member of the Ethical Society sued to have the nativity scene removed . Once more , the Park Service said the nativity scene was merely a symbol of `` our spiritual heritage '' and `` wholly secular '' . The U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit denied on December 12 , 1969 , a request for a temporary injunction barring construction of the display . The court 's ruling said it would decide the case on its merits at a later date . The five plaintiffs were represented by the ACLU , and joined by the American Jewish Congress . In April 1970 , the court of appeals ordered a full trial on the issue . Although the trial was set for February 1 , 1971 , the plaintiffs and ACLU declined to seek a temporary injunction against the display in December 1970 in favor of a permanent resolution of the issue . On November 3 , 1971 , the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled in Allen v. Morton , 333 F. Supp. 1088 , ( D.D.C. 1971 ) , that inclusion of the nativity display did not violate the Establishment Clause of the Constitution . The court said that the purpose of the event was purely secular ( to increase tourism and shopping in the city ) , and that was determinative . But on September 26 , 1973 , a unanimous three - judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit overturned the district court 's ruling . The appellate court held that the commercial nature of the event did not mean that the creche lost its religious meaning , and that the government 's involvement in displaying the creche was not the absolute minimum necessary to meet the Supreme Court 's constitutional tests . The appellate court did not explicitly bar the government from allowing the nativity display , but laid out very specific rules under which the government 's participation could occur . Beginning in 1973 , the American Christian Heritage Association ( a group based in Prince George 's County , Maryland ) began hosting a private nativity display complete with live animals on The Ellipse . In 1978 , another lawsuit over the Pageant of Peace was filed . The government had banned all groups not associated with the Pageant of Peace from the Ellipse ( even though it only used a one - fourth of the Ellipse 's total area for the pageant ) , but permitted them to use lightly wooded areas nearby . The government argued that it had to avoid any appearance of government sponsorship of any religion and to be even - handed with all groups . The Christian Service Corps sued , arguing in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia on December 16 , 1978 , that it was unreasonable to keep all groups off the Ellipse during this time . On December 20 , the court ruled that the Park Service 's rules did not violate Christian Service Corps ' constitutional rights . The nativity scene returned as part of the official Pageant of Peace in 1984 . On March 5 , 1984 , the Supreme Court of the United States held in Lynch v. Donnelly , 465 U.S. 668 , that a Christian nativity scene was a secular symbol which served secular purposes . It held that the city of Pawtucket , Rhode Island , could include this display in its government - sponsored holiday display . Citizens for God and Country , a one - person organization based in Virginia , asked the National Park Service to include a nativity scene in the 1984 Pageant of Peace . The Anti-Defamation League of B'nai B'rith protested its inclusion . The same year , additional Jewish groups challenged the existence of the National Menorah as equally offensive to the constitutional principal of separation of church and state . Nonetheless , both displays remained as part of the Pageant of Peace . Gallery of the U.S. National Christmas Tree in recent years ( edit ) 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. National Christmas Trees . Capitol Christmas Tree General Grant tree , also proclaimed the `` Nation 's Christmas Tree '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Domke and Coe , p. 89 . Jump up ^ Domke and Coe , p. 88 - 89 . Jump up ^ Ford , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` Students , Artist , Create Ornaments for the National Christmas Tree . '' Norwich Bulletin . December 9 , 2010 . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Leinwand , p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Vice-President F.M. Feiker . '' Electrical Merchandising , January 1920 , p. 3 . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Feiker later held several important U.S. government positions , and became Dean of the School of Engineering at George Washington University . See : `` People of the Century . '' WPI Journal . Spring 1998 . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 19 . Jump up ^ Christmas in Washington , D.C. , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Menendez , p. 40 . ^ Jump up to : Crump , p. 402 . Jump up ^ Reports of the tree 's height varied considerably . The National Park Service history of the National Christmas Tree notes that media outlets reported the tree 's height at 35 feet ( 11 m ) , 48 feet ( 15 m ) , and 60 feet ( 18 m ) . The agency says that photographs of the tree appear to make the height closer to 48 feet . See : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1923 National Christmas Tree . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Branches Spliced On Tree For President . '' The Washington Post December 20 , 1923 . Jump up ^ Christmas in Washington , D.C. , p. 14 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 85 . Jump up ^ `` National Christmas Tree for President . '' The Washington Post December 13 , 1923 . ^ Jump up to : `` White House Carols and Brilliant Tree Usher Christmas . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1923 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas Carols at the White House . '' The New York Times . December 25 , 1923 . Jump up ^ Christmas in Washington , D.C. , p. 15 . ^ Jump up to : Menendez , p. 41 . Jump up ^ `` Coolidge Will Light Big Christmas Tree . '' The New York Times December 7 , 1924 . ^ Jump up to : `` Huge Yuletide Tree for City Is Planted . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1924 . Jump up ^ A contemporary source put the tree 's height at 45 feet ( 14 m ) . See : `` Coolidge Will Light Big Christmas Tree . '' The New York Times December 7 , 1924 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coolidge Lights Up Tree to Inaugurate Nation 's Christmas . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1925 . ^ Jump up to : `` Coolidges Sing Christmas Carols at Community Tree . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1924 . Jump up ^ `` President Will Light Big Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post December 21 , 1924 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yuletide Services to Be Held For All in Capital Tonight . '' The Washington Post December 24 , 1924 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1924 - 1933 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Schiavo , Laura . `` 1923 National Christmas Tree . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ One source claims the tree was lit at 6 : 00 P.M. See : `` Coolidges Sing Christmas Carols at Community Tree . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1924 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas Ushered In At White House and Sherman Park . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1924 . Jump up ^ `` Coolidge Opens Yule Festivities . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1927 . Jump up ^ Crump , p. 426 . Jump up ^ `` President Lights Capital Yule Tree Before Thousands . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1927 . Jump up ^ `` Coolidge Ushers In Nation 's Christmas As He Lights Tree . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1928 . Jump up ^ `` Capital Leads Nation in Yule Season Gayety . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1928 . Jump up ^ Seeley , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` The National Christmas Tree . '' American Lumberman . May 4 , 1929 . Jump up ^ `` New Capital Yule Tree Planted as Sun Blazes . '' The Washington Post May 30 , 1929 . Jump up ^ Harris , p. 54 . Jump up ^ `` President Lights Tree for Nation . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1929 . Jump up ^ Christmas in Washington , D.C. , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Graff , p. 50 ; `` Headquarters of Roosevelt & Co . '' Life . January 4 , 1937 , p. 37 . Jump up ^ `` Hoover Wishes All A Merry Christmas . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1931 . Jump up ^ `` Curtis Marks Debut of Yule at Ceremony . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1932 . Jump up ^ Shemanski , p. 205 . Jump up ^ `` Wider E Street at ' Bottleneck ' Wins Approval . '' The Washington Post August 25 , 1933 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 87 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1934 - 1938 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 37 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roosevelt Lights Tree . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1934 . Jump up ^ `` President Lights Tree . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1934 . ^ Jump up to : `` Peace Urged By Roosevelt At Yule Tree . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1935 . Jump up ^ `` World Given Peace Pledge By President At Tree Rite . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1936 . ^ Jump up to : `` Yule Tree To Be Placed In Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 9 , 1939 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roosevelt to Light National Christmas Tree Here Sunday . '' The Washington Post December 21 , 1939 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Sadler , Christine . `` Capital , Ready for Holiday , Prepares to Light Giant Tree . '' The Washington Post December 24 , 1939 . Jump up ^ Hart , Scott . `` Roosevelt Lights Tree , Decries War . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1939 . ^ Jump up to : Bookman , George B. `` President Bares His Head to Listen To Carols With 8,000 on Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1940 . Jump up ^ Kluckhorn , Frank L. `` President Says Christmas Signifies Bettering World in ' Voluntary Way ' . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1940 . Jump up ^ Seeley , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1941 - 1953 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ These two trees died some time between 1954 and 1973 . See : Elsen , William A. `` Yule Tree Will Be Planted on Ellipse . '' The Washington Post August 14 , 1973 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tree Lighting Decision Expected Friday . '' The Washington Post December 10 , 1941 . Jump up ^ His potential arrival had been reported on December 19 , but was not confirmed until December 22 . See : `` Talks in Three Capitals . '' United Press . December 19 , 1941 ; Post , Robert P. `` Churchill 's Visit Called Own Idea . '' The New York Times December 23 , 1941 ; Schom , p. 248 . ^ Jump up to : `` Roosevelt , Churchill Voice Faith to War - Weary World . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1941 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Gerald G. `` Leaders of Democracies Key Their Speeches To Christmas Spirit at Tree Lighting . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1941 . Jump up ^ `` Impatient Comment Stops as Churchill Speaks . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1941 . Jump up ^ `` Roosevelt to Broadcast Yule Greetings . '' The Washington Post December 13 , 1942 ; Lawrence , W.H. `` Axis Faith Fades , Roosevelt Says . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1942 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` D.C. Children to Help Trim National Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1942 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Tree Ceremony Holds Spotlight In Capital 's ' Bright Christmas ' Celebration . '' The Washington Post December 23 , 1943 . Jump up ^ `` Tree Fete 's Fate Up to White House . '' The Washington Post December 7 , 1943 ; `` President Will Not Light ' 43 Yule Tree . '' The Washington Post December 10 , 1943 . Jump up ^ `` First Lady Intercedes to Save White Houuse Tree Ceremony . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1943 . Jump up ^ `` While House Christmas Tree Arrangements Completed . '' The Washington Post December 22 , 1943 . Jump up ^ Towe , Emily . `` 15,000 Take Part in Tree Ceremony at White House . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1944 . Jump up ^ `` Cold , Hungry Pledged Aid By Truman At Tree Fete . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1947 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2100 Attend White House Tree Lighting . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1948 . Jump up ^ Leviero , Anthony . `` Truman Proposes Peace Dedication . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1948 ; `` During Christmas Eve Program on White House Lawn . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1949 ; Kennedy , Paul P. `` Truman Says Faith Is Best U.S. Weapon . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1950 ; Lawrence , W.H. `` Truman Cites ' Higher Hope ' For ' Just and Lasting Peace ' . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1951 . Jump up ^ `` Truman Yule Plea . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1952 . Jump up ^ `` National Tree to Be Lit at 5 : 16 P.M. '' The Washington Post December 24 , 1950 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Paul P. `` Prayer for Peace By President Heard Round the World . '' The New York Times December 25 , 1953 . Jump up ^ Folliard , Edward T. `` Hope Bright , Ike Asserts . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1953 . ^ Jump up to : Ben Klein , Elihu . `` One Man 's Dream Came True to Give City a Glittering Pageant of Peace . '' The Washington Post December 28 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1954 - Present National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Eisenhower Will Light Christmas Tree Early . '' United Press . November 5 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ike to Light Yule Tree Night of December 17 . '' The Washington Post November 5 , 1954 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Luke 2 : 14 , KJV . Jump up ^ Smith , Marie D. `` Concert Precedes Pageant of Peace . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : Folliard , Edward T. `` Eisenhower Sets Peace Tree Aglow . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : `` Pageant of Peace Plans Ready . '' The Washington Post November 27 , 1955 . Jump up ^ Whitney , Robert . `` Christmas at Washington . '' The New York Times December 4 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Giant Fir for Peace Pageant . '' Associated Press . November 23 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2100 Lights on Nation 's Big Tree Twinkle in Night for Last Time . '' The Washington Post January 8 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Nation 's Trees Lighted . '' The New York Times December 19 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Spirit Pervades the City . '' The New York Times December 18 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` Eisenhower Lights Tree In Capital Park Today . '' Associated Press . December 17 , 1954 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fund Drive Planned for Yule Fete . '' The Washington Post February 22 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Pageant , Solemn and Gay in Tone , Draws 20,000 . '' The Washington Post January 2 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Yule Pageant Held Over Extra Day . '' The Washington Post January 6 , 1955 . ^ Jump up to : `` D.C. Leaders to Continue Yule Pageant . '' The Washington Post October 2 , 1955 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , p. 87 - 91 . Jump up ^ Sampson , Paul . `` President Lights Tree to Launch D.C. Pageant . '' The Washington Post December 19 , 1955 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander , Keith L. `` Throwing Light on A Holiday Tradition . '' The Washington Post December 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Embassies Plan Parts In Pageant . '' The Washington Post November 30 , 1955 . Jump up ^ `` Washington Pageant of Peace Ends . '' The Washington Post January 3 , 1956 . Jump up ^ `` 51 Nations to Decorate Pageant Path of Peace . '' The Washington Post December 9 , 1956 . Jump up ^ `` Nations to Erect Culture Symbols As Backdrop for Peace Pageant . '' The Washington Post December 5 , 1956 . Jump up ^ `` Ike to Light Tree , Open Fete Tonight . '' The Washington Post December 23 , 1957 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy Trees Missing From Pageant of Peace . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1958 . Jump up ^ `` Embassies Join In Yule Pageant . '' The Washington Post November 10 , 1959 . Jump up ^ Schiavo , Laura . `` 1954 - 1960 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Smith , Marie ( November 20 , 1959 ) . `` Already on Yuletide Threshold '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Rosenberg , M.D. `` Yule Tree of U.S. Lit By Johnson . '' The Washington Post December 21 , 1961 . Jump up ^ `` Tree Lights Will Change Colors With Music at Pageant of Peace . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1961 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Pageant Opens Dec. 20 . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1961 . Jump up ^ Schiavo , Laura . `` 1961 - 1962 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Gilliam , Dorothy . `` President Sounds Hope for Peace In Lighting Up Nation 's Yule Tree . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1962 ; Pattee , Dorothea . `` Symbolic Trees for Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 1962 . Jump up ^ `` Pageant of Peace to Run Dec. 18 - 31 '' . The Washington Post . November 21 , 1963 . Jump up ^ `` Words of Slain President Inspire Ceremony to End Mourning Period '' . The Washington Post . December 19 , 1963 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson Pushes Button Lighting 8000 Bulbs on Nation 's Yule Tree '' . The Washington Post . December 23 , 1963 . ^ Jump up to : Camp , Patricia . `` Nation 's Christmas Tree Gets Liberty Bell Crown . '' The Washington Post December 3 , 1975 . Jump up ^ Clopton , Willard ( December 6 , 1963 ) . `` 71 - Foot West Virginia Yule Tree Erected on Ellipse '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1963 - 1968 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Geremia , Ramon ( December 18 , 1964 ) . `` Gay Lights of Christmas Illuminate the Ellipse '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` LBJ Sets Tree Aglow , Sees ' Star of Peace ' '' . The Washington Post . December 19 , 1964 . ^ Jump up to : Reekie , Keith . `` LBJ Calls for Peace At Yule Tree Lighting . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1965 . Jump up ^ `` Johnson , At Tree Lighting , Is Hopeful on Vietnam . '' The New York Times December 16 , 1966 . ^ Jump up to : Cronk , Sue . `` Throng of 4500 Sees LBJ Light Yule Tree . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1967 . Jump up ^ Hinton , Robert . `` LBJ Lights Tree for 6th Time . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1968 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Philip D. `` Nixon Lights National Tree , Ignores Protest in Crowd . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1969 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1969 - 1973 National Christmas Trees '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : `` Talking About Peace , President Lights Tree . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Paul . `` Antiwar Signs Allowed Next to Yule Pageant . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Paul . `` U.S. Court Overrules Ruling on Peace Signs . '' The Washington Post December 19 , 1970 . Jump up ^ Hodge , Paul and Weil , Martin . `` ' Tombstones for Peace ' Erected . '' The Washington Post December 21 , 1970 . Jump up ^ President Nixon was at his winter home in Key Biscayne , Florida , for a talks with Willy Brandt , Chancellor of West Germany , and British Prime Minister Edward Heath . See : `` President Flies to Florida ; Will Prepare for Heath Visit . '' Associated Press . December 16 , 1971 ; `` Brandt Flies to U.S. Today For Talks With President . '' Associated Press . December 27 , 1971 . ^ Jump up to : Shaffer , Ron and Weil , Martin . `` National Yule Tree Lighted by Agnew . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1971 . Jump up ^ President Nixon again spent the holiday in Key Biscayne . See : Clarity , James F. `` For Nixon Family , First Christmas Apart . '' The New York Times December 12 , 1972 . ^ Jump up to : Weil , Martin . `` Tree Lit On Ellipse In the Rain . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1972 . ^ Jump up to : Smith , J.W. `` Wyoming Spruce Arrives . '' The Washington Post November 29 , 1972 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Ronald . `` 250 Gather to Protest Viet War . '' The Washington Post December 26 , 1972 ; Baker , Donald . `` 1,500 Join ' Conscience Walk , ' Pray for Peace at the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 31 , 1972 . ^ Jump up to : Elsen , William A. `` Yule Tree Will Be Planted on Ellipse . '' The Washington Post August 14 , 1973 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 42 . Jump up ^ `` Sparing That Tree . '' The Washington Post August 18 , 1973 . ^ Jump up to : Jones , Linda Newton . `` Living Christmas Tree Due to Arrive Thursday . '' The Washington Post October 10 , 1973 . ^ Jump up to : Hodge , Paul . `` National Yule Tree Dies . '' The Washington Post September 14 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : Wolhowe , Cathe . `` Nixon Turns on Tree 's Lone Light . '' The Washington Post December 15 , 1973 . ^ Jump up to : Hyer , Marjorie . `` Pageant Differs From Christmas Past . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1973 . Jump up ^ Rippeteau , Jane . `` President Lights the National Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1974 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Mary . `` Decorations . '' The Washington Post December 1 , 1974 . Jump up ^ Hyer , Marjorie . `` Christ Child Is Present in Triplicate at Pageant . '' The Washington Post December 20 , 1974 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Bill . `` Santa - ing for Uncle Sam . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1975 . ^ Jump up to : Prince , Richard E. `` 10,000 See President Light Yule Tree . '' The Washington Post December 17 , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Hodge , Paul . `` National Yule Tree , Padded Out at Bottom ; Gets Ornament on Top . '' The Washington Post December 1 , 1976 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 43 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post November 3 , 1977 . Jump up ^ `` National Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1977 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1977 - 1980 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2011 - 11 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Valentine , Paul W. `` Wind , Flooding Spread Damage Through Region . '' The Washington Post January 27 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 89 . Jump up ^ `` '' Strong Winds Topple National Christmas . '' ' ' Associated Press . ' ' February 19 , 2011 `` . Washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Weil , Martin . `` 10,000 Watch Carter Launch Peace Pageant . '' The Washington Post December 15 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : `` Of Note . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1978 . ^ Jump up to : Bowman , LaBarbara . `` Yule Tree Stays Dim for Hostages . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Tarnapol , Paula . `` Christmas Lights Kindled on Successive Nights . '' The Washington Post December 7 , 1979 . Jump up ^ Rabbis had ruled that 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) was the maximum height permitted , because otherwise it was too tall for people to see comfortably . See : Reel , Monte . `` Menorah Evokes Parallels in History . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Lawrence . `` Jewish Groups Urge Menorah 's Removal . '' The Washington Post December 22 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Although the National Park Service and other sources claim that the National Menorah was erected on The Ellipse , contemporary primary sources as well as photographic evidence shows that the menorah was erected in Lafayette Park . See : Polakoff , Joseph . `` Carter Dedicates Menorah in Historic Chanukah Ceremony . '' Jewish Telegraphic Agency . December 19 , 1979 , accessed 2012 - 09 - 16 ; Carter , Jimm . `` Chanukah Remarks at the Lighting of the National Menorah . '' December 17 , 1979 . Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley , The American Presidency Project , accessed 2012 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ The date of this move is not clearly established , but definitely had occurred by 1987 . See : Sugarman , Carole . `` Eight Days , Eight Ways . '' The Washington Post December 9 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Cohn , D'Vera . `` Marking Hanukah 's Start . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1998 . ^ Jump up to : Cooke , Janet . `` Star Shines for Hostages . '' The Washington Post December 19 , 1980 . Jump up ^ Harden , Blaine . `` Gala Welcome on Agenda Here Today . '' The Washington Post January 27 , 1981 . ^ Jump up to : Earley , Pete . `` Reagan Lights National Christmas Tree . '' The Washington Post December 18 , 1981 . Jump up ^ Kernan , Michael . `` The Bauble That Did n't Burst . '' The Washington Post December 3 , 1982 . Another report says the President stood on the South Portico of the White House . See : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1981 - 1988 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date , accessed 2012 - 09 - 16 . However , the president may have stood inside the South Portico . Jump up ^ Eisen , Jack . `` Tree - Lighting Ceremony . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 1983 . Another report says Reagan lit the 1983 from the South Portico of the White House . See : Ringle , Ken . `` A Night of Light . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1983 . This report is unclear as to whether Reagan was outside or inside . Jump up ^ `` National Christmas Tree Misses Own Swan Song . '' The Washington Post January 2 , 1982 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1981 - 1988 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2012 - 09 - 16 . Jump up ^ Zibart , Eve . `` Our Christmas Tree Basks in the Sun . '' The Washington Post December 14 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Anne . `` A Christmas Tradition Shines Forth on the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 13 , 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Statue Request Denied . '' The Washington Post December 12 , 1985 . Jump up ^ Wheeler , Linda . `` Snyder Relents on Statue . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 1985 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Marc . `` Tree Lightens Gloom . '' The Washington Post December 12 , 1986 . Jump up ^ `` Let There Be Christmas Light . '' The Washington Post December 8 , 1987 ; `` Finger on the Button . '' The Washington Post December 8 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Radcliffe , Donnie . `` For Bush , a Reunion and a Reminder . '' The Washington Post December 6 , 1988 . Jump up ^ Oberdorfer , Don and Cannon , Lou . `` Gorbachev Arrives , Urging Progress on Broader Treaty . '' The Washington Post December 8 , 1987 . Jump up ^ Casteneda , Reuben . `` ' Points of Light ' Adorn National Tree . '' The Washington Post December 15 , 1989 . Jump up ^ Priest , Dana . `` President Honors Former Hostages At National Tree - Lighting Ceremony . '' The Washington Post December 13 , 1991 . Jump up ^ Schiavo , Laura . `` 1989 - 1992 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2012 - 09 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 1993 - 2000 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2012 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Ly , Phuong . `` Ceremony Brings Oohs , Aahs to Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 9 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny and Hsu , Spencer S. `` Security Tightened For Tree Lighting . '' The Washington Post November 17 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Manny . `` Christmas Tree - Lighting Restrictions Are Lifted . '' The Washington Post November 27 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny . `` Shining Through Trials , Trauma . '' The Washington Post December 6 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Schiavo , Laura . `` 2001 - 2008 National Christmas Trees . '' President 's Park ( The White House ) . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . No date . Accessed 2012 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ Thomson , Robert . `` Detours and Delays in D.C. for National Christmas Tree Lighting . '' The Washington Post December 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ DeMillo , Andrew . `` A Bright Spot in a Dark Year . '' The Washington Post December 7 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny . `` A National Symbol 's Pennsylvania Roots . '' The Washington Post December 5 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Shulman , Robin . `` National Tree Firm Basks in Tradition . '' The Washington Post December 5 , 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartzman , Paul . `` The Stars Come Out Today on the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 2004 . ^ Jump up to : LeDuc , Daniel . `` Ode to a Diode . '' The Washington Post December 7 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 51 . Jump up ^ Hudler , his son , and a worker was murdered in 2008 by Frederick Hammer during a robbery at the Hudler home . See : Johnson , Rob . `` Community Grieves for Homicide Victims in Grayson County . '' Roanoke Times . January 31 , 2008 . Accessed 2012 - 09 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : Samuels , Robert . `` Illuminating the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Huetteman , Emmarie . `` Winds Topple National Christmas Tree '' . The New York Times February 19 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Office of Communications . `` National Park Service to Plant New National Christmas Tree '' . Press release . National Capital Region . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . March 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Clary , Glen . `` National Park Service to Replace National Christmas Tree . '' CNN.com . May 5 , 2012 . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Weil , Martin . `` National Christmas Tree Dies , Is Cut Down . '' The Washington Post May 5 , 2012 . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Forzato , Jamie . `` National Christmas Tree Planted Days Before Massive Storm . '' WTOP.com . October 28 , 2012 . Accessed 2012 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David . `` The National Yule Log Blazes No More . '' The Washington Post December 23 , 2012 . Accessed 2012 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , David . `` Toasting the Season on the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 25 , 2007 . Accessed 2012 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 National Christmas Tree . '' National Park Foundation . 2013 . Accessed 2013 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` First Spruce : Lights from GE Have Been Illuminating America 's National Christmas Tree for 50 Years . '' General Electric . December 23 , 2013 . Accessed 2013 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hinson , Tamara. `` 12 of the World 's Most Spectacular Christmas Trees . '' CNN . December 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 45 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Barker , Karlyn . `` U.S. Has 4 National Christmas Trees . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 1971 . ^ Jump up to : Moreno , Sylvia . `` Christmas Tree 's 15 Minutes of Fame Months in Making . '' The Washington Post December 8 , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : Fernandez , Manny . `` Nation 's Holiday Glow . '' The Washington Post December 10 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Eugene L. `` Event Cancellations Leave Display Firm on Sidelines . '' The Washington Post October 8 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : Betancourt , David . `` How Lovely Are Thy Middle - Aged Branches . '' The Washington Post December 5 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Buerger , Megan . `` Christmas in America : 30 Billion Points of Light . '' The Washington Post December 2 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Park Cultural Landscapes Program , p. 126 . ^ Jump up to : Lippman , Thomas W. `` Ellipse Nativity Scene Allowed . '' The Washington Post December 13 , 1969 . ^ Jump up to : Hodge , Paul . `` Lawsuit Wo n't Affect Ellipse Nativity Scene . '' The Washington Post December 15 , 1970 . Jump up ^ `` Nativity Scene Declared Legal . '' The Washington Post November 4 , 1971 . ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Timothy S. `` Court Limits Use Of Pageant Creche . '' The Washington Post September 27 , 1973 . Jump up ^ Sauve , Francis . `` The P.G. Man Behind Ellipse Nativity Scene . '' The Washington Post December 15 , 1983 . Jump up ^ Government officials claimed that Christian groups as well as the American Nazi Party had sought access to the Ellipse during the Pageant of Peace . Jump up ^ Bredemeier , Kenneth . `` Group Sues Park Service for Right to Stage Nativity on the Ellipse . '' The Washington Post December 16 , 1978 . Jump up ^ `` Group Loses Bid for Ellipse Space . '' The Washington Post December 21 , 1978 . Jump up ^ Painton , Priscilla and Carton , Barbara . `` National Christmas Display Will Include a Nativity Scene . '' The Washington Post November 21 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Carton , Barbara . `` Group Seeks to Halt Reinstatement of Nativity Scene . '' The Washington Post November 28 , 1984 . Bibliography ( edit ) Christmas in Washington , D.C. Chicago : World Book , 1998 . Crump , William D . The Christmas Encyclopedia . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co. , 2006 . Domke , David Scott and Coe , Kevin M. The God Strategy : How Religion Became a Political Weapon in America . New York : Oxford University Press , 2010 . Ford , Elise . Frommer 's Washington , D.C. , 2012 . Indianapolis , Ind. : Frommer 's , 2011 . Gilbert , Robert E. The Mortal Presidency : Illness and Anguish in the White House . New York : Fordham University Press , 1998 . Graff , Henry Franklin . The Presidents : A Reference History . New York : Simon and Schuster , 2002 . Harris , Jessie Eubank . Legends and Stories of Famous Trees . Philadelphia : Dorrance , 1963 . Leinwand , Gerald . 1927 : High Tide of the Twenties . New York : Four Walls Eight Windows , 2001 . Menendez , Albert J. Christmas in the White House . Louisville , Ky. : Westminster John Knox Press , 1983 . Park Cultural Landscapes Program . National Park Service Cultural Landscapes Inventory : President 's Park South , President 's Park . National Park Service . U.S. Department of the Interior . 2010 . Schom , Alan . The Eagle and the Rising Sun : The Japanese - American War , 1941 - 1943 , Pearl Harbor Through Guadalcanal . New York : W.W. Norton , 2004 . Seeley , Mary Evans . Season 's Greetings From the White House . Tampa , Fla. : A Presidential Christmas , 1998 . Shemanski , Frances . A Guide to Fairs and Festivals in the United States . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 1984 . External links ( edit ) Lighting of the National Christmas Tree , official website presented by the National Park Foundation and the National Park Service History of the National Christmas Trees and various related webpages at the National Park Service ( NPS ) website , by Laura Schiavo and other NPS staff , U.S. Department of the Interior Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 41.5 '' N 77 ° 2 ′ 10.7 '' W / 38.894861 ° N 77.036306 ° W / 38.894861 ; - 77.036306 Christmas trees Cultivation Christmas tree cultivation Christmas tree cultivation history Christmas tree pests and weeds Production Canadian production Danish production Global production Mexican production U.S. production Artificial Artificial Christmas tree Aluminum Christmas tree Feather Christmas tree Pre-lit tree Decorations Candy cane Christmas ornament Christmas lights Garland Pickle Pleated Christmas hearts Shiny Brite ornaments Szaloncukor Tinsel Tree - topper Individual trees Anthem Boston California Capitol Chicago Grand Place ( Brussels ) Grove ( L.A. ) Lisbon ( Portugal ) Macy 's ( Atlanta ) Milwaukee Mount Ingino ( Italy ) U.S. Capitol U.S. National Tree Rockefeller Center Sri Lanka Toledo ( Ohio ) Zoo Trafalgar Square ( London ) Tree ( Paris ) Vatican White House Trade groups American Christmas Tree Association British Christmas Tree Growers Association Canadian Christmas Tree Growers Association Christmas Tree Promotion Board Danish Christmas Tree Growers Association National Christmas Tree Association Other topics Chichilaki Christmas tree stand Festive ecology Hanukkah bush Holiday tree Rouse Simmons Singing Christmas Tree Tree baler Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Saint Lucy Santa 's reindeer Santa 's workshop Sinterklaas Tió de Nadal Vertep Yule Cat Yule Lads Zwarte Piet Gift - bringers Saint Nicholas Santa Claus List of Christmas gift - bringers by country Traditions Advent calendar Advent candle Advent wreath Boar 's Head Feast Candle arches Cards Carols by Candlelight Cavalcade of Magi Crackers Decorations Events and celebrations Feast of the Seven Fishes Flying Santa Google Santa Tracker Hampers Las Posadas Letters Lights Markets Meals and feasts Moravian star Nine Lessons and Carols NORAD Tracks Santa Nutcrackers dolls Ornaments Parades list Piñatas Pyramids Räuchermann Seals Secret Santa Spanbaum Stamps Stockings Tree Twelve Days Wassailing Windows Yule Goat Yule log By country Australia and New Zealand Denmark Germany Hawaii Hungary Iceland Indonesia Ireland Mexico Norway Philippines Poland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Sweden Ukraine Music Carols list Hit singles UK Hit singles US Music books Carols for Choirs The Oxford Book of Carols The New Oxford Book of Carols Piae Cantiones Other media Films Poetry `` Old Santeclaus with Much Delight '' `` A Visit from St. Nicholas '' Television specials Yule Log In modern society Advent Conspiracy Black Friday ( partying ) Black Friday ( shopping ) Bronner 's Christmas Wonderland Christmas club Christmas creep Christmas Day ( Trading ) Act 2004 Christmas Lectures Christmas Mountains Christmas truce Controversies Cyber Monday Economics Giving Tuesday El Gordo Holiday season In July In August Leon Day NBA games NFL games Puritan New England American Civil War Post-War United States Running of the Santas SantaCon Santa 's Candy Castle Small Business Saturday Super Saturday Virginia O'Hanlon White Christmas Winter festivals WWE Tribute to the Troops Xmas Food and drink Dinner Joulupöytä Julebord Kūčios Réveillon Twelve - dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Christmas_Tree_(United_States)&oldid=818273305 '' Categories : Individual Christmas trees 1923 establishments in Washington , D.C. Christmas in the United States Individual trees in the District of Columbia 1923 introductions Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2014 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Հայերեն Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 16 : 50 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where is the white house christmas tree located
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"The National Christmas Tree is a large evergreen tree located in the northeast quadrant of The Ellipse near the White House in Washington, D.C. Each year since 1923, the tree has been decorated as a Christmas tree. Every early December, the tree is traditionally lit by the President of the United States. Every president since Franklin D. Roosevelt has made formal remarks during the tree lighting ceremony.[1] Since 1954,[2] the event has marked the start of month-long festivities known as the Pageant of Peace.[3] Smaller trees representing the U.S. states, District of Columbia, and the five territories around the National Christmas Tree are referred to as the Pathway to Peace.[4]"
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"in the northeast quadrant of The Ellipse near the White House in Washington, D.C."
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SpongeBob SquarePants (musical)
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SpongeBob SquarePants ( musical ) - Wikipedia SpongeBob SquarePants ( musical ) SpongeBob SquarePants The Broadway Musical Playbill of the Broadway production Music Various Lyrics Various Book Kyle Jarrow Basis SpongeBob SquarePants by Stephen Hillenburg Premiere June 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 07 ) : Oriental Theatre , Chicago Productions 2016 Chicago 2017 Broadway SpongeBob SquarePants : The Broadway Musical ( originally titled The SpongeBob Musical ) is a stage musical , co-conceived and directed by Tina Landau with songs by various artists , a book by Kyle Jarrow . It is based on the Nickelodeon animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants and made its world premiere in June 2016 at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago . The musical premiered on Broadway at the Palace Theatre in December 2017 . The musical opened to critical acclaim . With twelve Tony Award nominations , it tied for most - nominated production at the 2018 72nd Tony Awards with Mean Girls . The show will close at the Palace Theatre on September 16 , 2018 due to construction at the theatre . A US tour is planned for 2019 . At the time of its closing it will have played 29 previews and 327 regular performances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Pre-Show 1.2 Act One 1.3 Act Two 2 Background 3 Production 4 Musical numbers 4.1 SpongeBob SquarePants Original Cast recording 5 Cast 6 Critical response 7 Awards and nominations 7.1 Original Broadway production 8 References 9 External links Synopsis ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Pre-show ( edit ) Before the show begins , a pirate sits down on part of the stage after the audience has taken their seats . The pirate is revealed to be SpongeBob 's number one fan , Patchy , who has traveled from Encino , California to catch the premiere of SpongeBob 's musical . Two security guards appear and tell Patchy to get off the stage , as the show is about to begin . Patchy objects , but the guards lead him out of the theater as Patchy claims he is a victim of pirate discrimination and sings the protest song `` Yo Ho , We Wo n't Go '' . One of the security guards apologizes for the interruption , then tells the audience to enjoy the show . Act one ( edit ) SpongeBob SquarePants awakens and happily welcomes the day with his pet snail , Gary ( `` Bikini Bottom Day '' ) . He greets various friends in his hometown of Bikini Bottom -- including his best friend Patrick , his neighbor Squidward , and his squirrel friend Sandy Cheeks -- as he walks to the Krusty Krab restaurant . At work , his boss Mr. Krabs tells his whale daughter Pearl she will manage the restaurant one day . With Pearl uninterested , SpongeBob hints that he dreams of being the manager . Mr. Krabs laughs at the idea , telling SpongeBob he is `` just a simple sponge '' and could not handle the position ( `` Bikini Bottom Day Reprise 1 '' ) . The day continues uneventfully until a violent tremor suddenly rocks the entire town . The mayor announces all citizens should return to their homes . A television news report reveals that the tremor was caused by a nearby volcano that will erupt ( `` No Control '' ) . SpongeBob checks up on Patrick , who is upset over the emergency . To cheer him up , SpongeBob reiterates that they are best friends forever ( `` BFF '' ) . With the town in a panic over the impending doom , married villains Plankton and Karen try to convince the citizens to enter an escape pod that will take them away from the volcano . But , the two have a secret scheme planned . Once the residents are inside , they will hypnotize them into liking the chum that they serve at their restaurant , the Chum Bucket ( `` When the Going Gets Tough '' ) . The townspeople , unknowingly , support this idea and decide to hold a last - minute music concert to raise money for the transport . Squidward , who dreams of getting to perform his own one - man show , is immediately shut down when he brings it up . Instead , Pearl suggests that the famous rock band , the Electric Skates , plays at the concert . Everyone agrees and Squidward is named manager of the event . SpongeBob , however , is against the idea of leaving town and believes the citizens should fight to save Bikini Bottom . SpongeBob thinks back on Mr. Krabs ' words from earlier and wonders if he could really save the town ( `` Just a Simple Sponge '' ) . He decides that he can think of a solution with the help of Patrick and Sandy . Together , the three could build a device that could stop the volcano . Mr. Krabs sees the upcoming disaster as a money - making opportunity , holding an `` apocalypse sale '' on his signature fast food dish , Krabby Patties . Pearl worries about her father 's greedy obsession with money , believing that it overshadows his care for her ( `` Daddy Knows Best '' ) . Meanwhile , SpongeBob convinces Patrick and Sandy to team up , climb the volcano , and stop it from erupting with an invention Sandy will build . Sandy has smarts and Patrick has strength , but SpongeBob does not know what he can contribute . Regardless , the friends are determined to succeed ( `` Hero Is My Middle Name '' ) . Before they can start their plan , a group of cultist sardines appear . They found wisdom in Patrick 's simple thoughts at the town meeting and decide to make him their new leader ( `` Super Star Sea Savior '' ) . Patrick likes the idea and decides to back out of SpongeBob 's plan so that he can bask in self - glory , angering SpongeBob . The two fight and end their `` BFF '' status . After Patrick leaves , Sandy reminds SpongeBob that things are bound to be okay . The entire company reveals their personal thoughts and feelings about the impending disaster ( `` Tomorrow Is '' ) . Act two ( edit ) After intermission , Patchy again sneaks onstage , telling the audience that pirates are persecuted by others because of stereotypes ( `` Poor Pirates '' ) . Once again , security intervenes to chase Patchy away . SpongeBob wakes up and greets a new day : the day when the volcano is expected to erupt ( `` Bikini Bottom Day Reprise 2 '' ) . Bikini Bottom has fallen into anarchy and chaos : the mayor has employed a dictator - like rule over the people and an angry mob has started to hunt down Sandy , thinking her scientific achievements are the cause for the volcano 's impending eruption . Sandy is able to hide from the mob and show SpongeBob her invention , the Eruptor Interrupter . They plan to throw it inside the volcano and save the town . Back in Bikini Bottom , Plankton worries Sandy and Spongebob will successfully climb up the mountain and save the town. But Karen tells him that she found his avalanche maker. She says they can use it to create an avalanche that Spongebob and Sandy wo n't survive. Electric Skates finally arrive ( `` Bikini Bottom Boogie '' ) . Squidward asks if he may perform with them as an opening act . The band will only allow it if Squidward buys every item on a ridiculously long shopping list . Meanwhile , SpongeBob and Sandy make their way up the volcano with great difficulty . Sandy tries to lift their spirits by reminding them of what they have learned in karate class about never giving up ( `` Chop to the Top '' ) . When they stop to rest , SpongeBob can not help but think of how he misses Patrick and wishes he was there to help them . In Bikini Bottom , Patrick finds life as a guru unexciting and misses SpongeBob as well , prompting him to leave his followers behind to help SpongeBob ( `` ( I Guess ) I Miss You '' ) . Meanwhile , we see Karen preparing the avalanche machine . Plankton then nervously says that his real name ( Sheldon ) is small sounding and he then asks to be called big guy . Karen happily agrees to call him big guy and she jumps into Planktons arms and the two have a very romantic kiss . Squidward obtains all but one of the items on the Electric Skates ' list ( seahorse radish ) , so the band refuses to let him perform despite his pleas , calling him a `` loser '' in the process . Their use of this word causes Squidward -- constantly called a loser in childhood by his classmates -- to snap back at the band in anger , and they end up quitting . Now alone , Squidward insists that he is not a loser and performs a show - stopping song with a tap dance number and a back - up chorus in his imagination ( `` I 'm Not a Loser '' ) . Back on the mountain , Plankton and Karen use the avalanche maker to make the avalanche. SpongeBob starts to fall when Patrick saves him with a jetpack Sandy invented . The two reaffirm their friendship and follow Sandy to the summit of the mountain . When they reach the top , neither Sandy nor Patrick are able to reach the rim where they need to throw the device in . They turn to SpongeBob , who doubts his skills ( `` Just a Simple Sponge Reprise '' ) . They remind him that he is the only one who can squeeze through tight areas and that his optimism has gotten them this far . With new determination , SpongeBob throws the Eruptor Interrupter in . They head back to Bikini Bottom and wait to see if their plan will work . In Bikini Bottom , the entire city is in anarchy . Since the band is gone , there will be no concert and no escape pod . SpongeBob tries to calm everyone down , insisting that whatever happens , they have each other ( `` Best Day Ever '' ) . When the time comes for the volcano to erupt , everyone braces for their deaths . The time passes without an eruption , signaling that the Eruptor Interrupter has worked . With Bikini Bottom safe , everyone decides that they should celebrate by having a new concert with Pearl as the lead vocalist . Patchy descends from above on a rope , having finally managed to sneak into the show , and joins in ( `` Bikini Bottom Day Reprise 3 '' ) . During the curtain call , the cast performs the ( `` SpongeBob SquarePants Theme Song '' ) . Background ( edit ) Lyrics for the show were being written by January 2014 , as The Flaming Lips ' lead singer Wayne Coyne mentioned through Twitter on January 16 . Plans for developing the show were first announced at Nickelodeon 's upfront on February 25 , 2015 . The upfront presentation included a performance of the musical 's opening number , `` Bikini Bottom Day . '' On February 26 , Nickelodeon 's chief operating officer Sarah Kirshbaum Levy told the Associated Press that the show was `` not definite . '' In August 2015 , Nickelodeon announced that the show would premiere in Chicago before a Broadway run in late 2016 . Its director , book author , and several of the musicians involved were also announced . The full cast list was released in April 2016 . The majority of the cast members play more than one character . Rehearsals for the show 's debut in Chicago began on April 11 in New York . Throughout early 2016 , Nickelodeon executives met with Broadway theater owners to arrange its Broadway premiere . Michael Reidel of New York Post stated that Broadway representatives were `` impressed '' after seeing a presentation of the show . In late May 2016 , technical rehearsals for the show were conducted . Chris Jones of Chicago Tribune stated that Nickelodeon was concerned about `` an incomplete SpongeBob costume ( making ) it into a photograph , spoiling a planned big reveal . '' In June 2016 , Gordon Cox of Variety reported that the musical 's budget was between $15 and $20 million . Production ( edit ) The musical opened at the Oriental Theatre , Chicago on June 19 , 2016 . The musical premiered on Broadway at the Palace Theatre on November 6 , 2017 in previews , officially on December 4 , 2017 . Choreography is by Christopher Gattelli , scenic and costume design by David Zinn , lighting design by Kevin Adams , projection design by Peter Nigrini , sound design by Walter Trarbach and hair and wig design by Charles G. LaPointe . The musical is expected to close on September 16 , 2018 , after 327 regular performances , due to renovation of the Palace Theatre . The musical will have a North American national tour beginning fall 2019 . Playbill noted that `` Director Tina Landau , whose visual style and unconventional use of performance spaces are a hallmark of her ambitious , ensemble - driven works , is the driving force behind SpongeBob on Broadway . '' Musical numbers ( edit ) Act I `` Bikini Bottom Day '' by Jonathan Coulton -- SpongeBob , Patrick , Squidward , Sandy , Mr. Krabs , Plankton , Karen & Company `` Bikini Bottom Day Reprise 1 '' by Coulton -- SpongeBob `` No Control '' by David Bowie & Brian Eno -- Perch Perkins , SpongeBob , Mr. Krabs , Pearl , Squidward , Patrick , Sandy & Company `` BFF '' by Plain White T 's -- SpongeBob and Patrick `` When the Going Gets Tough '' by T.I. -- Plankton , Karen , SpongeBob & Company `` Just a Simple Sponge '' by Panic ! at the Disco -- SpongeBob & Ensemble `` Daddy Knows Best '' by Alex Ebert -- Mr. Krabs , Pearl , Electric Skates , Ensemble `` Hero Is My Middle Name '' by Cyndi Lauper -- SpongeBob , Patrick & Sandy `` Super Sea Star Savior '' by Yolanda Adams -- Patrick & Sardines `` Tomorrow Is '' by The Flaming Lips -- Sandy , SpongeBob , Squidward , Mr. Krabs , Plankton , Karen & Company Act II `` Poor Pirates '' by Sara Bareilles -- Patchy & Pirates `` Bikini Bottom Day Reprise 2 '' by Coulton -- SpongeBob `` Bikini Bottom Boogie '' by Steven Tyler & Joe Perry -- The Electric Skates , Pearl & Company `` Chop to the Top '' by Lady Antebellum -- Sandy & SpongeBob `` ( I Guess I ) Miss You '' by John Legend -- Patrick & SpongeBob `` I 'm Not a Loser '' by They Might Be Giants -- Squidward & Company `` Just a Simple Sponge Reprise '' by Panic ! at the Disco -- SpongeBob `` Best Day Ever '' by Andy Paley & Tom Kenny -- SpongeBob & Company `` Finale : Bikini Bottom Day '' by Coulton -- SpongeBob & Company `` SpongeBob SquarePants Theme Song '' by Derek Drymon , Mark Harrison , Stephen Hillenburg & Blaise Smith -- SpongeBob & Company SpongeBob SquarePants original cast recording ( edit ) On June 28 , 2016 , it was announced that the Chicago cast would record a cast album in early August with Masterworks Broadway producing the album . On September 14 , 2017 , the full cast recording was made available on the NPR website . The cast recording was released in its physical form in stores as well as on streaming sites on September 22 , 2017 , two months prior to the show 's Broadway premiere . SpongeBob SquarePants : Original Cast Recording Soundtrack album cast recording by Original Cast of SpongeBob SquarePants Released 22 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 22 ) Recorded August 2016 Genre Showtunes , Musical comedy , Indie rock , Alternative rock Length 57 : 19 Label Masterworks Broadway All tracks written and composed by various artists listed below ( additional music , arrangements and orchestrations by Tom Kitt ; additional lyrics by Jonathan Coulton . ) No . Title Length 1 . `` Prologue '' 1 : 04 2 . `` Bikini Bottom Day '' ( Jonathan Coulton ) 6 : 12 3 . `` No Control '' ( David Bowie and Brian Eno ) 3 : 17 4 . `` BFF '' ( Plain White T 's ) 2 : 41 5 . `` When the Going Gets Tough '' ( T.I. ) 2 : 47 6 . `` ( Just a ) Simple Sponge '' ( Panic ! at the Disco ) 3 : 57 7 . `` Daddy Knows Best '' ( Alex Ebert ) 2 : 53 8 . `` Hero Is My Middle Name '' ( Cyndi Lauper ) 3 : 15 9 . `` Super Sea Star Savior '' ( Yolanda Adams ) 4 : 44 10 . `` Tomorrow Is '' ( The Flaming Lips ) 3 : 31 11 . `` Poor Pirates '' ( Sara Bareilles ) 3 : 49 12 . `` Bikini Bottom Boogie '' ( Steven Tyler and Joe Perry ) 2 : 11 13 . `` Chop to the Top '' ( Lady Antebellum ) 2 : 26 14 . `` ( I Guess I ) Miss You '' ( John Legend ) 3 : 41 15 . `` I 'm Not a Loser '' ( They Might Be Giants ) 4 : 38 16 . `` Best Day Ever '' ( Andy Paley and Tom Kenny ) 4 : 19 17 . `` Bikini Bottom Day ( Reprise ) '' ( Coulton ) 2 : 04 18 . `` SpongeBob SquarePants Theme Song '' ( Derek Drymon , Mark Harrison , Stephen Hillenburg and Blaise Smith ) 0 : 47 Total length : 57 : 19 Cast ( edit ) Character Original Chicago Cast ( 2016 ) Original Broadway Cast ( 2017 ) SpongeBob SquarePants Ethan Slater Patrick Star Danny Skinner Sandy Cheeks Lilli Cooper Squidward Q. Tentacles Gavin Lee Sheldon J. Plankton Nick Blaemire Wesley Taylor Karen Plankton Stephanie Hsu * Eugene Krabs Carlos Lopez Brian Ray Norris Pearl Krabs Emmy Raver - Lampman Jai'len Christine Li Josey Mrs. Puff Abby C. Smith Gary the Snail Tom Kenny ( prerecorded ) Allan K. Washington Patchy the Pirate Jason Michael Snow Jon Rua Mayor Gaelen Gilliland Perch Perkins Kelvin Moon Loh Old Man Jenkins Mark Ledbetter JC Schuster Larry the Lobster Allan K. Washington Fred the Fish Curtis Holbrook The Electric Skates Curtis Holbrook L'ogan J'ones JC Schuster Curtis Holbrook L'ogan J'ones Kyle Matthew Hamilton French Narrator Mark Ledbetter Tom Kenny ( prerecorded ) Replacements ( Broadway ) Brandon Espinoza replaced Jon Rua as Patchy the Pirate on June 16 Catherine Ricafort replaced Stephanie Hsu as Karen Plankton on June 19 , 2018 Critical response ( edit ) The Chicago production received positive reviews . Dean Richards of WGN - TV gave it an A+ , writing that `` the story is multi-layered for kids and adults . It all adds up to one of the most fun , well produced , and best acted shows Chicago has seen in a long time . '' Chris Jones of the Chicago Tribune praised the cast ( particularly Slater , Skinner , Cooper , and Lee ) and the production values . He wrote positively of the show 's songs , writing that the musical 's `` biggest gamble -- a score made up of singles by different songwriters and unified by orchestrator Tom Kitt -- works quite beautifully . '' Nonetheless , he warned `` the transition to Broadway now needs to involve a dialing back of excess and more attention to truth -- Bikini Bottom truth , sure , but metaphoric human veracity . '' Similarly , Steve Oxman in Variety magazine praises the entertainment , invention and `` terrifically talented cast '' but argues for a `` slight shift in world view '' to truly engage the broadest audience . In the Chicago Sun - Times ' review , Hedy Weiss expressed praise for the set design 's creativity and the coherency , but felt that it was almost too extravagant ; she wrote that the musical `` exhausts itself long before it 's over . '' Kendall Ashley of Nerdist described the set as `` pretty darn impressive '' and called the decision not to use extensive makeup on the actors `` interesting . '' Barbara Vitello of the Daily Herald also commended the actors ' costumes and performances , stating that the `` imaginative costumes that add a punch of color to the glittering sea green and aquamarine backdrop are among the delights . '' The Broadway production was equally praised . Ben Brantley of The New York Times , called it a `` ginormous giggle of a show '' , and particularly praised Slater 's performance as the titular character . Marilyn Stasio of Variety stated the show provided a good amount of `` giddy , goofy fun '' for all audiences . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original Broadway production ( edit ) Year Award Ceremony Category Nominee Result 2018 Outer Critics Circle Awards Outstanding New Broadway Musical Won Outstanding Book of a Musical ( Broadway or Off - Broadway ) Kyle Jarrow Nominated Outstanding New Score ( Broadway or Off - Broadway ) Yolanda Adams , Steven Tyler , Joe Perry , Sara Bareilles , Jonathan Coulton , Alex Ebert , The Flaming Lips , Lady Antebellum , Cyndi Lauper , Rob Hyman , John Legend , Panic ! At the Disco , Plain White T 's , They Might Be Giants , T.I. , Domani , Lil'C , David Bowie , Brian Eno , Andy Paley , Tom Kenny , Derek Drymon , Mark Harrison , Stephen Hillenburg , Blaise Smith & Tom Kitt Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Tina Landau Won Outstanding Actor in a Musical Ethan Slater Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Gavin Lee Nominated Outstanding Choreographer Christopher Gattelli Nominated Outstanding Set Design ( Play or Musical ) David Zinn Nominated Outstanding Costume Design ( Play or Musical ) Nominated Outstanding Lighting Design ( Play or Musical ) Kevin Adams Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations Tom Kitt Nominated Drama League Awards Outstanding Production of a Broadway or Off - Broadway Musical Nominated Drama Desk Awards Outstanding Musical Won Outstanding Actor in a Musical Ethan Slater Won Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Gavin Lee Won Outstanding Director of a Musical Tina Landau Won Outstanding Choreography Christopher Gattelli Nominated Outstanding Book of a Musical Kyle Jarrow Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations Tom Kitt Nominated Outstanding Set Design for a Musical David Zinn Won Outstanding Costume Design Nominated Outstanding Projection Design Peter Nigrini Nominated Outstanding Wig and Hair Charles G. LaPointe Won Chita Rivera Awards for Dance and Choreography Outstanding Choreography in a Broadway Show Christopher Gattelli Nominated Outstanding Ensemble in a Broadway Show Nominated Outstanding Male Dancer in a Broadway Show Gavin Lee Nominated Tony Awards Best Musical Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Musical Ethan Slater Nominated Best Performance by an Actor in a Featured Role in a Musical Gavin Lee Nominated Best Book of a Musical Kyle Jarrow Nominated Best Original Score Yolanda Adams , Steven Tyler , Joe Perry , Sara Bareilles , Jonathan Coulton , Alex Ebert , Edward Sharpe , The Flaming Lips , Lady Antebellum , Cyndi Lauper , Rob Hyman , John Legend , Panic ! at the Disco , Plain White T 's , They Might Be Giants , T.I. , Domani & Lil'C Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Tina Landau Nominated Best Orchestrations Tom Kitt Nominated Best Choreography Christopher Gattelli Nominated Best Sound Design of a Musical Walter Trarbach and Mike Dobson Nominated Best Scenic Design of a Musical David Zinn Won Best Costume Design of a Musical Nominated Best Lighting Design of a Musical Kevin Adams Nominated Theatre World Award Ethan Slater Honoree Tied with Bartlett Sher for My Fair Lady References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' The SpongeBob Musical ' : Here Come the Songs In Behind - The - Scenes Promo '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' SpongeBob ' Musical Will Open in Chicago , With Sights on Broadway '' . The New York Times . August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chen , Wei - Huan ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' SpongeBob ' musical underscores nautical nonsense of art vs. entertainment '' . Houston Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Tony Award Nominations : SpongeBob SquarePants and Mean Girls Lead the Pack '' . Playbill . May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wayne Coyne ( @ waynecoyne ) ( 17 January 2014 ) . `` Doing more lyrics for SpongeBob Musical ! ! Maybe as high as a star ! ! ! # freaks # flamiglips ... '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Steinberg , Brian ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` With Ratings in Flux , Nickelodeon Puts Upfront Focus on Shows '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` SpongeBob musical has eye on Broadway '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Nickelodeon announces mobile service Noggin for pre-K children '' . New York Daily News . February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Calia , Michael ( August 31 , 2015 ) . `` ' The SpongeBob Musical ' Will Premiere in Chicago Before Broadway Bow '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Broadway - Bound SpongeBob Musical Announces Complete Cast '' . Playbill. April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vincent Waller ( @ VincentWaller72 ) ( 28 December 2016 ) . `` @ kargjuniordenhe All the Cast for the musical were new . Almost everyone in the musical , play multiple characters , &they 're great # SpongeBob '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2017 . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Riedel , Michael ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Could ' SpongeBob ' be the next great Broadway musical ? '' . New York Post . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Gordon ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' Hits the Stage to Soak Up Broadway Spotlight '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Jones , Chris ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` How SpongeBob SquarePants got his own musical in Chicago '' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to : `` Young SpongeBob saves the day , in a big , loud way '' . Chicago Tribune . June 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hetrick , Adam . `` ' SpongeBob SquarePants : The Broadway Musical ' Opens December 4 '' Playbill , December 4 , 2017 Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . ' ' SpongeBob SquarePants ' Will End Broadway Run in September '' Playbill , July 8 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` First Listen : ' SpongeBob SquarePants : Original Cast Recording ' '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : SpongeBob Musical Will Record Cast Album Pre-Broadway '' . Playbill . July 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SpongeBob SquarePants - The New Musical Original Cast Recording Available September 22 From Masterworks Broadway '' . PR Newswire . August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' The SpongeBob Musical ' picks its Patrick , Squidward and Plankton '' . Chicago Tribune . February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McPhee , Ryan ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` What Did Critics Think of Broadway 's SpongeBob SquarePants Musical ? '' . Playbill . Philip S. Birsh . Jump up ^ `` Meet Ethan Slater , the boy who would be SpongeBob '' . Entertainment Weekly . May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.broadwaybox.com/daily-scoop/introduce-yourselfie-spongebob-star-danny-skinner/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Weiss , Hedy ( June 19 , 2016 ) . `` Feel - good ' SpongeBob Musical ' rumbles , toils and bubbles '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Jump up ^ Gelt , Jessica ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` From chorus girl to leading lady : Emmy Raver - Lampman , the Cinderella of ' Hamilton ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Johnson , Joshua ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Singing with SpongeBob and Playing Mrs. Puff '' . Harding University . ^ Jump up to : Brantley , Ben ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' SpongeBob SquarePants , ' a Watery Wonderland on Broadway '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Curtis ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Curtis Holbrook on Instagram '' . Instagram . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Catherine Ricafort Broadway '' Playbill , retrieved July 14 , 2018 Jump up ^ Richards , Dean ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` Dean 's Review : ' The SpongeBob Musical ' world premiere '' . WGN - TV . Jump up ^ Oxman , Steve ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` The SpongeBob Musical review '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Ashley , Kendall ( June 11 , 2016 ) . `` I 'm Ready ! Get Your First Look at The SpongeBob Musical ! '' . Nerdist Industries . Jump up ^ Vitello , Barbara ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' SpongeBob Musical ' delights with whimsical visuals , spirited cast '' . Daily Herald . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' SpongeBob SquarePants , ' a Watery Wonderland on Broadway '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stasio , Marliyn ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Broadway Review : ' SpongeBob SquarePants , ' the Musical '' . Variety . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Outer Critics Circle Nominations Announced '' . TheaterMania.com. 2018 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` '' SpongeBob SquarePants '' Heads the List with 11 Nominations ! `` . Outer Critics Circle Awards . Outer Critics Circle . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Breaking : THE BAND 'S VISIT , ANGELS IN AMERICA , MEAN GIRLS , FROZEN , And More Earn Drama League Nominations ; See The Full List ! '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 2018 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ BWW News Desk ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) . `` Breaking : CAROUSEL , SPONGEBOB SQUAREPANTS Lead the Pack with Drama Desk Awards Nominations ; The Full List ! '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Playbill External links ( edit ) Internet Broadway Database Official site Oriental Theatre SpongeBob SquarePants Characters SpongeBob SquarePants Patrick Star Squidward Tentacles Mr. Krabs Plankton and Karen Sandy Cheeks Mrs. Puff Pearl Krabs Mermaid Man and Barnacle Boy Production Cast members Guest stars Awards and nominations Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Episodes `` Help Wanted '' `` Pizza Delivery '' `` Rock Bottom '' `` Christmas Who ? '' `` Band Geeks '' `` Graveyard Shift '' `` Sailor Mouth '' `` Chocolate with Nuts '' `` The Sponge Who Could Fly '' `` Have You Seen This Snail ? '' `` Dunces and Dragons '' `` Best Day Ever '' `` Friend or Foe '' `` Pest of the West '' `` What Ever Happened to SpongeBob ? '' `` SpongeBob SquarePants vs. The Big One '' `` To SquarePants or Not to SquarePants '' `` The Clash of Triton '' `` SpongeBob 's Last Stand '' `` The Great Patty Caper '' `` It 's a SpongeBob Christmas ! '' `` Extreme Spots '' `` SpongeBob , You 're Fired '' `` Squid Noir '' Films The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie The SpongeBob Movie : Sponge Out of Water The SpongeBob Movie : It 's a Wonderful Sponge ( 2020 ) Television films SpongeBob 's Atlantis SquarePantis SpongeBob 's Truth or Square Miniseries Legends of Bikini Bottom SpongeBob 's Runaway Roadtrip Locations Krusty Krab Attractions Jimmy Neutron 's Nicktoon Blast SpongeBob SquarePants 4 - D SpongeBob SquarePants Rock Bottom Plunge SpongeBob SquarePants 4D : The Great Jelly Rescue Universal 's Superstar Parade Miscellaneous Merchandise SpongeBob Comics SpongeBob SquarePants ( musical ) Related articles 2015 SpongeBob SquarePants 400 Square Roots : The Story of SpongeBob SquarePants Spongiforma squarepantsii United Plankton Pictures Book Category Portal Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical The Wiz ( 1975 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1983 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1986 ) Les Miserables ( 1987 ) Into the Woods ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) The Life ( 1997 ) Ragtime ( 1998 ) Parade ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Wicked ( 2004 ) Spamalot ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) Passing Strange ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Hamilton ( 2015 ) Shuffle Along ( 2016 ) Come from Away ( 2017 ) SpongeBob SquarePants ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SpongeBob_SquarePants_(musical)&oldid=850570215 '' Categories : Broadway musicals Musicals based on television series 2016 musicals SpongeBob SquarePants Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages with timeline metadata Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 17 : 51 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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who wrote the music for spongebob the musical
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"SpongeBob SquarePants: The Broadway Musical (originally titled The SpongeBob Musical) is a stage musical, co-conceived and directed by Tina Landau[1] with songs by various artists, a book by Kyle Jarrow[2]. It is based on the Nickelodeon animated television series SpongeBob SquarePants and made its world premiere in June 2016 at the Oriental Theatre in Chicago. The musical premiered on Broadway at the Palace Theatre in December 2017.\n"
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"various artists"
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North American Free Trade Agreement
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North American Free trade Agreement - Wikipedia North American Free trade Agreement Jump to : navigation , search `` NAFTA '' redirects here . For other uses , see Nafta ( disambiguation ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Parts of this article ( those related to Donald Trump ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North American Free Trade Agreement Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte ( Spanish ) Accord de Libre - échange Nord - Américain ( French ) Logo of the NAFTA Secretariat Languages English Spanish French Type Free trade area Member states Canada Mexico United States Establishment January 1 , 1994 ; 24 years ago ( 1994 - 01 - 01 ) Area Total 21,578,137 km ( 8,331,365 sq mi ) Water ( % ) 7.4 Population 2016 estimate 481,800,000 Density 22.3 / km ( 57.8 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $22.567 trillion Per capita $46,839 GDP ( nominal ) 2016 estimate Total $21.144 trillion Per capita $43,885 HDI ( 2011 ) 0.868 very high Website www.naftanow.org NAFTA GDP -- 2012 : IMF -- World Economic Outlook Databases ( Oct 2013 ) The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ; Spanish : Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte , TLCAN ; French : Accord de libre - échange nord - américain , ALÉNA ) is an agreement signed by Canada , Mexico , and the United States , creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America . The agreement came into force on January 1 , 1994 . It superseded the Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada . NAFTA has two supplements : the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation ( NAALC ) . Most economic analyses indicate that NAFTA has been beneficial to the North American economies and the average citizen , but harmed a small minority of workers in industries exposed to trade competition . Economists hold that withdrawing from NAFTA or renegotiating NAFTA in a way that reestablishes trade barriers will adversely affect the U.S. economy and cost jobs . However , Mexico would be much more severely affected by job loss and reduction of economic growth in both the short term and long term . Contents ( hide ) 1 Negotiation , ratification , and revision 2 Provisions 2.1 Intellectual property 2.2 Environment 2.3 Agriculture 2.4 Transportation infrastructure 3 Impact 3.1 Canada 3.2 Mexico 3.3 United States 3.3. 1 Trade balances 3.3. 2 Investment 3.4 Jobs 3.5 Environment 3.6 Mobility of persons 4 Disputes and controversies 4.1 1992 U.S. presidential candidate Ross Perot 4.2 Legal disputes 4.2. 1 Change in income trust taxation not expropriation 4.3 Impact on Mexican farmers 4.4 Zapatista Uprising in response to NAFTA in Chiapas , Mexico 4.5 Chapter 11 4.6 Chapter 19 4.7 Criticism from 2016 U.S. presidential candidates 5 Policy of the Trump administration 5.1 Renegotiation 5.2 Impact of withdrawing from NAFTA 6 Trans - Pacific Partnership 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Negotiation , ratification , and revision Back row , left to right : Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari , U.S. President George H.W. Bush , and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney , at the initialing of the draft North American Free Trade Agreement in October 1992 . In front are Mexican Secretary of Commerce and Industrial Development Jaime Serra Puche , United States Trade Representative Carla Hills , and Canadian Minister of International Trade Michael Wilson . The impetus for a North American free trade zone began with U.S. President Ronald Reagan , who made the idea part of his campaign when he announced his candidacy for the presidency in November 1979 . Canada and the United States signed the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement ( FTA ) in 1988 , and shortly afterward Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari decided to approach US president George H.W. Bush to propose a similar agreement in an effort to bring in foreign investment following the Latin American debt crisis . As the two leaders began negotiating , the Canadian government under Prime Minister Brian Mulroney feared that the advantages Canada had gained through the Canada - US FTA would be undermined by a US - Mexican bilateral agreement , and asked to become a party to the US - Mexican talks . Following diplomatic negotiations dating back to 1990 among the three nations , the three leaders signed the agreement in their respective capitals on December 17 , 1992 . The signed agreement then needed to be ratified by each nation 's legislative or parliamentary branch . The earlier Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement had been controversial and divisive in Canada , and featured as an issue in the 1988 Canadian election . In that election , more Canadians voted for anti-free trade parties ( the Liberals and the New Democrats ) but the split of the votes between the two parties meant that the pro-free trade Progressive Conservatives ( PCs ) came out of the election with the most seats and so took power . Mulroney and the PCs had a parliamentary majority easily passed the 1987 Canada - U.S. FTA and NAFTA bills . However , Mulroney was replaced as Conservative leader and prime minister by Kim Campbell . Campbell led the PC party into the 1993 election where they were decimated by the Liberal Party under Jean Chrétien , who campaigned on a promise to renegotiate or abrogate NAFTA . Chrétien subsequently negotiated two supplemental agreements with Bush , who had subverted the LAC advisory process and worked to `` fast track '' the signing prior to the end of his term , ran out of time and had to pass the required ratification and signing of the implementation law to incoming president Bill Clinton . Before sending it to the United States Senate Clinton added two side agreements , the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation ( NAALC ) and the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) , to protect workers and the environment , and also allay the concerns of many House members . They also required U.S. partners to adhere to environmental practices and regulations similar to its own . After much consideration and emotional discussion , the US House of Representatives passed the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act on November 17 , 1993 , 234 -- 200 . The agreement 's supporters included 132 Republicans and 102 Democrats . The bill passed the Senate on November 20 , 1993 , 61 -- 38 . Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats . Clinton signed it into law on December 8 , 1993 ; the agreement went into effect on January 1 , 1994 . Clinton , while signing the NAFTA bill , stated that `` NAFTA means jobs . American jobs , and good - paying American jobs . If I did n't believe that , I would n't support this agreement . '' NAFTA then replaced the previous Canada - US FTA . This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2009 ) Remarks on the Signing of the NAFTA Implementation Act ( December 8 , 1993 ) Play media Bill Clinton 's remarks on the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act , December 8 , 1993 . Remarks on the Signing of the NAFTA Implementation Act ( December 8 , 1993 ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . Provisions The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the U.S. , Canada and Mexico . The implementation of NAFTA on January 1 , 1994 brought the immediate elimination of tariffs on more than one - half of Mexico 's exports to the U.S. and more than one - third of U.S. exports to Mexico . Within 10 years of the implementation of the agreement , all U.S. - Mexico tariffs were to be eliminated except for some U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico to be phased out within 15 years . Most U.S. - Canada trade was already duty - free . NAFTA also sought to eliminate non-tariff trade barriers and to protect the intellectual property rights on traded products . Chapter 52 provides a procedure for the international resolution of disputes over the application and interpretation of NAFTA . It was modeled after Chapter 69 of the Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement . The roster of NAFTA adjudicators includes many retired judges , such as Alice Desjardins , John Maxwell Evans , Constance Hunt , John Richard , Arlin M. Adams , Susan Getzendanner , George C. Pratt , Charles B. Renfrew and Sandra Day O'Connor . Intellectual property The North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act made some changes to the copyright law of the United States , foreshadowing the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 by restoring copyright ( within the NAFTA nations ) on certain motion pictures which had entered the public domain . Environment U.S. congressional approval for NAFTA would have been impossible without addressing public concerns about NAFTA 's environmental impact . The Clinton administration negotiated a side agreement on the environment with Canada and Mexico , the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) , which led to the creation of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation ( CEC ) in 1994 . To alleviate concerns that NAFTA , the first regional trade agreement between a developing country and two developed countries , would have negative environmental impacts , the commission was mandated to conduct ongoing ex post environmental assessment , It created one of the first ex post frameworks for environmental assessment of trade liberalization , designed to produce a body of evidence with respect to the initial hypotheses about NAFTA and the environment , such as the concern that NAFTA would create a `` race to the bottom '' in environmental regulation among the three countries , or that NAFTA would pressure governments to increase their environmental protections . The CEC has held four symposia to evaluate the environmental impacts of NAFTA and commissioned 47 papers on the subject from leading independent experts . Agriculture From the earliest negotiation , agriculture was ( and still is ) a controversial topic within NAFTA , as it has been with almost all free trade agreements signed within the WTO framework . Agriculture is the only section that was not negotiated trilaterally ; instead , three separate agreements were signed between each pair of parties . The Canada -- U.S. agreement contains significant restrictions and tariff quotas on agricultural products ( mainly sugar , dairy , and poultry products ) , whereas the Mexico -- U.S. pact allows for a wider liberalization within a framework of phase - out periods ( it was the first North -- South FTA on agriculture to be signed ) . Transportation infrastructure NAFTA established the CANAMEX Corridor for road transport between Canada and Mexico , also proposed for use by rail , pipeline , and fiber optic telecommunications infrastructure . This became a High Priority Corridor under the U.S. Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 . Impact Obama , Peña Nieto and Harper at the IX North American Leaders ' Summit ( informally known as the Three Amigos Summit ) in Toluca . Canada In the year 2008 alone , Canadian exports to the United States and Mexico were at $381.3 billion , with imports at $245.1 billion. . According to University of Toronto economist Daniel Trefler , NAFTA produced a significant net benefit to Canada , with long - term productivity increasing by up to 15 percent in industries that experienced the deepest tariff cuts . While the contraction of low - productivity plants reduced employment ( up to 12 percent of existing positions ) , these job losses lasted less than a decade ; overall , unemployment in Canada has fallen since the passage of the act . Commenting on this trade - off , Trefler said that the critical question in trade policy is to understand `` how freer trade can be implemented in an industrialized economy in a way that recognizes both the long - run gains and the short - term adjustment costs borne by workers and others . '' Another of NAFTA 's biggest economic effects on U.S. - Canada trade has been higher bilateral agricultural flows . A study in 2007 found that NAFTA had `` a substantial impact on international trade volumes , but a modest effect on prices and welfare '' . A 2015 study that focused on the impact of NAFTA 's tariff reductions found that while intra-bloc trade increased by 41 % for the U.S. and 118 % for Mexico , it increased by a modest 11 % for Canada . Moreover , U.S. and Mexico benefited more from the tariff reductions component , with welfare increases of 0.08 % and 1.31 % , respectively , with Canada experiencing a decrease of 0.06 % . Mexico Main article : Effects of NAFTA on Mexico Maquiladoras ( Mexican assembly plants that take in imported components and produce goods for export ) have become the landmark of trade in Mexico . They moved to Mexico from the United States , hence the debate over the loss of American jobs . Income in the maquiladora sector has increased 15.5 % since the implementation of NAFTA in 1994 . Other sectors now benefit from the free trade agreement , and the share of exports to the US from non-border states has increased in the last five years while the share of exports from border states has decreased . This has allowed rapid growth in non-border metropolitan areas such as Toluca , León and Puebla ; all larger in population than Tijuana , Ciudad Juárez , and Reynosa . The overall effect of the Mexico -- U.S. agricultural agreement is disputed . Mexico did not invest in the infrastructure necessary for competition , such as efficient railroads and highways. This resulted in more difficult living conditions for the country 's poor . Mexico 's agricultural exports increased 9.4 percent annually between 1994 and 2001 , while imports increased by only 6.9 percent a year during the same period . One of the most affected agricultural sectors is the meat industry . Mexico went from a small player in the pre-1994 U.S. export market to the second largest importer of U.S. agricultural products in 2004 , and NAFTA may be a major catalyst for this change . Free trade removed the hurdles that impeded business between the two countries , so Mexico has provided a growing market for meat for the U.S. , and increased sales and profits for the U.S. meat industry . A coinciding noticeable increase in the Mexican per capita GDP greatly changed meat consumption patterns ; per capita meat consumption has grown . Production of corn in Mexico has increased since NAFTA . But internal demand for corn has increased beyond Mexico 's supply , and imports have become needed , far beyond the quotas Mexico originally negotiated . Zahniser & Coyle also point out that corn prices in Mexico , adjusted for international prices , have drastically decreased , but through a program of subsidies expanded by former president Vicente Fox , production has remained stable since 2000 . Reducing agricultural subsidies , especially corn subsidies , has been suggested as a way to reduce harms to Mexican farmers . A 2001 Journal of Economic Perspectives review of the existing literature found that NAFTA was a net benefit to Mexico . By the year 2003 , 80 % of the commerce in Mexico was executed only with the U.S. The commercial sales surplus , combined with the deficit with the rest of the world , created a dependency in Mexico 's exports . These effects were evident in 2001 -- 2003 ; the result of that recession was either a low rate or a negative rate in Mexico 's exports . A 2015 study found that Mexico 's welfare increased by 1.31 % as a result of the NAFTA tariff reductions , and that Mexico 's intra-bloc trade increased by 118 % . Inequality and poverty fell in the most globalization - affected regions of Mexico . 2013 and 2015 studies show that Mexican small farmers benefitted more from NAFTA than large - scale farmers . NAFTA has also been credited with the rise of the Mexican middle class . A Tufts University study found that NAFTA lowered the average cost of basic necessities in Mexico by up to 50 % . This price reduction increased cash - on - hand for many Mexican families , allowing Mexico to graduate more engineers than Germany each year . Growth in new sales orders indicates an increase in demand for manufactured products , which resulted in expansion of production and a higher employment rate to satisfy the increment in the demand . The growth in the maquiladora industry and in the manufacturing industry was of 4.7 % in August 2016 . Three quarters of the imports and exports comes are with the U.S. Tufts University political scientist Daniel W. Drezner has argued that NAFTA made it easier for Mexico to transform to a real democracy and become a country that views itself as North American . This has boosted cooperation between the United States and Mexico . United States Economists consider that NAFTA was beneficial for the United States . In a 2012 survey of leading economists , 95 % said that on average U.S. citizens benefited from NAFTA . A 2001 Journal of Economic Perspectives review found that NAFTA was a net benefit to the United States . A 2015 study found that US welfare increased by 0.08 % as a result of NAFTA tariff reductions , and that US intra-bloc trade increased by 41 % . In 2015 , the Congressional Research Service concluded that the `` net overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy appears to have been relatively modest , primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. GDP . However , there were worker and firm adjustment costs as the three countries adjusted to more open trade and investment among their economies . '' The report also estimated that NAFTA added $80 billion to the US economy since its implementation , equivalent to a 0.5 % increase in US GDP . The U.S. Chamber of Commerce credits NAFTA with increasing U.S. trade in goods and services with Canada and Mexico from $337 billion in 1993 to $1.2 trillion in 2011 , while the AFL - CIO blames the agreement for sending 700,000 American manufacturing jobs to Mexico over that time . University of California , San Diego economics professor Gordon Hanson has said that NAFTA helped the U.S. compete against China and therefore saved U.S. jobs . While some jobs were lost to Mexico as a result of NAFTA , considerably more would have been lost to China if not for NAFTA . Trade balances The U.S. had a trade surplus with NAFTA countries of $28.3 billion for services in 2009 and a trade deficit of $94.6 billion ( 36.4 % annual increase ) for goods in 2010 . This trade deficit accounted for 26.8 percent of all U.S. goods trade deficit . A study published in the August 2008 issue of the American Journal of Agricultural Economics , found NAFTA increased U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico and Canada , even though most of the increase occurred a decade after its ratification . The study focused on the effects that gradual `` phase - in '' periods in regional trade agreements , including NAFTA , have on trade flows . Most of the increase in members ' agricultural trade , which was only recently brought under the purview of the World Trade Organization , was due to very high trade barriers before NAFTA or other regional trade agreements . Investment The U.S. foreign direct investment ( FDI ) in NAFTA countries ( stock ) was $327.5 billion in 2009 ( latest data available ) , up 8.8 % from 2008 . The U.S. direct investment in NAFTA countries is in nonbank holding companies , and in the manufacturing , finance / insurance , and mining sectors . The foreign direct investment of Canada and Mexico in the United States ( stock ) was $237.2 billion in 2009 ( the latest data available ) , up 16.5 % from 2008 . Jobs Main article : NAFTA 's effect on United States employment Many American small businesses depend on exporting their products to Canada or Mexico under NAFTA . According to the U.S. Trade Representative , this trade supports over 140,000 small - and medium - sized businesses in the US . According to the Economic Policy Institute , California , Texas , Michigan and other states with high concentrations of manufacturing jobs were most affected by job loss due to NAFTA . EPI economist Robert Scott estimates some 682,900 U.S. jobs have been `` lost or displaced '' as a result of the trade agreement . However , other studies have found that NAFTA only had a modest impact on manufacturing employment , and that automation explains 87 % of the losses in manufacturing jobs . According to University of California Berkeley professor of economics Brad DeLong , NAFTA had an insignificant impact on US manufacturing . The adverse impact on manufacturing has been very exaggerated in US political discourse according to DeLong , Harvard economist Dani Rodrik agrees . Environment Main article : NAFTA 's Impact on the Environment According to a study in the Journal of International Economics , NAFTA reduced pollution emitted by the US manufacturing sector : `` On average , nearly two - thirds of the reductions in PM and SO emissions from the U.S. manufacturing sector between 1994 and 1998 can be attributed to trade liberalization following NAFTA . '' According to the Sierra Club , NAFTA contributed to large - scale , export - oriented farming , which led to the increased use of fossil fuels , pesticides and GMO . NAFTA also contributed to environmentally destructive mining practices in Mexico . It prevented Canada from effectively regulating its tar sands industry , and created new legal avenues for transnational corporations to fight environmental legislation . In some cases , environmental policy was neglected in the wake of trade liberalization ; in other cases , NAFTA 's measures for investment protection , such as Chapter 11 , and measures against non-tariff trade barriers threatened to discourage more vigorous environmental policy . The most serious overall increases in pollution due to NAFTA were found in the base metals sector , the Mexican petroleum sector , and the transportation equipment sector in the United States and Mexico , but not in Canada . Mobility of persons According to the Department of Homeland Security Yearbook of Immigration Statistics , during fiscal year 2006 ( i.e. , October 2005 through September 2006 ) , 73,880 foreign professionals ( 64,633 Canadians and 9,247 Mexicans ) were admitted into the United States for temporary employment under NAFTA ( i.e. , in the TN status ) . Additionally , 17,321 of their family members ( 13,136 Canadians , 2,904 Mexicans , as well as a number of third - country nationals married to Canadians and Mexicans ) entered the U.S. in the treaty national 's dependent ( TD ) status . Because DHS counts the number of the new I - 94 arrival records filled at the border , and the TN - 1 admission is valid for three years , the number of non-immigrants in TN status present in the U.S. at the end of the fiscal year is approximately equal to the number of admissions during the year . ( A discrepancy may be caused by some TN entrants leaving the country or changing status before their three - year admission period has expired , while other immigrants admitted earlier may change their status to TN or TD , or extend TN status granted earlier ) . According to the International Organization for Migration , deaths of migrants have been on the rise worldwide with 5,604 deaths in 2016 . An increased number of undocumented farmworkers in California may be due to the initial passing of NAFTA Canadian authorities estimated that on December 1 , 2006 , 24,830 U.S. citizens and 15,219 Mexican citizens were in Canada as `` foreign workers '' . These numbers include both entrants under NAFTA and those who entered under other provisions of Canadian immigration law . New entries of foreign workers in 2006 totalled 16,841 U.S. citizens and 13,933 Mexicans . Disputes and controversies 1992 U.S. presidential candidate Ross Perot In the second 1992 presidential debate , Ross Perot argued : We have got to stop sending jobs overseas . It 's pretty simple : If you 're paying $12 , $13 , $14 an hour for factory workers and you can move your factory south of the border , pay a dollar an hour for labor , ... have no health care -- that 's the most expensive single element in making a car -- have no environmental controls , no pollution controls and no retirement , and you do n't care about anything but making money , there will be a giant sucking sound going south . ... when ( Mexico 's ) jobs come up from a dollar an hour to six dollars an hour , and ours go down to six dollars an hour , and then it 's leveled again . But in the meantime , you 've wrecked the country with these kinds of deals . Perot ultimately lost the election , and the winner , Bill Clinton , supported NAFTA , which went into effect on January 1 , 1994 . Legal disputes This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( August 2009 ) In 1996 , the gasoline additive MMT was brought to Canada by Ethyl Corporation , an American company when the Canadian federal government banned imports of the additive . The American company brought a claim under NAFTA Chapter 11 seeking US $201 million , from the Canadian federal government as well as the Canadian provinces under the Agreement on Internal Trade ( AIT ) . They argued that the additive had not been conclusively linked to any health dangers , and that the prohibition was damaging to their company . Following a finding that the ban was a violation of the AIT , the Canadian federal government repealed the ban and settled with the American company for US $13 million . Studies by Health and Welfare Canada ( now Health Canada ) on the health effects of MMT in fuel found no significant health effects associated with exposure to these exhaust emissions . Other Canadian researchers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency disagreed citing studies that suggested possible nerve damage . The United States and Canada have argued for years over the United States ' 27 % duty on Canadian softwood lumber imports . Canada filed many motions to have the duty eliminated and the collected duties returned to Canada . After the United States lost an appeal before a NAFTA panel , it responded by saying `` We are , of course , disappointed with the ( NAFTA panel 's ) decision , but it will have no impact on the anti-dumping and countervailing duty orders . '' ( Nick Lifton , spokesman for U.S. Trade Representative Rob Portman ) On July 21 , 2006 , the United States Court of International Trade found that imposition of the duties was contrary to U.S. law . Change in income trust taxation not expropriation On October 30 , 2007 , American citizens Marvin and Elaine Gottlieb filed a Notice of Intent to Submit a Claim to Arbitration under NAFTA , claiming thousands of U.S. investors lost a total of $5 billion in the fall - out from the Conservative Government 's decision the previous year to change the tax rate on income trusts in the energy sector . On April 29 , 2009 , a determination was made that this change in tax law was not expropriation . Impact on Mexican farmers Several studies have rejected NAFTA responsibility for depressing the incomes of poor corn farmers . The trend existed more than a decade before NAFTA existed . Also , maize production increased after 1994 , and there was n't a measurable impact on the price of Mexican corn because of subsidized corn from the United States . The studies agreed that the abolition of U.S. agricultural subsidies would benefit Mexican farmers . Zapatista uprising in response to NAFTA in chiapas , Mexico Further information : Zapatista Army of National Liberation Preparations for NAFTA included cancellation of Article 27 of Mexico 's constitution , the cornerstone of Emiliano Zapata 's revolution in 1910 -- 1919 . Under the historic Article 27 , Indian communal landholdings were protected from sale or privatization . However , this barrier to investment was incompatible with NAFTA . Indian farmers feared the loss of their remaining lands , and also feared cheap imports ( substitutes ) from the US . The Zapatistas labelled NAFTA a `` death sentence '' to Indian communities all over Mexico . Then EZLN declared war on the Mexican state on January 1 , 1994 , the day NAFTA came into force . Chapter 11 Another contentious issue is the investor state dispute settlement obligations contained in Chapter 11 of NAFTA . Chapter 11 allows corporations or individuals to sue Mexico , Canada or the United States for compensation when actions taken by those governments ( or by those for whom they are responsible at international law , such as provincial , state , or municipal governments ) violate international law . This chapter has been criticized by groups in the U.S. , Mexico , and Canada for a variety of reasons , including not taking into account important social and environmental considerations . In Canada , several groups , including the Council of Canadians , challenged the constitutionality of Chapter 11 . They lost at the trial level and have subsequently appealed . Methanex Corporation , a Canadian corporation , filed a US $ 970 million suit against the United States because , it said , a California ban on Methyl tert - butyl ether ( MTBE ) , a substance that had found its way into many wells in the state , was hurtful to the corporation 's sales of methanol . The claim was rejected , and the company was ordered to pay US $3 million to the U.S. government in costs , based on the following reasoning : `` But as a matter of general international law , a non-discriminatory regulation for a public purpose , which is enacted in accordance with due process and , which affects , inter alios , a foreign investor or investment is not deemed expropriatory and compensable unless specific commitments had been given by the regulating government to the then putative foreign investor contemplating investment that the government would refrain from such regulation . '' In another case , Metalclad , an American corporation , was awarded US $15.6 million from Mexico after a Mexican municipality refused a construction permit for the hazardous waste landfill it intended to construct in Guadalcázar , San Luis Potosí . The construction had already been approved by the federal government with various environmental requirements imposed ( see paragraph 48 of the tribunal decision ) . The NAFTA panel found that the municipality did not have the authority to ban construction on the basis of its environmental concerns . In Eli Lilly and Company v. Government of Canada the plaintiff presented a US $500 million claim for the way Canada requires usefulness in its drug patent legislation . Apotex is sued the U.S. for US $520 million because of opportunity it says it lost in an FDA generic drug decision . Lone Pine Resources Inc. v. Government of Canada filed a US $250 million claim against Canada , accusing it of `` arbitrary , capricious and illegal '' behaviour , because Quebec intends to prevent fracking exploration under the St. Lawrence Seaway . Milos Barutciski , the lawyer for Lone Pine , has decried portrayals of his client as `` another rapacious multinational challenging governments ' ability to regulate for health , safety and the environment '' . Lone Pine Resources is incorporated in Delaware but headquartered in Calgary , and had an initial public offering on the NYSE May 25 , 2011 of 15 million shares each for $13 , which raised US $195 million . Barutciski acknowledged `` that NAFTA and other investor - protection treaties create an anomaly in that Canadian companies that have also seen their permits rescinded by the very same Quebec legislation , which expressly forbids the paying of compensation , do not have the right ( to ) pursue a NAFTA claim , '' and that winning `` compensation in Canadian courts for domestic companies in this case would be more difficult since the Constitution puts property rights in provincial hands . '' A treaty with China would extend similar rights to Chinese investors , including SOEs . Chapter 19 Also contentious is NAFTA 's Chapter 19 , which subjects antidumping and countervailing duty ( AD / CVD ) determinations to binational panel review instead of , or in addition to , conventional judicial review . For example , in the United States , review of agency decisions imposing antidumping and countervailing duties are normally heard before the U.S. Court of International Trade , an Article III court . NAFTA parties , however , have the option of appealing the decisions to binational panels composed of five citizens from the two relevant NAFTA countries . The panelists are generally lawyers experienced in international trade law . Since NAFTA does not include substantive provisions concerning AD / CVD , the panel is charged with determining whether final agency determinations involving AD / CVD conform with the country 's domestic law . Chapter 19 is an anomaly in international dispute settlement since it does not apply international law , but requires a panel composed of individuals from many countries to re-examine the application of one country 's domestic law . A Chapter 19 panel is expected to examine whether the agency 's determination is supported by `` substantial evidence '' . This standard assumes significant deference to the domestic agency . Some of the most controversial trade disputes in recent years , such as the U.S. -- Canada softwood lumber dispute , have been litigated before Chapter 19 panels . Decisions by Chapter 19 panels can be challenged before a NAFTA extraordinary challenge committee . However , an extraordinary challenge committee does not function as an ordinary appeal . Under NAFTA , it will only vacate or remand a decision if the decision involves a significant and material error that threatens the integrity of the NAFTA dispute settlement system . Since January 2006 , no NAFTA party has successfully challenged a Chapter 19 panel 's decision before an extraordinary challenge committee . Criticism from 2016 U.S. presidential candidates In a 60 Minutes interview in September 2015 , American 2016 presidential candidate Donald Trump called NAFTA calling it `` the single worst trade deal ever approved in ( the United States ) '' , and said that if elected , he would `` either renegotiate it , or we will break it '' . Juan Pablo Castañón ( es ) president of the trade group Consejo Coordinador Empresarial , expressed concern about renegotiation and the willingness to focus on the car industry . A range of trade experts have said that pulling out of NAFTA would have a range of unintended consequences for the U.S. , including reduced access to the its biggest export markets , a reduction in economic growth , and higher prices for gasoline , cars , fruits , and vegetables . Members of the private initiative in Mexico noted that to eliminate NAFTA , many laws must be adapted by the U.S. Congress . The move would also eventually result in legal complaints by the World Trade Organization . The Washington Post noted that a Congressional Research Service review of academic literature concluded that the `` net overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy appears to have been relatively modest , primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. GDP '' . Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders opposed the Trans - Pacific Partnership trade agreement , which he called `` a continuation of other disastrous trade agreements , like NAFTA , CAFTA , and permanent normal trade relations with China '' . He believes that free trade agreements have caused a loss of American jobs and depressed American wages . Sanders has said that America needs to rebuild its manufacturing base using American factories for well - paying jobs for American labor rather than outsourcing to China and elsewhere . Policy of the Trump administration Renegotiation Chrystia Freeland , Luis Videgaray Caso and Rex Tillerson in Mexico City in 2018 Shortly after his election , U.S. President Donald Trump said he would begin renegotiating the terms of NAFTA , to resolve trade issues he had campaigned on . The leaders of Canada and Mexico have indicated their willingness to work with the Trump administration . Although vague on the exact terms he seeks in a renegotiated NAFTA , Trump threatened to withdraw from it if negotiations fail . In July 2017 , the Trump administration provided a detailed list of changes that it would like to see to NAFTA . The top priority was a reduction in the United States ' trade deficit . The administration also called for the elimination of provisions that allowed Canada and Mexico to appeal duties imposed by the United States and limited the ability of the United States to impose import restrictions on Canada and Mexico . The list also alleged subsidized state - owned enterprises and currency manipulation . According to Chad Bown of the Peterson Institute for International Economics , the Trump administration 's list `` is very consistent with the president 's stance on liking trade barriers , liking protectionism . This makes NAFTA in many respects less of a free - trade agreement . '' The concerns expressed by the US Trade Representative over subsidized state - owned enterprises and currency manipulation are not thought to apply to Canada and Mexico , but rather to be designed to send a message to countries beyond North America . Jeffrey Schott of the Peterson Institute for International Economics noted that it would not be possible to conclude renegotiations quickly while also addressing all the concerns on the list . He also said that it would be difficult to do anything about trade deficits . An October 2017 op - ed in Toronto 's Globe and Mail questioned whether the United States wanted to re-negotiate the agreement or planned to walk away from it no matter what , noting that newly appointed American ambassador Kelly Knight Craft is married to the owner of Alliance Resource Partners , a big US coal operation . Canada is implementing a carbon plan , and there is also the matter of a sale of Bombardier jets . `` The Americans inserted so many poison pills into last week 's talks in Washington that they should have been charged with murder '' , wrote the columnist , John Ibbitson . `` A number of the proposals that the United States has put on the table have little or no support from the U.S. business and agriculture community . It is n't clear who they 're intended to benefit '' , said John Murphy , vice-president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce . Pat Roberts , the senior US senator from Kansas , called for an outcry against Trump anti-NAFTA moves , saying the `` issues affect real jobs , real lives and real people '' . Kansas is a major agricultural exporter , and farm groups warn that just threatening to leave NAFTA might cause buyers to minimize uncertainty by seeking out non-US sources . A fourth round of talks included a U.S. demand for a sunset clause that would end the agreement in five years , unless the three countries agreed to keep it in place , a provision U.S. Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross has said would allow the countries to kill the deal if it was not working . Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau met with the House Ways and Means Committee , since Congress would have to pass legislation rolling back the treaty 's provisions if Trump tries to withdraw from the pact . Impact of withdrawing from NAFTA Following Donald Trump 's election to the presidency , a range of trade experts have said that pulling out of NAFTA as Trump proposed would have a range of unintended consequences for the U.S. , including reduced access to the U.S. 's biggest export markets , a reduction in economic growth , and increased prices for gasoline , cars , fruits , and vegetables . The worst affected sectors would be textiles , agriculture and automobiles . According to Tufts University political scientist Daniel W. Drezner , the Trump administration 's desire to return relations with Mexico to the pre-NAFTA era are misguided . Drezner argues that NAFTA made it easier for Mexico to transform to a real democracy and become a country that views itself as North American . If Trump acts on many of the threats that he has made against Mexico , it is not inconceivable that Mexicans would turn to left - wing populist strongmen , as several South American countries have . At the very least , US - Mexico relations would worsen , with adverse implications for cooperation on border security , counterterrorism , drug - war cooperation , deportations and managing Central American migration . According to Chad P. Bown ( senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics ) , `` a renegotiated NAFTA that would reestablish trade barriers is unlikely to help workers who lost their jobs -- regardless of the cause -- take advantage of new employment opportunities '' . According to Harvard economist Marc Melitz , `` recent research estimates that the repeal of NAFTA would not increase car production in the United States '' . Melitz notes that this would cost manufacturing jobs . Trans - Pacific Partnership If the Trans - Pacific Partnership ( TPP ) comes into effect , existing agreements such as NAFTA will be reduced to those provisions that do not conflict with the TPP , or that require greater trade liberalization than the TPP . However , only Canada and Mexico will have the prospect of becoming members of the TPP after U.S. President Donald Trump withdrew the United States from the agreement in January 2017 . In May 2017 , the 11 remaining members of the TPP , including Canada and Mexico , agreed to proceed with the trade deal without U.S. participation . See also Economics portal North America portal Canada portal United States portal Mexico portal North American Leaders ' Summit Association of Southeast Asian Nations Canada 's Global Markets Action Plan The Fight for Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement ( CETA ) Economic Community of West African States European Economic Area European Free Trade Association European Union North American Transportation Statistics Interchange Pacific Alliance Trans - Pacific Partnership Free trade debate References Jump up ^ NAFTA Secretariat Archived April 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Nafta-sec-alena.org ( June 9 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calculated using UNDP data for the member states . If considered as a single entity , NAFTA would rank 23rd among the other countries . Jump up ^ `` Free Trade Agreements '' . Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Canada - United States Free Trade Agreement ( FTA ) '' . Foreign Affairs , Trade , and Development Canada . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA 's Economic Impact '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Poll Results IGM Forum '' . www.igmchicago.org. 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Burfisher , Mary E ; Robinson , Sherman ; Thierfelder , Karen ( 2001 - 02 - 01 ) . `` The Impact of NAFTA on the United States '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 15 ( 1 ) : 125 -- 44 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.516. 6543 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 15.1. 125 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 . Jump up ^ Hiltzik , Michael ( 2017 - 01 - 30 ) . `` NAFTA does n't count for much economically , but it 's still a huge political football . Here 's why '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rodrik , Dani ( June 2017 ) . `` Populism and the Economics of Globalization '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Driving Home the Importance of NAFTA Econofact '' . Econofact . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Eric Martin , Trump Killing Nafta Could Mean Big Unintended Consequences for the U.S. , Bloomberg Business ( October 1 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Which American producers would suffer from ending NAFTA ? '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 19 . Jump up ^ https://www.ft.com/content/b0f343aa-ab3a-3657-8b57-f0086cfaa006 ^ Jump up to : `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Historica Canada . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Foreign Affairs and International trade Canada : Canada and the World : A History - 1984 -- 1993 : `` Leap of Faith Jump up ^ NAFTA : Final Text , Summary , Legislative History & Implementation Directory . New York : Oceana Publications . 1994 . pp. 1 -- 3 . ISBN 0 - 379 - 00835 - 1 . Jump up ^ Labor Advisory Committee for Trade Negotiations and Trade Policy ; established under the Trade Act of 1974 . Jump up ^ Preliminary Report of the Labor Advisory Committee for Trade Negotiations and Trade Policy on the North American Free Trade Agreement , dated Sept. 16 , 1992 ( Washington , D.C. : Executive Office of the President , Office of the U.S. Trade Representative , 1992 ) , i , 1 . Jump up ^ For an overview of the process , see Noam Chomsky , `` ' Mandate for Change , ' or Business as Usual '' , Z Magazine 6 , no . 2 ( February 1993 ) , 41 . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 3450 -- North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act '' . Retrieved December 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Clinton Signs NAFTA -- December 8 , 1993 '' . Miller Center . University of Virginia . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2010 . Retrieved January 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA Timeline '' . Fina - nafi . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Signing NaFTA '' . History Central . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 Jump up ^ Floudas , Demetrius Andreas & Rojas , Luis Fernando ; `` Some Thoughts on NAFTA and Trade Integration in the American Continent '' , 52 ( 2000 ) International Problems 371 Jump up ^ Gantz , DA ( 1999 ) . `` Dispute Settlement Under the NAFTA and the WTO : Choice of Forum Opportunities and Risks for the NAFTA Parties '' . American University International Law Review . 14 ( 4 ) : 1025 -- 106 Jump up ^ GPO , P.L. 103 - 182 , Section 334 Jump up ^ ML - 497 ( March 1995 ) , Docket No . RM 93 - 13C , Library of Congress Copyright Office Jump up ^ Rothbard , Murray . `` The NAFTA Myth '' . Mises Institute . Mises Institute . Retrieved 18 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` IngentaConnect NAFTA Commission for Environmental Cooperation : ongoing assessment '' . Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal. 24 : 259 -- 272 . December 1 , 2006 . doi : 10.3152 / 147154606781765048 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Analytic Framework for Assessing the Environmental Effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement . Commission for Environmental Cooperation ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ `` Trade and Environment in the Americas '' . Cec.org . Retrieved November 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA -- Fast Facts : North American Free Trade Agreement '' . NAFTANow.org. April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trefler , Daniel ( Sep 2004 ) . `` The Long and Short of the Canada - U.S. Free Trade Agreement '' . American Economic Review . 94 ( 4 ) : 870 -- 895 . doi : 10.1257 / 0002828042002633 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , William J. ( 16 May 2009 ) . A Splendid Exchange : How Trade Shaped the World . Grove Press . Jump up ^ Sergie , Mohammed Aly ( 14 February 2014 ) . `` NAFTA 's Economic Impact '' . Council on Foreign Relations think tank . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Romalis , John ( 2007 - 07 - 12 ) . `` NAFTA 's and CUSFTA 's Impact on International Trade '' . Review of Economics and Statistics . 89 ( 3 ) : 416 -- 35 . doi : 10.1162 / rest. 89.3. 416 . ISSN 0034 - 6535 . ^ Jump up to : Caliendo , Lorenzo ; Parro , Fernando ( 2015 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA '' . The Review of Economic Studies . 82 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 44 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.189. 1365 . doi : 10.1093 / restud / rdu035 . ISSN 0034 - 6527 . Jump up ^ Hufbauer , GC ; Schott , JJ ( 2005 ) . `` NAFTA Revisited '' . Washington , DC : Institute for International Economics Jump up ^ Greening the Americas , Carolyn L. Deere ( editor ) . MIT Press , Cambridge , Massachusetts Jump up ^ `` Clark , Georgia Rae. 2006 . Analysis of Mexican demand for Meat : A Post-NAFTA Demand Systems Approach . MS Thesis , Texas Tech University '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA , Corn , and Mexico 's Agricultural Trade Liberalization '' ( PDF ) . ( 152 KB ) p. 4 Jump up ^ Steven S. Zahniser & William T. Coyle , U.S. - Mexico Corn Trade During the NAFTA Era : New Twists to an Old Story , Outlook Report No . FDS04D01 ( Economic Research Service / USDA , May 2004 ) , 22 pp . Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/27/business/us-corn-subsidies-said-to-damage-mexico.html Jump up ^ Ruiz Nápoles , Pablo . `` El TLCAN y el balance comercial en México '' . Economía Informa . UNAM. 2003 Jump up ^ H , Hanson , Gordon ( 2007 - 03 - 09 ) . `` Globalization , Labor Income , and Poverty in Mexico '' . Jump up ^ `` Maintenance page : Wiley Online Library '' . Review of Development Economics . 17 : 594 -- 608 . doi : 10.1111 / rode. 12053 . Jump up ^ `` Maintenance page : Wiley Online Library '' . Journal of International Development . 27 : 112 -- 132 . doi : 10.1002 / jid. 2814 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Shannon ( March 2013 ) . `` Mexico Makes It '' . Foreign Affairs . 92 ( 2 ) . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Guy ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` NAFTA key to economic , social growth in Mexico '' . www.washingtontimes.com . The Washington Times . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Report of the exportations in the manufacturer industry '' Consejo Nacional de Industria Maquiladora Manufacturera A.C. 2016 ^ Jump up to : `` The missing dimension in the NAFTA debate '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/anaclaireswanson . `` Trump administration formally launches NAFTA renegotiation '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Frankel , Jeffrey ( 2017 - 04 - 24 ) . `` How to Renegotiate NAFTA '' . Project Syndicate . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Contentious Nafta pact continues to generate a sparky debate '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` NAFTA 's Economic Impact '' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Eduardo ( 2016 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Nafta May Have Saved Many Autoworkers ' Jobs '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) '' . Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Newswise : Free Trade Agreement Helped U.S. Farmers Retrieved on June 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2011 . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) United States Trade Representative '' . ustr.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA 's Impact on U.S. Workers '' . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ U.S. Economy Lost Nearly 700,000 Jobs Because Of NAFTA , EPI Says . The Huffington Post . July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Long , Heather ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) . `` U.S. auto workers hate NAFTA ... but love robots '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : DeLong , J. Bradford . `` NAFTA and other trade deals have not gutted American manufacturing -- period '' . Vox . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` What did NAFTA really do ? '' . Dani Rodrik 's weblog . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ Cherniwchan , Jevan . `` Trade Liberalization and the Environment : Evidence from NAFTA and U.S. Manufacturing '' . Journal of International Economics . 105 : 130 -- 49 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jinteco. 2017.01. 005 . ^ Jump up to : `` Environmental Damages Underscore Risks of Unfair Trade '' . Sierraclub.org . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IngentaConnect NAFTA Commission for Environmental Cooperation : ongoing assessment of trade liberalization in North America '' . Ingentaconnect.com . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2011 . Retrieved November 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Reinert and David W. Roland - Holst The Industrial Pollution Impacts of NAFTA : Some Preliminary Results . Commission for Environmental Cooperation ( November 2000 ) Jump up ^ DHS Yearbook 2006 . Supplemental Table 1 : Nonimmigrant Admissions ( I - 94 Only ) by Class of Admission and Country of Citizenship : Fiscal Year 2006 Archived February 28 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jones , Reese . Borders & Walls : Do Barriers Deter Unauthorized Migration . Migration Policy Institute . web page ( 1 ) October 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bacon , David . `` Globalization and NAFTA Caused Migration from Mexico Political Research Associates '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Facts and Figures 2006 Immigration Overview : Temporary Residents Archived February 23 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Citizenship and Immigration Canada ) Jump up ^ `` Facts and Figures 2006 -- Immigration Overview : Permanent and Temporary Residents '' . Cic.gc.ca . June 29 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved November 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` THE 1992 CAMPAIGN ; Transcript of 2d TV Debate Between Bush , Clinton and Perot '' . The New York Times . New York Times Company . 16 October 1992 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Notice of Arbitration '' ( PDF ) . ( 1.71 MB ) , ' Ethyl Corporation vs. Government of Canada ' Jump up ^ `` '' Agreement on Internal Trade `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 08 - 22 . ( 118 KB ) Jump up ^ `` Dispute Settlement '' . Dfait-maeci.gc.ca . October 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MMT : the controversy over this fuel additive continues '' . canadiandriver.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ softwood Lumber Archived June 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Statement from USTR Spokesperson Neena Moorjani Regarding the NAFTA Extraordinary Challenge Committee decision in Softwood Lumber Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' Tembec , Inc vs. United States ' '' ( PDF ) . ( 193 KB ) Jump up ^ Statement by USTR Spokesman Stephen Norton Regarding CIT Lumber Ruling Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Canada , Global Affairs ; Canada , Affaires mondiales ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Global Affairs Canada '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiess , Norbert ; Daniel Lederman ( November 24 , 2004 ) . `` Mexican Corn : The Effects of NAFTA '' ( PDF ) . Trade Note . The World Bank Group . 18 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . Retrieved March 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Subcomandante Marcos , Ziga Voa ! 10 Years of the Zapatista Uprising . AK Press 2004 Jump up ^ `` NAFTA , Chapter 11 '' . Sice.oas.org . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Global Affairs Canada ( July 31 , 2002 ) . `` The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) -- Chapter 11 -- Investment '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) ' , Public Citizen '' . Citizen.org . January 1 , 1994 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Red Mexicana de Accion Frente al Libre Comercio . `` NAFTA and the Mexican Environment '' . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` The Council of Canadians '' . Canadians.org . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Commission for Environmental Cooperation . `` The NAFTA environmental agreement : The Intersection of Trade and the Environment '' . Cec.org . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ PEJ News . `` Judge Rebuffs Challenge to NAFTA 'S Chapter 11 Investor Claims Process '' . Pej.org . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arbitration award between Methanex Corporation and United States of America '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . ( 1.45 MB ) Jump up ^ `` Arbitration award between Metalclad Corporation and The United Mexican States '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 16 , 2007 . ( 120 KB ) Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada . `` Eli Lilly and Company v. Government of Canada '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada must learn from NAFTA legal battles '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada . `` Lone Pine Resources Inc. v. Government of Canada '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quebec 's St. Lawrence fracking ban challenged under NAFTA '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stock : Lone Pine Resources '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Millán , Juan . `` North American Free Trade Agreement ; Invitation for Applications for Inclusion on the Chapter 19 Roster '' ( PDF ) . Federal Register . Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Politico Staff . `` Full transcript : First 2016 presidential debate '' . Politico . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Jill Colvin , Trump : NAFTA trade deal a ' disaster , ' says he 'd ' break ' it , Associated Press ( September 25 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Mark Thoma , Is Donald Trump right to call NAFTA a `` disaster '' ? , CBS News ( October 5 , 2015 ) . ^ Jump up to : Gonzales , Lilia ( November 14 , 2016 ) . `` El Economista '' . Jump up ^ Eric Martin , Trump Killing NAFTA Could Mean Big Unintended Consequences for the U.S. , Bloomberg Business ( October 1 , 2015 ) . Jump up ^ `` Sen. Bernie Sanders on taxes , trade agreements and Islamic State '' . PBS . May 18 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . ( transcript of interview with Judy Woodruff ) Jump up ^ Sanders , Bernie ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` The TPP Must Be Defeated '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Will Cabaniss for Punditfact . September 2 , 2015 How Bernie Sanders , Hillary Clinton differ on the Trans - Pacific Partnership Jump up ^ `` What Is Nafta , and How Might Trump Change It ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rappeport , Alan ( 2017 - 07 - 17 ) . `` U.S. Calls for ' Much Better Deal ' in Nafta Overhaul Plan '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. makes lower trade deficit top priority in NAFTA talks '' . Reuters . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` US calls for smaller deficits in new NAFTA talks '' . BBC News . 2017 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ John Ibbitson ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` US ambassador to Canada must mend an old friendship '' . Globe and Mail . p . A5 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Panetta ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` U.S. pro-NAFTA campaign ramps up to defend deal : Concerns in Congress heighten over ' potential catastrophe ' from withdrawal '' . Vancouver Sun . Canadian Press . Jump up ^ Laura Stone ; Robert Fife ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` Canada , Mexico vow to remain at NAFTA negotiating table '' . Globe and Mail . p . A1 . Jump up ^ Journal , Julie Wernau Photographs by Mark Mahaney for The Wall Street ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) . `` Denim Dilemma '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` What is NAFTA , and what would happen to U.S. trade without it ? '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ Isfeld , Gordon ( 12 October 2015 ) . `` Forget NAFTA , the TPP is the new ' gold standard ' of global trade '' . Financial Post . National Post . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Sri Jegarajah , Craig Dale , Leslie ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) . `` TPP nations agree to pursue trade deal without US '' . CNBC . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Further reading Edward J. Chambers , Peter H. Smith ( 2002 ) NAFTA in the new millennium . University of California , San Diego . Center for U.S. - Mexican Studies ISBN 0 - 88864 - 386 - 1 Maxwell A. Cameron , Brian W. Tomlin ( 2002 ) The making of NAFTA : how the deal was done . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 8781 - 1 . Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott ( 2005 ) NAFTA Revisited : Achievements and Challenges Washington , D.C. : Institute for International Economics ISBN 0 - 88132 - 334 - 9 M. Angeles Villarreal ( 2010 ) NAFTA and the Mexican Economy , Federation of American Scientists Congressional Research Service . RL34733 Berlin Forum on Global Politics ( June 2015 ) Reflecting on NAFTA to better understand TTIP A collaborative photography project External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to North American Free Trade Agreement . Official website Abbott , Frederick M. North American Free Trade Agreement , Case Law ( Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law ) . NaftaNow.org , jointly developed by the Governments of Canada , Mexico and the United States of America . 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Bush → Bill Clinton Category NDL : 00577373 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_American_Free_Trade_Agreement&oldid=829637884 '' Categories : 1994 in American politics 1994 in Canada 1994 in Mexico Economy of North America History of the United States ( 1991 -- present ) International organizations of the Americas Modern Mexico Presidency of Bill Clinton Trilateral relations of Canada , Mexico , and the United States Free trade agreements of Canada Free trade agreements of Mexico Free trade agreements of the United States Treaties concluded in 1992 Treaties entered into force in 1994 Administrative territorial entities in North America North American Free Trade Agreement 1994 in economics 1994 establishments in North America January 1994 events Canada -- United States trade relations Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with inconsistent citation formats All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use mdy dates from March 2014 Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles containing French - language text Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Articles to be expanded from December 2009 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from November 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from November 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from August 2009 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from November 2017 Interlanguage link template link number Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語 中文 47 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 March 2018 , at 21 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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nafta includes the representation of the following countries
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Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues
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Good Time Charlie 's Got the Blues - wikipedia Good Time Charlie 's Got the Blues `` Good Time Charlie 's Got the Blues '' Single by Danny O'Keefe from the album O'Keefe B - side `` The Valentine Pieces '' Released August 1972 Genre Country Length 3 : 01 Label Signpost Songwriter ( s ) Danny O'Keefe Producer ( s ) Ahmet Ertegün Danny O'Keefe singles chronology `` Good Time Charlie 's Got the Blues '' ( 1972 ) `` The Road '' ( 1972 ) `` Good Time Charlie 's Got the Blues '' ( 1972 ) `` The Road '' ( 1972 ) `` Good Time Charlie 's Got the Blues '' is a song written and performed by Danny O'Keefe . It was first recorded by O'Keefe in 1967 , but not released . It was recorded by The Bards and released in 1968 as the b - side to the song `` Tunesmith '' on Parrot Records . The Bards were a band from Moses Lake , Washington . The song was recorded by O'Keefe for his self - titled debut album in 1971 . The following year he re-recorded it ( with a slower , more downbeat arrangement ) for his second album , O'Keefe . The second version was issued as a single , reaching number 9 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart , number 5 on the adult contemporary chart , and number 63 on the country chart . The song was also covered by Mel Tormé , especially for a 1986 episode of NBC 's Night Court entitled `` Leon , We Hardly Knew Ye '' . It was covered by numerous artists . A cover by Leon Russell peaked at number 63 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1984 . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Canada RPM Top Singles 19 US Billboard Hot 100 9 US Billboard Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 10 Selected list of recorded versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Bards ( 1968 ) on Parrot Records Danny O'Keefe ( 1971 ) , on the album Danny O'Keefe Dwight Yoakam Willie Nelson Waylon Jennings Mike Farris Elvis Presley , recorded at Stax and featured on his 1974 album Good Times Leon Russell Chris Hillman Earl Klugh on his 1978 album Magic in Your Eyes Rita Wilson Charlie Rich ( 1980 ) , on the album Once a Drifter Jerry Lee Lewis and Leon Russell Holly Cole , from the album Night ( 2012 ) Harry Manx ( 2008 ) , from the album Live at the Glenn Gould Studio Mel Tormé , ( 1986 ) , for a Night Court episode entitled `` Leon , We Hardly Knew Ye '' . Conway Twitty ( 1977 ) , on the album Play , Guitar Play Nat Stuckey ( 1973 ) , on the album Take Time To Love Her Shooter Jennings ( 2016 ) , on the album Black Country Rock 2015 Mixtape . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ David Neale . `` Elvis Presley : Original Version Recordings of Songs He Sang '' . Davidneale.eu . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danny O'Keefe - Danny O'Keefe - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` O'Keefe - Danny O'Keefe - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Good Time Charlie 's Got the Blues ( song by Danny O'Keefe ) Music VF , US & UK hits charts '' . Musicvf.com . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2012 . Record Research , Inc. p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 203 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ `` Rockin ' My Life Away ( Warner ) - Jerry Lee Lewis - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 8 August 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Good_Time_Charlie%27s_Got_the_Blues&oldid=855233167 '' Categories : 1967 songs Elvis Presley songs Willie Nelson songs Jerry Lee Lewis songs Leon Russell songs Song recordings produced by Ahmet Ertegun Songs written by Danny O'Keefe Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from August 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Norsk nynorsk Edit links This page was last edited on 16 August 2018 , at 20 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who wrote good time charlie's got the blues
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"\"Good Time Charlie's Got the Blues\" is a song written and performed by Danny O'Keefe. \n"
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Orange Free State
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Orange Free State - Wikipedia Orange Free State Jump to : navigation , search For the former province of South Africa , see Orange Free State Province . For the current province of South Africa , see Free State ( province ) . Orange Free State Oranje - Vrijstaat ( Dutch ) 1854 -- 1902 Flag Coat of arms Anthem Vrystaatse Volkslied Location of the Orange Free State c. 1890 Capital Bloemfontein Languages Dutch ( official ) , Afrikaans , English , Sesotho , Zulu Religion Dutch Reformed Government Republic State President 1854 -- 1855 Josias P. Hoffman 1855 -- 1859 Jacobus N. Boshoff 1860 -- 1863 Marthinus Wessel Pretorius 1864 -- 1888 Jan H. Brand 1889 -- 1895 Francis William Reitz 1896 -- 1902 Marthinus Theunis Steyn Legislature Volksraad Historical era 19th century Republic founded 17 February 1854 Battle of Blood River 16 December 1838 Start of 2nd Boer War 11 October 1899 Treaty of Vereeniging 31 May 1902 Area 1875 181,299 km ( 70,000 sq mi ) Population 1875 est . 100,000 Density 1 / km ( 1 / sq mi ) Currency Orange Free State pound Preceded by Succeeded by Orange River Sovereignty Orange River Colony Today part of South Africa Also State President of the Republic of Transvaal Historical states in present - day South Africa before 1600 ( show ) Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( 1050 -- 1270 ) Kingdom of Mutapa ( 1430 -- 1760 ) 1600 -- 1700 ( show ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1795 ) 1700 -- 1800 ( show ) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( ca . 1780 -- 1817 ) Ndwandwe ( ca . 1780 -- 1817 ) Swellendam ( 1795 ) Graaff - Reinet ( 1795 -- 96 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 -- 1802 ) 1800 -- 1850 ( show ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1802 -- 06 ) Cape Colony ( 1806 -- 1910 ) Waterboer 's Land ( 1813 -- 71 ) Zulu Kingdom ( 1818 -- 97 ) Adam Kok 's Land ( 1825 -- 61 ) Winburg ( 1836 -- 44 ) Potchefstroom ( 1837 -- 48 ) Natalia Republic ( 1839 -- 43 ) 1850 -- 1875 ( show ) South African Republic ( 1852 -- 1902 ) Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) Republic of Utrecht ( 1854 -- 58 ) Lydenburg Republic ( 1856 -- 60 ) Griqualand East ( 1861 -- 79 ) Griqualand West ( 1870 -- 80 ) Diggers ' Republic ( 1870 - 71 ) 1875 -- 1900 ( show ) Stellaland ( 1882 -- 85 ) Goshen ( 1882 -- 83 ) Nieuw Republiek ( 1884 -- 88 ) Klein Vrystaat ( 1886 -- 91 ) 1900 -- present ( show ) Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1910 ) Union of South Africa ( 1910 -- 61 ) Transkei ( 1976 -- 94 ) Bophuthatswana ( 1977 -- 94 ) Venda ( 1979 -- 94 ) Ciskei ( 1981 -- 94 ) Republic of South Africa ( 1961 -- present ) South Africa portal The Orange Free State ( Dutch : Oranje - Vrijstaat , Afrikaans : Oranje - Vrystaat , abbreviated as OVS ) was an independent Boer sovereign republic in southern Africa during the second half of the 19th century , which later became a British colony and a province of the Union of South Africa . It is the historical precursor to the present - day Free State province . Extending between the Orange and Vaal rivers , its borders were determined by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1848 when the region was proclaimed as the Orange River Sovereignty , with a seat of a British Resident in Bloemfontein . In the northern part of the territory a Voortrekker Republic was established at Winburg in 1837 . This state was in federation with the Republic of Potchefstroom which later formed part of the South African Republic ( Transvaal ) . Following the granting of sovereignty to the Transvaal Republic , the British recognised the independence of the Orange River Sovereignty and the country officially became independent as the Orange Free State on 23 February 1854 , with the signing of the Orange River Convention . The new republic incorporated the Orange River Sovereignty and included the traditions of the Winburg - Potchefstroom Republic . Although the Orange Free State developed into a politically and economically successful republic , it experienced chronic conflict with the British ( in the Boer Wars ) until it was finally annexed as the Orange River Colony in 1900 . It ceased to exist as an independent Boer republic on 31 May 1902 with the signing of the Treaty of Vereeniging at the conclusion of the Second Anglo - Boer War . Following a period of direct rule by the British , it joined the Union of South Africa in 1910 as the Orange Free State Province , along with the Cape Province , Natal , and the Transvaal . In 1961 , the Union of South Africa became the Republic of South Africa . The republic 's name derives partly from the Orange River , which in turn was named in honour of the Dutch ruling royal family , the House of Orange , by the Dutch settlers under Robert Jacob Gordon . The official language in the Orange Free State was Dutch . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Before the Voortrekkers 1.2 Boer immigration 1.3 British rule 1.4 Boer governance 1.5 Orange River Sovereignty 1.6 Conflict with the South African Republic 1.7 Diamonds discovered 1.8 Peaceful relations with neighbours 1.9 Renewal of hostilities 2 Politics 2.1 Divisions 3 See also 4 Demographics 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Before the Voortrekkers ( edit ) Europeans first visited the country north of the Orange River towards the close of the 18th century . At that time , the population was sparse . The majority of the inhabitants appear to have been members of the Tswana people ( also spelled Bechuana ) , but in the valleys of the Orange and Vaal were Koranbas and other Khoikhois , and in the Drakensberg and on the western border lived numbers of San ( Bushmen ) . Early in the 19th century Griquas established themselves north of the Orange . Between 1817 and 1831 , the country was devastated by the chief Mzilikazi and his Matabele in the genocide known as the Mfecane , and large areas became depopulated . Up to this time the few Europeans who had crossed the Orange had come mainly as hunters or as missionaries . Boer immigration ( edit ) In 1824 farmers of Dutch , French Huguenot and German descent called Voortrekkers ( later named Boers by the English ) trekked from the Cape Colony , seeking both pasture for their flocks and to escape British governmental oversight , and settled in the country . They were followed in 1836 by the first parties of the Great Trek . These emigrants left the Cape Colony for various reasons , but all shared the desire to escape from British authority . The leader of the first large party of emigrants , A.H. Potgieter , concluded an agreement with Makwana , the chief of the Bataung tribe of Batswana , ceding to the farmers the country between the Vet and Vaal rivers . When Boer families first reached the area they discovered that it had been devastated by a section of the Zulu tribe under Mzilikazi ( sometimes spelled Moselekatse ) and his people , afterward called the Matebele . The Matebele had swept the country , destroying the fields , carrying off the cattle , and slaying all the people , saving only the young boys and girls whom they would bring up as Matebele . The Boers soon came into collision with Mzilikazi 's raiding parties , which attacked Boer hunters who crossed the Vaal River . Reprisals followed , and in November 1837 the Boers decisively defeated Mzilikazi , who thereupon fled northward and eventually established himself on the site of the future Bulawayo in Zimbabwe . In the meantime another party of Cape Dutch emigrants had settled at Thaba Nchu , where the Wesleyans had a mission station for the Barolong . The emigrants were treated with great kindness by Moroka II , the chief of that tribe , and with the Barolong the Boers maintained uniformly friendly relations after they defeated Mzilikazi . In December 1836 the emigrants beyond the Orange drew up in general assembly an elementary republican form of government . After the defeat of Mzilikazi the town of Winburg ( so named by the Boers in commemoration of their victory ) was founded , a Volksraad elected , and Piet Retief , one of the ablest of the Voortrekkers , chosen `` governor and commandant - general '' . The emigrants already numbered some 500 men , besides women and children and many servants . Dissensions speedily arose among the emigrants , whose numbers were constantly added to , and Retief , Potgieter and other leaders crossed the Drakensberg and entered Natal . Those that remained were divided into several parties . British rule ( edit ) Meanwhile , a new power had arisen along the upper Orange and in the valley of the Caledon . Moshoeshoe , a Basotho king , had welded together a number of scattered and broken clans which had sought refuge in that mountainous region after fleeing from Mzilikazi , and had formed the Basotho nation . In 1833 he had welcomed as workers among his people a band of French Protestant missionaries , and as the Boer immigrants began to settle in his neighborhood he decided to seek support from the British at the Cape . At that time the British government was not prepared to exercise effective control over the immigrants . Acting upon the advice of John Philip , the superintendent of the London Missionary Society 's stations in South Africa , a treaty was concluded in 1843 with Moshoeshoe , placing him under British protection . A similar treaty was made with the Griqua chief , Adam Kok III . By these treaties , which recognised native sovereignty over large areas on which Boer farmers were settled , the British sought to keep a check on the Boers and to protect both the natives and Cape Colony . The effect was to precipitate collisions between all three parties . The year in which the treaty with Moshoeshoe was made , several large parties of Boers recrossed the Drakensberg into the country north of the Orange , refusing to remain in Natal when the British annexed the newly formed Boer Republic of Natalia to form the Colony of Natal . During their stay in Natal they had inflicted a severe defeat on the Zulus under Dingaan in the Battle of Blood River in December 1838 , which , following on the flight of Mzilikazi , greatly strengthened the position of Moshoeshoe , whose power became a menace to that of the Boer farmers . Trouble first arose , however , between the Boers and the Griquas in the Philippolis district . Some of the Boer farmers in this district , unlike their fellows dwelling farther north , were willing to accept British rule , and this fact induced Mr Justice Menzies , one of the judges of Cape Colony then on circuit at Colesberg , to cross the Orange and proclaim the country British territory in October 1842 . The proclamation was disallowed by the governor , Sir George Napier , who , nevertheless , maintained that the Boer farmers remained British subjects . After this episode the British negotiated their treaties with Adam Kok and Moshoeshoe . The treaties gave great offense to the Boers , who refused to acknowledge the sovereignty of the native chiefs . The majority of the Boer farmers in Kok 's territory sent a deputation to the British commissioner in Natal , Henry Cloete , asking for equal treatment with the Griquas , and expressing the desire to come under British protection under such terms . Shortly afterwards hostilities between the farmers and the Griquas broke out . British troops moved up to support the Griquas , and after a skirmish at Zwartkopjes ( 2 May 1845 ) a new arrangement was made between Kok and Peregrine Maitland , then governor of Cape Colony , virtually placing the administration of his territory in the hands of a British resident , a post filled in 1846 by Captain Henry Douglas Warden . The place chosen by Captain ( afterwards Major ) Warden as the seat of his court was known as Bloemfontein , and it subsequently became the capital of the whole country . Boer governance ( edit ) The Volksraad at Winburg during this period continued to claim jurisdiction over the Boers living between the Orange and the Vaal and was in federation with the Volksraad at Potchefstroom , which made a similar claim upon the Great Boers living north of the Vaal . In 1846 Major Warden occupied Winburg for a short time , and the relations between the Boers and the British were in a continual state of tension . Many of the farmers deserted Winburg for the Transvaal . Sir Harry Smith became governor of the Cape at the end of 1847 . He recognised the failure of the attempt to govern on the lines of the treaties with the Griquas and Basothos , and on 3 February 1848 he issued a proclamation declaring British sovereignty over the country between the Orange and the Vaal eastward to the Drakensberg . Sir Harry Smith 's popularity among the Boers gained for his policy considerable support , but the republican party , at whose head was Andries Pretorius , did not submit without a struggle . They were , however , defeated by Sir Harry Smith in the Battle of Boomplaats on 29 August 1848 . Thereupon Pretorius , with those most bitterly opposed to British rule , retreated across the Vaal . Orange River Sovereignty ( edit ) Main article : Orange River Sovereignty In March 1849 Major Warden was succeeded at Bloemfontein as civil commissioner by Mr C.U. Stuart , but he remained the British resident until July 1852 . A nominated legislative council was created , a high court established and other steps taken for the orderly government of the country , which was officially styled the Orange River Sovereignty . In October 1849 Moshoeshoe was induced to sign a new arrangement considerably curtailing the boundaries of the Basotho reserve . The frontier towards the Sovereignty was thereafter known as the Warden line . A little later the reserves of other chieftains were precisely defined . The British Resident had , however , no force sufficient to maintain his authority , and Moshoeshoe and all the neighboring clans became involved in hostilities with one another and with the Europeans . In 1851 Moshoeshoe joined the republican party in the Sovereignty in an invitation to Pretorius to recross the Vaal . The intervention of Pretorius resulted in the Sand River Convention of 1852 , which acknowledged the independence of the Transvaal but left the status of the Sovereignty untouched . The British government ( under the first Russell administration ) , which had reluctantly agreed to the annexation of the country , had , however , already repented its decision and had resolved to abandon the Sovereignty . Lord Henry Grey , Secretary of State for War and the Colonies , in a dispatch to Sir Harry Smith dated 21 October 1851 , declared , `` The ultimate abandonment of the Orange Sovereignty should be a settled point in our policy . '' A meeting of representatives of all European inhabitants of the Sovereignty , elected on manhood suffrage , held at Bloemfontein in June 1852 , nevertheless declared in favour of the retention of British rule . At the close of that year a settlement was at length concluded with Moshoeshoe , which left , perhaps , that chief in a stronger position than he had hitherto been . There had been ministerial changes in England and the Aberdeen ministry , then in power , adhered to the determination to withdraw from the Sovereignty . Sir George Russell Clerk was sent out in 1853 as special commissioner `` for the settling and adjusting of the affairs '' of the Sovereignty , and in August of that year he summoned a meeting of delegates to determine upon a form of self - government . At that time there were some 15,000 Europeans in the country , many of them recent immigrants from Cape Colony . There were among them numbers of farmers and tradesmen of British descent . The majority of the whites still wished for the continuance of British rule provided that it was effective and the country guarded against its enemies . The representations of their delegates , who drew up a proposed constitution retaining British control , were unavailing . Sir George Clerk announced that , as the elected delegates were unwilling to take steps to form an independent government , he would enter into negotiations with other persons . `` And then , '' wrote George McCall Theal , `` was seen forced the strange spectacle of an English commissioner addressing men who wished to be free of British control as the friendly and well - disposed inhabitants , while for those who desired to remain British subjects and who claimed that protection to which they believed themselves entitled he had no sympathising word . '' While the elected delegates sent two members to England to try and induce the government to alter their decision , Sir George Clerk speedily came to terms with a committee formed by the republican party and presided over by Mr J.H. Hoffman . Even before this committee met a royal proclamation had been signed ( 30 January 1854 ) `` abandoning and renouncing all dominion '' in the Sovereignty . The Orange River Convention , recognising the independence of the country , was signed at Bloemfontein on 23 February by Sir George Clerk and the republican committee , and in March the Boer government assumed office and the republican flag was hoisted . Five days later the representatives of the elected delegates had an interview in London with the colonial secretary , the Duke of Newcastle , who informed them that it was now too late to discuss the question of the retention of British rule . The colonial secretary added that it was impossible for England to supply troops to constantly advancing outposts , `` especially as Cape Town and the port of Table Bay were all she really required in South Africa . '' In withdrawing from the Sovereignty the British government declared that it had `` no alliance with any native chief or tribes to the northward of the Orange River with the exception of the Griqua chief Captain Adam Kok ( III ) '' . Kok was not formidable in a military sense , nor could he prevent individual Griquas from alienating their lands . Eventually , in 1861 , he sold his sovereign rights to the Free State for £ 4000 and moved with his followers to the district later known as Griqualand East . On the abandonment of British rule , representatives of the people were elected and met at Bloemfontein on 28 March 1854 , and between then and 18 April were engaged in framing a constitution . The country was declared a republic and named the Orange Free State . All persons of European blood possessing a six months ' residential qualification were to be granted full burgher rights . The sole legislative authority was vested in a single popularly elected chamber of the Volksraad . Executive authority was entrusted to a president elected by the burghers from a list submitted by the Volksraad . The president was to be assisted by an executive council , was to hold office for five years and was eligible for re-election . The constitution was subsequently modified but remained of a liberal character . A residence of five years in the country was required before aliens could become naturalised . The first president was Josias Philip Hoffman , but he was accused of being too complaisant towards Moshoeshoe and resigned , being succeeded in 1855 by Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff , one of the voortrekkers , who had previously taken an active part in the affairs of the Natalia Republic . Conflict with the South African Republic ( edit ) Distracted among themselves , with the formidable Basotho power on their southern and eastern flank , the troubles of the infant state were speedily added to by the action of the Transvaal Boers of the South African Republic . Marthinus Pretorius , who had succeeded to his father 's position as commandant general of Potchefstroom , wished to bring about a confederation between the two Boer states . Peaceful overtures from Pretorius were declined , and some of his partisans in the Free State were accused of treason in February 1857 . Thereupon Pretorius , aided by Paul Kruger , conducted a raid into the Free State territory . On learning of the invasion President Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff proclaimed martial law throughout the country . The majority of the burghers rallied to his support , and on 25 May the two opposing forces faced one another on the banks of the Rhenoster . President Boshoff not only got together some 800 men within the Free State , but he received offers of support from Commandant Stephanus Schoeman , the Transvaal leader in the Zoutpansberg district and from Commandant Joubert of Lydenburg . Pretorius and Kruger , realising that they would have to sustain attack from both north and south , abandoned their enterprise . Their force , too , only amounted to some three hundred . Kruger came to Boshoff 's camp with a flag of truce , the `` army '' of Pretorius returned north and on 2 June a treaty of peace was signed , each state acknowledging the absolute independence of the other . The conduct of Pretorius was stigmatised as `` blameworthy . '' Several of the malcontents in the Free State who had joined Pretorius permanently settled in the Transvaal , and other Free Staters who had been guilty of high treason were arrested and punished . This experience did not , however , heal the party strife within the Free State . In consequence of the dissensions among the burghers President Boshoff tendered his resignation in February 1858 , but was for a time induced to remain in office . The difficulties of the state were at that time so great that the Volksraad in December 1858 passed a resolution in favor of confederation with the Cape Colony . This proposition received the strong support of Sir George Grey , then governor of Cape Colony , but his view did not commend itself to the British government , and was not adopted . In the same year , the disputes between the Basotho and the Boers culminated in open war . Both parties laid claims to land beyond the Warden line , and each party had taken possession of what it could , the Basotho being also expert cattle - lifters . In the war the advantage rested with the Basotho ; thereupon the Free State appealed to Sir George Grey , who induced Moshoeshoe to come to terms . On 15 October 1858 , a treaty was signed defining the new boundary . The peace was nominal only , while the burghers were also involved in disputes with other tribes . Mr. Boshoff again tendered his resignation in February 1859 and retired to Natal . Many of the burghers would have at this time welcomed union with the Transvaal , but learning from Sir George Grey that such a union would nullify the conventions of 1852 and 1854 and necessitate the reconsideration of Great Britain 's policy towards the native tribes north of the Orange and Vaal rivers , the project dropped . Commandant Andries Pretorius was , however , elected president in place of Mr Boshoff . Though unable to effect a durable peace with the Basotho , or to realise his ambition for the creation of one powerful Boer republic , Pretorius saw the Free State begin to grow in strength . The fertile district of Bethulie as well as Adam Kok 's territory was acquired , and there was a considerable increase in the Boer population . The burghers generally , however , had little confidence in their elected rulers and little desire for taxes to be levied . Wearied like Mr Boshoff , and more interested in affairs in the Transvaal than in those of the Free State , Pretorius resigned the presidency in 1863 . After an interval of seven months , Johannes Brand , an advocate at the Cape bar , was elected president . He assumed office in February 1864 . His election proved a turning - point in the history of the country , which , under his guidance , became peaceful and prosperous . But before peace could be established an end had to be made of the difficulties with the Basothos . Moshoeshoe continued to menace the Free State border . Attempts at accommodation made by the governor of Cape Colony , Sir Philip Wodehouse , failed , and war between the Free State and Moshoeshoe was renewed in 1865 . The Boers gained considerable successes , and this induced Moshoeshoe to sue for peace . The terms exacted were , however , too harsh for a nation yet unbroken to accept permanently . A treaty was signed at Thaba Bosiu in April 1866 , but war again broke out in 1867 , and the Free State attracted to its side a large number of adventurers from all parts of South Africa . The burghers thus reinforced gained at length a decisive victory over their great antagonist , every stronghold in Basutoland save Thaba Bosiu being stormed . Moshoeshoe now turned to Sir Philip Wodehouse for preservation . His call was heeded , and in 1868 he and his country were taken under British protection . Thus the thirty years ' strife between the Basothos and the Boers came to an end . The intervention of the governor of Cape Colony led to the conclusion of the treaty of Aliwal North ( 12 February 1869 ) , which defined the borders between the Orange Free State and Basutoland . The country lying to the north of the Orange River and west of the Caledon River , formerly a part of Basutoland , was ceded to the Free State , and became known as the Conquered Territory . A year after the addition of the Conquered Territory to the state another boundary dispute was settled by the arbitration of Robert William Keate , lieutenant - governor of Natal . By the Sand River Convention , independence had been granted to the Boers living `` north of the Vaal '' , and the dispute turned on the question as to what stream constituted the true upper course of that river . Mr Keate decided on 19 February 1870 against the Free State view and fixed the Klip River as the dividing line , the Transvaal thus securing the Wakkerstroom and adjacent districts . Diamonds discovered ( edit ) The Basutoland difficulties were no sooner arranged than the Free Staters found themselves confronted with a serious difficulty on their western border . In the years 1870 -- 1871 a large number of foreign diggers had settled on the diamond fields near the junction of the Vaal and Orange rivers , which were situated in part on land claimed by the Griqua chief Nicholas Waterboer and by the Free State . The Free State established a temporary government over the diamond fields , but the administration of this body was satisfactory neither to the Free State nor to the diggers . At this juncture Waterboer offered to place the territory under the administration of Queen Victoria . The offer was accepted , and on 27 October 1871 the district , together with some adjacent territory to which the Transvaal had laid claim , was proclaimed , under the name of Griqualand West , British territory . Waterboer 's claims were based on the treaty concluded by his father with the British in 1834 , and on various arrangements with the Kok chiefs ; the Free State based its claim on its purchase of Adam Kok 's sovereign rights and on long occupation . The difference between proprietorship and sovereignty was confused or ignored . That Waterboer exercised no authority in the disputed district was admitted . When the British annexation took place a party in the Volksraad wished to go to war with Britain , but the counsels of President Johannes Brand prevailed . The Free State , however , did not abandon its claims . The matter involved no little irritation between the parties concerned until July 1876 . It was then disposed of by Henry Herbert , 4th Earl of Carnarvon , at that time Secretary of State for the Colonies , who granted to the Free State a £ 90,000 payment `` in full satisfaction of all claims which it considers it may possess to Griqualand West . '' Lord Carnarvon declined to entertain the proposal made by Mr Brand that the territory should be given up by Great Britain . In the opinion of historian George McCall Theal , the annexation of Griqualand West was probably in the best interests of the Free State . `` There was , '' he stated , `` no alternative from British sovereignty other than an independent diamond field republic . '' At this time , largely owing to the struggle with the Basothos , the Free State Boers , like their Transvaal neighbors , had drifted into financial straits . A paper currency had been instituted , and the notes , known as `` bluebacks '' , soon dropped to less than half their nominal value . Commerce was largely carried on by barter , and many cases of bankruptcy occurred in the state . The influx of British and other immigrants to the diamond fields , in the early 1870s , restored public credit and individual prosperity to the Boers of the Free State . The diamond fields offered a ready market for stock and other agricultural produce . Money flowed into the pockets of the farmers . Public credit was restored . `` Bluebacks '' recovered par value , and were called in and redeemed by the government . Valuable diamond mines were also discovered within the Free State , of which the one at Jagersfontein was the richest . Capital from Kimberley and London was soon provided with which to work them . Peaceful relations with neighbours ( edit ) The relations between the British and the Free State , after the question of the boundary was once settled , remained perfectly amicable down to the outbreak of the Second Boer War in 1899 . From 1870 onward the history of the state was one of quiet , steady progress . At the time of the first annexation of the Transvaal the Free State declined Lord Carnarvon 's invitation to federate with the other South African communities . In 1880 , when a rising of the Boers in the Transvaal was threatening , President Brand showed every desire to avert the conflict . He suggested that Sir Henry de Villiers , Chief Justice of Cape Colony , should be sent into the Transvaal to endeavour to gauge the true state of affairs in that country . This suggestion was not acted upon , but when war broke out in the Transvaal , Brand declined to take any part in the struggle . In spite of the neutral attitude taken by their government a number of the Free State Boers , living in the northern part of the country , went to the Transvaal and joined their brethren then in arms against the British . This fact was not allowed to influence the friendly relations between the Free State and Great Britain . In 1888 Sir Johannes Brand died . During the period of Brand 's presidency a great change , both political and economic , had come over South Africa . The renewal of the policy of British expansion had been answered by the formation of the Afrikaner Bond , which represented the aspirations of the Afrikaner people , and had active branches in the Free State . This alteration in the political outlook was accompanied , and in part occasioned , by economic changes of great significance . The development of the diamond mines and of the gold and coal industries -- of which Brand saw the beginning -- had far - reaching consequences , bringing the Boer republics into contact with the new industrial era . The Free Staters , under Brand 's rule , had shown considerable ability to adapt their policy to meet the altered situation . In 1889 an agreement made between the Free State and the Cape Colony government , whereby the latter was empowered to extend , at its own cost , its railway system to Bloemfontein . The Free State retained the right to purchase this extension at cost , a right it exercised after the Jameson Raid . Having accepted the assistance of the Cape government in constructing its railway , the state also in 1889 entered into a Customs Union Convention with them . The convention was the outcome of a conference held at Cape Town in 1888 , at which delegates from Natal , the Free State and the Cape Colony attended . Natal at this time had not seen its way to entering the Customs Union , but did so at a later date . Renewal of hostilities ( edit ) In January 1889 Francis William Reitz was elected president of the Free State . Reitz had no sooner got into office than a meeting was arranged with Paul Kruger , president of the South African Republic , at which various terms were discussed and decided upon regarding an agreement dealing with the railways , terms of a treaty of amity and commerce , and what was called a political treaty . The political treaty referred in general terms to a federal union between the South African Republic and the Orange Free State , and bound each of them to help the other , whenever the independence of either should be assailed or threatened from without , unless the state so called upon for assistance should be able to show the injustice of the cause of quarrel in which the other state had engaged . While thus committed to an alliance with its northern neighbour no change was made in internal administration . The Free State , in fact , from its geographical position reaped the benefits without incurring the anxieties consequent on the settlement of a large Uitlander population on the Witwatersrand . The state , however , became increasingly identified with the reactionary party in the South African Republic . In 1895 the Volksraad passed a resolution , in which they declared their readiness to entertain a proposition from the South African Republic in favour of some form of federal union . In the same year Reitz retired from the presidency of the Orange Free State . The 1896 presidential election to succeed him was won by M.T. Steyn , a judge of the High Court , who took office in February 1896 . In 1896 President Steyn visited Pretoria , where he received an ovation as the probable future president of the two Republics . A further offensive and defensive alliance between the two Republics was then entered into , under which the Orange Free State took up arms on the outbreak of hostilities between the British and the South African Republic in October 1899 . In 1897 President Kruger , bent on still further cementing the union with the Orange Free State , had visited Bloemfontein . It was on this occasion that Kruger , referring to the London Convention , spoke of Queen Victoria as a kwaaje Vrouw ( angry woman ) , an expression which caused a good deal of offence in England at the time , but which , in the phraseology of the Boers , was not meant by President Kruger as insulting . In December 1897 the Free State revised its constitution in reference to the franchise law , and the period of residence necessary to obtain naturalization was reduced from five to three years . The oath of allegiance to the state was alone required , and no renunciation of nationality was insisted upon . In 1898 the Free State also acquiesced in the new convention arranged with regard to the Customs Union between the Cape Colony , Natal , Basutoland and the Bechuanaland Protectorate . But events were moving rapidly in the Transvaal , and matters had proceeded too far for the Free State to turn back . In May 1899 President Steyn suggested the conference at Bloemfontein between President Kruger and Sir Alfred Milner , but this act was too late . The Free Staters were practically bound to the South African Republic , under the offensive and defensive alliance , in case hostilities arose with Great Britain . The Free State began to expel British subjects in 1899 , and the first act of the Second Boer War was committed by Free State Boers , who , on 11 October 1899 , seized a train upon the border belonging to Natal . For President Steyn and the Free State of 1899 , neutrality was impossible . A resolution was passed by the volksraad on 27 September declaring that the state would observe its obligations to the Transvaal whatever might happen . After the surrender of Piet Cronjé in the Battle of Paardeberg on 27 February 1900 , Bloemfontein was occupied by the British troops under Lord Roberts from March 13 onward , and on 28 May a proclamation was issued annexing the Free State to the British dominions under the title of Orange River Colony . For nearly two years longer the burghers kept the field under Christiaan de Wet and other leaders , but by the articles of peace signed on 31 May 1902 British sovereignty was acknowledged . Politics ( edit ) Divisions ( edit ) The country was divided into the following districts : Bloemfonten district : Bloemfontein , Reddersburg , Brandfort , Bethany , Edenburg Caledon River district : Smithfield Winburg district : Winburg , Ventersburg Harrismith district : Harrismith , Frankfort Kroonstad district : Kroonstad , Heilbron Boshof district : Boshof Jacobsdal district : Jacobsdal Philippolis district : Philippolis Bethulie district : Bethulie Bethlehem district : Bethlehem Rouxville district : Rouxville Lady Brand district : Lady Brand , Ficksburg Pniel district : Pniel See also ( edit ) Postage stamps and postal history of the Orange Free State List of former sovereign states Natalia Republic Consulates of the Orange Free State Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property Demographics ( edit ) An estimate in 1875 : White : 75000 Native / Colored : 25000 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dutch pronunciation : ( oːˈrɑɲə ˈvrɛistaːt ) Jump up ^ Afrikaans pronunciation : ( ʊəˈraɲə ˈfrəistɑːt ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sketch of the Orange Free State of South Africa . Bloemfontein : Orange Free State . Commission at the International Exhibition , Philadelphia , 1876 . 1876 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` What does OVS stand for ? '' . Acronym Finder . Retrieved 19 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Free State '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 6 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Orange Free State '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to the Orange River basin '' . Department of Water and Sanitation , South Africa . Retrieved 13 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mackenzie , William Douglas ; Stead , Alfred ( 1899 ) . South Africa : Its History , Heroes and Wars . Monarch Book Company . p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Orange Free State '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . ^ Jump up to : G. McCall Theal , History of South Africa since 1795 ( up to 1872 ) , vols . ii. , iii. and iv. ( 1908 ed . ) , quoted in Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Orange Free State '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Sketch of the Orange Free State of South Africa . Bloemfontein : Orange Free State . Commission at the International Exhibition , Philadelphia , 1876 . 1876 . pp. 5 -- 6 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Orange Free State '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Peace of Vereeniging Orange Free State ( South Africa ) at Flags of the World National Anthem of the Orange Free State ( 1854 - 1902 ) on YouTube State Presidents of the Orange Free State Chairman of the Provisional Government Josias Philip Hoffman State Presidents Jacobus Groenendaal Josias Philip Hoffman Jacobus Johannes Venter Jacobus Nicolaas Boshoff Esaias Reynier Snijman Jacobus Johannes Venter Marthinus Wessel Pretorius Jacobus Johannes Venter Johannes Henricus Brand Just Friedrich Rudolph Kaufmann Höhne Executive Committee W. Collins F.P. Schnehage G.J. du Toit Pieter Jeremias Blignaut Francis William Reitz Pieter Jeremias Blignaut Martinus Theunis Steyn Christiaan de Wet Those in italics were Acting State Presidents State President of the South African Republic State President of the Orange Free State Prime Minister of the Cape Colony Prime Minister of Natal Boer Republics and Griqua States in Southern Africa 1795 -- 1902 Est. 1795 -- 1830 Swellendam Graaff - Reinet Philippolis / Adam Kok 's Land Waterboer 's Land Est. 1830 -- 1840 Zoutpansberg Winburg Potchefstroom Winburg - Potchefstroom Natalia Republic Est. 1840 -- 1870 South African Republic Lydenburg Republic Orange Free State Utrecht Republic Griqualand East Griqualand West Est. 1880 -- 1902 Goshen Small Free State New Republic Stellaland United States of Stellaland Republic of Upingtonia / Lijdensrust Political history of South Africa Defunct polities Kingdom of Mapungubwe ( c. 1075 -- c. 1220 ) Dutch Cape Colony ( 1652 -- 1806 ) Mthethwa Paramountcy ( c. 1780 -- 1817 ) Ndwandwe Kingdom ( c. 1780 -- 1819 ) Cape Colony ( 1795 -- 1910 ) Zulu Kingdom ( 1816 -- 97 ) Natalia Republic ( 1839 -- 43 ) Natal Colony ( 1843 -- 1910 ) Orange Free State ( 1854 -- 1902 ) South African Republic ( 1856 -- 1902 ) Griqualand East ( 1861 -- 79 ) Griqualand West ( 1870 -- 73 ) Goshen ( 1882 -- 83 ) Stellaland ( 1882 -- 85 ) Nieuwe Republiek ( 1884 -- 88 ) Upingtonia ( 1885 -- 87 ) Klein Vrystaat ( 1886 -- 91 ) Orange River Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Transvaal Colony ( 1902 -- 10 ) Union of South Africa ( 1910 -- 61 ) Transkei ( 1976 -- 94 ) Bophuthatswana ( 1977 -- 94 ) Venda ( 1979 -- 94 ) Ciskei ( 1981 -- 94 ) Events 1652 -- 1815 Dutch settlement French Huguenot settlement Khoikhoi -- Dutch Wars Xhosa Wars Battle of Muizenberg Battle of Blaauwberg Anglo - Dutch Treaty of 1814 1815 -- 1910 Mfecane 1820 Settlers Great Trek Boer Republics Transvaal Civil War Mineral Revolution Witwatersrand Gold Rush South African Wars South Africa Act 1909 1910 -- 1948 Maritz Rebellion Rand Rebellion Great Depression 1946 African Mine Workers ' Union strike Bantustans Apartheid era 1948 general election Apartheid legislation Pass laws Internal resistance Coloured - vote constitutional crisis Defiance Campaign Congress of the People Freedom Charter Women 's March 1956 1957 Alexandra bus boycott Sharpeville massacre 1960 republic referendum International isolation Academic boycott Disinvestment Sporting boycott Olympics Rugby union Rivonia Trial Tar Baby Option Durban Moment Border War Israeli alliance Israel -- South Africa Agreement Soweto Uprising Weapons of mass destruction Project Coast Constructive engagement Church Street bombing 1983 constitutional reform referendum Rubicon speech Dakar Conference Third Force CODESA 1992 apartheid referendum Saint James Church massacre Bophuthatswana crisis Shell House massacre Post-apartheid 1994 general election Government of National Unity Reconstruction and Development Programme Truth and Reconciliation Commission Arms Deal Floor crossing Soweto bombings African Renaissance Xenophobia Marikana massacre 2012 Western Cape farm workers ' strike Nkandlagate 2014 platinum strike # RhodesMustFall protests # FeesMustFall student protests Tshwane riots Langa Massacre Political culture African nationalism Afrikaner Calvinism Afrikaner nationalism Azania Baasskap Boerehaat Black Consciousness Movement Day of the Vow Greater South Africa Honorary whites Rooi gevaar Slavery Swart gevaar Uitlander Volkstaat Defunct organisations Civic and political organisations Afrikaner Bond Afrikaner Broederbond Afrikaner Party AITUP APO AVF BPC Black Sash CDA CTEG COD Congress Alliance COSG CP Dominion Party DP ( 1973 -- 1977 ) DP ( 1989 -- 2000 ) DPP ECC FA FD Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners GNP Het Volk HNP IDASA ID IP ISL Jeugkrag Johannesburg Reform Committee Labour Party ( 1910 -- 1958 ) Labour Party ( 1969 -- 1994 ) Liberal Party ( 1953 -- 1968 ) NA NCP NIC NLP NNP NP NPP NRP NUSAS PFP Progressive Party ( Cape Colony ) Progressive Party PRP Radio Freedom Reform Party SABP SADECO SAIC SASO SAYCO SAYRCO South African Party ( Cape Colony ) South African Party ( 1911 -- 1934 ) South African Party ( 1977 -- 1980 ) TNIP Torch Commando UFP United Party Unionist Party Volksparty Workers Party WOSA Trade unions and social movements APF BCM BLATU CNETU CTSWU FCWU FNETU FOSATU ICU IWW MUSA NEUM NURHS PAWE SAAPAWU SACTU SAIF SARHU SATUC Die Spoorbund UDF Umkosi Wezintaba Paramilitary and terrorist organisations APLA ARM BBB Boeremag Greyshirts MK Ossewabrandwag Orde van die Dood SANF Histories of political parties African National Congress Democratic Alliance Pan Africanist Congress of Azania Coordinates : 29 ° 00 ′ S 26 ° 00 ′ E / 29.000 ° S 26.000 ° E / - 29.000 ; 26.000 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orange_Free_State&oldid=809114423 '' Categories : Former republics Former countries in Africa States and territories established in 1854 States and territories disestablished in 1902 Boer Republics History of South Africa Free State ( province ) 1854 establishments in South Africa 1902 disestablishments in South Africa Orange Free State Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Use dmy dates from July 2012 Use South African English from July 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English Pages using infobox former country with unknown parameters Articles containing Dutch - language text Articles containing Afrikaans - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara Français Frysk 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Sesotho Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 05 : 44 . 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Timeline of the South China Sea dispute
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Timeline of the South China Sea dispute - wikipedia Timeline of the South China Sea dispute Jump to : navigation , search South China Sea claims and agreements . Territorial claims in the South China Sea The article covers events that are related to the South China Sea dispute . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timeline of events 1.1 1000 century BC -- 2nd century CE 1.2 3rd century BC 1.3 3rd century 1.4 5th -- 13th centuries 1.5 6th -- 15th centuries 1.6 19th century 1.7 1901 -- 1937 1.8 World War II 1.9 1945 -- 1959 1.10 1970s 1.11 1980s 1.12 1990s 1.13 2001 1.14 2002 1.15 2005 1.16 2009 1.17 2011 1.18 2012 1.19 2013 1.20 2014 1.21 2015 1.22 2016 2 References Timeline of events ( edit ) 1000 century BC -- 2nd century ce ( edit ) The Sa Huynh culture flourished in coastal South China Sea , especially in southern to central Vietnam , from Mekong Delta to Quang Binh province . The people that support Sa Huynh civilization were sea faring Austronesian - speaking people . The Sa Huynh relics can be found in several sites on the coasts of South China Sea , from Palawan in the Philippines to Orchid Island near Taiwan , suggesting that they sailed , settled and traded around the coasts of South China Sea . 3rd century BC ( edit ) It has been claimed by the People 's Republic of China on the argument that since 200 BC Chinese fishermen have used the Spratly islands . 3rd century ( edit ) Two famous Chinese books authored by Wan Zhen of the Eastern Wu State and published during the Three Kingdoms period ( 220 -- 280 AD ) and a work titled Guangzhou Ji ( Chronicles of Guangzhou ) authored by Pei Yuan of the Jin Dynasties described the Paracel and Spratly islands . The local government of the Jin Dynasties exercised jurisdiction over the islands by sending patrolling naval boats to the surrounding sea areas . 5th -- 13th centuries ( edit ) Naval forces of the Song State of the Southern Dynasties ( 420 -- 479 AD ) patrolled the Paracel and Spratly islands . In the Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 AD ) , the islands were placed under the administration and authority of the Qiongzhou Perfecture ( now Hainan Province ) . Chinese administration of the South China Sea continued into the North and South Song dynasties ( 970 -- 1279 ) . Archaeologists have found Chinese made potteries porcelains and other historical relics from the Southern dynasties ( 420 -- 589 ) , the Sui dynasties ( 581 -- 618 ) , the Tang dynasty ( 618 -- 907 ) , the Song Dynasties ( 960 -- 1279 ) , the Yuan dynasties ( 1206 -- 1368 ) , the Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) and later eras up to modern times on the South China Sea islands . 6th -- 15th centuries ( edit ) The South China Sea was known as the `` Champa Sea '' by sailors and traders in the region . It was named after a Hindu thalassocratic empire Champa that flourished in the area around that period . 19th century ( edit ) French soldiers and local townsfolk pose for the camera in front of a temple in Makung in the Pescadores Islands . Paklung , Fangchenggang on an 1888 map Ka Long old bridge on Ka Long river in Móng Cái , actual Nord - East border of China and Vietnam Guangzhouwan , actual Zhanjiang 1816 -- Vietnamese emperor Gia Long ordered a company to the Paracel Islands to make a survey and draw a map . 1835 -- Vietnam erects a pagoda in the Paracel Islands 1876 -- China makes its earliest documented claim to the Paracel Islands 1883 -- When the Spratlys and Paracels were surveyed by Germany in 1883 , China issued protests . 1884 -- 1885 Sino - French War . In December 1884 , alarmed by Japanese ambitions in Korea , Empress Dowager Cixi ordered her ministers to extricate China from the undeclared war with France that had broken out on 23 August . Important French victories in Tonkin and Formosa in February and early March 1885 strengthened her desire to end the Sino - French War , and although the Chinese won an unexpected victory in Tonkin in late March , defeating General de Négrier 's 2nd Brigade at Bang Bo and reoccupying Lang Son , this success was counterbalanced by the simultaneous French capture of the Pescadores Islands . China 's position in early April 1885 was critical . Seizing the opportunity offered by the fall of the Ferry ministry , the Chinese agreed to implement the provisions of the May 1884 Tientsin Accord , which recognised France 's protectorate over Vietnam . In return , the French dropped their longstanding demand for an indemnity for the Bac Le Ambush . After a flurry of negotiations in Paris in the first days of April 1885 , peace was made on this basis . 11 May 1884 - The Tientsin Accord or Li -- Fournier Convention , concluded on 11 May 1884 , was intended to settle an undeclared war between France and China over the sovereignty of Tonkin ( northern Vietnam ) . The convention , negotiated by Li Hung - chang for China and capitaine de vaisseau François - Ernest Fournier for France , provided for a Chinese troop withdrawal from Tonkin in return for a comprehensive treaty that would settle details of trade and commerce between France and China and provide for the demarcation of its disputed border with Vietnam . 9 June 1885 - The Treaty of Tientsin , signed on 9 June 1885 , officially ended the Sino - French War . The unequal treaty restated in greater detail the main provisions of the Tientsin Accord , signed between France and China on 11 May 1884 . As Article 2 required China to recognise the French protectorate over Annam and Tonkin established by the Treaty of Hue in June 1884 , implicitly abandoning her own claims to suzerainty over Vietnam , the treaty formalised France 's victory in the Sino - French War . 1887 -- In the 19th century , Europeans found that Chinese fishermen from Hainan annually visited the Spratly islands for part of the year , while in 1877 it was the British who launched the first modern legal claims to the Spratlys . 1887 -- The Convention Respecting the Delimitation of the Frontier Between China and Tonkin between France and the Qing Empire set the maritime boundary in the Gulf of Tonkin . The 1887 Chinese - Vietnamese Boundary convention signed between France and China after the Sino - French War said that China was the owner of the Spratly and Paracel islands . The 1887 Convention Respecting the Delimitation of the Frontier Between China and Tonkin between France and the Qing Empire set the coastal boundary in the Gulf of Tonkin but did not state that China was the owner of the Spratly and Paracel islands because these islands are not in the Gulf of Tonkin nor was administered by Tonkin but belonged to the realm of Annam in Central Vietnam . The purpose of this treaty was for a better control of the border by having it follow the Ka Long river in Móng Cái coastal city , but doing so , the French gave an enclave to China of 7 Vietnamese fishermen 's villages . Currently there are some suggestions that this part of Fangchenggang district , Guangxi , China belongs to Vietnam , especially after North Vietnam was established and announced to cancel all treaties signed by French colonial Vietnam . Thus Fangchenggang was supposed to be returned to Quang Ninh province in Vietnam , but this has not been done yet . Most people living in the area are Vietnamese fishermen who became one of the 56 ethnic groups of China , known as ethnic Vietnamese people of China or Gin people . 1898 -- The Philippine Islands were ceded by Spain to the United States in the Treaty of Paris following the Spanish -- American War . The Spratly Islands were not part of the Philippines per the Treaty . 12 April 1898 - France seized Guangzhouwan as a treaty port , and took its own concession in the treaty port of Shanghai . Kwangchow Wan , ( Guangzhouwan ) , was leased by China to France for 99 years ( or until 1997 , as the British did in Hong Kong 's New Territories ) , according to the Treaty of 12 April 1898 , on 27 May as Territoire de Kouang - Tchéou - Wan , to counter the growing commercial power of British Hong Kong and was effectively placed under the authority of the French Resident Superior in Tonkin ( itself under the Governor General of French Indochina , also in Hanoi ) ; the French Resident was represented locally by Administrators . The French wanted to develop the port , which they called Fort - Bayard , to serve southern China , in parts where France had exclusive rights to railway and mineral development . Their efforts , however , were hindered by the poverty of the surrounding land . The French retained control of the region until 1943 when the Japanese occupied the area during World War II . At the end of the war , the region returned briefly under French rule before being formally returned to China in 1946 by General Charles de Gaulle , the French head of state . The old spellings `` Tsankiang '' , `` Chankiang '' and `` Tsamkong '' were replaced by the pinyin romanisation `` Zhanjiang '' by the Chinese government in 1958 . Zhanjiang is headquarters of the South Sea Fleet of the People 's Liberation Army Navy South Sea Fleet . The Zhanjiang Port is one of the eight major ports in China , with an annual throughput of more than 2,600 million tons . As a natural port , it has about 60 kilometers depth and three islands outside to support . 1901 -- 1937 ( edit ) 1902 -- China sends naval forces on inspection tours of the Paracel Islands to preempt French claims . Philippine sources claimed that `` Several authors writing about the Chinese claim to the Paracel Islands have dated the first official Chinese expedition to these islands to 1902 . However , none of these writers have been able to show any records of this expedition taking place . In fact , Chinese records show that the expedition never happened . '' This article relies excessively on partisan sources . Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1907 -- China sends another naval force , this time to plan for resource exploitation . 1911 -- The newly formed Republic of China , successor state to the Qing Dynasty , moves administration of the Paracel Islands to Hainan , which would not become a separate Chinese province until 1988 . 1917 - Japanese exploited phosphate deposits ( guano ) in the main Spratly island , Itu Aba . It was noticed by Japan in July 1938 to the France 's ambassador in Tokyo who was recalling the earlier annexation of the Spratly by France . 1927 -- Japan makes its earliest documented claim to the Paracel and Spratly Islands 1928 -- The Republic of China states that the Paracel Islands are the southernmost limits of its territory 1931 -- France claims the Paracel Islands June 1937 -- China sends Huang Qiang , the chief of Chinese military region no . 9 on a secret tour in four islands in the Amphitrite Group of the Paracels . His boat was loaded with 30 backdated sovereignty markers . Because the mission was confidential Huang Qiang carried no markers dated 1937 . The team buried a total of 12 backdated sovereignty markers , including 3 true old markers dating from the Qing dynasty , bearing the date 1902 , gathered in the city of Guangdong : On Lin Dao ( Woody Island ) : 2 markers dated 1921 On Bei Dao ( North Island ) : 2 markers from 1902 and 4 dated 1912 On Ling Zhou Dao ( ? ) : 1 marker from 1902 , 1 dated 1912 and 1 dated 1921 . On Shi Dao ( Rocky Island ) : 1 marker dated 1912 . Philippine sources claim that PLA troops and PRC archaeologists ' discovered ' these markers between 1974 and 1979 and the fiction of the primary sources less 1902 expedition was created . This article relies excessively on partisan sources . Please improve this article or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 31 March 1939 - Tokyo , notified to the ambassador of France that the Spratly Islands were inhabited by Japanese , were under the Japanese jurisdiction and administratively attached to the territory of Formosa ( Japan ) ; the occupation was carried out by a police detachment . World War II ( edit ) 1939 -- Japan occupies the islands and takes control of the South China Sea . The Spratlys and the Paracels were conquered by Japan in 1939 . Japan had set military bases on Woody and Pattle islands in the Paracels and Itu Aba in the Spratlys . Japan administered the Spratlys via Taiwan 's jurisdiction and the Paracels via Hainan 's jurisdiction . 2 July 1945 -- Woody Island surrendered to the USS Cabrilla submarine after having been attacked by US forces on 6 February and 8 March . 20 November 1945 -- A US Navy reconnaissance mission landed on Itu Aba and found the Japanese forces had already pulled out . 1945 -- 1959 ( edit ) China 1947 map Territorial monument of the Republic of Vietnam ( South Vietnam ) on Southwest Cay , Spratly Islands , defining the cay as part of Vietnamese territory ( to Phước Tuy Province ) . Used since 22 August 1956 until 1975 , when replaced by another one from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam ( successor state after the Fall of Saigon ) 1945 -- In accordance with the Cairo and Potsdam Declarations and with American help , the armed forces of the Republic of China government at Nanjing accepted the surrender of the Japanese garrisons in Taiwan , including the Paracel and Spratly Islands . Nanjing then declared both archipelagoes to be part of Guangdong Province . 1946 -- The R.O.C. established garrisons on both Woody ( now Yongxing / 永 兴 ) Island in the Paracels and Taiping Island in the Spratlys . France protested . The French tried but failed to dislodge Chinese nationalist troops from Yongxing Island / Woody Island ( the only habitable island in the Paracels ) , but were able to establish a small camp on Pattle ( now Shanhu / 珊瑚 ) Island in the southwestern part of the archipelago . The Republic of China drew up The Southern China Sea Islands Location Map , marking the national boundaries in the sea with 11 lines , showing the U shaped claim on the entire South China Sea , and showing the Spratly and Paracels in Chinese territory , in 1947 . The Americans reminded the Philippines at its independence in 1946 that the Spratlys was not Philippine territory , both to not anger Chiang Kai - shek in China and because the Spratlys were not part of the Philippines per the 1898 treaty Spain signed with America . 1950 -- After the Chinese nationalists were driven from Hainan by the People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) , they withdrew their garrisons in both the Paracels and Spratlys to Taiwan . 1952 -- Japan renounced any claims of sovereignty over the Spratly and Paracel archipelagos in accordance with Article 2 Clause ( f ) of the San Francisco Peace Treaty , but no beneficiary was designated . 1954 -- The Geneva Accords , which China was a signatory , settled the First Indochina War end . French Indochina was split into three countries : Laos , Cambodia , and Vietnam . Vietnam was to be temporarily divided along the 17th Parallel . Chapter I , Article 4 say : `` The provisional military demarcation line between the two final regrouping zones is extended into the territorial waters by a line perpendicular to the general line of the coast . All coastal islands north of this boundary shall be evacuated by the armed forces of the French Union , and all islands south of it shall be evacuated by the forces of the People 's Army of Viet - Nam . '' On 26 October 1955 , the Republic of Vietnam `` South Vietnam '' replaced the State of Vietnam ( part of the French Union ) and inherit of its rights . Nothing was said explicitly about offshore archipelagos , which was of small interest by that times , it was clearly understood by all the parties that the Republic of Vietnam inherit of all the French Indochina 's Vietnamese territories under the 17th Parallel . As the Paracel and the Spratly archipelagos ( which lay below the 17th parallel ) were part of the French Indochina since 1933 , they were part of `` South Vietnam '' territory . The French bestowed its titles , rights , and claims over the two island chains to the Republic of Vietnam . 1956 -- North Vietnam Communist government formally accepted that the Paracel and Spratly islands were historically Chinese . But , that same year , South Vietnam reopened the abandoned French camp on Shanhu Island in the Paracels and announced that it had annexed the Paracel archipelago as well as the Spratlys . About the same time , the PLA reestablished a Chinese garrison on Yongxing Island in the Paracels , while the Republic of China ( Taipei ) put troops back on Taiping Island in the Spratlys . In 1956 , Cloma proclaimed the establishment of a new country , `` Freedomland '' in the Spratly Islands . The sole function of Freedomland turned out to be issuing postage stamps to collectors . Cloma 's announcement of Freedomland caused both Beijing and Taipei to reiterate China 's claims to the Spratlys . Taipei sent troops to drive Cloma off Taiping Island . Its forces are still there . Cloma 's proclamation of Freedomland was legal in the Philippines because , as Manila noted in its reply to protests of Cloma 's actions from Beijing , Saigon , and Taipei , the Philippines had made no claim of its own to the Spratlys . 4 September 1958 -- China published `` Declaration of the Government of the People 's Republic of China on China 's Territorial Sea published on 4 September 1958 '' to lawfully describe true meaning of `` nine - dotted line on South China Sea '' . 14 September 1958 -- Communist Vietnamese Premier Pham Van Dong sent Premier Zhou Enlai a formal diplomatic saying respect China 's decision on South China Sea . 1970s ( edit ) 1970 -- China occupies Amphitrite Group of the Paracel Islands 1971 -- Philippines announces claim to islands adjacent to its territory in the Spratlys , which they named Kalayaan , which was formally incorporated into Palawan Province in 1972 . The Philippines President Marcos announced the claims after Taiwanese troops attacked and shot at a Philippine fishing boat on Itu Aba . 1972 -- Bureau of Survey and Cartography under the Office of the Premier of Vietnam printed out `` The World Atlas '' says `` The chain of islands from the Nansha and Xisha Islands to Hainan Island , Taiwan Island , the Penghu Islands and the Zhoushan Islands ... are shaped like a bow and constitute a Great Wall defending the China mainland . '' 1974 -- South Vietnam attempted to enforce its claims to sovereignty by placing settlers in the Spratlys and expelling Chinese fishermen from the southwestern Paracels . In the ensuing naval battle at Shanhu Island , China defeated Vietnamese forces . This enabled Beijing to extend its control to the entire Paracel archipelago , where it has not been effectively challenged since . China ousts South Vietnamese forces from the Crescent Group of the Paracel Islands at the Battle of the Paracel Islands . 14 February 1975 , regretting the agreement with China in 1956 . The Communist Vietnamese government reclaims to the Spratly and Paracel archipelagos . 11 June 1978 - President Ferdinand Marcos , by virtue of the Presidential Decree No. 1596 , asserted that islands designated as the Kalayaan Island Group and comprising most of the Spratly Islands are subject to the sovereignty of the Philippines , and by virtue of the Presidential Decree No. 1599 issued on 11 June 1978 claimed an Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ ) up to 200 nautical miles ( 370 km ) from the baselines from which their territorial sea is measured . 1979 -- Hanoi ( now the capital of a united Vietnam ) adopted South Vietnam 's position , and claimed sovereignty over all the islands in the South China Sea . In the early 1980s , as Beijing , Kuala Lumpur , Manila , and Taipei protested , Vietnam resumed vigorous settlement and garrisoning of the Spratlys . 1980s ( edit ) 8 May 1984 -- the Philippines ratified the 1982 Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS III ) and declared themselves an archipelagic state . The Philippines claimed all the Spratly islands and reefs lying within its 200 Nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone including Mabini ( Johnson South Reef ) . 1984 年 小平 提出 了 两 个 选项 : `` 一个 办法 是 我们 用 武力 统统 把 这些 岛 收 回来 ; 一个 办法 是 把 主权 问题 搁置 起来 , 共同 开发 . '' Translation : In 1984 , Deng Xiaoping raised two options : `` One method is that we use force to get these islands back . Another is to shelve the sovereignty issue , co-develop the place . '' March 1987 -- Mr Luo Yuru was China 's State - Member Representative at the IOC - 14th Session of the Assembly of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission . During the meeting of the IOC , UNESCO 17 March -- 1 April in Paris , the Delegate of the People'Republic of China , speaking higly of GLOSS ( Global Sea Level Observing System ) , noted a few mistakes in the text of Document IOC / INF - 663 rev. ; for instance , `` Taiwan '' is listed as a `` country '' in relevant Tables contained in the Document . The scientists from the GLOSS , who did not know that Taiwan is not a `` country '' , agreed that China will install few tide gauges on `` its coasts '' , in East China Sea and on its `` Nansha islands '' in South China Sea as they did not know it was a disputed area . Scientists of this era could not understand that Taiwan had an island in the Spratly but China ( PRC ) had none although it says it had . In April 1987 , the PRC chose to build a weather station on Fiery Cross reef as the reef was large enough for the purpose , and it was isolated from other disputed islands and reefs . On the contrary , Johnson South Reef is inside Philippines claimed 200 NM EEZ and close to Sin Cowe Island inhabited by Vietnamese in the same Union Banks drowned atoll ; clearly a disputed area . 14 March 1988 -- China defeats the Vietnamese navy in the Johnson South Reef Skirmish on Mabini reef ( Johnson South Reef ) , killing 64 young Vietnamese , most of them unarmed , after the Vietnamese tried to intercept a Chinese force commissioned by UNESCO to build a tidal gauge station in the Philippines claimed 200 Nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone . 1990s ( edit ) 1995 -- A Vietnamese ship was shot by Taiwan . 1997 -- Philippines begins to challenge Chinese sovereignty over the Scarborough Shoal . 1999 -- Under President Lee Teng - hui , Taiwan stated that `` legally , historically , geographically , or in reality '' , all of the South China Sea and Spratly islands were Taiwan 's territory and under Taiwanese sovereignty , and denounced actions undertaken there by Malaysia and the Philippines , in a statement on 13 July 1999 released by the foreign ministry of Taiwan . Taiwan and China 's claims `` mirrors '' each other . During international talks involving the Spratly islands , China and Taiwan have cooperated with each other since both have the same claims . 9 May 1999 -- The day after the U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade , Philippine navy sent BRP Sierra Madre and ran her aground on Second Thomas Shoal . China issued official protest afterward . Philippine refused to withdraw the ship . Since then China deploys service ships to the corresponding water regularly . 2001 ( edit ) 1 April -- Hainan Island incident 2002 ( edit ) ASEAN and China agreed to a code of conduct in the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea 2005 ( edit ) 8 January -- Chinese ships fired upon two Vietnamese fishing boats from Thanh Hoa province , killing 9 people and detaining one ship with 8 people on Hainan Island . Chinese Foreign Ministry claim they were pirates that opened fire first and obtained confession from the arrested members . 2009 ( edit ) March 2009 -- The Pentagon reported that Chinese ships harassed US surveillance ship . According to the report , five Chinese vessels `` shadowed and aggressively maneuvered in dangerously close proximity to USNS Impeccable , in an apparent coordinated effort to harass the U.S. ocean surveillance ship while it was conducting routine operations in international waters . '' The crew members aboard the vessels , two of which were within 50 feet , waved Chinese flags and told the US ship to leave the area , the statement said . 13 May 2009 -- The deadline for states to make seabed hydrocarbon claims under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea . This is suspected to have caused ancient island claims to surface and become inflamed . 2011 ( edit ) 25 February -- The Chinese frigate Dongguan fired three shots at Philippine fishing boats in the vicinity of Jackson atoll . The shots were fired after the frigate instructed the fishing boats to leave , and one of those boats experienced trouble removing its anchor . 26 May -- The clash involved the Vietnamese Binh Minh 02 oil and gas survey ship and three Chinese maritime patrol vessels occurred 120 km ( 80 miles ) off the south - central coast of Vietnam and some 600 km south of China 's Hainan island . Vietnam says the Chinese boats deliberately cut the survey ship 's cables in Vietnamese waters . China denies the allegation . The event stirred up unprecedented anti-China protests in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city . 9 June -- A Norwegian - flagged seismic conducting ship hired by Vietnam Oil & Gas Corporation ( PetroVietnam ) clashed with another three Chinese fishery patrol vessels within Vietnam 's Exclusive Economic Zone . Vietnam once again claimed its exploration cables were deliberately cut . `` `` China 's systematic action is aimed at turning the undisputed area belonging to Vietnam into an area under dispute in order to materialize China 's nine - dotted line claim in the East Sea . This is unacceptable '' '' -- Vietnamese spokeswoman Pham Phuong Nga , following the June 9th incident 10 October -- Vietnam and China agree to a new set of principles on settling maritime disputes November -- Former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad believed Malaysia could profit from China 's economic growth through co-operation with China , and said that China was not a threat to anyone and was not worried about aggression from China , accusing the United States of provoking China and trying to turn China 's neighbours against China . 17 November -- Obama made a policy announcement to Australian Parliament about US pivot or rebalancing towards the Asia - Pacific . 2012 ( edit ) Dongguan aground on the Half Moon Shoal . April -- The Philippine warship Gregorio del Pilar was involved in a standoff with two Chinese surveillance vessels in the Scarborough Shoal , an area claimed by both nations . The Philippine navy had been trying to arrest Chinese fishermen who were allegedly taking government - protected marine species from the area , but the surveillance boats prevented them . 14 April -- The US and the Philippines held their yearly exercises in Palawan , Philippines . 16 April -- The Chinese Foreign Ministry urged a Philippine archaeological ship to immediately leave the waters of the Scarborough Shoal , which China claims is an `` integral part of its territory . '' 7 May -- Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Fu Ying called a meeting with Alex Chua , Charge D'affaires of the Philippine Embassy in China , to make a serious representation over the current incident at the Scarborough Shoal . China also warned its nationals against travel to the Philippines and raised trade barriers on imported pineapples and bananas . 16 May -- A fishing ban in the Scarborough Shoal by the governments of China and the Philippines became effective . By mid June 2012 , both nations had withdrawn their vessels from the waters around the disputed Shoal due to the arrival of the typhoon season . By July 2012 , China had erected a barrier to the entrance of the shoal , and that vessels belonging to Beijing 's China Marine Surveillance and Fisheries Law Enforcement Command were observed nearby the disputed shoal ; as of December 2012 , Chinese government ships remain around the shoal and have been turning away Filipino vessels ; additionally , China has stated it would interdict , and board , any foreign vessel that entered waters it claimed . China later clarified that it would only conduct interdiction , and boarding , vessels within 12 nautical miles for which China has announced baselines . May -- Taiwan rejected a pan-Chinese approach of co-ordinating with the PRC in asserting claims to the South China Sea . June -- Indian Navy vessels sailing in the South China Sea received an unscheduled escort by a People 's Liberation Army Navy frigate for 12 hours . 11 July -- a Jianghu - V type frigate of the PLA Navy , 560 Dongguan , ran aground on Half Moon Shoal just 60 nmi west of Rizal , well within the Philippines ' 200 nmi - EEZ . By 15 July the ship had been refloated and was returning to port with no injuries and only minor damage . The 2012 ASEAN summit was taking place in Phnom Penh , Cambodia at the same time , where the mood was already tense over the escalating aggression in the region . July -- The National Assembly of Vietnam passed a law demarcating Vietnamese sea borders to include the Spratly and Paracel islands . July -- Citing reports from diplomats on - hand , Reuters wrote that Cambodia `` batted away repeated attempts to raise the issue about the disputed waters during the ASEAN Meeting last week as well as the ASEAN Regional Forum . '' 22 July -- The Central Military Commission ( China ) decided to establish the Sansha garrison . The move was criticised by the Philippines and Vietnam . China responded by calling in a senior US diplomat and reiterating their `` absolute sovereignty '' over the region . 1 September -- Taiwan performed live fire military exercises on Taiping island in September 2012 , reports said that Vietnam was explicitly named by the Taiwanese military as the `` imaginary enemy '' in the drill . Vietnam protested against the exercises as violation of its territory and `` voiced anger '' , demanding that Taiwan stop the drill . Taiwan rejected Vietnam 's protests , and Taiwan 's Department of East Asian and Pacific Affairs declared that `` Taiping Island is part of the Republic of China 's territory ... We have noted Vietnam 's dissatisfaction over the drill ... No one has the right to protest over Taiwan 's exercise of its sovereign rights there '' , while China voiced its approval and support of Taiwan 's military drill on the island . Taiwan 's Ministry of Foreign Affairs also said , `` Our sovereignty over the island is undisputable and all of our activities and deployments on the island are legal and will never cause regional tensions . '' in response to Vietnamese claims on the island . Among the inspectors of the live fire drill were Taiwanese national legislators , adding to the tensions . 5 September -- Philippine president Aquino promulgated Administrative Order No. 29 , naming maritime areas on the western side of the Philippine archipelago as the West Philippine Sea . The order declares that the Philippines exercises `` sovereign jurisdiction '' in its exclusive economic zone , an area declared by Presidential Decree No. 1599 of 11 June 1978 to extend to a distance of two hundred nautical miles beyond and from the baseline from which the territorial sea is measured . The Philippine Baselines are defined by Republic Act No. 3046 , as amended . Official PRC media responded that this was a `` fond dream '' . 23 September -- China launched a program to increase the number of UAVs monitoring the Scarborough Shoal , Paracel Islands , Spratly Islands and East China Sea , which follows a national marine zoning program approved by the State Council during the previous year as a part of China 's 12th five year plan . December -- In an interview with the Times of India , Philippines Vice-President Binay welcomed the statement made by Indian Navy Admiral Joshi who stated that the Indian Navy is prepared to operate in the South China Sea . 2013 ( edit ) March -- Malaysia displayed no concern over China conducting a military exercise at James Shoal in March 2013 . August -- Malaysia suggested that it might work with China over their South China Sea claims and ignore the other claimants , with Malaysian Defence Minister Hishamuddin Hussein saying that Malaysia had no problem with China patrolling the South China Sea , and telling ASEAN , America , and Japan that `` Just because you have enemies , does n't mean your enemies are my enemies '' . 2014 ( edit ) 10 January -- China imposes a `` fishing permit '' rule in the South China Sea , over the objections of the United States , the Philippines , and Vietnam . 11 March -- Two Philippine ships are expelled by the Chinese Coast Guard from Ayungin Shoal in the Spratly group of islands . 30 March -- The Republic of the Philippines invokes the compulsory settlement of dispute clause under the Law of the Sea Convention , by submitting a case to the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague in its case against China over competing South China Sea claims . 2 May -- Vietnamese naval ships and Chinese vessels collide in the South China Sea . The incident occurred as China set up an oil rig in an area to which both nations lay claim . On 26 May , a Vietnamese fishing boat sank near the oil rig , after colliding with a Chinese vessel . As both sides imputed the blame to each other , Vietnam released video footage a week later , showing the Vietnamese boat being rammed by the Chinese vessel before sinking . Meanwhile , ASEAN leaders expressed `` serious concerns '' over the tensions , calling for self - restraint and peaceful acts from both sides . Many observed that this marked a change in tone by ASEAN members , who had previously avoided a collision of their economic interests with China . 19 August -- A Shenyang J - 11 intercepts a U.S. Navy P - 8 Poseidon anti-submarine warfare aircraft flying in international waters the South China Sea . 7 December -- the United States State Department released a report concluding that China 's 9 - dash - line claim does not accord with the international law of the sea . 2015 ( edit ) 8 April -- China is transforming Mischief Reef into an island . According to UNCLOS , artificial islands do not afford the occupying nation territorial waters . 8 June -- Chinese coast guard vessel anchored at Luconia Shoals ( Betting Patinggi Ali ) , leading to a protest by Malaysia . 7 July - Philippines v. China is a pending arbitration case concerning the legality of China 's `` nine - dotted line '' claim over the South China Sea under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) . The Philippines asked a tribunal of Permanent Court of Arbitration to invalidate China 's claims . The hearings were also attended by observers from Indonesia , Japan , Malaysia , Thailand and Vietnam . The case has been compared to Nicaragua v. United States due to similarities of the parties involved such as that a developing country is challenging a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council in an arbitral tribunal . 15 August -- Malaysia continues its protest as China did not move their vessel by sending diplomatic notes . In a statement by the Minister in the Prime Minister 's Department Shahidan Kassim , `` We have never received any official claims from them ( China ) and they said the island ( Beting Patinggi Ali ) belongs to them but the country is 400,000 kilometres away . We are taking diplomatic action but in whatever approach , they have to get out of our national waters '' . 27 October -- US destroyer USS Lassen navigates within 12 nautical miles of the emerging land masses in the Spratly Islands as the first in a series of `` Freedom of Navigation Operation '' . 29 October -- The tribunal ruled that it had the power to hear the case . It agreed to take up seven of the 15 submissions made by Manila , in particular whether Scarborough Shoal and low - tide areas like Mischief Reef can be considered islands . It set aside seven more pointed claims mainly accusing Beijing of acting unlawfully to be considered at the next hearing on the case 's merits . The tribunal is due to report in 2016 . 14 November -- Indonesia announces that it is planning to take China to court over the Natuna Islands . 31 December -- China 's Ministry of National Defense confirmed that they are building their second aircraft carrier . China 's second aircraft carrier was being built in Dalian , a port city located in northeastern China according to Col. Yang Yujun , a spokesman from the Ministry of National Defense . 2016 ( edit ) 2 January -- China demands to South Korea to cede a very large part of its EEZ in the Yellow Sea to the Chinese government that includes a sea mount that host a Korean marine research facility . The Chinese government claims that the sea mount falls within Chinese waters and should be called as Suyan Rock . 3 January -- Vietnamese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Le Hai Binh said that the landing of a civilian aircraft in Fiery Cross Reef is `` a serious infringement of the sovereignty of Vietnam on the Spratly archipelago '' . 13 January -- China has finished construction on a 10,000 - ton cutter destined for patrols in the South China Sea . 13 February -- Satellite images shows that China is currently expanding the North Island and Tree Island , both part of the Paracel Islands . Water capture reservoirs and fuel bunkers are the newly constructed structures seen in Fiery Cross Reef . A newly visible helicopter base is under construction in Duncan Island suggesting that Beijing may develop a network of bases in the South China Sea to support anti-submarine helicopters . 22 February -- Japanese Foreign Minister Fumio Kishida cancels his plans to visit China . 14 March -- Beijing will set - up an International Maritime Judicial Center similar to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ( UNCLOS ) in order to help protect every countries sea rights . According to Chief justice Zhou Qiang , the Chinese judicial center will primarily focus on the case of countries with territorial issues with China . 19 March -- Indonesian maritime official involved in a clash with a Chinese coast guard boat over a Chinese trawler accused for illegal fishing off the Natuna islands . Chinese fishermen were under Indonesia 's custody , while the trawler was set free after being rammed by Chinese coast guard boat . 5 April -- China has started to operate a new lighthouse in Subi Reef . 22 April -- Four A-10 Thunderbolt and two HH - 60G Pave Hawks based in Clark Air Base conducted flying operations in the vicinity of Scarborough Shoal . 10 May -- China 's navy has launched annual war drills in the South China Sea with one of its most advanced warships . The exercises include simulations for breaking an enemy blockade and reconnaissance drills with submarine forces . 10 May -- The USS William P. Lawrence sailed within 12 miles of Fiery Cross Reef as part of the freedom of navigation patrol . 10 May -- China scrambled two fighter jets and three warships as the USS William P. Lawrence sailed within 12 nautical miles of Fiery Cross Reef . 13 May -- Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said that more than 40 countries support its stance on South China Sea dispute . 17 May -- Two Shenyang J - 11 fighter jets intercepted a US Navy E-P3 military reconnaissance aircraft flying in international airspace over the South China Sea . 19 May -- Indonesian military General Gatot Nurmantyo says they are considering conducting joint patrols with Malaysia and Philippines . 20 May -- The USS John Stennis Strike Group patrolling the South China Sea visits Philippines . 21 May -- China objects to the presence of four Indian ships in the South China Sea . The ships sailed on Wednesday for a two - and - a-half month long operational deployment to the SCS and North West Pacific . The ships will also take part in the Malabar exercise in the waters of the Philippines . 23 May -- US President Barack Obama visits Vietnam aiming to strengthen bilateral ties . 23 May -- A Chinese government bureau is planning to build a base station in the Spratly Islands to aid fishing boats in trouble and shorten the distance they need to travel . 23 June -- Indonesian President Joko Widodo sailed on a warship off Natuna islands to send a `` clear message that the nation was very serious in its effort to protect its sovereignty '' . 8 July -- Philippine Foreign Secretary Perfecto Yasay said that the Philippines is willing to share the natural resources of West Philippine Sea to China . 12 July -- A tribunal of Permanent Court of Arbitration rejects Chinese Nine - dash line historical claims over South China Sea , concluding it has no legal basis . The tribunal ruled against China in the Philippines v. China case , and unanimously award in favour of the Philippines . 12 July -- Beijing promptly rejects the tribunal ruling and called it `` void '' . 12 July -- Ethiopia supports China 's stance in the dispute . 25 July 2016 -- in Vientiane , Laos , ASEAN issued a joint statement regarding South China Sea dispute , which stated their commitment to ensure and promote the peace , stability and security in the region . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bray , Adam ( June 18 , 2014 ) . `` The Cham : Descendants of Ancient Rulers of South China Sea Watch Maritime Dispute From Sidelines - The ancestors of Vietnam 's Cham people built one of the great empires of Southeast Asia '' . National Geographic . ^ Jump up to : Wortzel , Larry M. ; Higham , Robin D.S. ( 1 January 1999 ) . Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29337 - 5 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . China 's claim to the islands are based on historic usage by Chinese fisherman as early as 200 B.C.E. and on the 1887 Chinese - Vietnamese Boundary Convention , while Vietnam claims historic links with the islands based primarily on having inherited modern French territory . Jump up ^ Nordquist & Moore 1998 , pp. 154 -- 155 Jump up ^ Nordquist & Moore 1998 , p. 155 ^ Jump up to : Nordquist & Moore 1998 , p. 156 Jump up ^ `` Chapter II - 3 Sovereignty Over the Paracel and Spratly Islands '' . Scribd . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Samuels , Marwyn S. ( 1982 ) . Contest for the South China Sea . New York : Methuen and Company . p. 61 . Jump up ^ United States . Congress . House . Committee on Foreign Affairs . Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs ( 1974 ) . Oil and Asian Rivals : Sino - Soviet Conflict ; Japan and the Oil Crisis . US Government Printing Office . p. 442 . Retrieved 21 August 2014 . Park , Choon - ho ( 1985 ) . East Asia and the law of the sea . 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'' Reuters , 22 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines Slams China 's Establishment of Sansha City in South China Sea . '' VOA , 23 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` China calls in U.S. diplomat over South China Sea . '' Reuters , 4 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Photo : Taiwan military exercises with Vietnam as an imaginary enemy generals admit Taiping Island '' . 5 September 2012 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Taiwan holds live - fire drill in Spratlys : official '' 2013 . Jump up ^ `` PTI 2013 . '' . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff Writers , Taipei ( AFP ) ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` Taiwan to stage live - fire drill on disputed island '' . Space Daily . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PTI 2013 . '' . Business Line . Press Trust of India . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Yeh , Joseph ( 23 April 2013 ) . `` Drills held on Taiwan - controlled Taiping island in South China Sea '' . China Post . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . 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CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ CNA ( 21 August 2012 ) . `` Taiwan to conduct live - fire Taiping Island drill in Sept . '' . China Post . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Staff writer , with CNA ( 21 August 2012 ) . `` Taiwan plans live - fire drill on Taiping in South China Sea '' . Taipei Times . p. 3 . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Ted Galen ( 28 February 2013 ) . `` Taiwan Challenges Its Neighbors '' . The National Interest . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carpenter 2013 . '' . Cato Institute . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carpenter 2013 . '' . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Carpenter 2013 . '' . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` It 's official : Aquino signs order on West Philippine Sea '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer. 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anministrative Order No. 29 '' . Official Gazette . Office of the President of the Philippines . 5 September 2012 . 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Thomas Dux ( 2011 ) . Specially Protected Marine Areas in the Exclusive Economic Zone ( EEZ ) : The Regime for the Protection of Specific Areas of the EEZ for Environmental Reasons Under International Law . LIT Verlag Münster . p. 156 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 643 - 11127 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia Toughens Stance With Beijing Over South China Sea '' . World Street Journal . Retrieved 8 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Philippines asks tribunal to invalidate China 's sea claims '' . The Washington Post . 2015 . Retrieved 8 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Esmaquel , Paterno II ( 11 July 2015 ) . `` PH lawyer vs China : ' Giant slayer ' who defeated US '' . Rappler . Retrieved 12 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia lodges diplomatic protest against intrusion at Beting Patinggi Ali '' . The Rakyat Post . Bernama. 15 August 2015 . Retrieved 16 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` After Months of Waiting , US Finally Begins Freedom of Navigation Patrols Near China 's Man - Made Islands '' . The Diplomat. 27 October 2015 . 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Jump up ^ PCA Press Release 12 juli 2016 , The South China Sea Arbitration ( The Republic of the Philippines v . The People 's Republic of China ) . Jump up ^ Katie Hunt ( 12 July 2016 ) . `` South China Sea : Court rules in favor of Philippines over China '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Beijing rejects tribunal 's ruling in South China Sea case '' . The Guardian . 12 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ethiopia Supports China 's Stand On South China Sea '' . All Africa . 13 July 2016 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joint Statement of the Foreign Ministers of ASEAN Member States on the Maintenance of Peace , Security , and Stability in the Region '' . ASEAN.org . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_the_South_China_Sea_dispute&oldid=800983396 '' Categories : South China Sea Politics - related lists Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2014 CS1 uses Chinese - language script ( zh ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint : Unfit url Use dmy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2013 Articles needing more viewpoints from August 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2014 Articles with attributed pull quotes Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2012 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 23 : 28 . 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Brandenburg Gate
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Brandenburg gate - wikipedia Brandenburg gate Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the gate in Berlin . For other uses , see Brandenburg Gate ( disambiguation ) . Brandenburg Gate Brandenburger Tor The Brandenburg Gate at blue hour Location within central Berlin General information Type City gate Architectural style Neoclassical Location Berlin , Germany Coordinates 52 ° 30 ′ 58.58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 39.80 '' E / 52.5162722 ° N 13.3777222 ° E / 52.5162722 ; 13.3777222 Coordinates : 52 ° 30 ′ 58.58 '' N 13 ° 22 ′ 39.80 '' E / 52.5162722 ° N 13.3777222 ° E / 52.5162722 ; 13.3777222 Construction started 1788 Completed 1791 Design and construction Architect Carl Gotthard Langhans The Brandenburg Gate ( German : Brandenburger Tor ) is an 18th - century neoclassical monument in Berlin , built on the orders of Prussian king Frederick William II after the ( temporarily ) successful restoration of order during the early Batavian Revolution . One of the best - known landmarks of Germany , it was built on the site of a former city gate that marked the start of the road from Berlin to the town of Brandenburg an der Havel , which used to be capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg . It is located in the western part of the city centre of Berlin within Mitte , at the junction of Unter den Linden and Ebertstraße , immediately west of the Pariser Platz . One block to the north stands the Reichstag building , which houses the German parliament ( Bundestag ) . The gate is the monumental entry to Unter den Linden , the renowned boulevard of linden trees , which led directly to the royal City Palace of the Prussian monarchs . Throughout its existence , the Brandenburg Gate was often a site for major historical events and is today considered not only as a symbol of the tumultuous history of Europe and Germany , but also of European unity and peace . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Design and construction 1.2 19th and early 20th centuries 1.3 Cold War 1.4 Post-1989 2 Political history 3 Gallery 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Design and Construction ( edit ) Berlin in 1688 : The future site of the Brandenburg gate was near the middle left of the map , separating the Tiergarten from Unter den Linden . Travellers going west from the city toward Brandenburg an der Havel could pass in this direction In the time of Frederick William ( 1688 ) , shortly after the Thirty Years ' War and a century before the gate was constructed , Berlin was a small walled city within a star fort with several named gates : Spandauer Tor , St. Georgen Tor , Stralower Tor , Cöpenicker Tor , Neues Tor , and Leipziger Tor ( see map ) . Relative peace , a policy of religious tolerance , and status as capital of the Kingdom of Prussia facilitated the growth of the city . The Berlin Customs Wall with its 18 gates The Brandenburg Gate was not part of the old Berlin Fortress , but one of 18 gates within the Berlin Customs Wall ( German : Akzisemauer ) , erected in the 1730s , including the old fortified city and many of its then suburbs . The new gate was commissioned by Frederick William II of Prussia to represent peace . The Gate was designed by Carl Gotthard Langhans , the Court Superintendent of Buildings , and built between 1788 and 1791 , replacing the earlier simple guardhouses which flanked the original gate in the Customs Wall . The gate consists of twelve Doric columns , six to each side , forming five passageways . Citizens originally were allowed to use only the outermost two on each side . Atop the gate is a Quadriga , a chariot drawn by four horses , sculpted by Johann Gottfried Schadow . The new gate was originally named the Peace Gate ( German : Friedenstor ) and the goddess is Victoria , the goddess of victory . The gate 's design is based upon the Propylaea , the gateway to the Acropolis in Athens , Greece , and is consistent with Berlin 's history of architectural classicism ( first , Baroque , and then neo-Palladian ) . The gate was the first element of `` Athens on the River Spree '' by architect Langhans . 19th and early 20th centuries ( edit ) The Brandenburg Gate has played different political roles in German history . After the 1806 Prussian defeat at the Battle of Jena - Auerstedt , Napoleon was the first to use the Brandenburg Gate for a triumphal procession , and took its Quadriga to Paris . After Napoleon 's defeat in 1814 and the Prussian occupation of Paris by General Ernst von Pfuel , the Quadriga was restored to Berlin . It was now redesigned by Karl Friedrich Schinkel for the new role of the Brandenburg Gate as a Prussian triumphal arch ; the goddess , now definitely Victoria , was equipped with the Prussian eagle and Iron Cross on her lance with a wreath of oak leaves . The Quadriga faces east , as it did when it was originally installed in 1793 . Only the royal family was allowed to pass through the central archway , as well as members of the Pfuel family , from 1814 to 1919 . The Kaiser granted this honour to the family in gratitude to Ernst von Pfuel , who had overseen the return of the Quadriga to the top of the gate . In addition , the central archway was also used by the coaches of ambassadors on the single occasion of their presenting their letters of credence to council . Bernard Montgomery and Soviet Marshals Zhukov and Rokossovsky leave the Brandenburg Gate on 12 July 1945 after being decorated by Montgomery When the Nazis ascended to power , they used the gate as a party symbol . The gate survived World War II and was one of the damaged structures still standing in the Pariser Platz ruins in 1945 ( another being the Academy of Fine Arts ) . The gate was badly damaged with holes in the columns from bullets and nearby explosions . One horse 's head from the original quadriga survived , and is today kept in the collection of the Märkisches Museum . Cold War ( edit ) Following Germany 's surrender and the end of the war , the governments of East Berlin and West Berlin restored it in a joint effort . The holes were patched , but were visible for many years following the war . Vehicles and pedestrians could travel freely through the gate , located in East Berlin , until the Berlin Wall was built , 13 August 1961 . Brandenburg Gate border crossing was later closed on 14 August 1961 . West Berliners gathered on the western side of the gate to demonstrate against the Berlin Wall , among them West Berlin 's governing Mayor Willy Brandt , who had spontaneously returned from a federal election campaigning tour in West Germany earlier on the same day . It was closed throughout the Berlin Wall period until 22 December 1989 . Post-1989 ( edit ) A crane removes a section of the Berlin Wall near Brandenburg Gate on 21 December 1989 When the Revolutions of 1989 occurred and the wall was demolished , the gate symbolized freedom and the desire to unify the city of Berlin . Thousands of people gathered at the wall to celebrate its fall on 9 November 1989 . On 22 December 1989 , the Brandenburg Gate border crossing was reopened when Helmut Kohl , the West German chancellor , walked through to be greeted by Hans Modrow , the East German prime minister . Demolition of the rest of the wall around the area took place the following year . During 1990 , the quadriga was removed from the gate as part of renovation work carried out by the East German authorities following the fall of the wall in November 1989 . Germany was officially reunified in October 1990 . The Brandenburg Gate was privately refurbished on 21 December 2000 , at a cost of six million euros . It was once again opened on 3 October 2002 following extensive refurbishment , for the 12th anniversary of German reunification . Brandenburg Gate became the main venue for the 20th - anniversary celebrations of the fall of the Berlin Wall or `` Festival of Freedom '' on the evening of 9 November 2009 . The high point of the celebrations was when over 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 2.5 m tall , were lined up along the route of the former wall through the city centre . The domino `` wall '' was then toppled in stages converging here . The Brandenburg Gate is now again closed to vehicle traffic , and much of Pariser Platz has been turned into a cobblestone pedestrian zone . The gate , along with the broad Straße des 17 . Juni avenue to the west , is also one of the large public areas in Berlin where over a million people can gather to watch stage shows or party together , watch major sport events shown on huge screens , or see fireworks at midnight on New Year 's Eve . After winning the 2014 FIFA World Cup , the Germany national football team held their victory rally in front of the gate . It has also hosted street events at 2009 IAAF World Championships in Athletics and will repeat its role in 2018 European Athletics Championships . It is also the usual finish line of the Berlin Marathon . Political history ( edit ) Ronald Reagan speaks at the Berlin Wall 's Brandenburg Gate on June 12 , 1987 , challenging Gorbachev to `` tear down this wall ! ! '' Tear down this wall Complete speech by Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate , 12 June 1987 Problems playing this file ? See media help . A Soviet flag flew from a flagpole atop the gate from 1945 until 1957 , when it was replaced by an East German flag . Since the reunification of Germany , the flag and the pole have been removed . In 1963 , U.S. President John F. Kennedy visited the Brandenburg Gate . The Soviets hung large red banners across it to prevent him looking into East Berlin . In the 1980s , decrying the existence of two German states and two Berlins , West Berlin mayor Richard von Weizsäcker said : `` The German question is open as long as the Brandenburg Gate is closed . '' On 12 June 1987 , U.S. President Ronald Reagan spoke to the West Berlin populace at the Brandenburg Gate , demanding the razing of the Berlin Wall . Addressing the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , Mikhail Gorbachev , Reagan said , General Secretary Gorbachev , if you seek peace , if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe , if you seek liberalization : Come here to this gate ! Mr. Gorbachev , open this gate ! Mr. Gorbachev , tear down this wall ! On 25 December 1989 , less than two months after the Berlin Wall began to come down , the conductor Leonard Bernstein conducted the Berlin Philharmonic in a version of the Ninth Symphony of Beethoven at the then newly opened Brandenburg Gate . In the concluding choral movement of the symphony , the famous `` Ode to Joy '' , the word Freude ( `` Joy '' ) was replaced with Freiheit ( `` Freedom '' ) to celebrate the fall of the Wall and the imminent reunification of Germany . On 2 -- 3 October 1990 , the Gate was the scene of the official ceremony to mark the reunification of Germany . At the stroke of midnight on 3 October , the black - red - gold flag of West Germany -- now the flag of a reunified Germany -- was raised over the Gate . On 12 July 1994 , U.S. President Bill Clinton spoke at the Gate about peace in post -- Cold War Europe . Twentieth anniversary celebrations of the Fall of the Wall at Brandenburg Gate on 9 November 2009 , featuring a performance by Paul van Dyk On 9 November 2009 , Chancellor Angela Merkel , walked through Brandenburg Gate with Russia 's Mikhail Gorbachev and Poland 's Lech Wałęsa as part of the 20 - year celebration of tearing down the Berlin Wall . On 13 August 2011 , Germany marked the 50th anniversary of the day the Berlin Wall started to go up with a memorial service and a minute of silence in memory of those who died trying to flee to the West . `` It is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again , '' Berlin Mayor Klaus Wowereit said . German Chancellor Angela Merkel -- who grew up behind the wall in Germany 's communist eastern part -- also attended the commemoration . German President Christian Wulff added , `` It has been shown once again : Freedom is invincible at the end . No wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom . '' On 19 June 2013 , U.S. President Barack Obama spoke at the Gate about nuclear arms reduction and the recently revealed U.S. internet surveillance activities . On the night of 5 January 2015 , the lights illuminating the gate were completely shut off in protest against a protest held by far - right anti-Islamic group Pegida . In April 2017 , Die Zeit noted that the gate was not illuminated in Russian colours after the 2017 Saint Petersburg Metro bombing . The gate was previously illuminated after attacks in Jerusalem and Orlando . The Berlin Senate only lets the gate be illuminated for events in partner cities and cities with a special connection to Berlin . Gallery ( edit ) The Brandenburg Gate at night in panorama The Brandenburg Gate in early morning light The Brandenburg Gate at midnight Napoleon passing through the Brandenburg Gate after the Battle of Jena - Auerstedt ( 1806 ) . Painted by Charles Meynier in 1810 . The Gate in 1928 The Gate in the 1930s Play media Brandenburg Gate in 1945 badly damaged just after the end of World War II In 1984 , East Berliners and others were kept away from the Gate , which they could view only from this distance . The Berlin Wall in front of the Brandenburg Gate , shortly before its fall in 1989 Gate with Pariser Platz The Brandenburg Gate as seen from the rooftop terrace of the Reichstag building , with the United States Embassy in the background Brandenburg Gate in 2003 The Quadriga with skyscrapers of Potsdamer Platz Dark silhouette impression at sunset , 21 August 2010 Brandenburg gate lit up to look like the French Flag after the November 2015 Paris attacks The Brandenburg Gate quadriga at night See also ( edit ) Berlin portal Mitte ( locality ) Puerta de Alcalá -- a similar structure in Madrid Siegestor -- a similar structure in Bavaria References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Das Brandenburger Tor und sein Geheimnis , Der Tagesspiegel ^ Jump up to : `` Denkmale in Berlin . Brandenburger Tor '' . Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt , Berlin . Retrieved 5 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Deutsches Historisches Museum '' . Dhm.de . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dunton , Larkin ( 1742 ) . The World and Its People . Silver , Burdett . p. 188 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Paul ( 2016 ) . `` Brandenburg Gate '' . Pocket Rough Guide Berlin . Rough Guides . London : Penguin Random House . p. 72 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin Feuerland '' . Google Books ( in German ) . 2016 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 225 Jahre Brandenburger Tor '' . DW.COM. 2016 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dedio , Florian ; Dedio , Gunnar ( 2013 ) . `` Berlin , Germany , before the war '' . The Great War Diaries : Breathtaking Colour Photographs from a World Torn Apart . London : BBC Books , Penguin Random House . p. 50 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Jahre Mauerfall '' ( in German ) . Kulturprojekte Berlin GmbH. 2009 . Retrieved 9 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin feiert am Brandenburger Tor ins neue Jahr 2013 ( in German ) '' . Berliner Morgenpost. 4 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks on East - West Relations at the Brandenburg Gate in West Berlin '' . Retrieved 9 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remembering Reagan 's `` Tear Down This Wall '' speech 25 years later `` . CBS News . 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons from Reagan after `` Tear down this wall '' speech `` . CBS News . 12 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 20 Jahre Mauerfall : : `` Fest der Freiheit '' zum 20 . Jahrestag des Mauerfalls `` . Mauer.host8.3-point.de . Archived from the original on 4 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Celebrates Fall of the Berlin Wall '' . FoxNews. 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fall of the Berlin Wall ( slides / captions ) '' . FoxNews. 9 November 2009 . Retrieved 31 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Germany marks 50th anniversary of Berlin Wall '' . London : UK Telegraph . 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Germany Marks Construction of the Berlin Wall '' . Fox News . Associated Press . 13 August 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reflecting on the Berlin Wall , 50 Years After Its Construction '' . History.com. 11 August 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Dan ; Connolly , Kate ( 19 June 2013 ) . `` Obama calls for reduction in nuclear arms in broad - brush Berlin speech '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ Tagesspiegel : Bärgida und Gegendemonstration beendet ( in German ) , 5 January 2015 , retrieved 20 November 2015 Jump up ^ RBB : Licht aus am Brandenburger Tor ( in German ) `` Lights off at Brandenburg Gate '' , 5 January 2015 , retrieved 20 November 2015 Jump up ^ Storify : Anti-islamization rally in Germany met with countrywide protests , 5 January 2015 , retrieved 20 November 2015 Jump up ^ http://www.zeit.de/gesellschaft/zeitgeschehen/2017-04/berlin-brandenburger-tor-anschlag-st-petersburg-farben-russland External links ( edit ) This section 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brandenburger Tor . Brandenburg-gate.de : official Brandenburg Gate website Stiftung Denkmalschutz Berlin ( Berlin Monument Conservation Foundation ) Brandenburg Gate described in its historic context Panorama Brandenburg Gate - Panoramic view from the Pariser Platz Webcam : Live - View of the Street `` Unter den Linden '' with Brandenburg Gate in Berlin , Germany Ronald Reagan 's Tear down this Wall speech Complete text , audio and video of Ronald Reagan 's Brandenburg Gate Address from AmericanRhetoric.com Bill Clinton 's Berlin is free speech Video News report of the Brandenburg Gate re-opening - RealPlayer needed Germany , Berlin , Brandenburger Tor Virtual tour with map and compass effect by Tolomeus Panorama Brandenburg Gate 1945 - Panoramic view into the past , 60 years after World War II Celebrating 20 years after tearing down the Berlin wall , 1989 - Pictures at Brandenburg Gate on 9 November 2009 Panoramen und weitere Bilder vom Brandenburger Tor Three - dimensional view of Brandenburger Gate ( without plugin English , German , Spanish ) ( hide ) Visitor attractions in Berlin Mitte Alexanderplatz ( Weltzeituhr ) Alte Nationalgalerie Altes Museum Berlin Wall Memorial Berliner Dom Bode Museum Brandenburg Gate Checkpoint Charlie museum DDR Museum Deutsches Historisches Museum Fernsehturm Friedrichstraße Gendarmenmarkt Hackesche Höfe Hotel Adlon Humboldt University Kulturforum Lustgarten Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Museum Island Neptunbrunnen Neue Synagoge Neues Museum Nikolaiviertel Oranienburger Straße Pariser Platz Pergamon Museum Platz der Republik Potsdamer Platz Reichstag Rotes Rathaus Sony Center Staatsoper Berlin Topography of Terror Unter den Linden Western Berlin Allied Museum Aquarium Berlin Bellevue Palace Berlin Zoological Garden Botanical Gardens Europa - Center Freie Universität Berlin Hauptbahnhof Haus der Kulturen der Welt Jewish Museum Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church Kaufhaus des Westens Kurfürstendamm Museum Europäischer Kulturen Berlin 's Natural History Museum Olympiastadion Prussian National Monument for the Liberation Wars Schloss Charlottenburg Soviet War Memorial Tauentzienstraße Tempelhof Airport Tiergarten Victory Column Viktoriapark Wannsee Eastern Berlin Berlin - Hohenschönhausen Memorial East Side Gallery German - Russian Museum Karl - Marx - Allee Köpenick Palace Mercedes - Benz Arena Molecule Man Müggelberge Oberbaum Bridge Stasi Museum Tierpark Berlin Treptower Park Soviet War Memorial ( Treptower Park ) Berlin metropolitan region Charlottenhof Palace New Palace Orangery Palace Potsdam Roman Baths Sachsenhausen concentration camp Sanssouci Berlin Wall Culture Landmarks Spree River Transport in Berlin U-Bahn S - Bahn BNF : cb16687527s ( data ) GND : 4236650 - 1 ISNI : 0000 0001 2154 3600 LCCN : sh91005932 NARA : 10665913 NKC : ph217749 SUDOC : 081149247 VIAF : 127583713 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brandenburg_Gate&oldid=842749265 '' Categories : Gates in Germany Buildings and structures in Mitte Monuments and memorials in Berlin Triumphal arches in Germany Berlin border crossings Terminating vistas Heritage sites in Berlin Tourist attractions in Berlin National symbols of Germany Prussian cultural sites Buildings and structures completed in 1791 1791 establishments in Germany Classicist architecture in Germany Greek Revival architecture in Germany Neoclassical architecture in Berlin Hidden categories : CS1 German - 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was brandenburg gate in east or west berlin
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"It is located in the western part of the city centre of Berlin within Mitte, at the junction of Unter den Linden and Ebertstraße, immediately west of the Pariser Platz. One block to the north stands the Reichstag building, which houses the German parliament (Bundestag). The gate is the monumental entry to Unter den Linden, the renowned boulevard of linden trees, which led directly to the royal City Palace of the Prussian monarchs."
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"western part"
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Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again
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Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again - Wikipedia Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Theatrical release poster Directed by Ol Parker Produced by Judy Craymer Gary Goetzman Screenplay by Ol Parker Story by Catherine Johnson Richard Curtis Ol Parker Based on Mamma Mia ! by Catherine Johnson Starring Christine Baranski Pierce Brosnan Dominic Cooper Colin Firth Andy García Lily James Amanda Seyfried Stellan Skarsgård Julie Walters Cher Meryl Streep Music by Anne Dudley Cinematography Robert Yeoman Edited by Peter Lambert Production company Playtone Littlestar Productions Legendary Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date July 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 16 ) ( Hammersmith Apollo ) July 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 20 ) ( United States ) Running time 114 minutes Country United Kingdom United States Language English Budget $70 million Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is a 2018 musical romantic comedy film directed and written by Ol Parker , from a story by Parker , Catherine Johnson , and Richard Curtis . It is a follow - up to the 2008 film Mamma Mia ! , which is based on the musical of the same name . The film stars Lily James , Amanda Seyfried , Christine Baranski , Julie Walters , Pierce Brosnan , Colin Firth , Stellan Skarsgård , Dominic Cooper , Cher , and Meryl Streep . Both a prequel and a sequel , the plot is set after the events of the first film but also features flashbacks to 1979 to tell the story of how Donna came to be on the island of Kalokairi and trying to figure out who fathered her daughter , Sophie . Due to the financial success of the first film , Universal Pictures was always interested in the idea of a sequel . Here We Go Again was officially announced in May 2017 , with Parker hired to write and direct . In June 2017 , much of the original cast confirmed their involvement , and James was cast as a young Streep that July . Filming took place from August to December 2017 in Croatia , as well as at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is scheduled to be released in the United States and the United Kingdom on July 20 , 2018 , ten years to the month of the original film 's release . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cast 3 Musical numbers 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Casting 4.3 Filming 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Box office projections 6 References 7 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Five years after the events of Mamma Mia ! , on the Greek island of Kalokairi , Sophie ( Amanda Seyfried ) is pregnant with Sky 's ( Dominic Cooper ) child while running her mother 's ( Meryl Streep ) villa . Her relationship with Sky has been turbulent for some time , giving her cause to doubt that she can survive without her mother , Donna , who had passed away one year prior . With Tanya ( Christine Baranski ) and Rosie 's ( Julie Walters ) guidance , Sophie will find out more of Donna 's past , including how she fronted The Dynamos , started her villa on the island from nothing , met each one of Sophie 's dads ( Pierce Brosnan , Stellan Skarsgård , and Colin Firth ) , and raised a daughter , without a mother to guide her . She also has an unexpected visit from someone she has never even met : her grandmother , Ruby Sheridan ( Cher ) . Cast ( edit ) Amanda Seyfried as Sophie `` Soph '' Sheridan , Donna 's 25 - year - old daughter , Sam 's stepdaughter / possible daughter , Sky 's wife , Ruby 's granddaughter and possible daughter of Bill and Harry Meryl Streep as Donna Sheridan - Carmichael , Sophie 's mother , Sky 's mother - in - law , Ruby 's daughter , owner of the Hotel Bella Donna , and wife to Sam ( ghost ) Lily James as Young Donna Christine Baranski as Tanya Chesham - Leigh , one of Donna 's friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; a rich three - time divorcee Jessica Keenan Wynn as Young Tanya Julie Walters as Rosie Mulligan , one of Donna 's friends and former bandmates in Donna and the Dynamos ; an unmarried fun - loving author Alexa Davies as Young Rosie Pierce Brosnan as Sam Carmichael , Sophie 's stepfather and possible father , Sky 's stepfather - in - law and possible father - in - law , an Irish - American architect , Ruby 's son - in - law , and husband to Donna Jeremy Irvine as Young Sam Colin Firth as Harry Bright , Sophie 's possible father , Sky 's possible father - in - law , and a British banker . Hugh Skinner as Young Harry Stellan Skarsgård as Bill Anderson , Sophie 's possible father , Sky 's possible father - in - law , a Swedish sailor and travel writer Josh Dylan as Young Bill Cher as Ruby Sheridan , Donna 's mother , Sophie 's grandmother , and Sam 's mother - in - law . Dominic Cooper as Sky , Sophie 's husband , Donna 's son - in - law , Sam 's stepson - in - law and possible son - in - law to Sam , Bill and Harry Andy García as Fernando Cienfuegos , the manager of the Hotel Bella Donna , old friend of Ruby 's Omid Djalili as a Greek customs officer Celia Imrie as Vice-Chancellor Naoko Mori as Yumiko Togo Igawa as Tateyama Maria Vacratsis as Sofia Panos Mouzourakis as Lazaros Gerard Monaco as Alexio Anna Antoniades as Apollonia Jonathan Goldsmith Musical numbers ( edit ) The following ABBA songs are in the film 's soundtrack . `` When I Kissed the Teacher '' from Arrival ( 1976 ) - Young Donna and the Dynamos `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' from ABBA : The Album ( 1977 ) - Young Donna and the Dynamos `` One of Us '' from The Visitors ( 1981 ) - Sophie , Sky `` Waterloo '' from Waterloo ( 1974 ) - Young Harry , Young Donna `` Why Did It Have to Be Me ? '' from Arrival ( 1976 ) - Young Bill , Young Donna , Young Harry `` I Have a Dream '' from Voulez - Vous ( 1979 ) - Young Donna `` Kisses of Fire '' from Voulez - Vous ( 1979 ) - Lazaros , Young Tanya , Young Rosie `` Andante , Andante '' from Super Trouper ( 1980 ) - Young Donna `` The Name of the Game '' from ABBA : The Album ( 1977 ) - Young Donna `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' from Arrival ( 1976 ) - Young Sam , Young Donna , Sam , Sophie `` Angeleyes '' from Voulez - Vous ( 1979 ) - Tanya , Rosie , Sophie `` Mamma Mia '' from ABBA ( 1975 ) - Young Donna and the Dynamos `` Dancing Queen '' from Arrival ( 1976 ) - Sophie , Rosie , Tanya , Sam , Bill and Harry `` I 've Been Waiting For You '' from ABBA ( 1975 ) - Sophie , Rosie , Tanya `` Fernando '' - non-album single ( 1976 ) - Ruby , Fernando `` My Love , My Life '' from Arrival ( 1976 ) - Sophie , Young Donna , Donna `` Super Trouper '' from Super Trouper ( 1980 ) - Ruby , Donna , Rosie , Tanya , Sophie , Sky , Sam , Bill , Harry , Fernando , Young Donna , Young Rosie , Young Tanya , Young Bill , Young Sam , Young Harry `` The Day Before You Came '' - non-album single ( 1982 ) - Donna Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Due to Mamma Mia ! 's financial success , Hollywood studio chief David Linde , co-chairman of Universal Pictures told The Daily Mail that it would take a while , but there could be a sequel . He stated that he would be delighted if Judy Craymer , Catherine Johnson , Phyllida Lloyd , Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus agreed to the project , noting that there are still plenty of ABBA songs to use . Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again was announced on May 19 , 2017 , with a planned release date of July 20 , 2018 . It will be written and directed by Ol Parker . On September 27 , 2017 , Benny Andersson confirmed 3 ABBA songs that would be featured in the film : `` When I Kissed the Teacher , '' `` I Wonder ( Departure ) , '' and `` Angeleyes . '' Casting ( edit ) On June 1 , 2017 , it was announced that Seyfried would be returning as Sophie . Later that month , Dominic Cooper confirmed in an interview that he would be returning for the sequel along with Streep , Firth and Brosnan as Sky , Donna , Harry , and Sam , respectively . In July 2017 , Baranski was confirmed to return as Tanya in the film . On July 12 , 2017 , Lily James was cast in the film to play the role of `` Young Donna . '' On August 3 , 2017 , Jeremy Irvine and Alexa Davies were cast in the film with Irvine set to play Brosnan 's character Sam in a past era , and Davies would play the role of a young Rosie , played by Julie Walters in the first film . On August 16 , 2017 , it was announced that Jessica Keenan Wynn ( Heather Chandler in the original Off - Broadway cast of Heathers : The Musical ) had been cast as a young Tanya , who was played by Baranski in the first film . Julie Walters and Stellan Skarsgård will also reprise their roles as Rosie and Bill , respectively . On October 16 , 2017 , it was revealed that American singer / actress Cher had joined the cast in her first on - screen film role since 2010 , and her first film with Streep since Silkwood . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began on August 12 , 2017 in Croatia , including the island of Vis . The cast gathered in October 2017 , at Shepperton Studios in Surrey , England , to film some song and dance numbers with Cher . Filming wrapped on December 2 , 2017 . Release ( edit ) Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again is scheduled to be released on July 20 , 2018 by Universal Pictures in the UK , USA and other selected countries . The film premiered on July 16 , 2018 at the Hammersmith Apollo in London . Marketing ( edit ) The first trailer for the film was released on December 21 , 2017 in front of Pitch Perfect 3 , another film made by Universal Pictures . Cher performed `` Fernando '' at the Las Vegas CinemaCon on April 25 , 2018 after footage of the film was shown . Box Office projections ( edit ) In May 2018 , BoxOffice Magazine projected the film to gross $25 -- 35 million in its opening weekend in the United States and Canada , and a final domestic total of around $105 million . In June , three weeks prior to its release , official industry tracking had the film debuting to $27 -- 33 million . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again '' . AMC Theatres . Retrieved June 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Box Office : ' Equalizer 2 ' And ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Both Aiming For $30 M Openings '' . Forbes . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Baz Bamigboye ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) . `` Baz Bamigboye on a possible Mamma Mia sequel , Kate Winslet , Leonardo DiCaprio and much more '' . Mail Online . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryan Alexander ( 2017 - 05 - 19 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' sequel ' Here We Go Again ' coming next summer '' . US Today . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' On Universal Pictures ' 2018 Schedule '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Read - Dominguez ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 Here We Go Again ! songs officially revealed by Benny from ABBA '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Amanda Seyfried Set For ' Mamma Mia ! ' Reprise '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zach Seemayer ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Dominic Cooper Dishes on Returning for ' Mamma Mia 2 ' : It 's ' a Phone Call I 've Been Waiting For ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amanda N'Duka ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Christine Baranski Returning For Universal 's ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ' Sequel Adds Lily James ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ; N'Duka , Amanda ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Sequel Adds Jeremy Irvine & ' Harlots ' Actress Alexa Davies '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' Casts Broadway Star Jessica Keenan Wynn '' . Variety . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spencer Perry ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Here We Go Again : Mamma Mia ! Sequel Begins Production '' . Comingsoon.net . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bamigboye , Baz ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) . `` Here she goes again : Cher prepares to return to the big screen with appearance in Mamma Mia 2 '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Demark , Nikolina ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Will the Filming of ' Mamma Mia ' Affect the Island of Vis ? '' . Total Croatia News . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( August 12 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares snap of young Dynamos in Mamma Mia 2 '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Ellie ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lily James shares photo from the set of Mamma Mia ! sequel '' . RadioTimes . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sommers , Kat ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` First Look : The Dynamos Reunite as ' Mamma Mia 2 ' Starts Filming BBC America '' . BBC America . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Mamma Mia 2 : Here We Go Again ! has officially finished filming '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Mamma Mia ! ' Film Sequel Gets July 2018 Release Date '' . US News . May 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meryl Streep and Cher to be dancing queens of Mamma Mia 2 premiere '' . Irish Independent . July 16 , 2018 . Retrieved July 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robbins , Shawn ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Long Range Tracking : ' Incredibles 2 ' Builds Momentum ; Early ' Equalizer 2 ' & ' Mamma Mia : Here We Go Again ! ' Tracking '' . BoxOffice . Retrieved May 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Equalizer , ' ' Mamma Mia ' Sequels Head Toward $30 Million Domestic Openings '' . Variety . Penske Business Media . Retrieved June 30 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Cinema of the United States portal Official website Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again on IMDb ABBA Agnetha Fältskog Björn Ulvaeus Benny Andersson Anni - Frid Lyngstad Studio albums Ring Ring Waterloo ABBA Arrival ABBA : The Album Voulez - Vous Super Trouper The Visitors Compilations Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Vol. 2 Gracias Por La Música The Singles : The First Ten Years Thank You for the Music The Songbook -- Australian Chart Hits Gold : Greatest Hits Oro : Grandes Éxitos More ABBA Gold : More ABBA Hits Thank You for the Music ( box set ) Love Stories The Definitive Collection 18 Hits The Complete Studio Recordings Number Ones The Albums Live albums ABBA Live Live at Wembley Arena Tours and TV specials Eurovision Song Contest 1974 European & Australian Tour ABBA : The Tour Dick Cavett Meets ABBA Congratulations : 50 Years of the Eurovision Song Contest ABBA : Thank You for the Music , An All - Star Tribute Films and musicals ABBA : The Movie The Girl with the Golden Hair ABBAcadabra Mamma Mia ! Mamma Mia ! Original Cast Recording Mamma Mia ! ( film ) Mamma Mia ! The Movie Soundtrack Mamma Mia ! Here We Go Again Video games SingStar ABBA ABBA : You Can Dance Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Songs Unreleased songs `` Just Like That '' `` Thank ABBA for the Music '' ABBA : The Museum Music of Sweden List of ABBA tribute albums Related individuals Stig Anderson Ola Brunkert Rutger Gunnarsson Janne Schaffer Michael B. Tretow Lasse Hallström A-Teens Björn Again Linda Ulvaeus Book Films directed by Ol Parker Imagine Me & You ( 2005 ) Now Is Good ( 2012 ) Mamma Mia ! 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List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh
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List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh - Wikipedia List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Incumbent Yogi Adityanath since 19 March 2017 Appointer Governor of Uttar Pradesh Inaugural holder Govind Ballabh Pant Formation 26 January 1950 The Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh ( UP ) , a North Indian state , is the head of the Government of Uttar Pradesh . As per the Constitution of India , the governor is the state 's de jure head , but de facto executive authority rests with the chief minister . Following elections to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly , the governor usually invites the party ( or coalition ) with a majority of seats to form the government . The governor appoints the chief minister , whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly . Given that he has the confidence of the assembly , the chief minister 's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits . On 26 January 1950 Govind Ballabh Pant , Premier of United Provinces , became the first Chief Minister of the newly renamed Uttar Pradesh . Including him , 11 out of UP 's 21 chief ministers belonged to the Indian National Congress . Among these is V.P. Singh , a future Prime Minister of India , as was Charan Singh of the Rashtriya Lok Dal . UP has also had two women chief ministers -- Sucheta Kriplani and Mayawati . Akhilesh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party served as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh from 2012 to 2017 , having assumed office at the age of 38 , he is the youngest person to have held the office . On ten occasions , most recently in 2002 , the state has come under President 's rule , leaving the office of chief minister vacant . Yogi Adityanath of the Bharatiya Janata Party has served as the incumbent chief minister since 19 March 2017 . Contents 1 Premiers of United Provinces 2 Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh 3 References 4 External links Premiers of United Provinces ( edit ) Govind Ballabh Pant , the first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh The United Provinces , headquartered in Allahabad was a province of British India that comprised present day Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand . Under the Government of India Act , 1935 , a bicameral legislature was set up with a legislative assembly and a legislative council . No Name Term of office Party Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari 3 April 1937 16 July 1937 Independent Govind Ballabh Pant 17 July 1937 2 November 1939 Indian National Congress Vacant ( 2 ) Govind Ballabh Pant 1 April 1946 25 January 1950 Indian National Congress Chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh ( edit ) Colour key for parties Bahujan Samaj Party Bharatiya Kranti Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Indian National Congress Indian National Congress ( O ) Janata Dal Janata Party Samajwadi Party N / A ( President 's rule ) UP 's fifth chief minister , Charan Singh of the Bharatiya Kranti Dal , went on to become India 's fifth prime minister . Ram Naresh Yadav served as UP 's chief minister in the late 1970s as a member of the Janata Party . Although V.P. Singh 's chief - ministerial reign was as a Congressman , as Prime Minister of India he headed the National Front government as a member of the Janata Dal . Kalyan Singh was the first chief minister from the BJP . His tenure also witnessed the demolition of Babri Masjid UP 's 19th chief minister , Rajnath Singh , is the current Union Home Minister . Mulayam Singh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party has served three stints as UP 's chief minister . Mayawati was the one who completed her tenure in UP as Chief Minister from 2007 to 2012 after 1960 . Akhilesh Yadav , the state 's youngest - ever Chief Minister , holding office from 2012 to 2017 . No Name Constituency Term of office Tenure length Party Assembly ( Election ) Ref Govind Ballabh Pant Bareilly Municipality 26 January 1950 20 May 1952 4 years , 335 days Indian National Congress Not yet created 20 May 1952 27 December 1954 First Assembly ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( 1951 election ) Sampurnanand Varanasi South 28 December 1954 9 April 1957 5 years , 344 days 10 April 1957 6 December 1960 Second Assembly ( 1957 -- 62 ) ( 1957 election ) Chandra Bhanu Gupta Ranikhet South 7 December 1960 14 March 1962 2 years , 298 days 14 March 1962 1 October 1963 Third Assembly ( 1962 -- 67 ) ( 1962 election ) Sucheta Kriplani Mendhwal 2 October 1963 13 March 1967 3 years , 162 days ( 3 ) Chandra Bhanu Gupta ( 2 ) Ranikhet 14 March 1967 2 April 1967 19 days Fourth Assembly ( 1967 -- 68 ) ( 1967 election ) Charan Singh Chhaprauli 3 April 1967 25 February 1968 328 days Bharatiya Kranti Dal -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 25 February 1968 26 February 1969 1 year , 1 day N / A Dissolved ( 3 ) Chandra Bhanu Gupta ( 3 ) Ranikhet 26 February 1969 17 February 1970 356 days Indian National Congress Fifth Assembly ( 1969 -- 74 ) ( 1969 election ) ( 5 ) Charan Singh ( 2 ) Chhaprauli 18 February 1970 1 October 1970 225 days Bharatiya Kranti Dal -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 1 October 1970 18 October 1970 17 days N / A 6 Tribhuvana Narayana Singh 18 October 1970 3 April 1971 167 days Indian National Congress ( O ) 7 Kamlapati Tripathi Chandauli 4 April 1971 12 June 1973 2 years , 69 days Indian National Congress -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 13 June 1973 8 November 1973 148 days N / A 8 Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Bara 8 November 1973 4 March 1974 2 years , 21 days Indian National Congress 5 March 1974 29 November 1975 Sixth Assembly ( 1974 -- 77 ) ( 1974 election ) -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 30 November 1975 21 January 1976 52 days N / A 9 N.D. Tiwari Kashipur 21 January 1976 30 April 1977 1 year , 99 days Indian National Congress -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 30 April 1977 23 June 1977 54 days N / A Dissolved 10 Ram Naresh Yadav Nidhauli Kalan 23 June 1977 27 February 1979 1 year , 249 days Janata Party Seventh Assembly ( 1977 -- 80 ) ( 1977 election ) 11 Banarsi Das Hapur 28 February 1979 17 February 1980 354 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 17 February 1980 9 June 1980 113 days N / A Dissolved 12 V.P. Singh Tindwari 9 June 1980 18 July 1982 2 years , 39 days Indian National Congress Eighth Assembly ( 1980 -- 85 ) ( 1980 election ) 13 Sripati Mishra Isauli 19 July 1982 2 August 1984 2 years , 14 days ( 9 ) N.D. Tiwari ( 2 ) Kashipur 3 August 1984 10 March 1985 1 year , 52 days 11 March 1985 24 September 1985 Ninth Assembly ( 1985 -- 89 ) ( 1985 election ) 14 Vir Bahadur Singh Paniyara 24 September 1985 24 June 1988 2 years , 274 days ( 9 ) N.D. Tiwari ( 3 ) Kashipur 25 June 1988 5 December 1989 1 year , 163 days 15 Mulayam Singh Yadav Jaswantnagar 5 December 1989 24 June 1991 1 year , 201 days Janata Dal Tenth Assembly ( 1989 -- 91 ) ( 1989 election ) 16 Kalyan Singh Atrauli 24 June 1991 6 December 1992 1 year , 165 days Bharatiya Janata Party Eleventh Assembly ( 1991 -- 92 ) ( 1991 election ) -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 6 December 1992 4 December 1993 363 days N / A Dissolved ( 15 ) Mulayam Singh Yadav ( 2 ) Jaswantnagar 4 December 1993 3 June 1995 1 year , 181 days Samajwadi Party Twelfth Assembly ( 1993 -- 95 ) ( 1993 election ) 17 Mayawati 3 June 1995 18 October 1995 137 days Bahujan Samaj Party -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 18 October 1995 17 October 1996 1 year , 154 days N / A Dissolved 17 October 1996 21 March 1997 Thirteenth Assembly ( 1996 -- 2002 ) ( 1996 election ) ( 17 ) Mayawati ( 2 ) Harora 21 March 1997 21 September 1997 184 days Bahujan Samaj Party ( 16 ) Kalyan Singh ( 2 ) Atrauli 21 September 1997 12 November 1999 2 years , 52 days Bharatiya Janata Party 18 Ram Prakash Gupta MLC 12 November 1999 28 October 2000 351 days 19 Rajnath Singh Haidergarh 28 October 2000 8 March 2002 1 year , 131 days -- Vacant ( President 's rule ) 8 March 2002 3 May 2002 56 days N / A Fourteenth Assembly ( 2002 -- 07 ) ( 2002 election ) ( 17 ) Mayawati ( 3 ) Harora 3 May 2002 29 August 2003 1 year , 118 days Bahujan Samaj Party ( 15 ) Mulayam Singh Yadav ( 3 ) Gunnaur 29 August 2003 13 May 2007 3 years , 257 days Samajwadi Party ( 17 ) Mayawati ( 4 ) MLC 13 May 2007 15 March 2012 4 years , 307 days Bahujan Samaj Party Fifteenth Assembly ( 2007 -- 12 ) ( 2007 election ) 20 Akhilesh Yadav MLC 15 March 2012 19 March 2017 5 years , 4 days Samajwadi Party Sixteenth Assembly ( 2012 -- 17 ) ( 2012 election ) 21 Yogi Adityanath MLC 19 March 2017 Incumbent 1 year , 136 days Bharatiya Janata Party Seventeenth Assembly ( 2017 -- ) ( 2017 election ) Jump up ^ This column only names the chief minister 's party . The state government he heads may be a complex coalition of several parties and independents ; these are not listed here . ^ Jump up to : When President 's rule is in force in a state , its council of ministers stands dissolved . The office of chief minister thus lies vacant . At times , the legislative assembly also stands dissolved . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Durga Das Basu . Introduction to the Constitution of India . 1960 . 20th Edition , 2011 Reprint . pp. 241 , 245 . LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa Nagpur . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8038 - 559 - 9 . Note : although the text talks about Indian state governments in general , it applies for the specific case of Uttar Pradesh as well . ^ Jump up to : Chief Ministers . Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ President 's rule . Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Date of Constitution & Dissolution of Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Archived 12 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine ... Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly . Retrieved on 27 July 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.patrika.com/news/bareilly/up-first-cm-pandit-govind-ballabh-pant-was-won-from-bareilly-constituency-hindi-news-1505294/ Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1951 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1957 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1962 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1967 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Amberish K. Diwanji . `` A dummy 's guide to President 's rule '' . Rediff.com. 15 March 2005 . Retrieved on 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1969 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1974 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1977 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1980 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1985 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1989 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1991 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1993 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 1996 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 2002 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 2007 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Report on General Election , 2012 , to the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh '' ( pdf ) . Election Commission of India . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Uttar Pradesh Election Results '' . Economic Times . Retrieved on 12 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) States of India since 1947 on WorldStatesmen.org `` Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh '' . The Indian Express . 15 May 2007 . Retrieved on 28 July 2013 . Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh Govind Ballabh Pant Sampurnanand Chandra Bhanu Gupta Sucheta Kriplani Charan Singh Tribhuvan Narain Singh Kamalapati Tripathi Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna N.D. Tiwari Ram Naresh Yadav Banarsi Das V.P. Singh Sripati Mishra Vir Bahadur Singh Mulayam Singh Yadav Kalyan Singh Mayawati Jagdambika Pal Ram Prakash Gupta Rajnath Singh Akhilesh Yadav Yogi Adityanath Lists of chief ministers of Indian states ( and current incumbents ) Andhra Pradesh N. Chandrababu Naidu Arunachal Pradesh Pema Khandu Assam Sarbananda Sonowal Bihar Nitish Kumar Chhattisgarh Raman Singh Delhi Arvind Kejriwal Goa Manohar Parrikar Gujarat Vijay Rupani Haryana Manohar Lal Khattar Himachal Pradesh Jai Ram Thakur Jammu and Kashmir Vacant Jharkhand Raghubar Das Karnataka H.D. Kumaraswamy Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan Madhya Pradesh Shivraj Singh Chouhan Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis Manipur N. Biren Singh Meghalaya Conrad Sangma Mizoram Lal Thanhawla Nagaland Neiphiu Rio Odisha Naveen Patnaik Puducherry V. Narayanasamy Punjab Amarinder Singh Rajasthan Vasundhara Raje Sikkim Pawan Kumar Chamling Tamil Nadu Edappadi K. Palaniswami Telangana K. Chandrashekhar Rao Tripura Biplab Kumar Deb Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adityanath Uttarakhand Trivendra Singh Rawat West Bengal Mamata Banerjee Women chief ministers From the Bharatiya Janata Party From the Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) Topics in Uttar Pradesh History History of Uttar Pradesh Late Harappan Painted Grey Ware culture Vedic period Mahajanapadas Magadha Nanda Maurya Sunga Kushan Gupta Harsha Delhi Sultanate Mughal Empire Nawabs Rebellion British Nationalism Independence Geography Geography of Uttar Pradesh Bakhira Sanctuary Chambal Wildlife Sanctuary Chandra Prabha Sanctuary Dudhwa National Park Dudhwa Tiger Reserve Hastinapur Sanctuary Kachhua Sanctuary Kaimoor Sanctuary Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary Lakh Bahosi Sanctuary Mahavir Swami Sanctuary Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Okhla Sanctuary Patna Bird Sanctuary Pilibhit Tiger Reserve Saman Sanctuary Samaspur Sanctuary Sandi Bird Sanctuary Sohagi Barwa Sanctuary Suhelva Sanctuary Sur Sarovar Sanctuary Vijai Sagar Sanctuary Climate Government and politics Government of Uttar Pradesh Governors Chief Ministers Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Sabha Allahabad High Court Uttar Pradesh Police Divisions Districts Cities Political parties Assembly elections , 2007 Languages Western Hindi Braj Bhasha Kannauji Hindustani Hindi Urdu Bundeli Eastern Hindi Awadhi Bagheli Bihari Bhojpuri Literature Vedas Epic poetry Sanskrit Hindi Urdu Bhojpuri Culture Culture of Uttar Pradesh Ganga - Jamuni tehzeeb Music of Uttar Pradesh Hindustani classical music Music and dance Music of Uttar Pradesh Hindustani classical music Kathak Nautanki Economy Economy of Uttar Pradesh Conglomerates Other Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh cricket team Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Uttar_Pradesh&oldid=849643892 '' Categories : Lists of Chief Ministers of Indian states Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh Lists of people from Uttar Pradesh Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from August 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages বাংলা Deutsch Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia नेपाली ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 11 : 24 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is cm of uttar pradesh 2018 name
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"Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh\nIncumbentYogi Adityanathsince 19 March 2017Appointer\nGovernor of Uttar PradeshInaugural holder\nGovind Ballabh PantFormation\n26 January 1950"
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"Yogi Adityanath"
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McCulloch v. Maryland
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McCulloch v. Maryland - wikipedia McCulloch v. Maryland This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 16 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search McCulloch v. Maryland Supreme Court of the United States Argued February 21 -- March 3 , 1819 Decided March 6 , 1819 Full case name James McCulloch v . The State of Maryland , John James Citations 17 U.S. 316 ( more ) 4 Wheat . 316 ; 4 L. Ed . 579 ; 1819 U.S. LEXIS 320 ; 4 A.F.T.R. ( P-H ) 4491 ; 42 Cont . Cas . Fed . ( CCH ) ¶ 77,296 Prior history Judgment for John James , Baltimore County Court ; affirmed , Maryland Court of Appeals Subsequent history None Holding Although the Constitution does not specifically give Congress the power to establish a bank , it does delegate the ability to tax and spend , and a bank is a proper and suitable instrument to assist the operations of the government in the collection and disbursement of the revenue . Because federal laws have supremacy over state laws , Maryland had no power to interfere with the bank 's operation by taxing it . Maryland Court of Appeals reversed . Court membership Chief Justice John Marshall Associate Justices Bushrod Washington William Johnson Henry B. Livingston Thomas Todd Gabriel Duvall Joseph Story Case opinions Majority Marshall , joined by unanimous Laws applied U.S. Const . art . I , § 8 , cl. 1 , 18 The text of the McCulloch v. Maryland decision , handed down March 6 , 1819 , as recorded in the minutes of the Supreme Court of the United States , in which the Court determined the separate states could not tax the federal government . McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 ( 1819 ) , was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States . The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland . Though the law , by its language , was generally applicable to all banks not chartered in Maryland , the Second Bank of the United States was the only out - of - state bank then existing in Maryland , and the law was recognized in the court 's opinion as having specifically targeted the Bank of the United States . The Court invoked the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution , which allowed the Federal government to pass laws not expressly provided for in the Constitution 's list of express powers , provided those laws are in useful furtherance of the express powers of Congress under the Constitution . This case established two important principles in constitutional law . First , the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution 's express powers , in order to create a functional national government . Second , state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Supreme Court decision 3 Criticism 4 Later history 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) On April 10 , 1816 , the Congress of the United States passed an act titled `` An Act to Incorporate the Subscribers to the Bank of the United States '' , which provided for the incorporation of the Second Bank of the United States . The Bank first went into full operation in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . In 1817 , the Bank opened a branch in Baltimore , Maryland , and transacted and carried on business as a branch of the Bank of the United States by issuing bank notes , discounting promissory notes , and performing other operations usual and customary for banks to do and perform . Both sides of the litigation admitted that the President , directors , and company of the Bank had no authority to establish the Baltimore branch , or office of discount and deposit , other than the fact that Maryland had adopted the Constitution of the United States . On February 11 , 1818 , the General Assembly of Maryland passed an act titled , `` an act to impose a tax on all banks , or branches thereof , in the State of Maryland , not chartered by the legislature '' : Be it enacted by the General Assembly of Maryland that if any bank has established or shall , without authority from the State first had and obtained establish any branch , office of discount and deposit , or office of pay and receipt in any part of this State , it shall not be lawful for the said branch , office of discount and deposit , or office of pay and receipt to issue notes , in any manner , of any other denomination than five , ten , twenty , fifty , one hundred , five hundred and one thousand dollars , and no note shall be issued except upon stamped paper of the following denominations ; that is to say , every five dollar note shall be upon a stamp of ten cents ; every ten dollar note , upon a stamp of twenty cents ; every twenty dollar note , upon a stamp of thirty cents ; every fifty dollar note , upon a stamp of fifty cents ; every one hundred dollar note , upon a stamp of one dollar ; every five hundred dollar note , upon a stamp of ten dollars ; and every thousand dollar note , upon a stamp of twenty dollars ; which paper shall be furnished by the Treasurer of the Western Shore , under the direction of the Governor and Council , to be paid for upon delivery ; provided always that any institution of the above description may relieve itself from the operation of the provisions aforesaid by paying annually , in advance , to the Treasurer of the Western Shore , for the use of State , the sum of $15,000 . And be it enacted that the President , cashier , each of the directors and officers of every institution established or to be established as aforesaid , offending against the provisions aforesaid shall forfeit a sum of $500 for each and every offence , and every person having any agency in circulating any note aforesaid , not stamped as aforesaid directed , shall forfeit a sum not exceeding $100 , every penalty aforesaid to be recovered by indictment or action of debt in the county court of the county where the offence shall be committed , one - half to the informer and the other half to the use of the State ... James William McCulloch , head of the Baltimore Branch of the Second Bank of the United States , refused to pay the tax and the bank was represented by Daniel Webster . The lawsuit was filed by John James , an informer who sought to collect one half of the fine as provided for by the statute . The case was appealed to the Maryland Court of Appeals where the state of Maryland argued that `` the Constitution is silent on the subject of banks . '' It was Maryland 's contention that because the Constitution did not specifically state that the federal government was authorized to charter a bank , the Bank of the United States was unconstitutional . The court upheld Maryland . The case was then appealed to the Supreme Court . Supreme Court decision ( edit ) The Court determined that Congress did have the power to create the Bank . Chief Justice Marshall supported this conclusion with four main arguments . First , he argued that historical practice established Congress ' power to create the Bank . Marshall invoked the first Bank of the United States history as authority for the constitutionality of the second bank . The first Congress enacted the bank after great debate and that it was approved by an executive `` with as much persevering talent as any measure has ever experienced , and being supported by arguments which convinced minds as pure and as intelligent as this country can boast . '' Second , Chief Justice Marshall refuted the argument that states retain ultimate sovereignty because they ratified the constitution . `` The powers of the general government , it has been said , are delegated by the states , who alone are truly sovereign ; and must be exercised in subordination to the states , who alone possess supreme dominion . '' Marshall contended that it was the people who ratified the Constitution and thus the people are sovereign , not the states . Third , Marshall addressed the scope of congressional powers under Article I . The Court broadly described Congress ' authority before addressing the necessary and proper clause . Marshall admitted that the Constitution does not enumerate a power to create a central Bank but said that this is not dispositive as to Congress 's power to establish such an institution . Chief Justice Marshall wrote , `` In considering this question , then , we must never forget , that it is a constitution we are expounding . '' Fourth , Marshall supported the Court 's opinion textually by invoking the Necessary and Proper Clause , which permits Congress to seek an objective while exercising its enumerated powers so long as the objective is not forbidden by the Constitution . In liberally interpreting the Necessary and Proper Clause , the Court rejected Maryland 's narrow interpretation of the clause , which purported that the word `` necessary '' in the Necessary and Proper Clause meant that Congress could only pass those laws that were absolutely essential in the execution of its enumerated powers . The Court rejected this argument , on the grounds that many of the enumerated powers of Congress under the Constitution would be useless if only those laws deemed essential to a power 's execution could be passed . Marshall also noted that the Necessary and Proper Clause is listed within the powers of Congress , not the limitations . The Court held that for these reasons , the word `` necessary '' in the Necessary and Proper Clause ( elastic clause ) does not refer to the only way of doing something , but rather applies to various procedures for implementing all constitutionally - established powers . `` Let the end be legitimate , let it be within the scope of the constitution , and all means which are appropriate , which are plainly adapted to that end , which are not prohibited , but consist with the letter and spirit of the constitution , are constitutional . '' This principle had been established many years earlier by Alexander Hamilton : ( A ) criterion of what is constitutional , and of what is not so ... is the end , to which the measure relates as a mean . If the end be clearly comprehended within any of the specified powers , and if the measure have an obvious relation to that end , and is not forbidden by any particular provision of the Constitution , it may safely be deemed to come within the compass of the national authority . There is also this further criterion which may materially assist the decision : Does the proposed measure abridge a pre-existing right of any State , or of any individual ? If it does not , there is a strong presumption in favour of its constitutionality ... Chief Justice Marshall also determined that Maryland may not tax the bank without violating the Constitution . The Court voided the tax on the grounds that it was unconstitutional . The opinion stated that Congress has implied powers that need to be related to the text of the Constitution , but need not be enumerated within the text . This case was a seminal moment in the formation of a balance between federalism , federal power , and states ' powers . Chief Justice Marshall also explained in this case that the Necessary and Proper Clause does not require that all federal laws be necessary and proper and that federal laws that are enacted directly pursuant to one of the express , enumerated powers granted by the Constitution need not comply with the Necessary and Proper Clause , holding that the clause `` purport ( s ) to enlarge , not to diminish the powers vested in the government . It purports to be an additional power , not a restriction on those already granted . '' Criticism ( edit ) Though Marshall rejected the 10th amendment 's provision of states rights arguing that it did not include the word `` expressly '' unlike the Articles of Confederation , which was replaced by the Constitution , controversy over the authority of the amendment being violated by the decision has existed . Compact theory also argues that the federal government is a creation of the states where the states maintain superiority . Unlike Marshall , his successor , Roger B. Taney , established Dual federalism , where separate but equal branches of government were believed to be a better option . Later history ( edit ) McCulloch v. Maryland was cited in the first substantial constitutional case presented before the High Court of Australia in D'Emden v Pedder ( 1904 ) , which dealt with similar issues in the Australian Federation . While recognizing American law as not binding on them , the Australian Court nevertheless determined that the McCulloch decision provided the best guideline for the relationship between the Commonwealth federal government , and the Australian States , owing in large part to strong similarities between the American and Australian constitutions . See also ( edit ) List of United States Supreme Court cases , volume 17 List of landmark court decisions in the United States Case of Sutton 's Hospital ( 1612 ) 77 Eng Rep 960 Gibbons vs. Ogden Alien and Sedition Act References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 ( 1819 ) . This article incorporates public domain material from this U.S government document . ^ Jump up to : Chemerinsky , Erwin ( 2006 ) . Constitutional Law Principles and Policies ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Aspen Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7355 - 5787 - 1 . Jump up ^ 17 U.S. at 401 . Jump up ^ 17 U.S. at 402 . Jump up ^ 17 U.S. at 408 . Jump up ^ Kurland , Philip B. ; Lerner , Ralph , eds. ( 1987 ) . `` Article 1 , Section 8 , Clause 18 '' . The Founders ' Constitution . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 46387 - 2 . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bill of Rights Institute : Landmark Supreme Court Cases -- McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 ) '' . Bill of Rights Institute . Jump up ^ Justin D. Lowry ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` 10th Amendment : History and Purpose '' . Tenth Amendment Center . Further reading ( edit ) Ellis , Richard ( 2007 ) . Aggressive Nationalism : McCulloch v. Maryland and the Foundation of Federal Authority in the Young Republic . New York : Oxford University Press . DOI : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780195323566.001. 0001 online Killenbeck , Mark ( 2006 ) . McCulloch V. Maryland : Securing a Nation . University Press of Kansas . McAward , Jennifer Mason ( November 2012 ) . `` McCulloch and the Thirteenth Amendment '' . Columbia Law Review . Columbia Law School . 112 ( 7 ) : 1769 -- 1809 . JSTOR 41708164 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 17 . Pdf . Ellis , Jean Edward ( 1996 ) . John Marshall : Definer Of A Nation . New York : Henry Holt & Company . Ellis , Jean Edward ( 1989 ) . The Constitution American Foreign Policy . St. Paul , MN : West Publishing Company . O'Connor , Karen ; Sabato , Larry J. ( 2006 ) . American Government : Continuity and Change . New York : Pearson . Tushnet , Mark ( 2008 ) . I dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases . Boston : Beacon Press . pp. 17 -- 30 . ISBN 9780807000366 . External links ( edit ) Works related to McCulloch v. Maryland at Wikisource Text of McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 ( 1819 ) is available from : Cornell CourtListener Findlaw Justia OpenJurist Google Scholar Minutes from the Court 's Discussion of the Case `` McCulloch v. Maryland - Case Brief '' . Lawnix.com . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2009 . The short film McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1977 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive `` Supreme Court Landmark Case McCulloch v. Maryland '' from C - SPAN 's Landmark Cases : Historic Supreme Court Decisions Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McCulloch_v._Maryland&oldid=830652205 '' Categories : United States Supreme Court cases United States Constitution Article One case law 1819 in Maryland 1819 in United States case law State taxation in the United States United States Supreme Court cases of the Marshall Court Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from public domain works of the United States Government Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch 한국어 Italiano Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 03 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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History of the Song dynasty
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History of the Song dynasty - wikipedia History of the Song dynasty For the Book of Dynastic History on the Song dynasty , see History of Song . History of China ANCIENT Neolithic c. 8500 -- c. 2070 BCE Xia dynasty c. 2070 -- c. 1600 BCE Shang dynasty c. 1600 -- c. 1046 BCE Zhou dynasty c. 1046 -- 256 BCE Western Zhou Eastern Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States IMPERIAL Qin dynasty 221 -- 206 BCE Han dynasty 206 BCE -- 220 CE Western Han Xin dynasty Eastern Han Three Kingdoms 220 -- 280 Wei , Shu and Wu Jin dynasty 265 -- 420 Western Jin Eastern Jin Sixteen Kingdoms Northern and Southern dynasties 420 -- 589 Sui dynasty 581 -- 618 Tang dynasty 618 -- 907 ( Second Zhou dynasty 690 -- 705 ) Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907 -- 960 Liao dynasty 907 -- 1125 Song dynasty 960 -- 1279 Northern Song Western Xia Southern Song Jin Yuan dynasty 1271 -- 1368 Ming dynasty 1368 -- 1644 Qing dynasty 1644 -- 1912 MODERN Republic of China 1912 -- 1949 People 's Republic of China 1949 -- present Related articles Chinese historiography Timeline of Chinese history Dynasties in Chinese history Linguistic history Art history Economic history Education history Science and technology history Legal history Media history Military history Naval history view talk The Song dynasty ( Chinese : 宋朝 ; pinyin : Sòng cháo ; 960 -- 1279 ) of China was a ruling dynasty that controlled China proper and southern China from the middle of the 10th century into the last quarter of the 13th century . The dynasty was established by Emperor Taizu of Song with his usurpation of the throne of Later Zhou , ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Song is considered a high point of classical Chinese innovation in science and technology , an era that featured prominent intellectual figures such as Shen Kuo and Su Song and the revolutionary use of gunpowder weapons . However , it was also a period of political and military turmoil , with opposing and often aggressive political factions formed at court that impeded political , social , and economic progress . The frontier management policies of the Chancellor Wang Anshi exacerbated hostile conditions along the Chinese - Vietnamese border . This sparked a border war with Vietnam 's Lý dynasty , which was fought to a mutual draw and concluded with a peace treaty in 1082 . To the northwest the Song Empire frequently quarreled with the rival Western Xia , led by the Tanguts , as well as the Liao Dynasty to the northeast , led by ethnic Khitans . The Song Empire suffered a disastrous military defeat at the hands of invading Jurchens from the north in 1127 during the Jin -- Song wars . Following the Jingkang Incident , the remnants of the Song court were forced to flee south from Kaifeng and establish a new capital at Hangzhou . The loss of northern territory and shifting of the capital marks the division of the dynasty into two distinct periods : the Northern Song ( 960 - 1127 ) and the Southern Song ( 1127 - 1279 ) . The Southern Song developed a new navy to combat the Jurchen 's Jin dynasty formed in the north . The Song dynasty was able to defeat further Jurchen invasions and even fought the Jin dynasty in an erstwhile alliance with the Mongols . However , the Mongol rulers Genghis Khan , Ögedei Khan , Möngke Khan , and finally Kublai Khan gradually conquered China , until the fall of the final Song emperor at the Battle of Yamen in 1279 . Contents 1 Founding of the Song 2 Relations with Liao and Western Xia 2.1 The Great Ditch and Treaty of Shanyuan 2.2 Conflict and diplomacy in the northwest 3 Relations with Lý of Vietnam and border conflict 3.1 Background 3.2 Border hostilities 3.3 Tribute and intrigue 3.4 Frontier policy and war 4 Partisans and factions , reformers and conservatives 5 Jurchen invasions and the transition to Southern Song 5.1 Jingkang Incident 5.2 A new capital and peace treaty 6 China 's first standing navy 7 Defeat of Jin invasion , 1161 8 Rise of the Mongols 9 Mongol invasion and end of the Song dynasty 9.1 Möngke 's campaign 9.2 A fluctuating border 9.3 Growing discontent 9.4 Battle of Xiangyang 9.5 Final resistance 10 Historical literature 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Founding of the Song ( edit ) Further information : List of emperors of the Song dynasty and Timeline of the Song dynasty The Conquest of Song Dynasty from 960 to 979 which ended the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . The Later Zhou was the last of the Five Dynasties that had controlled northern China after the fall of the Tang dynasty in 907 . Zhao Kuangyin , later known as Emperor Taizu ( r . 960 -- 976 ) , usurped the throne and deposed the last Zhou ruler Guo Zongxun with the support of military commanders in 960 , initiating the Song dynasty . Upon taking the throne , his first goal was the reunification of China after half a century of political division . This included the conquests of Nanping , Wu - Yue , Southern Han , Later Shu , and Southern Tang in the south as well as the Northern Han and the Sixteen Prefectures in the north . With capable military officers such as Yang Ye ( d . 986 ) , Liu Tingrang ( 929 -- 987 ) , Cao Bin ( 931 -- 999 ) and Huyan Zan ( d . 1000 ) , the early Song military became the dominant force in China . Innovative military tactics , such as defending supply lines across floating pontoon bridges led to success in battle such as the Song assault against the Southern Tang state while crossing the Yangzi River in 974 . Using a mass of arrow fire from crossbowmen , Song forces were able to defeat the renowned war elephant corps of the Southern Han on January 23 , 971 , thus forcing the submission of Southern Han and terminating the first and last elephant corps that would make up a regular division within a Chinese army . A porcelain teapot in the Qingbai style , from Jingdezhen , Song dynasty . Porcelain , lacquerware , and stoneware from the Song dynasty . Fishermen 's Evening Song , one of Xu Daoning 's ( 970 -- 1051 ) most famous paintings A Liao dynasty polychrome wood - carved statue of Guan Yin , Shanxi Province , China , ( 907 -- 1125 ) Consolidation in the south was completed in 978 , with the conquest of Wu - Yue . Song military forces then turned north against the Northern Han , which fell to Song forces in 979 . However , efforts to take the Sixteen Prefectures were unsuccessful and they were incorporated into the Liao state based in Manchuria to the immediate north instead . To the far northwest , the Tanguts had been in power over northern Shaanxi since 881 , after the earlier Tang court appointed a Tangut chief as a military governor ( jiedushi ) over the region , a seat that became hereditary ( forming the Xi - Xia dynasty ) . Although the Song state was evenly matched against the Liao dynasty , the Song gained significant military victories against the Western Xia ( who would eventually fall to the Mongol conquest of Genghis Khan in 1227 ) . After political consolidation through military conquest , Emperor Taizu held a famous banquet inviting many of the high - ranking military officers that had served him in Song 's various conquests . As his military officers drank wine and feasted with Taizu , he spoke to them about the potential of a military coup against him like those of Five Dynasties era . His military officers protested against this notion , and insisted that none were as qualified as him to lead the country . The passage of this account in the Song Shi follows as such : The emperor said , ' The life of man is short . Happiness is to have the wealth and means to enjoy life , and then to be able to leave the same prosperity to one 's descendents . If you , my officers , will renounce your military authority , retire to the provinces , and choose there the best lands and the most delightful dwelling - places , there to pass the rest of your lives in pleasure and peace ... would this not be better than to live a life of peril and uncertainty ? So that no shadow of suspicion shall remain between prince and ministers , we will ally our families with marriages , and thus , ruler and subject linked in friendship and amity , we will enjoy tranquility ' ... The following day , the army commanders all offered their resignations , reporting ( imaginary ) maladies , and withdrew to the country districts , where the emperor , giving them splendid gifts , appointed them to high official positions . Emperor Taizu developed an effective centralized bureaucracy staffed with civilian scholar - officials and regional military governors and their supporters were replaced by centrally appointed officials . This system of civilian rule led to a greater concentration of power in the central government headed by the emperor than had been possible during the previous dynasties . In the early 11th century , there were some 30,000 men who took the prefectural exams per year ( see imperial examination ) , which steadily increased to roughly 80,000 by the end of the century , and to 400,000 exam takers during the 13th century . Although new municipal governments were often established , the same number of prefectures and provinces were in existence as before the Song came to power . Thus although more people were taking exams , roughly the same number were being accepted into the government as in previous periods , making the civil service exams very competitive amongst aspiring students and scholars . Emperor Taizu also found other ways to consolidate and strengthen his power , including updated map - making ( cartography ) so that his central administration could easily discern how to handle affairs in the provinces . In 971 , he ordered Lu Duosun to update and ' re-write all the Tu Jing ( maps ) in the world ' ; a daunting task for one individual . Nonetheless , he traveled throughout the provinces to collect illustrative gazetteers and as much data as possible . With the aid of Song Zhun , the massive work was completed in 1010 , with some 1566 chapters . The later Song Shi historical text stated ( Wade -- Giles spelling ) : Yuan Hsieh ( d . + 1220 ) was Director - General of governmental grain stores . In pursuance of his schemes for the relief of famines he issued orders that each pao ( village ) should prepare a map which would show the fields and mountains , the rivers and the roads in fullest detail . The maps of all the pao were joined together to make a map of the tu ( larger district ) , and these in turn were joined with others to make a map of the hsiang and the hsien ( still larger districts ) . If there was any trouble about the collection of taxes or the distribution of grain , or if the question of chasing robbers and bandits arose , the provincial officials could readily carry out their duties by the aid of the maps . Taizu also displayed a strong interest in science and technology . He employed the Imperial Workshop to support such projects as Zhang Sixun 's hydraulic - powered armillary sphere ( for astronomical observation and time - keeping ) that used liquid mercury instead of water ( because liquid mercury would not freeze during winter ) . Emperor Taizu was also quite open - minded in his affairs , especially with those perceived as foreigners : he appointed the Arab Muslim Ma Yize ( 910 -- 1005 ) as the chief astronomer of the Song court . For receiving envoys from the Korean kingdom of Goryeo alone , the Song court had roughly 1,500 volumes written about the nuanced rules , regulations , and guidelines for their reception . The Song also sent envoys abroad , such as Wang Yande ( 939 -- 1006 ) , who was sent as an official envoy to the Uyghur - Turkic city of Gaochang in 981 , then under Kara - Khanid control . From the 2nd century onwards , ancient Chinese histories even record that embassies of the Roman Empire ( `` Daqin '' ) and Byzantine Empire ( `` Fu lin '' ) arrived in China . As recorded in the History of Song and Wenxian Tongkao , the last known arrival of Byzantine envoys came in 1081 , apparently sent by Michael VII Doukas to the court of Emperor Shenzong of Song . However , the History of Yuan records that a Byzantine man served as an astronomer and physician at the court of Kublai Khan during the subsequent Yuan dynasty , and in 1371 the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty sent an alleged Byzantine merchant ( who was likely Nicolaus de Bentra , Archbishop of Khanbaliq ) to inform the Byzantine ruler of the founding of the new dynasty . Relations with Liao and Western Xia ( edit ) Further information : Liao dynasty and Western Xia The Great Ditch and treaty of Shanyuan ( edit ) Contemporary portrait of Emperor Taizong of Song , National Palace Museum , Taipei Relations between the Song and Liao ( led by the Khitans ) were relatively peaceful in the first two decades after Song was founded , the disputed territories of the Northern Han and the Sixteen Prefectures notwithstanding . In 974 , the two began exchanging embassies on New Years Day . However , in 979 the Song moved against the Northern Han , long under the protection of the Liao dynasty . The Song emperor succeeded in forcing the Northern Han to surrender , but when marching on the Liao Southern Capital ( present - day Beijing ) in the Sixteen Prefectures , Song forces were defeated at the Battle of Gaoliang River . This defeat was politically damaging to the prestige of Emperor Taizong of Song ( r . 976 -- 997 ) , so much so that his top military commanders orchestrated an aborted coup to replace him with his nephew Zhao Dezhao . Relations between the Song and Liao remained tense and hostile : in 986 the Song sent three armies against the Liao in an effort to take advantage of an infant emperor and recapture the Sixteen Prefectures , but the Liao successfully repulsed all three armies . Following this , diplomatic relations were resumed . Relations between Song and Liao worsened in the 990s . From 993 to 1004 , the Liao observed the Song as the latter built a ' Great Ditch ' in northern Hebei province from the Taihang Mountains in the west all the way to the Bohai Sea in the east . This was essentially a series of canals meant to block the advance of Liao cavalry far from the northern border line , although the Liao perceived this engineering project as a means for the Song to dispatch offensive forces more efficiently via new waterways . In 999 the Liao began annual attacks on Song positions , though with no breakthrough victories . The Liao were interested in capturing the Guannan region of northern Hebei , both because the Song general Zhou Shizong had taken it from them and because it contained strategic passes . A 12th century Song painting of ladies processing silk ; as part of the agreement in the Treaty of Shanyuan , the Song sent annual tribute of 200,000 bolts of silk to the Khitan Liao dynasty . In 1004 , Liao forces managed to march deep into Song territory , camping out in Shanyuan , about 100 kilometers ( 62 mi ) north of the Song capital of Kaifeng . However , their forces were greatly overextended and any possible escape route was in danger of being blocked by Song forces . Eventually , the completion of the ' Great Ditch ' as an effective defensive blockade which slowed the advance of Liao cavalry forced the Liao to request a truce . Negotiations resulted in the Treaty of Shanyuan , signed in January 1005 ( some sources cite 1004 due to the Chinese Lunar Calendar ) , which fixed the borders of the Song and Liao as they were before the conflict . The Khitan rulers also wanted to intermarry with the Zhao family line of the Song , an offer that the Song refused in favor of a nominal and figurative imperial kinship . However , the treaty required the Song to make annual tribute payments to the Liao and recognize Liao equality with the Song . The tribute consisted of 283 kg ( 100,000 oz ) of silver along with 200,000 bolts of silk , increasing to 500,000 units by 1042 . However , even with the increase in 1042 , the Song economy was not damaged by this enforced tribute . The bullion holding of the Liao dynasty did not increase with the tribute either , since the Song exported many goods annually to the Liao , dwarfing the amount of imported goods from Liao . Therefore , much of the silver sent to Liao as tribute was used to pay for Song Chinese goods , and the silver wound up back into the hands of Chinese merchants and the Song government . Until the Song dynasty took advantage of a large rebellion within the Liao Kingdom in 1125 , the Song had to conduct cordial relations with the Liao . Skilled ambassadors were sent on missions to court the Liao and maintain peace , such as the renowned horologist , engineer , and state minister Su Song . The Song also prepared for armed conflict , increasing the overall size of the armed forces to a million soldiers by 1022 . By that time , however , the military was consuming three - quarters of the tax revenues gathered by the state , compared to a mere 2 or 3 percent of state income that would be consumed by just providing the Liao with tribute . Due to these circumstances , intense political rivalries would later arise in the Song court over how to handle these issues . Conflict and diplomacy in the northwest ( edit ) The Northern Song , Liao , and Xia dynasties . Bronze edicts written in the Tangut script of the Western Xia ; edict plates were used to send urgent documents and messages , under imperial orders . When these matching pieces are joined together , they prove the bearer 's identity . The Song came into conflict with the Tanguts of the Western Xia dynasty as early as the 980s , when Song intended to retake the former Ordos prefectures of the late Tang dynasty , then held by the Tanguts . After the Tangut leader Li Jiqian died in 1004 , the Tanguts under his successor Li Deming ( r . 1005 -- 1032 ) had initially attacked the Song , but later sought peaceful relations which brought economic benefits until 1038 . After non-Chinese Song patrol leader Li Jipeng ( aka Zhao Baozhong ) raided Xia 's territory and destroyed some fortified settlements in 1034 , the Tanguts under Li Yuanhao ( 1003 -- 1048 ) retaliated . On September 12 , 1034 the Tanguts raided Qingzhou in Huanqing Circuit , but later Li Yuanhao released Song officers and soldiers he had captured ; by January 29 , 1035 relations were restored when Li Yuanhao sent tribute of fifty horses to the Song court and requested a copy of a Buddhist canon in return , which he received . Although he retained some unique Tangut customs and had a Tangut script created , Li 's administration followed the traditional Chinese model of bureaus . Li proclaimed himself the first imperial ruler of Western Xia , ruling as Emperor Jingzong ( r . 1038 -- 1048 ) , and on November 10 , 1038 he sent an envoy to the Song capital in order to gain recognition for his new title as `` Son of Blue Heaven '' and to cease paying tribute to Song to affirm his new status . The Xia began attacks on Song 's borders which were repulsed by Song commander Lu Shouqin ( fl. 1030 -- 1050 ) , and on January 9 , 1039 the Song shut down its border markets and soon after a reward of 100,000 strings of coin was offered to anyone who could capture Emperor Jingzong . Although he won impressive victories in the initial phase of the war , Jingzong gained no additional territory for Western Xia by war 's end in 1044 , while both sides had lost tens of thousands of troops . Emperor Jingzong also conceded to the Song demand that he refer to himself as an inferior subject when addressing the Song , and that he accept Song ritualists to perform official ceremonies at his court . Throughout the war , the Song had maintained a number of fortified military outposts stretching some 480 km ( 300 mi ) from the westernmost prefectures of Shaanxi to Hedong in what is now Shanxi . Since the Song could not rely on water obstacle defenses in this region -- like the Great Ditch of Hebei used against Liao -- they instead garrisoned the wide expanse with a recorded 200 imperial battalions and 900 provincial and militia battalions by 1043 . Relations broke down once more in 1067 with the ascension of Emperor Shenzong of Song , and in the 1070s the Song had considerable success in capturing Tangut territory . A mood of frontier adventurism permeated Shenzong 's court , as well as a desire to reclaim territories he felt belonged to him as the rightful ruler of China ; when a Song general led an unprovoked attack on a Western Xia border town , Shenzong appeared at the border to commend the general himself . To punish the Western Xia and damage their economy , Emperor Shenzong also shut down all commercial border markets along the Song - Western Xia border . The scientist and statesman Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) was sent to Yanzhou ( now Yan'an , Shaanxi province ) in 1080 to stave off Tangut military invasion . He successfully defended his fortified position , yet the new Grand Councillor Cai Que held him responsible for the death of a rival Song military officer and the decimation of that officer 's forces ; as a result , Shen Kuo was ousted from office and the state abandoned the projected land that Shen was able to defend . When Empress Dowager Gao died in 1093 , Emperor Zhezong of Song asserted himself at court by ousting the political conservatives led by Sima Guang , reinstating Wang Anshi 's reforms , and halting all negotiations with the Tanguts of the Western Xia . This resulted in continued armed conflict between the Song dynasty and the Western Xia . In 1099 , the Northern Song launched a campaign into Xining and Haidong ( in modern Qinghai province ) , occupying territory that was controlled by the Tibetan Gusiluo regime since the 10th century . By 1116 , Song managed to acquire all of its territory and incorporated it into prefectures ; the area became the westernmost frontier against the Western Xia . Relations with Lý of Vietnam and border conflict ( edit ) The Lý dynasty controlled areas seen in light yellow on the map , then called Đại Việt , bordered by Champa and the Khmer Empire Background ( edit ) For roughly a millennium a series of Chinese dynasties had controlled northern Vietnam , until the independence of the Ngô dynasty ( 939 -- 967 ) . Early Song armies had fought and lost to the Early Lê dynasty ( 980 -- 1009 ) of Vietnam at the Battle of Bạch Đằng in 981 . Subsequently , the Zhuang rebel Nong Zhigao ( Nùng Trí Cao ) ( 1025 -- 1053 ) attempted to establish his own frontier kingdom in 1042 , 1048 , and 1052 , creating a disturbance on Song 's southern border that prompted an invasion against Nong Zhigao / Nùng Trí Cao 's forces in the 1050s . This invasion resulted in the Song conquest of border regions inhabited by Tai peoples and a border confrontation with the Lý dynasty ( 1010 -- 1225 ) that lasted from 1075 to 1077 . The Song court 's interest in maximizing the economic benefits of these frontier zones came into conflict with the Lý dynasty , whose goal was to consolidate their peripheral fiefdoms . In the aftermath , an agreement was negotiated by both sides that fixed the borders ; the resulting line of demarcation `` would largely remain in place through to the present day '' , according to James A. Anderson , Associate Professor in the History Department at the University of North Carolina . Border hostilities ( edit ) The Lý court had not intervened when the Song general Di Qing ( 1008 -- 1061 ) crushed the border rebellion of Nùng Trí Cao in 1053 . During the two decades of relative regional peace that followed , the Lý observed the threat of Song expansion , as more Han Chinese settlers moved into areas which the Lý relied upon for the extraction of natural resources . Initially , a division of Di Qing 's soldiers ( originally from Shandong ) had settled the region , followed by a wave of Chinese settlers from north of the Yangzi River . The Guangnan West Circuit Fiscal Commissioner , Wang Han ( fl. 1043 -- 1063 ) , feared that Nùng Trí Cao 's kinsmen Nùng Tông Đán intended to plunder the region after he crossed the Song border in 1057 . Wang Han took a personal visit to Nùng Tông Đán 's camp and spoke with Nùng Trí Cao 's son , explaining that seeking `` Interior Dependency '' status would alienate them from the Lý court , but if they remained outside of China proper they could safely act as loyal frontier militia . Wang Han then sent a memorial to Emperor Renzong 's ( r . 1022 -- 1063 ) court in 1060 , advocating the policy agreed with the Nùng . The Song government rejected his proposal and made the Nùng communities ( along with other ethnic groups ) official dependents of Song imperial authority , and Nùng Tông Đán 's request that the territories under his authority be incorporated into the Song Empire was granted in 1062 . In 1059 -- six years before the Song court 's New Policies under Chancellor Wang Anshi ( 1021 -- 1086 ) organized new self - sufficient militia units throughout the empire and along the border with Đại Việt -- the Lý dynasty ruler Lý Thánh Tông reorganized northern frontier administrative units and raised new militias . This bolstered his kingdom 's strength in a time of conflict with Champa ( located in southern Vietnam ) . In the spring of 1060 , Giáp Đồng natives under the frontier prefectural leader Thàn Thiệu Thái -- an imperial in - law to the Lý court through marriage alliance -- raided the Song frontier for cattle and militia recruits . He succeeded in taking the Song military leader Yang Baocai hostage , and in autumn of 1060 Song troops were sent into the frontier to rescue the general but he was not found . The Song court appointed Yu Jing ( 余 靖 ; 1000 -- 1064 ) as a new military commissioner of the Guangnan region and charged him with the task of quelling the unrest caused by Thàn Thiệu Thái . Yu Jing also sent an agent to Champa to enlist Cham aid against the Song 's enemies in Guangnan . Tribute and intrigue ( edit ) Elephas maximus ; the Lý Dynasty court sent nine elephants as tribute to the Song capital of Kaifeng on February 8 , 1063 . The Lý court discovered the Song 's secret attempt to ally with Champa ; while Lý sent a delegation to Yongzhou to thank Song for putting down local rebellions and to negotiate terms of peace , they instructed their agents to gather intelligence on the alleged Champa alliance and the strength of Song 's military presence in the Guangnan Western Circuit . Two Vietnamese envoys were permitted to offer tribute to the court of Renzong in Kaifeng , arriving on February 8 , 1063 to deliver gifts , including nine tamed elephants . On March 30 , 1063 , Emperor Renzong died and was succeeded by Emperor Yingzong ( r. 1063 -- 1067 ) ; Vietnamese envoys arrived in Kaifeng again to congratulate Yingzong on his ascension , and on April 7 , 1063 , Yingzong sent gifts such as calligraphy works by Renzong to Vietnamese King Lý Thánh Tông . On the day that the Vietnamese envoy Lý Kế Tiên prepared to depart from Kaifeng back to Đại Việt , news arrived that Thàn Thiệu Thái had raided Song 's Guangnan West Circuit again . Although a plea from a Guangnan official urged Kaifeng to take action , Yingzong left defenses up to local Guangnan forces and labeled Thàn Thiệu Thái as `` reckless and mad '' in an effort to disassociate him from the Lý court . The minor Song official Lu Shen , a prefect in Guizhou , sent a message to Kaifeng in 1065 which reported that Nùng Tông Đán had apparently switched allegiance from Song to Lý , as well as united with the Quảng Nguyên chieftain Lưu Ký . When the now `` mentally weak and distracted ruler '' Yingzong -- as Anderson describes him -- received the report , he took no other action but to reassign Nùng Tông Đán with new honorific titles . The court took no action to resolve the problem , and Nùng Tông Đán later played a key role in the Lý -- Song War of 1075 -- 1077 . The Song also gave official titles to other Vietnamese leaders despite their involvement in Nùng Trí Cao 's rebellions and their pledged loyalty to Lưu Ký , the latter employed as a tribal official under King Lý Thánh Tông . Yingzong died on January 8 , 1067 , and was replaced by Emperor Shenzong ( r . 1067 -- 1085 ) , who like his father , heaped rewards on Vietnamese leaders but was more observant of the Vietnamese delegations . When Vietnamese envoys arrived in Kaifeng to congratulate Shenzong on his ascension , he sent lavish gifts to the Lý court , including a golden belt , silver ingots , 300 bolts of silk , two horses , a saddle inlaid with gold and silver plating , and on February 9 , 1067 bestowed the Vietnamese ruler Lý Thánh Tông with the official title `` King of the Southern Pacified Region '' ( Chinese : 南平 王 , pinyin : nán píng wáng , Vietnamese : Nam Bình Vương ) . Shenzong also countered Nùng Tông Đán 's defection by recognizing his kinsman Nùng Trí Hội as the Nùng clan leader in 1069 , giving him a title similar to Tông Đán 's and command over Guihua prefecture ( also known as Wuyang grotto settlement ) . Frontier policy and war ( edit ) Main article : Lý -- Song War In his New Policies sponsored by Shenzong , Wang Anshi enhanced central authority over Song 's frontier administrations , increased militia activity , increased troop levels and war horses sent to the frontiers ( including the border areas with Đại Việt ) , and actively sought loyal supporters in border regions who could heighten the pace of extraction of local resources for the state 's disposal . Officials at court debated the merits or faults of Wang 's policies , yet criticism of his reforms even appeared in Đại Việt , where the high officer Lý Thường Kiệt ( 1019 -- 1105 ) publicly announced that Wang 's policies were deliberate efforts to seize and control their border frontiers . Tensions between Song and Lý were critical , and in these conditions any sign of hostility had potential to ignite a war . The location of modern Hanoi in Vietnam , where the Lý dynasty capital of Thăng Long was located , and which Song forces nearly besieged before both sides agreed to withdraw The Quảng Nguyên chieftain Lưu Ký launched an unexpected attack against Yongzhou in 1075 , which was repelled by the Song 's Vietnamese officer Nùng Trí Hội in charge of Guihua . Shenzong then sought to cement an alliance with the `` Five Clans '' of northern Guangnan by issuing an edict which would standardize their once irregular tribute missions to visit Kaifeng now every five years . Shenzong had officials sent from the capital to supervise militiamen in naval training exercises . Shenzong then ordered that all merchants were to cease trade with the subjects of Đại Việt , a further indication of heightened hostility that prompted the Lý court under Lý Nhân Tông ( r . 1072 -- 1127 ) to prepare for war . In the autumn of 1075 , Nùng Tông Đán advanced into Song territory in Guangxi while a naval fleet commanded by Lý Thường Kiệt captured Qinzhou and Lianzhou prefectures . Lý Thường Kiệt calmed the apprehensions of the local Chinese populace , claiming that he was simply apprehending a rebel who took refuge in China and that the local Song authorities had refused to cooperate in detaining him . In the early spring of 1076 , Thường Kiệt and Nùng Tông Đán defeated the Song militia of Yongzhou , and during a battle at Kunlun Pass , their forces beheaded the Governor - General of Guangnan West Circuit , Zhang Shoujie ( d . 1076 ) . After a forty - two - day siege , Yongzhou was breached and razed to the ground . When Song forces attempted to challenge Lý 's forces , the latter retreated , with their spoils of war and thousands of prisoners . Lý Thường Kiệt had fought a war with the Cham in 1069 , and in 1076 Song called on the Khmer Empire and Champa to go to war again in 1076 . At the same time , the Song commander Guo Kui ( 1022 -- 1088 ) led the combined Song force of approximately 100,000 men against Lý . The Song quickly regained Quảng Nguyên prefecture and in the process captured the resistance leader Lưu Ký . By 1077 , the Song had destroyed two other Vietnamese armies and marched towards their capital at Thăng Long ( modern Hanoi ) . Song forces halted at the Nhu Nguyệt River ( in modern Bắc Ninh Province ) , where Lý Thường Kiệt had defensive ramparts built on the southern banks . However , Song forces broke through his defense line and their cavalry advanced to within several kilometers of the capital city . The Vietnamese counterattacked and pushed Song forces back across the river while their coastal defenses distracted the Song navy . Lý Thường Kiệt also launched an offensive , but lost two Lý princes in the fighting at Kháo Túc River . According to Chinese sources , `` tropical climate and rampant disease '' severely weakened Song 's military forces while the Lý court feared the result of a prolonged war so close to the capital . In 1078 China defeated Đại Việt and overran several districts that would later make up part of Cao Bằng Province . As a result , Thường Kiệt made peace overtures to the Song ; the Song commander Guo Kui agreed to withdraw his troops , but kept five disputed regions of Quảng Nguyên ( renamed Shun'anzhou or Thuận Châu ) , Tư Lang Châu , Môn Châu , Tô Mậu Châu , and Quảng Lăng . These areas now comprise most of modern Vietnam 's Cao Bằng Province and Lạng Sơn Province . In 1082 , after a long period of mutual isolation , King Lý Nhân Tông of Đại Việt returned Yong , Qin , and Lian prefectures back to Song authorities , along with their prisoners of war , and in return Song relinquished its control of four prefectures and the county of Đại Việt , including the Nùng clan 's home of Quảng Nguyên . Further negotiations took place from July 6 to August 8 , 1084 and were held at Song 's Yongping garrison in southern Guangnan , where Lý 's Director of Military Personnel Lê Van Thình ( fl. 1075 -- 1096 ) convinced Song to fix the two countries ' borders between Quảng Nguyên and Guihua prefectures . Partisans and factions , Reformers and conservatives ( edit ) Further information : Society of the Song dynasty : Political partisanship and reform A portrait painting of Chancellor Wang Anshi After students passed the often difficult , bureaucratic , and heavily demanding Imperial Exams , as they became officials , they did not always see eye to eye with others that had passed the same examination . Even though they were fully - fledged graduates ready for government service , there was always the factor of competition with other officials . Promotion to a higher post , higher salary , additional honors , and selection for choice assignment responsibilities were often uncertain , as young new officials often needed higher - ranking officials to recommend them for service . Once an official would rise to the upper echelons of central administration based in the capital , they would often compete with others over influence of the emperor 's official adoption of state policies . Officials with different opinions on how to approach administrative affairs often sought out other officials for support , leading to pacts of rivaling officials lining up political allies at court to sway the emperor against the faction they disagreed with . Factional strife at court first became apparent during the 1040s , with a new state reform initiated by Fan Zhongyan ( 989 -- 1052 ) . Fan was a capable military leader ( with successful battles in his record against the Tanguts of Xi - Xia ) but as a minister of state he was known as an idealist , once saying that a well - minded official should be one that was `` first in worrying about the world 's troubles and last in enjoying its pleasures '' . When Fan rose to the seat of chancellor , there was a growing opposition to him within the older and more conservative crowd . They disliked his pushing for reforms for the recruitment system , higher pay for minor local officials to discourage against corruption , and wider sponsorship programs to ensure that officials were drafted more on the basis of their intellect and character . However , his Qingli Reforms were cancelled within a year 's time ( with Fan replaced as chancellor ) , since many older officials halfway through their careers were not keen on making changes that could affect their comfortably set positions . `` Children Playing in an Autumn Courtyard '' ( 秋庭 婴 戏 图 ) , close - up detail of a larger vertical - scroll painting on silk by Su Hanchen ( 苏汉臣 , active 1130 - 1160s AD ) After Fan Zhongyan , there was Chancellor Wang Anshi ( 1021 -- 1086 ) . The new nineteen - year - old Emperor Shenzong ( r . 1067 -- 1085 ) had an instant liking of Wang Anshi when he submitted a long memorial to the throne that criticized the practices of state schools and the examination system itself . With Wang as his new chancellor , he quickly implemented Wang 's New Policies , which evoked some heated reaction from the conservative base . Along with the Baojia system of a community - based law enforcement , the New Policies included : Low - cost loans for farmers and replaced the labor service with a tax instead , hoping this would ultimately help the workings of the entire economy and state ( as he directly linked state income to the level of prosperity of rural peasants who owned farms , produced goods for the market , and paid the land tax ) . These government loans replaced the system of landlords offering their tenants private loans , which was prohibited under the new laws of Wang 's reforms . Government monopolies on tea , salt , and wine in order to raise state revenues ( although this would now limit the merchant class ) . Instituting a more up - to - date land survey system in order to properly assess the land tax . Introduction of a local militia in order to lessen the budget of expenses paid for upholding the official standing army , which had grown dramatically to roughly 1 million soldiers by 1022 . The creation of a new government bureau in 1073 called the Directorate of Weapons , which supervised the manufacture of armaments and ensured quality control . Introduction of the Finance Planning Commission , created in mind to speed up the reform process so that dissident Conservatives would have less time to react and oppose reforms . The poetry requirement of the civil service examination ( introduced during the earlier Tang dynasty ) was scrapped in order to seek out men with more practical experience and knowledge . An early Yuan dynasty portrait of Su Shi ( 1037 -- 1101 ) , by Zhao Mengfu 趙孟頫 , held at Taipei Palace Museum . In addition , Wang Anshi had his own commentaries on Confucian classics made into a standard and required reading for students hoping to pass the state examinations . This and other reforms of Wang 's were too much for some officials to bear idly , as there were many administrative disagreements , along with many personal interests at stake . In any case , the rising conservative faction against the reformer Wang Anshi branded him as an inferior - intellect who was not up to par with their principles of governance ( likewise , the reformers branded conservatives in the same labeled fashion ) . The conservatives criticized Wang 's reforms as a means of curbing the influence of landholding families by diminishing their private wealth in favor of self - sufficient communal groups . The conservatives argued that the wealth of the landholding class should not be purposefully diminished by state programs , since the land holding class was the essential socio - economic group that produced China 's scholar - officials , managers , merchants , and landlords . Reminded of the earlier Fan Zhongyan , Wang was not about to allow ministers who opposed his reforms to have sway at court , and with his prowess ( and perceived arrogance ) was known as ' the bullheaded premier ' . He gathered to his side ministers who were loyal to his policies and cause , an elite social coalition known as the New Policies Group ( 新法 , Xin Fa ) . He had many able and powerful supporters , such as the scientist and statesman Shen Kuo . Ministers of state who were seen as obstructive to the implementation of Wang 's reforms were not all dismissed from the capital to other places ( since the emperor needed some critical feedback ) , but many were . A more extreme example would be `` obstructionist '' officials sent far to the south to administer regions that were largely tropical , keeping in mind that northern Chinese were often susceptible to malaria found in the deep south of China . Even the celebrated poet and government official Su Shi was persecuted in 1079 when he was arrested and forced into five weeks of interrogation . Finally , he confessed under guarded watch that he had slandered the emperor in his poems . One of them read : An old man of seventy , sickle at his waist , Feels guilty the spring mountain bamboo and bracken are sweet . It 's not that the music of Shao has made him lose his sense of taste . It 's just that he 's eaten his food for three months without salt . Su Shi A drawing of Sima Guang . This poem can be interpreted as criticizing the failure of the salt monopoly established by Wang Anshi , embodied in the persona of a hard - working old man who was cruelly denied his means to flavor his food , with the severity of the laws and the only salt available being charged at rates that were too expensive . After his confession , Su Shi was found guilty in court , and was summarily exiled to Hubei Province . More than thirty of his associates were also given minor punishments for not reporting his slanderous poems to authorities before they were widely circulated to the educated public . Emperor Shenzong died in 1085 , an abrupt death since he was in his mid 30s . His successor Emperor Zhezong of Song was only ten years old when he ascended to the throne , so his powerful grandmother served as regent over him . She disliked Wang 's reforms from the beginning , and sought to appoint more Conservative officials at court who would agree to oppose the Reformists . Her greatest political ally was Sima Guang ( 1019 -- 1086 ) , who was made the next Chancellor . Undoing what Wang had implemented , Sima dismissed the New Policies , and forced the same treatment upon Reformers that Wang had earlier meted out to his opponents : dismissal to lower or frontier posts of governance , or even exile . However , there was still mounted opposition to Sima Guang , as many had favored some of the New Policies , including the substitution of tax instead of forced labor service to the state . Sure enough , when Emperor Zhezong 's grandmother died in 1093 , Zhezong was quick to sponsor the Reformists like his predecessor Shenzong had done . The Conservatives once more were ousted from political dominance at court . When Zhezong suddenly died in his twenties , his younger brother Emperor Huizong of Song ( r . 1100 -- 1125 ) succeeded him , and also supported the Reformers at court . Huizong banned the writing of Sima Guang and his lackeys while elevating Wang Anshi to near revered status , having a statue of Wang erected in a Confucian temple alongside a statue of Mencius . To further this image of Wang as a great and honorable statesman , printed and painted pictures of him were circulated throughout the country . Yet this cycle of revenge and partisanship continued after Zhezong and Huizong , as Reformers and Conservatives continued their infighting . Huizong 's successor , Emperor Gaozong of Song , abolished once more the New Policies , and favored ministers of the Conservative faction at court . Jurchen invasions and the transition to Southern Song ( edit ) Main articles : Jin -- Song Wars and Timeline Jingkang Incident ( edit ) Main article : Jingkang Incident Official court portrait painting of Emperor Huizong of Song . Before the arrival of the Jurchens the Song dynasty was for centuries engaged in a stand - off against the Western Xia and the Khitan Liao dynasty . This balance was disrupted when the Song dynasty developed a military alliance with the Jurchens for the purpose of annihilating the Liao . This balance of power disrupted , the Jurchens then turned on the Song , resulting in the fall of the Northern Song and the subsequent establishment of the Southern Song . During the reign of Huizong , the Jurchen tribe to the north ( once subordinates to the Liao ) , revolted against their Khitan masters . The Jurchen community already had a reputation of great economic clout in their own region of the Liao and Sungari rivers . They were positioned in an ideal location for horse raising , and were known to muster ten thousand horses a year to sell annually to the Khitans of the Liao dynasty . They even had a martial history of being pirates , in the 1019 Toi invasion of the Heian Japanese islands in modern - day Iki Province , Tsushima Province , and Hakata Bay . From the Jurchen Wanyan clan , a prominent leader Wanyan Aguda ( 1068 -- 1123 ) challenged Liao authority , establishing their own Jin ( or ' Golden ' ) dynasty in 1115 . The Song government took notice of the political dissidence of the Jurchens in Liao 's territory , as Council of State Tong Guan ( 1054 -- 1126 ) persuaded the emperor to ally with the Jurchens against the Liao . The two nations secretly forged the Alliance on the Sea , so - named because it was negotiated by envoys who crossed the Bohai Sea , and agreed to jointly invade the Liao , and if successful , divide up Liao territory with the Sixteen Prefectures given to the Song . In 1121 - 23 , Song forces fared badly against the Liao , but the Jin succeeded in driving the Liao to Central Asia . Through the campaign , the Jurchens discovered weaknesses about the Song military based in the north ( as the Chinese for so long had been sending tribute to the Liao instead of actually fighting them ) . Song forces had failed to make a joint attack in a siege with the Jurchens , who viewed the Song generals as incompetent . Banking on the possibility that the Song were weak enough to be destroyed , the Jurchens made a sudden and unprovoked attack against the Song in the north . Soon enough , even the capital at Kaifeng was under siege by Jin forces , only staved off when an enormous bribe was handed over to them . There was also an effective use of Song Chinese war machines in the defense of Kaifeng in 1126 , as it was recorded that 500 catapults hurling debris were used . During the siege of Taiyuan , the Jin employed 30 catapults and over fifty carts protected by rawhide and sheets of iron plating so that Jin troops could be ferried to the walls safely to fill in Taiyuan city 's defensive moat . The eunuch general Tong Guan , who had initially urged for an alliance with the Jurchens , was blamed for causing the war . He was eventually executed by Emperor Qinzong of Song ( r . 1126 -- 1127 ) after Huizong abdicated the throne to him . Southern Song in 1142 . However , the Jin returned soon after with enough siege machinery to scale Kaifeng 's layer of walls defended by 48,000 Song troops . The Jin used siege towers taller than Kaifeng 's walls in order to lob incendiary bombs into the city . The besieged city was captured by the Jurchens in less than two months . Three thousand members of the Emperor 's court were taken as captives , including Qinzong and many of his relatives , craftsmen , engineers , goldsmiths , silversmiths , blacksmiths , weavers and tailors , Daoist priests , and female entertainers to label some . The mechanical clock tower designed by Su Song and erected in 1094 was also disassembled and its components carted back north , along with many clock - making millwrights and maintenance engineers that would cause a setback in technical advances for the Song court . According to the contemporary Xia Shaozeng , other war booty included 20,000 fire arrows that were handed over to the Jurchens upon taking the city . After capturing Kaifeng , the Jurchens went on to conquer the rest of northern China , while the Song Chinese court fled south . They took up temporary residence at Nanjing , where a surviving prince was named Emperor Gaozong of Song in 1127 . Jin forces halted at the Yangzi River , but staged continual raids south of the river until a later boundary was fixed at the Huai River further north . With the border fixed at the Huai , the Song government would promote an immigration policy of repopulating and resettling territories north of the Yangzi River , since vast tracts of vacant land between the Yangzi and Huai were open for landless peasants found in Jiangsu , Zhejiang , Jiangxi , and Fujian provinces of the south . A new capital and peace treaty ( edit ) In 1129 , Emperor Gaozong designated the site at Hangzhou ( known then as Lin'an ) to be the temporary settlement of the court , but it was not until 1132 that it was declared the new Song capital . Hangzhou and Nanjing were devastated by the Jin raids ; both cities were heavily repopulated with northern refugees who outnumbered the remaining original inhabitants . Hangzhou was chosen not only for its natural scenic beauty , but for the surrounding topographic barriers of lakes and muddy rice - fields that gave it defensive potential against northern armies comprising mostly cavalry . Yet it was viewed by the court as only a temporary capital while the Song emperors planned to retake Kaifeng . However , the rapid growth of the city from the 12th century to the 13th necessitated long - term goals of residency . In 1133 the modest palatial residence of the imperial family was improved upon from a simple provincial lodging to one that at least accommodated strolls with new covered alleyways to deflect the rain . In 1148 the walls of the small palace compound were finally extended to the southeast , yet this was another marginal improvement . Emperor Gaozong ( r . 1127 -- 1162 ) The new triangular arrangement between the Southern Song , Jin , and Western Xia continued the age of division and conflict in China . The region of Huainan ( between the Yangzi and Huai rivers ) became a new borderland and battleground between Song and Jin from 1128 to 1141 , displacing hundreds of thousands of families who had lived there for generations . The Southern Song deployed several military commanders , among them Yue Fei and Han Shizhong , to resist the Jin as well as recapture territory , which proved successful at times . Yue Fei in particular had been preparing to recapture Kaifeng ( or Bianjing as the city was known during the Song period ) , the former capital of the Song dynasty and the then southern capital of the Jin , after a streak of uninterrupted military victories . However , the possible defeat of the Jurchens threatened the power of the new emperor of the Southern Song , Gaozong and his premier Qin Hui . The reason for this was that Qinzong , the last emperor of the Northern Song was living in Jin - imposed exile in Manchuria and had a good chance of being recalled to the throne should the Jin dynasty be destroyed . Although Yue Fei had penetrated into enemy territory as far as Luoyang , he was ordered to head back to the capital and halt his campaign . Emperor Gaozong signed the Treaty of Shaoxing in 1141 that fixed the borders at the Huai River , as well as conceded territory regained through the efforts of Yue Fei , while Yue was killed during imprisonment . As part of the treaty , the Song were also forced to pay tribute to the Jin , much as it had to the Liao . With the treaty of Shaoxing , hostilities ceased between the Jin and Song dynasties for the next two decades . In the meantime , Emperor Gaozong negotiated with the Jin over his mother 's ransom while he commissioned a symbolic art project about her , the Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute , originally based upon the life of Cai Wenji ( b . 177 ) . Gaozong 's mother was eventually released and brought south , but Qinzong was never freed from his confinement in the north . Decades after Yue 's death , the later Emperor Xiaozong of Song honored Yue Fei as a national hero in 1162 , providing him proper burial and memorial of a shrine . As a means to shame those who had pressed for his execution ( Qin Hui and his wife ) , iron statues of them were crafted to kneel before the tomb of Yue Fei , located at the West Lake in Hangzhou . China 's first standing navy ( edit ) A Song era junk ship , 13th century ; Chinese ships of the Song period featured hulls with watertight compartments . As the once great Indian Ocean maritime power of the Chola dynasty in medieval India had waned and declined , Chinese sailors and seafarers began to increase their own maritime activity in South East Asia and into the Indian Ocean . Even during the earlier Northern Song period , when it was written in Tamil inscriptions under the reign of Rajendra Chola I that Srivijaya had been completely taken in 1025 by Chola 's naval strength , the succeeding king of Srivijaya managed to send tribute to the Chinese Northern Song court in 1028 . Much later , in 1077 , the Indian Chola ruler Kulothunga Chola I ( who the Chinese called Ti - hua - kia - lo ) sent a trade embassy to the court of Emperor Shenzong of Song , and made lucrative profits in selling goods to China . There were other tributary payers from other regions of the world as well . The Fatimid - era Egyptian sea captain Domiyat traveled to a Buddhist site of pilgrimage in Shandong in 1008 , where he presented the Chinese Emperor Zhenzong of Song with gifts from his ruling Imam Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah , establishing diplomatic relations between Egypt and China that had been lost during the collapse of the Tang dynasty in 907 ( while the Fatimid state was established three years later in 910 ) . During the Northern Song , Quanzhou was already a bustling port of call visited by a plethora of different foreigners , from Muslim Arabs , Persians , Egyptians , Hindu Indians , Middle - Eastern Jews , Nestorian Christians from the Near East , etc . Muslims from foreign nations dominated the import and export industry ( see Islam during the Song dynasty ) . To regulate this enormous commercial center , in 1087 the Northern Song government established an office in Quanzhou for the sole purpose of handling maritime affairs and commercial transactions . In this multicultural environment there were many opportunities for subjects in the empire of foreign descent , such as the ( Arab or Persian ) Muslim Pu Shougeng , the Commissioner of Merchant Shipping for Quanzhou between 1250 and 1275 . Pu Shougeng had gained his reputable position by helping the Chinese destroy pirate forces that plagued the area , and so was lavished with gifts and appraisal from Chinese merchants and officials . Quanzhou soon rivaled Guangzhou ( the greatest maritime port of the earlier Tang dynasty ) as a major trading center during the late Northern Song . However , Guangzhou had not fully lost its importance . The medieval Arab maritime captain Abu Himyarite from Yemen toured Guangzhou in 993 , and was an avid visitor to China . There were other notable international seaports in China during the Song period as well , including Xiamen ( or Amoy ) . A small section of Along the River During Qingming Festival , a large horizontal scroll painting by Zhang Zeduan ( 1085 -- 1145 ) . When the Song capital was removed far south to Hangzhou , massive numbers of people came from the north . Unlike the flat plains of the north , the mountainous terrain riddled with lakes and rivers in southern China is largely a hindrance and inhospitable to widespread agriculture . Therefore , the Southern Song took on a unique maritime presence that was largely unseen in earlier dynasties , grown out of the need to secure importation of foreign resources . Commercial cities ( located along the coast and by internal rivers ) , backed by patronage of the state , dramatically increased shipbuilding activity ( funding harbor improvements , warehouse construction , and navigation beacons ) . Navigation at sea was made easier by the invention of the compass and Shen Kuo 's treatise of the 11th century on the concept of true north ( with magnetic declination towards the North Pole ) . With military defense and economic policy in mind , the Southern Song established China 's first standing navy . China had a long naval history before that point ( example , Battle of Chibi in 208 ) , and even during the Northern Song era there were concerns with naval matters , as seen in examples such as the Chinese official Huang Huaixin of the Xining Reign ( 1068 -- 1077 ) outlining a plan of employing a drydock for repair of ' imperial dragon boats ' ( see Science and technology of the Song dynasty ) . Already during the Northern Song , the Chinese had established fortified trade bases in the Philippines , a noted interest of the court to expand China 's military power and economic influence abroad . Provincial armies in the Northern Song era also maintained naval river units . However , it was the Southern Song court that was the first to create a large , permanent standing naval institution for China in 1132 . The new headquarters of the Southern Song Chinese admiralty was based at Dinghai , the office labeled as the Yanhai Zhizhi Shisi ( Imperial Commissariat for the Control and Organization of Coastal Areas ) . Even as far back as 1129 officials proposed ambitious plans to conquer Korea with a new navy and use Korea as a base for launching invasions into Jin territory , but this scheme was never achieved and was of secondary importance to maintaining defense along the fluctuating border with Jin . A Song illustration from the Wujing Zongyao manuscript of 1044 , showing a rivership with a Xuanfeng traction trebuchet catapult mounted on the top deck . Capturing the essence of the day , the Song era writer Zhang Yi once wrote in 1131 that China must regard the Sea and the River as her Great Wall , and substitute warships for watchtowers . Indeed , the court administration at Hangzhou lived up to this ideal , and were successful for a time in employing their navy to defend their interests against an often hostile neighbor to the north . In his Science and Civilization in China series , Joseph Needham writes : From a total of 11 squadrons and 3,000 men ( the Song navy ) rose in one century to 20 squadrons totalling 52,000 men , with its main base near Shanghai . The regular striking force could be supported at need by substantial merchantmen ; thus in the campaign of 1161 some 340 ships of this kind participated in the battles on the Yangtze . The age was one of continual innovation ; in 1129 trebuchets throwing gunpowder bombs were decreed standard equipment on all warships , between 1132 and 1183 a great number of treadmill - operated paddle - wheel craft , large and small , were built , including stern - wheelers and ships with as many as 11 paddle - wheels a side ( the invention of the remarkable engineer Kao Hsuan ) , and in 1203 some of these were armored with iron plates ( to the design of another outstanding shipwright Chhin Shih - Fu ) ... In sum , the navy of the Southern Sung held off the ( Jurchen Jin ) and then the Mongols for nearly two centuries , gaining complete control of the East China Sea . During the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of Song , the Chinese increased the number of trade missions that would dock at ports throughout the Indian Ocean , where Arab and Hindu influence was once predominant . The Chinese sailed regularly to Korea and Japan in the Far East , westwards towards India and Sri Lanka , and into the Persian Gulf , and the Red Sea . The Chinese were keen to import goods such as rare woods , precious metals , gems , spices , and ivory , while exporting goods such as silk , ceramics , lacquer - ware , copper cash , dyes , and even books . In 1178 , the Guangzhou customs officer Zhou Qufei wrote in Lingwai Daida of an island far west in the Indian Ocean ( possibly Madagascar ) , from where people with skin `` as black as lacquer '' and with frizzy hair were captured and purchased as slaves by Arab merchants . As an important maritime trader , China appeared also on geographical maps of the Islamic world . In 1154 the Moroccan geographer Al - Idrisi published his Geography , where he described the Chinese seagoing vessels as having aboard goods such as iron , swords , leather , silk , velvet , along with textiles from Aden ( modern - day Yemen ) , the Indus River region , and Euphrates River region ( modern - day Iraq ) . He also commended the silk manufactured at Quanzhou as being unparalleled in the world for its quality , while the Chinese capital at Hangzhou was best known throughout the Islamic world for being a major producer of glass wares . By at least the 13th century , the Chinese were even familiar with the story of the ancient Lighthouse of Alexandria since it is described at length by Zhao Rugua , a Southern Song customs inspector of Quanzhou . Defeat of Jin invasion , 1161 ( edit ) Main article : Battle of Caishi Games in the Jinming Pool , by Zhang Zeduan , a painting depicting the imperial gardens of Kaifeng , Northern Song . In 1153 the Jin emperor Wanyan Liang moved the empire 's capital from Huining Prefecture in northern Manchuria ( south of present - day Harbin ) to Zhongdu ( now Beijing ) . Four years later in 1157 he razed Beijing , including the nobles ' residences , and moved the Jin 's southern capital from Beijing to Kaifeng . It was here at the former seat of the Song dynasty that he began a large project of reconstruction ( since the siege against it in 1127 ) . For much of his reign there was peace between Jin and Song , while both states upheld an uninterrupted flow of commercial trade between each other . While amassing tribute from the Southern Song , the Jin dynasty also imported large amounts of tea , rice , sugar , and books from the Southern Song . However , Wanyan Liang reopened the Jin dynasty 's armed conflict with the Song by the 1160s . Wanyan Liang established a military campaign against the Southern Song in 1161 , with 70,000 naval troops aboard 600 warships facing a smaller Song fleet of only 120 warships and 3,000 men . At the Battle of Tangdao and the Battle of Caishi along the Yangtze River , Jin forces were defeated by the Southern Song navy . In these battles , the Jin navy was wiped out by the much smaller Song fleet because of their use of fast paddle - wheel crafts and gunpowder bombs launched from trebuchet catapults ( since explosive grenades and bombs had been known in China since the 10th century ) . Meanwhile , two simultaneous rebellions of Jurchen nobles , led by soon - to - be crowned Jin emperor Wanyan Yong and Khitan tribesman , erupted in Manchuria . This forced the reluctant Jin court to withdraw its troops from southern China to quell these uprisings . In the end , Wanyan Liang failed in taking the Southern Song and was assassinated by his own generals in December 1161 . The Khitan uprising was not suppressed until 1164 , while the Treaty of Longxing ( 隆興 和議 ) was signed in 1165 between Song and Jin , reestablishing the 1142 border line and ushering in four decades of peace between the two . Rise of the Mongols ( edit ) Main articles : Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty and Mongol conquest of Western Xia Portrait of Genghis Khan , who initiated the first Mongol invasions of China . In the years 1205 and 1209 the Jin state was under raid attacks by Mongols from the north , and in 1211 the major campaign led by Genghis Khan was launched . His army consisted of fifty thousand bowmen , while his three sons led armies of similar size . Patricia Ebrey writes that at this point the Mongol population could not have been greater than 1.5 million , yet they boosted their numbers by employing Khitans and Han Chinese `` who felt no great loyalty to their Jurchen lords . '' After a Jurchen general murdered the Jin emperor Wanyan Yongji in 1213 and placed Emperor Xuanzong on the throne , a peace settlement was negotiated between Jin and the Mongol forces in 1214 , as Genghis made the Jin a vassal state of the Mongol Empire . However , when the Jin court moved from Beijing to Kaifeng , Genghis saw this move as a revolt , and moved upon the old Jin capital at Beijing in 1215 , sacking and burning it . Although the now small Jin state attempted to defend against the Mongols and even fought battles with the Song in 1216 and 1223 , the Jin were attacked by the Mongols again in 1229 with the ascension of Ögedei Khan . According to the account of 1232 , written by the Jin commander Chizhan Hexi , the Jurchens led a valiant effort against the Mongols , whom they frightened and demoralized in the siege of the capital by the use of ' thunder - crash - bombs ' and fire lance flamethrowers . However , the capital at Kaifeng was captured by siege in 1233 , and by 1234 the Jin dynasty finally fell in defeat to the Mongols after the capture of Caizhou . The Western Xia met a similar fate , becoming an unreliable vassal to the Mongols by seeking to secure alliances with Jin and Song . Genghis Khan had died in 1227 during the 5 - month siege of their capital city , and being held somewhat responsible for this , the last Xia ruler was hacked to death when he was persuaded to exit the gates of his city with a small entourage . Mongol invasion and end of the Song dynasty ( edit ) Main article : Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty Following the death of Gaozong and the emergence of the Mongols , the Song dynasty formed a military alliance with the Mongols in the hope of finally defeating the Jin dynasty . Several tens of thousands of carts full of grain were sent to the Mongol army during the siege . Following the destruction of the Jurchens in 1234 , the Southern Song generals broke the alliance , proceeding to recapture the three historical capitals of Kaifeng , Luoyang and Chang'an . However , the cities , ravaged by years of warfare , lacked economic capacity and yielded little defensibility . This breaking of alliance meant open warfare between the Mongols and the Song Chinese . Ögodei Khan 's forces conquered fifty - four out of Sichuan 's fifty - eight total districts by 1236 , while ordering the slaughter of over a million people that inhabited the city of Chengdu , which was taken by the Mongols with ease . Möngke 's campaign ( edit ) Growth of the Mongol Empire throughout the 13th century until Kublai Khan 's death in 1294 . The bounds of the Yuan dynasty of China is seen in purple in the final stage . The Mongols eventually gained the upper hand under Möngke Khan , famed for his battles in Russia and Hungary in Eastern Europe , and ushered in the final destruction of the ruling Ch'oe family of Korea in 1258 . In 1252 Möngke commissioned his younger brother Kublai to conquer the Kingdom of Dali in the southwest ( modern Yunnan province ) , which was a successful campaign from the summer of 1253 to early 1254 . Möngke also sent a military campaign into northern Vietnam ( which was a failure ) . Möngke sent his renowned general and brother Hulagu west to face Syria and Egypt , after he had sacked and razed medieval Baghdad to the ground in 1258 during the sack of Baghdad , bringing an end to the Abbasid Caliphate and the Islamic Golden Age . Meanwhile , Möngke infiltrated Song territory further , until he died while battling the Song Chinese at Diaoyu Fortress , Chongqing on August 11 , 1259 . There are several different claims as to how he died ; the causes of death include either an arrow wound from a Chinese archer during the siege , dysentery , or cholera epidemic . Whatever the cause , his death halted the invasion of the Southern Song , and sparked a succession crisis that would ultimately favor Kublai Khan as the new Khaghan of the Mongols . Möngke 's death in battle also led to the recall of the main Mongol armies led by Hulagu campaigning in the Middle East . Hulagu had to travel back to Mongolia in order to partake in the traditional tribal meeting of the khuriltai to appoint a new successor of the Mongol Khanate . In Hulagu 's absence , the emboldened Mamluks of Egypt were ready to face the Mongols . Mongol forces under Christian Kitbuqa 's command were defeated in a decisive blow at Ain Jalut . This marked the extent of Mongol conquests west , but in the east , the Song dynasty had to be dealt with . A fluctuating border ( edit ) Painting of Kublai Khan on a hunting expedition with guards , by court artist Liu Guandao , c. 1280 . Although Möngke 's forces stalled the war effort immediately after his death , his younger brother Kublai continued to fight the Southern Song along the Yangzi River for the next two months into the autumn of 1259 . Kublai made a daring advance across the river during a storm , and assaulted the Southern Song troops on the other side . Both sides suffered considerable casualties , but Kublai 's troops were victorious and gained a foothold south of the Yangzi . Kublai made preparations to take the heavily fortified city of Ezhou . Meanwhile , the Song chancellor Jia Sidao dispatched General Lü Wende to lead the reinforcements in the defense of Ezhou , and on October 5 Lü slipped past Kublai 's ill - prepared forces and entered the city . Jia Sidao then sent his general and emissary Song Jing to negotiate a tributary settlement with Kublai . He offered Kublai annual tribute of silver like in the earlier treaty with the Khitans , in return for the territories south of the Yangzi that had been taken by the Mongols . Kublai rejected the proposal since he was already in a favorable strategic position on the other side of the Yangzi . However , Kublai had to suspend the war and travel north with the majority of his forces due to the Toluid Civil War . His rival brother Ariq Böke led a sudden movement of troops towards Kublai 's home base of Xanadu . Kublai 's absence from the war front was seen by Chancellor Jia Sidao as an opportune moment , so he ordered to resume armed conflict . The Song army routed the small armed detachment that Kublai had stationed south of the Yangzi , and the Song regained its lost territory . With his ally Hulagu busy fighting the Golden Horde and his own forces needed in the north against the rival Khagan claimant Ariq Böke , Kublai was unable to focus on hostilities in the south . On May 21 , 1260 , Kublai sent his envoy Hao Jing and two other advisors to negotiate with the Southern Song . Upon their arrival and attempts to solve the conflict through diplomatic means , Jia Sidao ordered Kublai 's embassy to be detained . Although Kublai would not forget this slight of imprisoning his ambassadors , he nonetheless had to focus on more pressing affairs with the threat of his brother and rival Khan . From 1260 to 1262 the Song forces raided Kublai 's southern border which forced Kublai to retaliate with some minor incursions until 1264 , when his brother finally surrendered and ended the civil war . In 1265 the first major battle in five years erupted in Sichuan province , where Kublai gained a preliminary victory and considerable war booty of 146 Song naval ships . Growing discontent ( edit ) Kublai Khan ruled as the Khagan of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1271 . From 1271 until his death in 1294 he was the emperor of China , establishing the Yuan dynasty that would end in 1368 . While Kublai attended to other matters in the north , the Song court was mobilizing its populace for war and all available resources that could be rendered and drained into the war effort . In the mid 13th century , the Song government led by Jia Sidao began confiscating portions of estates owned by the rich in order to raise revenues in a land nationalization scheme . This had the negative effect of alienating the wealthy landowners and hastening the collapse of the empire , as wealthy landlords and merchants favored what they deemed the inevitable Mongol conquest and rule than the other alternative of paying higher taxes for continual , exhaustive warfare . There was also mounting political opposition against Chancellor Jia Sidao . Jia had purged several dissident officials who were opposed to his reforms aimed at limiting official corruption and personal profiteering . When he replaced some of these officials with his own cronies , however , political conditions were ripe for a schism at court and within the gentry class that would be favorable to a strong , unified force led by Kublai . Kublai used various ploys and gestures in order to entice defectors from the Southern Song to his side . Kublai Khan established Dadu ( Beijing ) as his new capital in 1264 , catering to the likes of the Chinese with his advisor Liu Bingzhong and the naming of his dynasty with the Chinese word for `` primal '' ( `` Yuan '' ) . He made it a policy to grant land , clothing , and oxen to Song Chinese who defected to his side . Kublai Khan chose the moral high ground of releasing Song captives and prisoners while Jia Sidao refused to release Kublai 's emissary Hao Jing . In 1261 Kublai personally released seventy - five Song merchants captured at the border ; in 1263 he released fifty - seven merchants ; in 1269 he released forty - five merchants . In 1264 he publicly reprimanded his own officers for executing two Song generals without trial or investigation . With these acts his reputation and legitimacy in the eyes of the Chinese were greatly enhanced . Battle of Xiangyang ( edit ) The siege of the city Xiangyang was a long , drawn out conflict from 1268 to 1273 . Xiangyang and the adjacent town of Fancheng were located on the opposite bank of the Han River and were the last fortified obstacles in Kublai 's way towards the rich Yangzi River basin . Kublai made an attempt to starve the city of its supply lines by gaining naval supremacy along the Han River in a gigantic blockade . It was the Song defector Liu Zheng who was the main proponent in advising Kublai Khan to expand the Yuan 's naval strength , which was a great factor in their success . An international force -- composed of Chinese , Jurchens , Koreans , Mongols , Uyghur Turks , and Middle Eastern Muslims -- contributed to Kublai 's siege effort in crafting ships and artillery . On several occasions -- August 1269 , March 1270 , August 1271 , and September 1272 -- the Southern Song attempted to break the Yuan blockade with its own navy , yet each attempt was a costly failure of thousands of men and hundreds of ships . After the siege , in the summer of 1273 , Kublai appointed the Chinese general Shi Tianze and Turkic general Bayan as the commander - in - chief of the armed forces . However , Shi Tianze died in 1275 ; Bayan was then granted a force of 200,000 ( composed mostly of Han Chinese ) to assault Song . Final resistance ( edit ) Emperor Bing , the last Song emperor . In March 1275 the forces of Bayan faced the army of Chancellor Jia Sidao , which was 130,000 strong ; the end result was a decisive victory for Bayan , and Jia was forced to retreat after many deserted him . This was the opportune moment for his political rivals to smite him . Jia was effectively stripped of rank , title , and office and banished to Fujian in exile from the court ; while en route to Fujian , he was killed by the same commander that was appointed to accompany him . After his death many of his supporters and opposing ministers submitted to Bayan . By 1276 the Yuan army had conquered nearly all of the Southern Song 's territory , including the capital at Hangzhou . Meanwhile , the rebel remnants of the Song court fled to Fuzhou . Emperor Gong was left behind as the empress dowager submitted to Bayan , horrified by reports of the total slaughter of Changzhou . Before the capital was taken , Empress Dowager Xie ( 1208 -- 1282 ) made attempts to negotiate with Bayan , promising annual tribute to the Yuan dynasty , but he rejected these proposals . After her attempts at diplomacy had failed , she handed over the Song dynasty 's imperial seal to Bayan , `` an unambiguous symbol of capitulation . '' With the submission of Emperor Gong , Bayan ordered that the Song imperial family should be respected , and forbade the pillaging of their imperial tombs or treasuries . Kublai granted the deposed emperor the title `` Duke of Ying '' , but he was eventually exiled to Tibet where he took up a monastic life in 1296 . Any hope of resistance was centered on two young princes , Emperor Gong 's brothers . The older boy , Zhao Shi , who was nine years old , was declared emperor on June 14 , 1276 , in Fuzhou . The court sought refuge in Quanzhou , seeking an alliance with the Superintendent of Maritime Shipping , the Muslim Pu Shougeng . However , he secretly formed an alliance with Kublai , so the Song court was forced to flee in 1277 . The court then sought refuge in Silvermine Bay ( Mui Wo ) on Lantau Island . The older brother became ill and died on May 8 , 1278 at age ten , and was succeeded by his younger brother who became Emperor Huaizong of Song , aged seven . The Sung Wong Toi monument in Kowloon commemorates his enthronement . On March 19 , 1279 the Song army was defeated in its last battle , the Battle of Yamen , fought against the Yuan army led by the Chinese general Zhang Hongfan in the Pearl River Delta . Song Prime Minister Lu Xiufu is said to have taken the boy emperor in his arms and jumped from his sinking ship into the sea , drowning both of them . With the death of the last remaining emperor , Song China was eliminated , while Kublai Khan established the realm of the Yuan dynasty over China proper , Mongolia , Manchuria , Tibet , and Korea . For nearly a century to follow , the Chinese would live under a dynasty established by Mongols . However , a native Han Chinese dynasty would be established once more with the Ming dynasty in 1368 . Historical literature ( edit ) Zhu Xi ( 1130 -- 1200 ) , the Neo-Confucian philosopher who edited the Zizhi Tongjian historical text originally compiled by Sima Guang . Further information : Twenty - Four Histories During the Song dynasty , the Zizhi Tongjian ( Chinese : 資 治 通 鑒 / 资 治 通 鉴 ; Wade -- Giles : Tzu - chih t'ung - chien ; literally `` Comprehensive Mirror for / to Aid in Government '' ) was an enormous work of Chinese historiography , a written approach to a universal history of China , compiled in the 11th century . The work was first ordered to be compiled by Emperor Yingzong of Song in 1065 , the team of scholars headed by Sima Guang , who presented the completed work to Emperor Shenzong of Song in 1084 . Its total length was 294 volumes containing roughly 3 million Chinese characters . The Zizhi Tongjian covers the people , places , and events of Chinese history from the beginning of the Warring States in 403 BC until the beginning of the Song dynasty in 959 . Its size , brevity , and scope has often been compared to the groundbreaking work of Chinese historiography compiled by the ancient historian Sima Qian ( 145 BC -- 90 BC ) , known as the Shiji . This historical work was later compiled and condensed into fifty nine different books by the Neo-Confucian philosopher Zhu Xi in 1189 , yet his pupils had to complete the work shortly after his death in 1200 . During the Manchu Qing dynasty , the book was reprinted in 1708 , while the European Jesuit Father Joseph Anne Maria de Moyriac de Mailla ( 1679 -- 1748 ) translated it shortly after in 1737 . It was later edited and published by the Jesuit Abbé , Jean Baptiste Gabriel Alexandre Grosier ( 1743 -- 1823 ) , in part with Le Roux des Hauterays , where a thirteenth volume and a title page were added . It was also translated and published by the Jesuit astronomer Antoine Gaubil in 1759 , whose pupils founded a Russian school of sinology . Another historical source was the enormous encyclopedia Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau published by 1013 , one of the Four Great Books of Song . Divided into 1000 volumes of 9.4 million written Chinese characters , this book provided important information on political essays of the period , extensive autobiographies on rulers and various subjects , as well as a multitude of memorials and decrees brought forth to the imperial court . However , the official history of the Song dynasty was the Song Shi , compiled in 1345 during the Yuan dynasty . The recorded history of the Jurchen Jin dynasty , the Jin Shi , was compiled in the same year . See also ( edit ) Chinese literature History of China Military history of China ( pre-1911 ) Naval history of China Timeline of the Jin -- Song Wars Wen Tianxiang Yang Hui Zhou Tong ( archer ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lorge ( 2015 ) , 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Graff , 87 . Jump up ^ Schafer , 291 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey et al. , 154 . Jump up ^ Ebrey et al. , 155 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 1 , 133 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 1 , 132 . Jump up ^ Ebrey et al. , 160 . ^ Jump up to : Needham , Volume 3 , 518 . Jump up ^ Hargett ( 1996 ) , 413 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 469 -- 471 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Cambridge Illustrated History of China , 138 . Jump up ^ Brose ( 2008 ) , 258 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Halsall ( 2000 ) ( 1998 ) . Jerome S. Arkenberg , ed . `` East Asian History Sourcebook : Chinese Accounts of Rome , Byzantium and the Middle East , c. 91 B.C.E. - 1643 C.E. '' Fordham.edu . Fordham University . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sezgin et . al. ( 1996 ) , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Bretschneider ( 1888 ) , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Luttwak ( 2009 ) , pp. 169 - 170 . ^ Jump up to : Mote , 69 . Jump up ^ Lorge ( 2008 ) , 67 . Jump up ^ Lorge ( 2008 ) , 60 . Jump up ^ Lorge ( 2008 ) , 59 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Lorge ( 2008 ) , 60 -- 62 . ^ Jump up to : Lorge ( 2008 ) , 65 . Jump up ^ Lorge ( 2008 ) , 70 . Jump up ^ Lorge ( 2008 ) , 71 . Jump up ^ Lorge ( 2008 ) , 66 . Jump up ^ Mote , 70 -- 71 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 446 . Jump up ^ Dunnell ( 1996 ) , xxi , 13 , 91 Jump up ^ Lorge ( 2005 ) , 44 . Jump up ^ McGrath ( 2008 ) , 152 . ^ Jump up to : McGrath ( 2008 ) , 155 . Jump up ^ McGrath ( 2008 ) , 154 -- 156 . Jump up ^ McGrath ( 2008 ) , 157 . Jump up ^ McGrath , 157 -- 159 . Jump up ^ Lorge ( 2005 ) , 44 -- 45 . Jump up ^ McGrath ( 2008 ) , 152 , 157 -- 158 Jump up ^ McGrath ( 2008 ) , 157 -- 158 . ^ Jump up to : McGrath ( 2008 ) , 153 . Jump up ^ McGrath ( 2008 ) , 158 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2008 ) , 206 . Jump up ^ Sivin , III , 8 . Jump up ^ Sivin , III , 9 . Jump up ^ Dunnell ( 1996 ) , 75 . Jump up ^ Wang ( 2001 ) , 15 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2008 ) , 191 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2008 ) , 191 -- 192 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2008 ) , 195 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2008 ) , 195 -- 198 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2008 ) , 198 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2008 ) , 196 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2008 ) , 199 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2008 ) , 200 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2008 ) , 201 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2008 ) , 202 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2008 ) , 202 -- 203 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2008 ) , 203 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2008 ) , 206 -- 207 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2008 ) , 207 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2008 ) , 207 -- 208 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2008 ) , 208 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2008 ) , 209 . Jump up ^ Cœdès ( 1966 ) , p. 84 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2008 ) , 210 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey et al. , 163 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey et al. , 164 . ^ Jump up to : Fairbank , 97 . Jump up ^ Peers , 130 . Jump up ^ Morton , 102 . Jump up ^ Sivin , III , 3 -- 4 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey et al. , 165 . Jump up ^ Mote 1999 , p. 208 . Jump up ^ Peers , 131 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey , Cambridge Illustrated History of China , 168 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey et al. , 166 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey , Cambridge Illustrated History of China , 150 . ^ Jump up to : Gernet , 22 . ^ Jump up to : Needham , Volume 4 , Part 2 , 497 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 154 . ^ Jump up to : Coblin , 533 . Jump up ^ Coblin , 533 & 536 . Jump up ^ Gernet , 22 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Gernet , 23 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Gernet , 25 . Jump up ^ Mostern ( 2008 ) , 231 . Jump up ^ Mostern ( 2008 ) , 238 . Jump up ^ Tillman , 3 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Cambridge Illustrated History of China , 151 . Jump up ^ Giles , 950 . Jump up ^ Hall , 23 . Jump up ^ Sastri , 173 , 316 . Jump up ^ Shen , 158 . Jump up ^ BBC page about Islam in China Jump up ^ Wang , 14 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 465 . ^ Jump up to : Rossabi , 92 . Jump up ^ Shen , 157 -- 158 . Jump up ^ Sivin , III , 5 . ^ Jump up to : Paludan , 136 . Jump up ^ Sivin , III , 22 . Jump up ^ Levathes , 77 . Jump up ^ Hall , 24 . ^ Jump up to : Lo , 490 . ^ Jump up to : Needham , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 476 . ^ Jump up to : Lo , 491 . ^ Jump up to : Shen , 159 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Paludan , 142 . Jump up ^ Levathes , 37 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 4 , Part 3 , 662 . ^ Jump up to : Needham , Volume 1 , 139 . Jump up ^ Levathes , 43 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 1 , 134 . ^ Jump up to : Tillman , 29 . ^ Jump up to : Mostern ( 2008 ) , 241 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey et al. , 235 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Cambridge Illustrated History of China , 171 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey et al. , 236 . Jump up ^ Needham , Volume 5 , Part 7 , 225 . Jump up ^ Ebrey , Cambridge Illustrated History of China , 170 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey et al. , 239 . ^ Jump up to : Ebrey et al. , 240 . Jump up ^ Rossabi , 24 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : Rossabi , 46 . Jump up ^ Rossabi , 47 . ^ Jump up to : Rossabi , 49 . ^ Jump up to : Rossabi , 50 . Jump up ^ Rossabi , 50 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Rossabi , 56 . Jump up ^ Rossabi , 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : Rossabi , 82 . ^ Jump up to : Embree , 385 . ^ Jump up to : Adshead , 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Rossabi , 80 -- 81 . ^ Jump up to : Rossabi , 81 . Jump up ^ Rossabi , 82 -- 87 . ^ Jump up to : Rossabi , 83 . Jump up ^ Lo , 492 . Jump up ^ Rossabi , 85 . Jump up ^ Rossabi , 87 . Jump up ^ Rossabi , 88 . Jump up ^ Rossabi , 88 -- 89 . ^ Jump up to : Rossabi , 91 . Jump up ^ Ebrey et al. , 241 . Jump up ^ Rossabi , 89 -- 90 . ^ Jump up to : Rossabi , 90 . ^ Jump up to : Rossabi , 93 . ^ Jump up to : Rossabi , 94 . ^ Jump up to : Partington , 238 . ^ Jump up to : Partington , 237 . References ( edit ) Adshead , S.A.M. ( 2004 ) . T'ang China : The Rise of the East in World History . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 3456 - 8 ( hardback ) . Anderson , James A. ( 2008 ) . `` ' Treacherous Factions ' : Shifting Frontier Alliances in the Breakdown of Sino - Vietnamese Relations on the Eve of the 1075 Border War '' , in Battlefronts Real and Imagined : War , Border , and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period , 191 -- 226 . Edited by Don J. Wyatt . New York : Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6084 - 9 . Bretschneider , Emil ( 1888 ) , Medieval Researches from Eastern Asiatic Sources : Fragments Towards the Knowledge of the Geography and History of Central and Western Asia from the 13th to the 17th Century , Vol. 1 , Abingdon : Routledge , reprinted 2000 . Brose , Michael C. ( 2008 ) . `` People in the Middle : Uyghurs in the Northwest Frontier Zone '' , in Battlefronts Real and Imagined : War , Border , and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period , 253 -- 289 . Edited by Don J. Wyatt . New York : Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6084 - 9 . Coblin , W. South `` Migration History and Dialect Development in the Lower Yangtze Watershed '' , Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies ( Volume 65 , Number 3 , 2002 ) : 529 -- 543 . Cœdès , George . ( 1966 ) . The Making of South East Asia ( illustrated , reprint ed . ) . University of California Press . ISBN 0520050614 . Retrieved 7 August 2013 . Dunnell , Ruth W. ( 1996 ) . The Great State of White and High : Buddhism and State Formation in Eleventh - Century Xia . Honolulu : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 1719 - 2 . Ebrey , Walthall , Palais ( 2006 ) . East Asia : A Cultural , Social , and Political History . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 0 - 618 - 13384 - 4 . Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ( 1999 ) . The Cambridge Illustrated History of China . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 66991 - X ( paperback ) . Embree , Ainslie Thomas ( 1997 ) . Asia in Western and World History : A Guide for Teaching . Armonk : ME Sharpe , Inc . Fairbank , John King and Merle Goldman ( 1992 ) . China : A New History ; Second Enlarged Edition ( 2006 ) . Cambridge : MA ; London : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 01828 - 1 Gernet , Jacques ( 1962 ) . Daily Life in China on the Eve of the Mongol Invasion , 1250 -- 1276 . Stanford : Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 0720 - 0 Giles , Herbert Allen ( 1939 ) . A Chinese biographical dictionary ( Gu jin xing shi zu pu ) . Shanghai : Kelly & Walsh . ( see here for more ) Graff , David Andrew and Robin Higham ( 2002 ) . A Military History of China . Boulder : Westview Press . Hall , Kenneth ( 1985 ) . Maritime trade and state development in early Southeast Asia . Hawaii : University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 0 - 8248 - 0959 - 9 . Halsall , Paul ( 2000 ) ( 1998 ) . Jerome S. Arkenberg , ed . `` East Asian History Sourcebook : Chinese Accounts of Rome , Byzantium and the Middle East , c. 91 B.C.E. - 1643 C.E. '' Fordham.edu . Fordham University . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 16 . Huiping Pang , `` Strange Weather : Art , Politics , and Climate Change in the Middle of Emperor Huizong 's Reign '' , Journal of Song - Yuan Studies 39 ( 2009 ) , 1 -- 49 . ISSN 1059 - 3152 Huiping Pang , `` Nansong gongting huashi zhi gongzhi moshi yanjiu '' ( How Did Court Painters Serve in Southern Song ? ) , Journal of Gugong Studies , ( Volume 3 , 2007 ) : 230 -- 251 . Huiping Pang , `` Zouchu gongqiang : you huajiashisanke tan nansong gongtinghuashi de mingjjan xing '' ( Get out of the Palace : From Southern Song Court Painters to Folk Limners ) , Yishushi Yanjiu ( The Study of Art History ) , ( Volume 7 , 2005 ) : 179 -- 216 . Huiping Pang , `` Nansonghuayuan zhi shengshezhizhi yu houshi xiangxiang '' ( The Organization of the So - called Southern Song Painting Academy as a Post-1279 Imaginary Construct ) , Gugong Xuekan ( Journal of Gugong Studies ) , ( Volume 2 , 2005 ) : 62 -- 86 . Levathes ( 1994 ) . When China Ruled the Seas . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 70158 - 4 . Lo , Jung - Pang . `` The Emergence of China as a Sea Power During the Late Sung and Early Yuan Periods '' , The Far Eastern Quarterly ( Volume 14 , Number 4 , 1955 ) : 489 -- 503 . Lorge , Peter ( 2005 ) . War , Politics and Society in Early Modern China , 900 -- 1795 : 1st Edition . New York : Routledge . Lorge , Peter ( 2008 ) . `` The Great Ditch of China and the Song - Liao Border '' , in Battlefronts Real and Imagined : War , Border , and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period , 59 -- 74 . Edited by Don J. Wyatt . New York : Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6084 - 9 . Lorge , Peter ( 2015 ) , The Reunification of China : Peace through War under the Song Dynasty , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 08475 - 9 . Luttwak , Edward N. ( 2009 ) . The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire . Cambridge and London : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03519 - 5 . McGrath , Michael ( 2008 ) . `` Frustrated Empires : The Song - Tangut Xia War of 1038 -- 1044 '' , in Battlefronts Real and Imagined : War , Border , and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period , 151 -- 190 . Edited by Don J. Wyatt . New York : Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6084 - 9 . Morton , Scott and Charlton Lewis ( 2005 ) . China : Its History and Culture : Fourth Edition . New York : McGraw - Hill , Inc . Mostern , Ruth . ( 2008 ) . `` From Battlefields to Counties : War , Border , and State Power in Southern Song Huainan '' , in Battlefronts Real and Imagined : War , Border , and Identity in the Chinese Middle Period , 227 -- 252 . Edited by Don J. Wyatt . New York : Palgrave MacMillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6084 - 9 . Mote , F.W. ( 1999 ) . Imperial China : 900 -- 1800 . Harvard : Harvard University Press . Needham , Joseph ( 1954 ) . Science and Civilization in China : Volume 1 , Introductory Orientations . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; rpr . Taipei : Caves Books , Ltd , 1986 . Needham , Joseph ( 1959 ) . Science and Civilization in China : Volume 3 , Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; rpr . Taipei : Caves Books , Ltd , 1986 . Needham , Joseph ( 1965 ) . Science and Civilization in China : Volume 4 , Physics and Physical Technology , Part 2 : Mechanical Engineering . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; rpr . Taipei : Caves Books , Ltd . Needham , Joseph ( 1971 ) . Science and Civilization in China : Volume 4 , Physics and Physical Technology , Part 3 : Civil Engineering and Nautics . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ; rpr . Taipei : Caves Books , Ltd , 1986 . Paludan , Ann ( 1998 ) . Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors . London : Thames & Hudson . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05090 - 2 . Partington , James Riddick ( 1960 ) . A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder . Cambridge : W. Heffer & Sons Ltd . Peers , C.J. ( 2006 ) . Soldiers of the Dragon : Chinese Armies 1500 BC - AD 1840 . Oxford : Osprey Publishing . Rossabi , Morris ( 1988 ) . Khubilai Khan : His Life and Times . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 05913 - 1 . Sastri , Nilakanta , K.A. The CōĻas , University of Madras , Madras , 1935 ( Reprinted 1984 ) . Schafer , Edward H. `` War Elephants in Ancient and Medieval China '' , Oriens ( Volume 10 , Number 2 , 1957 ) : 289 -- 291 . Sezgin , Fuat ; Carl Ehrig - Eggert ; Amawi Mazen ; E. Neubauer ( 1996 ) . نصوص ودراسات من مصادر صينية حول البلدان الاسلامية . Frankfurt am Main : Institut für Geschichte der Arabisch - Islamischen Wissenschaften ( Institute for the History of Arabic - Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University ) . Shen , Fuwei ( 1996 ) . Cultural flow between China and the outside world . Beijing : Foreign Languages Press . ISBN 7 - 119 - 00431 - X . Sivin , Nathan ( 1995 ) . Science in Ancient China . Brookfield , Vermont : VARIORUM , Ashgate Publishing . Tillman , Hoyt C. and Stephen H. West ( 1995 ) . China Under Jurchen Rule : Essays on Chin Intellectual and Cultural History . New York : State University of New York Press . Wang , Lianmao ( 2000 ) . Return to the City of Light : Quanzhou , an eastern city shining with the splendour of medieval culture . Fujian People 's Publishing House . Wang , Jiawei ( 2001 ) . The Historical Status of China 's Tibet . Beijing : China Intercontinental Press . ISBN 7 - 80113 - 304 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Song Dynasty . Song Dynasty in China China 7 BC To 1279 Song dynasty topics Architecture Culture Economy Emperors Family tree History Society Southern Song dynasty coinage Science and technology History of Imperial China portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Song_dynasty&oldid=852724014 '' Categories : Song dynasty Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from August 2017 Use British English from August 2017 Good articles Talk Navigation Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 23 : 15 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Wonderful Tonight
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Wonderful Tonight - wikipedia Wonderful Tonight `` Wonderful Tonight '' Single by Eric Clapton from the album Slowhand B - side `` Peaches and Diesel '' Released 1977 Format 45 Record Recorded May 1977 Genre Soft rock Length 3 : 43 Label RSO Songwriter ( s ) Eric Clapton Producer ( s ) Glyn Johns Eric Clapton singles chronology `` Lay Down Sally '' ( 1977 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1977 ) `` Promises '' ( 1978 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' is a ballad written by Eric Clapton . It was included on Clapton 's 1977 album Slowhand . Clapton wrote the song about Pattie Boyd . The female vocal harmonies on the song are provided by Marcella Detroit ( then Marcy Levy ) and Yvonne Elliman . Contents 1 Background 2 Personnel 3 Performance 4 Chart performance 4.1 Weekly charts 4.2 Year - end charts 5 Certifications 6 Cover versions 6.1 Damage version 6.2 David Kersh version 6.3 Butch Baker version 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) On 7 September 1976 , Clapton wrote `` Wonderful Tonight '' for Boyd while waiting for her to get ready to attend Paul and Linda McCartney 's annual Buddy Holly party . Of `` Wonderful Tonight '' , Boyd would say : `` For years it tore at me . To have inspired Eric , and George before him , to write such music was so flattering . ' Wonderful Tonight ' was the most poignant reminder of all that was good in our relationship , and when things went wrong it was torture to hear it . '' The song is mentioned in her autobiographical book Wonderful Tonight : George Harrison , Eric Clapton , and Me . Personnel ( edit ) Eric Clapton -- lead vocals , guitar Jamie Oldaker -- drums , percussion Carl Radle -- bass guitar Dick Sims -- fender rhodes , hammond organ George Terry -- guitar Yvonne Elliman -- harmony and backing vocals Marcy Levy -- harmony and backing vocals Performance ( edit ) In 1988 , Clapton appeared in the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert as a guest guitarist for Dire Straits . The group became his backing musicians for a surprise performance of `` Wonderful Tonight '' during their set . The song was featured in the film Captain Phillips and in the Friends season 6 episode `` The One With the Proposal Part 2 '' ( 18 May 2000 ) where Monica and Chandler dance to it at the end of the episode after getting engaged . The song was also featured on Ricky Gervais 's radio show , where producer Karl Pilkington argued that the lyrics suggested that it came from the point of view of a disabled man in a wheelchair . Both Gervais and co-host Stephen Merchant dismissed Pilkington 's claims as conjecture . Clapton performed an extended version of `` Wonderful Tonight '' between 1987 and 2003 , featuring Katie Kissoon and Tracy Ackerman on backing vocals and David Sancious on saxophone . Clapton and Steve Winwood performed an acoustic version of the song during their 2011 tour in Japan . Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 -- 2000 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) 6 Canada ( CHUM ) 16 Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 15 France ( IFOP ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Japanese International Singles ( Oricon ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 26 US Billboard Hot 100 16 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 39 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1978 ) Position Canadian Top Singles ( RPM ) 144 Chart ( 1988 ) Position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 39 Netherlands ( Dutch Singles 100 ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Chile ( IFPI Chile ) 2 × Platinum 30,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 France ( SNEP ) Silver 250,000 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) 2 × Platinum 40,000 Iceland ( IFPI Iceland ) 2 × Platinum 12,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) Million 1,000,000 Macao ( IFPI Macao ) Gold 15,000 Portugal ( AFP ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Russia ( NFPF ) Gold 10,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 250,000 United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 Uruguay ( CUD ) Gold 10,000 Summaries Worldwide ( IFPI ) 4,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Cover versions ( edit ) Damage version ( edit ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' Single by Damage from the album Forever B - side `` I 'm Ready '' Released 28 April 1997 Format CD single , cassette Genre R&B Length 4 : 01 Label Big Life Records Songwriter ( s ) Eric Clapton Producer ( s ) Steve Mac Damage singles chronology `` Love Guaranteed '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1997 ) `` Love Lady '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' was covered by British R&B / pop group Damage in 1997 , and was released as the fifth single from the band 's debut studio album , Forever . The single peaked at # 3 on the UK Singles Chart , becoming the band 's most successful single to date , also peaking high in several other territories , which was a first for the band . The song is prominently performed by Richards , with little vocal input from any other members of the band . The music video features the band performing the song in a recording studio with cut scenes of a girl preparing to go on a night out . The B - side , `` I 'm Ready '' , launched the career of Craig David , being the first song he had ever written to be released by himself or another artist . Track listing CD1 `` Wonderful Tonight '' -- 4 : 01 `` I 'm Ready '' ( Bromfield / Richards / Simpson / Jones / Harriott / Craig David , produced by Mark Lewis ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( Ethnic Boyz Mix ) CD2 `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( Acoustic Mix ) `` Just My Imagination '' ( Whitfield / Strong , produced by Howard Francis ) `` Love II Love '' ( Acoustic Mix ) Cassette `` Wonderful Tonight '' -- 4 : 01 `` I 'm Ready '' Chart performance Chart ( 1997 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 39 Ireland ( IRMA ) 15 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 34 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) David Kersh version ( edit ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' Single by David Kersh from the album If I Never Stop Loving You Released 14 March 1998 Genre Country Label Curb Songwriter ( s ) Eric Clapton Producer ( s ) Pat McMakin David Kersh singles chronology `` If I Never Stop Loving You '' ( 1997 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' ( 1998 ) `` Something to Think About '' ( 1998 ) `` Wonderful Tonight '' was covered by country singer David Kersh in 1998 . His version went to # 29 on the Hot Country Songs chart . Chart performance Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 45 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) 29 Butch Baker version ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song was covered by country music singer Butch Baker , whose rendition reached # 66 on the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart in 1989 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Chris Smith ( 2006 ) . Greenwood Press , ed . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Rock History : From arenas to the underground , 1974 -- 1980 . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33611 - 9 . `` the hard - rock pioneer and guitar god also become a soft - rock star in the mid-1970s . He celebrated his sobriety with ( ... ) the Top 5 hit `` Lay Down Sally '' and hit No. 16 with the ballad `` Wonderful Tonight , '' both off his 1977 Slowhand album '' Jump up ^ Pattie Boyd ( 11 August 2007 ) . `` I 'd pray Eric would pass out and not touch me ' - Part 2 of Pattie Boyd 's sensational autobiography '' . Daily Mail . Associated Newspapers Ltd . Retrieved 8 March 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Radio2 Top 30 Artiest : Eric Clapton '' . VRT ( in Dutch ) . Top30-2.radio2.be . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 30 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1050 CHUM -- CHUM Charts '' . Archived from the original on 22 February 2006 . Retrieved 24 March 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . CHUM . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 29 , No. 18 , July 29 , 1978 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Gustave , Heidé . Le Singles Argent de la SNEP ( 1978 ) ( in French ) ( 43 ed . ) . Paris : Decovert . ' Wonderful Tonight ' spent 17 weeks on the national french singles chart and peaked at number three . It was requested to be certified silver . The certification was awarded on the last week , ' Wonderful Tonight ' charted in France . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Oricon International Singles . `` Eric Clapton '' -- Wonderful Tonight . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Eric Clapton - Wonderful Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Slowhand -- Eric Clapton -- Awards -- AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles -- Volume 30 , No. 14 , December 30 , 1978 '' . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1988 '' . Ultratop Charts . ultratop.be -- Stefan Hung -- Hung Medien . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 1988 '' . MegaCharts.nl . dutchcharts.nl -- Stefan Hung -- Hung Medien . Retrieved 15 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Keil , Astrid ( 2014 ) . Die Musikindustrie ( Limitierte Auflage ) . p. 24 . Jump up ^ Miyahara , Ayano ( 2003 ) . 12 月 23 日 から エリック クラプトン の 最高 の バラード ! . Yomiuri Shimbun . Jump up ^ Macao Music Sales ( 2001 - 2009 ) . Record Sales . 2015 - 02 - 08 ( Former link : recordsales.2xik.com/The-first-blog-b1/Macao-Music-Sales-2001-2009-b1-p1.htm ) . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Silver in the Certification field . Type Wonderful Tonight in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eric Clapton -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Damage -- Wonderful Tonight '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Damage '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Damage -- Wonderful Tonight '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Damage -- Wonderful Tonight '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved 30 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 7891 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . 24 August 1998 . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` David Kersh Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 September 2013 . External links ( edit ) Allmusic review Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Eric Clapton Discography Singles discography Videography Studio albums Eric Clapton 461 Ocean Boulevard There 's One in Every Crowd No Reason to Cry Slowhand Backless Another Ticket Money and Cigarettes Behind the Sun August Journeyman From the Cradle Pilgrim Reptile Me and Mr. Johnson / Sessions for Robert J Back Home Clapton Old Sock I Still Do Happy Xmas Live albums Eric Clapton 's Rainbow Concert E.C. Was Here Just One Night Time Pieces Vol. II Live in the Seventies 24 Nights Unplugged Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies One More Car , One More Rider Live in San Diego Compilations The History of Eric Clapton Eric Clapton at His Best Clapton Steppin ' Out Timepieces : The Best of Eric Clapton Backtrackin ' The Cream of Eric Clapton Crossroads Story The Cream of Clapton Blues Clapton Chronicles : The Best of Eric Clapton Complete Clapton Forever Man Singles `` After Midnight '' / `` Easy Now '' `` Blues Power '' / `` Bottle of Red Wine '' `` Let It Rain '' `` I Shot the Sheriff '' / `` Give Me Strength '' `` Willie and the Hand Jive '' `` Swing Low , Sweet Chariot '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` Hello Old Friend '' `` Carnival '' `` Lay Down Sally '' / `` Cocaine '' `` Wonderful Tonight '' `` Tulsa Time '' `` Promises '' / `` Watch Out for Lucy '' `` Early in the Morning ( Live ) '' `` I Ca n't Stand It '' `` I 've Got a Rock ' n ' Roll Heart '' `` Crosscut Saw '' `` Forever Man '' `` It 's in the Way That You Use It '' `` Behind the Mask '' `` Tearing Us Apart '' `` Pretending '' / `` Before You Accuse Me '' `` Hound Dog '' `` Bad Love '' `` Tears in Heaven '' / `` White Room ( Live ) '' `` Layla ( Acoustic ) '' `` Down & Out '' `` Motherless Child '' / `` Driftin ' '' `` Change the World '' `` Born in Time '' `` Circus '' `` My Father 's Eyes '' `` Pilgrim '' `` Blue Eyes Blue '' `` ( I ) Get Lost '' `` Come Rain or Come Shine '' / `` Ten Long Years '' `` 3 O'Clock Blues '' `` Key to the Highway '' `` Worried Life Blues '' `` I Ai n't Gonna Stand for It '' `` Every Little Thing '' / `` No Sympathy '' Soundtracks Edge of Darkness Homeboy Rush Concert films Live 1986 The Cream of Eric Clapton Live in Hyde Park In Concert : A Benefit for the Crossroads Centre at Antigua Sessions for Robert J Crossroads Guitar Festival 2004 Live at Montreux 1986 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2010 Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 Planes , Trains and Eric Slowhand at 70 -- Live at the Royal Albert Hall Collaborations Riding with the King The Road to Escondido Live from Madison Square Garden Play the Blues : Live from Jazz at Lincoln Center Crossroads Guitar Festival 2013 The Breeze : An Appreciation of JJ Cale Tours Journeyman World Tour 1992 Eric Clapton World Tour 2019 Eric Clapton World Tour Bands The Yardbirds John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers Cream Blind Faith Derek and the Dominoes Related Blackie Brownie The Fool Signature Stratocaster Crossroads Centre Crossroads Guitar Festival Pattie Boyd Ferrari SP12 EC Va Bene Wonderful Today Damage Rashaan J Bromfield Noel Simpson Andrez Harriott Jade Jones Studio albums Forever ( 1997 ) Since You 've Been Gone ( 2001 ) Singles `` Anything '' `` Love II Love '' `` Forever '' `` Love Guaranteed '' `` Wonderful Tonight '' `` Love Lady '' `` Ghetto Romance '' `` Rumours '' `` After the Love Has Gone '' David Kersh Studio albums Goodnight Sweetheart If I Never Stop Loving You Notable singles `` Goodnight Sweetheart '' `` Another You '' `` Day In , Day Out '' `` If I Never Stop Loving You '' `` Wonderful Tonight '' Related articles Curb Records Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonderful_Tonight&oldid=854680846 '' Categories : 1970s ballads 1977 singles 1997 singles 1998 singles Afroman songs Butch Baker songs Curb Records singles Damage ( British band ) songs David Kersh songs Eric Clapton songs Oricon International Singles Chart number - one singles British soft rock songs Rock ballads RSO Records singles Song recordings produced by Glyn Johns Songs written by Eric Clapton 1977 songs Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for unsupported region Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Greece Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for Portugal Certification Table Entry usages for Russia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Certification Table Entry usages for Uruguay Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs Articles needing additional references from December 2016 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk nynorsk Português Русский Suomi Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 August 2018 , at 02 : 19 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is eric clapton singing about in wonderful tonight
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"\"Wonderful Tonight\" is a ballad written by Eric Clapton. It was included on Clapton's 1977 album Slowhand. Clapton wrote the song about Pattie Boyd.[1] The female vocal harmonies on the song are provided by Marcella Detroit (then Marcy Levy) and Yvonne Elliman.\n"
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"Pattie Boyd"
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To Build a Fire
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To Build a fire - wikipedia To Build a fire Jump to : navigation , search For the 2016 film , see To Build a Fire ( 2016 film ) . `` To Build a Fire '' Author Jack London Country United States Language English Genre ( s ) Adventure , short story Publication date 1902 , 1908 `` To Build a Fire '' is a short story by American author Jack London . There are two versions of this story , one published in 1902 and the other in 1908 . The story that was written in 1908 has become an often anthologized classic while the 1902 story becomes a lesser known story . The 1908 version is about an unnamed protagonist who ventures out in the sub-zero tundra of the Yukon Territory , accompanied by his dog , to visit his friends . Though he was warned by an older man about the dangers of hiking alone , the protagonist ignores him . The man then underestimates the harsh weather conditions and he slowly begins to freeze to death . The man then tries to build a fire three different times , but all get put out . After his final attempt , he then freezes to death in the snow . The 1902 version describes a similar situation , but with a different plot . Though the structure and storyline are similar in both , in 1902 the weather is not as cold and horrendous , no dog follows the protagonist , the fire is not doused , and the man ( named Tom Vincent ) suffers only from permanent frostbite and survives to be a more melancholy but wiser person . The 1908 `` To Build a Fire '' is an oft - cited example of the naturalist movement that portrays the conflict of man vs. nature . It also reflects what London learned in the Yukon Territory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary of 1908 Story 2 Themes 3 1902 Version 4 Films 5 See Also 6 References 7 External Links Summary of 1908 story ( edit ) On an extremely cold winter day ( − 75 ° F or − 59 ° C ) , a man , who remains unnamed throughout the story , and his native wolf - dog go on the Yukon Trail after being warned of the dangers of traveling alone in extreme weather conditions by an old man from Sulfur Creek . With nine hours of hiking ahead of him , the man is expecting to meet his associates ( `` the boys '' ) at a camp in Henderson Creek by that evening . The man is accompanied only by his dog , whose instincts tell it that the weather is too cold for traveling . However , the weather does not deter the man , a relative newcomer to the Yukon , even though the water vapor in the man 's exhaled breaths and the saliva from the tobacco he is chewing have frozen his mouth shut . It is here where London uses `` heat ( sun - fire - life ) and cold ( darkness - depression - death ) '' as symbolism to immediately create a sense of impending doom . As the man hikes along a creek , he takes care to avoid pockets of unfrozen water hidden beneath thin layers of ice . He stops and builds a fire to thaw out so he can eat his lunch , and soon after continues hiking . Shortly thereafter he breaks through the ice and soaks his feet and lower legs up to his knees . Angrier over the accident than concerned for his safety , the man builds a fire under a tree to dry his clothes as sensation begins to fade from his extremities . He pulls twigs from the nearby underbrush to feed the fire , but the resulting vibrations eventually cause the snow on the tree 's loaded boughs to tumble down , extinguishing the flames and frightening the man for the first time . He gathers material for a new fire and lights it with great difficulty , burning himself with his matches in the process . But then he accidentally pokes everything apart and extinguishes the incipient flame while trying to remove a piece of moss . He seizes hold of the dog , planning to kill it and use the fresh carcass for warmth ; however , he finds that he can neither draw his knife nor strangle the animal with his frozen hands . In a final desperate attempt to warm himself up , the man tries to run along the trail but repeatedly stumbles and falls . Finally understanding the truth of the wise man 's warnings about the cold , the man succumbs to hypothermia and sleeps his way into death , imagining himself to be with `` the boys '' as they find his body the next day . The dog does not understand the situation at first , but after it catches the smell of death , it howls for a while and then trots off toward the camp , where it knows it can get food and fire . Themes ( edit ) Man vs. Nature is one of the themes present in this short story . The protagonist decides to face the brutal cold temperatures of the Yukon Territory , despite being warned by an older man . The short story depicts the protagonist 's battle of life and death while highlighting the importance of the fire . A theme that appears in the story is the man 's human sense of judgment contrasted with the dog 's animal instincts . Throughout the story , the author hints that the dog has more knowledge of survival than the man . The judgment versus instinct theme is evident when the man builds the first fire . While the dog wants to stay by the fire to keep warm , the man is determined to keep moving . As the dog reluctantly follows the man across a frozen river , the dog is more cautious than the man . Desperation is present throughout the majority of the story . It is noticeable soon after the man falls into a frozen over river . In order to save himself , he scrambles to build a fire and is too busy worrying about his health to notice the flaw in building a fire underneath a tree which had collected an enormous amount of snow . After the first fire is put out , the desperation of survival becomes more defined as he seemingly will do anything to survive , including attempting to kill his dog for warmth , as well as using all his matches at once as a final attempt to light his last fire . His desperation of survival and his fear of death causes his final demise as he freezes to death at the end of the story . Another evident theme in the story is Perseverance . Although the man makes several mistakes and is getting frostbite in his fingers and toes , he continues to fight for survival . Stupidity and arrogance are depicted in the story . There are many forms of arrogance throughout the story . For example , the protagonist goes through the extremely cold territory alone , despite going for the first time . He laughs off the crucial advice of having an acquaintance because he thinks he knows what he 's doing . That confrontation resulted in the protagonist putting himself in a bad situation that was preventable . At first , he thinks it 's nothing and that everything will be fine . By at the end of the story , he dies as a result of being arrogant . Another example of arrogance in the story is when the protagonist decides to disregard the idea that their may be some situations that he can not overcome . The old man in the story warns the protagonist of this and also seems to have more of an understanding of the natural world and respects the fact that their are some situations the man will be unable to control . Not only did the old man see the protagonists stupidity but , the dog also noticed the mans lack of knowledge about the terrain and its obstacles after he failed to keep a fire going . Death is a theme in the story , and more specifically the peace found within death . London foreshadows the death of the man early on in the short story , so it is not a surprise that the man dies . However , London does depict the death quite differently than many other stories do . The man drifts off into a calm , peaceful slumber with a lack of suffering or pain . London 's use of relaxing words allows the reader to lack a great deal of sympathy for the man as well as view the death as merciful and graciously anticipated rather than sad . This contrast to the normal reaction of death is not a mistake but serves the purpose of showing the peace within death . 1902 version ( edit ) The earlier version was first published in The Youth 's Companion on May 29 , 1902 . It differs in some details , though the general structure and storyline are similar ; the primary differences are as follows : in the first version it is not as cold , there is no dog , the fire is not doused , and the man ( named Tom Vincent ) suffers some permanent frostbite damage but survives , sadder but wiser . In the ending of the story as well , the man or Tom Vincent , eventually got to his companions at the other camp . While also eventually regaining feeling in both his hands and his feet after obtaining frostbite . Films ( edit ) Construire un feu ( 1927 - 1928 ) is an early short film by Claude Autant - Lara . To Build a Fire ( 1969 ) was made by David Cobham , with Ian Hogg as the man and Orson Welles as the narrator . To Build a Fire ( 2003 ) is a French version starring Olivier Pagès . To Build a Fire ( 2008 ) is an American version with a modified story . To Build a Fire ( 2016 ) is an animated short film directed by Fx Goby . See Also ( edit ) `` The Little Match Girl '' , a short story by Hans Christian Andersen about a child dying of hypothermia `` The Beggar Boy at Christ 's Christmas Tree '' ( 1876 ) , a short story by Fyodor Dostoevsky References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` To Build a Fire '' Study Guide at What So Proudly We Hail Curriculum . Retrieved 22 February 2012 . Jump up ^ London , Jack ( August 1908 ) . `` To Build a Fire '' . The Century Magazine . 76 . Full text of the famous second version , published for an adult audience . Jump up ^ London , Jack ( May 29 , 1902 ) . `` To Build a Fire '' . The Youth 's Companion . London.Sonoma.edu . London , Jack ( May 29 , 1902 ) . `` To Build a Fire '' . Youth 's Companion . JackLondons.net . Full text of the first , more juvenile version . Jump up ^ http://london.sonoma.edu/writings/Uncollected/tobuildafire.html Jump up ^ http://www.unifrance.org/film/34430/construire-un-feu http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0019787/combined Jump up ^ movies.yahoo.com Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ Official Animation short film Website External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : To Build a Fire To Build a Fire public domain audiobook at LibriVox ( hide ) Works by Jack London Novels The Cruise of the Dazzler ( 1902 ) A Daughter of the Snows ( 1902 ) The Call of the Wild ( 1903 ) The Kempton - Wace Letters ( 1903 , anonymously co-authored with Anna Strunsky ) The Sea - Wolf ( 1904 ) The Game ( 1905 ) Before Adam ( 1906 ) White Fang ( 1906 ) The Iron Heel ( 1908 ) Martin Eden ( 1909 ) Burning Daylight ( 1910 ) Adventure ( 1911 ) The Scarlet Plague ( 1912 ) A Son of the Sun ( 1912 ) The Abysmal Brute ( 1913 ) The Valley of the Moon ( 1913 ) The Mutiny of the Elsinore ( 1914 ) The Star Rover ( 1915 ) The Little Lady of the Big House ( 1916 ) Jerry of the Islands ( 1917 ) Michael , Brother of Jerry ( 1917 ) Hearts of Three ( 1920 ) The Assassination Bureau , Ltd ( 1963 ) ( Unfinished , completed by Robert L. Fish ) Short stories `` A Thousand Deaths '' ( 1899 ) `` The Law of Life '' ( 1901 ) `` Bâtard '' ( 1902 ) `` Moon - Face '' ( 1902 ) `` The Leopard Man 's Story '' ( 1903 ) `` To Build a Fire '' ( 1908 ) `` The Dream of Debs '' ( 1909 ) `` A Piece of Steak '' ( 1909 ) `` The South of the Slot '' ( 1909 ) `` The Heathen '' ( 1910 ) `` The Mexican '' ( 1911 ) `` The Unparalleled Invasion '' ( 1914 ) `` The Red One '' ( 1918 ) Short story collections Lost Face ( 1910 ) South Sea Tales ( 1911 ) Non-fiction The People of the Abyss ( 1903 ) The Road ( 1907 ) The Cruise of the Snark ( 1911 ) John Barleycorn ( 1913 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Build_a_Fire&oldid=815160234 '' Categories : 1902 short stories 1908 short stories Short stories adapted into films Short stories by Jack London Yukon in fiction Hidden categories : Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Magyar ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 03 : 46 . About Wikipedia
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when does to build a fire take place
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Snow goose
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Snow goose - wikipedia Snow goose Jump to : navigation , search This article is about species of goose . For the novella by Paul Gallico , see The Snow Goose . For the Camel album , see Music Inspired by The Snow Goose ( album ) . Snow goose A. c. caerulescens white morph Conservation status Least Concern ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Anseriformes Family : Anatidae Genus : Anser Species : A. caerulescens Binomial name Anser caerulescens ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) Subspecies A. c. caerulescens ( Lesser snow goose ) ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) A. c. atlanticus ( Greater snow goose ) ( Kennard , 1927 ) Snow goose range : Breeding range Wintering range Synonyms Chen caerulescens The snow goose ( Anser caerulescens ) , consisting of both a white phase and blue phase ( blue goose ) , is a North American species of goose commonly collectively referred to as `` light geese '' . Its name derives from the typically white plumage . Many taxonomic authorities placed this species and the other `` white geese '' in the genus Chen . Most authorities now follow the traditional treatment of placing these species in the `` gray goose '' genus Anser . The scientific name is from the Latin anser , `` goose '' , and caerulescens , `` bluish '' , derived from caeruleus , `` dark blue '' . This goose breeds north of the timberline in Greenland , Canada , Alaska , and the northeastern tip of Siberia , and spends winters in warm parts of North America from southwestern British Columbia through parts of the United States to Mexico . They fly as far south as Texas and Mexico during winter , and return to nest on the Arctic tundra each spring . It is a rare vagrant to Europe , but a frequent escape from collections and an occasional feral breeder . Snow geese are visitors to the British Isles where they are seen regularly among flocks of barnacle , Brent and Greenland white - fronted geese . There is also a feral population in Scotland from which many vagrant birds in Britain seem to derive . In Central America , vagrants are frequently encountered during winter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Breeding 3 Migration 4 Ecology 5 Population 6 Conservation Order for Light Geese 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Description ( edit ) A. c. caerulescens blue morph A. c. atlanticus , spring migration , blue morphs in foreground , Alexandria , Ontario The snow goose has two color plumage morphs , white ( snow ) or gray / blue ( blue ) , thus the common description as `` snows '' and `` blues '' . White - morph birds are white except for black wing tips , but blue - morph geese have bluish - grey plumage replacing the white except on the head , neck and tail tip . The immature blue phase is drab or slate - gray with little to no white on the head , neck , or belly . Both snow and blue phases have rose - red feet and legs , and pink bills with black tomia ( `` cutting edges '' ) , giving them a black `` grin patch '' . The colors are not as bright on the feet , legs , and bill of immature birds . The head can be stained rusty - brown from minerals in the soil where they feed . They are very vocal and can often be heard from more than a mile away . White - and blue - morph birds interbreed and the offspring may be of either morph . These two colors of geese were once thought to be separate species ; since they interbreed and are found together throughout their ranges , they are now considered two color phases of the same species . The color phases are genetically controlled . The dark phase results from a single dominant gene and the white phase is homozygous recessive . When choosing a mate , young birds will most often select a mate that resembles their parents ' coloring . If the birds were hatched into a mixed pair , they will mate with either color phase . The species is divided into two subspecies on the basis of size and geography . Size overlap has caused some to question the division . The smaller subspecies , the lesser snow goose ( C. c. caerulescens ) , lives from central northern Canada to the Bering Straits area . The lesser snow goose stands 64 to 79 cm ( 25 to 31 in ) tall and weighs 2.05 to 2.7 kg ( 4.5 to 6.0 lb ) . The larger subspecies , the greater snow goose ( C. c. atlanticus ) , nests in northeastern Canada . It averages about 3.2 kg ( 7.1 lb ) and 79 cm ( 31 in ) , but can weigh up to 4.5 kg ( 9.9 lb ) . The wingspan for both subspecies ranges from 135 to 165 cm ( 53 to 65 in ) . Blue - morph birds are rare among the greater snow geese and among eastern populations of the lesser . Breeding ( edit ) Play media Greater snow geese in flight Snow geese ( Anser caerulescens ) Long - term pair bonds are usually formed in the second year , although breeding does not usually start until the third year . Females are strongly philopatric , meaning they will return to the place they hatched to breed . Snow geese often nest in colonies . Nesting usually begins at the end of May or during the first few days of June , depending on snow conditions . The female selects a nest site and builds the nest on an area of high ground . The nest is a shallow depression lined with plant material and may be reused from year to year . After the female lays the first of three to five eggs , she lines the nest with down . The female incubates for 22 to 25 days , and the young leave the nest within a few hours of hatching . The young feed themselves , but are protected by both parents . After 42 to 50 days they can fly , but they remain with their family until they are two to three years old . Where snow geese and Ross 's geese breed together , as at La Pérouse , they hybridize at times , and hybrids are fertile . Rare hybrids with the greater white - fronted goose , Canada goose , and cackling goose have been observed . Migration ( edit ) Snow geese in a corn field on Fir Island , Washington in the Skagit River delta Snow geese breed from late May to mid-August , but they leave their nesting areas and spend more than half the year on their migration to - and - from warmer wintering areas . During spring migration ( the reverse migration ) , large flocks of snow geese fly very high and migrate in large numbers along narrow corridors , more than 3,000 mi ( 4,800 km ) from traditional wintering areas to the tundra . The lesser snow goose travels through the Central Flyway , Mississippi Flyway , and Pacific Flyway across prairie and rich farmland to their wintering grounds on grassland and agricultural fields across the United States and Mexico , especially the Gulf coastal plain . The larger and less numerous greater snow goose travels through the Atlantic Flyway and winters on a relatively more restricted range on the Atlantic coastal plain . Traditionally , lesser snow geese wintered in coastal marsh areas where they used their short but strong bills to dig up the roots of marsh grasses for food . However , they have also since shifted inland towards agricultural areas , likely the cause behind the unsustainable population increase in the 20th century . This shift may help to contribute to increased goose survival rates , leading to overgrazing on tundra breeding grounds . In March 2015 , 2,000 snow geese were killed in northern Idaho from an avian cholera epidemic while flying their spring migration to northern Canada . Ecology ( edit ) Wintering snow geese on Fir Island , Washington Outside of the nesting season , they usually feed in flocks . In winter , snow geese feed on left - over grain in fields . They migrate in large flocks , often visiting traditional stopover habitats in spectacular numbers . Snow geese frequently travel and feed alongside greater white - fronted geese ; in contrast , the two tend to avoid travelling and feeding alongside Canada geese , which are often heavier birds . The population of greater snow geese was in decline at the beginning of the 20th century , but has now recovered to sustainable levels . Snow geese in North America have increased to the point where the tundra breeding areas in the Arctic and the saltmarsh wintering grounds are both becoming severely degraded , and this affects other species using the same habitat . Major nest predators include Arctic foxes and skuas . The biggest threat occurs during the first couple of weeks after the eggs are laid and then after hatching . The eggs and young chicks are vulnerable to these predators , but adults are generally safe . They have been seen nesting near snowy owl nests , which is likely a solution to predation . Their nesting success was much lower when snowy owls were absent , leading scientists to believe that the owls , since they are predatory , were capable of keeping competing predators away from the nests . A similar association as with the owls has been noted between geese and rough - legged hawks . Additional predators at the nest have reportedly included wolves , coyotes and all three North American bear species . Few predators regularly prey on snow geese outside of the nesting season , but bald eagles ( as well as possibly golden eagles ) will readily attack wintering geese . Population ( edit ) The breeding population of the lesser snow goose exceeds 5 million birds , an increase of more than 300 % since the mid-1970s . The population is increasing at a rate of more than five percent per year . Non-breeding geese ( juveniles or adults that fail to nest successfully ) are not included in this estimate , so the total number of geese is likely higher . Lesser snow goose population indices are the highest they have been since population records have been kept , and evidence suggests that large breeding populations are spreading to previously untouched sections of the Hudson Bay coastline . The cause of this overpopulation may be the heavy conversion of land from forest and prairie to agricultural usage in the 20th century . Since the late 1990s , efforts have been underway in the U.S. and Canada to reduce the North American population of lesser snow and Ross 's geese to sustainable levels due to the documented destruction of tundra habitat in Hudson Bay and other nesting areas . The Light Goose Conservation Order was established in 1997 and federally mandated in 1999 . Increasing hunter bag limits , extending the length of hunting seasons , and adding new hunting methods have all been successfully implemented , but have not reduced the overall population of Snow Geese in North America . Conservation Order for Light geese ( edit ) The late 90 's was when the mid-continent population of snow geese was recognized as causing significant damage to the arctic and sub-arctic breeding grounds which was also causing critical damage to other varieties of waterfowl species and other wildlife that uses the arctic and sub-arctic grounds for home habitat . The increase in population in substantial amounts raised concern to then DU chief biologist Dr. Bruce Batt who was part of a committee that put together various data and submitted it to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Candian Wildlife Service with the recommendation on ways to combat the growing population and the damage that the snow geese were creating in the arctic breeding grounds . It was recommended by the committee to relax hunting restrictions and give hunters a better opportunity to harvest more snow geese on their way back to the breeding grounds in the spring . The suggested restrictions we 're to allow the use of electronic callers , unplugged shotguns , extended shooting hours , and no bag limits . Two years after the Light Goose Conservation Order was introduced it was federally mandated in 1999 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ BirdLife International ( 2016 ) . `` Anser caerulescens '' . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . IUCN. 2016 : e. T22679896A85973888 . doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2016 - 3. RLTS. T22679896A85973888. en . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chen caerulescens '' . ITIS . Jump up ^ Ogilvie , Malcolm A. ; Young , Steve ( 2002 ) . Wildfowl of the World . London : New Holland Publishers . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84330 - 328 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kear , Janet ( 2005 ) . Ducks , Geese and Swans. 1 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 297 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 861008 - 3 . Jump up ^ Jobling , James A ( 2010 ) . The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names . London : Christopher Helm . pp. 48 , 83 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4081 - 2501 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Mowbray , Thomas B. ; Fred , Cooke ; Barbara , Ganter ( 2000 ) . `` Snow Goose ( Chen caerulescens ) '' . In Poole , A . The Birds of North America Online . Ithaca : Cornell Lab of Ornithology . Retrieved 10 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Herrera , Néstor ; Rivera , Roberto ; Ibarra Portillo , Ricardo ; Rodríguez , Wilfredo ( 2006 ) . `` Nuevos registros para la avifauna de El Salvador '' ( New records for the avifauna of El Salvador ) ( PDF ) . Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología ( in Spanish and English ) . 16 ( 2 ) : 1 -- 19 . Jump up ^ `` Light Goose Dilemma '' . www.ducks.org . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/18/us/idaho-snow-geese-deaths/index.html Jump up ^ `` Snow geese degrade tundra '' . The New York Times . 22 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Tremblay , J. - P. ; Gauthier , G. ; Lepage , D. ; Desrochers , A. `` Factors Affecting Nesting Success in Greater Snow Geese : Effects of Habitat and Association with Snowy Owls '' . Wilson Bulletin . 109 ( 3 ) : 449 -- 461 . JSTOR 4163840 . Jump up ^ Coakley , Amber ( 3 March 2009 ) . `` Duck Duck Goose -- Snow Goose '' . Birders Lounge . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Stephen R. ; Noel , Lynn E. ( 2005 ) . `` Temperature and Predation Effects on Abundance and Distribution of Lesser Snow Geese in the Sagavanirktok River Delta , Alaska '' . Waterbirds. 28 ( 3 ) : 292 . doi : 10.1675 / 1524 - 4695 ( 2005 ) 028 ( 0292 : TAPEOA ) 2.0.CO ; 2 . ISSN 1524 - 4695 . JSTOR 4132542 . Jump up ^ `` Too Many Snow Geese Central Flyways '' . central.flyways.us . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Light Goose Dilemma '' . www.ducks.org . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . Further reading ( edit ) Johnson , Mike ( 16 July 1997 ) . `` The snow goose population problem '' . Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chen caerulescens . Wikispecies has information related to Chen caerulescens Conservation Order for Light Geese - Cornell Law School Snow Goose Species Account -- Cornell Lab of Ornithology The Nature Conservancy 's Species profile : Snow Goose Learn more about the conservation of these geese Snow Goose - Chen caerulescens -- USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter `` Snow Goose '' . Avibase . Song of the North Wind : A Story of the Snow Goose by Paul A. Johnsgard ( 1974 , rev. 2009 ) `` Snow goose media '' . Internet Bird Collection . Snow goose photo gallery at VIREO ( Drexel University ) Game animals and shooting in North America Game birds Bobwhite quail Chukar Hungarian partridge Prairie chicken Mourning dove Ring - necked pheasant Ptarmigan Ruffed grouse Sharp - tailed grouse Snipe ( common snipe ) Spruce grouse Turkey Woodcock Waterfowl Black duck Canada goose Canvasback Gadwall Greater scaup Lesser scaup Mallard Northern pintail Redhead Ross 's goose Snow goose Wood duck Big game Bighorn sheep Black bear Razorback Brown bear Bison ( buffalo ) Caribou Cougar ( mountain lion ) Elk Moose White - tailed deer Gray wolf Mountain goat Mule deer Pronghorn Muskox Dall sheep Polar bear Other quarry American alligator Bobcat Coyote Fox squirrel Gray fox Gray squirrel Opossum Rabbit Red fox Snowshoe hare See also Bear hunting Big game hunting Bison hunting Deer hunting Waterfowl hunting Whaling Fishing Wolf hunting Upland hunting Taxon identifiers Wd : Q27074540 Avibase : D3A260BCA65503C6 BioLib : 8436 eBird : snogoo GBIF : 2498167 IRMNG : 10195594 ITIS : 175029 IUCN : 22679896 WoRMS : 1034711 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snow_goose&oldid=838415136 '' Categories : IUCN Red List least concern species Anser ( bird ) Geese Arctic birds Arctic land animals Native birds of Alaska Birds of Canada North American migratory birds Birds described in 1758 Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Адыгэбзэ Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Iñupiak Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut Қазақша Кырык мары Latviešu Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Nederlands Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray Zeêuws 中文 50 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 21 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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where do snow geese go for the winter
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"This goose breeds north of the timberline in Greenland, Canada, Alaska, and the northeastern tip of Siberia, and spends winters in warm parts of North America from southwestern British Columbia through parts of the United States to Mexico. They fly as far south as Texas and Mexico during winter, and return to nest on the Arctic tundra each spring.[6] It is a rare vagrant to Europe, but a frequent escape from collections and an occasional feral breeder. Snow geese are visitors to the British Isles where they are seen regularly among flocks of barnacle, Brent and Greenland white-fronted geese. There is also a feral population in Scotland from which many vagrant birds in Britain seem to derive."
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"in warm parts of North America from southwestern British Columbia through parts of the United States to Mexico"
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List of Leave It to Beaver cast members
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List of Leave It to Beaver cast members - wikipedia List of Leave It to Beaver cast members Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of actors who appeared in the original American television series Leave It to Beaver , alongside the character ( s ) they played . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main cast 2 Supporting cast 3 Recurring cast 4 Other cast members 5 Others in unnamed roles 6 References Main cast ( edit ) Barbara Billingsley as `` June Cleaver '' Hugh Beaumont as `` Ward Cleaver '' Tony Dow as `` Wally Cleaver '' Jerry Mathers as `` Theodore ' Beaver ' Cleaver '' Supporting cast ( edit ) Ken Osmond as `` Eddie Haskell '' Frank Bank as `` Clarence ' Lumpy ' Rutherford '' Sue Randall as `` Miss Landers '' Diane Brewster as `` Miss Canfield '' Richard Deacon as `` Fred Rutherford '' Stephen Talbot as `` Gilbert Bates '' . In the episode `` Beaver 's English Test '' , Mr. Blair , Gilbert 's English teacher , calls Gilbert `` Mr. Harrison '' . He is referred to as `` Gilbert Gates '' ( and his father `` Mr. Gates '' ) in the first episode he appears , `` Beaver & Gilbert '' . Rusty Stevens as `` Larry Mondello '' Richard Correll as `` Richard Rickover '' Stanley Fafara as `` Hubert ' Whitey ' Whitney '' Recurring cast ( edit ) Burt Mustin as `` Gus the fireman '' Buddy Hart - `` Chester Anderson '' Tiger Fafara as `` Tooey Brown '' Madge Kennedy as `` Aunt Martha Bronson '' Jeri Weil as `` Judy Hensler '' Madge Blake as `` Margaret Mondello , '' Larry 's mother Dana Dillaway as `` Peggy '' Karen Sue Trent as `` Penny Woods '' Doris Packer as `` Mrs. ( Cornelia ) Rayburn , '' the principal of Grant Ave . Grammar School Edgar Buchanan as `` Uncle Billy '' and `` Captain Jack '' Veronica Cartwright as `` Violet Rutherford '' and , in the episode , `` Beaver Sees America '' , she plays `` Peggy MacIntosh '' Cheryl Holdridge - `` Julie Foster '' in most episodes and as `` Gloria Cusick '' in `` Wally 's Pug Nose '' Other cast members ( edit ) Mark Murray - `` Alan '' Larry Adare - `` Alan '' Tim Graham - `` Mr. Allen '' Howard McNear - `` Andy '' Stephen Wootton - `` Clyde Appleby '' Ed Prentiss - `` Mr. Bailey '' Clark Howat - `` Mr. Barnes '' Beverly Washburn - `` Jill Bartlett '' Joey Scott - `` Bengie Bellamy '' William Schallert - `` Mr. Bloomgarten '' Pat McCaffrie - `` Bill Boothby '' Mary Mitchel - `` Evelyn Boothby '' Lurene Tuttle - `` Mrs. Brady '' Henry Hunter - `` Mr. Briggs '' Allan Ray - `` Bert '' Vicky Albright - `` Carolyn '' Alan Roberts - `` Roberto ' Chuey ' Varela '' Hardie Albright - `` Mr. Collins '' Bartlett Robinson - `` George Compton '' Aline Towne - `` Mrs. Cunningham '' and `` George Compton 's Secretary '' Charles Davis - `` Willis ' Corny ' Cornelius '' Karen Green - `` Caroline Cunningham '' Martin Dean - `` Rick Davis '' Lyle Talbot - `` Charles ' Chuck ' Dennison '' Patty Turner - `` Linda Dennison '' Charles H. Gray - `` Harry Donaldson '' Phyllis Coates - `` Betty Donaldson '' Ray Kellogg - `` Mr. Donaldson '' Dorothy Abbott - `` Dorothy the Secretary '' Ahna Capri - `` Cinda Dunsworth '' Ralph Sanford - `` Fats Flannaghan '' Ross Elliott - `` Mr. Foster '' Bobby Mittelstaedt - `` Charles Fredericks '' Carleton G. Young - `` John Gates '' Marjorie Reynolds - `` Mrs. Gregory '' Herbert Rudley - `` Mr. Gregory '' Carole Wells - `` Kathy Gregory '' Kathleen O'Malley - `` Mrs. Halloran '' Rodney Bell - `` Alfred Hanson '' Cindy Carol ( also known as Carol Sydes ) - `` Alma Hanson '' Jean Vander Pyl - `` Mrs. Hanson '' and `` Mrs. Woods '' Anne Barton - `` Agnes Haskell '' Ann Doran - `` Agnes Haskell '' and `` Mrs. Bellamy '' John Alvin - `` Frank Haskell '' George O. Petrie - `` George Haskell '' Karl Swenson - `` George Haskell '' Tommy Ivo - `` Duke Hathaway '' Ann Barnes - `` Frances Hobbs '' John Gallaudet - `` Arthur Howard '' Dick Simmons - `` Kenneth Langley '' Alice Backes - `` Miss Lawrence '' Tim Matheson - `` Michael '' Rory Stevens - `` Chuckie Murdock '' Barry Curtis - `` Harry Myers '' and `` Johnny Franklin '' Jennie Lynn - `` Patty '' Eddie Marr - `` Mr. Payton '' Will Wright - `` Pete at Firehouse # 7 '' Katherine Warren - `` Mrs. Prescott '' Jane Dulo - `` Mrs. Rickover '' Pamela Baird - `` Mary Ellen Rogers '' Majel Barrett - `` Gwendolyn Rutherford '' David Kent - `` Bill Scott '' Beverly Lunsford - `` Shirley '' Kim Charney - `` Terry '' Estelle Etterre - `` Mrs. Thompson '' Mimi Gibson - `` Mary Tyler '' Gil Frye - `` Mr. Tyne '' Lenore Kingston - `` Mrs. Whitney '' Lillian O'Malley - `` Mrs. Whitney '' Maria Andre - `` Carmella Varela '' Abel Franco - `` Enrico Varela '' Wendell Holmes - `` Mr. Blair '' and `` Mr. Willet '' Ray Montgomery - `` Herb Wilson '' Chrystine Jordan - `` Donna Yeager '' Others in unnamed roles ( edit ) Hal Smith - `` Restaurant Manager '' Paul Engle - `` Bicycle Thief '' Bill Baldwin - `` Board of Health Man '' Neil Seflinger - `` Boy '' Kevin Jones - `` 1st Boy '' Eddie Pagett - `` 1st Boy '' Brad Morrow - `` 2nd Boy '' Bobby Beakman - `` Boy in Club '' Gary Allen - `` Boy in Club '' Yvonne White - `` Bus Passenger '' Frank Sully - `` Cab Driver '' Jess Kirkpatrick - `` Car Lot Owner '' Eric Snowden - `` Clothier '' John Hoyt - `` Clothier '' John Hart - `` Construction Worker '' Frank Wilcox - `` District Court Judge '' Stephen Courtleigh - `` Father '' Dee Carroll - `` Florist '' Carol Faylen - `` 1st Girl '' Patty Ann Gerrity - `` 1st Girl '' Claudia Bryar - `` Librarian '' , also one of the housewives in the episode `` Community Chest '' Vince Williams - `` Man in Shoe Store '' Alan Reynolds - `` Man in Train Station '' Helen Jay - `` Perfume Customer '' Mark Allen - `` Policeman '' George Cisar - `` Postman '' Betty Lynn Budzak - `` Student '' Howard Caine Bill Erwin Lee Meriwether - housewife in the episode `` Community Chest '' Dorothy Neumann - housewife in the episode `` Community Chest '' Gene Reynolds Harry Shearer Herb Vigran Note : denotes actor who is known to be deceased . References ( edit ) Series cast at IMDb.com ( hide ) Leave It to Beaver Characters June Cleaver Ward Cleaver Wally Cleaver Beaver Cleaver Martha Bronson Lumpy Rutherford Eddie Haskell Larry Mondello Judy Hensler Fred Rutherford Miss Canfield Episodes Season 1 `` It 's a Small World '' `` Beaver Gets ' Spelled '' Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 `` Family Scrapbook '' Other articles Cast members The New Leave It to Beaver Leave It to Beaver ( film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Leave_It_to_Beaver_cast_members&oldid=801109224 '' Categories : Leave It to Beaver Lists of actors by comedy television series Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 18 : 32 . About Wikipedia
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who played the principal on leave it to beaver
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List of backward compatible games for Xbox One
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List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One - wikipedia List of Backward compatible games for Xbox One Jump to : navigation , search The Xbox One gaming console has received updates from Microsoft since its launch in 2013 that enable it to play select games from its two predecessor consoles , Xbox and Xbox 360 . On June 15 , 2015 , backward compatibility with supported Xbox 360 games became available to eligible Xbox Preview program users with a beta update to the Xbox One system software . The dashboard update containing backward compatibility was released publicly on November 12 , 2015 . On October 24 , 2017 , another such update added games from the original Xbox library . The following is a list of all backward compatible games on Xbox One under this functionality . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Xbox 360 1.2 Xbox 2 Xbox One X enhancements 3 List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 4 List of compatible titles from Xbox 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) At its launch in November 2013 , the Xbox One did not have native backward compatibility with original Xbox or Xbox 360 games . Xbox Live director of programming Larry `` Major Nelson '' Hryb suggested users could use the HDMI - in port on the console to pass an Xbox 360 or any other device with HDMI output through Xbox One . Senior project management and planning director Albert Penello explained that Microsoft was considering a cloud gaming platform to enable backward compatibility , but he felt it would be `` problematic '' due to varying internet connection qualities . Xbox 360 ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2015 press conference on June 15 , 2015 , Microsoft announced plans to introduce Xbox 360 backward compatibility on the Xbox One at no additional cost . Supported Xbox 360 games will run within an emulator and have access to certain Xbox One features , such as recording and broadcasting gameplay . Games do not run directly from discs . A ported form of the game is downloaded automatically when a supported game is inserted , while digitally - purchased games will automatically appear for download in the user 's library once available . As with Xbox One titles , if the game is installed using physical media , the disc is still required for validation purposes . Not all Xbox 360 games will be supported ; 104 Xbox 360 games were available for the feature 's public launch on November 12 , 2015 with Xbox One preview program members getting early access . Microsoft stated that publishers will only need to provide permission to the company to allow the repackaging , and they expect the list to grow significantly over time . Unlike the emulation of original Xbox games on the Xbox 360 , the Xbox One does not require game modification , since it emulates an exact replica of its predecessor 's environment -- both hardware and software operating systems . The downloaded game is a repackaged version of the original that identifies itself as an Xbox One title to the console . At Gamescom , Microsoft revealed it has plans to ensure `` all future Xbox 360 Games with Gold titles will be playable on Xbox One . '' On December 17 , 2015 Microsoft made another sixteen Xbox 360 games compatible with Xbox One , including titles such as Halo : Reach , Fable III and Deus Ex : Human Revolution . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft made another ten Xbox 360 games compatible , including The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings and Counter-Strike : Global Offensive . On May 13 , 2016 , Microsoft made Xbox 360 titles with multiple discs compatible , starting with Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that future titles would be added as they became available , instead of waiting until a specific day each month . Xbox ( edit ) During Microsoft 's E3 2017 press conference on June 11 , 2017 , Microsoft announced that roughly 50 % of Xbox One users had played an Xbox 360 game on Xbox One through the system 's backward - compatibility feature . Based on popular demand , Phil Spencer , Microsoft 's Head of Xbox , announced that Xbox One consoles would be able to play select games made for the original Xbox console , first released in 2001 . The compatibility will work on all consoles in the Xbox One family , including the Xbox One X , and will be available as a free update planned for the fall of 2017 . The functionality will be similar to that for back - compatibility with Xbox 360 games . Users insert the Xbox game disc into their Xbox One console to install the compatible version of the game . While players will not be able to access any old game saves or connect to Xbox Live on these titles , system link functions will remain available . Xbox games will not receive achievement support , although when asked about this component , Spencer responded that they had nothing to announce at the current time . Realizing that game discs for original Xbox consoles could be scarce , Spencer said that plans were in place to make compatible Xbox games available digitally . Spencer also said that such games may also be incorporated into the Xbox Game Pass subscription service . In a later interview , Spencer indicated that the potential library of Xbox titles being playable on Xbox One will be smaller than that currently available from the Xbox 360 library . Spencer noted two reasons for the more limited library were the availability of content rights for the games and the technical difficulties related to the conversion . Xbox One X enhancements ( edit ) Backwards compatible original Xbox and Xbox 360 titles will benefit from becoming Xbox One X enhanced with the following : Improved framerate stability Games utilizing a dynamic resolution will hit their max resolution more often , or at all times 16x anisotropic filtering Forced V - sync Variable refresh rate compatibility ( when used with a compatible display ) List of compatible titles from Xbox 360 ( edit ) There are currently 481 on this list out of 2097 games released for the Xbox 360 . Title Publisher ( s ) Format Xbox One X Enhanced Date added Notes / References 0 Day Attack on Earth Gulti XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 , 2017 3D Ultra MiniGolf Adventures Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 A Kingdom for Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 A World of Keflings Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Aegis Wing Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Age of Booty Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Alan Wake Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Quantum Break . Alan Wake 's American Nightmare Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Also included as a pre-order bonus with Quantum Break . Alice : Madness Returns Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 2017 Alien Hominid HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Altered Beast Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Anomaly : Warzone Earth Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Aqua Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 ARKANOID Live ! Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Army of Two Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed Ubisoft 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Assassin 's Creed II Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed III Ubisoft 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Assassin 's Creed IV : Black Flag Ubisoft 000000002018 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2018 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed : Revelations Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Also available in Assassin 's Creed : The Ezio Collection which includes remastered versions of Assassin 's Creed II , Assassin 's Creed : Brotherhood and Assassin 's Creed : Revelations for Xbox One . Assassin 's Creed Rogue Ubisoft 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available as a remastered version on Xbox One . Assault Heroes 2 Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Asteroids & Deluxe Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 AstroPop PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Axel & Pixel 2K Play XBLA 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 Babel Rising Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Band of Bugs Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Banjo - Kazooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Kazooie : Nuts & Bolts Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Banjo - Tooie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Batman : Arkham Origins WB Games Disc Only 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 BattleBlock Theater Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Battlefield 1943 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002018 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2018 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlefield : Bad Company Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Battlestations : Midway Square Enix 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Bayonetta Sega 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Beat'n Groovy Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Bejeweled 2 Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bejeweled 3 PopCap Games XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Bellator : MMA Onslaught 345 Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Beyond Good & Evil HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bionic Commando : Rearmed 2 Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 BioShock 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock 2 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . BioShock Infinite 2K Games 000000002016 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 2016 Also available in BioShock : The Collection , featuring remastered versions of all 3 BioShock titles on Xbox One . Bit. Trip Presents ... Runner2 : Future Legend of Rhythm Alien Aksys Games XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Blazing Angels : Squadrons of WWII Ubisoft 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Blood Knights Kalypso Media XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Blood of the Werewolf Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Bloodforge Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 BloodRayne : Betrayal Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Blue Dragon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 2016 Bolt Disney Interactive 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Bomberman Live : Battlefest Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 2016 Boom Boom Rocket Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Bound by Flame Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Borderlands 2K Games 000000002015 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2015 All versions of the game , including physical and digital copies , receive all DLC as a free download ( on Xbox One only ) . Borderlands 2 2K Games 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Also available in Borderlands : The Handsome Collection which includes remastered versions of Borderlands 2 and Borderlands : The Pre-Sequel for Xbox One . Braid Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Brain Challenge Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Brave : The Video Game Disney Interactive 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Bullet Soul 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bullet Soul - Infinite Burst - 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Bully : Scholarship Edition Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Burnout Paradise Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Remastered as Burnout Paradise Remastered for Xbox One . Burnout Revenge Electronic Arts 000000002018 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 2018 Cabela 's Alaskan Adventures Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Dangerous Hunts 2013 Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Hunting Expeditions Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Cabela 's Survival : Shadows of Katmai Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare Activision 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Also released on Xbox One . Call of Duty : Black Ops Activision 000000002016 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2016 Call of Duty : Black Ops II Activision 000000002017 - 04 - 11 - 0000 April 11 , 2017 Call of Duty : Ghosts Activision 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 2017 Also released as a launch title for Xbox One . Call of Duty : World at War Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Call of Duty 2 Activision 000000002016 - 08 - 23 - 0000 August 23 , 2016 Call of Duty 3 Activision 000000002016 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 2016 Call of Duty 4 : Modern Warfare Activision 000000002018 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2018 Also available in a remastered version . Call of Juarez : Gunslinger Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Capcom Arcade Cabinet Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Carcassonne Sierra Online XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 2016 Cars Mater - National Championship Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Cars 2 : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Castlevania : Symphony of the Night Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Castle Crashers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Castle of Illusion Starring Mickey Mouse Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 CastleStorm Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Catherine Atlus 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Cave , The The Cave Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Centipede & Millipede Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Child of Eden Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Clannad Prototype 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Japan only . Commanders : Attack of the Genos Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Comic Jumper Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Comix Zone Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Condemned : Criminal Origins Sega 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Costume Quest 2 Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Counter-Strike : Global Offensive Valve Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Crackdown Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 , 2018 Crazy Taxi Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Crystal Defenders Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Crystal Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Cyber Troopers Virtual - On Oratorio Tangram Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Dark Souls Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Dark Souls 3 on the Xbox store . Dark Void Capcom 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 Darkness II , The The Darkness II 2K Games 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Darksiders THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders : Warmastered Edition for Xbox One . Darksiders II THQ 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2017 Remastered as Darksiders II : Deathinitive Edition for Xbox One . Daytona USA Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 de Blob 2 THQ 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Dead Rising 2 : Case Zero Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Rising 2 : Case West Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Dead Space Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 2 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space 3 Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dead Space Ignition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Deadfall Adventures Nordic Games 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : The Game Spike Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Deadliest Warrior : Legends 345 Games Spike Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Deadly Premonition Marvelous Entertainment 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 2017 DeathSpank : Thongs of Virtue Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Defense Grid : The Awakening Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut Square Enix Disc Only 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 First Multi-Disc game made available . Dig Dug Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 DiRT 3 Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Dirt : Showdown Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Discs of Tron Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Divinity II Larian Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 03 - 0000 April 3 , 2018 Domino Master Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Doom Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom II Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available as a digital pre-order bonus with Doom on the Xbox store . Doom 3 : BFG Edition Bethesda Softworks Disc Only 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Doritos Crash Course Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Double Dragon : Neon Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Dragon Age : Origins Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Dragon Age II Electronic Arts 000000002018 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2018 Dragon 's Lair Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Driver : San Francisco Ubisoft Disc Only 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Available on disc only , but existing digital owners can download it . DuckTales Remastered Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Duke Nukem : Manhattan Project Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Dungeons & Dragons : Chronicles of Mystara Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Dungeon Siege III Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2015 Earth Defense Force : Insect Armageddon D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Earth Defense Force 2017 D3 Publisher 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Earthworm Jim HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Eat Lead : The Return of Matt Hazard D3 Publisher 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Elder Scrolls IV , The The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion Bethesda 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Encleverment Experiment Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Epic Mickey 2 : The Power of Two Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Escape Dead Island Deep Silver 000000002016 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 2016 Every Extend Extra Extreme Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 F1 2014 Codemasters 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 , 2017 Fable Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable II Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Fable II Pub Games Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2017 Fable III Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Faery : Legends of Avalon Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Fallout 3 Bethesda Softworks 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Fallout 4 . Also , owners of the Xbox 360 Game of the Year Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Fallout : New Vegas Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Owners of the Xbox 360 Ultimate Edition can run the game with all the DLC using disc 2 . Far Cry 2 Ubisoft 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Far Cry 3 Ubisoft 000000002017 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2017 Far Cry 3 : Blood Dragon Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2016 Feeding Frenzy PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Feeding Frenzy 2 : Shipwreck Showdown PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Fight Night Champion Electronic Arts 000000002018 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2018 Fighting Vipers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2017 Final Fight : Double Impact Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Flashback Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Flock ! Capcom XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Forza Horizon Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2016 Foul Play Mastertronic Group XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Fret Nice Koei Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Frogger Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Frogger 2 Konami XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Frontlines : Fuel of War THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 FunTown Mahjong Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2016 Galaga Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 , 2016 Galaga Legions Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Galaga Legions DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 2016 Garou : Mark of the Wolves SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Gatling Gears Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 2016 Gears of War Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 2 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Gears of War : Judgment Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Was also available as a bonus with purchase of Gears of War : Ultimate Edition . Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 , 2016 Geometry Wars : Retro Evolved 2 Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Geometry Wars 3 : Dimensions Sierra Entertainment XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 , 2017 Ghostbusters : Sanctum of Slime Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2016 Ghostbusters : The Video Game Atari 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Gin Rummy Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Girl Fight Kung Fu Factory XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Go ! Go ! Break Steady Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Goat Simulator Coffee Stain Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Golden Axe Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Golf : Tee It Up ! Activision XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Grand Theft Auto IV Rockstar Games 000000002017 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2017 Including `` Episodes From Liberty City '' DLC . Grid 2 Codemasters 000000002016 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2016 GripShift Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Guardian Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Gunstar Heroes Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Guwange CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Gyromancer Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Gyruss Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Half - Minute Hero : Super Mega Neo Climax Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Halo 3 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo 3 : ODST Campaign Edition Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection via downloadable content . Halo 4 Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Combat Evolved Anniversary Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 09 - 21 - 0000 September 21 , 2017 Remastered version available in Halo : The Master Chief Collection . Halo : Reach Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Halo : Spartan Assault Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Halo Wars Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 Hard Corps : Uprising Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Hardwood Backgammon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Hearts Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Hardwood Spades Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Harms Way Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2017 Haunted House Atari XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Heavy Weapon Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Hexic HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 This originally bundled Xbox 360 game can now be downloaded for free in certain regions from the Xbox store here . Hexic 2 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Hitman : Absolution Square Enix 000000002017 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2017 Hitman : Sniper Challenge pre-order bonus is also compatible . Hitman : Blood Money Eidos Interactive 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018 Hydro Thunder Hurricane Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 I Am Alive Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Ikaruga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 ilomilo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Injustice : Gods Among Us Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002016 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2016 Insanely Twisted Shadow Planet Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Interpol : The Trail of Dr. Chaos Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 2016 Iron Brigade Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Jeremy McGrath 's Offroad D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Jet Set Radio HD Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Jetpac Refuelled Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Jewel Quest Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Joe Danger : Special Edition Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 Joe Danger 2 : The Movie Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Joust WB Games XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2016 Joy Ride Turbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 JUJU Flying Wild Hog XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Jurassic Park : The Game Telltale Games 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Just Cause 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of successor Just Cause 3 . Kameo : Elements of Power Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Kane & Lynch 2 : Dog Days Square Enix 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Killer Is Dead XSEED Games 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match , The The King of Fighters ' 98 Ultimate Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match , The The King of Fighters 2002 Unlimited Match SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 KOF Sky Stage SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 2017 Lara Croft and the Guardian of Light Square Enix XBLA 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Lazy Raiders Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 2016 Left 4 Dead Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Left 4 Dead 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 2016 LEGO Batman : The Videogame WB Games 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 LEGO Indiana Jones : The Original Adventures LucasArts 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 , 2017 LEGO Indiana Jones 2 : The Adventure Continues LucasArts 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 LEGO Pirates of the Caribbean : The Video Game Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 LEGO Star Wars III : The Clone Wars Disney Interactive Studios 000000002018 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 2018 LEGO Star Wars : The Complete Saga Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Limbo Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 03 - 0000 November 3 , 2016 Lode Runner Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Lost Odyssey Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Lumines LIVE Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Luxor 2 MumboJumbo XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Madballs in Babo : Invasion Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Mad Tracks D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Mafia II 2K Games 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2012 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Magic : The Gathering - Duels of the Planeswalkers 2013 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Magic : Duels of the Planeswalkers 2014 Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 2018 Marlow Briggs and the Mask of Death 505 Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Mars : War Logs Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 , 2016 Mass Effect Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 2 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Mass Effect 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Matt Hazard : Blood Bath and Beyond D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Maw , The The Maw Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Medal of Honor : Airborne Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Meet the Robinsons Disney Interactive Studios 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2017 Mega Man 9 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Mega Man 10 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 2017 Metal Gear Rising : Revengeance Konami 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker HD Edition Konami 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 The Metal Gear Solid : Peace Walker disc from the Metal Gear Solid HD Collection is also compatible . Metal Slug 3 SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Metal Slug XX SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Midway Arcade Origins Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Might & Magic : Clash of Heroes Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Military Madness : Nectaris Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Mirror 's Edge Electronic Arts 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom , The The Misadventures of P.B. Winterbottom 2K Play XBLA 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Missile Command Atari XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monaco : What 's Yours Is Mine Majesco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2016 Monday Night Combat Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Monopoly Deal Ubisoft XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Monopoly Plus Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Moon Diver Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Motocross Madness Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Mr. Driller Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Ms. Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Ms. Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Mutant Storm Empire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Mutant Storm Reloaded Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 MX vs. ATV Reflex Nordic Games 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 N+ Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 NBA Jam : On Fire Edition Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 NeoGeo Battle Coliseum SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 New Rally - X Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 NiGHTS into Dreams ... Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Nin2 - Jump CAVE XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 02 - 0000 August 2 , 2016 Of Orcs and Men Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Omega Five Hudson Soft XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 , 2016 Operation Flashpoint : Dragon Rising Codemasters 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Operation Flashpoint : Red River Codemasters 000000002016 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2016 Available digitally only on the Japanese Xbox Marketplace . Orange Box , The The Orange Box Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2016 Outland Ubisoft XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 2016 Pac - Man Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 , 2016 Pac - Man Championship Edition Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Championship Edition DX Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pac - Man Museum Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Peggle Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Peggle 2 Popcap Games XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 , 2017 Perfect Dark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Perfect Dark Zero Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Persona 4 Arena Atlus 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Phantasy Star II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Phantom Breaker : Battle Grounds Mages . XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pinball FX Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Plants vs. Zombies PopCap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Planets Under Attack Topware Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Portal : Still Alive Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Portal 2 Valve Corporation 000000002016 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2016 Prey 2K Games 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 , 2018 Prince of Persia Classic Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Pure Disney Interactive Studios Disc Only 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Putty Squad System 3 Software Limited XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Puzzle Quest 1Puzzle Quest : Challenge of the Warlords D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Puzzle Quest : Galactrix D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzle Quest 2 D3 Publisher XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Puzzlegeddon Tecmo XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 , 2016 Qix++ Taito Corporation XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 2016 Quantum Conundrum Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 R - Type Dimensions Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Radiant Silvergun Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Rage Bethesda Softworks 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Raiden IV UFO Interactive Games XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Raskulls Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Rayman 3 HD Ubisoft XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Rayman Legends Ubisoft 000000002016 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 2016 Rayman Origins Ubisoft 000000002016 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 2016 Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Games 000000002016 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 2016 Standard , `` Game of the Year '' and `` Undead Nightmare '' editions are all compatible . Red Faction : Armageddon THQ 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 , 2017 Red Faction : Battlegrounds THQ XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 2016 RoboBlitz Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 2017 Rocket Knight Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Sacred 3 Deep Silver 000000002015 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 2015 Sacred Citadel Deep Silver XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Saints Row THQ 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2018 Saints Row : Gat out of Hell THQ 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2018 Saints Row 2 THQ 000000002018 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 2018 Saints Row : The Third THQ 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Saints Row IV Deep Silver 000000002016 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 2016 Sam & Max Beyond Time and Space Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Sam & Max Save the World Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Samurai Shodown II SNK Playmore XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Scarygirl Square Enix XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Scrap Metal Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 ScreamRide Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 2017 Secret of Monkey Island , The The Secret of Monkey Island : Special Edition Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Secret of Monkey Island 2 , The Monkey Island 2 Special Edition : LeChuck 's Revenge Disney Interactive Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Bass Fishing Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Sega Vintage Collection : Alex Kidd & Co . ( Alex Kidd in Miracle World , Super Hang - On , The Revenge of Shinobi ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Golden Axe ( Golden Axe , II , III ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Monster World ( Wonder Boy in Monster Land , Wonder Boy in Monster World , Monster World IV ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sega Vintage Collection : Streets of Rage ( Streets of Rage , 2 , 3 ) Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2015 Includes all three Streets of Rage games . Sega Vintage Collection : ToeJam & Earl ( ToeJam & Earl ) Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2017 Shadowrun Microsoft Studios 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shadow Assault - Tenchu - From Software XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shadow Complex Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 2015 Shadows of the Damned Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 , 2017 Shank 2 Electronic Arts XBLA 000000002016 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 2016 Shinobi Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 , 2017 Shotest Shogi Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Shred Nebula Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2016 Sid Meier 's Civilization Revolution 2K Games 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 , 2017 Silent Hill : Downpour Konami 000000002016 - 10 - 13 - 0000 October 13 , 2016 Skate 3 Electronic Arts 000000002016 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Skullgirls : Encore MarvelousAQL XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Skydive : Proximity Flight Gaijin Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 2016 Slender : The Arrival Midnight City XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Small Arms Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Sniper Elite V2 505 Games 000000002018 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2018 Soltrio Solitaire Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 2017 Sonic Adventure 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2017 Sonic & Knuckles Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 , 2016 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic 3 . Sonic & All - Stars Racing Transformed Sega 000000002016 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 2016 Sonic Generations Sega 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2018 Sonic CD Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Fighters Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 2 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Sonic the Hedgehog 3 Sega XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Supports Sonic 3 & Knuckles for those that also own Sonic & Knuckles . Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode I Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Sonic the Hedgehog 4 : Episode II Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 2016 Soulcalibur Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 SoulCalibur II HD Online Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2016 South Park : The Stick of Truth Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Space Ark Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 , 2016 Space Giraffe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Space Invaders Infinity Gene Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2017 Spec Ops : The Line 2K Games 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 2018 Spelunky Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Splatters , The The Splatters Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Split / Second Disney Interactive Studios 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 , 2018 ' Splosion Man Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 SSX EA Sports 000000002016 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2016 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Stacking THQ XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed LucasArts 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Star Wars : The Force Unleashed II LucasArts 000000002016 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 2016 Steins ; Gate 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Hiyoku Renri no Darling 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Steins ; Gate : Senkei Kōsoku no Phenogram 5pb . 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2017 Japan only . Strania G. rev XBLA 000000002017 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 2017 Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 , 2017 Stuntman : Ignition Nordic Games 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2017 Super Contra Konami XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Super Meat Boy Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Super Street Fighter IV : Arcade Edition Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Supreme Commander 2 Square Enix 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Syberia Bandai Namco Entertainment XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 2016 Tales From Space : Mutant Blobs Attack Midnight City XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tecmo Bowl Throwback Tecmo Koei XBLA 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2017 Tekken 6 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002017 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 2017 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tekken 7 . Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Bandai Namco Entertainment 000000002016 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 , 2016 Texas Hold ' Em Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 2016 Ticket to Ride Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 TimeShift Sierra Entertainment 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 , 2017 Tom Clancy 's Ghost Recon : Future Soldier Ubisoft 000000002018 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2018 Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six : Vegas 2 Ubisoft 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Also available as a bonus with purchase of Tom Clancy 's Rainbow Six Siege . Tom Clancy 's Splinter Cell : Conviction Ubisoft 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2018 Tomb Raider : Underworld Eidos Interactive 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 , 2017 Torchlight Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Tour de France 2009 : The Official Game Focus Home Interactive XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 2016 Tour de France 2011 Focus Home Interactive 000000002016 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 , 2016 Tower Bloxx Deluxe Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2017 Toy Soldiers Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Soldiers : Cold War Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Toy Story 3 Disney Interactive Studios 000000002016 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2016 Toybox Turbos Codemasters 000000002018 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2018 Trials HD Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2016 Triggerheart Exelica Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 , 2016 Trine 2 Atlus XBLA 000000002016 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2016 Tron : Evolution Disney Interactive Studios 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ugly Americans : Apocalypsegeddon 345 Games Comedy Central XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Ultra Street Fighter IV Capcom 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 , 2017 Unbound Saga Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 Undertow Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Vanquish Sega 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2018 Virtua Fighter 2 Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2017 Virtua Fighter 5 : Final Showdown Sega XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 , 2016 Virtual On : Cyber Troopers Sega XBLA 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2017 Japan only . Viva Piñata Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Viva Piñata : Trouble in Paradise Microsoft Studios 000000002015 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2015 Also included as part of the Rare Replay collection of games . Walking Dead , The The Walking Dead Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Michonne , The The Walking Dead : Michonne Telltale Games XBLA 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Walking Dead : Season Two , The The Walking Dead : Season Two Telltale Games 000000002017 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 2017 Witcher 2 , The The Witcher 2 : Assassins of Kings CD Projekt Red 000000002016 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 2016 Wolf of the Battlefield : Commando 3 Capcom XBLA 000000002017 - 06 - 27 - 0000 June 27 , 2017 Wolfenstein 3D Bethesda Softworks XBLA 000000002015 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2015 Word Puzzle Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002016 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Unknown 2K Games 000000002016 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 2016 XCOM : Enemy Within 2K Games 000000002016 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 , 2016 Yosumin ! Live Square Enix XBLA 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2017 Zuma Microsoft Studios XBLA 000000002015 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . Zuma 's Revenge ! Popcap Games XBLA 000000002015 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2015 Available in the Vault of EA Access . List of compatible titles from Xbox ( edit ) There are currently 32 on this list out of 1047 released for the Xbox . All Original Xbox games run at 4 times the original resolution on Xbox One and Xbox One S consoles ( up to 960p ) , and 16 times on Xbox One X ( up to 1920p ) . Title Publisher ( s ) Date added Notes Ref ( s ) Black Electronic Arts 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Available in the Vault of EA Access Blinx : The Time Sweeper Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 BloodRayne 2 Majesco 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Breakdown Namco 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Conker : Live & Reloaded Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Crimson Skies : High Road to Revenge Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Dead to Rights Namco 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Destroy All Humans ! THQ 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 The Elder Scrolls III : Morrowind Bethesda Softworks 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Full Spectrum Warrior THQ 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Fuzion Frenzy Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Grabbed by the Ghoulies Microsoft Studios 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Also included in Rare Replay Hunter : The Reckoning White Wolf , Inc . 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Jade Empire Microsoft Studios 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 The King of Fighters Neowave SNK Playmore 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Mercenaries : Playground of Destruction LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 MX Unleashed THQ 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Ninja Gaiden Black Tecmo 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Panzer Dragoon Orta Sega 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Panzer Elite Action : Fields of Glory JoWooD Entertainment 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Europe only Prince of Persia : The Sands of Time Ubisoft 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Psychonauts Double Fine Productions 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Red Faction II THQ 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Sid Meier 's Pirates ! 2K Games 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 SSX 3 Electronic Arts 000000002018 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Battlefront II LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars Jedi Knight : Jedi Academy LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Jedi Starfighter LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic LucasArts 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 2017 Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic II : The Sith Lords LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 Star Wars : Republic Commando LucasArts 000000002018 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2018 See also ( edit ) Xbox One system software List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox 360 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pitcher , Jenna ( 2015 - 10 - 26 ) . `` New Xbox One Experience and Backward Compatibility Launch Date Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Hollister , Sean ( 2013 - 05 - 21 ) . `` Xbox One will not be backwards compatible with Xbox 360 games '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Audrey , Drake ( May 21 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One not backwards compatible '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Brunner , Grant ( 8 November 2013 ) . `` Microsoft confirms that PS4 , Wii U will work with Xbox One HDMI passthrough '' . ExtremeTech . Ziff Davis . Retrieved 3 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` You can plug an Xbox 360 into the Xbox One , says Major Nelson '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Jon . `` The Xbox One 33 things you need to know '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Future plc . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mannion , Gavin ( June 18 , 2013 ) . `` The Xbox One can play Xbox 360 games ... sort of '' . Lazy Gamer . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( 2013 - 09 - 03 ) . `` Microsoft Talks Digital - Only Future , Kinect , and Why Xbox One is Worth $100 More Than PlayStation 4 , Page 2 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Through Cloud ' Problematic ' '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . ^ Jump up to : Machkovech , Sam ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox 360 backward compatibility coming to Xbox One '' . Ars Technica . Los Angeles , California : Condé Nast . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . If users already purchased the games digitally through Xbox Live , they can simply log in and re-download the game on Xbox One without paying any additional cost . If they own the game as a disc , they 'll have to download the game to their Xbox One hard drive , and the system will then check for the disc before launching the game . ^ Jump up to : Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft built an Xbox 360 emulator to make games run on the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( 2013 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Xbox One loses some disc - free play , family game - sharing with revised policies '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Richard ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Xbox One will play Xbox 360 games , preview members can try it today '' . Engadget . AOL . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Available games '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Warren , Tom ( 15 June 2015 ) . `` Microsoft is bringing Xbox 360 games to the Xbox One '' . The Verge . Vox Media . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Skrebels , Joe ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Xbox One 's backwards compatibility works because it 's tricking your 360 games '' . GamesRadar . Future plc . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sayed , Rashid ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Microsoft Compares Sony 's Exclusive Line - up With Theirs , Comments On Backwards Compatability ( sic ) & More '' . GamingBolt . Retrieved June 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stead , Chris ( 2015 - 08 - 07 ) . `` Complete list of Xbox 360 titles with Xbox One backwards compatibility '' . Finder.com.au . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` New Xbox One Backward Compatibility Titles Are Now Available '' . MajorNelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chris Kohler ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` Xbox One Will Get Compatibility With Original Xbox Games ( Update ) '' . kotaku.com . Gizmodo Media Group . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Play three generations of games on Xbox One '' . Xbox.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alex Osborn ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : Xbox One Original Xbox Backwards Compatibility Details Revealed '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved June 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Eddie Makuch ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Microsoft E3 2017 : Xbox One Backwards Compatibility For OG Xbox Games Wo n't Be As Extensive '' . gamespot.com . CBS Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leadbetter , Richard ( 2017 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Five ways your Xbox One and 360 games will be better on Scorpio '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 17 . Jump up ^ Larry Hyrb ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Xbox One Backward Compatibility List ( Last Update : 20 October 2016 ) '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Xbox One Backward Compatible Availability Games '' ( PDF ) . Xbox.com . Microsoft . 15 June 2015 . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hyrb ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Xbox One Quantum Break Bundle Available Next Month '' . majornelson.com . Microsoft Corporation . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Assassin 's Creed Rogue Remastered Coming March 20 to PS4 and Xbox One '' . Ubisoft . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://blog.thebehemoth.com/2015/09/04/ccrreleasedate/?linkId=16823597 Jump up ^ `` Skydive , Planets Under Attack and CLANNAD ( Japan Only ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com. 15 December 2016 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Passalacqua , By Michael . `` Dark Souls Being Added to Xbox One Backwards Compatibility '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Dark Souls Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Officially Confirmed '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dark Souls And Tekken Tag Tournament 2 Playable On Xbox One Via Backward Compatibility '' . www.GameInformer.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Three More Games Added To Xbox One Backward Compatibility List '' . www.GameInformer.com . March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Copeland , By Wesley . `` Get Doom and Doom 2 for Free When You Pre-Order Doom on Xbox One '' . IGN . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Klepek , Patrick . `` Deus Ex : Human Revolution Director 's Cut , Frogger 2 , Final Fight : Double Impact , Faery : Legends of A '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Every Gears of War now part of Xbox One remaster thanks to backward compatibility '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2015 . Retrieved August 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stillwell , Bill ( @ wcstillwell ) ( 14 February 2017 ) . `` Also released Sniper Challenge today . Needed that to be available for those that had the unlock in the main game . pic.twitter.com/xcKyIvUIrd '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 27 March 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` XCOM : Enemy Within and Three More Now Backward Compatible on Xbox One '' . 9 June 2016 . Retrieved 9 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption on Xbox One Backward Compatibility Coming Friday , July 8th '' . rockstargames.com . Rockstar Games . July 5 , 2016 . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Next Xbox One Backwards - Compatible Game Arrives '' . GameSpot . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Larry Hryb ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Three titles from Steins ; Gate series ( only published in Japan ) are coming to Xbox One Backward Compatibility today '' . twitter.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 電脳 戦機 バーチャロン 後方 互換 性 '' . 14 September 2017 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.windowscentral.com/original-xbox-games-run-sixteen-times-resolution-xbox-one-x ^ Jump up to : Ryan McCaffrey ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` First 13 Original Xbox Games Announced for Xbox One Compatibility '' . ign.com . Ziff Davis , LLC . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tyrrel , Brandin ( April 10 , 2018 ) . `` Morrowind , Kotor 2 , Jade Empire Headline New Wave Of Original Xbox Backwards Compatible Games '' . IGN . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Xbox One backward compatibility ( Xbox.com ) Xbox One backward compatibility game list ( MajorNelson.com ) ( hide ) Video gaming products by Microsoft Microsoft Studios Turn 10 Studios Rare 343 Industries Mojang The Coalition Lift London Xbox series Xbox Controller Games With HD support Special limited edition consoles Xbox 360 Launch Technical problems System software Applications Controller Accessories HD DVD Player Wireless Headset Wireless Racing Wheel Xbox Live Vision Games Backward - compatible Kinect Fun Labs Xbox One System software Applications Controller Games Best - selling Xbox One X enhanced Backward - compatible Others Kinect Adaptive Controller Xbox app Platinum Hits Windows Games for Windows games GFWL games Xbox on Windows games Microsoft SideWinder Other platforms Xbox on Windows Phone Zune games Online services Xbox Live Avatars Games Store Arcade Indie Games Xbox Game Pass Games on Demand games Live Anywhere Mixer MSN Games Game Room Games Xbox Play Anywhere games Games with Gold Developer tools DirectX Xbox Development Kit XNA Game Studio ID@Xbox Promotions OurColony Official Xbox Magazine Xbox Exhibition `` X '' Show Xbox Rewards Summer of Arcade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_backward_compatible_games_for_Xbox_One&oldid=843525390 '' Categories : Backward compatibility Video game lists by platform Xbox 360 games Xbox One games Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 18 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover
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Damn I Wish I was Your Lover - wikipedia Damn I Wish I was Your Lover Jump to : navigation , search `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' Single by Sophie B. Hawkins from the album Tongues and Tails B - side `` Do n't Stop Swaying '' Released March 31 , 1992 Format CD single , CD maxi 7 '' single , 12 '' maxi Recorded 1991 Genre Pop rock Length 5 : 23 ( Album Version ) 4 : 08 ( Radio Edit ) Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Sophie B. Hawkins ( lyricist and composer ) Producer ( s ) Rick Chertoff , Ralph Schuckett Sophie B. Hawkins singles chronology `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' ( 1992 ) `` California Here I Come '' ( 1992 ) `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' ( 1992 ) `` California Here I Come '' ( 1992 ) `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' is a song written , composed , recorded , and released by singer - songwriter Sophie B. Hawkins . Released in 1992 from her debut album Tongues and Tails , it achieved success in many countries worldwide ; in the United States alone , it reached No. 5 on Billboard Magazine 's Hot 100 charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Song information 2 Track listings 3 Personnel 4 Charts 5 Cover versions 6 In popular culture 7 References 8 External links Song information ( edit ) The drumbeat of the song is sampled from `` When the Levee Breaks '' by Led Zeppelin , while the two - tone keyboard sound is sampled from `` Everybody Wants To Rule The World '' by Tears for Fears . The original music video for the song featured Sophie lying on her back in a flowing white outfit while singing the song , interspersed with scenes of dancers and Sophie wearing a very skimpy outfit , kneeling and moving erotically . While the video would probably be considered acceptable by modern standards , the television network MTV banned the original version for its excessive erotic content ; moreover , Sony Music Entertainment ( SME ) was still repeatedly banning it from YouTube `` on copyright grounds '' as of late June of 2017 . A new video was shot , after the MTV ban , that showed Sophie in a complete non-erotic flannel shirt and jeans outfit , performing the song on a stage . Both versions of the video were in black and white , with some color used for artistic highlighting in the original . A portion of this original video is featured in the documentary The Cream Will Rise . Both video versions used the shorter single version . Track listings ( edit ) CD maxi `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' ( radio edit ) -- 4 : 08 `` Do n't Stop Swaying '' -- 5 : 32 `` Listen '' -- 3 : 32 CD single `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' -- 5 : 21 `` Do n't Stop Swaying '' -- 5 : 32 7 '' single `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' ( radio edit ) -- 4 : 08 `` Do n't Stop Swaying '' -- 5 : 32 12 '' maxi `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' ( radio version ) -- 4 : 08 `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' ( long version ) -- 5 : 22 `` Listen '' -- 3 : 31 `` Do n't Stop Swaying '' -- 5 : 32 Personnel ( edit ) Mixed by David Leonard and Steve Churchyard Produced by Ralph Schuckett and Rick Chertoff Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1992 - 93 ) Peak position Australian ARIA Singles Chart 7 French SNEP Singles Chart 45 German Singles Chart 15 Irish Singles Chart 17 Norwegian Singles Chart Sweden Singles Chart 12 Swiss Singles Chart 11 UK Singles Chart 14 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 5 End of year chart ( 1992 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 18 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 34 Cover versions ( edit ) Black Kids covered it on their `` I 'm Not Gonna Teach Your Boyfriend How to Dance with You '' single . Elephant Micah covered it on their 2004 Home of Astronauts EP . Matt Palmer covered is on his 2010 album Let Go . Spin Aqua covered it as a B - side on their `` Mermaid '' single . Former Pussycat Doll J Sutta covered it on her first album Feline Resurrection . Halestorm covered it on their Reanimate 3.0 EP , released in 2017 . In popular culture ( edit ) The song appeared in the season 3 episode of Beverly Hills , 90210 titled `` Shooting Star / American In Paris . '' The song is prominently featured in the season 4 episode of Community titled `` Herstory of Dance . '' The song appeared in the season 4 episode of The Blacklist titled `` Requiem . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover by Sophie B. Hawkins ( Single , Pop Rock ) : Reviews , Ratings , Credits , Song list - Rate Your Music Jump up ^ Fitzharris , Dustin ( July 10 , 2008 ) . `` An Interview With Sophie B. Hawkins '' . GO Magazine . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 ... she burst onto the scene with her debut album Tongues and Tails 15 years ago and released `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' with an erotically charged music video that was banned by MTV ... Jump up ^ Creme de la Creme by Todd Martinez - Padilla Simmons ( 1 ) ( Retrieved March 6 , 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' in various singles charts Lescharts.com ( Retrieved January 5 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Irish Singles Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived 2009 - 06 - 03 at WebCite ( Retrieved November 18 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' , UK Singles Chart Chartstats.com ( Retrieved November 18 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ Sophie B. Hawkins ' singles , Billboard Allmusic.com ( Retrieved November 18 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 1992 Australian Singles Chart aria.com Archived September 2 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved November 18 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1992 '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ CD Baby Online Music Store `` http://www.cdbaby.com/cd/mattpalmer2 '' External links ( edit ) Full lyrics at official website Clips from The Cream Will Rise , including a clip describing Hawkins ' feelings about the banned `` Damn '' video YouTube - Original video ( hide ) Sophie B. Hawkins Studio albums Tongues and Tails ( 1992 ) Whaler ( 1994 ) Timbre ( 1999 ) Wilderness ( 2004 ) Compilation albums The Best of Sophie B. Hawkins ( European edition ) ( 2002 ) The Best of Sophie B. Hawkins ( US edition ) ( 2003 ) Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover ( 2003 ) Live album Live : Bad Kitty Board Mix ( 2006 ) Singles `` Damn I Wish I Was Your Lover '' `` I Want You '' `` Right Beside You '' `` As I Lay Me Down '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damn_I_Wish_I_Was_Your_Lover&oldid=806981615 '' Categories : 1992 singles Sophie B. Hawkins songs Columbia Records singles Debut singles Pop ballads Rock ballads 1990s ballads 1992 songs Song recordings produced by Rick Chertoff Black - and - white music videos Songs written by Sophie B. Hawkins Hidden categories : Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 06 : 34 . About Wikipedia
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sophie b. hawkins - damn i wish i was your lover
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Wonder Woman (2017 film)
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Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) - wikipedia Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Wonder Woman Theatrical release poster Directed by Patty Jenkins Produced by Charles Roven Deborah Snyder Zack Snyder Richard Suckle Screenplay by Allan Heinberg Story by Zack Snyder Allan Heinberg Jason Fuchs Based on Wonder Woman by William Moulton Marston Starring Gal Gadot Chris Pine Robin Wright Danny Huston David Thewlis Connie Nielsen Elena Anaya Music by Rupert Gregson - Williams Cinematography Matthew Jensen Edited by Martin Walsh Production company RatPac - Dune Entertainment DC Films Tencent Pictures Wanda Pictures Atlas Entertainment Cruel and Unusual Films Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date May 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 15 ) ( Shanghai ) June 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 02 ) ( United States ) Running time 141 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $149 million Box office $821.9 million Wonder Woman is a 2017 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character of the same name , distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures . It is the fourth installment in the DC Extended Universe ( DCEU ) . The film is directed by Patty Jenkins , with a screenplay by Allan Heinberg , from a story by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , and Jason Fuchs , and stars Gal Gadot , Chris Pine , Robin Wright , Danny Huston , David Thewlis , Connie Nielsen , and Elena Anaya . Wonder Woman is the second live action theatrical film featuring the titular character , following her debut in 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . Jenkins 's role as director makes her the first female director of a live - action , theatrically released comic book superhero film . The film tells the story of Princess Diana , who grows up on the Amazon island of Themyscira . After American pilot Steve Trevor crashes offshore of the island and is rescued by her , he tells the Amazons about the ongoing World War . Diana then leaves her home in order to end the conflict . While development for the film began in 1996 , Jenkins signed on to direct in 2015 . Principal photography began on November 21 , 2015 , with filming taking place in the United Kingdom , France , and Italy before wrapping up on May 9 , 2016 , the 123rd anniversary of the birth of the creator , William Moulton Marston . Additional filming took place in November 2016 . Wonder Woman premiered in Shanghai on May 15 , 2017 , and was released in the United States on June 2 , 2017 , in 2D , 3D and IMAX 3D . It received largely positive reviews from critics , with praise for its performances ( particularly those of Gadot and Pine ) , direction , action sequences , and musical score . The film set numerous box office records ; it is the fifth - highest - grossing superhero film domestically and 20th - highest - grossing film in the United States . It grossed over $821 million worldwide , making it the ninth highest - grossing film of 2017 . It also helped the DCEU to push past $3 billion at the worldwide box office , making it the fourteenth - highest - grossing film franchise of all time . As of October 2017 , Rotten Tomatoes has listed the movie as # 1 on its list of the `` 50 Best Superhero Movies of All Time '' , and the American Film Institute selected it as one of the top 10 Movies of the Year . The film received three nominations at the 23rd Critics ' Choice Awards . A sequel is set to be released on November 1 , 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Background 3.2 Development 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Post-production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Home media 5.3 Controversies 5.3. 1 Bans 5.3. 2 Women - only screenings 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.1. 1 North America 6.1. 2 International 6.2 Critical response 7 Feminist debate 8 Accolades 9 Sequel 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Diana Prince , in modern Paris , receives a photographic plate of herself and four men taken during World War I , prompting her to recall her past . Daughter of Queen Hippolyta , Diana was raised on the hidden island of Themyscira , home to the Amazonian warrior women created by Zeus to protect mankind . Hippolyta shares the Amazonian history with Diana , including how Ares , Zeus 's son , became jealous of humanity and orchestrated its destruction . When the other gods attempted to stop him , Ares killed all but Zeus , who used the last of his power to wound Ares and force his retreat ( thus dying in the process ) . Zeus left the Amazons the island and a weapon , the `` Godkiller '' , to prepare them for Ares ' return . Initially forbidding Diana to train as a warrior , Hippolyta allows her sister Antiope to train Diana , only more rigorously than any other warrior . In 1918 , Diana , now a young woman , rescues American pilot Captain Steve Trevor when his plane crashes off the Themysciran coast . The island is soon invaded by a German ship pursuing Trevor . The Amazons kill the crew , but Antiope sacrifices herself to save Diana ( by taking the bullet fired from a German marine that was meant to target Diana ) . Steve is interrogated with the Lasso of Hestia , and reveals that a war is consuming the outside world , and that he is an Allied spy . He has stolen a notebook of the chief chemist Isabel Maru , who is attempting to engineer a deadlier form of mustard gas , under the orders of General Erich Ludendorff from a weapon facility in the Ottoman Empire . Believing Ares to be responsible for the war , Diana arms herself with the `` Godkiller '' sword , the lasso , and her armor before leaving Themyscira with Steve to locate and destroy Ares for good . In London , they deliver Maru 's notebook to the Supreme War Council , where Sir Patrick Morgan is trying to negotiate an armistice with Germany . Diana translates Maru 's notes and reveals that the Germans plan to release the deadly gas at the Western Front . Although forbidden by his commander to act , Steve , with secret funding from Sir Patrick , recruits spy Sameer , marksman Charlie , and smuggler Chief to help prevent the gas from being released . The team reaches the front in Belgium . Diana goes alone through No Man 's Land and captures the enemy trench , allowing the Allied forces to help her liberate the village of Veld . The team briefly celebrates , while Diana and Steve grow closer romantically . The team learns a gala will be held at the nearby German High Command . Steve and Diana separately infiltrate the party , with Steve intending to locate the gas and destroy it , while Diana intends to kill Ludendorff , believing that he is Ares and thus killing him will end the war . Steve stops her to avoid jeopardizing his mission , but this allows Ludendorff to unleash the gas on Veld , killing its inhabitants . Blaming Steve for intervening , Diana pursues Ludendorff to a base where the gas is being loaded into a bomber aircraft bound for London . Diana fights and kills Ludendorff , but is confused and disillusioned when his death does not stop the war . Sir Patrick appears and reveals himself as Ares . He tells Diana that although he has subtly given humans ideas and inspirations , using Ludendorff and Maru as pawns in the process , it is ultimately their decision to resort to violence as they are inherently corrupt . When Diana attempts to kill Ares with the `` Godkiller '' sword , he destroys it , then reveals Diana to be the `` Godkiller '' , as the daughter of Zeus and Hippolyta . He fails to persuade Diana to help him destroy mankind to restore paradise on Earth . While the two battle , Steve 's team destroys Maru 's laboratory . Steve hijacks and pilots the bomber carrying the gas to a safe altitude and detonates it , sacrificing himself in the process . Ares attempts to direct Diana 's rage and grief at Steve 's death by convincing her to kill Maru , but the memories of her experiences with Steve cause her to realize that humans have good within them . She spares Maru and redirects Ares ' lightning into him , killing him . Later , the team celebrates the end of the war . In the present day , Diana sends an email to Bruce Wayne thanking him for the photographic plate of her and Steve and reaffirms her new mission to fight and give on the world 's behalf . Cast ( edit ) Gal Gadot as Diana / Wonder Woman : An immortal Amazon warrior goddess , and the daughter of Queen Hippolyta and Zeus given to the Amazons to raise , and half - sister of Ares . Describing Wonder Woman and her appeal , Gadot said , `` She 's relatable . She has the heart of a human and is very compassionate , but her experiences -- or lack of them , her naivete , really -- make her interested in everything around her and able to view the world in a way that we 'd all like to : with a genuine curiosity . '' On Diana 's relationship with her mother , Gadot said , `` Diana is a very opinionated girl . Her mother is very opinionated . Her mother is very protective as well , and they have , you know , the very natural clash that a mother has with her daughter , with their daughters , the first time they want to leave home . '' On taking on the role as Wonder Woman , Gadot stated , `` I feel very privileged that I got the opportunity to portray such an iconic , strong female character . I adore this character and everything that she stands for and everything that she symbolizes . '' On Diana going to the world , Gadot stated , `` When Diana comes to the real world she 's completely oblivious about gender and society rules , that women are not equal to men . '' Describing Diana 's relationship with her mother and aunts , Jenkins said , `` She is the only child they raised together . And their love for her manifests in a different way for each of them . '' On working with Gadot , Jenkins said , `` Gal quickly became the person I wanted to talk to about everything . We 'd shoot together all day . And then on weekends , we 'd be like , ' What do you want to do ? ' That 's maybe not totally normal . '' Lilly Aspell was cast as the 8 - year - old Diana and Emily Carey was cast as the 12 - year - old Diana . Chris Pine as Steve Trevor : An American pilot and the love interest of Diana . On his role for the film , Pine said , `` I am an American pilot who 's a spy . It 's like a boy 's dream : You 're either a spy or a fighter pilot . The first thing I wanted to be was a fighter pilot a long time ago . I wanted to be Goose ( from Top Gun ) '' . As to how his mortal character would interact with an Amazon , Pine stated , `` When I first read the script , it had elements of Romancing the Stone , kind of a very classic fish out of water . Two people that do n't really bond well at first and they 're butting heads and just fun , witty banter '' . When speaking about meeting the director and being cast , Pine said , `` Patty is a pretty incredible human being . When we first met about the part of Steve , she sat across from me and essentially acted out the entire film over the course of a two - hour lunch . She was so specific , so articulate , and so ardent . I would 've said yes just for Patty alone . '' Pine went through a workout regime for the film , commenting , `` I got in incredible shape for this film '' but also joking `` I was also wearing about 75 pounds of clothing . What I realized is that I made a major mistake , I got in great shape and they just put clothes over all my hard work . '' Robin Wright as Antiope : The sister of Hippolyta , General of the Amazonian army , Diana 's aunt and mentor . On being cast for the film , Wright said , `` It 's two-fold because when Patty Jenkins called me , the director , it was a three - minute long conversation . She said , ' I 'm doing a movie about Wonder Woman . Do you want to be her trainer ? ' And I was like , ' Yes . Of course . ' And the general of the Amazonian army . That was pretty cool . '' Describing her character mentoring and training Diana to be a warrior , Wright said , `` It 's a sixth sense that it is coming and I think that 's also in the mythological story behind Antiope and Queen Hippolyta . They know it 's coming and it 's her duty as the aunt to her young niece to make sure she is the fiercest warrior of all time . '' On the Amazons fighting style , Wright said , `` It 's hand combat . Yes , swords and knives and arrows , but the precision that they have , right , as these warrior women ; it 's so nice to see that disparity between what we had in the day of just raw fighting materials and the guns and how easy that is in comparison . '' The message of the film , Wright stated , `` is not just female empowerment . It 's about love and justice . That 's what the film 's about . And what a great message to spread to our little ones . '' Commenting about training for the film , Wright said , `` The most empowering was to get into that physical shape . So we were doing horseback riding training , weight training , martial arts , and 2,000 to 3,000 calories a day '' . Danny Huston as General Erich Ludendorff : An iron - fisted general of the German Army during World War I. Huston described Ludendorff as a `` pragmatist , realist , patriotic , fighting for his country '' , further explaining , `` he lost his son on the German front lines and was just quite tortured , diabolical , stubborn and believes that what he 's doing is for the betterment of mankind . '' On his character , Huston said , `` Ludendorff is a believer that war is a natural habitat for humans . '' Huston stated the film as an anti-war film and `` somebody like Ludendorff would probably think that the idea that love conquers all is quite a naive concept . But finally it 's true and sometimes the best way to examine mankind is from another perspective . '' On the genre of the film , Huston said , `` It 's Greek mythology . It 's the origin of story and sometimes we need demigods to look at us to understand what our weaknesses are . It serves the mythological world . '' David Thewlis as Sir Patrick Morgan / Ares : The Greek God of War , Zeus 's treacherous son and half - brother of Diana , based on the Greek mythological god of War , who masquerades as Sir Patrick Morgan , a speaker for peace on the Imperial War Cabinet as part of his deceptive master plan of conquest and destruction . Describing the Sir Patrick persona of his character , Thewlis said , `` Sir Patrick 's entire drive through the other half of the story is to bring about the armistice . That 's his whole intention no matter what 's going on . He meets Diana and see in her somebody who is sympathetic to his cause , quite vehemently so . '' Connie Nielsen as Hippolyta : The Amazon Queen of Themyscira and Diana 's mother . On meeting the director for the role , Nielsen said , `` Patty and I met in London , and we just hit it off from the get - go . We could n't stop talking . What was supposed to be a one - hour meeting turned into a two - and - a-half - hour lunch and we just really got each other . '' She described Jenkins ' directing style for the film as `` She 's also the kind of director that I really flourish under . She has very strong and particular and specific ideas about what it is she wants to say . She comes from a place of strength always . And so , when you are dealing with someone like that , you feel absolutely free to be vulnerable , to be creative , and I am a big researcher . '' On playing the character , Nielsen said , `` It was a complete and utter pleasure and I absolutely loved every second of playing her . '' On her character being Diana 's mother and Amazonian queen , Nielsen stated , `` I 'm queen and I 'm preparing my child for a world that entails a lot of responsibility . So it was important to me to bring that into the character . '' She read The Amazons by Adrienne Mayor to familiarize herself with women warriors and said `` I used what I learned in Mayor 's book as a rallying cry for how I approached Hippolyta . And then , of course , what is a leader who is elected by her peers every year and has been doing this for a thousand years ? That too was interesting to think about '' . Nielsen went through a workout regime for the film , saying `` I did six hours a day . You know , two hours of weight training , two hours of swords training , and then two hours of horseback riding '' . Elena Anaya as Isabel Maru / Doctor Poison : The chief chemist associated with General Ludendorff who specializes in chemistry and poisons . On her role , Anaya said , `` Well , it was a small role in this big ensemble , but it is an important character in the story . I 'm going to be a big nightmare '' for Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor . Describing her character , Anaya said , `` Dr. Maru loves rage and enjoys people 's pain . She 's creating terrible weapons , and her purpose in life is to kill as many people as possible , and provoke as much pain as possible '' . She researched World War I and Fritz Haber , the scientist who created mustard gas , to prepare for the role . On the character 's facial scars , Anaya stated , `` I went to Patty Jenkins and asked , ' What happened to her ? ' And she said , ' She did it on purpose . ' I was like , ' What ? Patty , you 're going further than I ever imagined . ' She said , ' She wants to provoke painful suffering , so she tested her own gas on her own face . She wanted to know how deep this form of her gas would go , so she put it on her own face . ' You can see half of her face is completely gone . This is the sadistic side of Dr. Maru '' . She also stated her character `` is quite the opposite to the lead role of this movie , one of the strongest characters ever of DC comics , Wonder Woman . I can tell you that Doctor Poison is someone with a capacity to provoke so much pain . '' On Dr. Maru 's relationship with General Ludendorff , Anaya said , `` I think that they have a relationship based on loyalty . Ludendorff is a very tormented General that lacks self - confidence . That 's why , in part , he takes these drugs that Dr. Poison gives him . They are from different worlds , but they complement each other '' . Lucy Davis as Etta Candy : Steve Trevor 's secretary who befriends Diana . Describing her character , Davis said , `` She 's a woman in a man 's world and so being heard and seen are n't the easiest things , but it kind of does n't deter her '' , adding , `` Etta is unapologetically herself and I think that that 's the thing that has drawn me to her the most '' . When asked if she was previously familiar with the character , Davis responded , `` No . I was n't . It took me a while to know that I was auditioning for Etta because even when I found out it was Wonder Woman , I still had no idea what the role was . It took a little while then I Googled the character '' . On Etta Candy 's relationship with Steve Trevor , Davis said , `` One of the great things that Etta gets to work with Steve Trevor is because Steve is not your typical man , in that he does entrust her with things that in 1918 probably would n't have been entrusted to a secretary of somebody who is quite important '' , further explaining , `` So I think that ( Trevor ) needs her just as much as she needs that because now she 's been given responsibility that she would n't have normally be given before , and equally he has somebody who could probably fly under the radar a bit . So he can trust the person who no one 's really looking at '' . Saïd Taghmaoui as Sameer : A secret agent and ally of Steve Trevor . On his casting , Taghmaoui stated , `` I was among hundreds of potential candidates , and I slowly became the favorite '' , adding , `` It was n't easy . It took me three months . ( I 'll have to go through ) extensive physical training . '' Ewen Bremner as Charlie : A sharpshooter and ally of Steve Trevor . On his role , Bremner said , `` I play a character who 's enlisted by Wonder Woman to help save the world as part of a small , unlikely band '' . Describing his character , Bremner stated `` He 's a shellshocked soldier who 's been discharged from the war and is brought back to help on a secret mission '' . On working with Jenkins , Bremner commented , `` Patty Jenkins is a force of nature . She has fantastic vision , strength and enthusiasm , which is completely infectious and motivates a cast and crew of thousands to really go beyond themselves . '' Eugene Brave Rock as Chief Napi : A Blackfoot demi - god , and a smuggler who trades with both sides of the war and knows how to get people across the front lines . On his casting , Brave Rock said , `` I had no idea it was for Wonder Woman . I lost it when I showed up and I could n't remember my lines . I did n't take it literally until a month later , I got a call saying I got the role and they wanted me to fly to London for a fitting . '' Brave Rock raised several concerns with Jenkins over the representation of the character in the film , particularly that he was not comfortable playing into stereotypes and that he was not keen on his character being simply known as `` Chief '' . Jenkins responded by giving him some extra creative control over his character which Brave Rock says was `` unprecedented '' . Lisa Loven Kongsli as Menalippe : Antiope 's lieutenant and Diana 's aunt . Describing her character , Kongsli said `` Menalippe is a fearless warrior with a strong justice needs . She lives with the other Amazons on the island Themiscyra and exercising continuous battle to assist man in the fight for the good . '' On filming , Kongsli stated , `` It 's a blast . I 've worked damn hard to make this happen , so it 's absolutely absurd and fun all at once . '' Additionally , Mayling Ng , Florence Kasumba , Madeleine Vall Beijner , Hayley Jane Warnes and Ann Wolfe portray Orana , Acantha , Egeria , Aella and Artemis , respectively , all of whom are Amazons . James Cosmo appears as Field Marshal Haig , Steffan Rhodri appears as Colonel Darnell , and Dutch model Doutzen Kroes portrays the Amazon Venelia . Samantha Jo was cast as the Amazonian Euboea , and previously played the Kryptonian , Car - Vex , in Man of Steel . Zack Snyder also makes a brief cameo appearance in the film as an unnamed soldier . Production ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Development for a live action Wonder Woman feature film began in 1996 , with Ivan Reitman attached as producer and possible director . In 1999 the project became attached to Jon Cohen , who adapted Wonder Woman for producer Joel Silver , with the hope that Sandra Bullock would star . By 2001 , Todd Alcott was hired to write the screenplay , with Silver Pictures backing the project . At that time , performers such as Mariah Carey and Catherine Zeta - Jones were also rumored to be possible candidates for the role of Wonder Woman . Leonard Goldberg , however , focused on Bullock who said that she was approached for the role . In addition , wrestler Chyna also expressed interest . Lucy Lawless , the star of Xena : Warrior Princess , was also under consideration , though she stated that she would have been more interested if Wonder Woman was portrayed as a `` flawed hero '' . The screenplay went through various drafts written by Alcott , Cohen , Becky Johnston , and Philip Levens , and by August 2003 , Levens had been replaced by screenwriter Laeta Kalogridis . In March 2005 , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures announced that Joss Whedon would write and direct the film , with a reported salary was of $2 to $3 million . Since Whedon was directing Serenity at the time , and required time to research Wonder Woman 's background , he did not begin the screenplay until late 2005 . Early drafts of his screenplay included Steve Trevor as the narrator , a fierce battle between Diana and her mother over Trevor 's welfare , and after leaving Themyscira , his need to frequently rescue a Diana rendered helpless by the modern world . Whedon was not able to complete a final version of his screenplay however , and left the project in 2007 . Although Whedon stated in May 2005 that he would not cast the part of Wonder Woman until he finished the script , actors such as Kate Beckinsale were linked to the part . In 2010 however , Whedon admitted that he did have an actress in mind for the part , stating that `` Wonder Woman was basically Angelina Jolie . '' A few years later in May 2017 , Indie Ground Films leaked a version of Whedon 's script in - progress online . Some reacted negatively to it on social media in June 2017 , shortly after the release of Patty Jenkins 's version of the film . When asked about this response to his script , Jenkins said in a June 2017 interview that she has not read it and that Whedon is `` in the DC universe now , and I do n't think there 's any reason to go there ( ... ) It was what it was . I 'm lucky that I 'm the person who got to do it . But I do n't see what would be beneficial about comparing what he would 've done versus what I would have done . '' A day before Whedon 's departure from Wonder Woman , Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures purchased a spec script for the film written by Matthew Jennison and Brent Strickland . Set during World War II , the script impressed executives at Silver Pictures . However , Silver stated that he had purchased the script because he did not want the rights reverting ; while stating the script had good ideas , Silver did not want the film to be a period piece . By April 2008 , Silver hired Jennison and Strickland to write a new script set in contemporary times that would not depict Wonder Woman 's origin , but explore Paradise Island 's history . In November 2008 , Beyoncé met with representatives from DC Comics and Warner Bros. , to discuss her interest in portraying Wonder Woman . In 2010 , Warner Bros. stated that a film was in development , along with films based on DC Comics superheroes the Flash and Aquaman . Both Wonder Woman and Aquaman were still under consideration for solo film subjects as of June 2013 . DC Chief Diane Nelson said Wonder Woman `` has been , since I started , one of the top three priorities for DC and for Warner Bros . We are still trying right now , but she 's tricky . '' On October 5 , 2013 , WB chairman Kevin Tsujihara said he wanted to get Wonder Woman in a film or on TV . Shortly afterward , Paul Feig said he had pitched the studio an idea for Wonder Woman as an action - comedy film . The studio then began to search for female directors to direct the film . While Michelle MacLaren was the studio 's initial choice to direct ( and while she initially indicated interest ) , she eventually left the project due to creative differences . Development ( edit ) DC Films ' co-chairman Geoff Johns and director Patty Jenkins at the WonderCon 2017 . In 2015 , Patty Jenkins accepted an offer to direct Wonder Woman , based on a screenplay by Allan Heinberg and a story co-written by Heinberg , Zack Snyder , Geoff Johns and Jason Fuchs . Of this version , Gadot stated that , for a long time , people did n't know how to approach the story . When Patty and I had our creative conversations about the character , we realized that Diana can still be a normal woman , one with very high values , but still a woman . She can be sensitive . She is smart and independent and emotional . She can be confused . She can lose her confidence . She can have confidence . She is everything . She has a human heart . This version was conceived of as a prequel to the first live - action , theatrical appearance of Wonder Woman , in the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , placing Wonder Woman in the 1910s and World War I ( a decision which differs from her comic book origins as a supporter of the Allies during World War II ) . As for story development , Jenkins credits the stories by the character 's creator William Moulton Marston in the 1940s and George Perez 's seminal stories in the 1980s in which he modernized the character . In addition , it follows some aspects of DC Comics ' origin changes in The New 52 reboot , where Diana is the daughter of Zeus . Jenkins cited Richard Donner 's Superman as an inspiration . Casting ( edit ) `` I remember when I read in the news that Wonder Woman had been cast and my heart sank ( ... ) I 'm sure we would n't have made the same choice . And then I started paying attention to her , and watching her and looking at her and it was just unbelievable . Frankly , I think they did a better job than I could have because I do n't know that I would have scoured the earth as hard to find her ( ... ) They were looking for all the same things I would have looked for -- all the values that Wonder Woman stands for exuding from someone in an honest way , and boy did they find it ( ... ) She shares every quality with Wonder Woman and that 's no joke . It 's one of those rare things . You need someone who can appear to be Wonder Woman on screen ( ... ) Every once in a while , there 's superhero casting that transcends , because that person is so authentic to the character that it becomes identified with them , like Lynda Carter or Christopher Reeve . '' -- Director Patty Jenkins in response to the interview questions : `` Let 's talk a bit about Gal . You inherited her from Zack Snyder . Was it difficult to not get to choose your own Wonder Woman ? '' and `` What is it about Gal that makes her such a good fit ? '' In late 2013 , Zack Snyder cast Gal Gadot in the role of Wonder Woman for the 2016 film , Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice over Élodie Yung and Olga Kurylenko . Some fans initially reacted to this choice by criticizing Gadot 's appearance . Snyder would later comment on his decision to cast Gadot , stating that he tested a `` bunch of actresses , as you can imagine . But the thing with Gal is that she 's strong , she 's beautiful , and she 's a kind person , which is interesting , but fierce at the same time . It 's that combination of being fierce but kind at the same time that we were looking for . Gadot described Diana as having `` the heart of a human so she can be emotional , she 's curious , she 's compassionate , she loves people . And then she has the powers of a goddess . She 's all for good , she fights for good . '' She also said that Diana has `` many strengths and powers , but at the end of the day she 's a woman with a lot of emotional intelligence '' . As to how her character is different from her appearance in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , Gadot said `` We go back 100 years to when she 's more naive '' , further explaining , `` She 's this young idealist . She 's pure . Very different to the experienced , super-confident , grown - up woman you 've seen '' . Gadot underwent a diet and training regimen , practiced different martial arts and gained 17 pounds of muscle for the role . Gadot was previously offered a different role ( as a villain ) in Man of Steel , which she declined because she was pregnant at the time ; this allowed her to later be cast as Wonder Woman in the film 's follow - up . Gadot signed a three - picture deal . She was only paid a base salary of $300,000 for the film itself . Chris Pine was cast as Steve Trevor , a character he described as a `` rogue - ish , cynical realist who 's seen the awful brutish nature of modern civilization '' and added that he is a `` worldly guy , a charming guy '' . He signed a multi-picture deal . Lucy Davis ' performance as Etta Candy is the first live - action cinematic portrayal of the character . As well , Elena Anaya 's performance as Doctor Poison is the cinematic debut of that character . Nicole Kidman was in negotiations for the role of Queen Hippolyta , but was forced to drop out due to scheduling conflicts with Big Little Lies . Filming ( edit ) Production began on November 21 , 2015 , under the working title Nightingale . Among the film sets were Lower Halstow , Kent , Australia House , and the Sassi di Matera , Castel del Monte and Camerota in Southern Italy . Matthew Jensen was the director of photography , filming in the United Kingdom , France and Italy . Production in London ended on March 13 , 2016 . On March 20 , 2016 , filming was underway in Italy . In late April , filming took place at a museum in France , where a Wayne Enterprises truck was spotted alongside Gadot . Production ended on May 9 , 2016 . Patty Jenkins and director of photography Matt Jensen revealed that the film 's look was inspired by painter John Singer Sargent . Reshoots took place in November 2016 , while Gadot was five months pregnant . A green cloth was placed over her stomach to edit out her pregnancy during post-production . To find the perfect location to shoot the Amazon island of Themyscira , the birthplace of Wonder Woman herself , the film 's producers searched all over the world , finally settling on the Amalfi Coast : a stretch of coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea , located in the Province of Salerno in Southern Italy . It was chosen because most beaches in the world that sit below big cliffs disappear beneath the tide for part of every day . Production designer Aline Bonetto and her location manager Charles Somers considered 47 countries and visited several of them before they found what they were looking for . Bonetto explained that , `` Italy had beautiful weather , a beautiful blue - green sea , not too much tide , not too much wave . Our effects team added some cliffs in post-production , and it was the perfect way to go '' . The estuary at Lower Halstow in Kent , featured in the scenes in which Princess Diana arrives in the Belgian creek to make her way to the warfront . Post-production ( edit ) Bill Westenhofer served as the visual effects supervisor for the film and Martin Walsh served as editor . Music ( edit ) Main article : Wonder Woman ( soundtrack ) On November 3 , 2016 , Rupert Gregson - Williams was hired to write and compose the film 's music . He was joined by Evan Jolly , Tom Howe , Paul Mounsey , and Andrew Kawczynski , who provided additional music . The soundtrack was released on CD , digital , and vinyl the same day as the film . Australian musician Sia sang a song for the film , titled `` To Be Human '' , featuring English musician Labrinth . Written by Florence Welch and Rick Nowels , the track is also featured on the soundtrack . Additional music featured in the film are : `` Another Little Drink Would n't Do Us Any Harm '' by Clifford Grey and Nat Ayer and performed by Edgar Trevor and Cecil Cooper ; `` Molly O'Morgan '' written by Fred Godfrey and Will Letters and performed by Ella Retford ; `` It 's a Long Way to Tipperary '' written by Jack Judge and Harry Williams ; `` Sous les ponts de Paris '' written by Jean Rodor and Vincent Scotto and performed by Lucienne Delyle ; `` I 'll Walk Beside You '' written by Edward Lockton and Alan Murray and performed by Ewen Bremner ; `` Green Grow the Rushes , O '' written by Robert Burns and performed by Ewen Bremner ; and `` Schatzwalzer Op. 4 '' written by Johann Strauss II and performed by the Berlin String Quartet . Also features samples from the movie 's soundtrack `` Is She with You '' from Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice composed by Hans Zimmer and Junkie XL . Release ( edit ) Wonder Woman had its world premiere on May 15 , 2017 in Shanghai . It premiered on May 25 , 2017 in Los Angeles . The film 's London premiere , which was scheduled to take place on May 31 at the Odeon Leicester Square , was cancelled due to the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing . The film had its Latin America premiere in Mexico City on May 27 . It was released in most of the world , including in IMAX , on June 2 , 2017 , after originally being scheduled for June 23 . Belgium , Singapore and South Korea received the film first , with May 31 openings . On April 17 , it was announced that Wonder Woman would be released in China on June 2 , the same day as its North American release . Marketing ( edit ) The success of the superhero television series Supergirl informed the marketing and promotion strategy used for Wonder Woman . According to Time Warner chief marketing officer Kristen O'Hara , they wanted to approach the Wonder Woman marketing campaign in a light manner , similar to how they did with Supergirl . O'Hara elaborated that the modest campaign route they took for Supergirl aided in establishing a large central fanbase among women well in advance of the series , which reportedly generated 5 million female superhero fans in one week . They were then able to model over time , and grow that audience leading up to the 15 - months - later release of Wonder Woman . Though neither the film nor the series are aimed exclusively at women , the latter 's campaign gave them their first opportunity to begin collecting data about female superhero fans . In May 2017 , a promo for Wonder Woman was released during the season finale of Supergirl , featuring a remix of the song `` These Boots Are Made for Walkin ' '' and Supergirl ( Melissa Benoist ) wearing Wonder Woman 's boots . The promo included an appearance by Lynda Carter , star of the 1970s Wonder Woman , who plays the American president on Supergirl . The costs for television advertisements for Wonder Woman are higher in comparison to that of previous DCEU film Suicide Squad . Warner Bros. has spent over $3 million on advertisements for Wonder Woman , whereas they spent $2.6 million on advertisements for Suicide Squad . Ticket selling site Fandango reported that Wonder Woman rounded the final leg of its marketing campaign as the most anticipated blockbuster of summer 2017 , according to a poll conducted by 10,000 voters , the biggest survey in company history . Separately , Fandango also found that 92 % of people surveyed said that they are looking forward to seeing a film that features a standalone woman superhero , and 87 % wished Hollywood would make more women - led superhero films . In May 2017 , NASCAR driver Danica Patrick drove her No. 10 car with a Wonder Woman paint scheme at the Go Bowling 400 in Kansas and at the Monster Energy Open in Charlotte . Home Media ( edit ) Wonder Woman was released on Digital HD on August 29 , 2017 and on Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , 4K Ultra-HD Blu - ray and DVD on September 19 , 2017 . The film debuted at the top spot of both the NPD VideoScan overall disc sales chart and the Blu - ray Disc sales chart . Controversies ( edit ) Bans ( edit ) On May 31 , Wonder Woman was banned in Lebanon after the Campaign to Boycott Supporters of Israel asked the Lebanese government 's Ministry of Economy and Trade to block the film because its star , Gal Gadot , is Israeli . The Lebanese government did not , however , ban Gadot 's Fast & Furious films which did screen in Lebanon . On June 7 , Variety reported that a Tunisian court suspended the theatrical release of Wonder Woman after a lawsuit brought by the Al - Chaab party and the Tunisian Association of Young Lawyers to have the film blocked due to Gadot 's Israeli citizenship , military service , and public comments in support of the Israeli military during the 2014 war in Gaza . Jordan was reportedly also considering a ban of the film and suspended screenings pending a decision , but on June 11 , Al Bawaba reported that the government decided not to do so , as there was no legal precedent for it . Women - only screenings ( edit ) Some men were unhappy with women - only screenings held at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Austin , with some opponents of the gender - restricted screening stating on platforms such as Facebook that such screenings were discriminatory against men . An Albany Law School professor initiated a complaint with Austin 's Equal Employment and Fair Housing Office claiming discrimination against male prospective customers and employees of the theater . The chain responded with an online statement saying the event `` may have created confusion -- we want everybody to see this film '' and announced a similar event at their Brooklyn location . Tickets sold out in less than an hour , prompting the chain to schedule additional screenings . On July 18 , Alamo Drafthouse proposed settlement offers of a Wonder Woman DVD to the complainants , stating `` Respondent did not realize that advertising a ' women 's only ' screening was a violation of discrimination laws '' Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Wonder Woman grossed $412.6 million in the United States and Canada and $409.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $821.9 million , against a production budget of $149 million . Estimates for the number the film needed to surpass internationally in order to cover its production and promotional costs and break even ranged from $300 million to $460 million . North America ( edit ) In May 2017 , early tracking had Wonder Woman opening with $65 -- 75 million , and possibly as high as $105 million . The film opened Friday , June 2 , 2017 , across 4,165 theaters and made $38.7 million on its opening day , including $3.7 million in IMAX . It was the biggest single - day gross for a woman - directed film , ahead of the $35.9 million opening Friday of Catherine Hardwicke 's Twilight in 2008 and the biggest opening day for a woman - led comic book superhero film , ahead of Ghost in the Shell ( $7 million ) . This included $11 million it made from Thursday previews , also the best start for a film directed by a woman , surpassing Fifty Shades of Grey 's $8.6 million which was directed by Sam Taylor - Johnson , and the third - biggest of the year , behind Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Of that , $1.5 million came from IMAX screenings . Earning a total of $103.3 million on its opening weekend , the film recorded a number of records : the biggest domestic opening of all time for a female director ( surpassing previous record holder Fifty Shades of Grey by Sam Taylor - Johnson ) , the biggest DC Comics release without Batman or Superman ( ahead of Constantine ) , the sixth - biggest non-sequel comic book superhero debut ever , as well as the sixth - biggest June debut weekend . Its three - day opening alone made it the highest - grossing woman - led comic book superhero film ever ( surpassing Ghost in the Shell ) . It was also the 16th superhero film to cross $100 million in its domestic box office launch . About 9 % ( $9 million ) of the opening weekend came from IMAX screenings from 343 theaters . In its second week the film grossed $58.5 million , again topping the box office . It marked a 43.3 % drop for its second weekend at the box office , better than the average 50 -- 60 % decline superhero films tend to see , and was a better second weekend than Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( $51.3 million ) and Suicide Squad ( $43.5 million ) . In its third weekend it grossed $40.8 million , finishing second behind newcomer Cars 3 ( $53.5 million ) . It was the second - best third weekend ever for Warner Bros. and was nearly double what Batman v Superman ( $23.3 million ) , Suicide Squad ( $20.9 million ) and Man of Steel ( $20.7 million ) made in their third weekends . It earned $24.9 million and $15.7 million in its fourth and fifth weekends , respectively , dropping just 39 % and 36 % despite facing rough competition from opening films Transformers : The Last Knight and Despicable Me 3 . It eventually became the highest - grossing film directed by a woman , surpassing the previous records of Jennifer Yuh Nelson 's Kung Fu Panda 2 and Phyllida Lloyd 's Mamma Mia ! . By August 8 , the film had garnered $400 million in ticket sales , becoming the second female - fueled film ( after Disney 's Beauty and the Beast and behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi ) , Warner Bros . ' third - biggest movie ( after Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises ) , holding the record of the highest - earning superhero origin film -- supplanting the previous record held by Spider - Man ( 2002 ) , and also becoming the highest - earning film with a female director in terms of domestic earnings -- surpassing Frozen ( 2013 ) . International ( edit ) Internationally , the film was released day - and - date with its North American debut in 55 markets ( 72 % of its total release ) , and was projected to debut with anywhere between $92 -- 118 million . It ended up opening to $125 million , including $38 million in China , $8.5 million in Korea , $8.4 million in Mexico , $8.3 million in Brazil and $7.5 million in the UK . In its second week of release , the film brought in another $60 million , including holding the top spot on France , the UK , Australia and Brazil . As of June 25 , 2017 , the biggest markets of Wonder Woman outside North America are China ( US $90 million ) followed by Brazil ( US $34 million ) , UK ( US $28 million ) and Australia ( US $24 million ) . In the Philippines , it broke 2017 box office record for highest - earning non-holiday opening day -- earning $4.7 million and becoming the 6th-most successful commercial film of all time as well overtaking the record set by Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . The film opened in its last market , Japan , on August 25 and debuted to $3.4 million , helping the international gross cross the $400 million mark . Critical response ( edit ) The chemistry and performances of Gal Gadot and Chris Pine were particularly praised by critics . Wonder Woman received largely positive reviews from film critics , with some calling it the best film in the DC Extended Universe , and praising Jenkins 's direction , performances , chemistry of Gadot and Pine and musical score . On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 92 % based on 363 reviews , with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` Thrilling , earnest , and buoyed by Gal Gadot 's charismatic performance , Wonder Woman succeeds in spectacular fashion . '' It is the highest - rated superhero film on the site . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score of 76 out of 100 , based on 50 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Critics commented favorably on Gadot 's performance of the titular character and Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor . Andrew Barker of Variety found the film to be more lighthearted than recent DC Comics films : `` Never prone to stewing in solitude , and taking more notes from Richard Donner than from Christopher Nolan , Patty Jenkins ' Wonder Woman provides a welcome respite from DC 's house style of grim darkness -- boisterous , earnest , sometimes sloppy , yet consistently entertaining -- with star Gal Gadot proving an inspired choice for this avatar of truth , justice , and the Amazonian way . '' Vox stated `` Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Mick LaSalle lauded the performances of Gadot , Pine , Huston , and Thewlis while commending the film 's `` different perspective '' and humor . Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun - Times described Gadot 's performance as inspirational , heroic , heartfelt and endearing and the most `` real '' Wonder Woman portrayal . A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that it `` briskly shakes off blockbuster branding imperatives and allows itself to be something relatively rare in the modern superhero cosmos . It feels less like yet another installment in an endless sequence of apocalyptic merchandising opportunities than like ... what 's the word I 'm looking for ? A movie . A pretty good one , too . '' Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune compared the film to Captain America : The First Avenger , noting that as with `` the first Captain America movie over in the Marvel Comics universe , DC 's Wonder Woman offers the pleasures of period re-creation for a popular audience . Jenkins and her design team make 1918 - era London ; war - torn Belgium ; the Ottoman Empire ; and other locales look freshly realized , with a strong point of view . There are scenes here of dispossessed war refugees , witnessed by an astonished and heartbroken Diana , that carry unusual gravity for a comic book adaptation . '' Katie Erbland of IndieWire commended its thematic depth , explaining that `` Wonder Woman is a war movie . Patty Jenkins ' first -- and we hope not last -- entry into the DC Expanded Universe is primarily set during World War I , but while the feature does n't balk at war - time violence , it 's the internal battles of its compelling heroine that are most vital . '' Alonso Duralde of TheWrap similarly felt that , `` Diana 's scenes of action are thrilling precisely because they 're meant to stop war , not to foment it ; the idea of a demi - god using love to fight war might sound goofy in the abstract , but Jenkins makes the concept work . '' Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised Gadot and Pine 's performances as well the film 's detailed plot and narrative while comparing of some slow - motion action sequences to The Matrix . Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine hailed the film as a `` cut above nearly all the superhero movies that have been trotted out over the past few summers '' while praising Gadot 's performance as `` charming '' and `` marvelous '' and commending Jenkins ' direction of the film as a step forward for women directors in directing big - budget blockbuster films in Hollywood . Elise Jost of Moviepilot observed that `` Gadot 's take on Wonder Woman is one of those unique cases of an actor merging with their story , similar to Robert Downey Jr. 's Tony Stark . Gal Gadot is Wonder Woman , and Wonder Woman is Gal Gadot . '' Jost praised Gadot 's interpretation of Wonder Woman as the one in which Gadot `` absolutely nails the character 's unwaveringly positive outlook on life . She 's a force of nature who believes in the greater good ; her conviction that she 's meant to save the world is stronger than her bullet - deflecting shield . She 's genuine , she 's fun , she 's the warm source of energy at the heart of the movie . '' The Federalist suggests that Wonder Woman is `` a story of Jesus '' . `` The movie is wrapped up in faux Greek mythology , true , but there 's no mistaking the Christology here . '' `` Perhaps Christ in the form of a beautiful and kick - ass Amazon is all that our contemporary society can handle right now '' , stated M. Hudson , a Christian feminist . On HuffPost cultural critic , G. Roger Denson , who regards the superhero genre as a source of contemporary `` Mainstream Mythopoetics '' ( `` the making of new yet vitally meaningful , if not symbolic , stories filled with imagery reflecting , yet also shaping and advancing , the political , legal , moral and social practices of today '' ) , wrote that the `` No Man 's Land '' scene `` that people are crying over in theaters and raving about afterward happens to be among the most powerfully mythopoetic scenes ever filmed at the same time it is one of the oldest myths to have been utilized by artists and writers after it had been invented by early military strategists and leaders . '' Specifically `` used by director Patty Jenkins '' , the scene raises `` the esteem for powerful yet compassionate women as heroes and leaders to a level equal with that of men for having won over a huge and adoring popular audience around the world '' . Steve Rose in The Guardian criticized the film for failing to explore the material 's potential for `` patriarchy - upending subversion '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone criticized the film 's over-reliance on exposition : `` Wonder Woman is hobbled by a slogging origin story and action that only comes in fits and starts . Just when Gadot and director Patty Jenkins ... are ready to kick ass , we get backstory . '' `` Gas was intended to win the war . On that much Wonder Woman is absolutely right . '' said David Hambling in Popular Mechanics . Rachel Becker of The Verge stated that despite the scientific liberties of using a `` hydrogen - based '' chemical weapon as a plot device , the film succeeds in evoking real and horrifying history . `` First off , mustard gas is such a horrible , terrifying weapon , it does n't need to be made more potent . But if you were a chemist bent on raining destruction on the Allied forces , you would n't do it by replacing the sulfur atom in mustard gas with a hydrogen atom . You 'd know that sulfur is the linchpin holding together this poisonous molecule . '' Feminist debate ( edit ) Wonder Woman has been the subject of a discussion regarding the appearance and representation of female power in general , and of female action heroes in particular since her initial 1941 appearance in Sensation Comics , as she was created to document `` the growth in the power of women '' , while wearing `` a golden tiara , a red bustier , blue underpants and knee - high , red leather boots . '' She was blacklisted a year later in 1942 in the `` Publications Disapproved for Youth '' because , the group behind the list argued , she was `` not sufficiently dressed '' . A few decades later , second - wave feminist Gloria Steinem 's Ms. Magazine debuted in 1972 with an image of Wonder Woman on the cover . Historian Tim Hanley suggested that this move shifted `` the focus away from female superiority to sisterhood and equality , essentially making her a mascot of the women 's movement '' . This perception shifted over the years , however , as demonstrated in December 2016 when the United Nations decided to drop the title of `` honorary ambassador for the empowerment of women and girls '' which it had given to the comic book character Wonder Woman a few months before , in a ceremony attended by the actors who had portrayed her ( Lynda Carter and Gal Gadot ) . The title was dropped in response to a petition signed by 44,000 people which argued that Wonder Woman undermines female empowerment due to her costume , described as a `` shimmery , thigh - baring bodysuit with an American flag motif and knee - high boots '' . The petition stated that `` it is alarming that the United Nations would consider using a character with an overtly sexualised image at a time when the headline news in United States and the world is the objectification of women and girls '' . Wonder Woman director Patty Jenkins responded to both the petition and to the U.N. 's decision by stating that she thinks `` that that 's sexist . I think it 's sexist to say you ca n't have both . I have to ask myself what I would apply to any other superhero '' . The debate continued with the release of Jenkins ' 2017 film , Wonder Woman , which according to the BBC had `` some thinking it 's too feminist and others thinking it 's not feminist enough '' . Kyle Killian found an inherent contradiction in the construction of Wonder Woman as `` a warrior '' whom , she states , is also highly sexualized . Killian thus suggests that these elements `` should not be the focus of a kickass heroine -- her beauty , bone structure , and sexiness -- if she is to be a feminist icon '' . Theresa Harold concurred , comparing Wonder Woman to Katniss Everdeen ( of The Hunger Games ) , who `` did n't have to wear a teenager 's wet dream of a costume to fight in '' . Christina Cauterucci also felt that Wonder Woman 's ability to be considered a `` feminist antidote '' was undermined by her `` sex appeal '' . Other critics refer to the construction of Wonder Woman in the film as `` an implausible post-feminist hero '' . Jenkins disagrees with this line of critique , however . She has stated that she was raised by a second - wave `` feminist mother '' , who taught her to be `` both super aware that there had been sexism but also : ' Congratulations -- thank you , now I get to do whatever I want , Mom ! ' '' Jenkins thus notes that it is this upbringing which has led her to question a feminist critique of Wonder Woman 's costume . When she was working on her own version of Wonder Woman 's `` Gladiator '' re-design of the outfit ( in the 2016 film Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ) Jenkins decided that Wonder Woman ( as well as the other Amazons ) `` should n't be dressed in armor like men ( ... ) It should be different ( ... ) I , as a woman , want Wonder Woman to be hot as hell , fight badass , and look great at the same time -- the same way men want Superman to have huge pecs and an impractically big body . '' Jenkins also notes that she is `` frustrated '' by the critique of Wonder Woman 's appearance , stating `` when people get super critical about her outfit , who 's the one getting crazy about what a woman wears ? That 's who she is ; that 's Wonder Woman . '' Gal Gadot concurred with Jenkins , arguing that the character `` is a feminist '' as `` feminism is about equality and choice and freedom . And the writers , Patty and myself all figured that the best way to show that is to show Diana as having no awareness of social roles . She has no gender boundaries . To her , everyone is equal . '' Critics such as Valerie Estelle Frankel support Jenkins ' vision . Frankel argues that the film subverts the male gaze , stating that the construction of Wonder Woman tends to shift every few decades as it reflects the state of feminism during different time periods , including third - wave feminism ( which reflects Jenkins ' approach ) . Zoe Williams offers a similar argument , stating that while Wonder Woman `` is sort of naked a lot of the time , '' that is not , at the same time , `` objectification so much as a cultural reset : having thighs , actual thighs you can kick things with , not thighs that look like arms , is a feminist act '' . Williams then juxtaposes Wonder Woman to past female action heroes such as Sarah Connor , Ellen Ripley , and Lara Croft , whom she suggests were all constructed for the male gaze , in which a `` female warrior becomes a sex object '' , ( a point which she argues that Jenkins directly references in the film ) . Gloria Steinem thought that the film `` was very good '' as it made Wonder Woman 's `` Amazon origin story clear ; she was stopping war , not perpetuating it . '' Steinem also noted that she knew `` some women were disappointed by all the makeup , but I may be desperate -- I was just happy that the Amazons had wild hair ! '' Her only complaint lay in the choice to eliminate the World War II setting as the Wonder Woman comic book developed in response to existing comics that were `` so sadistic and racist that there was a congressional hearing on the subject '' . Steinem also gave Hillary Clinton the first Wonder Woman Award in October 2017 during the Women 's Media Center 's `` Speaking Truth to Power Awards '' ( an organization created by Steinem , Jane Fonda , and Robin Morgan ) . Upon receiving the award , Clinton noted that she had seen Jenkins ' Wonder Woman film and that she `` loved the outfit '' . She also said that as her granddaughter was `` really keen '' on Wonder Woman , Clinton `` thought maybe I could borrow something from her for the night . It did n't quite work for me , but I will say that this award means a lot to me because as a little girl , and then as a young woman , and then as a slightly older woman , I always wondered when Wonder Woman would have her time , and now that has happened . '' Clinton had previously praised Jenkins ' film , in a public August 2017 message , stating that `` it was just as inspirational as I 'd suspected a movie about a strong , powerful woman in a fight to save the world from international disaster would be . '' Director James Cameron continued this debate , through his critique of the representation of female power in Jenkins ' film . In an August 2017 interview with The Guardian , Cameron qualifies Jenkins ' vision of Wonder Woman as `` an objectified icon '' and called the film `` a step backwards '' . In contrast , he states , his character Sarah Connor ( from his Terminator films ) `` was not a beauty icon . She was strong , she was troubled , she was a terrible mother , and she earned the respect of the audience through pure grit . '' Jenkins stated in response that Cameron 's `` inability to understand what ' Wonder Woman ' is , or stands for , to women all over the world is unsurprising as , though he is a great filmmaker , he is not a woman '' . She further argued `` there is no right and wrong kind of powerful woman '' because `` if women have to always be hard , tough and troubled to be strong , and we are n't free to be multidimensional or celebrate an icon of women everywhere because she is attractive and loving , then we have n't come very far have we . '' Reaction to this debate was mixed . Julie Miller sided with Cameron , whom she states refers to himself as `` a pretty hardcore feminist '' and who told Vulture that `` I have no problem writing a script in which the males become subservient to the females , which is what happens in Aliens ( ... ) It 's up to Ripley to win the day . '' In contrast , Miller argues that Jenkins and Gadot envisioned Wonder Woman as `` a woman who exuded both femininity and strength , along with genuine confusion as to why men would treat women differently than they do other men '' . Susannah Breslin also agreed with Cameron , describing Jenkins ' Wonder Woman as `` a Playmate with a lasso '' and `` female power with no balls '' . Others were more critical of Cameron 's critique . An article in Newsweek suggested that Cameron 's films include `` lot of objectification '' , and included quotes from Hollywood celebrities such as Jesse McLaren who commented that `` James Cameron 's just confused there 's a female hero whose motivations are n't centered around motherhood . '' Noah Berlatsky found areas of agreement between both Cameron and Jenkins , stating that while Cameron 's objection is `` an old point that 's been made over and over for decades '' , Jenkins ' film is not `` solely focused on objectifying Gal Gadot for a male audience '' . A few weeks later in September , Cameron reiterated his criticism in an interview with The Hollywood Reporter . He compared Gal Gadot 's representation of the character to Raquel Welch films of the 1960s , and reinforced a comparison with Linda Hamilton 's portrayal of Sarah Connor . He argued that Connor was `` if not ahead of its time , at least a breakthrough in its time '' because though she `` looked great '' , she `` was n't treated as a sex object '' . He also stated that he while he `` applaud ( s ) Patty directing the film and Hollywood , uh , ' letting ' a woman direct a major action franchise , I did n't think there was anything groundbreaking in Wonder Woman . I thought it was a good film . Period . '' Former Wonder Woman actress Lynda Carter responded to Cameron 's The Hollywood Reporter interview by asking him to `` Stop dissing WW . '' Like Jenkins , she suggests that while Cameron does `` not understand the character '' , she does . She also refers to Cameron 's critiques as `` thuggish jabs at a brilliant director '' that are as `` ill advised '' as the `` movie was spot on . '' Carter also states that she has the authority to make these observations because she has `` embodied this character for more than 40 years '' . A month later , Jenkins responded to Cameron 's comments once again in an interview with Variety , stating that she `` was not upset at all '' , as `` everybody is entitled to their own opinion . But if you 're going to debate something in a public way , I have to reply that I think it 's incorrect . '' Tricia Ennis was also critical of Cameron 's statements , arguing that `` while he may consider himself a feminist and an ally to women , ( he ) is not very good at it '' as being an ally means using his position of privilege `` without silencing the voices of those you 're trying to help '' . She also states that it `` is not enough to simply call yourself a feminist . It 's not even enough to create a strong female character ( ... ) You have to bring women to the table . You have to let them speak . You can not speak for them . But speaking for women is exactly what Cameron is doing through his comments ( ... ) Cameron is using his position of power as a respected producer and director to silence women . '' Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Category Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . American Film Institute January 5 , 2018 Top Ten Films of the Year Wonder Woman Won Art Directors Guild Awards January 27 , 2018 Excellence in Production Design for a Fantasy Film Aline Bonetto Pending Artios Awards January 18 , 2018 Big Budget Drama Lora Kennedy , Kristy Carlson , Lucinda Syson , Jeanette Benzie ( Associate ) Pending Chicago Independent Film Critics Circle Awards December 30 , 2017 Impact Awards Patty Jenkins Won Critics ' Choice Movie Awards January 11 , 2018 Best Action Movie Wonder Woman Pending Best Costume Design Lindy Hemming Best Visual Effects Wonder Woman Detroit Film Critics Society December 7 , 2017 Breakthrough Gal Gadot Nominated Dragon Awards September 3 , 2017 Best Science Fiction or Fantasy Movie Wonder Woman Won Dublin Film Critics ' Circle December 13 , 2017 Best Director Patty Jenkins Runner - up EDA Awards TBA Best Woman Director Patty Jenkins Pending Outstanding Achievement by A Woman in The Film Industry Golden Trailer Awards June 6 , 2017 Best of Show Wonder Woman Won Best Fantasy / Adventure Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Trailer Nominated Best Fantasy / Adventure Poster Best Summer 2017 Blockbuster Poster Won Hollywood Music in Media Awards November 16 , 2017 Best Original Score -- Sci - Fi / Fantasy / Horror Film Rupert Gregson - Williams Nominated IndieWire Critic 's Poll December 19 , 2016 Most Anticipated of 2017 Wonder Woman Nominated International Online Cinema Awards ( INOCA ) July 29 , 2017 Best Visual Effects Nominated Best Sound Mixing Best Original Song `` To Be Human '' -- Sia and Labrinth Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society January 3 , 2018 Best Female Director Patty Jenkins Nominated Best Stunt Work Wonder Woman Best Action / War Best Blockbuster Won Best Visual Effects Nominated Memphis Online Film Critics Awards December 11 , 2017 Best Costume Design Wonder Woman Won National Board of Review January 9 , 2018 Spotlight Award Patty Jenkins Won Gal Gadot North Texas Film Critics Association December 17 , 2017 Best Actress Gal Gadot Nominated Best Director Patty Jenkins Best Cinematography Matthew Jensen Palm Springs International Film Festival January 2 , 2018 Rising Star Award -- Actress Gal Gadot Won Philadelphia Film Critics Circle Awards December 10 , 2017 Steve Friedman Award Patty Jenkins Won Phoenix Film Critics Society December 19 , 2017 Best Costume Design Wonder Woman Nominated Best Visual Effects Producers Guild of America Awards January 20 , 2018 Best Theatrical Motion Picture Charles Roven , Richard Suckle , Zack Snyder , and Deborah Snyder Pending Santa Barbara Film Festival February 3 , 2018 Virtuosos Award Gal Gadot Won Satellite Awards February 10 , 2018 Best Adapted Screenplay Allan Heinberg , Zack Snyder , and Jason Fuchs Pending Best Original Score Rupert Gregson - Williams Best Visual Effects Wonder Woman Screen Actors Guild Awards January 21 , 2018 Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture Wonder Woman Pending Teen Choice Awards August 13 , 2017 Choice Movie : Action Wonder Woman Won Choice Movie Actor : Action Chris Pine Choice Movie Actress : Action Gal Gadot Choice Movie : Ship Gal Gadot and Chris Pine Nominated Choice Liplock Choice Movie : Summer Wonder Woman Choice Movie Actor : Summer Chris Pine Choice Movie Actress : Summer Gal Gadot Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association December 8 , 2017 Best Production Design Aline Bonetto and Anna Lynch - Robinson Nominated Women Film Critics Circle Awards December 17 , 2017 Women 's Work : Best Ensemble Wonder Woman Nominated Best Female Action Hero Won Best Equality of the Sexes Nominated Sequel ( edit ) Originally signed for three feature films , with Wonder Woman and Justice League being her second and third films , Gadot signed an extension to her contract for additional films . Jenkins initially signed for only one film , but in an interview with Variety , Geoff Johns revealed that he and Jenkins are writing the treatment for a Wonder Woman sequel and that he has a `` cool idea for the second one '' . At the 2017 San Diego Comic Con , Warner Bros. officially announced a sequel would be released on December 13 , 2019 , and would be titled Wonder Woman 2 ; the date was later moved up to November 1 , 2019 to avoid competition with Star Wars : Episode IX . Later , Jenkins was officially signed to return as director , with confirmation that Gadot will be returning as the titular role . Days later , the studio hired Dave Callaham to co-write the film 's script with Jenkins and Johns . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This is by an adjusted Tomatometer with at least 20 reviews each that , uses a weighted Bayesian based formula to account for the differences in ratings . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Davis , Edward ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Exclusive : Stream Track From Rupert Gregson - Williams ' ' Hacksaw Ridge ' Score , Composer Talks ' Wonder Woman , ' Mel Gibson , More '' . The Playlist . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . Consumer Protection BC , Canada . May 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Nicole ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Gal Gadot interview '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strauss , Bob ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Wonder Woman ' lassoed the first female director of a studio superhero movie '' . The Mercury News . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Shepherd , Jack ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman review roundup -- Critics conclude Patty Jenkins ' film better than Batman v Superman '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Trey ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' passes ' Mamma Mia ! ' as highest - grossing film by female director '' . MarketWatch . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 50 Best Superhero Movies of All Time '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017 '' . AFI . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman 2 ' Release Date Moves Up 6 Weeks '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McBeth , Susie ( October 14 , 2014 ) . `` Batman vs Superman : Wonder Woman 's origin revealed for Dawn of Justice film '' . Metro . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Gal Gadot Dishes on the New ' Wonder Woman ' Film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Gal Gadot on Creating a Superhero That Young Girls Can Admire '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNiece , Mia ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot felt ' privileged ' to play Wonder Woman : ' I adore this character ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Woerner , Meredith ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` What it 's like to be a real - life Amazon on the set of ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sperling , Nicole ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Gal Gadot , Robin Wright , Connie Nielsen first look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glock , Allison ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` No Small Wonder : Gal Gadot Takes Summer by Storm '' . Marie Claire . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Outlaw , Kofi ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Young Diana Finds Her Power '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Young Wonder Woman Emily Carey Set for ' Anastasia : Once Upon a Time ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Pine Closes Deal to Star Opposite Gal Gadot in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2015 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Wonder Woman ' Debuts First Trailer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mullally , William ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive interview : Wonder Woman 's Chris Pine talks ' living the dream ' '' . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( March 29 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : Chris Pine Debuts Shocking New Buzz Cut , Spills on Getting in ' Incredible Shape ' for ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Deckelmeier , Joe ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Robin Wright Says Wonder Woman Is About ' Equality and Justice ' '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` Robin Wright on ' Wonder Woman ' : ' It 's About Love and Justice ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Robin Wright Shares Her Favorite Part Of The Movie '' . DC . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pelletiere , Nicole ; Shiro , Faryn ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Robin Wright on ' Wonder Woman ' '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Hara , Helen ( April 2017 ) . `` Alpha Female '' . Empire . pp. 60 -- 67 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Huston on Making ' Wonder Woman ' , the Superhero Genre and Waltzing with Gal Gadot '' . Collider.com . June 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Danny Huston Describes His ' Fascinating ' Villain '' . Screen Rant . May 31 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Donnell , S.C. ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` David Thewlis Cast As Comic Book Accurate Ares in Wonder Woman '' . moviepilot.com . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Who Is Really Playing the Villain Ares ? '' . / Film . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` How Ares Factors into the Wonder Woman Movie '' . comingsoon.net . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : David Thewlis Reveals Surprising Details About His Role '' . DC . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Casts Wonder Woman 's Mother '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Nielsen is a Modern Day Wonder Woman '' . Haute Living . May 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Connie Nielsen Describes The ' Absolute Pleasure ' of Wonder Woman '' . Screen Rant . June 1 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greco , Patti ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` What It Was Like to Play Diana 's Mother in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Elena Anaya Confirms She 's Playing a Villain '' . Screen Rant . September 20 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Tasha ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Elena Anaya reveals the secret motives and tragic history behind her Wonder Woman villain '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galvez , Daniela ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Star Elena Anaya on Female Superheroes in Hollywood '' . Latina . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elena Anaya Talks WONDER WOMAN in Exclusive Interview '' . DH Movie News . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Amaya , Eric ( February 21 , 2016 ) . `` Etta Candy Spotted in Wonder Woman Set Photos '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Davis Talks Etta Candy In ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Onenewspapge.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lucy Davis on Her Top - Secret ' Wonder Woman ' Audition and Etta Candy 's Future on Screen '' . Cosmopolitan . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman : Lucy Davis Explains Etta Candy 's Relationship With Steve Trevor '' . DC . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Cast : Charlie , Sameer , and Chief '' . Entertainment Weekly . 2017 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Production Begins on Warner Bros. Pictures ' Wonder Woman Feature Film '' . Business Wire . November 21 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Saïd Taghmaoui Talks WONDER WOMAN Role ; Is He Playing A Superhero ? '' . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sandwell , Ian ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's who T2 Trainspotting 's Ewen Bremner is playing in Wonder Woman '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ewen Bremner webchat -- your questions answered on Trainspotting , Wonder Woman and sunglasses '' . The Guardian . June 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wood , Matt ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Actor Confirms A Major Character Twist '' . Cinemablend.com . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Volmers , Eric ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Eugene Brave Rock , actor from Kainai First Nation , to appear in DC 's Wonder Woman '' . Calgary Herald . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morin , Brandi ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Blood Tribe actor from Alberta stars in Wonder Woman '' . CBC News . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Friend , David ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Blood Tribe actor from Alberta on bringing his language to ' Wonder Woman ' '' . National Observer . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vidunderlige Lisa '' . Film Magasinet . June 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Brekken , Thor ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Norske Lisa om Wonder Woman - rollen : Jeg kunne drept deg ! '' ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dybfest Dahl , Ingvill ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Lisa Loven Kongsli med Hollywood - avtale for fire superhelt - filmer '' ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grønneberg , Anders ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' med norske Lisa setter rekorder '' ( in Norwegian ) . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chan , Boon ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` Singapore 's connection to Wonder Woman '' . The Straits Times . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Myers , Maddy ( June 5 , 2016 ) . `` Florence Kasumba , Who Played Black Panther 's Security Chief in Civil War , Just Joined the Wonder Woman Cast '' . The Mary Sue . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Coggan , Devon ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : How real - life athletes united to populate the film 's badass Amazon nation '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ann Wolfe Confirmed As Artemis '' . MSN . March 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hu , Tiffany ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Production Had ' Special Moments ' for Actress Samantha Jo '' . NBC . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Zack Snyder 's Wonder Woman Cameo Finally Found '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bur , Ty ( April 19 , 1996 ) . `` Comic movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( October 28 , 1999 ) . `` Hoffman on the ' Radio ' ; Col deal for Cohen '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Linder , Brian ( January 24 , 2001 ) . `` Wonder Woman Scribe Chosen '' . IGN . 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Pictures Sign Joss Whedon to Write & Direct DC Comics ' Wonder Woman '' ( Press release ) . Warner Bros. March 17 , 2005 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ; Siegel , Tatiana ( February 5 , 2007 ) . `` Joss Whedon exits Wonder Woman pic '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2007 . Retrieved February 12 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kozak , Jim ( August -- September 2005 ) . `` Serenity Now ! '' . In Focus . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` SDCC -- Wonder Woman Update '' . The Kingdom . July 22 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved July 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Aussie Wonder Woman '' . The Age . Australian Associated Press . May 11 , 2005 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2006 . Retrieved August 1 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Page , Aubrey ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` The Joss Whedon ' Wonder Woman ' That Never Was '' . 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Jump up ^ Min , Lilian ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Twitter Is Tearing Apart That Old Wonder Woman Script by Joss Whedon '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Murray , Daisy ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Josh Whedon 's Sexist Wonder Woman Script Was Leaked and the Women of Twitter Are Going In '' . ELLE . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vary , Adam ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` This Is What Director Patty Jenkins Has Learned Since ' Wonder Woman ' Destroyed The Box Office '' . Buzzfeed News . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mithaiwala , Mansoor ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Director Discourages Comparisons to Joss Whedon 's Script '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rotten , Ryan ; Douglas , Edward ( March 25 , 2007 ) . `` Joel Silver 's Wonder Woman Update '' . 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Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` Michelle MacLaren in Talks to Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Movie '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` Michelle MacLaren Signs to Develop and Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2014 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Movie Lassoes ' Pan ' Writer '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2014 . Retrieved December 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Movie Loses Director Michelle MacLaren '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2017 . 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Jump up ^ Rich , Katey ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` No , Gal Gadot Is n't Making 46 Times Less Than Henry Cavill '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Chris Pine in Talks to Co-Star in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2015 . Retrieved June 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Slotek , Jim ( January 13 , 2016 ) . `` Chris Pine talks ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Finest Hours ' '' . Toronto Sun . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Angelique ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` From ' The Office ' to ' Wonder Woman ' : Get to Know Lucy Davis '' . ET Online . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Nicole Kidman in Talks to Join Gal Gadot in ' Wonder Woman ' '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2015 . Retrieved November 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( January 15 , 2016 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Casts Superhero 's Mother '' . Variety . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roach , Araceli ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman : First Look at Chris Pine as Steve Trevor '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2015 . Retrieved November 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot Tweets ' Wonder Woman ' Photo , Signals Filming Is ' Underway ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Production Weekly -- Issue 960 -- Thursday , August 27 , 2015 / 211 Listings -- 44 Pages '' . Production Weekly . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` Wonder Woman Movie to Begin Production in November '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2015 . Retrieved September 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gregory , Aodhan ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Lower Halstow features in new Wonder Woman trailer '' . kentonline . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Millar , Lisa ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Australia House 's 900 - year - old ' holy well ' in basement holds water fit to drink '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Deehan , Tom ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman to film in multiple Italian locations '' . TheLocationGuide.com . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sapienza , Cinzia ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Neanche la frana ferma Wonder Woman , al via le riprese a Camerota '' ( Not even the landslide stops Wonder Woman , starts filming in Camerota ) . InfoCilento.it ( in Italian ) . Agropoli , Italy : Qwerty Publishing House . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : First Official Image , Full Cast Revealed '' . Collider . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Kinsey ( November 21 , 2015 ) . `` Gal Gadot Tweets ' Wonder Woman ' Photo , Signals That Filming Is ' Underway ' '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Retrieved November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Varma , Arjun ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman officially wraps filming in London ; will first trailer release at 2016 Comic Con ? '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Most Scenic Wonder Woman Filming Locations Across Europe '' . Condé Nast Traveler . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jenkins , Patty ( @ pattyjenks ) ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` So happy and excited to have wrapped the first Wonder Woman film ! ! And one William Marston 's birthday , no less ! ( WW 's creator ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Armitage , Hugh ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman movie 's look was inspired by someone very surprising '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot did reshoots for Wonder Woman while pregnant '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beck , Laura ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are the Magical Places the Cast of Wonder Woman Stayed in Italy '' . Cosmopolitan . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where is Wonder Woman 's idyllic island Themiscyra ? '' . Radio Times . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office Wonder Woman Article '' . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( August 7 , 2015 ) . `` Gersh , CEC , WPA Book Clients '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Lena ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman Gets Hacksaw Ridge Composer '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Tom Howe '' . tomhowe.co.uk . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Paul Mounsey '' . hans-zimmer.com . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Credits : Andrew Kawczynski '' . hans-zimmer.com . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rupert Gregson - Williams ( @ RupertGWilliams ) ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Yes it 'll be released on vinyl '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Wiederhorn , Jon ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Sia 's New Track , ' To Be Human , ' Featured on ' Wonder Woman ' Soundtrack '' . Radio.com . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' . Soundtrack.net . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mandell , Andrea ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot glitters at the ' Wonder Woman ' world premiere '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( May 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' London Premiere Canceled After Manchester Attack ; Ariana Grande Tour Dates Shelved '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IMAX and Warner Bros. Extend Deal to Include 12 More Films '' . ComingSoon.net . October 19 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2016 . Retrieved October 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` Warner Bros. Pushes ' Jungle Book ' to 2018 , ' Wonder Woman ' Gets New Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( October 15 , 2014 ) . `` DC Comics Movies Announced : ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Justice League , ' ' The Flash , ' ' Aquaman ' '' . / Film . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman de Patty Jenkins avec Gal Gadot et Chris Pine '' ( in French ) . cinenews.be. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman '' ( in French ) . CineBel. April 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Warner Bros. Belgium ( @ WarnerBrosBE ) ( March 13 , 2017 ) . `` C'est la guerrière la plus redoutable . Gal Gadot est # WonderWoman , dès le 31 mai au cinéma '' ( Tweet ) ( in French ) . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Brzeski , Patrick ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Sets Release Dates for ' Pirates 5 , ' ' Transformers 5 , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' More '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2017 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Matthew ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` How Supergirl Influenced Wonder Woman 's Marketing '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Rebecca ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supergirl ' Cast Unites to Promote ' Wonder Woman ' Film '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( April 28 , 2017 ) . `` What 's Going on with Wonder Woman '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2017 . Retrieved April 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman tops Fandango survey of most anticipated summer movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 12 , 2017 ) , ' Wonder Woman ' Tickets on Sale Everywhere ; 92 % Of All Moviegoers Want To See Female Superhero Movie , Deadline.com , archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 , retrieved May 12 , 2017 Jump up ^ Maine , D'Arcy ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Danica Patrick will have a ' Wonder Woman ' paint scheme for two races '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2017 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' is coming soon to a living room near you , with one sweet extra '' . Mashable.com . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Thomas K. ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Flies to Top of DVD , Blu - ray Disc Sales Charts '' . Variety . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bearak , Max ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Lebanon bans ' Wonder Woman ' in protest against Israeli actress Gal Gadot '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holpuch , Amanda ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman banned in Lebanon due to Israeli lead , Gal Gadot '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ AP ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` Lebanon Seeks to Ban ' Wonder Woman ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keslassy , Elsa ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Screenings Suspended in Tunisia Amid Opposition to Gal Gadot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan bans screening of ' Wonder Woman ' film over controversy '' . Xinhua News Agency . June 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : Jordan Will Not be Banning Wonder Woman '' . Al Bawaba . June 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Buckley , Cara ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Solidarity at an All - Female Screening of ' Wonder Woman ' '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' women - only screenings cause uproar '' . CNN . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holley , Peter ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' It 's sexist ' : Men flip out over women - only ' Wonder Woman ' screenings '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holley , Peter ( June 1 , 2017 ) , `` Why a gay law professor is trying to shut down women - only ' Wonder Woman ' screenings '' , The Washington Post , archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ Cheong , Ian Miles ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Alamo Drafthouse 's Women - Only ' Wonder Woman ' Screenings Were Illegal '' . DailyCaller.com . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : All The World Is Waiting For You As Warner Bros. / DC Pic Eyes $175 M+ Global Opening '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hughes , Mark ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is Going To Be Bigger at the Box Office Than Estimates '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Tracking for Solid $65 M Box - Office Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ' Wonder Woman ' Flies Onto Tracking With Projected $65 M+ Opening , On Par With ' Thor ' & ' Captain America ' , Deadline.com , May 12 , 2017 , archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 Jump up ^ Fuster , Jeremy ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman ' : Early Tracking for Debut All Over the Map , From $65 Million to $105 Million '' . The Wrap . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Box Office : How Big Is Big Enough ? '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Soars To Record - Breaking $39 M Friday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Nabs Marvel - ous $11 M Thursday '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps to $11 Million on Thursday Night '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Opens to Historic $103 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Five Ways ' Wonder Woman ' Has Already Made History '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Wonder Woman ' Opens to Historic $100.5 M '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors & Stomps On ' Iron Man ' With $100.5 M Debut -- Sunday AM '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Soars on Saturday ; ' Mummy ' Still Crummy -- Sunday AM Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 11 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cars 3 ' $53 M+ Is Third Best Debut For Pixar Series ; ' Wonder Woman ' Still Wows With $40 M+ ; ' All Eyez on Me ' Solid '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClintock , Pamela ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Wonder Woman ' Crosses $400 M in North America '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is Now the Top Female - Helmed Film at the Domestic Box Office '' . Blog.womenandhollywood.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Last Jedi Passes Wonder Woman at U.S. Box Office '' . ScreenRant . December 27 , 2017 . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Lassos $122.5 M Offshore , $223 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Mummy ' Unearths $141 M Offshore , $172.3 M Global ; ' Wonder Woman ' Flies To $232 M at International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . June 12 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Leaps To $125 M Offshore , $228 M Global Debut -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' now biggest Warner Bros. film in PH '' . ABS - CBN News . July 3 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' grosses P48. 39M on PH opening day '' . Rappler . June 2 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Valerian ' Tops China ; ' Wonder Woman ' Hits $400 M Overseas -- International Box Office '' . Deadline.com . August 27 , 2017 . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Graham , Adam . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' delivers action , humor , thrills '' . The Detroit News . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Kate ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Review : Wonder Woman finally gives DC a superhero story that soars '' . The Globe and Mail . Toronto . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jost , Elise ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` # WonderWoman : Why Gal Gadot Was The Perfect Choice To Play Wonder Woman '' . Moviepilot . Moviepilot . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rahman , Abid ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : What the Critics Are Saying '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Breaks Glass Ceiling For Female Directors With $97 M+ Debut ; Earns ' A ' CinemaScore '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman is the smart , satisfying DC movie you 've been waiting for '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Linden , Sheri ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barker , Andrew ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abad - Santos , Alex ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman : Chris Pine 's Steve Trevor is the superhero girlfriend comic book movies need '' . Vox . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle , Mick ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' gives different perspective to an action movie '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved June 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Roeper ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` Heartfelt ' Wonder Woman ' finally gives a brave superhero her due '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott , A.O. ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Review : ' Wonder Woman ' Is a Blockbuster That Lets Itself Have Fun '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved June 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Michael ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' review : Finally , a DC Comics movie that works '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erbland , Katie ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Is the DC Universe 's Best Superhero Movie Yet , Proving the Future Is Very Much Female -- Review '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Duralde , Alonso ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot 's Amazon Warrior Conquers Superhero Doldrums '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hornaday , Ann ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' saves the day , in more ways than one '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` Can We Build a Better Blockbuster ? Wonder Woman Points a Way Forward '' . Time . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hudson , M. ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` The New ' Wonder Woman ' Is Really A Story About Jesus '' . The Federalist . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wonder Woman ' No Man 's Land ' Scene Is Rooted in History , Myth and Art '' . Huffingtonpost.com . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Steve ( May 29 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman review -- glass ceiling still intact as Gal Gadot reduced to weaponised Smurfette '' . The Guardian . UK . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Review : Gal Gadot Brings Comics ' Original Riot Girl to Life '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hambling , David ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` How Realistic Is the WWI Warfare of ' Wonder Woman ' ? '' . Popular Mechanics . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Becker , Rachel ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's chemical weapon makes no scientific sense , but it evokes real and horrifying history '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kilkenny , Katie ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` HOW A MAGAZINE COVER FROM THE 1970S HELPED WONDER WOMAN WIN OVER FEMINISTS '' . Pacific Standard . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lepore , Jill ( October 2014 ) . `` The Surprising Origin Story of Wonder Woman '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Lepore , Jill ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's Unwinnable War '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kramer , Jane ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Road Warrior : After fifty years , Gloria Steinem is still at the forefront of the feminist cause '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dockterman , Eliana ( December 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman Breaks Through '' . Time . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman at 75 : How the Superhero Icon Inspired a Generation of Feminists '' . Variety . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serrao , Nivea ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman named UN Honorary Ambassador for empowerment of women and girls '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Ross , Alice ( December 13 , 2016 ) . `` One less woman in politics : Wonder Woman loses job as UN ambassador '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavna , Michael ( October 21 , 2016 ) . `` The U.N. hires Wonder Woman to fight for gender equality . But not everyone is happy about it '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Patty Jenkins wants to be a great director -- not a great female director '' . CBS This Morning . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wonder Woman is a feminist , and society is n't ready for her '' . BBC . June 6 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Killian , Kyle ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` How Wonder Woman Is and Is n't a Feminist Superheroine Movie '' . Psychology Today . Jump up ^ Harold , Theresa ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Why Wonder Woman is n't the feminist fantasy we 've been told it is '' . Metro . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cauterucci , Christina ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` I Wish Wonder Woman Were as Feminist as It Thinks It Is '' . Slate . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Siegel , Tatiana ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Complex Gender Politics of the ' Wonder Woman ' Movie '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cavna , Michael ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` How ' Wonder Woman ' director Patty Jenkins cracked the superhero - movie glass ceiling '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Woerner , Meredith ( May 30 , 2017 ) . `` The world needs Wonder Woman . Director Patty Jenkins explains why '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Solis , Marie ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman 's skimpy clothing is no match for the movie 's feminist statement '' . Mic . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berman , Eliza ( March 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wonder Woman Producers on Everything We Can Expect From Her 2017 Movie '' . Time . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` Gal Gadot : ' Of course ' Wonder Woman is a feminist '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sulcas , Roslyn ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` Can Gal Gadot Make Wonder Woman a Hero for Our Time ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leon , Melissa ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' is the Feminist Hero We 've Been Waiting For '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fottrell , Quentin ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Why millions of teenage girls need ' Wonder Woman ' now more than ever '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Zoe ( June 5 , 2017 ) . `` Why Wonder Woman is a masterpiece of subversive feminism '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Desta , Yohana ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` How Gloria Steinem Saved Wonder Woman '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lindsay , Benjamin ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Read Hillary Clinton 's Full Speech Accepting the Wonder Woman Award '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brounstein , Laura ( August 29 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins and Lucy Davis Respond to Hillary Clinton 's Wonder Woman Praise '' . Cosmopolitan . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bruner , Raisa ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins responds to Hillary Clinton 's praise of Wonder Woman '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Hillary ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Email from Hillary Clinton : August 22 , 2017 '' . still4hill.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Hadley ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron : ' The downside of being attracted to independent women is that they do n't need you ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mumford , Gwilym ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins hits back at James Cameron : ' He does n't understand Wonder Woman ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins Responds to James Cameron 's Unsolicited Wonder Woman Criticism '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Breslin , Susannah ( August 26 , 2017 ) . `` What James Cameron Gets Right About The ' Wonder Woman ' Feminism Debate ( Forbes ) '' . Forbes . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Christopher ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Patty Jenkins responds to James Cameron 's Wonder Woman diss '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bort , Ryan ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Women in film : ' Wonder Woman ' criticism latest example of James Cameron 's questionable feminism '' . Newsweek . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berlatsky , Noah ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron 's comments on Wonder Woman completely ignore her history of sex appeal '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Kim ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron Doubles Down on ' Wonder Woman ' Critique , Details the ' Avatar ' Sequels '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mumford , Gwilym ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Lynda Carter attacks ' thuggish ' James Cameron over Wonder Woman jibes '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Lynda Carter to James Cameron : ' Stop Dissing ' ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Respers , Lisa ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` Lynda Carter calls out James Cameron over ' Wonder Woman ' '' . CNN . Retrieved October 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Setoodeh , Ramin ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins on Equal Pay , Hollywood Sexism and James Cameron 's Nasty Words '' . Variety . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ennis , Tricia ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` James Cameron , Wonder Woman , and the Problem With Bad Feminist Allies '' . Syfy . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Get Out , ' ' Wonder Woman , ' ' Handmaid 's Tale ' Make AFI Awards Lists '' . Variety . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave . `` ' Star Wars : The Last Jedi , ' ' Dunkirk , ' ' Lady Bird ' Nab Art Directors Guild Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved 4 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Artios Awards : Casting Society Reveals Film Nominees '' . January 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago Independent Film Critics Circle Nominations -- ' Get Out ' Leads the Way '' . December 24 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 CIFCC AWARDS '' . December 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Critics ' Choice Awards Nominations : ' The Shape Of Water ' Leads With 14 ; Netflix Tops TV Contenders '' . Deadline.com . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Nominations '' . Detroit Film Critics Society . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dublin Film Critics Circle Awards , 2017 '' . The M0vie Blog . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 AWFJ EDA Award Nominees '' . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Wins Top Prize at Golden Trailer Awards '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2017 . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 18th Annual Golden Trailer Award Nominees '' . GoldenTrailer.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards Announces Nominees in Film , TV , & Video Game Music '' . Shoot Online . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards : Full Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 Critics Poll : The Best Films and Performances of the Year According to Over 200 Critics '' . IndieWire . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( AW Halfways 2017 ) Winners Ceremony '' . awardswatch.com . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Film Nominations '' . LA Online Film Critics Society . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Online Film Critics Society Announces Their Inaugural Year Award Winners '' . LA Online Film Critics Society . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Memphis Online Film Critics Awards Winners '' . December 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Board of Review Winners : ' The Post ' Comes Up Strong With Best Pic , Best Actress Meryl Streep , Best Actor Tom Hanks '' . November 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 from the NTFCA '' . North Texas Film Critics Association . 9 December 2017 . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Rising Star Award -- 2018 Film Awards Gala '' . Palm Springs International Film Festival . November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 PFCC Inaugural Awards '' . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards NOMINATIONS '' . December 12 , 2017 . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Awards WINNERS '' . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` PGA Awards Film & TV Nominations Unveiled '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot , Kumail Nanjiani , Timothee Chalamet Among Recipients for Virtuosos Award at Santa Barbara Film Festival '' . Variety . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dunkirk , ' ' The Shape of Water ' Lead Satellite Award Nominations '' . The Wrap . November 29 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards Reveals Full List of Nominees '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2017 . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Winners : ' Wonder Woman ' , ' Beauty And The Beast ' , ' Riverdale ' Among Honorees '' . Deadline . enske Business Media , LLC . August 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Washington DC Area Film Critics Association Awards Nominations '' . Washington DC Area Film Critics Association . December 6 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Nominations '' . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Neglia , Matt ( December 22 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Women Film Critics Circle ( WFCC ) Winners '' . Retrieved December 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schmitz , Greg Dean ( June 9 , 2017 ) . `` Wonder Woman Sequel Details Emerge , and More Movie News '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Bory ( June 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Wonder Woman ' Director Patty Jenkins Not Signed for Sequel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2017 . Retrieved June 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galuppo , Mia ; Shanley , Patrick . `` ' Wonder Woman 2 ' Sets Release Date '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2017 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Officially Announces Wonder Woman Sequel '' . Screen Rant . July 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wonder Woman ' sequel title revealed '' . Fox News . July 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin . `` Patty Jenkins Closes Deal to Direct ' Wonder Woman ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . `` ' The Expendables ' Writer Joins Patty Jenkins , Geoff Johns to Write ' Wonder Woman 2 ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) . Official website Wonder Woman on IMDb Wonder Woman at the TCM Movie Database Related topic navboxes Wonder Woman William Moulton Marston Elizabeth Holloway Marston H.G. Peter Other contributors Characters Wonder Women Diana Prince Orana Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Hippolyta Donna Troy Supporting characters Antiope Aphrodite Artemis Artemis of Bana - Mighdall Athena Drusilla Etta Candy Fury Hephaestus Hera Heracles / Hercules Hermes I Ching Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis Mala Nemesis ( Thomas Tresser ) Nubia The Olympian Orion Paula Philippus Poseidon Queen Hippolyta Helena Sandsmark Sarge Steel Superman Steve Trevor Wonder Girl ( Cassie Sandsmark Donna Troy ) Zeus Zola Adversaries Aegeus Angle Man Ares / Mars Baron Blitzkrieg Baroness Paula von Gunther Blue Snowman Veronica Cale Captain Wonder Cheetah Circe Dark Angel Decay Doctor Cyber Doctor Poison Doctor Psycho Duke of Deception Earl of Greed Egg Fu / Chang Tzu Eviless The First Born Genocide Giganta Hades Hypnota Kung Lord Conquest Mask Medusa Minister Blizzard Osira Queen Clea Red Panzer Silver Swan Tezcatlipoca Zara Factions Amazons of Themyscira Amazons of Bana - Mighdall Children of Ares Godwatch Gorilla Knights Olympian Gods Titans of Myth Villainy Inc . Locations Aeaea Boston , Massachusetts London , England Mount Olympus Thalarion Themyscira ( The Paradise Islands ) The Underworld Publications All Star Comics Amazonia Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity The Blue Amazon Comic Cavalcade The Legend of Wonder Woman Sensation Comics Superman and Wonder Woman : The Hidden Killer Superman / Wonder Woman Wonder Woman ' 77 The Wonder Woman Chronicles Wonder Woman : Earth One The World 's Greatest Superheroes Storylines Introducing Wonder Woman ( 1941 ) Gods and Mortals ( 1987 ) Challenge of the Gods ( 1987 -- 88 ) War of the Gods ( 1991 ) The Contest ( 1994 ) The Challenge of Artemis ( 1995 ) Paradise Island Lost ( 2001 ) Our Worlds at War ( 2001 ) The Hiketeia ( 2002 ) Down to Earth ( 2003 -- 04 ) Who Is Wonder Woman ? ( 2006 -- 07 ) Amazons Attack ! ( 2007 ) The Circle ( 2008 ) Ends of the Earth ( 2008 ) Rise of the Olympian ( 2009 ) Flashpoint ( 2011 ) Technology Bracelets Golden Girdle of Gaea Invisible plane Lasso of Truth Mental radio Pegasi Purple Ray Sky Kangas In other media Super Friends ( episodes ) Wonder Woman ( 1974 film ) Wonder Woman ( TV series ) ( episodes ) Justice League ( episodes ) Justice League Unlimited ( episodes ) Justice League : The New Frontier Wonder Woman ( 2009 film ) Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Superman / Batman : Apocalypse Wonder Woman ( 2011 TV pilot ) Young Justice DC Universe Online Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War The Lego Movie Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Justice League : Gods and Monsters Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Justice League Action Wonder Woman ( 2017 film ) Justice League Miscellaneous Alternative versions Earth - Two Bizarra Olive Byrne Cultural impact Professor Marston and the Wonder Women Literature Wonder Women ! The Untold Story of American Superheroines Portal Category DC Extended Universe Feature films Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad accolades Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Music Man of Steel Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad `` Heathens '' `` Sucker for Pain '' `` Purple Lamborghini '' `` Gangsta '' Wonder Woman `` To Be Human '' Justice League See also Cast Book Category Live - action films based on DC Comics Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel Spy Smasher Batman Hop Harrigan The Vigilante Superman Congo Bill Batman and Robin Atom Man vs. Superman Blackhawk Single films Supergirl Steel Road to Perdition The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Catwoman Constantine A History of Violence V for Vendetta Watchmen The Losers Jonah Hex Green Lantern Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Suicide Squad Wonder Woman Justice League Aquaman Franchises Batman 1966 Batman Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin 2005 Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Superman 1951 Superman and the Mole Men Stamp Day for Superman 1978 Superman Superman II The Richard Donner Cut Superman III Superman IV : The Quest for Peace Superman Returns 2013 Man of Steel Red Red Red 2 Swamp Thing Swamp Thing The Return of Swamp Thing See also DC Extended Universe Justice League Mortal Films directed by Patty Jenkins Monster ( 2003 ) Five ( 2011 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Zack Snyder Films directed Dawn of the Dead ( 2004 ) 300 ( 2006 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Legend of the Guardians : The Owls of Ga'Hoole ( 2010 ) Sucker Punch ( 2011 ) Man of Steel ( 2013 ) Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) Justice League ( 2017 ) Films produced 300 : Rise of an Empire ( 2014 ) Suicide Squad ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Aquaman ( 2018 ) See also Cruel and Unusual Films Deborah Snyder Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Action The Matrix Reloaded ( 2003 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest ( 2006 ) Pirates of the Caribbean : At World 's End ( 2007 ) The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian ( 2008 ) X-Men Origins : Wolverine ( 2009 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Abduction ( 2012 ) Iron Man 3 ( 2013 ) Divergent ( 2014 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) Deadpool ( 2016 ) Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) Film in the United States portal Superhero fiction portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wonder_Woman_(2017_film)&oldid=819337569 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films Superheroine films 2017 3D films 2010s action thriller films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s adventure films 2010s drama films 2010s fantasy films 2010s science fiction films 2010s superhero films 2010s war films American war drama films American 3D films American action films American coming - of - age films American fantasy adventure films American science fiction action films American science fiction war films American superhero films Action adventure films Atlas Entertainment films Chemical war and weapons in popular culture Cruel and Unusual Films films DC Extended Universe films Fantasy war films Films scored by Rupert Gregson - Williams Films based on DC Comics Films based on Greco - Roman mythology Films directed by Patty Jenkins Films set in 1918 Films set in Belgium Films set in France Films set in Germany Films set in London Films set in the Mediterranean Sea Films set in the Ottoman Empire Films set on islands Films shot in London Films shot in Matera Films using computer - generated imagery Greek gods in fiction IMAX films Performance capture in film Prequel films Science fantasy films War adventure films Western Front films ( World War I ) Wonder Woman films Hidden categories : CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from August 2017 Use mdy dates from October 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar მარგალური مازِرونی မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 20 : 38 . 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how much money did it take to make wonder woman
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"Wonder Woman grossed $412.6 million in the United States and Canada and $409.3 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $821.9 million, against a production budget of $149 million.[4] Estimates for the number the film needed to surpass internationally in order to cover its production and promotional costs and break even ranged from $300 million[187] to $460 million.[188]"
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Houston Rockets
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Houston Rockets - wikipedia Houston Rockets Houston Rockets 2018 -- 19 Houston Rockets season Conference Western Division Southwest Founded 1967 History San Diego Rockets 1967 -- 1971 Houston Rockets 1971 -- present Arena Toyota Center Location Houston , Texas Team colors Red , silver , black , white General manager Daryl Morey Head coach Mike D'Antoni Ownership Tilman Fertitta Affiliation ( s ) Rio Grande Valley Vipers Championships 2 ( 1994 , 1995 ) Conference titles 4 ( 1981 , 1986 , 1994 , 1995 ) Division titles 6 ( 1977 , 1986 , 1993 , 1994 , 2015 , 2018 ) Retired numbers 7 ( 11 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 34 , 45 , CD ) Website www.nba.com/rockets Home Away Third Fourth The Houston Rockets are an American professional basketball team based in Houston , Texas . The Rockets compete in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , as a member of the league 's Western Conference Southwest Division . The team plays its home games at the Toyota Center , located in downtown Houston . The Rockets have won two NBA championships and four Western Conference titles . The team was established as the San Diego Rockets , an expansion team originally based in San Diego , in 1967 . In 1971 , the Rockets moved to Houston . The Rockets won only 15 games in their debut season as a franchise in 1967 . In the 1968 NBA draft , the Rockets , picking first overall , selected power forward Elvin Hayes , who would lead the team to its first playoff appearance in his rookie season . The Rockets did not finish a season with a winning record until the 1976 -- 77 season , when they traded for center Moses Malone . Malone went on to win the NBA Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) award twice and led Houston to the conference finals in his first year with the team . He also led the Rockets to the NBA Finals in 1981 where they were defeated in six games by the Boston Celtics , led by Larry Bird and future Rockets coach Kevin McHale . In 1984 , the Rockets drafted center Hakeem Olajuwon , who would be paired with 7 feet 4 inches ( 2.24 m ) Ralph Sampson , forming one of the tallest front courts in the NBA . Nicknamed the `` Twin Towers '' , they led the team to the 1986 NBA Finals -- the second NBA Finals appearance in franchise history -- where Houston was again defeated by the Boston Celtics . The Rockets continued to reach the playoffs throughout the 1980s , but failed to advance past the first round for several years following a second - round defeat to the Seattle SuperSonics in 1987 . Rudy Tomjanovich took over as head coach midway through the 1991 -- 92 season , ushering in the most successful period in franchise history . The Olajuwon - led Rockets went to the 1994 NBA Finals and won the franchise 's first championship against Patrick Ewing and the New York Knicks . The following season , reinforced by another All - Star , Clyde Drexler , the Rockets repeated as champions with a four - game sweep of the Orlando Magic , who were led by a young Shaquille O'Neal and Penny Hardaway . Houston , which was seeded sixth in the Western Conference during the 1995 playoffs , became the lowest - seeded team in NBA history to win the title . The Rockets acquired all - star forward Charles Barkley in 1996 , but the presence of three of the NBA 's 50 greatest players of all - time ( Olajuwon , Drexler , and Barkley ) was not enough to propel Houston past the Western Conference Finals . Each one of the aging trio had left the team by 2001 , and the Rockets of the early 2000s , led by superstars Tracy McGrady and Yao Ming , followed the trend of consistent regular season respectability followed by playoff underachievement as both players struggled with injuries . After Yao 's early retirement in 2011 , the Rockets entered a period of rebuilding , completely dismantling and retooling their roster . The acquisition of franchise player James Harden in 2012 has launched the Rockets back into championship contention in the mid-2010s . Moses Malone , Hakeem Olajuwon and James Harden have been named the NBA 's Most Valuable Player while playing for the Rockets , for a total of four MVP awards . The Rockets , under general manager Daryl Morey , are notable for popularizing the use of advanced statistical analytics ( similar to sabermetrics in baseball ) in player acquisitions and style of play . Contents 1 Franchise history 1.1 1967 -- 1971 : San Diego Rockets 1.2 1971 -- 1976 : Improving in Houston with Murphy and Rudy - T 1.3 1976 -- 1982 : The Moses Malone era 1.4 1984 -- 2001 : The Hakeem Olajuwon era 1.4. 1 1984 -- 1987 : The `` Twin Towers '' 1.4. 2 1987 -- 1992 : Lean years 1.4. 3 1993 -- 1995 : Clutch City championships 1.4. 4 1995 -- 2002 : Post-championship and rebuilding 1.5 2002 -- 2009 : Return to relevance 1.6 2009 -- 2012 : Competitive rebuilding 1.7 2012 -- present : The James Harden era 2 Season - by - season record 3 Home arenas 4 Team identity 4.1 Uniforms and logos 4.2 Mascots 4.3 Rivalries 5 Honors and statistics 5.1 Individual honors 5.2 Statistics and records 5.3 Franchise leaders 6 Players 6.1 Current roster 6.2 Retained draft rights 6.3 Retired numbers 6.4 Basketball Hall of Famers 6.5 FIBA Hall of Famers 7 Management 7.1 General managers 7.2 Owners 7.3 Coaches 8 References 9 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main article : History of the Houston Rockets 1967 -- 1971 : San Diego Rockets ( edit ) Elvin Hayes was selected first overall by the San Diego Rockets in the 1968 NBA Draft . The Rockets were founded in 1967 in San Diego by Robert Breitbard , who paid an entry fee of US $1.75 million to join the NBA as an expansion team for the 1967 -- 68 season . The NBA wanted to add more teams in the Western United States , and chose San Diego based on the city 's strong economic and population growth , along with the local success of an ice hockey team owned by Breitbard , the San Diego Gulls . The resulting contest to name the franchise chose the name `` Rockets '' , which paid homage to San Diego 's theme of `` a city in motion '' and the local arm of General Dynamics developing the Atlas missile and booster rocket program . Breitbard brought in Jack McMahon , then coach of the Cincinnati Royals , to serve as the Rockets ' coach and general manager . The team , that would join the league along with the Seattle SuperSonics , then built its roster with both veteran players at an expansion draft , and college players from the 1967 NBA draft , where San Diego 's first ever draft pick was Pat Riley . The Rockets lost 67 games in their inaugural season , which was an NBA record for losses in a season at the time . In 1968 , after the Rockets won a coin toss against the Baltimore Bullets to determine who would have the first overall pick in the 1968 NBA draft , they selected Elvin Hayes from the University of Houston . Hayes improved the Rockets ' record to 37 wins and 45 losses , enough for the franchise 's first ever playoff appearance in 1969 , but the Rockets lost in the semi-finals of the Western Division to the Atlanta Hawks , four games to two . Despite the additions of Calvin Murphy and Rudy Tomjanovich and the management of Hall of Fame coach Alex Hannum , the Rockets tallied a 67 -- 97 record in the following two seasons and did not make the playoffs in either season . Because of the low performance and attendance , Breitbard looked to sell the team , and in 1971 , Texas Sports Investments bought the franchise for $5.6 million , and moved the team to Houston . The franchise became the first NBA team in Texas , and the nickname `` Rockets '' took on even greater relevance after the move , given Houston 's long connection to the space industry . 1971 -- 1976 : improving in Houston with Murphy and Rudy - T ( edit ) Before the start of the 1971 -- 72 season , Hannum left for the Denver Rockets of the American Basketball Association -- later renamed Denver Nuggets , who joined the NBA in 1976 -- and Tex Winter was hired in his place . However , Winter 's clashes with Hayes , due to a system that contrasted with the offensive style to which Hayes was accustomed , made Hayes ask for a trade , leaving for the Baltimore Bullets at the end of the 1971 -- 72 season . It was also around this time that the Rockets would unveil their classic yellow and red logo and accompanying uniforms used until the end of the 1994 -- 95 season . Winter left soon after , being fired in January 1973 following a ten - game losing streak , and was replaced by Johnny Egan . Egan led the Rockets back to the playoffs in 1975 , where the franchise also won their first round against the New York Knicks , subsequently losing to the veteran Boston Celtics in 5 games . At that time the Rockets gained popularity in Houston , selling out several home games during the regular season as the Rockets battled for a playoff spot and then selling out all of their home playoff games . 1976 -- 1982 : the Moses Malone era ( edit ) In the 1975 -- 76 season the Rockets finally had a permanent home in Houston as they moved into The Summit , which they would call home for the next 29 years . During the period , the franchise was owned by Kenneth Schnitzer , developer of the Greenway Plaza which included The Summit . After missing the 1976 playoffs , Tom Nissalke was hired as a coach , and pressed the team to add a play - making guard in college standout John Lucas and a rebounding center through Moses Malone , who he had coached in the ABA . The additions had an immediate impact , with the 1976 -- 77 Rockets winning the Central Division and going all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals , losing to the Julius Erving 's Philadelphia 76ers 4 games to 2 . The following season had the team regressing to just 28 wins due to an injury to captain Tomjanovich , who got numerous facial fractures after being punched by Kermit Washington of the Los Angeles Lakers and wound up spending five months in rehabilitation . After trading Lucas to the Golden State Warriors in exchange for Rick Barry , the Rockets returned to the playoffs in 1978 -- 79 , with `` The Chairman Of The Boards '' Moses Malone receiving the 1979 MVP Award , but the team was swept 2 -- 0 by Atlanta in the first round . Nissalke was let go , and assistant Del Harris was promoted to head coach . In 1979 , George Maloof , a businessperson from Albuquerque , New Mexico , bought the Rockets for $9 million . He died the following year , and while the Maloof family expressed interest in selling the team , George 's 24 - year - old son Gavin took over the Rockets . A buyer was eventually found in 1982 as businessman Charlie Thomas and Sidney Shlenker purchased the franchise for $11 million . The Maloof period of ownership marked the first dominant period of the Rockets , highlighted by the team 's first NBA Finals appearance in 1981 . Prior to the 1980 -- 81 season , the arrival of the Dallas Mavericks led to an NBA realignment that sent the Rockets back to the Western Conference . Houston qualified for the playoffs only in the final game of the season with a 40 -- 42 record . The postseason had the Rockets beat the Lakers , in - state rivals San Antonio Spurs , and the equally underdog Kansas City Kings to become only the second team in NBA history ( after the 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ) to have advanced to the Finals after achieving a losing record in the regular season . In the final round facing Larry Bird 's Boston Celtics in the finals round , the Rockets blew a late lead in Game 1 and won Game 2 at the Boston Garden . However , afterwards the team failed to capitalize on the early success against the favored Celtics , and eventually lost in six games . While new owner Charlie Thomas expressed interest in renewing with Moses Malone , who had been again chosen as MVP in 1981 -- 82 , the Rockets traded him to the Philadelphia 76ers for Caldwell Jones , as a declining regional economy made the Rockets unable to pay Malone 's salary . When the Rockets finished a league worst 14 -- 68 , Celtics coach Bill Fitch was hired to replace outgoing Del Harris , and the team won the first pick of the 1983 NBA draft , used to select Ralph Sampson from the University of Virginia . Sampson had good numbers and was awarded the NBA Rookie of the Year award , but the Rockets still finished last overall , again getting the top pick at the upcoming 1984 NBA draft , used to select Hakeem Olajuwon from the University of Houston . 1984 -- 2001 : the Hakeem Olajuwon era ( edit ) 1984 -- 1987 : the `` Twin Towers '' ( edit ) In his first season , Olajuwon finished second to Michael Jordan in NBA Rookie of the Year balloting , and the Rockets record improved by 19 games , good enough for a return to the playoffs as the third best team in the West , where they were upset by the sixth - seeded Utah Jazz . The Olajuwon and Sampson duo earned much praise , and was nicknamed `` Twin Towers '' . In the following season , Houston won the Midwest Division title with a 51 -- 31 record . The subsequent playoffs had the Rockets sweeping the Sacramento Kings , having a hard - fought six - game series with Alex English 's Denver Nuggets , and then facing defending champion Lakers , losing the first game but eventually managing to win the series -- the only Western Playoffs defeat of the Showtime Lakers -- to get to the franchise 's second Finals appearance . The NBA Finals once again matched the Rockets up against the Celtics , a contrast to Houston 's young front challenging the playoff - hardened Celtics front court of Larry Bird , Kevin McHale and Robert Parish . The Celtics won the first two games in Boston , gave the Rockets their only home playoff defeat that season in game 4 , and clinched the title as Bird scored a triple - double on Game 6 . A ticket for Game 2 of the 1987 Western Conference Semifinals between the Rockets and the Seattle SuperSonics . After the Finals , Boston coach K.C. Jones called the Rockets `` the new monsters on the block '' feeling they had a bright future . But the team had a poor start to the following season amidst players getting injured or suspended for cocaine usage , and during the playoffs were defeated in the second round by Seattle SuperSonics in six games , with the final game being a double - overtime classic that saw Olajuwon notching 49 points , 25 rebounds and 6 blocks in defeat . Early in the 1987 -- 88 season , Sampson , who had signed a new contract , was traded to the Golden State Warriors , bringing the Twin Towers era to an end just 18 months after their Finals appearance . Sampson 's once - promising career was shortened due to chronic knee injuries , which forced his retirement in 1991 . Jones ' prophecy of a Rockets dynasty never materialized until the early 1990s . 1987 -- 1992 : lean years ( edit ) In the next five seasons , the Rockets either failed to qualify for the playoffs or were eliminated in the first round . The first elimination in 1988 led to Fitch 's dismissal , with Don Chaney replacing him as head coach . Chaney , like Olajuwon , also played for the Houston Cougars under Guy Lewis , having played along Elvin Hayes in the late 1960s . Chaney had his best season during 1990 -- 91 , where he was named the Coach of the Year after leading the Rockets to a 52 - 30 record despite Olajuwon 's absence due to injury for 25 games . Despite Olajuwon 's usual strong numbers , the underwhelming roster could not be lifted out of mediocrity . However , the attempts to rebuild the team nucleus incorporated players that would later make an impact in the years to come , such as Kenny Smith , Vernon Maxwell , Robert Horry , Mario Elie , Sam Cassell and Otis Thorpe . Midway through the 1991 -- 92 season , with the Rockets ' record only 26 -- 26 , Chaney was fired and replaced by his assistant Rudy Tomjanovich , a former Houston player himself . While the Rockets did not make the playoffs , Tomjanovich 's arrival was considered a step forward . In the next year , the Rockets improved their record by 13 games , getting the Midwest Division title , and winning their first playoff series in 6 years by defeating the Los Angeles Clippers , before an elimination by the SuperSonics in a closely contested Game 7 overtime loss . Rudy Tomjanovich spent all his playing career with the Rockets , and after becoming the team 's head coach in 1992 led Houston to two straight championships . 1993 -- 1995 : Clutch City championships ( edit ) On July 30 , 1993 , Leslie Alexander purchased the Rockets for $85 million . Following the bitter Game 7 loss in Seattle in overtime , Olajuwon gathered the team and famously stated `` we go from here '' . The next season , in Tomjanovich 's second full year as head coach , the Rockets began the 1993 -- 94 season by tying an NBA record with a start of 15 -- 0 . Led by Olajuwon , who was named the MVP and Defensive Player of the Year , the Rockets won 58 games , a franchise record at the time . After quickly dispatching the Portland Trail Blazers ( who had made the finals just two years prior ) in 4 games , they then faced the defending Western Conference champion Phoenix Suns , led by the previous year 's MVP Charles Barkley . The series opened up in Houston , which saw the Rockets open up a big lead going into the fourth quarter . In both games , however , the Rockets inexplicably collapsed to allow the Suns a 2 - 0 lead going back to Phoenix . Following recent heart - breaking playoff losses by the Houston Oilers , it appeared as though the Rockets were doomed . Local newspapers labeled Houston as `` Choke City '' , which the Rockets took to heart and ultimately came back to win the series in seven games . As `` Choke City '' became `` Clutch City '' , the name permanently became a part of Houston folklore . The Rockets then soon defeated John Stockton and Karl Malone 's Utah Jazz in five in the Conference Finals to advance to their third finals . The New York Knicks opened a 3 - 2 advantage , but the Rockets won the last two games on their home court and claimed their first championship in franchise history . Olajuwon was awarded the Finals MVP , after averaging 27 points , nine rebounds and four blocked shots a game . The Rockets initially struggled in the first half of the 1994 -- 95 season , which they fixed by sending Otis Thorpe to the Portland Trail Blazers in exchange for Olajuwon 's former college teammate Clyde Drexler . With only 47 wins , the Rockets entered the playoffs as the sixth seed in the Western Conference . Still , a strong playoff run that earned Houston the nickname `` Clutch City '' had the Rockets defeating the West 's top three seeds -- the Jazz , Suns and Spurs -- to reach back - to - back finals , this time against the Orlando Magic , led by Shaquille O'Neal and Anfernee `` Penny '' Hardaway . When Houston swept the series in four straight games , they became the first team in NBA history to win the championship as a sixth seed , and the first to beat four 50 - win teams in a single postseason en route to the championship . Olajuwon was again the Finals MVP , only the second player after Michael Jordan to win the award two years in a row . It was on the floor of The Summit after they captured their second title that head coach Rudy Tomjanovich proclaimed , `` Do n't ever underestimate the heart of a champion ! '' 1995 -- 2002 : post-championship and rebuilding ( edit ) During the off - season , the Rockets went for a change of visual identity , making navy blue and silver the new primary colors while adopting a new cartoon - inspired logo and pinstriped jerseys . The Rockets won 48 games in the 1995 -- 96 season , in which Olajuwon became the NBA 's all - time leader in blocked shots . The playoffs had the Rockets beating the Lakers before a sweep by the SuperSonics . Before the start of the succeeding season , the Rockets sent four players to Phoenix in exchange for Charles Barkley . The resulting `` Big Three '' of Olajuwon , Drexler , and Barkley had a strong debut season with a 57 -- 25 record , going all the way to the Western Conference finals before losing to the Utah Jazz 4 -- 2 on a dramatic last - second shot by John Stockton . The following season was marked by injuries , and Houston finished 41 -- 41 and the 8th seed , leading to another elimination by the top - seeded Jazz . Drexler retired after the season , and the Rockets traded to bring in Scottie Pippen to take his place . In the lockout - shortened 1998 -- 99 season , the Rockets lost to the Lakers in the first round of the playoffs . After the 1999 draft , the Rockets traded for the second overall pick Steve Francis from the Vancouver Grizzlies , in exchange for four players and a first - round draft pick . However , after Houston traded a discontented Pippen to Portland , and Barkley suffered a career - ending injury , the rebuilt Rockets went 34 -- 48 and missed the playoffs , for only the second time in 15 years . In the 2000 -- 01 season , the Rockets worked their way to a 45 -- 37 record . However , in a competitive Western Conference where seven teams won 50 games , this left the Rockets two games out of the playoffs . In the following off - season , a 38 - year - old Olajuwon requested a trade , and , despite stating their desire to keep him , the Rockets reached a sign - and - trade agreement , sending him to the Toronto Raptors . The ensuing 2001 -- 02 season -- the first without Hakeem in two decades -- was unremarkable , and the Rockets finished with only 28 wins . 2002 -- 2009 : return to relevance ( edit ) Yao Ming during his rookie season with the Rockets . After Houston was awarded the first overall pick in the 2002 NBA draft , they selected Yao Ming , a 7 feet 6 inches ( 2.29 m ) Chinese center . The Rockets missed the 2003 playoffs by one game , improving their record by 15 victories . The 2003 -- 04 season marked the Rockets ' arrival to a new arena , the Toyota Center , a redesign of their uniforms and logo , and their first season without Rudy Tomjanovich , who resigned as head coach after being diagnosed with bladder cancer . Led by former Knicks coach Jeff Van Gundy , the Rockets finished the regular season with a record of 45 -- 37 , earning their first playoff berth since 1999 , again losing to the Lakers in the first round . In the off - season , Houston saw major changes in the roster as the Rockets acquired Tracy McGrady in a seven - player deal with the Orlando Magic . The scoring champion McGrady and the strong rebounder Yao formed a well - regarded pair that helped the Rockets win 22 consecutive games in the 2007 -- 08 season , which was at the time the 3rd longest winning streak in NBA history . Still , the duo was plagued with injuries -- of the 463 regular season games for which they were teammates , Yao missed 146 and McGrady 160 -- and did not win any playoff series , despite gathering leads over the Dallas Mavericks in 2005 and the Jazz in 2007 . After the 2007 elimination , Van Gundy was fired , and the Rockets hired Rick Adelman to replace him . Houston acquired Tracy McGrady in 2004 . For the 2008 -- 09 season , the Rockets signed forward Ron Artest . While McGrady wound up playing only half the games before enduring a season - ending microfracture surgery , the Rockets ended the season 53 -- 29 , enough for the Western Conference 's fifth seed . During the playoffs , the Rockets beat the Portland Trail Blazers four games to two , winning their first playoff round since 1997 . During the series , Dikembe Mutombo injured his knee , which forced him to retire after 18 seasons in the NBA . However , the second round against the Lakers had the Rockets losing 4 - 3 and Yao Ming suffering yet another season - ending injury , this time a hairline fracture in his left foot . 2009 -- 2012 : competitive rebuilding ( edit ) During the 2009 -- 10 season , the Rockets saw the departures of Artest in the off - season and McGrady , Joey Dorsey and Carl Landry during mid-season trades . Despite great play by Kevin Martin , who arrived from the Kings , and Aaron Brooks , who would eventually be chosen as the Most Improved Player of the season , the Rockets could not make it to the playoffs , finishing 42 -- 40 , 3rd in the Southwest Division . At that time , the Rockets set an NBA record for best record by a team with no All - Stars . The Rockets would also finish ninth in the Western Conference for the following two seasons , with Yao Ming getting a season - ending injury seven games into the 2010 -- 11 season and deciding to retire during the 2011 off - season . Said off - season , which saw the NBA going through a lockout , had Adelman dismissed , and general manager Daryl Morey deciding to start a revamp of the Rockets based on advanced statistical analytics ( similar to sabermetrics in baseball ) in player acquisitions and style of play . Kevin McHale was named head coach , and the roster saw significant changes . 2012 -- present : the James Harden era ( edit ) After the roster moves made by Morey during the 2012 NBA off - season , only four players were left from the 2011 -- 12 Rockets roster : Chandler Parsons , Greg Smith , Marcus Morris and Patrick Patterson , with the latter two leaving through trades during the 2012 -- 13 season . The most important acquisition was reigning sixth man of the year James Harden , who Morey called a `` foundational '' player which he expected to be Houston 's featured player after a supporting role in the Oklahoma City Thunder . Harden caused an immediate impact as part of the starting lineup for the Rockets , with 37 points , 12 assists , 6 rebounds , 4 steals , and a block in the season opener against the Detroit Pistons , and an average of 25.9 points a game through the season . Combining Harden 's performance and McHale 's up - tempo offense , the Rockets became one of the highest scoring offenses in the NBA , leading the league in scoring for the majority of the season . In the postseason , the Rockets fell to the Oklahoma City Thunder in the first round , losing the series 4 -- 2 . James Harden arrived in Houston in 2012 , and has since become a franchise player for the Rockets . Eager to add another franchise player to their team , the Rockets heavily pursued Jeremy Lin , the first American of Taiwanese and Chinese descent to play in the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) , led the Knicks to seven straight victories while establishing an NBA scoring record in July 2012 . Also , they pursued free agent center Dwight Howard in the 2013 off - season . He officially signed with the Rockets on July 13 , 2013 . Led by the new inside - out combination of Howard and James Harden , and with a strong supporting cast including Chandler Parsons , Jeremy Lin , and Ömer Aşık , the Rockets were expected to jump into title contention in the upcoming season . However , that postseason , the Rockets were defeated in the first round by the Portland Trail Blazers , losing the series 4 -- 2 . Still , in the 2014 -- 15 season , without Lin and Parsons but reinforced by Trevor Ariza , the Rockets started the season well , winning the first four games of the season for the first time since 1996 -- 97 , and winning each of their first six games by 10 points or more , the first team to accomplish this feat since the 1985 -- 86 Denver Nuggets . While the Rockets had many key players miss time throughout the entire season , James Harden took it upon himself to keep the Rockets near the top of the conference , turning him into an MVP front - runner . He became the first Rocket to score 50 points in a game since Hakeem Olajuwon , as well as the only player in franchise history to record multiple 50 point games in a season . On April 15 , 2015 , the Rockets beat the Jazz to claim their first ever Southwest Division title and first Division crown since 1994 , and by completing 56 wins finished with the third - best regular season record in franchise history . During the playoffs , the Rockets beat the Mavericks 4 -- 1 in the first round , and overcame a 3 -- 1 deficit against the Los Angeles Clippers to win the Western Semifinals and return to the Conference Finals for the first time in 18 years . In the Conference Finals , the Rockets were defeated by the Golden State Warriors 4 -- 1 . The 2015 -- 16 season saw Kevin McHale fired after a bad start where the team only won 4 of its first 11 games , and assistant J.B. Bickerstaff took over coaching duties . Inconsistent play led to the Rockets struggling to remain in the playoff qualifying zone , and surrounded by trade rumors . Houston only clinched its 2016 playoffs spot by winning its last game , finishing the season 41 -- 41 to earn an eight seed and a match - up against the Warriors . Like in the previous year , the Rockets were once again defeated by Golden State in 5 games . During the 2016 off - season , Mike D'Antoni was named as the Rockets ' new head coach , and Dwight Howard opted out of his contract 's final year , becoming a free agent . In the following free - agency period , the Rockets looked to embrace the play styles of both coach D'Antoni and Harden through the signings of Ryan Anderson and Eric Gordon , two predominately perimeter players and good fits in Houston 's up - tempo offense style . When the 2016 -- 17 season started , Harden was off to a great start and was widely considered a top MVP runner along with Kawhi Leonard , alongside former teammate Russell Westbrook . When the season ended , the Rockets were third in both the Western Conference and overall rankings , a major improvement from the season before . D'Antoni was named the NBA Coach of the Year , Eric Gordon the Sixth Man of the Year , and Harden finished second in MVP voting to Russell Westbrook . In the playoffs , the Rockets faced the sixth seeded Oklahoma City Thunder in a battle of the MVP frontrunners , as the winner was not announced until after the finals . The Rockets won the series 4 -- 1 including Nene Hilario 's perfect 12 -- 12 in field goals in Game 4 . In the following round , Houston opened with a dominating 27 points win over the San Antonio Spurs , lost the following two games and then tied the series again . Game 5 went into overtime and had both Manu Ginobili blocking James Harden 's game tying three point attempt at the final second , and Nene injuring himself out of the postseason . Without Nene , the Rockets could not guard LaMarcus Aldridge , who scored 34 points and grabbed 12 rebounds in the series - closing match . During the 2017 off - season , the Rockets were purchased by Houston restaurant billionaire Tilman Fertitta for $2.2 billion , breaking the record for the price to purchase an American professional sports team . The team also acquired 8 time All - NBA player and 9 time All - Star Chris Paul in a trade from the Los Angeles Clippers , in exchange for seven players , cash considerations , and a top three protected 2018 first round draft pick . Even if Paul missed many games due to a knee injury , he was a key addition to the Rockets . The team finished the season with 65 wins , a record both league - leading and the best in franchise history . During the playoffs , Houston easily beat the Minnesota Timberwolves and Utah Jazz before another confrontation with the Golden State Warriors . In game 5 of the Conference Finals , the Rockets took a 3 -- 2 lead in the series , but saw Paul leave with an injured hamstring . His absence was felt in the two remaining games , where Houston led by halftime only to suffer a comeback by Golden State . Season - by - season record ( edit ) List of the last five seasons completed by the Rockets . For the full season - by - season history , see List of Houston Rockets seasons . Note : GP = Games played , W = Wins , L = Losses , % = Winning percentage Season GP % Finish Playoffs 2013 -- 14 82 54 28 . 659 2nd , Southwest Lost in First Round , 2 -- 4 ( Trail Blazers ) 2014 -- 15 82 56 26 . 683 1st , Southwest Lost in Conference Finals , 1 -- 4 ( Warriors ) 2015 -- 16 82 41 41 . 500 4th , Southwest Lost in First Round , 1 -- 4 ( Warriors ) 2016 -- 17 82 55 27 . 671 2nd , Southwest Lost in Conference Semifinals , 2 -- 4 ( Spurs ) 2017 -- 18 82 65 17 . 793 1st , Southwest Lost in Conference Finals , 3 -- 4 ( Warriors ) Home arenas ( edit ) The Summit ( later Compaq Center ) hosted the Rockets from 1975 to 2003 , and was also the site where the Rockets won both of their NBA titles in 1994 and 1995 . Today the site is the worship center for Lakewood Church . Toyota Center is the current home of the Houston Rockets . During the four years the Rockets were in San Diego , they played their games in the San Diego Sports Arena , which had a seating capacity of 14,400 . In their first season after moving to Houston , the Rockets did not have their own arena , and they played their first two years at various venues in the city , including the Astrodome , AstroHall , Sam Houston Coliseum and Hofheinz Pavilion , the latter eventually being adopted as their home arena until 1975 . They also had to play `` home '' games in other cities such as San Antonio , Waco , Albuquerque , and even San Diego in efforts to extend the fan - base . During their first season , the Rockets averaged less than 5,000 fans per game ( roughly half full ) , and in one game in Waco , there were only 759 fans in attendance . Their first permanent arena in Houston was the 10,000 seat Hofheinz Pavilion on the campus of the University of Houston , which they moved into starting in their second season . They played in the arena for four years , before occupying The Summit in 1975 . The arena , which could hold 16,611 spectators , was their home for the next 28 years . It was renamed the Compaq Center from 1998 to 2003 . Following the 1994 title , the Rockets had a sellout streak of 176 consecutive home games , including the playoffs , which lasted until 1999 . However , the struggling 2000 -- 01 and 2001 -- 02 seasons saw Houston having the worst attendance average in the league , with less than 12,000 spectators each season . For the 2003 -- 04 season , the Rockets moved into their new arena , the Toyota Center , with a seating capacity of 18,500 . During the 2007 -- 08 season where the team achieved a 22 - game winning streak , the Rockets got their best numbers to date , averaging 17,379 spectators . These were exceeded once James Harden joined the team in 2013 . The Rockets averaged 18,123 spectators during the 2013 -- 14 season , selling out 39 out of the 41 home games . The 2014 -- 15 season had even better numbers , with 40 sellouts and an average of 18,230 tickets sold . Team identity ( edit ) Uniforms and logos ( edit ) When the Rockets debuted in San Diego , their colors were green and gold . Road uniforms featured the city name , while the home uniforms feature the team name , both in a serifed block lettering . This was the only uniform design the Rockets would use throughout their years in San Diego . The Rockets ' first logo featured a rocket streaking with a basketball surrounded by the team name . Upon moving to Houston in 1971 , the Rockets replaced green with red . They kept the same design from their San Diego days , save for the change of color and city name . The logo used is of a player with a spinning basketball launching upward , with boosters on his back , leaving a trail of red and gold flames and the words `` Houston Rockets '' below it . For the 1972 -- 73 season , the Rockets introduced the famous `` mustard and ketchup '' logo , so dubbed by fans , featuring a gold basketball surrounded by two red trails , with `` Houston '' atop the first red trail and `` Rockets '' ( all capitalized save for the lowercase ' E ' and ' T ' ) in black surrounding the basketball . The initial home uniforms , used until the 1975 -- 76 season , features the city name , numbers and serifed player name in red with gold trim , while the away uniforms feature the city name ( all capitalized except for the lower case ' T ' and ' N ' ) , numbers and serifed player name in gold with white trim . In the 1976 -- 77 season , the Rockets modified their uniforms , featuring a monotone look on the Cooper Black fonts and white lettering on the road uniforms . On the home shorts , the team logo is located on the right leg , while the away shorts feature the team name wordmark on the same location . With minor modifications in the number font , this version was used in all four of their NBA Finals appearances , including their 1994 and 1995 championships . Following the 1995 title , the Rockets opted to modernize their look . After a fan contest with over 5,000 entries , the team went with the idea of Missouri City artist Thomas Nash of a rocket orbiting a basketball , which was then reworked by Houston designer Chris Hill . Nash would later sue the Rockets for breach of contract , given they were using his idea despite not having paid the contest prizes . The NBA suggested that the identity should follow the cartoon - inspired imagery that other teams adopted during the 1990s , leading to a rocket painted with sharkmouth nose art orbiting a basketball . Red was retained , but navy blue and silver became the uniform 's primary colors . Both the home white and away navy uniforms featured gradient - fading pinstripes and futuristic number fonts , with side stripes of navy fading to red . This was used until the 2002 -- 03 season . The Rockets ' current logos and uniforms were introduced in the 2003 -- 04 season , created by New York - based agency Alfafa Studio in association with Japanese designer Eiko Ishioka . The logo is a stylized ' R ' in the shape of a rocket during takeoff , surrounded by a red orbit streak that can be interpreted as the central circle of a basketball court . Said `` R '' inspired the team 's new custom typeface , designed so that every single digit could be read well from a distance , whether in the arena or on television . Red once again became the dominant color , with silver and black as secondary . In 2009 , the Rockets invoked the championship years with an alternate red uniform , featuring gold numbers and side stripes . The Rockets had two sleeved alternate jerseys for the 2015 -- 16 season , an alternate silver - colored uniform whose design referenced the design of NASA 's Gemini - Titan rocket , and a red and gold jersey featuring the nickname `` Clutch City '' . For the 2016 -- 17 season , the Rockets began to wear a black alternate uniform . Following the switch to Nike in 2017 , the Rockets made some slight tweaks to the uniform . While the black `` Statement '' uniform remained mostly unchanged , the red `` Icon '' and white `` Association '' uniforms now feature truncated side striping that no longer wrap around the shoulders . The Rockets also wore a `` City '' uniform that was similar to their red `` Icon '' uniforms but with Chinese lettering in place of `` Rockets '' in front . Clutch the Bear is the Rockets ' mascot . Mascots ( edit ) The mascot of the Houston Rockets in the 1980s was called Booster . From 1993 to 1995 , the mascot was Turbo , a costumed man that performed acrobatic dunks and other maneuvers . In 1995 , the Rockets debuted Clutch the Bear as a second mascot , a large teddy bear - like mascot that performs a variety of acts during the games . After eight years of serving as dual mascots , the performer playing Turbo retired , making Clutch the sole mascot for the team . Rivalries ( edit ) Main articles : Rockets -- Spurs rivalry , Mavericks -- Rockets rivalry , and Jazz -- Rockets rivalry The Rockets have developed many rivalries within the Western Conference ever since the team returned there in 1980 . Two are intrastate rivalries , with the San Antonio Spurs , who moved along with the Rockets after four years with them in the Eastern Conference , and the Dallas Mavericks , introduced that very season . Houston faced both Texas teams in playoffs since 1980 , beating the Spurs three times and losing once . The Rockets lost twice to the Mavericks , while beating them once . Other famed rivalries were with the Los Angeles Lakers , who in the 1980s Showtime era only missed the NBA Finals when beaten by the Rockets , and the Utah Jazz , who the Rockets beat in both championship seasons but were defeated by Utah in five other occasions . Honors and Statistics ( edit ) Individual honors ( edit ) NBA Most Valuable Player Award Moses Malone -- 1979 , 1982 Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1994 James Harden -- 2018 NBA Finals MVP Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1994 , 1995 NBA Scoring Champions Elvin Hayes -- 1969 James Harden -- 2018 NBA Defensive Player of the Year Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1993 , 1994 NBA Rookie of the Year Ralph Sampson -- 1984 Steve Francis -- 2000 NBA Sixth Man of the Year Eric Gordon -- 2017 NBA Most Improved Player Aaron Brooks -- 2010 NBA Coach of the Year Tom Nissalke -- 1977 Don Chaney -- 1991 Mike D'Antoni -- 2017 NBA Executive of the Year Ray Patterson -- 1977 Daryl Morey -- 2018 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award Calvin Murphy -- 1979 Dikembe Mutombo -- 2009 NBA All - Defensive First Team Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1987 , 1988 , 1990 , 1993 , 1994 Rodney McCray -- 1988 Scottie Pippen -- 1999 Patrick Beverley -- 2017 NBA All - Defensive Second Team Moses Malone -- 1979 Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1985 , 1991 , 1996 , 1997 Rodney McCray -- 1987 Shane Battier -- 2008 , 2009 Ron Artest -- 2009 Patrick Beverley -- 2014 NBA All - Rookie First Team Elvin Hayes -- 1969 Calvin Murphy -- 1971 Joe Meriweather -- 1976 John Lucas -- 1977 Ralph Sampson -- 1984 Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1985 Steve Francis -- 2000 Yao Ming -- 2003 Luis Scola -- 2008 NBA All - Rookie Second Team Robert Horry -- 1993 Matt Maloney -- 1997 Cuttino Mobley -- 1999 Michael Dickerson -- 1999 Eddie Griffin -- 2002 Luther Head -- 2006 Carl Landry -- 2008 Chandler Parsons -- 2012 All - NBA First Team Moses Malone -- 1979 , 1982 Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1987 , 1988 , 1989 , 1993 , 1994 , 1997 James Harden -- 2014 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 All - NBA Second Team Moses Malone -- 1980 , 1981 Ralph Sampson -- 1985 Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1986 , 1990 , 1996 Yao Ming -- 2007 , 2009 Tracy McGrady -- 2007 Dwight Howard -- 2014 All - NBA Third Team Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1991 , 1995 , 1999 Clyde Drexler -- 1995 Yao Ming -- 2004 , 2006 , 2008 Tracy McGrady -- 2005 , 2008 James Harden -- 2013 All - Star Don Kojis -- 1968 , 1969 Elvin Hayes -- 1969 -- 1972 Jack Marin -- 1973 Rudy Tomjanovich -- 1974 -- 1977 , 1979 Moses Malone -- 1978 -- 1982 Calvin Murphy -- 1979 Ralph Sampson -- 1984 -- 1987 Hakeem Olajuwon -- 1985 -- 1990 , 1992 -- 1997 Otis Thorpe -- 1992 Charles Barkley -- 1997 Clyde Drexler -- 1996 , 1997 Steve Francis -- 2002 -- 2004 Tracy McGrady -- 2005 -- 2007 Yao Ming -- 2003 -- 2009 , 2011 James Harden -- 2013 -- 2018 Dwight Howard -- 2014 All - Star head coach Rudy Tomjanovich -- 1997 Mike D'Antoni -- 2018 All - Star Game MVP Ralph Sampson -- 1985 Statistics and records ( edit ) Main article : Houston Rockets statistics and records Franchise Leaders ( edit ) Bold denotes still active with team . Italics denotes still active but not with team . Points scored ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 26,511 ) 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 17,949 ) 3 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 13,383 ) 4 . James Harden ( 13,014 ) 5 . Elvin Hayes ( 11,762 ) 6 . Moses Malone ( 11,119 ) 7 . Yao Ming ( 9,247 ) 8 . Robert Reid ( 8,823 ) 9 . Mike Newlin ( 8,480 ) 10 . Otis Thorpe ( 8,177 ) 11 . Cuttino Mobley ( 7,448 ) 12 . Steve Francis ( 7,281 ) 13 . Tracy McGrady ( 6,888 ) 14 . Allen Leavell ( 6,684 ) 15 . Vernon Maxwell ( 6,002 ) 16 . Ralph Sampson ( 5,995 ) 17 . Kenny Smith ( 5,910 ) 18 . Luis Scola ( 5,597 ) 19 . Rodney McCray ( 5,059 ) 20 . Sleepy Floyd ( 5,030 ) 21 . Stu Lantz ( 4,947 ) 22 . Trevor Ariza ( 4,863 ) 23 . Lewis Lloyd ( 4,384 ) 24 . Clyde Drexler ( 4,155 ) 25 . Buck Johnson ( 4,139 ) 26 . John Block ( 4,138 ) 27 . Don Kojis ( 4,037 ) 28 . John Lucas II ( 3,756 ) 29 . Kevin Kunnert ( 3,550 ) 30 . Aaron Brooks ( 3,465 ) Other Statistics ( regular season ) ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) Minutes Played 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 42,844 ) 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 30,607 ) 3 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 25,714 ) 4 . Robert Reid ( 21,718 ) 5 . Elvin Hayes ( 20,782 ) Rebounds 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 13,382 ) 2 . Elvin Hayes ( 6,974 ) 3 . Moses Malone ( 6,959 ) 4 . Rudy Tomjanovich ( 6,198 ) 5 . Otis Thorpe ( 5,010 ) Assists 1 . Calvin Murphy ( 4,402 ) 2 . James Harden ( 3,615 ) 3 . Allen Leavell ( 3,339 ) 4 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 2,992 ) 5 . Mike Newlin ( 2,581 ) Steals 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 2,088 ) 2 . Calvin Murphy ( 1,165 ) 3 . Allen Leavell ( 929 ) 4 . Robert Reid ( 881 ) 5 . James Harden ( 797 ) Blocks 1 . Hakeem Olajuwon ( 3,740 ) 2 . Yao Ming ( 920 ) 3 . Moses Malone ( 758 ) 4 . Ralph Sampson ( 585 ) 5 . Kelvin Cato ( 431 ) Players ( edit ) Current Roster ( edit ) For the complete list of Houston Rockets players , see Houston Rockets all - time roster . For the players drafted by Houston Rockets , see List of Houston Rockets first and second round draft picks . Houston Rockets roster Players Coaches Pos . No . Name Height Weight DOB ( YYYY - MM - DD ) From 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 Anderson , Ryan 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1988 -- 05 -- 06 California 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Anthony , Carmelo 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1984 -- 05 -- 29 Syracuse -- Caboclo , Bruno 7000205740000000000 ♠ 6 ft 9 in ( 2.06 m ) 218 lb ( 99 kg ) 1995 -- 09 -- 21 Brazil 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Capela , Clint 7000208279999999999 ♠ 6 ft 10 in ( 2.08 m ) 240 lb ( 109 kg ) 1994 -- 05 -- 18 INSEP ( FRA ) 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 Carter - Williams , Michael 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) 1991 -- 10 -- 10 Syracuse 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Clark , Gary 7000203200000000000 ♠ 6 ft 8 in ( 2.03 m ) 225 lb ( 102 kg ) 1994 -- 11 -- 16 Cincinnati 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Edwards , Vincent 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1996 -- 04 -- 05 Purdue 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Ennis , James 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1990 -- 07 -- 01 Long Beach State 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Gordon , Eric 7000193040000000000 ♠ 6 ft 4 in ( 1.93 m ) 215 lb ( 98 kg ) 1988 -- 12 -- 25 Indiana 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 Gray , Rob 7000185420000000000 ♠ 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) 1994 -- 04 -- 03 Houston G / F 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Green , Gerald 7000200659999999999 ♠ 6 ft 7 in ( 2.01 m ) 205 lb ( 93 kg ) 1986 -- 01 -- 26 Gulf Shores Academy ( TX ) 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Harden , James 7000195580000000000 ♠ 6 ft 5 in ( 1.96 m ) 220 lb ( 100 kg ) 1989 -- 08 -- 26 Arizona State F / C 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 Hartenstein , Isaiah 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 249 lb ( 113 kg ) 1998 -- 05 -- 05 Germany 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 Melton , De'Anthony ( DP ) 7000190500000000000 ♠ 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) 1998 -- 05 -- 28 Southern California F / C 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 Nenê 7000210820000000000 ♠ 6 ft 11 in ( 2.11 m ) 250 lb ( 113 kg ) 1982 -- 09 -- 13 Brazil 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Paul , Chris 7000182880000000000 ♠ 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) 175 lb ( 79 kg ) 1985 -- 05 -- 06 Wake Forest 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Tucker , P.J. 7000198120000000000 ♠ 6 ft 6 in ( 1.98 m ) 245 lb ( 111 kg ) 1985 -- 05 -- 05 Texas F / C 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Zhou Qi 7000215899999999999 ♠ 7 ft 1 in ( 2.16 m ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) 1996 -- 01 -- 16 China Head coach Mike D'Antoni Assistant coach ( es ) Jeff Bzdelik Brett Gunning Roy Rogers John Lucas ( player development ) Legend ( C ) Team captain ( DP ) Unsigned draft pick ( FA ) Free agent ( S ) Suspended ( GL ) On assignment to G League affiliate ( TW ) Two - way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction : 2018 -- 07 -- 25 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Rockets hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA . A drafted player , either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him , is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams . In this case , the team retains the player 's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player 's contract with the non-NBA team ends . This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams . Draft Round Pick Player Pos . Nationality Current team Note ( s ) Ref 2014 53 Alessandro Gentile G / F Italy Virtus Segafredo Bologna ( Italy ) Acquired from the Minnesota Timberwolves 2013 45 Marko Todorović F / C Montenegro Free agent Acquired from the Portland Trail Blazers 2011 51 Jon Diebler United States Beşiktaş ( Turkey ) Acquired from the Portland Trail Blazers 2009 34 Sergio Llull Spain Real Madrid ( Spain ) Acquired from the Denver Nuggets 2008 54 Maarty Leunen United States Consultinvest Bologna ( Italy ) Re-acquired from the Dallas Mavericks ( via Los Angeles Clippers ) 2005 52 Axel Hervelle Belgium Spirou Charleroi ( Belgium ) Acquired from the Denver Nuggets Retired numbers ( edit ) Yao Ming Retired February 3 , 2017 Clyde Drexler Retired February 3 , 2000 Calvin Murphy Retired March 17 , 1984 Moses Malone Retired April 19 , 1998 Hakeem Olajuwon Retired November 9 , 2002 Rudy Tomjanovich Retired January 28 , 1982 Carroll Dawson Assistant coach GM Honored April 16 , 2007 Also served as head coach from 1991 to 2003 . As Dawson did not play for the Rockets , the team used his initials . Basketball Hall of Famers ( edit ) Houston Rockets Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted Rick Barry 1978 -- 1980 11 44 Elvin Hayes C / F 1968 -- 1972 1981 -- 1984 23 Calvin Murphy 1970 -- 1983 1993 24 Moses Malone C / F 1976 -- 1982 2001 22 Clyde Drexler G / F 1995 -- 1998 Charles Barkley 1996 -- 2000 2006 34 Hakeem Olajuwon 1984 -- 2001 2008 33 Scottie Pippen 1998 -- 1999 50 Ralph Sampson C / F 1983 -- 1987 2012 55 Dikembe Mutombo 2004 -- 2009 2015 11 Yao Ming 2002 -- 2011 2016 Tracy McGrady G / F 2004 -- 2010 2017 Coaches Name Position Tenure Inducted Alex Hannum Head coach 1969 -- 1971 1998 Tex Winter Head coach 1971 -- 1973 2011 Notes : All three players were also inducted to the Hall of Fame as members of the 1992 Olympic team . FIBA Hall of Famers ( edit ) Houston Rockets Hall of Famers Players No . Name Position Tenure Inducted 34 Hakeem Olajuwon 1984 -- 2001 2016 Management ( edit ) General managers ( edit ) GM history GM Tenure Jack McMahon Mar 1967 -- June 1968 Pete Newell June 1968 -- May 1972 Ray Patterson May 1972 -- September 1989 Steve Patterson September 1989 -- August 1993 Tod Leiweke August 1993 -- January 1994 Bob Weinhauer January 1994 -- May 1996 Carroll Dawson May 1996 -- May 2007 Daryl Morey May 2007 -- present Owners ( edit ) Ownership history Owner Tenure Robert Breitbard January 1967 -- June 1971 Billy Goldberg , Wayne Duddlesten , Mickey Herskowitz June 1971 -- December 1973 Irvin Kaplan December 1973 -- February 1975 James Talcott Incorporated February 1975 -- February 1976 Kenneth Schnitzer February 1976 -- May 1979 George J. Maloof , Sr . May 1979 -- November 1980 Gavin Maloof November 1980 -- June 1982 Charlie Thomas June 1982 -- July 1993 Leslie Alexander July 1993 -- October 2017 Tilman Fertitta October 2017 -- present Coaches ( edit ) Main article : List of Houston Rockets head coaches San Diego Rockets Coach Tenure Jack McMahon 1968 -- 1970 Alex Hannum 1970 -- 1971 Houston Rockets Coach Tenure Tex Winter 1971 -- 1973 Johnny Egan 1973 -- 1976 Tom Nissalke 1976 -- 1979 Del Harris 1979 -- 1983 Bill Fitch 1983 -- 1988 Don Chaney 1988 -- 1992 Rudy Tomjanovich 1992 -- 2003 Jeff Van Gundy 2003 -- 2007 Rick Adelman 2007 -- 2011 Kevin McHale 2011 -- 2015 J.B. Bickerstaff ( interim ) 2015 -- 2016 Mike D'Antoni 2016 -- present References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rockets All - Time Record '' ( PDF ) . Houston Rockets 2017 -- 18 Media Guide . NBA Properties , Inc . October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` History : Team by Team '' ( PDF ) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017 -- 18 . 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CBS Interactive . Retrieved February 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2015 -- 16 Media Guide , p. 149 ^ Jump up to : `` Houston Rockets Media Guide 2008 -- 09 '' ( PDF ) . NBA.com . p. 154 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Patterson 's reign '' . Houston Chronicle . August 30 , 1990 . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sefko , Eddie ( August 31 , 1993 ) . `` Rockets ' Patterson era ends '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sefko , Eddie . `` Rockets shaken at foundation '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sefko , Eddie ( August 30 , 1996 ) . `` Rockets ' VP Weinhauer resigns post '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sefko , Eddie ( May 24 , 1996 ) . `` Dawson set for promotion '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2012 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Feigen , Jonathan ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` Morey officially takes charge '' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Houston Rockets Media Guide 2008 -- 09 '' ( PDF ) . NBA.com . p. 137 . Retrieved March 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` It 's official : Tilman Fertitta owns the Rockets '' . chron.com . October 6 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Houston portal National Basketball Association portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Houston Rockets . Official website Houston Rockets Founded in 1967 Played in San Diego ( 1967 -- 1971 ) Based in Houston , Texas Franchise Franchise History Expansion Draft All - time roster Seasons Records Draft history Head coaches Current season Arenas San Diego Sports Arena Hofheinz Pavilion HemisFair Arena The Summit / Compaq Center Toyota Center Culture and lore Red Rowdies ClutchFans Clutch City Clutch the Rockets Bear Dancing Barry Kermit Washington punches Rudy Tomjanovich The Clock Incident The Kiss of Death The Dream Shake 13 points in 35 seconds 22 wins in a row NBA Championships ( 2 ) 1994 1995 Western Conference Championships ( 4 ) 1981 1986 1994 1995 Administration Owner Tilman Fertitta General Manager Daryl Morey Head Coach Mike D'Antoni Retired numbers 11 22 23 24 34 45 CD Most Valuable Players Moses Malone Hakeem Olajuwon Hall of Famers Charles Barkley Rick Barry Clyde Drexler Elvin Hayes Moses Malone Tracy McGrady Calvin Murphy Dikembe Mutombo Hakeem Olajuwon Scottie Pippen Ralph Sampson Yao Ming G League affiliate Rio Grande Valley Vipers Rivals Dallas Mavericks San Antonio Spurs Utah Jazz Media TV AT&T SportsNet Southwest Radio Sportstalk 790 Announcers Bill Worrell Clyde Drexler Matt Bullard Craig Ackerman Links to related articles Houston Rockets seasons Franchise History Seasons 1960s 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1970s 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1980s 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1990s 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 2000s 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2010s 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Bold indicates NBA Finals victory Relocated National Basketball Association teams Tri-Cities Blackhawks -- Milwaukee Hawks ( 1951 ) Milwaukee Hawks -- St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 ) Fort Wayne Pistons -- Detroit Pistons ( 1957 ) Rochester Royals -- Cincinnati Royals ( 1957 ) Minneapolis Lakers -- Los Angeles Lakers ( 1960 ) Philadelphia Warriors -- San Francisco Warriors ( 1962 ) Chicago Zephyrs -- Baltimore Bullets ( 1963 ) Syracuse Nationals -- Philadelphia 76ers ( 1963 ) St. Louis Hawks -- Atlanta Hawks ( 1968 ) San Diego Rockets -- Houston Rockets ( 1971 ) Cincinnati Royals -- Kansas City -- Omaha Kings ( 1972 ) Baltimore Bullets -- Capital Bullets ( 1973 ) Kansas City -- Omaha Kings -- Kansas City Kings ( 1975 ) Buffalo Braves -- San Diego Clippers ( 1978 ) New Orleans Jazz -- Utah Jazz ( 1979 ) San Diego Clippers -- Los Angeles Clippers ( 1984 ) Kansas City Kings -- Sacramento Kings ( 1985 ) Vancouver Grizzlies -- Memphis Grizzlies ( 2001 ) New Orleans Hornets -- New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets ( 2005 ) New Orleans / Oklahoma City Hornets -- New Orleans Hornets ( 2007 ) Seattle SuperSonics -- Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2008 ) National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All - 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Austin TCU Texas Texas A&M A&M - Corpus Christi Texas Southern Texas State Texas Tech UTA UTSA UTEP UTRGV City of Houston Nickname : Space City Topics Architecture Climate Culture Demographics Economy Geography History Timeline Media Newspapers Transportation Sister cities Attractions Art Car Parade Bayou Place Comicpalooza Discovery Green Downtown Aquarium Free Press Summer Fest The Galleria Hermann Park Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo Houston Zoo Kemah Boardwalk Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark Memorial Park Museum District The Orange Show San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site Space Center Houston Splashtown Texas Medical Center Theater District Waterwall Park Business Districts Downtown Uptown Texas Medical Center Greenway Plaza Energy Corridor Westchase Memorial City Greenspoint See also : List of companies in Houston Communities Acres Homes Addicks Alief Almeda Bordersville Boulevard Oaks Braeburn Braeswood Place Brays Oaks Blue Ridge Chinatown Clear Lake City Denver Harbor East Downtown East End East Houston Fairbanks Forum Park Genoa Glenbrook Valley Gulfton Harrisburg Hiram Clarke Houston Heights Independence Heights Inwood Forest Kingwood Link Valley Lower Westheimer Magnolia Park Mahatma Gandhi District Maplewood Memorial Meyerland Midtown Montrose District Museum District Neartown Near Northwest North Shore Northside Oak Forest River Oaks Riverside Terrace Southwest Management District South Park Spring Branch Sunnyside Upper Kirby Historic wards First Ward Second Ward Third Ward Fourth Ward Fifth Ward Sixth Ward Education State universities University of Houston University of Houston -- Clear Lake University of Houston -- Downtown Texas Southern University Private universities Houston Baptist University Rice University University of St. Thomas Community colleges Houston Community College Lone Star College San Jacinto College Lee College K - 12 school districts Houston ISD Aldine ISD Alief ISD Spring Branch ISD Clear Creek ISD Cy - Fair ISD Fort Bend ISD Galena Park ISD Humble ISD Katy ISD Pasadena ISD Spring ISD Huffman ISD New Caney ISD See : List of colleges and universities in Houston Government City Council Fire Mayors Police Politics Neighborhoods Afton Oaks Brentwood Briargrove Park Briarhills Broadacres City Park Clinton Park Cloverland Corinthian Pointe Cottage Grove Crestwood / Glen Cove Eastwood Garden Oaks Glenshire Highland Village Houston Gardens Idylwood Kashmere Gardens Knollwood Village Lakes of Parkway Larchmont Magnolia Grove Montrose Morningside Place Near North Side Nottingham Forest Old Braeswood Parkway Villages Pecan Park Port Houston Rice Military Richmond Strip Robindell Royal Oaks Country Club Sagemont Scenic Woods Settegast Shadyside Sharpstown Shenandoah Somerset Green Southampton Southbelt / Ellington Southcrest Southgate Stablewood St. George Place ( Lamar Terrace ) Sunset Terrace / Montclair Tanglewood University Oaks Village at Glen Iris Walnut Bend Westbury West End West Oaks Westwood ( subdivision ) Westmoreland Willow Meadows Willowbend Windsor Village Woodland Heights Sports Houston Astros Houston Dash Houston Dynamo Houston Rockets Houston SaberCats Houston Texans Harris County Houston -- The Woodlands -- Sugar Land Metro Texas United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Houston_Rockets&oldid=856998406 '' Categories : Houston Rockets National Basketball Association teams Basketball teams established in 1967 1967 establishments in California 1971 disestablishments in California 1971 establishments in Texas Relocated National Basketball Association teams Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 errors : invisible characters Good articles Use mdy dates from October 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी مازِرونی Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Vèneto Volapük Yorùbá 粵語 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 22 : 07 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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when's the last time the houston rockets won a championship
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"Houston Rockets\n2018–19 Houston Rockets season\nConference\nWesternDivision\nSouthwestFounded\n1967History\nSan Diego Rockets1967–1971Houston Rockets1971–present[1][2][3]Arena\nToyota CenterLocation\nHouston, TexasTeam colors\nRed, silver, black, white[4][5] General manager\nDaryl MoreyHead coach\nMike D'AntoniOwnership\nTilman Fertitta[6]Affiliation(s)\nRio Grande Valley VipersChampionships\n2 (1994, 1995)Conference titles\n4 (1981, 1986, 1994, 1995)Division titles\n6 (1977, 1986, 1993, 1994, 2015, 2018)Retired numbers\n7 (11, 22, 23, 24, 34, 45, CD)Website\nwww.nba.com/rockets\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHome\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAway\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThird\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFourth\n\n\n"
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"1995"
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Days of Our Lives cast members
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Days of Our Lives cast members - wikipedia Days of Our Lives cast members Jump to : navigation , search Days of Our Lives is a long - running American television soap opera drama , airing on NBC . Created by Ted and Betty Corday , the series premiered on November 8 , 1965 . The longest - running cast member is Suzanne Rogers , who has portrayed Maggie Horton since August 20 , 1973 , making her one of the longest - tenured actors in American soap operas . Original cast member , Frances Reid , was previously the soap 's longest - running cast member , portraying Horton family matriarch , Alice Horton , from 1965 to 2007 . Actresses Susan Seaforth Hayes and Deidre Hall , who portray Julie Olson Williams and Dr. Marlena Evans , are currently the second and third longest tenured actors on Days of Our Lives , joining in 1968 and 1976 , respectively . The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show : the main and recurring cast members , or those who are debuting , departing or returning to the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 2 Cast changes 2.1 Debuting 2.2 Returning 3 See also 4 References Cast Main cast Actor Character Duration Lucas Adams Tripp Dalton 2017 -- Kristian Alfonso Hope Williams Brady 1983 -- 87 , 1990 , 1994 -- Gina Von Amberg 1998 -- 2001 , 2012 , 2017 Lamon Archey Eli Grant 2017 -- Camila Banus Gabi Hernandez 2010 -- Nadia Bjorlin Chloe Lane 1999 -- 2005 , 2007 -- 11 , 2013 , 2015 -- Kassie DePaiva Eve Donovan 2014 -- Mary Beth Evans Kayla Brady 1986 -- 92 , 2006 -- Billy Flynn Chad DiMera 2014 -- Galen Gering Rafe Hernandez 2008 -- Rafe Hernandez 2 2011 Deidre Hall Dr. Marlena Evans 1976 -- 87 , 1991 -- 2009 , 2011 -- Samantha Evans 1992 , 2008 Hattie Adams 2004 , 2016 -- Drake Hogestyn John Black 1986 -- 2009 , 2011 -- Olivia Rose Keegan Claire Brady 2015 -- Lauren Koslow Kate Roberts 1996 -- Eric Martsolf Brady Black 2008 -- Chandler Massey Will Horton 2010 -- 14 , 2017 -- Marci Miller Abigail Deveraux 2016 -- Peggy McCay Caroline Brady 1983 , 1985 -- Casey Moss JJ Deveraux 2013 -- Stephen Nichols Steve Johnson 1985 -- 90 , 2006 -- 09 , 2015 -- Thaao Penghlis Tony DiMera 1981 -- 85 , 2007 -- 09 André DiMera 1983 -- 84 , 1993 -- 96 , 2002 -- 05 , 2007 , 2015 -- Kyler Pettis Theo Carver 2015 -- Melissa Reeves Jennifer Horton 1985 -- 95 , 2000 -- 06 , 2010 -- James Reynolds Abe Carver 1981 -- Suzanne Rogers Maggie Horton Kiriakis 1973 -- Christopher Sean Paul Narita 2014 -- Freddie Smith Sonny Kiriakis 2011 -- Sal Stowers Lani Price 2015 -- Josh Taylor Chris Kositchek 1977 -- 87 Roman Brady 1997 -- Greg Vaughan Eric Brady 2012 -- Vanessa A. Williams Valerie Grant 2016 -- Recurring cast Actor Character Duration John Aniston Eric Richards 1970 Victor Kiriakis 1985 -- Julian Barnes Harold 2009 -- Kurt Caceres Guillermo 2016 -- Bryan Dattilo Lucas Horton 1993 -- 2010 , 2012 -- Eileen Davidson Kristen DiMera 1993 -- 98 , 2012 -- 15 Susan Banks 1996 -- 98 , 2014 , 2017 -- Sister Mary Moira Banks 1997 -- 98 Thomas Banks Penelope Kent 1998 Andy Demetrio Milos 2017 -- Judi Evans Adrienne Johnson Kiriakis 1986 -- 91 , 2007 -- 08 , 2010 -- Bonnie Lockhart 2003 -- 07 , 2017 -- Bill Hayes Doug Williams 1970 -- 84 , 1986 -- 87 , 1993 -- 96 , 1999 -- Byron Carmichael 1979 Wally Kurth Justin Kiriakis 1987 -- 91 , 2009 -- Ron Leath Henderson 1987 -- 2004 , 2008 -- Meredith Scott Lynn Anne Milbauer 2012 -- James Read Clyde Weston 2014 -- Susan Seaforth Hayes Julie Olson Williams 1968 -- 84 , 1990 -- 96 , 1999 -- Alison Sweeney Sami Brady 1993 -- 2015 , 2017 -- Colleen Brady 2007 -- 08 Harper & Sydnee Udell Arianna Horton 2013 -- Craig Welzbacher Myron 2016 -- Robert Scott Wilson Ben Weston 2014 -- Cast changes Debuting Actor Character Date Ref . Victoria Konefal Ciara Brady December 2017 Greg Rikaart Character TBA TBA Returning Actor Character Date Ref . Brandon Beemer Shawn - Douglas Brady December 2017 Martha Madison Belle Brady Arianne Zucker Nicole Walker Tyler Christopher TBA January 2018 Louise Sorel Vivian Alamain Lisa Rinna Billie Reed TBA See also List of previous Days of Our Lives cast members References Jump up ^ `` Cinema '' . Time . 1965 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( August 20 , 2014 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( August 20 ) '' . We Love Soaps . Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Leah ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` Frances Reid , Days of Our Lives matriarch , dies at 95 '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States . Time Inc . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Seaforth joins regular series '' . San Antonio ( TX ) Light . December 8 , 1968 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Newcomb , Roger ( June 21 , 2014 ) . `` Today in Soap Opera History ( June 21 ) '' . We Love Soaps . United States : Blogger ( Google ) . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Soaps SheKnows ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Martha Madison , Brandon Beemer set to return to Days for the holidays '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive ! DAYS 's New Ciara : `` I Am Beyond Happy '' `` . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` Y&R Vet Greg Rikaart Joins Days '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Madison And Beemer Back To DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Soaps.com ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` Arianne Zucker leaving Days of our Lives '' . Soaps.com . United States : SheKnows Media . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` It 's Official : Tyler Christopher To DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Louise Sorel Back To DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved August 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Lisa Rinna Back To DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( September 1 , 2017 ) . `` Days of Our Lives Welcomes Back Lisa Rinna '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Retrieved September 1 , 2017 . Days of Our Lives Current characters Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Chad DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Reed Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters Present and future characters Susan Banks Brady Black John Black Tate Black Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Sami Brady Abe Carver Theo Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux André DiMera Chad DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Anne Milbauer Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Past characters Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Ciara Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston Character lists 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Days_of_Our_Lives_cast_members&oldid=810128232 '' Categories : Lists of actors by soap opera television series Days of Our Lives Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 14 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who plays angie on days of our lives
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Price controls
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Price controls - Wikipedia Price controls Price controls are governmental restrictions on the prices that can be charged for goods and services in a market . The intent behind implementing such controls can stem from the desire to maintain affordability of goods even during shortages , and to slow inflation , or , alternatively , to ensure a minimum income for providers of certain goods or a minimum wage . There are two primary forms of price control , a price ceiling , the maximum price that can be charged , and a price floor , the minimum price that can be charged . Historically , price controls have often been imposed as part of a larger incomes policy package also employing wage controls and other regulatory elements . Although price controls are sometimes used by governments , economists usually agree that price controls do n't accomplish what they are intended to do and are generally to be avoided . For example , nearly three - quarters of economists surveyed disagreed with the statement , `` Wage - price controls are a useful policy option in the control of inflation . '' Contents 1 History 1.1 Postwar 1.1. 1 United Kingdom 1.1. 2 United States 2 Criticism 3 See also 4 References History ( edit ) Parts of this article ( those related to California electricity price controls ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2015 ) WWI poster of the United States Food Administration WWII poster about US price controls The Roman Emperor Diocletian tried to set maximum prices for all commodities in the late 3rd century AD but with little success . In early 14th century , the Delhi Sultanate ruler Alauddin Khalji instituted several market reforms , which included price - fixing for a wide range of goods , including grains , cloth , slaves and animals . However , a few months after his death , these measures were revoked by his son Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah . During the French Revolution , the Law of the Maximum set price limits on the sale of food and other staples . Governments in planned economies typically control prices on most or all goods but have not sustained high economic performance and have been almost entirely replaced by mixed economies . Price controls have also been used in modern times in less - planned economies , such as rent control . During World War I , the United States Food Administration enforced price controls on food . Price controls were also imposed in the US and Nazi Germany during World War II . Postwar ( edit ) Wage controls have been tried in many countries to reduce inflation , seldom successfully . Modern neoclassical economic theory supports the alternative remedy of reducing the money supply and proposes that monetary inflation is caused by too much money creation by the central bank . United kingdom ( edit ) The National Board for Prices and Incomes was created by the government of Harold Wilson in 1965 in an attempt to solve the problem of inflation in the British economy by managing wages and prices . The Prices and Incomes Act 1966 c. 33 affected UK labour law , regarding wage levels and price policies . It allowed the government to begin a process to scrutinise rising levels of wages ( then around 8 % per year ) by initiating reports and inquiries and ultimately giving orders for a standstill . The objective was to control inflation . It proved unpopular after the 1960s . United States ( edit ) In the United States , price controls have been enacted several times : During World War I and World War II , and by President Nixon . The first time price controls were enacted nationally was in 1906 as a part of the Hepburn Act . In addition , States have sometimes chosen to implement their own control policies . In the 1860s , several midwestern states of the United States , namely Minnesota , Iowa , Wisconsin , and Illinois , enacted a series of laws called the Granger Laws , primarily to regulate rising fare prices of railroad and grain elevator companies . California controls the prices of electricity within the state , which conservative economist Thomas Sowell blames for the occasional electricity shortages the state experiences . Sowell said in 2001 , `` Since the utility companies have been paying more for electricity than they were allowed to charge their customers , they were operating in the red and the financial markets are downgrading their bonds . '' California 's price - setting board agreed to raise rates but not as much as the companies were paying on the wholesale market for their electricity . Economist Lawrence Makovich contended , `` We 've already seen in California that price caps on retail rates increased demand and made the shortage worse and price caps also forced the largest utility , Pacific Gas and Electric , into bankruptcy in four months . '' While some charged that electricity providers had in past years charged above - market rates , in 2002 the San Francisco Chronicle reported that before the blackouts , many energy providers left the state because they could make a greater profit in other Western states . The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission stepped in and set price caps for each megawatt of power bought after lifting the caps to avoid rolling blackouts six months previously . The state of Hawaii briefly introduced a cap on the wholesale price of gasoline ( the Gas Cap Law ) in an effort to fight `` price gouging '' in that state in 2005 . Because it was widely seen as too soft and ineffective , it was repealed shortly thereafter . Criticism ( edit ) The primary criticism leveled against price controls is that by keeping prices artificially low , demand is increased to the point where supply can not keep up , leading to shortages in the price - controlled product . For example , Lactantius wrote that Diocletian `` by various taxes he had made all things exceedingly expensive , attempted by a law to limit their prices . Then much blood ( of merchants ) was shed for trifles , men were afraid to offer anything for sale , and the scarcity became more excessive and grievous than ever . Until , in the end , the ( price limit ) law , after having proved destructive to many people , was from mere necessity abolished . '' As with Diocletian 's Edict on Maximum Prices , shortages lead to black markets where prices for the same good exceed those of an uncontrolled market . Furthermore , once controls are removed , prices will immediately increase , which can temporarily shock the economic system . A classic example of how price controls cause shortages was during the Arab oil embargo between October 19 , 1973 and March 17 , 1974 . Long lines of cars and trucks quickly appeared at retail gas stations in the U.S. and some stations closed because of a shortage of fuel at the low price set by the U.S. Cost of Living Council . The fixed price was below what the market would otherwise bear and , as a result , the inventory disappeared . It made no difference whether prices were voluntarily or involuntarily posted below the market clearing price . Scarcity resulted in either case . Price controls fail to achieve their proximate aim , which is to reduce prices paid by retail consumers , but such controls do manage to reduce supply . Nobel prize winner Milton Friedman said `` We economists do n't know much , but we do know how to create a shortage . If you want to create a shortage of tomatoes , for example , just pass a law that retailers ca n't sell tomatoes for more than two cents per pound . Instantly you 'll have a tomato shortage . It 's the same with oil or gas . '' U.S. President Richard Nixon 's Secretary of the Treasury , George Shultz , enacting Nixon 's `` New Economic Policy , '' lifted price controls that had begun in 1971 ( part of the Nixon Shock ) . This lifting of price controls resulted in a rapid increase in prices . Price freezes were re-established five months later . Stagflation was eventually ended in the United States when the Federal Reserve under chairman Paul Volcker raised interest rates to unusually high levels . This successfully ended high inflation but caused a recession that ended in the early 1980s . See also ( edit ) Administered prices Capital control Monopsony Incomes policy Rent regulation Council on Wage and Price Stability Shortages in Venezuela References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rockoff , Hugh ( 2008 ) . `` Price Controls '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 2nd ed . ) . Indianapolis : Library of Economics and Liberty . ISBN 978 - 0865976658 . OCLC 237794267 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Alston , Richard M. ; Kearl , J.R. ; Vaughan , Michael B. ( May 1992 ) . `` Is There a Consensus Among Economists in the 1990 's ? '' ( PDF ) . 82 ( 2 ) . American Economic Review : 203 -- 209 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Banarsi Prasad Saksena ( 1992 ) ( 1970 ) . `` The Khaljis : Alauddin Khalji '' . In Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami . A Comprehensive History of India : The Delhi Sultanat ( A.D. 1206 - 1526 ) . 5 ( Second ed . ) . The Indian History Congress / People 's Publishing House . p. 429 . OCLC 31870180 . Jump up ^ `` File : `` Prices charged in this store will not exceed those indicated in the most recent list of Fair Prices applicable to this -- NARA -- 512556. jpg -- Wikimedia Commons '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` File : `` Closed . Public Notice . For Violation of the rules of the United States Food Administration This Place is Closed days ... -- NARA -- 512564. tif -- Wikimedia Commons '' . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` File : `` This Store sells at FAIR PRICES as interpreted by U.S. Food Administration ... '' , ca . 1917 -- ca . 1919 -- NARA -- 512714. tif -- Wikimedia Commons `` . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` File : `` We violated the regulations of the Food Administration but have pledged Full Obedience in the Future . '' , ca . 1917 -- ca . -- NARA -- 512528. jpg -- Wikimedia Commons `` . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Paths to Democracy : Revolution and Totalitarianism By Rosemary H.T. O'Kane page 135 Jump up ^ `` File : `` Cost of Living 1918 -- 1944 '' -- NARA -- 514088. jpg -- Wikimedia Commons `` . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 21 . Jump up ^ Theodore the Great : Conservative Crusader , p. 92 ^ Jump up to : Sowell , Thomas ( 2001 - 01 - 11 ) . `` The Cause of the California Electricity Shortages : `` Price Controls '' `` . Capitalism Magazine . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Power problems '' . NewsHour with Jim Lehrer . PBS . 2001 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Power struggle '' . NewsHour with Jim Lehrer . PBS . 2001 - 06 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , Mark ( 2002 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Memos show makings of power crisis '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ the well of natal ^ Jump up to : Walter J. Wessels , Economics ( 2000 ) , pp. 232 -- 33 . Jump up ^ Lactantius . `` CHAP . VII . '' . On the Deaths of the Persecutors . ca . 300 ( Christian Classics Ethereal Library ed . ) . Calvin College . Jump up ^ Taylor and Van Doren , pp. 26 -- 28 Jump up ^ Thomas Sowell , Applied Economics : Thinking Beyond Stage One ( 2008 ) , pp. 7 -- 9 , 112 -- 13 , ISBN 0 - 465 - 00345 - 1 Jump up ^ `` Controls blamed for U.S. energy woes '' , Los Angeles Times , February 13 , 1977 , Milton Friedman press conference in Los Angeles . Jump up ^ `` George P. Shultz ( 1972 -- 1974 ) '' . Treasury.gov. 2010 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 27 . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Price controls LCCN : sh85106618 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Price_controls&oldid=845119361 '' Categories : Price controls Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2015 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 June 2018 , at 14 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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United States presidential line of succession
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United States Presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States Presidential line of succession Jump to : navigation , search The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent President becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns or is removed from office . ( A President can be removed from office by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate . ) The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices . The succession follows the order of Vice President , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States , which currently has fifteen members , beginning with the Secretary of State . Those heads of departments who are ineligible to act as President are also ineligible to succeed the President by succession , for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen . Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency , and in 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission raised a number of other issues with the current line of succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current order 2 Eligibility 2.1 Eligibility requirements 2.2 Acting officers 3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 4 Constitutional provisions 5 Acting President and President 6 History of succession law set by Congress 6.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792 6.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886 6.3 Presidential Succession Act 1947 6.4 Postmaster General removed 1971 6.5 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 7 Successions beyond Vice President 8 Constitutional concerns 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Current order ( edit ) The current presidential order of succession is as follows : Key Eligible Democrat ( D ) Eligible Republican ( R ) Eligible Independent ( I ) Eligible Unknown Not eligible No . Office Current officer Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Secretary of State Rex Tillerson ( R ) 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin ( R ) 6 Secretary of Defense James Mattis ( I ) 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions ( R ) 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke ( R ) 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue ( R ) 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross ( R ) 11 Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta ( R ) 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Tom Price ( R ) 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson ( R ) -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao ( R ) 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry ( R ) 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos ( R ) 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin ( I ) 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Elaine Duke ( I ) Jump up ^ Not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Jump up ^ This listing assumes that acting officers whose prior appointment required Senate confirmation are eligible for the line of succession . See Acting officers below . Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department 's creation or the department of which their department is the successor ( the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War , and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ) . Eligibility ( edit ) Eligibility requirements ( edit ) To be eligible to serve as President , a person must be a natural - born U.S. citizen , at least 35 years of age , and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years . These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution , Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 , and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ( e ) ) . Acting officers ( edit ) Acting officers may be eligible . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission , a private non-partisan think tank , reported , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 ( edit ) Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the President would not be able to appoint his successor to the Presidency . The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the President , while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials . The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives , and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker , though this is not technically a requirement ; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position . The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line , ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established . In his speech supporting the changes , Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the President and Vice President than the Senate . The succession of a Republican to a Democratic Presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation . However , when the changes to the succession were signed into law , they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the Vice President . Some of Truman 's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then - current holder of the latter rank , Senator Kenneth McKellar . Further motivation may have been provided by Truman 's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession , rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius , Jr . Constitutional provisions ( edit ) The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the Vice President first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the President nor Vice President can serve . The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the President - elect dies before his term begins , the Vice President - elect becomes President on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the President - elect was elected . The section also provides that if , on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the President - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the Vice President - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the President - elect qualifies . Finally , Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a President - elect nor a Vice President - elect is eligible or available to serve . The 25th Amendment , ratified in 1967 , clarified Article II , Section 1 : that the Vice President is the direct successor of the President . He or she becomes President if the President dies , resigns or is removed from office . The amendment also provides for the situation where the President is temporarily disabled , such as if the President has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unstable . The amendment also provides for Vice Presidential succession , by requiring Vice Presidential vacancies to be filled by the President and confirmed by both houses of the Congress . Previously , whenever a Vice President had succeeded to the Presidency or had otherwise left the office empty ( through death , resignation , or removal from office ) , the Vice Presidency remained vacant until the next Presidential and Vice Presidential terms began . Acting President and President ( edit ) Main article : Acting President of the United States New President Lyndon Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One , following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 . Article II , Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that : In case of the removal of the President from office , or of his death , resignation , or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office , the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed , or a President elected . This originally left open the question whether `` the same '' refers to `` the said office '' or only `` the powers and duties of the said office . '' Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the Vice President would remain Vice President while executing the powers and duties of the Presidency ; however , there is also much evidence to the contrary , the most compelling of which is Article I , section 3 , of the Constitution itself , the relevant text of which reads : The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no vote , unless they be equally divided . The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States . This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the Presidency devolved upon the Vice President on his succession . Thus , the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent , apart from adding new protocols for Presidential disability . Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested , and it was left to Vice President John Tyler , the first presidential successor in U.S. history , to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment . In 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency . Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation , Tyler took the position that he was the President and not merely acting President upon taking the presidential oath of office . However , some contempories -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress Whig party leaders and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as President and did not have the office itself . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' and this precedent was followed thereafter . The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment , which specifies that `` In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation , the Vice President shall become President . '' The Amendment does not specify whether officers other than the Vice President can become President rather than Acting President in the same set of circumstances . The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as President rather than becoming President . History of succession law set by Congress ( edit ) Presidential succession Act 1792 ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1792 The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress . The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the Democratic - Republicans , to follow the Vice President in the succession . There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line . The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the Vice President , followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . In either case , these officers were to `` act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected . '' The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The people elected President and Vice President in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year , but no such election ever took place . Presidential succession Act 1886 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1886 In 1881 , after the death of President Garfield , and in 1885 , after the death of Vice President Hendricks , there had been no President pro tempore in office , and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene , no Speaker either , leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president . When Congress convened in December 1885 , President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act , which was passed in 1886 . Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the President 's Cabinet with the Secretary of State first in line . In the first 100 years of the United States , six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected President , while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office . As a result , changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable . Presidential succession Act 1947 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1947 The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , signed into law by President Harry S. Truman , added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line , but switched the two from the 1792 order . It remains the sequence used today . Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department ( which governed the Army ) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense , the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War . The office of Secretary of the Navy , which had existed as a Cabinet - level position since 1798 , had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization , and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act . Postmaster General removed 1971 ( edit ) Until 1971 , the Postmaster General , the head of the Post Office Department , was a member of the Cabinet , initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added . Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service , a special agency independent of the executive branch , the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession . Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 ( edit ) The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 . On March 9 , 2006 , pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub. L. 109 -- 177 , the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession . The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established . Despite custom , many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list -- below the Attorney General , above the Secretary of the Interior , and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense -- because the Secretary , already in charge of disaster relief and security , would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries . Despite this , the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' follows the `` Secretary of Veterans Affairs '' in the succession , effectively at the end of the list . Successions beyond Vice President ( edit ) David Rice Atchison 's tombstone ( Plattsburg , Missouri ) , including the claim `` President of the United States for One Day '' While nine Vice Presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the President , and two Vice Presidents have temporarily served as acting President , no other officer has ever been called upon to act as President . On March 4 , 1849 , President Zachary Taylor 's term began , but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday , citing religious beliefs , and the Vice President was not sworn either . As the last President pro tempore of the Senate , David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the Vice President , and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day . However , Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either , and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired . In 1865 , when Andrew Johnson assumed the Presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln , the office of Vice President became vacant . At that time , the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency . In 1868 , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to impeachment trial in the Senate , and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become acting President . This posed a conflict of interest , as Wade 's own vote on removal could have helped to determine whether he would have assumed the presidential powers and duties . In his book The Shadow Presidents , which he published in 1979 , Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election , when the First World War was raging in Europe . In view of the current international turmoil , President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away , instead of waiting through the lame duck period , which at that time had a duration of almost four months . President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the Presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear . The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State . Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign , and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession , Hughes would become President immediately . As it happened , President Wilson won re-election , so the plan was never put into action . New President Gerald Ford is sworn in following the resignation of Richard Nixon on August 9 , 1974 . Since the 25th Amendment 's ratification , its Second Section , which addresses Vice Presidential succession as noted above , has been invoked twice . During the 1973 Vice Presidential vacancy , House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line . As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon 's removal or resignation possible , Albert would have become Acting President and -- under Title 3 , Section 19 ( c ) of the U.S. Code -- would have been able to `` act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term '' on January 20 , 1977 . Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him , a Democrat , to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the Presidency to be held by a Republican . Albert announced that should he need to assume the Presidential powers and duties , he would do so only as a caretaker . However , with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the Vice Presidency , which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked , these series of events were never tested . Albert again became first - in - line during the first four months of Ford 's Presidency , before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller , which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked . In 1981 , when President Ronald Reagan was shot , Vice President George H.W. Bush was traveling in Texas . Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter 's question regarding who was running the government by stating : `` Constitutionally , gentlemen , you have the President , the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order , and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President , he will do so . He has not done that . As of now , I am in control here , in the White House , pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him . If something came up , I would check with him , of course . '' A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig 's remarks . Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary Presidential authority , due to his implied reference to the Constitution . Haig and his supporters , noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon 's resignation , said he only meant that he was the highest - ranking officer of the Executive branch on - site , managing things temporarily until the Vice President returned to Washington . Constitutional concerns ( edit ) Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency . James Madison , one of the authors of the Constitution , raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton . Two of these issues can be summarized : The term `` Officer '' in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an `` Officer of the United States '' , who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch . The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense . Under the principle of separation of powers , the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch . For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become Acting President , they must resign their position , at which point they are no longer in the line of succession . This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox . However , the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes President `` upon his resignation as Speaker '' and as a member of Congress , allowing for a seamless transition . In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt ( such as those expressed above by James Madison ) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as President . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the President , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as President , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a President is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the President and killed the Vice President ) . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Presidential order of succession '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency , '' Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 , p. 34 . ( Archived by WebCite at ( 1 ) Accessed : 2012 - 05 - 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency . June 19 , 1945 '' by President Harry S. Truman ; from the American Presidency Project archives ^ Jump up to : Wildavsky , Aaron B. ( 2003 ) . Horowitz , Irving , ed . The revolt against the masses and other essays on politics and public policy ( Google Books ) . Transaction Publishers . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0960 - 5 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading - '' . kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . JSTOR 2125607 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . JSTOR 27552721 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postmasters General '' . postalmuseum.si.edu . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US Congress ( 2005 ) . USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act OF 2005 . 109th Congress Public Law 177 . Retrieved on October 29 , 2015 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ177/html/PLAW-109publ177.htm . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : President for a Day -- March 4 , 1849 '' . May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` President for a Day '' . snopes . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Shadow Presidents : The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides . New York , U.S.A. : Times Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0816 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Haig '' , Time Magazine , April 02 , 1984 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 : James Madison to Edmund Pendleton '' . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Presidential Succession Act 1947 Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Further reading ( edit ) Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University 3 U.S.C. § 19 -- `` Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' Presidential Succession Act of 1792 , 1 Stat. 239 ( from the American Memory website of the Library of Congress `` Presidential Line of Succession Examined '' , a September 20 , 2003 article from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel `` WI Presidential Succession Act of 1947 held unconstitutional '' , David Tenner , Usenet group : soc. history. what - if , January 14 , 2003 . Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website Testimony of M. Miller Baker from the U.S. Senate website External links ( edit ) The Presidency : Preserving Our Institutions Second report of the Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 ( includes the text of the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 , 1886 and 1947 ) Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( James Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Tom Price ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security Jump up ^ Never confirmed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and thus ineligible for the presidential line of succession . Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . 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Congo Dominican Republic France Finland Germany Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy South Korea Mexico Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Sri Lanka Taiwan United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_line_of_succession&oldid=801069645 '' Categories : United States presidential succession Vice Presidency of the United States Continuity of government in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from November 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 13 : 30 . 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who becomes president if the president and vice president are impeached
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"The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent President becomes incapacitated, dies, resigns or is removed from office. (A President can be removed from office by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate.) The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947[1] as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices. The succession follows the order of Vice President, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Senate, and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States, which currently has fifteen members, beginning with the Secretary of State. Those heads of departments who are ineligible to act as President are also ineligible to succeed the President by succession, for example most commonly if they are not a natural-born U.S. citizen."
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"Speaker of the House of Representatives"
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Ontario general election, 2018
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Ontario general election , 2018 - Wikipedia Ontario general election , 2018 Ontario general election , 2018 ← 2014 June 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) 43rd → ← outgoing members elected members → 124 seats of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario 63 seats needed for a majority Opinion polls Turnout 58.4 % ( 7.1 pp ) First party Second party Leader Doug Ford Andrea Horwath Party Progressive Conservative New Democratic Leader since March 10 , 2018 March 7 , 2009 Leader 's seat Etobicoke North Hamilton Centre Last election 28 seats , 31.25 % 21 seats , 23.75 % Seats before 27 18 Seats won 76 40 Seat change 49 22 Popular vote 2,326,632 1,929,649 Percentage 40.50 % 33.59 % Swing 9.25 pp 9.84 pp Third party Fourth party Leader Kathleen Wynne Mike Schreiner Party Liberal Green Leader since January 26 , 2013 May 16 , 2009 Leader 's seat Don Valley West Guelph Last election 58 seats , 38.65 % 0 seats , 4.84 % Seats before 55 0 Seats won 7 Seat change 48 Popular vote 1,124,218 264,487 Percentage 19.57 % 4.60 % Swing 19.08 pp 0.24 pp Popular vote by riding . As this is an FPTP election , seat totals are not determined by popular vote , but instead by the result in each riding . Riding names are listed at the bottom . Premier before election Kathleen Wynne Liberal Premier - designate Doug Ford Progressive Conservative The Ontario general election of 2018 was held on June 7 , 2018 , to elect the 124 members of the 42nd Parliament of Ontario . The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario , led by Doug Ford , won a majority government with 76 of the 124 seats in the legislature . The Ontario New Democratic Party , led by Andrea Horwath , formed the Official Opposition . The Ontario Liberal Party , led by incumbent Premier Kathleen Wynne , lost official party status in recording both the worst result in the party 's 161 - year history and the worst result for any incumbent governing party in Ontario . The Green Party of Ontario won a seat for the first time in their history , while the Trillium Party of Ontario lost its single seat gained by a floor - crossing during the 41st Parliament . Twenty - four other parties and numerous independent candidates also received votes . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Redistribution of seats 1.2 Change of fixed election date 1.3 Prelude to campaign 1.4 Mood of the voters 2 Results 2.1 Detailed analysis 2.2 Regional analysis 3 Events leading up to the election ( 2014 -- 2018 ) 4 Campaign period 4.1 Issues 4.2 Party slogans 4.3 Endorsements 5 Candidates 5.1 Candidate nominations 5.2 Incumbents not running for reelection 6 Opinion polls 6.1 Campaign period 6.1. 1 Best Premier and Party Leader Approval Ratings 6.1. 2 Major Regional Polls - Toronto 6.2 Pre-campaign period 7 References 8 External links Background ( edit ) Redistribution of seats ( edit ) The Electoral Boundaries Act , 2015 increased the number of electoral districts from 107 to 122 , following the boundaries set out by the federal 2013 Representation Order for Ontario , while preserving the special boundaries of the 11 seats in Northern Ontario set out in the 1996 redistribution . The Far North Electoral Boundaries Commission , appointed in 2016 , recommended the creation of the additional districts of Kiiwetinoong and Mushkegowuk -- James Bay , carved out from the existing Kenora -- Rainy River and Timmins -- James Bay ridings , which accordingly raised the total number of seats to 124 . This was implemented through the Representation Statute Law Amendment Act , 2017 . The new districts have been criticized as undemocratic , as they have a population of around 30,000 people compared with over 120,000 people in some southern Ontario constituencies . National Post columnist Josh Dehaas suggested that the small population sizes of the ridings might violate the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . In September 2017 , a research firm analyzed the impact of redistribution if the boundaries had been in effect for the previous election . Change of fixed election date ( edit ) Under legislation passed in 2005 , Ontario elections were to be held on `` the first Thursday in October in the fourth calendar year following polling day in the most recent general election '' , subject to the Lieutenant - Governor of Ontario 's power to call an election earlier . As the current government had a majority , the passage of a non-confidence motion was not a likely option for calling an early election , though Premier Kathleen Wynne stated in June 2015 that she would likely advise to dissolve the Legislature in spring 2018 rather than in October of that year in order to avoid any conflict with municipal elections and take advantage of better weather and longer days . To put this on a statutory footing , in October 2016 Attorney General of Ontario Yasir Naqvi introduced a bill in the Legislative Assembly which , in part , included moving the election date to `` the first Thursday in June in the fourth calendar year following polling day in the most recent general election '' , and it came into effect in December 2016 . Prelude to campaign ( edit ) The Ontario Liberal Party attempted to win their fifth consecutive general election , dating back to 2003 . The Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario won their first election since 1999 , and the Ontario New Democratic Party attempted to win their second election ( having previously won in 1990 ) . Numerous other extra-parliamentary political parties also vied for votes . The Liberals under Kathleen Wynne headed into the 2018 campaign trailing far behind the Progressive Conservatives , led by former Toronto City Councillor Doug Ford . The Liberals ' standing with voters had been badly hurt when they partially privatized Hydro One in 2015 , after campaigning against it in the 2014 election , as well as rising criticism over `` ballooning provincial debt , high electricity prices and costly , politically expedient decisions '' . In early April , the CBC published their analysis of aggregate polls showing that Ford and the Progressive Conservatives were ahead of the other parties averaging 42.1 % support , compared to 27.2 % for the governing Liberals , 23.4 % for the NDP and 5.7 % for the Greens and with 11 Liberal MPPs announcing they would not be running for re-election or having already resigned their seats in the months leading up to the election . According to Wynne , voters were offered a `` stark choice '' , between `` cutting and removing supports from people '' with `` billions in cuts '' , which she alleged the Progressive Conservatives would do if they won the election , and expanding investments in social programs such as prescription drugs and childcare , which the Liberal platform promised . In March 2018 , the Liberals tabled a pre-election budget in the provincial legislature which promised billions of dollars in new spending for free childcare and expanded coverage for dental care but replaced the government 's previous balanced budget with a $6.7 billion deficit projected to last until 2024 -- 2025 . PC leader Doug Ford called the budget a `` spending spree '' . Mood of the voters ( edit ) According to Toronto Star columnist Susan Delacourt , voters were motivated by a desire for change -- such desire being more driven by emotion than by ideology -- and one researcher estimated that more than half of the electorate was undecided in who they were likely to vote for . The Huffington Post reported that half of voters were basing their vote intentions on how best to block the party they oppose . In February 2018 , Campaign Research conducted a gap analysis on voter intentions in Ontario , and determined the following : Voter gap analysis by party ( February 2018 ) Liberal PC NDP Highlights 64 % 6 % 6 % 10 % 13 % 51 % 7 % 6 % 10 % 26 % 61 % 9 % 13 % 6 % 11 % PCs had the lowest proportion of respondents ( 51 % ) not willing to vote for them at all , while the Liberals had the highest such proportion ( 64 % ) At 13 % , the Liberals ' `` hard support '' was only half that for the PCs For PCs , the strength of `` hard support '' increases with age , and older demographics tend to be more reliable voters Conversely , such support for the Liberals and NDP significantly declines with age , with almost 3⁄4 of those aged 55 + not willing to vote for them at all = Not voting for party ; not considered = Not voting for party ; shared consideration = Not voting for party ; exclusive consideration = Will vote for party ; others considered = Will vote for party ; no others considered Results ( edit ) See also : Candidates of the Ontario general election , 2018 Elections Ontario used electronic vote tabulator machines from Dominion Voting Systems for counting the ballots . Tabulators were deployed at 50 per cent of polling stations at a cost of CA $32,000,000 . This election was the first time Ontario used vote counting machines for a provincial election , although tabulators have been used in Ontario civic elections for more than 20 years , and also in a 2016 by - election in Whitby - Oshawa . The original paper ballots marked by voters will be kept for a year along with the digital scans of each ballot by the tabulator . The percentage of votes cast for the Progressive Conservatives by riding . The percentage of votes cast for the NDP by riding . The percentage of votes cast for the Liberals by riding . Change in Progressive Conservative vote share by riding compared to the 2014 Ontario election . Each dot represents five - thousand votes for the party of the associated colour . Data is based on individual riding results . Dots are placed at random positions within the ridings that they belong to . Party Votes Seats Progressive Conservative 2,326,632 40.50 % 9.25 % 76 / 124 ( 61 % ) New Democratic 1,929,649 33.59 % 9.84 % 40 / 124 ( 32 % ) Liberal 1,124,218 19.57 % 19.08 % 7 / 124 ( 6 % ) Green 264,487 4.60 % 0.24 % 1 / 124 ( 0.8 % ) Detailed analysis ( edit ) e d Unofficial Results - Elections to the 42nd Parliament of Ontario ( 2018 ) Political party Party leader MPPs Votes Candidates 2014 Dissol . 2018 ± # % ± ( pp ) Progressive Conservative Doug Ford 124 28 27 76 49 2,326,632 40.50 % 9.25 New Democratic Andrea Horwath 124 21 18 40 22 1,929,649 33.59 % 9.84 Liberal Kathleen Wynne 124 58 55 7 48 1,124,218 19.57 % 19.08 Green Mike Schreiner 124 -- -- 264,487 4.60 % 0.24 Libertarian Allen Small 117 -- -- -- -- 42,820 0.75 % 0.06 None of the Above Greg Vezina 42 -- -- -- -- 16,149 0.28 % 0.19 Independents and no affiliation 32 -- -- 8,226 0.15 % 0.07 Trillium Bob Yaciuk 26 -- -- 8,089 0.14 % 0.13 Northern Ontario Trevor Holliday 10 -- -- -- -- 5,912 0.10 % 0.08 Consensus Ontario Brad Harness 10 -- -- -- -- 2,682 0.05 % New Freedom Paul McKeever 14 -- -- -- -- 2,566 0.04 % 0.22 Ontario Party Jason Tysick 5 -- -- -- -- 2,316 0.04 % New Ontario Moderate Party Yuri Duboisky 16 -- -- -- -- 2,193 0.04 % 0.03 Communist Dave McKee 12 -- -- -- -- 1,471 0.03 % 0.02 Canadians ' Choice Party Bahman Yazdanfar 5 -- -- -- -- 1,239 0.02 % 0.01 Stop the New Sex - Ed Agenda Queenie Yu -- -- -- -- 1,078 0.02 % New Ontario Alliance Joshua E. Eriksen -- -- -- -- 802 0.01 % 0.01 New People 's Choice Party Daryl Christoff -- -- -- -- 634 0.01 % New Special Needs Hilton Milan 5 -- -- -- -- 631 0.01 % -- People 's Political Party Kevin Clarke 6 -- -- -- -- 628 0.01 % 0.01 Confederation of Regions vacant -- -- -- -- 386 0.01 % -- Stop Climate Change Ken Ranney -- -- -- -- 340 0.01 % New Go Vegan Paul Figueiras -- -- -- -- 256 -- 0.02 Social Reform Party Abu Alam -- -- -- -- 237 -- New Cultural Action Party Arthur Smitherman -- -- -- -- 215 -- New Multicultural Party of Ontario Wasyl Luczkiw -- -- -- -- 191 -- New Party of Objective Truth Derrick Matthews -- -- -- -- 176 -- New Canadian Economic Party Patrick Knight -- -- -- -- 151 -- New Pauper John Turmel -- -- -- -- 112 -- -- Vacant Total 825 107 107 124 100.00 % Turnout 58.00 % 6.70 Regional analysis ( edit ) Elections to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario -- seats won by region ( 2018 ) Party Toronto 905 Belt Ham / Niagara Central East Midwest Southwest North Total Progressive Conservative 11 21 6 10 11 9 76 New Democratic 11 7 6 8 40 Liberal 7 Green Total 25 25 13 10 16 12 10 13 124 Events leading up to the election ( 2014 -- 2018 ) ( edit ) Date June 12 , 2014 The Liberal Party under Kathleen Wynne wins a majority government in the 41st Ontario general election . Progressive Conservative leader Tim Hudak announces his intention to step down following the selection of his successor . July 2 , 2014 Tim Hudak resigns as leader of the Progressive Conservatives . Simcoe -- Grey MPP Jim Wilson is named interim leader . July 24 , 2014 The Liberals pass their May 1 budget in its final reading . May 9 , 2015 Patrick Brown , the Conservative federal MP for Barrie , is elected leader of the Progressive Conservative Party . September 24 , 2015 Ontario Provincial Police lay charges in relation to the Sudbury by - election scandal . November 1 , 2016 Ontario Provincial Police announce charges under the provincial act against Gerry Lougheed and Patricia Sorbara ( CEO and director of the 2018 Liberal campaign ) for alleged bribery during a 2015 byelection . Sorbara announced that she will step down from the campaign . January 24 , 2018 CTV News reports that Progressive Conservative Party leader Patrick Brown is accused by two women of committing sexual misconduct . Brown denies the allegations . January 25 , 2018 Patrick Brown resigns as leader of the Progressive Conservative Party . January 26 , 2018 Progressive Conservative Party caucus chooses Nipissing MPP Vic Fedeli as interim leader . March 10 , 2018 Doug Ford is elected leader of the Progressive Conservatives on the third ballot of the party 's leadership election . Fedeli continues as Leader of the Opposition for legislative purposes until the election due to Ford not having a seat in the Legislature . April 11 , 2018 First Leaders Debate hosted by the Jamaican Canadian Association . Andrea Horwath , Mike Schreiner , and Premier Kathleen Wynne were in attendance . Doug Ford chose not to attend . April 16 , 2018 The Ontario NDP release their full election platform . May 7 , 2018 First televised debate hosted by CityNews : Toronto - focused debate with Ford , Horwath and Wynne May 9 , 2018 Electoral Writ issued . May 11 , 2018 Leaders ' debate in Parry Sound . May 17 , 2018 Candidate nominations close at 2 PM local time . May 26 , 2018 Advance voting starts at voting locations and returning offices . May 27 , 2018 Second televised debate , moderated by Steve Paikin and Farah Nasser , held at the Canadian Broadcasting Centre in Toronto and aired on CBC , CTV , Global , TVO , CPAC , CHCH and other outlets . Attended by Wynne , Ford , and Horwath . May 30 , 2018 Advance voting ends at advance voting locations . June 1 , 2018 Advance voting ends at returning offices . June 2 , 2018 Premier Wynne concedes that the Liberals will not win the election . June 6 , 2018 Special ballot voting at returning office or through home visit ends at 6 : 00 PM EST . June 7 , 2018 Election day . Fixed - date of the 2018 provincial election . Campaign period ( edit ) Issues ( edit ) 2018 Ontario election -- issues and respective party platforms Issue Liberal PC NDP Spending Standing by its last budget 's assertion of six consecutive deficits , with a return to balance in 2024 -- 25 The Province will have a deficit in the government 's first year . Based on Ford 's campaign promises , economists estimate there will be five consecutive deficits between $8 billion and $6 billion . An audit will be conducted into the previous government 's spending There will be five consecutive deficits of between $5 - billion and $2 - billion Taxation Proceed with last budget 's simplification of rate structure for personal income tax Maintain corporate income tax at present rate of 11.5 % Corporate income tax to be reduced from 11.5 % to 10.5 % Phase out income tax entirely for minimum - wage earners but cancel the $1 increase to minimum wage slated for 2019 Repeal the present cap and trade program Oppose federally mandated carbon pricing Reduce income tax rates Reduce the small business income tax rate Raise corporate tax rate from 11.5 % to 13 % Ontarians earning more than $300,000 would see their tax rates rise by two percentage points , or one percentage point for those earning more than $220,000 Education Modernize the curriculum and assessment of schools , from kindergarten to grade 12 $3 - billion in capital grants over 10 years to post-secondary institutions Replace the present curricula for sex education and return to traditional mathematics education Limit funding to postsecondary institutions that do not respect free speech $16 - billion in spending over 10 years on infrastructure and repairs at Ontario 's schools Cap kindergarten class sizes at 26 students Abolish standardized EQAO testing Give OSAP - qualified students non-repayable grants instead of loans Remove interest off existing student loans and apply interest that has already been paid to the loan principal Child care Free child care for all Ontarians aged two - and - a-half to junior kindergarten age , regardless of income A sliding scale of tax rebates , providing up to $6,750 per child under 15 and giving low - income families as much as 75 per cent of their child - care costs Income - based scale for child care : Free child care for families earning under $40,000 annually Average of $12 per day cost for those making over $40,000 Transit and infrastructure $79 - billion for various public - transit projects over 14 years , including : a Toronto - to - Windsor high - speed rail line light - rail expansion in Ottawa cost reductions for GO Transit users $5 - billion in extra funding for new subways in Toronto Prioritize the Relief Line Assure that the Scarborough Subway Extension to the Scarborough Town Centre will have three stops Cover 50 % of the operating costs of municipal transit services Build the Relief Line in Toronto Restore operations of the Northlander in Northern Ontario Bring in two - way all - day service on GO Transit 's Kitchener line Construct the LRT line in Hamilton Electrify the existing GO lines and the Union Pearson Express Remove tolls on the Highway 412 and prevent tolls for the Highway 418 Hydro Standing by its 2017 plan to defer rate increases through current borrowing Will proceed to sell the Province 's remaining 60 % interest in Hydro One Cut rates by 12 % , over and above the Liberals ' current 25 % reduction Return Hydro One to 100 % public ownership Reduce rates by 30 % End time - of - use pricing Environment Proceed with April 2018 announcement to spend $1.7 - billion over three years towards retrofitting homes for energy efficiency End cap - and - trade Divert at least 25 % of cap - and - trade revenue to help northern , rural and low - income Ontarians adapt to a lower - carbon lifestyle Spend $50 - million on a home - efficiency retrofit program . Party slogans ( edit ) Party English French Translation of French ( unofficial ) █ Liberal `` Care over cuts '' █ PC `` For the People '' `` Help is on the way . '' █ New Democratic `` Change for the better '' `` Changeons pour le mieux '' Let 's change for the better █ Green `` People Powered Change '' █ Libertarian `` The Party of Choice '' Endorsements ( edit ) Endorsements received by each party Type Liberal PC NDP Green No endorsement Media Postmedia Network The London Free Press Toronto Sun National Post Ottawa Citizen Ajax News Advertiser The Post Millennial Toronto Star Metroland Media Group The Hamilton Spectator Niagara Falls Review Le Droit Toronto Star ( Riding of Guelph only ) The Globe and Mail Waterloo Region Record Laurentian Media Group Politicians and public figures Justin Trudeau Andrew Scheer Hazel McCallion Kevin O'Leary Mel Lastman Stephen Harper Jagmeet Singh Michael Coren Jerry Dias Bernie Farber Kay Gardner David Miller Judy Rebick Kristyn Wong - Tam Charles Pascal Sandy Hudson Olivia Chow Elizabeth May David Suzuki Unions and business associations Ontario Convenience Stores Association Ottawa Police Association United Steelworkers Local 2251 Elementary Teachers ' Federation of Ontario Canadian Union of Public Employees Ontario Steelworkers Amalgamated Transit Union Candidates ( edit ) See also : Candidates of the Ontario general election , 2018 Candidate nominations ( edit ) In February 2018 , the PC leadership overturned the nomination of candidates Karma Macgregor in Ottawa West -- Nepean and Thenusha Parani in Scarborough Centre because of irregularities and allegations of ballot stuffing at their nomination meetings . Both candidates denied these claims . The nomination meetings were reorganized , and both candidates lost the nomination at those meetings . However , the PC leadership decided not to overturn the nomination meeting 's result in Hamilton West -- Ancaster -- Dundas , where a similar situation took place , because of an ongoing police investigation on this situation . In March 2018 , the NDP nominated Lyra Evans as their candidate in Ottawa - Vanier . Evans is the first openly transgender candidate nominated by a major party to run in an Ontario general election . Incumbents not running for reelection ( edit ) Electoral District Incumbent at dissolution and subsequent nominee New MPP Brant ( now Brantford - Brant ) Dave Levac Ruby Toor Will Bouma Glengarry -- Prescott -- Russell Grant Crack Pierre Leroux Amanda Simard Guelph Liz Sandals Sly Castaldi Mike Schreiner Kenora -- Rainy River Sarah Campbell Glen Archer Greg Rickford Kitchener - Conestoga Michael Harris -- Mike Harris Jr . London North Centre Deb Matthews Kate Graham Terence Kernaghan Markham - Unionville Michael Chan Amanda Yeung Collucci Billy Pang Mississauga -- Erindale Harinder Takhar Riding dissolved Pickering - Scarborough East Tracy MacCharles Riding dissolved Scarborough Centre Brad Duguid Mazhar Shafiq Christina Mitas Simcoe North Patrick Brown -- Jill Dunlop Welland ( now Niagara Centre ) Cindy Forster Jeff Burch Jeff Burch York Centre Monte Kwinter Ramon Estaris Roman Baber York -- Simcoe Julia Munro Caroline Mulroney Caroline Mulroney York West ( now Humber River -- Black Creek ) Mario Sergio Deanna Sgro Tom Rakocevic Opinion polls ( edit ) Campaign period ( edit ) Evolution of voting intentions during the 2018 Ontario provincial election campaign . Plot generated in R from data in the table below . Trendlines are local regressions , with polls weighted by proximity in time and sample size . 95 % confidence ribbons represent uncertainty about the regressions , not the likelihood that actual election results would fall within the intervals . show Polling firm Last date of polling Link Lib PC NDP Gre Oth Margin of error Sample size Polling method Lead Forum Research June 6 , 2018 PDF 21 39 34 5 ± 3 pp 2,178 IVR 5 Research Co . June 6 , 2018 HTML 20 39 37 ± 3.8 pp 661 Online EKOS June 6 , 2018 PDF 18.9 39.1 35.1 4.5 2.4 ± 2.8 pp 1,230 IVR 4.0 Pollara June 5 , 2018 PDF 17 38 38 6 ± 3.3 pp 906 ( 1 / 3 ) Online / telephone ( rolling ) 0 Ipsos June 5 , 2018 HTML 19 39 36 6 * ± 3.1 pp 1,501 Online / telephone Mainstreet Research June 4 , 2018 HTML 20.2 39.0 34.3 4.9 1.7 ± 1.7 pp 3,320 IVR 4.7 Leger June 4 , 2018 HTML 18 39 38 5 * N / A 1,008 Online Pollara June 4 , 2018 PDF 17 39 37 6 ± 3.0 pp 1,083 ( 1 / 4 ) Online / telephone ( rolling ) Pollara June 3 , 2018 PDF 20 38 37 5 ± 2.7 pp 1,275 ( 1 / 4 ) Online / telephone ( rolling ) Forum Research June 2 , 2018 PDF 18 38 37 5 ± 3 pp 2,349 IVR Abacus Data June 2 , 2018 HTML 23 33 37 5 ± 1.9 pp 2,646 Online Pollara June 2 , 2018 PDF 20 37 37 5 ± 2.6 pp 1,447 Online / telephone 0 EKOS May 31 , 2018 PDF 19.3 38.6 34.9 5.9 1.2 ± 3.1 pp 990 ( 2 / 3 ) IVR ( rolling ) 3.7 Research Co . May 31 , 2018 HTML 18 38 39 ± 3.7 pp 701 Online Forum Research May 29 , 2018 PDF 19 39 35 5 ± 2 pp 2,602 IVR H + K Strategies May 29 , 2018 HTML 19 37 39 6 ± 2.5 pp 1,500 Online EKOS May 29 , 2018 PDF 19.1 37.9 38.4 3.3 1.3 ± 3.2 pp 945 IVR 0.5 Angus Reid May 29 , 2018 PDF 17 37 39 5 ± 3.5 pp 773 Online Innovative Research May 29 , 2018 PDF 22 34 36 6 N / A 958 Online Innovative Research May 29 , 2018 PDF 21 34 37 6 ± 4.0 pp 611 Telephone Pollara May 28 , 2018 PDF 17 32 43 5 ± 3.5 pp 800 Online 11 Media consortium leaders ' debate in Toronto ( May 27 , 2018 ) Mainstreet Research May 27 , 2018 HTML 16.0 37.9 39.3 4.5 2.4 ± 2.39 pp 1,682 IVR 1.4 Ipsos May 27 , 2018 HTML 22 37 34 7 * ± 3.2 pp 1,241 Online / telephone Abacus Data May 26 , 2018 HTML 23 33 37 ± 3.5 pp 800 Online EKOS May 24 , 2018 PDF 20.4 34.9 35.6 7.0 2.1 ± 3.1 pp 1,021 IVR 0.7 Forum Research May 23 , 2018 PDF 14 33 47 ± 3 pp 906 IVR 14 Innovative Research May 23 , 2018 PDF 26 36 31 6 N / A 1,074 Online 5 Pollara May 22 , 2018 HTML 18 37 38 5 ± 3.3 pp 870 Online Leger May 22 , 2018 PDF 21 37 37 5 * ± 3.09 pp 1,008 Online 0 Ipsos May 21 , 2018 HTML 23 36 37 4 * ± 3.5 pp 1,000 Online Abacus Data May 18 , 2018 HTML 24 35 34 5 ± 1.9 pp 2,824 Online Mainstreet Research May 18 , 2018 HTML 22.3 41.9 29.3 5.0 1.4 ± 2.02 pp 2,350 IVR 12.6 EKOS May 17 , 2018 PDF 23.3 39.1 29.8 5.4 2.3 ± 2.9 pp 1,124 IVR 9.3 H + K Strategies May 15 , 2018 HTML 23 38 32 7 * ± 2.5 pp 1,500 Online 6 Ipsos May 14 , 2018 HTML 22 40 35 3 * ± 3.5 pp 1,000 Online 5 Innovative Research May 12 , 2018 PDF 27 35 31 6 N / A 1,529 Online Leaders ' debate in Parry Sound ( May 11 , 2018 ) Mainstreet Research May 11 , 2018 HTML 22.1 42.3 28.4 5.4 1.8 ± 1.95 pp 2,534 IVR 13.9 Forum Research May 9 , 2018 PDF 22 40 33 ± 4 pp 777 IVR 7 Innovative Research May 9 , 2018 PDF 28 38 28 6 N / A 915 Online 10 CityTV Toronto leaders ' debate ( May 7 , 2018 ) Includes support for the Green Party Best Premier and Party Leader Approval Ratings ( edit ) Date Firm Best Premier ratings Approval ratings Ford Horwath Wynne Ford Horwath Wynne Approve Disapprove Approve Disapprove Approve Disapprove June 6 , 2018 Research Co . 36 % 55 % 54 % 34 % 29 % 64 % June 2 , 2018 Forum Research 27 % 31 % 17 % 27 % 55 % 41 % 34 % 23 % 65 % June 2 , 2018 Abacus Data 25 % 48 % 42 % 20 % 21 % 56 % May 31 , 2018 Research Co . 23 % 28 % 15 % 33 % 56 % 52 % 34 % 27 % 64 % May 29 , 2018 Forum Research 29 % 30 % 16 % 30 % 53 % 40 % 32 % 23 % 65 % May 29 , 2018 Angus Reid 25 % 34 % 15 % May 29 , 2018 Innovative Research 23 % 30 % 14 % 30 % 54 % 48 % 23 % 25 % 59 % May 26 , 2018 Abacus Data 27 % 45 % 44 % 15 % 19 % 60 % May 23 , 2018 Forum Research 30 % 33 % 15 % 32 % 51 % 43 % 26 % 19 % 69 % May 23 , 2018 Innovative Research 24 % 26 % 19 % 27 % 57 % 46 % 20 % 24 % 61 % May 22 , 2018 Leger 23 % 28 % 12 % May 18 , 2018 Abacus Data 26 % 46 % 42 % 13 % 17 % 60 % May 12 , 2018 Innovative Research 24 % 26 % 16 % 31 % 52 % 44 % 17 % 21 % 62 % May 9 , 2018 Forum Research 34 % 49 % 42 % 25 % 20 % 71 % Major Regional Polls - Toronto ( edit ) hide Polling firm Last date of polling Link Lib PC NDP Gre Oth Margin of error Sample size Polling method Lead Campaign Research May 16 , 2018 HTML 27 35 32 5 ± 2.3 pp 1,871 Online Leaders ' debate in Parry Sound ( May 11 , 2018 ) Mainstreet Research May 7 , 2018 PDF 31.1 36.6 23.1 5.9 3.4 ± 2.19 pp 2,000 IVR 5.5 CityTV Toronto leaders ' debate ( May 7 , 2018 ) Pre-campaign period ( edit ) Ten - poll average of Ontario opinion polls from June 12 , 2014 , to the last possible date of the next election on June 6 , 2018 . Each line corresponds to a political party . show Polling organisation Last date of polling Source Lib PC NDP Gr Oth Polling type Sample size Margin of error Ipsos May 7 , 2018 HTML 26 40 29 - 5 Online / telephone 1,197 ± 3.2 % EKOS Research May 6 , 2018 Twitter 24.4 41.1 25.6 6.5 IVR 2,018 ± 2.2 % Abacus Data May 6 , 2018 HTML 29 35 29 5 Online 1,755 ± 2.4 % Nanos Research May 6 , 2018 PDF 28.5 41.1 24.3 5.9 Telephone 500 ± 4.4 % Pollara May 4 , 2018 HTML 23 40 30 6 Online 1,010 ± 3.1 % Leger April 23 , 2018 HTML 26 43 26 - Online 1,000 + Nanos Research April 22 , 2018 PDF 30.6 42.2 21.4 5.3 Telephone 2,098 ± 2.1 % Forum Research April 18 , 2018 PDF 21 46 27 IVR 1,126 ± 3 % Mainstreet Research April 18 , 2018 HTML 28.2 44.9 21.3 4.0 1.6 IVR 1,763 ± 2.33 % Ipsos April 9 , 2018 HTML 27 40 28 - 5 Online 800 ± 4.0 % Innovative Research April 9 , 2018 HTML 29.9 42.5 20.7 6.9 1.1 Online 600 ± 4.0 % Abacus Data April 8 , 2018 HTML 28 40 24 6 Online 4,177 ± 1.5 % EKOS Research April 5 , 2018 PDF 29.3 43.0 20.7 5.2 1.8 IVR 1,067 ± 3.0 % Mainstreet Research April 4 , 2018 HTML 23.9 50.3 18.3 5.2 2.4 IVR 1,969 ± 2.21 % Forum Research March 29 , 2018 PDF 29 36 26 7 IVR 728 ± 4 % Innovative Research March 20 , 2018 PDF 26 44 22 7 Telephone 603 ± 4.0 % Mainstreet Research March 18 , 2018 HTML 26.2 47.0 18.6 6.4 1.8 IVR 2,003 ± 2.23 % Campaign Research March 14 , 2018 HTML 27 43 23 5 Online 1,637 ± 2.4 % Leger March 14 , 2018 PDF 26 42 24 - 8 Online 1,008 ± 3.087 % Ipsos March 14 , 2018 HTML 32 39 25 - Online 803 ± 4.0 % Forum Research March 11 , 2018 PDF 23 44 27 5 IVR 923 ± 3 % 10 March 2018 Doug Ford is elected leader of the Progressive Conservative Party Angus Reid March 7 , 2018 PDF 24 50 22 - Online 807 ± 3.4 % DART February 27 , 2018 PDF 19 44 24 - 13 Online 962 ± 3.6 % Nanos Research February 26 , 2018 PDF 30.5 43.5 23.2 2.8 Telephone 502 ± 4.4 % Forum Research February 23 , 2018 PDF 21 46 24 7 IVR 1,005 ± 3 % Ipsos February 19 , 2018 HTML 29 38 26 - 7 Online 802 ± 4.0 % Forum Research February 17 , 2018 PDF 24 49 19 7 IVR 949 ± 3 % Campaign Research February 11 , 2018 HTML 28 43 20 8 Online 1,426 ± 2.5 % Leger January 2018 HTML 33 36 26 Online 996 ± 3.1 % Innovative Research January 29 , 2018 PDF 32 36 21 9 Online 1,027 26 January 2018 Vic Fedeli is appointed as interim leader of the Ontario PC Party Forum Research January 25 , 2018 PDF 27 42 23 6 IVR 751 ± 4 % 25 January 2018 Patrick Brown resigns as Ontario PC leader Innovative Research January 17 , 2018 PDF 35 38 18 8 Online 1,040 Forum Research January 13 , 2018 PDF 24 43 24 7 IVR 1,022 ± 3 % Campaign Research January 11 , 2018 HTML 34 35 23 6 Online 1,544 ± 2.5 % Mainstreet Research January 6 , 2018 PDF 32 43 18 7 IVR 2,375 ± 2.01 % Nanos Research December 18 , 2017 PDF 33.5 41.4 20.5 4.0 Telephone 500 ± 4.4 % Ipsos December 14 , 2017 HTML 28 36 28 - 9 Online 829 ± 4.0 % Campaign Research December 6 , 2017 HTML 35 34 22 7 Online 1,495 ± 2.5 % Forum Research November 30 , 2017 PDF 24 40 26 8 IVR 861 ± 3 % Innovative Research November 17 , 2017 PDF 31 41 19 8 Telephone 607 ± 4.0 % Campaign Research November 9 , 2017 HTML 32 35 23 9 Online 1,263 ± 2.8 % Nanos Research October 29 , 2017 PDF 29.2 38.3 26.0 6.4 Telephone 500 ± 4.4 % Forum Research October 25 , 2017 PDF 24 45 22 7 IVR 946 ± 3 % Campaign Research October 11 , 2017 HTML 32 36 25 7 Online 1,347 ± 2.7 % Forum Research September 27 , 2017 PDF 22 44 27 5 IVR 801 ± 3 % Innovative Research September 18 , 2017 PDF 35 40 18 5 Telephone 608 ± 4.0 % Campaign Research September 11 , 2017 HTML 33 38 23 6 0 Online 1,133 ± 2.9 % Ipsos September 11 , 2017 HTML 32 39 22 - 7 Online 800 ± 4.0 % Forum Research August 24 , 2017 PDF 25 40 27 6 IVR 981 ± 3 % Nanos Research August 17 , 2017 PDF 31.2 42.2 19.5 6.7 Telephone 500 ± 4.4 % Innovative Research July 19 , 2017 HTML 36 40 17 6 Telephone 605 ± 4.0 % Campaign Research July 10 , 2017 HTML 31 38 23 6 Online 943 ± 3 % Innovative Research June 27 , 2017 HTML 35 39 20 5 Telephone 600 ± 4.0 % Forum Research June 14 , 2017 PDF 23 44 24 7 IVR 1,003 ± 3 % Campaign Research June 12 , 2017 HTML 30 38 24 7 Online 1,118 ± 3 % Mainstreet Research May 25 , 2017 HTML 29 43 24 5 - IVR 2,000 ± 2.19 % Campaign Research May 13 , 2017 HTML 37 34 22 6 Online 864 ± 4 % Forum Research May 10 , 2017 PDF 28 41 23 6 IVR 1,103 ± 3 % Campaign Research April 11 , 2017 HTML 31 36 25 Online 979 ± 3 % Innovative Research April 5 , 2017 PDF 29 40 23 6 Online 779 Forum Research March 30 , 2017 PDF 19 43 28 8 IVR 884 ± 3.3 % Mainstreet Research March 12 , 2017 HTML 30 40 24 6 - IVR 2,531 ± 1.95 % Forum Research February 16 , 2017 PDF 24 44 25 6 IVR 1,120 ± 3 % Mainstreet Research February 12 , 2017 HTML 29 39 27 - IVR 2,524 ± 1.95 % Campaign Research January 29 , 2017 HTML 28 50 15 5 IVR 676 ± 4 % Forum Research November 21 , 2016 PDF 24 43 24 8 IVR 1,184 ± 3 % Nanos Research November 19 , 2016 PDF 31.9 39.9 22.2 5.2 0.8 Telephone 500 ± 4.4 % Mainstreet Research November 2 , 2016 HTML 25 43 27 6 - IVR 2,524 ± 1.95 % Forum Research October 18 , 2016 PDF 24 43 23 8 IVR 1,124 ± 3 % Innovative Research September 24 , 2016 PDF 33 38 20 8 - Telephone 600 ± 4.0 % Ipsos September 22 , 2016 HTML 40 35 20 5 - Online 800 ± 4 % Mainstreet Research September 18 , 2016 HTML 28 43 23 6 - IVR 2,562 ± 1.94 % Forum Research September 13 , 2016 PDF 25 45 23 6 IVR 1,154 ± 3 % Ipsos September 9 , 2016 HTML 35 37 23 5 - Online 800 ± 4 % 8 September 2016 Premier Kathleen Wynne prorogues the legislature Forum Research August 15 , 2016 PDF 28 41 23 6 IVR 1,097 ± 3 % Forum Research July 12 , 2016 PDF 35 42 17 5 IVR 1,183 ± 3 % Forum Research June 21 , 2016 PDF 30 40 21 8 IVR 1,173 ± 3 % Forum Research May 31 , 2016 PDF 30 40 21 7 IVR 1,172 ± 3 % Mainstreet Research May 18 , 2016 HTML 36 38 20 5 - IVR 2,537 ± 1.95 % Forum Research April 25 , 2016 PDF 34 39 21 5 IVR 1,157 ± 3 % Forum Research March 23 , 2016 PDF 30 40 24 5 IVR 1,225 ± 3 % Forum Research February 29 , 2016 PDF 27 44 22 6 IVR 1,148 ± 3 % Mainstreet Research February 16 , 2016 HTML 33 36 26 5 - IVR 2,623 ± 1.91 % Forum Research December 20 , 2015 PDF 31 34 26 7 IVR 1,003 ± 3 % Ipsos November 9 , 2015 HTML 44 31 20 - Online 1,002 ± 3.5 % Forum Research November 4 , 2015 PDF 30 36 26 6 IVR 1,158 ± 3 % Mainstreet Research November 1 , 2015 HTML 28 40 25 7 - IVR 2,506 ± 1.96 % Mainstreet Research September 21 , 2015 HTML 30 40 24 7 - IVR 4,610 ± 1.5 % Forum Research August 13 , 2015 PDF 26 35 33 IVR 1,001 ± 3 % Forum Research July 5 , 2015 PDF 26 32 35 5 IVR 678 ± 4 % Ipsos May 20 , 2015 HTML 34.13 32.37 25.19 8.31 - Online 1,002 ± 3.5 % Innovative Research May 19 , 2015 PDF 34 35 24 6 - Telephone 606 ± 4.0 % Forum Research May 11 , 2015 PDF 24 33 36 5 IVR 1,001 ± 3 % 9 May 2015 Patrick Brown is elected leader of the Ontario PC Party Forum Research April 30 , 2015 PDF 29 36 24 9 IVR 912 ± 3 % Innovative Research April 26 , 2015 PDF 40 33 18 8 Online 1,017 Forum Research March 26 , 2015 PDF 29 34 27 8 IVR 881 ± 3 % Environics March 25 , 2015 HTML 32 33 27 7 - Telephone 989 ± 3.1 % Forum Research February 27 , 2015 PDF 32 39 21 6 IVR 996 ± 3 % Forum Research January 30 , 2015 PDF 37 36 19 6 IVR 1,028 ± 3 % Forum Research December 20 , 2014 PDF 35 36 20 7 IVR 1,058 ± 3 % Forum Research November 29 , 2014 PDF 37 37 17 7 IVR 1,054 ± 3 % Forum Research November 1 , 2014 PDF 40 35 19 IVR 1,104 ± 3 % Forum Research October 1 , 2014 PDF 36 34 23 6 IVR 1,079 ± 3 % Forum Research August 21 , 2014 PDF 39 32 19 8 IVR 1,229 ± 3 % 2 July 2014 Jim Wilson becomes interim leader of the Ontario PC Party 2 July 2014 Tim Hudak resigns as leader of the Ontario PC Party 2014 election June 12 , 2014 HTML 38.65 31.25 23.75 4.84 1.51 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Rob ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Ontario moves election date to June 7 , 2018 '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Electoral Boundaries Act , 2015 , S.O. 2015 , c. 31 Jump up ^ as a result of the Election Statute Law Amendment Act , 2016 , S.O. 2016 , c. 33 , s . 36 Jump up ^ `` Report : Far North Electoral Boundaries Commission '' . August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Benzie , Robert ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Ontario to get 17 new ridings , including a constituency that is largely Indigenous '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Representation Statute Law Amendment Act , 2017 , S.O. 2017 , c. 18 Jump up ^ `` Ontario Liberals ' plan for two new ridings could violate the Charter and cost PCs the election '' . National Post . August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Public Opinion Research : Ontario This Month '' ( PDF ) . innovativeresearch.ca . Innovative Research Group . September 2017 . pp. 17 -- 23 . Jump up ^ Election Statute Law Amendment Act , 2005 , S.O. 2005 , c. 35 , s . 1 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Benzie , Robert ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Ontario to add 15 MPPs , move 2018 election date ahead '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Election Statute Law Amendment Act , 2016 , S.O. 2016 , c. 33 , s . 7 Jump up ^ `` How a historic Liberal collapse and PC upheaval turned Ontario election into a wild horse race '' . National Post . 2018 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion The day Kathleen Wynne lost the 2018 election '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Grenier , Eric ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` With nine weeks to go , the Ontario election is Doug Ford 's to lose '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Crawley , Mike ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` 11 Liberals wo n't run in Ontario election , and that 's a problem for Kathleen Wynne '' . CBC News . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario voters facing ' stark choice ' in June , says Kathleen Wynne '' . Toronto Star . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario budget 2018 : Liberals run deficit , introduce new spending in pre-election budget '' . Global News . Canadian Press . March 28 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Veering left is right for Kathleen Wynne '' . Toronto Star . April 1 , 2018 . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Delacourt , Susan ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` What is it that is driving Ontario voters ? '' . The Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Omer , Mohammed ( May 30 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario Election 2018 : Poll Finds Half of Decided Voters Making Choice Based on Party They Dislike '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Yufest , Eli ( February 2018 ) . `` Analysis of Voter Support Ceilings for Major Ontario Parties '' . Campaign Research . Jump up ^ Yun , Tom ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario 's experiment with vote - counting machines could change elections to come '' . Macleans . ^ Jump up to : Reevely , David ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` Elections Ontario has ' utmost confidence ' in new vote - counting machines but also has backup plan '' . Ottawa Citizen . Jump up ^ `` Province - Wide Election Night Results '' . elections.on.ca . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario election 2014 : Tim Hudak to step down '' . CBC News . June 12 , 2014 . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Hudak to quit July 2 amid Tory revolt '' . Toronto Star . June 18 , 2014 . Retrieved June 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Richard ( July 2 , 2014 ) . `` Progressive Conservatives pick Jim Wilson as interim leader '' . The Toronto Star . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barrie MP Patrick Brown resigns seat as he shifts to lead provincial PCs '' . Ottawa Citizen . May 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gerry Lougheed Jr. , Ontario Liberal fundraiser , charged in Sudbury byelection scandal '' . CBC News . September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top Liberals face Elections Act charges in Sudbury case Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Wynne adviser to step down after OPP charges related to Sudbury byelection Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ Aiello , Rachel ; McGregor , Glen ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Patrick Brown denies sexual misconduct allegations from two women , resigns as Ontario PC leader '' . CTV News . Jump up ^ Crawley , Mike ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Patrick Brown resigns as Ontario PC leader after sexual misconduct allegations '' . CBC News . Jump up ^ `` Statement from Ontario PC Leader Patrick Brown '' . ontariopca.ca . January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vic Fedeli chosen as interim leader of Ontario PCs with election looming '' . CBC News . 2018 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Ford named new Ontario PC leader '' . CTV News . The Canadian Press . March 10 , 2018 . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ford ' the boss ' : Fedeli '' . Sudbury Star . Postmedia Network . March 11 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Fedeli , who has served as interim party leader since the resignation of Patrick Brown amid allegations of sexual misconduct several weeks ago , will remain opposition leader for parliamentary purposes because Ford does not have a seat in the Ontario legislature Jump up ^ `` Doug Ford bails on first Ontario election leaders debate -- iPolitics '' . iPolitics. 2018 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Andrea Horwath 's Change for the Better '' . Ontario NDP . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Ford , Horwath , Wynne to face off in Toronto - focused CityNews debate May 7 '' . CityNews. 2018 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Election 101 : Here 's what you need to know about the Ontario election '' . cbc.ca . May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bissonette , Sarah ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Wynne , Ford and Horwath debate in Parry Sound Friday '' . parrysound.com . Jump up ^ Blackwell , Tom ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario PC candidate resigns after private 407 freeway confirms ' internal theft ' of data on 60,000 customers '' . National Post . ^ Jump up to : `` Advance voting begins for provincial election '' . ctvnews.ca . May 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Advance Voting for Provincial General Election Starts Today '' ( PDF ) . elections.on.ca . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Date set for televised leaders debate in Ontario election CBC News '' . CBC . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Benzie , Robert ( June 2 , 2018 ) . `` Wynne concedes she will lose Thursday 's election , urges voters to elect Liberal MPPs as check on Ford or Horwath '' . Toronto Star . Jump up ^ Giovannetti , Justin ( June 3 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario 's NDP , PCs jockey for majority in wake of Wynne 's early concession '' . The Globe and Mail . Jump up ^ `` Ontario election guide : What you need to know before you vote '' . The Globe and Mail . May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Doug Ford 's Plan is Furthest Away From a Balanced Budget '' . CTV News . May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Streck , Aaron ( 2018 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Durham highway tolls will be removed if elected , say NDP candidates '' . Globalnews.ca . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Akin , David ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` For the Wynne Liberals , the Ontario election has always been ' Save the Furniture ' '' . Global News . Jump up ^ `` Doug Ford , Ontario PCs unveil campaign bus and ' For The People ' slogan '' . CityNews . Toronto . April 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jarvis , Anne ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` Ford tells supporters in Windsor ' help is on the way ' '' . Windsor Star . Jump up ^ Powers , Lucas ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario NDP platform proposes big spending on health care , social services '' . CBC News . Jump up ^ `` La plateforme néo - démocrate est enfin disponible en français '' . Ici Radio - Canada Première ( in French ) . April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Janus , Andrea ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` Basic income , road tolls for transit part of Ontario Green Party 's election platform '' . CBC News . Jump up ^ Small , Allen ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Ontario Libertarian Party leader Allen Small shares his views on election issues '' . Global News ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Tasha Kheiriddin . Toronto . Jump up ^ `` Of choices we have , Ford 's PCs are best '' . The London Free Press . June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Our choice for Ontario is Ford '' . Toronto Sun . June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ontario 's choice is clear , if less than ideal : A Progressive Conservative government '' . National Post . June 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Progressive Conservatives should form the next Ontario government '' . Ottawa Citizen . June 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.durhamregion.com/opinion-story/8629987-change-is-needed-in-ontario/ Jump up ^ https://www.thepostmillennial.com/editorial-pcs-are-the-only-real-choice// Jump up ^ `` Ontario voters should back NDP to stop Doug Ford '' . Toronto Star . June 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opinion The Spectator 's view : Ford PCs say take them on faith -- that 's not enough '' . TheSpec.com. 2018 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Jury , Pierre ( June 5 , 2018 ) . `` Pour le NPD '' ( For the NDP ) . Le Droit ( in French ) . Jump up ^ Board , Toronto Star Editorial ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) . `` Opinion OPINION : Guelph voters should consider making history and sending the Greens ' Mike Schreiner to Queen 's Park '' . GuelphMercury.com . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Globe editorial : For Ontario voters , leadership and vision are not on offer '' . The Globe and Mail . June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion The Record 's view : In an era of disruption Ontario voters should seek stability '' . TheRecord.com. 2018 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Editorial : We 're endorsing change this provincial election '' . Laurentian Media Group . 2018 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ Marieke Walsh ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` Trudeau dropping in on Wynne days before election campaign '' . iPolitics . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ali Raza ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` Andrew Scheer says Doug Ford ' best choice ' in election , slams Ontario NDP 's past '' . Metroland Media . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hazel McCallion endorses PC Leader Doug Ford and Liberal Finance Minister Charles Sousa '' . Global News . May 30 , 2018 . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin O'Leary Taps ' Sharks ' To Help Pay Back Tory Leadership Debt '' . Huffington Post . June 4 , 2018 . Retrieved June 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Antonella Artuso ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' HE 'S A STRAIGHT SHOOTER ' : Mel Lastman endorses Doug Ford '' . Toronto Sun . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Harper on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Andrea Horwath , Jagmeet Singh team up at Brampton event to keep pushing NDP in polls '' . CBC News Network . May 21 , 2018 . Retrieved June 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Coren , Michael ; Dias , Jerry ; Farber , Bernie M. ; Gardner , Kay ; Hudson , Sandy ; Miller , David ; Pascale , Charles ; Rebick , Judy ; Wong - Tam , Kristyn . `` It 's Time For Progressive Voters To Rally Around Andrea Horwath '' . HuffPost . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Olivia Chow on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Carmen Ponciano ( April 22 , 2018 ) . CBC http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/kitchener-waterloo/guelph-mike-schreiner-david-suzuki-elizabeth-may-1.4630234 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Twitter . June 2 , 2018 https://twitter.com/OntarioCStores/status/1002902718929727490 . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Ottawa police union endorses PCs '' . CBC News . May 31 , 2018 . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Erik White ( May 31 , 2018 ) . `` Sault Ste . Marie Steelworkers take flack for backing PC candidate : ' this is democracy ' '' . CBC News . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caroline Alphonso ( May 10 , 2018 ) . The Globe and Mail https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-ontarios-largest-education-union-opts-to-endorse-ndp-over-liberals/ . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ CUPE https://cupe.ca/canadas-ndp-working-together . Retrieved June 2 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Newswire https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/ontario-steelworkers-endorse-andrea-horwath-and-the-ndp-684338631.html . Retrieved June 3 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ATU ( PDF ) http://atucanada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/NDP-Endorsement.pdf . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Party overturns Ottawa West - Nepean PC nomination CBC News '' . CBC . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` PCs to hold new nomination contests in Ottawa West - Nepean , Scarborough Centre '' . Ottawa Citizen. 2018 - 02 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ Benzie , Robert ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Tories overturn two controversial nominations , as they clean house in post-Patrick - Brown era '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved May 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NDP candidate hopes to give LGBT community greater voice at Queen 's Park CBC News '' . CBC . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` NDP in Ottawa - Vanier nominate Ontario 's first transgender candidate for MPP '' . Ottawa Citizen. 2018 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ Steve Paikin ( @ spaikin ) ( May 5 , 2017 ) . `` Confirmed : speaker @ DaveLevac announces he wo n't seek re-election in June 2018 '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Benzie , Robert ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Liberal cabinet ministers Michael Chan and Tracy MacCharles , MPP Grant Crack say they are retiring '' . Toronto Star . ^ Jump up to : `` Two more Wynne cabinet ministers say they wo n't run again in next June 's Ontario election '' ( Press release ) . Toronto Star . October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kenora - Rainy River candidates starting to come out of woodwork '' . cbc.ca . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Michael Harris ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) . `` '' Please see my statement below : `` '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Steve Paikin ( @ spaikin ) ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` Veteran @ OntLiberal MPP harinder takhar announces he wo n't run again '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Brad Duguid wo n't run in 2018 provincial election '' ( Press release ) . Toronto Star . September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Former PC leader Patrick Brown not running in Ontario election '' . CBC News . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Forsyth , Paul ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` Cindy Forster pledges to keep fighting for causes she believes in '' . niagarathisweek.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ nurun.com . `` UPDATED : Cindy Forster calling it quits '' . St. Catharines Standard . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Monte Kwinter MPP for York Centre not seeking re-election in 2018 '' ( Press release ) . Ontario Liberal Party . July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Munro announces Intention to Retire '' ( PDF ) . juliamunrompp.com . March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Geoff Zochodne ( @ GeoffZochodne ) ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Longtime Liberal @ MarioSergioMPP is hanging them up '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The third and final televised debate of the provincial election campaign in Toronto '' . CBC Television . May 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ontario Provincial Election 2018 : CityNews Leaders ' Debate '' . CityTV . May 7 , 2018 . 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Mount Hikurangi (Gisborne District)
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Mount Hikurangi ( Gisborne District ) - wikipedia Mount Hikurangi ( Gisborne District ) Jump to : navigation , search For the mountain in Northland , New Zealand , see Mount Hikurangi ( Northland ) . Mount Hikurangi Te Ara ki Hikurangi ( Māori ) Mount Hikurangi , as seen from the Waiapu Valley Highest point Elevation 1,752 m ( 5,748 ft ) Listing List of mountains of New Zealand by height Coordinates 37 ° 55 ′ 1.49 '' S 178 ° 3 ′ 36.20 '' E / 37.9170806 ° S 178.0600556 ° E / - 37.9170806 ; 178.0600556 Coordinates : 37 ° 55 ′ 1.49 '' S 178 ° 3 ′ 36.20 '' E / 37.9170806 ° S 178.0600556 ° E / - 37.9170806 ; 178.0600556 Geography Mount Hikurangi Location in the North Island of New Zealand Location Gisborne District , New Zealand Parent range Raukūmara Range Mount Hikurangi ( or Te Ara ki Hikurangi in Māori ) is a 1,752 m ( 5,748 ft ) peak in the eastern corner of New Zealand 's North Island , about 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) north of Gisborne , and 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) southwest of the East Cape Lighthouse . On a spur of the Raukūmara Range in the Waiapu Valley , it is the North Island 's highest non-volcanic peak . Mount Hikurangi is within the rohe of Ngāti Porou , and is the iwi 's most significant icon . In Māori mythology , it was the first part of the North Island to emerge when Māui pulled it as a giant fish from the ocean . According to these beliefs , his waka , Nukutaimemeha , became stranded on the mountain , and lies petrified near the mountain 's summit . Nine large whakairo ( carvings ) depicting Māui and his whānau were erected on the mountain to commemorate the millennium in 2000 . Nearby summits include Whanokao ( 1,428 m or 4,685 ft ) , Aorangi ( 1,272 m or 4,173 ft ) , Wharekia ( 1,106 m or 3,629 ft ) and Taitai ( 678 m or 2,224 ft ) . Together , these mountains provide what Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand calls an `` awe - inspiring vista '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 The first sunrise of the new day 2 History 2.1 19th - century gold prospecting 3 Significance to Māori 4 Flora and fauna 5 Recreation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links The first Sunrise of the New day ( edit ) The peak is traditionally regarded as the first land in the world to catch the rays of the new day 's sun , although this claim , like any such claim of its type , is open to interpretation . Certainly it is not true at any time of the year other than the Southern Hemisphere summer , as both Fiji and Tonga are to the east . In summer , however , because of the tilt of the Earth 's axis , it does receive the sun 's rays earlier than these places . It does not receive them earlier than the Chatham Islands ( or , of course , Antarctica ) , however . This did not stop the mountain gaining world prominence in the celebrations for the new Millennium , however . According to the Department of Conservation , the mountain is `` recognised and accepted as the first point on the mainland to greet the morning sun '' . The traditional greeting of South Island iwi Ngāi Tahu to North Island visitors , `` Haere mai , e te Rāwhiti ! '' ( Welcome , O Sunrise ! ) , references this fact . Celebrations by Ngāti Porou to commemorate the first dawn of the new millennium in 2000 , including karakia led by Tamati and Amster Reedy , took place on the summit of the mountain . In addition , nine massive whakairo depicting Māui 's story and his whānau were erected on the mountain as part of the celebrations . They were carved under Derek Lardelli 's guidance by students from Toihoukura , the Eastern Institute of Technology 's School of Māori Visual Arts . History ( edit ) Before the arrival of Europeans , Mount Hikurangi was within Ngāti Porou 's territory . Ngāti Porou believe they are descendants of Māui , and thus have had a connection with the mountain since it arose from the sea . In the 1870s , the Crown acquired the mountain and turned it into a state forest park . In November 1990 , ownership of Mount Hikurangi was returned to Ngāti Porou , who now manage the mountain , and facilitate the public 's access to it . 19th - century gold prospecting ( edit ) NB : This section is derived from text in Mackay , Joseph Angus ( 1949 ) . Historic Poverty Bay and the East Coast , N.I. , N.Z , available here ( 1 ) at the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre . There were several `` gold rushes '' on Mount Hikurangi in the early days of European settlement . In 1874 , about 100 Māori went prospecting on and around Mount Hikurangi . However , Sir James Hector , who examined the Waiapu Valley , found no signs of gold . In 1875 `` Scotty '' Siddons , mate of the Beautiful Star , claimed to have met a Māori person on the East Coast who had a few ounces of gold . He , and a mate named Hill , found a lot of mundic on the north - west side of the mountain , but only outcrops of limestone on the higher slopes . In 1886 Reupane te Ana , of Makarika , discovered what he fondly imagined was an enormous deposit of gold in the area . With what Joseph Angus Mackay called `` noble unselfishness '' , he let all his friends into the secret . Drays , wheelbarrows and receptacles of all kinds were rushed to the scene , and large quantities of the `` precious metal '' were removed to a safe place . When it turned out that the metal was only mundic , Reupane became an object of ridicule , and , afterwards , was known as `` Tommy Poorfellow . '' Significance to Māori ( edit ) Mount Hikurangi is of great spiritual , cultural , and physical significance to Ngāti Porou . It is the iwi 's most important icon , and in Māori mythology , was the first part of the North Island to emerge when Māui , an ancestor of Ngāti Porou , pulled it as a giant fish from the ocean . According to these beliefs , his waka , Nukutaimemeha , became stranded on the mountain , and lies petrified near the mountain 's summit . Another of Ngāti Porou 's mythological ancestors , Paikea , is also associated with the mountain . According to myth , Paikea 's younger half - brother , Ruatapu , attempted to kill about 70 of his older kin ( `` brothers '' ) at sea in Hawaiki to exact revenge on his father for belittling him as a low - born son of a slave . The massacre , called Te Huripūreiata , was survived only by Paikea , who called on the sea gods and ancestors to save him . Paikea travelled to New Zealand on the back of a whale , but Ruatapu sent a great flood to kill the survivors in New Zealand , called Te Tai a Ruatapu . Mt . Hikurangi became a refuge for the people from this deluge . The mountain is often referenced in Ngāti Porou 's karakia ( incantations ) , waiata ( songs ) , haka ( war dances ) , and pēpeha or whakatauākī ( proverbs ) . Examples of these include : Ko Hikurangi te maunga , Ko Waiapu te awa , Ko Ngāti Porou te iwi ( Hikurangi the mountain , Waiapu the river , Ngati Porou the people ) . Ngāti Porou 's proverb of identity . He atua ! He tangata ! He atua ! He tangata ! Ho ! ( Behold , it is divine ! It is human ! It is divine ! It is human ! Ah ! ) . Referring to Mt . Hikurangi , this is from the Ngāti Porou haka , Rūaumoko , named after the earthquake god . Whakaeteete mai ko Hikurangi ( Thrusting upward , is Hikurangi ) . From the haka , Whakarongo ake ki te hīrea waha o Māui ( Hearken to the faint call of the voice of Māui ) , celebrating the mythological rise of the mountain from the ocean . He kākā tāwari ki Hikurangi , he moki ki te moana ( ( A ) kākā feeding on the tāwari at Hikurangi , ( is as fat as the ) moki in the sea ) . This saying represents plentiful food . Ka rukuruku a Te Rangi - tāwaea i ōna pūeru ( Te Rangi - tāwaea ( a Ngāti Porou ancestor ) dons his garments ) . Said when Mount Hikurangi is covered in snow . Some famous Māori quotes involving Hikurangi include : Ehara a Hikurangi i te maunga haere ( Hikurangi is not a travelling mountain ) . The mountain of Hikurangi did not have a legend involving movement , and Te Kani - a-Takirau referenced this to justify his unwillingness to leave the area when he turned down the Māori Kingship , also saying he was `` a king already through ( his ) ancestors '' . Kāti , tukua mai ki Hikurangi , ki te maunga e tauria e te huka ( Enough , let him come hither to Hikurangi , to the mountain on which rests the snow ) . Said by Te Aotaki , instructing his tribe to welcome Tūwhakairiora , who came to avenge the murder of Poroumātā , his grandfather , and no doubt to undergo tohi ( a rite to cause bravery ) , and possibly marry one of his daughters . Another version of the quote is Tukuna mai ki a au , ki Hikurangi , te maunga e tauria ana e te huka ( Let him come to me , to Hikurangi , the mountain covered with snow ) . Flora and fauna ( edit ) Aciphylla colensoi , one of the species of alpine plants found on Mount Hikurangi The summit of Mount Hikurangi is the northernmost place where New Zealand 's alpine vegetation can be seen . Among the alpine shrubs and delicate herbs found there are large buttercups ( Ranunculus spp . ) , and prickly wild Spaniards ( Aciphylla spp . ) . The mountain contains the only known habitat of a small sub-alpine shrub , the Hikurangi tutu ( Coriaria pottsiana ) , found on the grassy scree slope behind the Mount Hikurangi Tramping Hut at 37 ° 54 ′ 22 '' S 178 ° 3 ′ 31 '' E / 37.90611 ° S 178.05861 ° E / - 37.90611 ; 178.05861 . Mount Hikurangi was the location of the last known mainland sighting of the North Island saddleback in 1910 , before its reintroduction to the North Island on the 16th of June 2002 at Zealandia in Wellington . In Māori times , kākā would fatten themselves on the berries of the tāwari trees growing on the mountain . In the 1960s , members of the Gisborne Tramping Club heard what they thought may have been the call of a kākāpō on the mountain , a parrot whose last documented existence in the North Island was in 1895 . The nearby Raukūmara Forest Park 's forests include a wide range of podocarp - broadleaved species such as rimu , rātā , tawa , hīnau , rewarewa , kāmahi , kahikatea , miro , beech and tōtara . Native birds and animals found in the area include fantails , tūī , whio , kākā , falcons , kererū , brown kiwi , Hochstetter 's frogs , snails , lizards , skinks , Motuweta riparia ( Raukūmara tusked wētā ) , and short - and long - tailed bats . Introduced animals include deer , goats , possums , pigs , cattle and mustelidae , all of which pose a threat to the native wildlife . Recreation ( edit ) Mount Hikurangi is about 130 km ( 81 mi ) north of Gisborne by road . Visitors to the mountain are asked to contact Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou before arriving , as the track crosses their private land , which is sometimes closed for short periods for cultural or farming reasons . While there is no public vehicle or bicycle access beyond the car park near the bottom , 4x4 tours to the carvings can be organised through Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou , who also offer a summit guide and an overnight guide . From the car park , it is about a 7 - hour walk to the summit . There is a hut for public use 4 -- 5 hours up the mountain , but visitors must bring their own cooker and water . Bookings for the hut are also made through Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Porou . Visitors are advised to be cautious of the mountain 's unpredictable weather , and to bring clothing suitable for all weather conditions . Hunting of introduced species is permitted in the nearby Raukūmara Forest Park . See also ( edit ) List of mountains of New Zealand by height Waiapu Valley Ngāti Porou References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mount Hikurangi - Te Ara ki Hikurangi '' . Places to visit . Wellington , New Zealand : Department of Conservation . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Google ( 11 May 2012 ) . `` Hikurangi , Gisborne 4083 '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Soutar , Monty ( 23 August 2011 ) . `` East Coast places - Waiapu River valley '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Wellington , New Zealand : Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Reedy , Tamati Muturangi ( 4 March 2009 ) . `` Ngāti Porou - Tribal boundaries and resources '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Wellington , New Zealand : Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Handford , R. `` Gisborne still first for the sun , '' New Zealand herald , 4 Jan 2012 . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Mead , Hirini Moko ; Grove , Neil ( 2003 ) . Ngā Pēpeha a ngā Tīpuna ( The Sayings of the Ancestors ) . Wellington , New Zealand : Victoria University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86473 - 462 - 4 . OCLC 174934126 . Jump up ^ Reedy , Tamati Muturangi ( 24 September 2011 ) . `` Ngāti Porou : The importance of Hikurangi to Ngāti Porou '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Wellington , New Zealand : Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Reedy , Tamati Muturangi ( 24 September 2011 ) . `` Ngāti Porou : Millennium celebrations on Mt Hikurangi '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Wellington , New Zealand : Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Reedy , Tamati Muturangi ( 24 September 2011 ) . `` Ngāti Porou : Māui on Mt Hikurangi '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Wellington , New Zealand : Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Reedy , Tamati Muturangi ( 24 September 2011 ) . `` Ngāti Porou : Mt Hikurangi '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Wellington , New Zealand : Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Mackay , Joseph Angus ( 1949 ) . `` Chapter XXXIX -- Local Government : Waiapu County '' . Historic Poverty Bay and the East Coast , N.I. , N.Z . Gisborne , New Zealand : Joseph Angus Mackay . pp. 402 -- 3 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Online version provided by The New Zealand Electronic Text Centre . ^ Jump up to : Reedy , Tamati Muturangi ( 18 February 2011 ) . `` Ngāti Porou - Ancestors '' . Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand . Wellington , New Zealand : Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture and Heritage . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Harmsworth , Garth ; Warmenhoven , Tui Aroha ( 2002 ) . `` The Waiapu project : Maori community goals for enhancing ecosystem health '' ( DOC ) . Hamilton , New Zealand : New Zealand Association of Resource Management . Retrieved 28 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Best , Elsdon ( 1977 ) ( 1942 ) . `` Bird Lore : How Birds Were Taken -- The kaka or Brown Parrot ( Nestor meridionalis ) '' . Forest Lore of the Maori . Memoirs of the Polynesian Society . 18 . Dominion Museum bulletin. 14 . Wellington , New Zealand : E.C. Keating , Government Printer . p. 193 . OCLC 639613989 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mt Hikurangi > Points '' . New Zealand Tramper . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Parkinson , Brian . `` Poverty Bay and East Cape - Mt Hikurangi '' . Brian Parkinson 's Guide to Unique Wildlife of New Zealand . ( ( Waipu , New Zealand ) ) , New Zealand : Ecotours New Zealand . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` North Island saddleback factsheet '' ( PDF ) . Wellington , New Zealand : Karori Wildlife Sanctuary. 2005 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Best , Elsdon ( 1977 ) ( 1942 ) . `` Bird Lore : How Birds Were Taken -- Kākāpō ( Strigops habroptilus ) '' . Forest Lore of the Maori . Memoirs of the Polynesian Society . 18 . Dominion Museum bulletin. 14 . Wellington , New Zealand : E.C. Keating , Government Printer . p. 171 . OCLC 639613989 . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Raukumara Forest Park : Natural features '' . Places to visit . Wellington , New Zealand : Department of Conservation . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Gisborne Raukumara hunting : Raukumara Forest Park '' . Hunting . Wellington , New Zealand : Department of Conservation . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mount Hikurangi - Te Ara ki Hikurangi '' . Tracks & walks . Wellington , New Zealand : Department of Conservation . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . Moorfield , John C. `` Te Aka Māori - English , English - Māori Dictionary and Index ( Online version ) '' . New Zealand : Pearson Education ; Auckland University of Technology . Retrieved 11 May 2012 . External links ( edit ) Media related to Mount Hikurangi at Wikimedia Commons Mt Hikurangi article with photo in Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand Waiapu River valley article in Te Ara : The Encyclopedia of New Zealand , with photo here ( 2 ) Photos of carvings of Māui and other members of his whānau on the mountain . The importance of Hikurangi to Ngāti Porou video ( in te reo Māori , with English notes ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Hikurangi_(Gisborne_District)&oldid=810041247 '' Categories : Mountains of the Gisborne District Māori mythology Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 01 : 14 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who sees the sun rise first in the world
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Watergate scandal
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Watergate scandal - wikipedia Watergate scandal `` Watergate '' redirects here . For the buildings , see Watergate complex . For other uses , see Watergate ( disambiguation ) . For a chronological guide to this subject , see Timeline of the Watergate scandal . Watergate scandal Watergate complex Events List ( show ) Presidency of Richard Nixon Timeline Nixon White House tapes Operation Sandwedge Operation Gemstone 1972 U.S. presidential election `` Saturday Night Massacre '' `` White House horrors '' United States v. Nixon Resignation speech Inauguration of Gerald Ford People Watergate burglars ( show ) Bernard Barker Virgilio Gonzalez Eugenio Martínez James W. McCord Jr . Frank Sturgis Groups ( show ) Master list of Nixon 's political opponents Nixon 's Enemies List Watergate Babies Watergate Seven White House Plumbers CRP ( show ) Committee for the Re-Election of the President ( CRP ) Fred LaRue Jeb Stuart Magruder Robert Mardian John N. Mitchell Kenneth Parkinson Hugh W. Sloan Jr . Maurice Stans White House ( show ) President Richard Nixon Alexander Butterfield Charles Colson John Dean John Ehrlichman Gerald Ford H.R. Haldeman E. Howard Hunt Egil Krogh G. Gordon Liddy Gordon C. Strachan Rose Mary Woods Judiciary ( show ) Archibald Cox Leon Jaworski John Sirica Journalists ( show ) Carl Bernstein Bob Woodward Ben Bradlee Howard Simons Lesley Stahl The Washington Post Intelligence community ( show ) Mark Felt ( `` Deep Throat '' ) L. Patrick Gray Richard Helms James R. Schlesinger Congress ( show ) Howard Baker Sam Ervin Peter W. Rodino U.S. Senate Watergate Committee Impeachment process Related ( show ) Frank Wills ( security guard ) James F. Neal ( prosecutor ) All the President 's Men ( book , film ) The Final Days ( book , film ) Dick ( film ) The Watergate scandal was a major political scandal that occurred in the United States during the early 1970s , following a break - in by five men at the Democratic National Committee ( DNC ) headquarters at the Watergate office complex in Washington , D.C. on June 17 , 1972 , and President Richard Nixon 's administration 's subsequent attempt to cover up its involvement . After the five burglars were caught and the conspiracy was discovered -- chiefly through the work of a few journalists , Congressional staffers and an election - finance watchdog official -- Watergate was investigated by the United States Congress . Meanwhile , Nixon 's administration resisted its probes , which led to a constitutional crisis . The term Watergate , by metonymy , has come to encompass an array of clandestine and often illegal activities undertaken by members of the Nixon administration . Those activities included such dirty tricks as bugging the offices of political opponents and people of whom Nixon or his officials were suspicious . Nixon and his close aides also ordered investigations of activist groups and political figures , using the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) , and the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) as political weapons . The scandal led to the discovery of multiple abuses of power by members of the Nixon administration , an impeachment process against the president that led to articles of impeachment , and Nixon 's resignation . The scandal also resulted in the indictment of 69 people , with trials or pleas resulting in 48 being found guilty , many of whom were top Nixon officials . The affair began with the arrest of five men for breaking into the DNC headquarters at the Watergate complex on Saturday , June 17 , 1972 . The FBI investigated and discovered a connection between cash found on the burglars and a slush fund used by the Committee for the Re-Election of the President ( CRP ) , the official organization of Nixon 's campaign . In July 1973 , evidence mounted against the president 's staff , including testimony provided by former staff members in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee . The investigation revealed that Nixon had a tape - recording system in his offices and that he had recorded many conversations . After a series of court battles , the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously ruled that the president was obliged to release the tapes to government investigators ( United States v. Nixon ) . The tapes revealed that Nixon had attempted to cover up activities that took place after the break - in , and to use federal officials to deflect the investigation . Facing virtually certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and equally certain conviction by the Senate , Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9 , 1974 , preventing the House from impeaching him . On September 8 , 1974 , his successor , Gerald Ford , pardoned him . The name `` Watergate '' and the suffix `` - gate '' have since become synonymous with political and non-political scandals in the United States , and some other parts of the world . Contents 1 Wiretapping of the Democratic Party 's headquarters 2 Cover - up and its unraveling 2.1 Initial cover - up 2.2 Money trail 2.3 Role of the media 2.4 Scandal escalates 2.5 Senate Watergate hearings and revelation of the Watergate tapes 2.6 `` Saturday Night Massacre '' 2.7 Legal action against Nixon Administration members 2.8 Release of the transcripts 2.9 Supreme Court 2.10 Release of the tapes 3 Final investigations and resignation 3.1 `` Smoking Gun '' tape 3.2 Resignation 4 President Ford 's pardon of Nixon 5 Aftermath 5.1 Final legal actions and effect on the law profession 5.2 Political and cultural reverberations 6 Purpose of the break - in 7 Reactions 7.1 Australia 7.2 China 7.3 Japan 7.4 Singapore 7.5 Soviet Union 7.6 United Kingdom 7.7 Other international reactions 7.8 Domestic reactions 8 See also 9 External links 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Wiretapping of the Democratic Party 's headquarters E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy , who led the Watergate break - in team , were stationed in a Watergate Hotel room while the burglary was underway . A lookout was posted across the street at the Howard Johnson Hotel . Bruce Givner was a 21 - year old intern working at the DNC 's 6th floor offices in the Watergate Hotel Complex when his prolonged stay on that floor precluded the burglars from entering the offices to correct their earlier wiretap work . During the break - in , Hunt and Liddy would remain in contact with each other and with the burglars by radio . These Chapstick tubes outfitted with tiny microphones were later discovered in Hunt 's White House office safe . Transistor radio used in the Watergate break - in Walkie - talkie used in Watergate break - in A DNC filing cabinet from the Watergate office building , damaged by the burglars On January 27 , 1972 , G. Gordon Liddy , Finance Counsel for the Committee for the Re-Election of the President ( CRP ) and former aide to John Ehrlichman , presented a campaign intelligence plan to CRP 's Acting Chairman Jeb Stuart Magruder , Attorney General John Mitchell , and Presidential Counsel John Dean that involved extensive illegal activities against the Democratic Party . According to Dean , this marked `` the opening scene of the worst political scandal of the twentieth century and the beginning of the end of the Nixon presidency '' . Mitchell viewed the plan as unrealistic . Two months later , he was alleged to have approved a reduced version of the plan , including burgling the Democratic National Committee 's ( DNC ) headquarters at the Watergate Complex in Washington , D.C. -- ostensibly to photograph campaign documents and install listening devices in telephones . Liddy was nominally in charge of the operation , but has since insisted that he was duped by both Dean and at least two of his subordinates , which included former CIA officers E. Howard Hunt and James McCord , the latter of which was serving as then - CRP Security Coordinator after John Mitchell had by then resigned as Attorney General to become the CRP chairman . In May , McCord assigned former FBI agent Alfred C. Baldwin III to carry out the wiretapping and monitor the telephone conversations afterward . McCord testified that he selected Baldwin 's name from a registry published by the FBI 's Society of Former Special Agents to work for the Committee to re-elect President Nixon . Baldwin first served as bodyguard to Martha Mitchell -- John Mitchell 's wife , who was living in Washington . Baldwin accompanied Martha Mitchell to Chicago . Martha did not like Baldwin and described him as the `` gauchest character ( she 'd ) ever met '' . The Committee replaced Baldwin with another security man . On May 11 , McCord arranged for Baldwin , who investigative reporter Jim Hougan described as `` somehow special and perhaps well known to McCord '' , to stay at the Howard Johnson 's motel across the street from the Watergate complex . Room 419 was booked in the name of McCord 's company . At behest of G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt , McCord and his team of burglars prepared for their first Watergate break - in , which began on May 28 . Two phones inside the DNC headquarters ' offices were said to have been wiretapped . One was Robert Spencer Oliver 's phone . At the time , Oliver was working as the executive director of the Association of State Democratic Chairmen . The other phone belonged to DNC chairman Larry O'Brien . The FBI found no evidence that O'Brien's phone was bugged ; however , it was determined that an effective listening device was installed in Oliver 's phone . Despite successfully installing the listening devices , the Committee agents soon determined that they needed repairs . They planned a second `` burglary '' in order to take care of the situation . Shortly after midnight on June 17 , 1972 , Watergate Complex security guard Frank Wills noticed tape covering the latches on some of the complex 's doors leading from the underground parking garage to several offices , which allowed the doors to close but stay unlocked . He removed the tape , thinking nothing of it . But when he returned an hour later and discovered that someone had retaped the locks , he called the police . Five men identified as Virgilio Gonzalez , Bernard Barker , James McCord , Eugenio Martínez , and Frank Sturgis were discovered inside the DNC office and arrested . They were charged with attempted burglary and attempted interception of telephone and other communications . The Washington Post reported , `` In addition , police found lock - picks and door jimmies , almost $2,300 in cash , most of it in $100 bills with the serial numbers in sequence ... a short wave receiver that could pick up police calls , 40 rolls of unexposed film , two 35 millimeter cameras and three pen - sized tear gas guns . '' On September 15 , a grand jury indicted them , as well as Hunt and Liddy , for conspiracy , burglary , and violation of federal wiretapping laws . The five burglars who broke into the office were tried by a jury , with Judge John Sirica officiating , and pled guilty or were convicted on January 30 , 1973 . On the morning of 18 June 1972 , G. Gordon Liddy called Jeb Magruder in Los Angeles and informed him that `` the four men arrested with McCord were Cuban freedom fighters , whom Howard Hunt recruited . '' Initially , Nixon 's organization and the White House quickly went to work to cover up the crime and any evidence that might have damaged the president and his reelection . Cover - up and its unraveling Initial cover - up Address book of Watergate burglar Bernard Barker , discovered in a room at the Watergate Hotel , June 18 , 1972 Within hours of the burglars ' arrest , the FBI discovered E. Howard Hunt 's name in Barker and Martínez 's address books . Nixon administration officials were concerned because Hunt and Liddy were also involved in a separate secret activity known as the `` White House Plumbers '' , which was set up to stop security `` leaks '' and investigate other sensitive security matters . Dean later testified that top Nixon aide John Ehrlichman ordered him to `` deep six '' the contents of Howard Hunt 's White House safe . Ehrlichman subsequently denied this . In the end , Dean and the FBI 's Acting Director L. Patrick Gray ( in separate operations ) destroyed the evidence from Hunt 's safe . Nixon 's own reaction to the break - in , at least initially , was one of skepticism . Watergate prosecutor James Neal was sure that Nixon had not known in advance of the break - in . As evidence , he cited a conversation taped on June 23 between the President and his Chief of Staff , H.R. Haldeman , in which Nixon asked , `` Who was the asshole who ordered it ? '' However , Nixon subsequently ordered Haldeman to have the CIA block the FBI 's investigation into the source of the funding for the burglary . A few days later , Nixon 's Press Secretary , Ron Ziegler , described the event as `` a third - rate burglary attempt . '' On August 29 , at a news conference , Nixon stated that Dean had conducted a thorough investigation of the incident , when Dean had actually not conducted any investigations at all . Nixon furthermore said , `` I can say categorically that ... no one in the White House staff , no one in this Administration , presently employed , was involved in this very bizarre incident . '' On September 15 , Nixon congratulated Dean , saying , `` The way you 've handled it , it seems to me , has been very skilful , because you -- putting your fingers in the dikes every time that leaks have sprung here and sprung there . '' Money trail This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On June 19 , 1972 , the press reported that one of the Watergate burglars was a Republican Party security aide . Former Attorney General John Mitchell , who at the time was the head of the CRP , denied any involvement with the Watergate break - in or knowledge of the five burglars . On August 1 , a $25,000 ( $146,000 today ) cashier 's check was found to have been deposited in the US and Mexican bank accounts of one of the Watergate burglars , Bernard Barker . Made out to the Finance Committee of the Committee to Reelect the President , the check was a 1972 campaign donation by Kenneth H. Dahlberg . This money ( and several other checks which had been lawfully donated to the CRP ) had been directly used to finance the burglary / wire tapping team 's expenses , hardware , and supplies . Mr. Barker 's multiple national and international businesses all had separate bank accounts , which he was found to have attempted to use to disguise the true origin of the monies being paid to the burglars . The donor 's checks demonstrated the burglars ' direct link to the finance committee of the CRP . Donations totaling $86,000 ( $503,000 today ) were made by individuals who thought they were making private donations by certified and cashier 's checks for the president 's re-election . Investigators ' examination of the bank records of a Miami company run by Watergate burglar Barker revealed an account controlled by him personally had deposited a check and then transferred it ( through the Federal Reserve Check Clearing System ) . The banks that had originated the checks were keen to ensure the depository institution used by Barker had acted properly in ensuring the checks had been received and endorsed by the check 's payee , before its acceptance for deposit in Bernard Barker 's account . Only in this way would the issuing banks not be held liable for the unauthorized and improper release of funds from their customers ' accounts . The investigation by the FBI , which cleared Barker 's bank of fiduciary malfeasance , led to the direct implication of members of the CRP , to whom the checks had been delivered . Those individuals were the Committee bookkeeper and its treasurer , Hugh Sloan . As a private organization , the committee followed normal business practice in allowing only duly authorized individuals to accept and endorse checks on behalf of the Committee . No financial institution could accept or process a check on behalf of the committee unless a duly authorized individual endorsed it . The checks deposited into Barker 's bank account were endorsed by Committee treasurer Hugh Sloan , who was authorized by the Finance Committee . However , once Sloan had endorsed a check made payable to the Committee , he had a legal and fiduciary responsibility to see that the check was deposited only into the accounts named on the check . Sloan failed to do that . When confronted with the potential charge of federal bank fraud , he revealed that committee deputy director Jeb Magruder and finance director Maurice Stans had directed him to give the money to G. Gordon Liddy . Liddy , in turn , gave the money to Barker , and attempted to hide its origin . Barker tried to disguise the funds by depositing them into accounts in banks outside of the United States . What Barker , Liddy , and Sloan did not know was that the complete record of all such transactions were held for roughly six months . Barker 's use of foreign banks in April and May 1972 , to deposit checks and withdraw the funds via cashier 's checks and money orders , resulted in the banks keeping the entire transaction records until October and November 1972 . All five Watergate burglars were directly or indirectly tied to the 1972 CRP , thus causing Judge Sirica to suspect a conspiracy involving higher - echelon government officials . On September 29 , 1972 , the press reported that John Mitchell , while serving as Attorney General , controlled a secret Republican fund used to finance intelligence - gathering against the Democrats . On October 10 , the FBI reported the Watergate break - in was part of a massive campaign of political spying and sabotage on behalf of the Nixon re-election committee . Despite these revelations , Nixon 's campaign was never seriously jeopardized ; on November 7 , the President was re-elected in one of the biggest landslides in American political history . Role of the media The connection between the break - in and the re-election committee was highlighted by media coverage -- in particular , investigative coverage by The Washington Post , Time , and The New York Times . The coverage dramatically increased publicity and consequent political and legal repercussions . Relying heavily upon anonymous sources , Post reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein uncovered information suggesting that knowledge of the break - in , and attempts to cover it up , led deeply into the upper reaches of the Justice Department , FBI , CIA , and the White House . Woodward and Bernstein interviewed Judy Hoback Miller , the bookkeeper for Nixon , who revealed to them information about the mishandling of funds and records being destroyed . Chief among the Post 's anonymous sources was an individual whom Woodward and Bernstein had nicknamed Deep Throat ; 33 years later , in 2005 , the informant was identified as William Mark Felt , Sr. , deputy director of the FBI during that period of the 1970s , something Woodward later confirmed . Felt met secretly with Woodward several times , telling him of Howard Hunt 's involvement with the Watergate break - in , and that the White House staff regarded the stakes in Watergate extremely highly . Felt warned Woodward that the FBI wanted to know where he and other reporters were getting their information , as they were uncovering a wider web of crimes than the FBI first disclosed . All of the secret meetings between Woodward and Felt took place at an underground parking garage somewhere in Rosslyn over a period from June 1972 to January 1973 . Prior to resigning from the FBI on June 22 , 1973 , Felt also anonymously planted leaks about Watergate with Time magazine , the Washington Daily News and other publications . The garage in Rosslyn where Woodward and Felt met , seen in January 2018 ; also visible is the historical marker erected by the county to note its significance . During this early period , most of the media failed to grasp the full implications of the scandal , and concentrated reporting on other topics related to the 1972 presidential election . Most outlets ignored or downplayed Woodward and Bernstein 's scoops ; the crosstown Washington Star - News and the Los Angeles Times even ran stories incorrectly discrediting the Post 's articles . After the Post revealed that H.R. Haldeman made payments from the secret fund , newspapers like the Chicago Tribune and the Philadelphia Inquirer failed to publish the information , but did publish the White House 's denial of the story the following day . The White House also sought to isolate the Post 's coverage by tirelessly attacking that newspaper while declining to criticize other damaging stories about the scandal from the New York Times and Time Magazine . After it was learned that one of the convicted burglars wrote to Judge Sirica alleging a high - level cover - up , the media shifted its focus . Time magazine described Nixon as undergoing `` daily hell and very little trust . '' The distrust between the press and the Nixon administration was mutual and greater than usual due to lingering dissatisfaction with events from the Vietnam War . At the same time , public distrust of the media was polled at more than 40 % . Nixon and top administration officials discussed using government agencies to `` get '' ( or retaliate against ) those they perceived as hostile media organizations . The discussions had precedent . At the request of Nixon 's White House in 1969 , the FBI tapped the phones of five reporters . In 1971 , the White House requested an audit of the tax return of the editor of Newsday , after he wrote a series of articles about the financial dealings of Charles `` Bebe '' Rebozo , a friend of Nixon . The Administration and its supporters accused the media of making `` wild accusations '' , putting too much emphasis on the story , and of having a liberal bias against the Administration . Nixon said in a May 1974 interview with supporter Baruch Korff that if he had followed the liberal policies that he thought the media preferred , `` Watergate would have been a blip . '' The media noted that most of the reporting turned out to be accurate ; the competitive nature of the media guaranteed widespread coverage of the far - reaching political scandal . Applications to journalism schools reached an all - time high in 1974 . Scandal escalates Rather than ending with the conviction and sentencing to prison of the five Watergate burglars on January 30 , 1973 , the investigation into the break - in and the Nixon Administration 's involvement grew broader . Nixon 's conversations in late March and all of April 1973 revealed that not only did he know he needed to remove Haldeman , Ehrlichman , and Dean to gain distance from them , but he had to do so in a way that was least likely to incriminate him and his presidency . Nixon created a new conspiracy -- to effect a cover - up of the cover - up -- which began in late March 1973 and became fully formed in May and June 1973 , operating until his presidency ended on August 9 , 1974 . On March 23 , 1973 , Judge Sirica read the court a letter from Watergate burglar James McCord , who alleged that perjury had been committed in the Watergate trial , and defendants had been pressured to remain silent . Trying to make them talk , Sirica gave Hunt and two burglars provisional sentences of up to 40 years . On March 28 , on Nixon 's orders , aide John Ehrlichman told Attorney General Richard Kleindienst that nobody in the White House had prior knowledge of the burglary . On April 13 , Magruder told U.S. attorneys that he had perjured himself during the burglars ' trial , and implicated John Dean and John Mitchell . John Dean believed that he , Mitchell , Ehrlichman , and Haldeman could go to the prosecutors , tell the truth , and save the presidency . Dean wanted to protect the president and have his four closest men take the fall for telling the truth . During the critical meeting between Dean and Nixon on April 15 , 1973 , Dean was totally unaware of the president 's depth of knowledge and involvement in the Watergate cover - up . It was during this meeting that Dean felt that he was being recorded . He wondered if this was due to the way Nixon was speaking , as if he were trying to prod attendees ' recollections of earlier conversations about fundraising . Dean mentioned this observation while testifying to the Senate Committee on Watergate , exposing the thread of what were taped conversations that would unravel the fabric of the conspiracy . Two days later , Dean told Nixon that he had been cooperating with the U.S. attorneys . On that same day , U.S. attorneys told Nixon that Haldeman , Ehrlichman , Dean , and other White House officials were implicated in the cover - up . On April 30 , Nixon asked for the resignation of Haldeman and Ehrlichman , two of his most influential aides . They were later both indicted , convicted , and ultimately sentenced to prison . He asked for the resignation of Attorney General Kleindienst , to ensure no one could claim that his innocent friendship with Haldeman and Ehrlichman could be construed as a conflict . He fired White House Counsel John Dean , who went on to testify before the Senate Watergate Committee and said that he believed and suspected the conversations in the Oval Office were being taped . This information became the bombshell that helped force Richard Nixon to resign rather than be impeached . Writing from prison for New West and New York magazines in 1977 , Ehrlichman claimed Nixon had offered him a large sum of money , which he declined . The President announced the resignations in an address to the American people : In one of the most difficult decisions of my Presidency , I accepted the resignations of two of my closest associates in the White House , Bob Haldeman , John Ehrlichman , two of the finest public servants it has been my privilege to know . Because Attorney General Kleindienst , though a distinguished public servant , my personal friend for 20 years , with no personal involvement whatsoever in this matter has been a close personal and professional associate of some of those who are involved in this case , he and I both felt that it was also necessary to name a new Attorney General . The Counsel to the President , John Dean , has also resigned . On the same day , Nixon appointed a new attorney general , Elliot Richardson , and gave him authority to designate a special counsel for the Watergate investigation who would be independent of the regular Justice Department hierarchy . In May 1973 , Richardson named Archibald Cox to the position . Senate Watergate hearings and revelation of the Watergate tapes Main article : Nixon White House tapes See also : United States Senate Watergate Committee and G. Bradford Cook From left to right : minority counsel Fred Thompson , ranking member Howard Baker , and chair Sam Ervin of the Senate Watergate Committee in 1973 . On February 7 , 1973 , the United States Senate voted 77 - to - 0 to approve Senate Resolution S. Res. 60 and establish a select committee to investigate Watergate , with Sam Ervin named chairman the next day . The hearings held by the Senate committee , in which Dean and other former administration officials testified , were broadcast from May 17 to August 7 , 1973 . The three major networks of the time agreed to take turns covering the hearings live , each network thus maintaining coverage of the hearings every third day , starting with ABC on May 17 and ending with NBC on August 7 . An estimated 85 % of Americans with television sets tuned into at least one portion of the hearings . On Friday , July 13 , 1973 , during a preliminary interview , deputy minority counsel Donald Sanders asked White House assistant Alexander Butterfield if there was any type of recording system in the White House . Butterfield said he was reluctant to answer , but finally stated there was a new system in the White House that automatically recorded everything in the Oval Office , the Cabinet Room and others , as well as Nixon 's private office in the Old Executive Office Building . On Monday , July 16 , 1973 , in front of a live , televised audience , chief minority counsel Fred Thompson asked Butterfield whether he was `` aware of the installation of any listening devices in the Oval Office of the President . '' Butterfield 's revelation of the taping system transformed the Watergate investigation . Cox immediately subpoenaed the tapes , as did the Senate , but Nixon refused to release them , citing his executive privilege as president , and ordered Cox to drop his subpoena . Cox refused . `` Saturday night massacre '' Main article : Saturday Night Massacre On October 20 , 1973 , after Cox refused to drop the subpoena , Nixon ordered Attorney General Elliot Richardson to fire the special prosecutor . Richardson resigned in protest rather than carry out the order . Nixon then ordered Deputy Attorney General William Ruckelshaus to fire Cox , but Ruckelshaus also resigned rather than fire him . Nixon 's search for someone in the Justice Department willing to fire Cox ended with the Solicitor General Robert Bork . Though Bork said he believed Nixon 's order was valid and appropriate , he considered resigning to avoid being `` perceived as a man who did the President 's bidding to save my job . '' Bork carried out the presidential order and dismissed the special prosecutor . These actions met considerable public criticism . Responding to the allegations of possible wrongdoing , in front of 400 Associated Press managing editors at Disney 's Contemporary Resort on November 17 , 1973 , Nixon stated emphatically , `` I 'm not a crook . '' He needed to allow Bork to appoint a new special prosecutor ; Bork chose Leon Jaworski to continue the investigation . Legal action against Nixon administration members On March 1 , 1974 , a grand jury in Washington , D.C. , indicted several former aides of Nixon , who became known as the `` Watergate Seven '' -- H.R. Haldeman , John Ehrlichman , John N. Mitchell , Charles Colson , Gordon C. Strachan , Robert Mardian , and Kenneth Parkinson -- for conspiring to hinder the Watergate investigation . The grand jury secretly named Nixon as an unindicted co-conspirator . The special prosecutor dissuaded them from an indictment of Nixon , arguing that a President can only be indicted after he leaves office . John Dean , Jeb Stuart Magruder , and other figures had already pled guilty . On April 5 , 1974 , Dwight Chapin , the former Nixon appointments secretary , was convicted of lying to the grand jury . Two days later , the same grand jury indicted Ed Reinecke , the Republican Lieutenant Governor of California , on three charges of perjury before the Senate committee . Release of the transcripts President Nixon giving a televised address explaining release of edited transcripts of the tapes on April 29 , 1974 The Nixon administration struggled to decide what materials to release . All parties involved agreed that all pertinent information should be released . Whether to release unedited profanity and vulgarity divided his advisers . His legal team favored releasing the tapes unedited , while Press Secretary Ron Ziegler preferred using an edited version where `` expletive deleted '' would replace the raw material . After several weeks of debate , they decided to release an edited version . Nixon announced the release of the transcripts in a speech to the nation on April 29 , 1974 . Nixon noted that any audio pertinent to national security information could be redacted from the released tapes . Initially , Nixon gained a positive reaction for his speech . As people read the transcripts over the next couple of weeks , however , former supporters among the public , media and political community called for Nixon 's resignation or impeachment . Vice President Gerald Ford said , `` While it may be easy to delete characterization from the printed page , we can not delete characterization from people 's minds with a wave of the hand . '' The Senate Republican Leader Hugh Scott said the transcripts revealed a `` deplorable , disgusting , shabby , and immoral '' performance on the part of the President and his former aides . The House Republican Leader John Jacob Rhodes agreed with Scott , and Rhodes recommended that if Nixon 's position continued to deteriorate , he `` ought to consider resigning as a possible option . '' The editors of The Chicago Tribune , a newspaper that had supported Nixon , wrote , `` He is humorless to the point of being inhumane . He is devious . He is vacillating . He is profane . He is willing to be led . He displays dismaying gaps in knowledge . He is suspicious of his staff . His loyalty is minimal . '' The Providence Journal wrote , `` Reading the transcripts is an emetic experience ; one comes away feeling unclean . '' This newspaper continued that , while the transcripts may not have revealed an indictable offense , they showed Nixon contemptuous of the United States , its institutions , and its people . According to Time magazine , the Republican Party leaders in the Western U.S. felt that while there remained a significant number of Nixon loyalists in the party , the majority believed that Nixon should step down as quickly as possible . They were disturbed by the bad language and the coarse , vindictive tone of the conversations in the transcripts . Supreme Court The issue of access to the tapes went to the United States Supreme Court . On July 24 , 1974 , in United States v. Nixon , the Court ruled unanimously ( 8 to 0 ) that claims of executive privilege over the tapes were void . ( Then - Justice William Rehnquist -- who had recently been appointed to the Court by Nixon and most recently served in the Nixon Justice Department as Assistant Attorney General of the Office of Legal Counsel -- recused himself from the case . ) The Court ordered the President to release the tapes to the special prosecutor . On July 30 , 1974 , Nixon complied with the order and released the subpoenaed tapes to the public . Release of the tapes The tapes revealed several crucial conversations that took place between the President and his counsel , John Dean , on March 21 , 1973 . In this conversation , Dean summarized many aspects of the Watergate case , and focused on the subsequent cover - up , describing it as a `` cancer on the presidency . '' The burglary team was being paid hush money for their silence and Dean stated : `` That 's the most troublesome post-thing , because Bob ( Haldeman ) is involved in that ; John ( Ehrlichman ) is involved in that ; I am involved in that ; Mitchell is involved in that . And that 's an obstruction of justice . '' Dean continued , saying that Howard Hunt was blackmailing the White House demanding money immediately . Nixon replied that the money should be paid : `` ... just looking at the immediate problem , do n't you have to have -- handle Hunt 's financial situation damn soon ? ... you 've got to keep the cap on the bottle that much , in order to have any options . '' At the time of the initial congressional proceedings , it was not known if Nixon had known and approved of the payments to the Watergate defendants earlier than this conversation . Nixon 's conversation with Haldeman on August 1 , 1972 , is one of several that establishes he did . Nixon said : `` Well ... they have to be paid . That 's all there is to that . They have to be paid . '' During the congressional debate on impeachment , some believed that impeachment required a criminally indictable offense . Nixon 's agreement to make the blackmail payments was regarded as an affirmative act to obstruct justice . On December 7 , 1973 , investigators found that an 18 ⁄ - minute portion of one recorded tape had been erased . Rose Mary Woods , Nixon 's longtime personal secretary , said she had accidentally erased the tape by pushing the wrong pedal on her tape player when answering the phone . The press ran photos of the set - up , showing that it was unlikely for Woods to answer the phone while keeping her foot on the pedal . Later forensic analysis in 2003 determined that the tape had been erased in several segments -- at least five , and perhaps as many as nine . Final investigations and resignation See also : Impeachment process of Richard Nixon Richard Nixon 's resignation speech Resignation speech of President Richard Nixon , delivered August 8 , 1974 . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Nixon 's position was becoming increasingly precarious . On February 6 , 1974 , the House of Representatives approved H. Res. 803 giving the Judiciary Committee authority to investigate impeachment of the President . On July 27 , 1974 , the House Judiciary Committee voted 27 - to - 11 to recommend the first article of impeachment against the president : obstruction of justice . The Committee recommended the second article , abuse of power , on July 29 , 1974 . The next day , on July 30 , 1974 , the Committee recommended the third article : contempt of Congress . On August 20 , 1974 , the House authorized the printing of the Committee report H. Rep. 93 -- 1305 , which included the text of the resolution impeaching Nixon and set forth articles of impeachment against him . `` Smoking gun '' tape Nixon Oval Office meeting with H.R. Haldeman `` Smoking Gun '' Conversation June 23 , 1972 Full Transcript On August 5 , 1974 , the White House released a previously unknown audio tape from June 23 , 1972 . Recorded only a few days after the break - in , it documented the initial stages of the cover - up : it revealed Nixon and Haldeman had conducted a meeting in the Oval Office where they discussed how to stop the FBI from continuing their investigation of the break - in , as they recognised that there was a high risk that their position in the scandal may be revealed . Haldeman introduced the topic as follows : ... the Democratic break - in thing , we 're back to the -- in the , the problem area because the FBI is not under control , because Gray does n't exactly know how to control them , and they have ... their investigation is now leading into some productive areas ... and it goes in some directions we do n't want it to go . After explaining how the money from CRP was traced to the burglars , Haldeman explained to Nixon the cover - up plan : `` the way to handle this now is for us to have Walters ( CIA ) call Pat Gray ( FBI ) and just say , ' Stay the hell out of this ... this is ah , business here we do n't want you to go any further on it . ' '' Nixon approved the plan , and after he was given more information about the involvement of his campaign in the break - in , he told Haldeman : `` All right , fine , I understand it all . We wo n't second - guess Mitchell and the rest . '' Returning to the use of the CIA to obstruct the FBI , he instructed Haldeman : `` You call them in . Good . Good deal . Play it tough . That 's the way they play it and that 's the way we are going to play it . '' Nixon denied that this constituted an obstruction of justice , as his instructions ultimately resulted in the CIA truthfully reporting to the FBI that there were no national security issues . Nixon urged the FBI to press forward with the investigation when they expressed concern about interference . Before the release of this tape , Nixon had denied any involvement in the scandal . He claimed that there were no political motivations in his instructions to the CIA , and claimed he had no knowledge before March 21 , 1973 , of involvement by senior campaign officials such as John Mitchell . The contents of this tape persuaded Nixon 's own lawyers , Fred Buzhardt and James St. Clair , that `` the President had lied to the nation , to his closest aides , and to his own lawyers -- for more than two years . '' The tape , which Barber Conable referred to as a `` smoking gun , '' proved that Nixon had been involved in the cover - up from the beginning . In the week before Nixon 's resignation , Ehrlichman and Haldeman tried unsuccessfully to get Nixon to grant them pardons -- which he had promised them before their April 1973 resignations . Resignation `` Resignation of Richard Nixon '' redirects here . For the nationally televised address from the Oval Office , see Richard Nixon 's resignation speech . Further information : Inauguration of Gerald Ford Nixon 's resignation letter , August 9 , 1974 . Pursuant to federal law , the letter was addressed to Secretary of State Henry Kissinger . When Kissinger initialed the letter at 11 : 35 AM , Ford officially became president . Oliver F. Atkins ' photo of Nixon leaving the White House on Marine One shortly before his resignation became effective , August 9 , 1974 The release of the `` smoking gun '' tape destroyed Nixon politically . The ten congressmen who had voted against all three articles of impeachment in the House Judiciary Committee announced they would all support the impeachment article accusing Nixon of obstructing justice when the articles came up before the full House . On the night of August 7 , 1974 , Senators Barry Goldwater and Hugh Scott and Congressman John Jacob Rhodes met with Nixon in the Oval Office . Scott and Rhodes were the Republican leaders in the Senate and House , respectively ; Goldwater was brought along as an elder statesman . The three lawmakers told Nixon that his support in Congress had all but disappeared . Rhodes told Nixon that he would face certain impeachment when the articles came up for vote in the full House . Goldwater and Scott told the president that there were enough votes in the Senate to convict him , and that no more than 15 Senators were willing to vote for acquittal . Realizing that he had no chance of staying in office and that public opinion was not in his favor , Nixon decided to resign . In a nationally televised address from the Oval Office on the evening of August 8 , 1974 , the president said , in part : In all the decisions I have made in my public life , I have always tried to do what was best for the Nation . Throughout the long and difficult period of Watergate , I have felt it was my duty to persevere , to make every possible effort to complete the term of office to which you elected me . In the past few days , however , it has become evident to me that I no longer have a strong enough political base in the Congress to justify continuing that effort . As long as there was such a base , I felt strongly that it was necessary to see the constitutional process through to its conclusion , that to do otherwise would be unfaithful to the spirit of that deliberately difficult process and a dangerously destabilizing precedent for the future ... . I would have preferred to carry through to the finish whatever the personal agony it would have involved , and my family unanimously urged me to do so . But the interest of the Nation must always come before any personal considerations . From the discussions I have had with Congressional and other leaders , I have concluded that because of the Watergate matter I might not have the support of the Congress that I would consider necessary to back the very difficult decisions and carry out the duties of this office in the way the interests of the Nation would require . I have never been a quitter . To leave office before my term is completed is abhorrent to every instinct in my body . But as President , I must put the interest of America first . America needs a full - time President and a full - time Congress , particularly at this time with problems we face at home and abroad . To continue to fight through the months ahead for my personal vindication would almost totally absorb the time and attention of both the President and the Congress in a period when our entire focus should be on the great issues of peace abroad and prosperity without inflation at home . Therefore , I shall resign the Presidency effective at noon tomorrow . Vice President Ford will be sworn in as President at that hour in this office . Oliver F. Atkins ' photo of Nixon leaving the White House shortly before his resignation became effective , August 9 , 1974 The morning that his resignation took effect , the President , with Mrs. Nixon and their family , said farewell to the White House staff in the East Room . A helicopter carried them from the White House to Andrews Air Force Base in Maryland . Nixon later wrote that he thought , `` As the helicopter moved on to Andrews , I found myself thinking not of the past , but of the future . What could I do now ? '' At Andrews , he and his family boarded Air Force One to El Toro Marine Corps Air Station in California , and then were transported to his home La Casa Pacifica in San Clemente . President Ford 's pardon of Nixon Further information : Pardon of Richard Nixon Pen used by President Gerald R. Ford to pardon Richard Nixon on September 8 , 1974 With Nixon 's resignation , Congress dropped its impeachment proceedings . Criminal prosecution was still a possibility both on the federal and state level . Nixon was succeeded by Vice President Gerald Ford as President , who on September 8 , 1974 , issued a full and unconditional pardon of Nixon , immunizing him from prosecution for any crimes he had `` committed or may have committed or taken part in '' as president . In a televised broadcast to the nation , Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interest of the country . He said that the Nixon family 's situation `` is an American tragedy in which we all have played a part . It could go on and on and on , or someone must write the end to it . I have concluded that only I can do that , and if I can , I must . '' Nixon proclaimed his innocence until his death in 1994 . In his official response to the pardon , he said that he `` was wrong in not acting more decisively and more forthrightly in dealing with Watergate , particularly when it reached the stage of judicial proceedings and grew from a political scandal into a national tragedy . '' Some commentators have argued that pardoning Nixon contributed to President Ford 's loss of the presidential election of 1976 . Allegations of a secret deal made with Ford , promising a pardon in return for Nixon 's resignation , led Ford to testify before the House Judiciary Committee on October 17 , 1974 . Wikisource has original text related to this article : The Nixon Pardon In his autobiography A Time to Heal , Ford wrote about a meeting he had with Nixon 's Chief of Staff , Alexander Haig . Haig was explaining what he and Nixon 's staff thought were Nixon 's only options . He could try to ride out the impeachment and fight against conviction in the Senate all the way , or he could resign . His options for resigning were to delay his resignation until further along in the impeachment process , to try and settle for a censure vote in Congress , or to pardon himself and then resign . Haig told Ford that some of Nixon 's staff suggested that Nixon could agree to resign in return for an agreement that Ford would pardon him . Haig emphasized that these were n't his suggestions . He did n't identify the staff members and he made it very clear that he was n't recommending any one option over another . What he wanted to know was whether or not my overall assessment of the situation agreed with his . ( emphasis in original ) ... Next he asked if I had any suggestions as to courses of actions for the President . I did n't think it would be proper for me to make any recommendations at all , and I told him so . -- Gerald Ford , A Time to Heal Aftermath Final legal actions and effect on the law profession Charles Colson pled guilty to charges concerning the Daniel Ellsberg case ; in exchange , the indictment against him for covering up the activities of the Committee to Re-elect the President was dropped , as it was against Strachan . The remaining five members of the Watergate Seven indicted in March went on trial in October 1974 . On January 1 , 1975 , all but Parkinson were found guilty . In 1976 , the U.S. Court of Appeals ordered a new trial for Mardian ; subsequently , all charges against him were dropped . Haldeman , Ehrlichman , and Mitchell exhausted their appeals in 1977 . Ehrlichman entered prison in 1976 , followed by the other two in 1977 . Since Nixon and many senior officials involved in Watergate were lawyers , the scandal severely tarnished the public image of the legal profession . The Watergate scandal resulted in 69 government officials being charged and 48 being found guilty , including : John N. Mitchell , Attorney General of the United States who resigned to become Director of Committee to Re-elect the President , convicted of perjury about his involvement in the Watergate break - in . Served 19 months of a one - to four - year sentence . Richard Kleindienst , Attorney General , convicted of `` refusing to answer questions '' ( contempt of court ) ; given one month in jail . Jeb Stuart Magruder , Deputy Director of Committee to Re-elect the President , pled guilty to one count of conspiracy to the burglary , and was sentenced to 10 months to four years in prison , of which he served 7 months before being paroled . Frederick C. LaRue , Advisor to John Mitchell , convicted of obstruction of justice . He served four and a half months . H.R. Haldeman , Chief of Staff for Nixon , convicted of conspiracy to the burglary , obstruction of justice , and perjury . Served 18 months in prison . John Ehrlichman , Counsel to Nixon , convicted of conspiracy to the burglary , obstruction of justice , and perjury . Served 18 months in prison . Egil Krogh , aide to John Ehrlichman , sentenced to six months for his part in the Daniel Ellsberg case . John W. Dean III , counsel to Nixon , convicted of obstruction of justice , later reduced to felony offenses and sentenced to time already served , which totaled 4 months . Dwight L. Chapin , deputy assistant to Nixon , convicted of perjury . Maurice Stans , United States Secretary of Commerce who resigned to become Finance Chairman of Committee to Re-elect the President , convicted of multiple counts of illegal campaigning , fined $5,000 ( in 1975 -- $22,700 today ) . Herbert W. Kalmbach , personal attorney to Nixon , convicted of illegal campaigning . Served 191 days in prison and fined $10,000 ( in 1974 -- $49,600 today ) . Charles W. Colson , special counsel to Nixon , convicted of obstruction of justice . Served 7 months in Federal Maxwell Prison . Herbert L. Porter , aide to the Committee to Re-elect the President . Convicted of perjury . G. Gordon Liddy , Special Investigations Group , convicted of masterminding the burglary , original sentence of up to 20 years in prison . Served 4 ⁄ years in federal prison . E. Howard Hunt , security consultant , convicted of masterminding and overseeing the burglary , original sentence of up to 35 years in prison . Served 33 months in prison . James W. McCord Jr. , convicted of six charges of burglary , conspiracy and wiretapping . Served 2 months in prison . Virgilio Gonzalez , convicted of burglary , original sentence of up to 40 years in prison . Served 13 months in prison . Bernard Barker , convicted of burglary , original sentence of up to 40 years in prison . Served 18 months in prison . Eugenio Martínez , convicted of burglary , original sentence of up to 40 years in prison . Served 15 months in prison . Frank Sturgis , convicted of burglary , original sentence of up to 40 years in prison . Served 10 months in prison . To defuse public demand for direct federal regulation of lawyers ( as opposed to leaving it in the hands of state bar associations or courts ) , the American Bar Association ( ABA ) launched two major reforms . First , the ABA decided that its existing Model Code of Professional Responsibility ( promulgated 1969 ) was a failure . In 1983 it replaced it with the Model Rules of Professional Conduct . The MRPC have been adopted in part or in whole by 49 states ( and is being considered by the last one , California ) . Its preamble contains an emphatic reminder that the legal profession can remain self - governing only if lawyers behave properly . Second , the ABA promulgated a requirement that law students at ABA - approved law schools take a course in professional responsibility ( which means they must study the MRPC ) . The requirement remains in effect . On June 24 and 25 , 1975 , Nixon gave secret testimony to a grand jury . According to news reports at the time , Nixon answered questions about the 18 ⁄ - minute tape gap , altering White House tape transcripts turned over to the House Judiciary Committee , using the Internal Revenue Service to harass political enemies , and a $100,000 contribution from billionaire Howard Hughes . Aided by the Public Citizen Litigation Group , the historian Stanley Kutler , who has written several books about Nixon and Watergate and had successfully sued for the 1996 public release of the Nixon White House tapes , sued for release of the transcripts of the Nixon grand jury testimony . On July 29 , 2011 , U.S. District Judge Royce Lamberth granted Kutler 's request , saying historical interests trumped privacy , especially considering that Nixon and other key figures were deceased , and most of the surviving figures had testified under oath , have been written about , or were interviewed . The transcripts were not immediately released pending the government 's decision on whether to appeal . They were released in their entirety on November 10 , 2011 , although the names of people still alive were redacted . Texas A&M University -- Central Texas professor Luke Nichter wrote the chief judge of the federal court in Washington to release hundreds of pages of sealed records of the Watergate Seven . In June 2012 the U.S. Department of Justice wrote the court that it would not object to their release with some exceptions . On November 2 , 2012 , Watergate trial records for G. Gordon Liddy and James McCord were ordered unsealed by Federal Judge Royce Lamberth . Political and cultural reverberations According to Thomas J. Johnson , a professor of journalism at University of Texas at Austin , Secretary of State Henry Kissinger predicted during Nixon 's final days that history would remember Nixon as a great president and that Watergate would be relegated to a `` minor footnote . '' When Congress investigated the scope of the president 's legal powers , it belatedly found that consecutive presidential administrations had declared the United States to be in a continuous open - ended state of emergency since 1950 . Congress enacted the National Emergencies Act in 1976 to regulate such declarations . The Watergate scandal left such an impression on the national and international consciousness that many scandals since then have been labeled with the suffix `` - gate . '' One of a variety of anti-Ford buttons generated during the 1976 presidential election : it reads `` Gerald ... Pardon me ! '' and depicts a thief cracking a safe labeled `` Watergate '' . Disgust with the revelations about Watergate , the Republican Party , and Nixon strongly affected results of the November 1974 Senate and House elections , which took place three months after Nixon 's resignation . The Democrats gained five seats in the Senate and forty - nine in the House ( the newcomers were nicknamed `` Watergate Babies '' ) . Congress passed legislation that changed campaign financing , to amend the Freedom of Information Act , as well as to require financial disclosures by key government officials ( via the Ethics in Government Act ) . Other types of disclosures , such as releasing recent income tax forms , became expected , though not legally required . Presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt had recorded many of their conversations but the practice purportedly ended after Watergate . Ford 's pardon of Nixon played a major role in his defeat in the 1976 presidential election against Jimmy Carter . In 1977 , Nixon arranged an interview with British journalist David Frost in the hopes of improving his legacy . Based on a previous interview in 1968 , he believed that Frost would be an easy interviewer and was taken aback by Frost 's incisive questions . The interview displayed the entire scandal to the American people , and Nixon formally apologized , but his legacy remained tarnished . In the aftermath of Watergate , `` follow the money '' became part of the American lexicon and is widely believed to have been uttered by Mark Felt to Woodward and Bernstein . The phrase was never used in the 1974 book All the President 's Men and did not become associated with it until the movie of the same name was released in 1976 . The parking garage where Woodward and Felt met in Rosslyn still stands . Its significance was noted by Arlington County with a historical marker in 2011 . In 2017 it was announced that the garage would be demolished as part of construction of an apartment building on the site ; the developers announced that the site 's significance would be memorialized within the new complex . Purpose of the break - in Despite the enormous impact of the Watergate scandal , the purpose of the break - in of the DNC offices has never been conclusively established . Records from the United States v. Liddy trial , made public in 2013 , showed that four of the five burglars testified that they were told the campaign operation hoped to find evidence that linked Cuban funding to Democratic campaigns . The longtime hypothesis suggests that the target of the break - in was the offices of Larry O'Brien , the DNC Chairman . However , O'Brien's name was not on Alfred C. Baldwin III 's list of targets that was released in 2013 . Among those listed were senior DNC official R. Spencer Oliver , Oliver 's secretary Ida `` Maxine '' Wells , co-worker Robert Allen and secretary Barbara Kennedy . Based on these revelations , Texas A&M history professor Luke Nichter , who had successfully petitioned for the release of the information , argued that Woodward and Bernstein were incorrect in concluding , based largely on Watergate burglar James McCord 's word , that the purpose of the break - in was to bug O'Brien's phone to gather political and financial intelligence on the Democrats . Instead , Nichter sided with late journalist J. Anthony Lukas of the New York Times , who had concluded that the committee was seeking to find evidence linking the Democrats to prostitution , as it was alleged that Oliver 's office had been used to arrange such meetings . However , Nichter acknowledged that Woodward and Bernstein 's theory of O'Brien as the target could not be debunked unless information was released about what Baldwin heard in his bugging of conversations . In 1968 , O'Brien was appointed by Vice President Hubert Humphrey to serve as the national director of Humphrey 's presidential campaign and , separately , by Howard Hughes to serve as Hughes ' public - policy lobbyist in Washington . O'Brien was elected national chairman of the DNC in 1968 and 1970 . In late 1971 , the president 's brother , Donald Nixon , was collecting intelligence for his brother at the time and asked John H. Meier , an adviser to Howard Hughes , about O'Brien . In 1956 , Donald Nixon had borrowed $205,000 from Howard Hughes and had never repaid the loan . The loan 's existence surfaced during the 1960 presidential election campaign , embarrassing Richard Nixon and becoming a political liability . According to author Donald M. Bartlett , Richard Nixon would do whatever was necessary to prevent another family embarrassment . From 1968 to 1970 , Hughes withdrew nearly half a million dollars from the Texas National Bank of Commerce for contributions to both Democrats and Republicans , including presidential candidates Humphrey and Nixon . Hughes wanted Donald Nixon and Meier involved but Nixon opposed this . Meier told Donald that he was sure the Democrats would win the election because they had considerable information on Richard Nixon 's illicit dealings with Hughes that had never been released , and that it resided with Larry O'Brien . According to Fred Emery , O'Brien had been a lobbyist for Hughes in a Democrat - controlled Congress , and the possibility of his finding out about Hughes ' illegal contributions to the Nixon campaign was too much of a danger for Nixon to ignore . James F. Neal , who prosecuted the Watergate 7 , did not believe Nixon had ordered the break - in because of Nixon 's surprised reaction when he was told about it . Reactions Australia Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam criticised the Watergate scandal during Question Time in May 1973 . Just two years later , in November 1975 , Australia experienced its own constitutional crisis which led to the dismissal of Whitlam by the Australian Governor - General , Sir John Kerr . China Chinese then - Premier Zhou Enlai said in October 1973 that the scandal did not affect the relations between China and the United States . According to Thai then - Prime Minister Kukrit Pramoj of Thailand in July 1975 , Chairman Mao Zedong called the Watergate scandal `` the result of ' too much freedom of political expression in the U.S. ' '' Mao called it `` an indication of American isolationism , which he saw as ' disastrous ' for Europe . '' He further said , `` Do Americans really want to go isolationist ? ... In the two world wars , the Americans came ( in ) very late , but all the same , they did come in . They have n't been isolationist in practice . '' Japan In August 1973 , then - Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka said that the scandal had `` no cancelling influence on U.S. leadership in the world . '' Tanaka further said , `` The pivotal role of the United States has not changed , so this internal affair will not be permitted to have an effect . '' In March 1975 , Tanaka 's successor , Takeo Miki , said at a convention of the Liberal Democratic Party , `` At the time of the Watergate issue in America , I was deeply moved by the scene in the House Judiciary Committee , where each member of the committee expressed his own or her own heart based upon the spirit of the American Constitution . It was this attitude , I think , that rescued American democracy . '' Singapore Then - Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew said in August 1973 , `` As one surprising revelation follows another at the Senate hearings on Watergate , it becomes increasingly clear that the District of Columbia ( Washington D.C. ) , today is in no position to offer the moral or strong political and economic leadership for which its friends and allies are yearning . '' Moreover , Lee said that the scandal may have led the United States to lessen its interests and commitments in world affairs , to weaken its ability to enforce the Paris Peace Accords on Vietnam , and to not react to violations of the Accords. Lee said further that the United States `` makes the future of this peace in Indonesia an extremely bleak one with grave consequence for the contiguous states . '' Lee then blamed the scandal for economic inflation in Singapore because the Singapore dollar was pegged to the United States dollar at the time , assuming the U.S. dollar was stronger than the British pound sterling . Soviet Union In June 1973 , when Leonid Brezhnev arrived in the United States to have a one - week meeting with Nixon , Brezhnev told the press , `` I do not intend to refer to that matter -- ( the Watergate ) . It would be completely indecent for me to refer to it ... My attitude toward Mr. Nixon is of very great respect . '' When one reporter suggested that Nixon and his position with Brezhnev were `` weakened '' by the scandal , Brezhnev replied , `` It does not enter my mind to think whether Mr. Nixon has lost or gained any influence because of the affair . '' Then he said further that he had respected Nixon because of Nixon 's `` realistic and constructive approach to Soviet Union -- United States relations ... passing from an era of confrontation to an era of negotiations between nations '' . United kingdom Talks between Nixon and Prime Minister Edward Heath may have been bugged . Heath did not publicly display his anger , with aides saying that he was unconcerned about having been bugged at the White House . According to officials , Heath commonly had notes taken of his public discussions with Nixon so a recording would not have bothered him . However , officials privately said that if private talks with Nixon were bugged , then Heath would be outraged . Even so , Heath was privately outraged over being taped without his prior knowledge . Other International reactions Iranian then - Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi told the press in 1973 , `` I want to say quite emphatically ... that everything that would weaken or jeopardize the President 's power to make decisions in split seconds would represent grave danger for the whole world . '' An unnamed Kenyan senior official of Foreign Affairs Ministry accused Nixon of lacking interest in Africa and its politics and then said , `` American President is so enmeshed in domestic problems created by Watergate that foreign policy seems suddenly to have taken a back seat ( sic ) . '' Cuban then - leader Fidel Castro said in his December 1974 interview that , of the crimes committed by the Cuban exiles , like killings , attacks on Cuban ports , and spying , the Watergate burglaries and wiretappings were `` probably the least of ( them ) . '' Domestic reactions After the fall of Saigon ended the Vietnam War , Secretary of State Henry Kissinger said in May 1975 that , if the scandal had not caused Nixon to resign , and Congress had not overridden Nixon 's veto of the War Powers Resolution , North Vietnam would not have captured South Vietnam . Kissinger told the National Press Club in January 1977 that Nixon 's presidential powers weakened during his tenure , ( rephrased by the media ) `` prevent ( ing ) the United States from exploiting the ( scandal ) . '' The publisher of The Sacramento Union , John P. McGoff , said in January 1975 that the media overemphasized the scandal , though he called it `` an important issue , '' overshadowing more serious topics , like a declining economy and an energy crisis . See also List of American federal politicians convicted of crimes List of federal political scandals in the United States List of scandals with `` - gate '' suffix Second - term curse Watergate Babies External links The Watergate Files , at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library , National Archives . Official and unoffical documents on the Watergate scandal from the Presidential collection of President Nixon 's successor , Vice President Gerald R. Ford . References ^ Jump up to : Perry , James M. ( chief political correspondent , Wall Street Journal ) , `` Watergate Case Study , '' , from Class Syllabus for `` Critical Issues in Journalism . '' Columbia School of Journalism , Columbia University , retrieved July 27 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` A burglary turns into a constitutional crisis '' . CNN . June 16 , 2004 . Retrieved May 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ervin , Sam , U.S. Senator , et . al. , Final Report of the Watergate Committee ) Jump up ^ Manheim , Karl ; Solum , Lawrence B. ( Spring 1999 ) . `` Nixon Articles of Impeachment '' . Impeachment Seminar . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bill Marsh ( October 30 , 2005 ) . `` Ideas & Trends -- When Criminal Charges Reach the White House '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , William B. ; Mercer Cross ; Barry Polsky ( 1973 ) . Watergate : chronology of a crisis . 1 . Washington D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Inc . pp. 8 133 140 180 188 . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 059 - 2 . OCLC 20974031 . This book is volume one of a two - volume set . Both volumes share the same ISBN and Library of Congress call number , E859 . C62 1973 ^ Jump up to : `` The Smoking Gun Tape '' ( Transcript of the recording of a meeting between President Nixon and H.R. Haldeman ) . Watergate.info website . June 23 , 1972 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ narrative by R.W. Apple , jr . ; chronology by Linda Amster ; general ed. : Gerald Gold . ( 1973 ) . The Watergate hearings : break - in and cover - up ; proceedings . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 75152 - 9 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nixon , Richard ( 1974 ) . The White House Transcripts . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 76324 - 1 . OCLC 1095702 . Jump up ^ The evidence was quite simple : the voice of the President on June 23 , 1972 directed the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) to halt an FBI investigation that would be politically embarrassing to his re-election . This direction was an obstruction of justice . White , Theodore Harold ( 1975 ) . Breach of Faith : The Fall of Richard Nixon . New York : Atheneum Publishers . p. 7 . ISBN 0 - 689 - 10658 - 0 . Jump up ^ White ( 1975 ) , Breach of Faith , p. 29 . `` And the most punishing blow of all was to come in late afternoon when the President received , in his Oval Office , the Congressional leaders of his party - -- Barry Goldwater , Hugh Scott and John Rhodes . The accounts of all three coincide . Goldwater averred that there were not more than fifteen votes left in his support in the Senate . '' Jump up ^ `` Soon Alexander Haig and James St. Clair learned of the existence of this tape and they were convinced that it would guarantee Nixon 's impeachment in the House of Representatives and conviction in the Senate . '' Dash , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Chief Counsel : Inside the Ervin Committee -- The Untold Story of Watergate . New York : Random House . pp. 259 -- 260 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 40853 - 5 . Jump up ^ Trahair , R.C.S From Aristotelian to Reaganomics : A Dictionary of Eponyms With Biographies in the Social Sciences . Santa Barbara , Calif. : Greenwood Publishing Group , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 27961 - 6 Jump up ^ Smith , Ronald D. and Richter , William Lee . Fascinating People and Astounding Events From American History . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 87436 - 693 - 3 Jump up ^ Lull , James and Hinerman , Stephen . Media Scandals : Morality and Desire in the Popular Culture Marketplace . New York : Columbia University Press , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 11165 - 7 Jump up ^ Hamilton , Dagmar S . `` The Nixon Impeachment and the Abuse of Presidential Power , '' In Watergate and Afterward : The Legacy of Richard M. Nixon . Leon Friedman and William F. Levantrosser , eds . Santa Barbara , Calif. : Greenwood Publishing Group , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 27781 - 8 Jump up ^ `` El ' valijagate ' sigue dando disgustos a Cristina Fernández Internacional '' . EL PAÍS . November 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dean , John W. ( 2014 ) . The Nixon Defense : What He Knew and When He Knew It . Viking . p. xvii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02536 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` Watergate Retrospective : The Decline and Fall '' , Time , August 19 , 1974 ^ Jump up to : Meyer , Lawrence ( November 10 , 1988 ) . `` John N. Mitchell , Principal in Watergate , Dies at 75 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Rugaber , Walter ( January 18 , 1973 ) . `` Watergate Trial in Closed Session '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ G Gordon Liddy , Will , p. 195 , St. Martin 's Press ( January 1 , 1980 ) ISBN 978 - 0312880149 Jump up ^ G Gordon Liddy , Will , p. 226 , St. Martin 's Press ( January 1 , 1980 ) ISBN 978 - 0312880149 Jump up ^ G Gordon Liddy , Will , p. 232 , St. Martin 's Press ( January 1 , 1980 ) ISBN 978 - 0312880149 ^ Jump up to : Pear , Robert ( June 14 , 1992 ) . `` Watergate , Then and Now -- 2 Decades After a Political Burglary , the Questions Still Linger '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Alfred E. ( June 18 , 1972 ) . `` 5 Held in Plot to Bug Democrats ' Office Here '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 28 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickinson , William B. ; Mercer Cross ; Barry Polsky ( 1973 ) . `` Watergate : Chronology of a Crisis '' . 1 . Washington D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Inc. : 4 . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 059 - 2 . OCLC 20974031 . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Sirica , John J. ( 1979 ) . To Set the Record Straight : The Break - in , the Tapes , the Conspirators , the Pardon . New York : Norton . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01234 - 4 . Jump up ^ Genovese , Michael A. ( 1999 ) . The Watergate Crisis . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . ISBN 9780313298783 . Jump up ^ `` Brief Timeline of Events '' . Malcolm Farnsworth . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Times , Special To The New York ( 1988 - 11 - 10 ) . `` John N. Mitchell Dies at 75 ; Major Figure in Watergate '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Lawrence ( November 10 , 1988 ) . `` John N. Mitchell , Principal in Watergate , Dies at 75 '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Quote : `` There were still simply too many unanswered questions in the case . By that time , thinking about the break - in and reading about it , I 'd have had to be some kind of moron to believe that no other people were involved . No political campaign committee would turn over so much money to a man like Gordon Liddy without someone higher up in the organization approving the transaction . How could I not see that ? These questions about the case were on my mind during a pretrial session in my courtroom December 4 . '' Sirica , John J. ( 1979 ) . To Set the Record Straight : The Break - in , the Tapes , the Conspirators , the Pardon . New York : Norton . p. 56 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 01234 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Woodward Downplays Deep Throat '' , Politico.com blog , June 2012 . Retrieved February 8 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` The profound lies of Deep Throat '' , The Miami Herald , republished in Portland Press Herald , February 14 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : `` Covering Watergate : Success and Backlash '' . Time . July 8 , 1974 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Crouse , Timothy , The Boys on the Bus , Random House , 1973 , pg. 298 Jump up ^ `` The Nation : More Evidence : Huge Case for Judgment '' . Time . July 29 , 1974 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Nixon Years : Down from the Mountaintop '' . Time . August 19 , 1974 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dean , John W . The Nixon Defense , p. 344 , Penguin Group , 2014 ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02536 - 7 Jump up ^ Dean , John W . The Nixon Defense : What He Knew and When He Knew It , pp. 415 -- 416 , Penguin Group , 2014 ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02536 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Watergate Scandal , 1973 In Review '' . United Press International . September 8 , 1973 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` When Judge Sirica finished reading the letter , the courtroom exploded with excitement and reporters ran to the rear entrance to phone their newspapers . The bailiff kept banging for silence . It was a stunning development , exactly what I had been waiting for . Perjury at the trial . The involvement of others . It looked as if Watergate was about to break wide open . '' Dash , Samuel ( 1976 ) . Chief Counsel : Inside the Ervin Committee -- The Untold Story of Watergate . New York : Random House . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 40853 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dean , John W . The Nixon Defense : What He Knew and When He Knew It , pp. 610 -- 620 , Penguin Group , 2014 ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 02536 - 7 Jump up ^ `` Sequels : Nixon : Once More , with Feeling '' , Time , May 16 , 1977 Jump up ^ `` Watergate Scandal , 1973 in Review '' . United Press International . September 8 , 1973 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Garay , Ronald . `` Watergate '' . The Museum of Broadcast Communication . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Kranish , Michael ( July 4 , 2007 ) . `` Select Chronology for Donald G. Sanders '' . Boston Globe . Jump up ^ `` Watergate Scandal , 1973 In Review '' . United Press International . September 8 , 1973 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Noble , Kenneth ( July 2 , 1987 ) . `` Bork Irked by Emphasis on His Role in Watergate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pope , Rich . `` Nixon , Watergate and Walt Disney World ? There is a connection '' . OrlandoSentinel.com . Jump up ^ Apple , Jr. , R.W. `` Nixon Declares He Did n't Profit From Public Life '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ Richard Nixon : Question - and - Answer Session at the Annual Convention of the Associated Press Managing Editors Association , Orlando , Florida , The American Presidency Project . Jump up ^ Kilpatrick , Carroll ( November 18 , 1973 ) . `` Nixon Tells Editors , ' I 'm Not a Crook '' . The Washington Post . ^ Jump up to : `` The Legal Aftermath Citizen Nixon and the Law '' . Time . August 19 , 1974 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Theodore White . Breach of Faith : The Fall of Richard Nixon . Readers Digest Press , Athineum Publishers , 1975 , pp. 296 -- 298 ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , C. and Woodward , B : The Final Days , p. 252 . New York : Simon & Schuster , 1976 . Jump up ^ `` Obituary : Hugh Scott , A Dedicated Public Servant '' . The Morning Call . July 26 , 1994 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` GOP Leaders Favour Stepdown '' . The Stanford Daily . Associated Press . May 10 , 1974 . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patricia Sullivan ( June 24 , 2004 ) . `` Obituary : Clayton Kirkpatrick , 89 ; Chicago Tribune Editor '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Time Magazine -- U.S. Edition -- May 20 , 1974 Vol. 103 No. 20 '' . Time . May 20 , 1974 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Time Magazine -- U.S. Edition -- May 13 , 1974 Vol. 103 No. 19 '' . Time . May 13 , 1974 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kutler , S : Abuse of Power , page 247 . Simon & Schuster , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript Prepared by the Impeachment Inquiry Staff for the House Judiciary Committee of a Recording of a Meeting Among the President , John Dean and H.R. Haldeman on March 21 , 1973 from 10 : 12 to 11 : 55 am '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kutler , S : Abuse of Power , page 111 . Simon & Schuster , 1997 . Transcribed conversation between President Nixon and Haldeman . Jump up ^ Clymer , Adam ( May 9 , 2003 ) . `` National Archives Has Given Up on Filling the Nixon Tape Gap '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2010 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 1974 Congressional Record , Vol. 120 , Page H2349 - 50 Jump up ^ 1974 Congressional Record , Vol. 120 , Page H2362 - 63 Jump up ^ 1974 Congressional Record , Vol. 120 , Page H29219 Jump up ^ Bazan , Elizabeth B ( December 9 , 2010 ) , `` Impeachment : An Overview of Constitutional Provisions , Procedure , and Practice '' , Congressional Research Service reports ^ Jump up to : `` '' Transcript of a Recording of a Meeting Between the President and H.R. Haldeman in the Oval Office on June 23 , 1972 from 10 : 04 to 11 : 39 am '' Watergate Special Prosecution Force '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` '' Audio : Recording of a Meeting Between the President and H.R. Haldeman in the Oval Office on June 23 , 1972 from 10 : 04 to 11 : 39 am '' Watergate Special Prosecution Force `` . Jump up ^ Statement Announcing Availability of Additional Transcripts of Presidential Tape Recordings August 5 , 1974 Jump up ^ Bernstein and Woodward ( 1976 ) : The Final Days , p. 309 Jump up ^ `` The Administration : The Fallout from Ford 's Rush to Pardon '' . Time . September 23 , 1974 . Retrieved July 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lucas , Dean . `` Famous Pictures Magazine -- Nixon 's V sign '' . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved June 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Katharine Graham , Personal History ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1997 ) , p. 495 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Steffen W. ( 2013 ) , American Government and Politics Today , 2013 -- 2014 Edition , Wadsworth Publishing , p. 181 , ISBN 978 - 1133602132 , In 1974 , President Richard Nixon resigned in the wake of a scandal when it was obvious that public opinion no longer supported him . Jump up ^ `` President Nixon 's Resignation Speech '' . PBS . Retrieved August 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brokaw , Tom ( August 6 , 2004 ) . `` Politicians come and go , but rule of law endures '' . MSNBC . Retrieved August 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Gerald Ford 's Proclamation Granting a Pardon to Richard Nixon '' . Ford.utexas.edu . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald ( September 8 , 1974 ) . `` Gerald R. Ford Pardoning Richard Nixon '' . Great Speeches Collection . The History Place . Retrieved December 30 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Fulton , Mary Lou ( July 17 , 1990 ) . `` Nixon Library : Nixon Timeline -- Page 2 '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shane , Scott . `` For Ford , Pardon Decision Was Always Clear - Cut '' . The New York Times . p . A1 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gettlin , Robert ; Colodny , Len ( 1991 ) . Silent Coup : The Removal of a President . New York : St. Martin 's Press . p. 420 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 05156 - 5 . OCLC 22493143 . Jump up ^ Ford , Gerald R. ( 1979 ) . A Time to Heal : The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford . San Francisco : Harper & Row . pp. 196 -- 199 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 011297 - 2 . Jump up ^ Ford ( 1979 ) , 4 . Jump up ^ Anita L. Allen , The New Ethics : A Tour of the 21st Century Landscape ( New York : Miramax Books , 2004 ) , 101 . Jump up ^ Thomas L. Shaffer & Mary M. Shaffer , American Lawyers and Their Communities : Ethics in the Legal Profession ( Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press , 1991 ) , 1 . Jump up ^ Jerold Auerbach , Unequal Justice : Lawyers and Social Change in Modern America ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1976 ) , 301 . ^ Jump up to : Time , June 24 , 1977 , `` The Law : Watergate Bargains : Were They Necessary ? '' ^ Jump up to : Time , March 11 , 1974 , `` The Nation : The Other Nixon Men '' Jump up ^ `` Washington Post profile of Haldeman '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stout , David ( February 16 , 1999 ) . `` John D. Ehrlichman , Nixon Aide Jailed for Watergate , Dies at 73 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ David Rohde ( 1998 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Maurice Stans Dies at 90 ; Led Nixon Commerce Dept '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` March 23 , 1973 : Watergate Burglars Sentenced ; McCord Letter Revealed '' . History Commons . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jennie Cohen ( June 15 , 2012 ) . `` Watergate : Where Are They Now ? '' . History . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` E. Howard Hunt Biography Writer , Spy ( 1918 -- 2007 ) '' . Bio . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Albin Krebs & Robert McG . Thomas Jr . ( January 28 , 1982 ) . `` Notes on People -- Bernard Barker to Retire From Miami Job Early '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jilian Fama & Meghan Kiesel ( June 17 , 2012 ) . `` Watergate Burglars : Where Are They Now ? '' . ABC . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Theodore Schneyer , `` Professionalism as Politics : The Making of a Modern Legal Ethics Code '' , in Lawyers ' Ideals / Lawyers ' Practices : Transformations in the American Legal Profession , eds . Robert L. Nelson , David M. Trubek , & Rayman L. Solomon , 95 -- 143 ( Ithaca : Cornell University Press , 1992 ) , 104 . Jump up ^ American Bar Association ( 2015 ) . `` Standard 303 , Curriculum '' . ABA Standards and Rules of Procedure for Approval of Law Schools 2015 -- 2016 ( PDF ) . Chicago : American Bar Association . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 63425 - 352 - 9 . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Historian 's work gives a glimpse of Nixon `` unplugged '' `` . University of Wisconsin - Madison . November 8 , 2011 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nixon 's secret Watergate testimony ordered released '' , Reuters , July 29 , 2011 Jump up ^ Kim Geiger ( November 10 , 2011 ) . `` Nixon 's long - secret grand jury testimony released '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Long - sealed Watergate documents may be released Associated Press reprinted by Fox News June 2 , 2012 '' . Fox News Channel . June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fed'l Judge Unseals Watergate Trial Records for G. Gordon Liddy and James McCord ABA Journal November 2 , 2012 '' . Abajournal.com . November 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas J. Johnson , Watergate and the Resignation of Richard Nixon : Impact of a Constitutional Crisis , `` The Rehabilitation of Richard Nixon '' , eds . P. Jeffrey and Thomas Maxwell - Long : Washington , D.C. , CO . Press , 2004 , pp. 148 -- 149 . Jump up ^ `` The Nation : David Can Be a Goliath '' . Time . May 9 , 1977 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( September 1 , 2013 ) . `` David Frost , Interviewer Who Got Nixon to Apologize for Watergate , Dies at 74 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Follow The Money : On The Trail Of Watergate Lore , '' NPR , June 16 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Historical Marker Installed Outside ' Deep Throat ' Garage '' . 17 August 2011 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watergate Investigation Historical Marker '' . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Danny . `` The Parking Garage Where Deep Throat Spilled the Beans on Watergate Is Being Torn Down '' . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Maher , Kris ( 20 June 2014 ) . `` Watergate Parking Garage to Be Torn Down '' . Retrieved 23 January 2018 -- via www.wsj.com . ^ Jump up to : Jessica Gresko , Associated Press ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Watergate Records Released 40 Years After Being Filed Under Seal '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved September 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenberg , David ( June 5 , 2005 ) . `` The Unsolved Mysteries of Watergate '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Senior Judge Royce Lamberth ( June 11 , 2013 ) . `` In Re : Petition of Luke Nitcher '' ( PDF ) . United States District Court for the District of Columbia . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donald L. Bartlett , Howard Hughes , p. 410 , W.W. Norton & Co. , 2004 ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32602 - 4 Jump up ^ Charles Higham Howard Hughes , p. 244 , Macmillan , 2004 ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 32997 - 6 Jump up ^ DuBois , Larry , and Laurence Gonzales ( September 1976 ) . `` Hughes , Nixon and the C.I.A. : The Watergate Conspiracy Woodward and Bernstein Missed , '' Playboy Jump up ^ Fred Emery Watergate , p. 30 , Simon & Schuster , 1995 ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 81323 - 3 Jump up ^ `` The Nation : It Goes Back to the Big Man Time Magazine January 13 , 1975 issue '' . Time . January 13 , 1975 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Unholy Fury review '' . Sydney Morning Herald . May 15 , 2015 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sulzberger , C.L. ( October 30 , 1973 ) . `` The Thoughts of Premier Chou '' . St. Petersburg Times . The New York Times Service . p. 4 - A. Retrieved November 21 , 2016 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` Mao Tse - tung Said to Hold Former Opinion of Nixon '' . Nashua Telegraph . Associated Press . July 10 , 1975 . p. 25 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chamberlain , John ( November 9 , 1976 ) . `` Another Look at Mao Tse - tung '' . Ludington Daily News . p. 4 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 -- via Google News Archive . ^ Jump up to : Freed , Kenneth J. ( August 15 , 1973 ) . `` Watergate and Its Effects on Foreign Affairs Discussed '' . Nashua Telegraph . Associated Press . p. 21 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Halloran , Richard ( March 20 , 1975 ) . `` Watergate Effects Abroad Are Slight '' . The New York Times . p. 13 . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 -- via Google News Archive . Jump up ^ `` Watergate Comes Out into Open at Foreign Parley '' . Spartanburg Herald - Journal . Associated Press . August 5 , 1973 . p . A8 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watergate may sap U.S. power '' . The Gazette . Montreal . August 8 , 1973 . p. 2 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 -- via Google News Archive . Jump up ^ Moseley , Ray ( June 16 , 1973 ) . `` Brezhnev to ignore Watergate in talks '' . Daily Record . 72 ( 142 ) . Ellensburg , Washington . United Press International . p. 1 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brezhnev to Shun Talk of Watergate '' . The Milwaukee Journal . June 15 , 1973 . Part 1 , page 3 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 -- via Google News Archive . Jump up ^ Gavshon , Arthur L. ( July 18 , 1973 ) . `` Britain 's Leader Shows Restraint Over Bugging '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 -- via Google News Archive . Jump up ^ `` Fidel says Watergate least of exiles ' crimes '' . The Miami News . Reuters . December 2 , 1974 . p. 2A . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 -- via Google News Archive . Jump up ^ `` The name - calling in the wake of defeat '' . New Straits Times . Malaysia . May 6 , 1975 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 -- via Google News Archive . Jump up ^ `` Scandal Hurt Policy -- Kissinger '' . The Pittsburgh Press . United Press International . January 11 , 1977 . p . A-4 . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 -- via Google News . Jump up ^ `` Publisher criticizes the media '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . United Press International . January 30 , 1975 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 -- via Google News Archive . Further reading Hersh , S , 1983 , The Price of Power : Kissinger in the Nixon White House , Faber & Faber , London `` FBI Records : Watergate '' . The Vault . Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . `` Working Draft : A CIA Watergate History '' . CIA 's Office of the Inspector General . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . `` Nixon Grand Jury Records '' . United States National Archives . 1972 -- 1979 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . `` Records of the Watergate Special Prosecution Force '' . United States National Archives . 1971 -- 1977 . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Campbell , W. Joseph ( June 16 , 2012 ) . `` Five media myths of Watergate '' . BBC . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Doyle , James ( 1977 ) . Not Above the Law : the battles of Watergate prosecutors Cox and Jaworski . New York : William Morrow and Company . ISBN 0 - 688 - 03192 - 7 . Hougan , Jim ( 1984 ) . Watergate , Deep Throat and the CIA . New York : Random House , Inc . ISBN 0 - 394 - 51428 - 9 . This was the first book to question the orthodox narrative of The Washington Post . Schudson , Michael ( 1992 ) . Watergate in American memory : how we remember , forget , and reconstruct the past . New York : BasicBooks . ISBN 0 - 465 - 09084 - 2 . Holland , Max ( 2012 ) . Leak : Why Mark Felt Became Deep Throat . Lawrence , KN : University Press of Kansas . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 1829 - 3 . White , Theodore Harold ( 1975 ) . Breach of faith : the fall of Richard Nixon . New York : Atheneum Publishers . ISBN 0 - 689 - 10658 - 0 . A comprehensive history of the Watergate Scandal by Teddy White , a respected journalist and author of The Making of the President series . Woodward , Bob and Bernstein , Carl wrote a best - selling book based on their experiences covering the Watergate Scandal for The Washington Post titled All the President 's Men , published in 1974 . A film adaptation , starring Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman as Woodward and Bernstein respectively , was released in 1976 . Woodward , Bob ; Bernstein , Carl ( 2005 ) . The Final Days . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 7406 - 7 . -- contains further details from March 1973 through September 1974 . U.S. News Staff ( 2014 - 08 - 08 ) . `` Watergate and the White House : The ' Third - Rate Burglary ' That Toppled a President . Summarized key Watergate dates and details and its impact on President Richard Nixon by U.S. News . '' U.S. News & World Report . Archived from the original on 2016 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 07 -- via The Internet Archive , but originally published in U.S. News & World Report on Aug. 19 , 1974 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Rawson , Hugh ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Words of Watergate : A work about political vocabulary which offers lessons about the dangers of using deceptive language that remain relevant today by Hugh Rawson , director of Penguin USA 's reference books operation '' . dictionaryblog.cambridge.org -- A blog from Cambridge Dictionary . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 -- via The Internet Archive . Rawson , Hugh ( 2013 - 01 - 28 ) . `` Words of Watergate : Part 2 ; A work about political vocabulary which offers lessons about the dangers of using deceptive language that remain relevant today by Hugh Rawson , director of Penguin USA 's reference books operation '' . dictionaryblog.cambridge.org -- A blog from Cambridge Dictionary . Archived from the original on 2017 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 05 -- via The Internet Archive . Waldron , Lamar ( 2012 ) . The Hidden History . Berkeley , California : Counterpoint publishers . ISBN 1 - 582 - 43813 - 7 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Watergate scandal . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Watergate scandal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Richard Nixon Watergate.info Washington Post Watergate Archive Washington Post Watergate Tapes Online -- The Washington Post Watergate Trial Conversations -- Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum FBI Records : The Vault -- Watergate at vault.fbi.gov Richard Nixon 37th President of the United States ( 1969 -- 1974 ) 36th Vice President of the United States ( 1953 -- 1961 ) U.S. Senator from California ( 1950 -- 1953 ) U.S. Representative for CA - 12 ( 1947 -- 1950 ) Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Nixon Doctrine `` Bring Us Together '' Economic policies Nixon shock Tar Baby Option Environmental Protection Agency creation National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Space exploration 1971 National Cancer Act Vietnam War Cambodian bombing Paris Peace Accords `` Peace with Honor '' Silent majority Cold War period Linkage policy 1972 Visit to China Shanghai Communiqué Détente 1972 Moscow Summit Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty SALT I Treaty Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement Threshold Test Ban Treaty Endangered Species Act Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse War on Drugs Drug Enforcement Administration Enemies List list of opponents Operation CHAOS Watergate timeline White House tapes United States v. 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General Services Administration Death and state funeral Books Six Crises ( 1962 ) Bibliography Elections United States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 U.S. Senate election , 1950 California gubernatorial election , 1962 Republican Party presidential primaries , 1960 1964 1968 1972 Republican National Conventions , 1952 1956 1960 1968 1972 Nixon Presidential campaign , 1968 United States presidential elections , 1952 1956 1960 debates 1968 1972 Popular culture Nixon goes to China ( phrase ) Millhouse ( 1971 film ) Four More Years ( 1972 film ) All the President 's Men ( 1976 film ) White House Madness ( 1975 film ) Nixon in China ( 1987 opera ) Nixon ( 1995 film ) Elvis Meets Nixon ( 1997 film ) Dick ( 1999 film ) The Frost - Nixon Interviews ( 2006 play , 2008 film ) Our Nixon ( 2013 film ) U.S. Postage stamp Related Presidential Recordings and Materials Preservation Act Presidential Townhouse Staff Colonel Jack Brennan ( aide de camp ) Manolo Sanchez ( valet ) Rose Mary Woods ( secretary ) Family Thelma `` Pat '' Ryan Nixon ( wife ) Tricia Nixon Cox ( daughter ) Julie Nixon Eisenhower ( daughter ) Frank Nixon ( father ) Hannah Nixon ( mother ) Donald Nixon ( brother ) Edward Nixon ( brother ) Donald A. Nixon ( nephew ) Christopher Nixon Cox ( grandson ) Jennie Eisenhower ( granddaughter ) ← Lyndon B. Johnson Gerald Ford → Category History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 1789 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 1865 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 1945 1945 -- 1964 1964 -- 1980 1980 -- 1991 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal BNE : XX530780 BNF : cb11948745h ( data ) GND : 4189311 - 6 LCCN : sh85145735 NARA : 10642088 NDL : 00574170 SUDOC : 027448428 Jump up ^ `` A New Explanation of Watergate , '' by J. Anthony Lukas , The New York Times , January 11 , 1984 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Watergate_scandal&oldid=854091762 '' Categories : Watergate scandal 20th - century scandals Nixon administration controversies Political scandals in the United States Political terminology of the United States News leaks 1970s in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from March 2016 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from January 2018 CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 56 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 22 : 23 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who was the head of the senate committee that began hearings to investigate the watergate break-in
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"On February 7, 1973, the United States Senate voted 77-to-0 to approve Senate Resolution S.Res. 60 and establish a select committee to investigate Watergate, with Sam Ervin named chairman the next day.[19] The hearings held by the Senate committee, in which Dean and other former administration officials testified, were broadcast from May 17 to August 7, 1973. The three major networks of the time agreed to take turns covering the hearings live, each network thus maintaining coverage of the hearings every third day, starting with ABC on May 17 and ending with NBC on August 7. An estimated 85% of Americans with television sets tuned into at least one portion of the hearings.[47]\n"
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"Sam Ervin"
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Alcohol laws in Germany
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Alcohol laws in Germany - wikipedia Alcohol laws in Germany Beer in Germany is an important part of German culture The German laws regulating alcohol use and sale are some of the least restrictive in the world . The foremost function of restraints , as far as they exist , is youth protection . In contrast to many other countries , the legislation is not designed to keep young people away from alcohol completely , but rather to teach them an appropriate approach to alcohol consumption . Contents 1 Drinking age 2 Enforcement 2.1 Fines for violation 3 Other legislation 3.1 Alcohol consumption in public 3.2 Drinking and driving 3.3 Licensing laws 3.3. 1 On - license 3.3. 1.1 Rules and Regulations 3.3. 1.2 Closing hours 3.3. 2 Off - licence 4 See also 5 References Drinking age ( edit ) German Jugendschutzgesetz : The law has to be placed at every public event and establishments selling or serving alcoholic beverages . Underage drinking in private is not regulated by a specific legal restriction . However , protection from physical and mental harm is part of parents ' general obligation to care for a child . Regarding alcohol purchase and alcohol consumption in public places ( such as pubs and restaurants ) , Germany has three drinking ages regulated by § 9 Jugendschutzgesetz ( Protection of Young Persons Act ) : § 9 Alcoholic drinks ( 1 ) The following bans shall apply to restaurants , stores and other points of sale : Beer , wine , wine - like beverages or sparkling wine or mixtures of beer , wine , wine - like beverages or sparkling wine and soft drinks , Other alcoholic drinks or food items that contain other alcoholic drinks in more than insignificant quantities must not be sold to Children and Adolescents below the age of 16 years . Nor must their consumption by said persons be tolerated . ( 2 ) Sub-Clause 1 , No. 1 shall not apply to Adolescents accompanied by a Custodial Person . -- Protection of Young Persons Act , § 9 Alcoholic drinks At 14 minors are allowed to consume and possess undistilled ( fermented ) alcoholic beverages , such as beer and wine , as long as they are in the company by a Custodial Person. ( § 9 JuSchG ( 2 ) Sub-Clause 1 , No. 2 ) At 16 - minors are allowed to consume and possess undistilled ( fermented ) alcoholic beverages , such as beer and wine without their parents or a Custodian. ( § 9 JuSchG ( 1 ) 2 . ) At 18 - having become adults , people are allowed access to distilled spirits , beverages containing distilled spirits , and food products containing non-negligible amounts of distilled spirits . ( § 9 JuSchG ( 1 ) 1 . ) Those limits do not apply to married adolescents. ( § 1 JuSchG ( 5 ) ) Because of moral panic involving alcohol abuse among minors ( a 16 - year - old boy died after having consumed 45 shots of tequila in a bar in early 2007 ) , some people demanded that the drinking age be raised . Most politicians , however , spoke against that notion , pointing out instead that such abuse was already forbidden according to current laws , which simply needed to be enforced . In Germany and the rest of Europe , alcohol consumption by adolescents is traditional and generally accepted . Enforcement ( edit ) Police operation in Bensheim ( Hesse ) . Several young people have to dispose of illegally obtained alcoholic beverages in the sewers , because they have not reached the required age limit . In 2008 , the federal state of Lower Saxony started a series of trap purchases , conducted by specially trained police cadets , aged 16 or 17 , who pose as customers . In 77 % of all tests alcohol was sold illegally in shops , filling stations and kiosks . In 2009 , about 3000 trap purchases were carried out in Lower Saxony , in 1327 cases ( 44 % ) alcohol was sold without age verification to underage persons . Hundreds of summary proceedings led to administrative fines ranging from 500 to 3000 euros . The standard rate for the illegal sale of one bottle of spirits is 1500 euros . Thus , alcohol trap purchases bring a return of around € 2 million annually . Other German states , especially Schleswig - Holstein , are considering implementing the Lower Saxony model , but states like Berlin , Brandenburg , Saxony - Anhalt , Thuringia and Baden - Württemberg object to it . Violation of restraints will involve prosecution for vendors who sell alcohol to underage persons and also for bystanders who do not intervene in underage drinking . Although restrictions are nationwide and well - known , some salespersons violate the law at times . Minors themselves can never be prosecuted for alcohol consumption under age . Supermarkets and stores generally check minors for their identity card . The law is less thoroughly enforced in many bars and restaurants , but this can vary by location . Fines for violation ( edit ) The `` Bußgeldkatalog '' of each state sets the possible fines for each violation of the act and varies slightly by state . In Baden - Württemberg the Bußgeldkatalog for violation against the `` Protection of Young Persons Act '' provides following fines : Misdemeanor Law Possible fine ( retailer & business operator ) Standard fine ( retailer & business operator ) Possible fine ( other ) Standard fine ( other ) Selling or serving spirits or food products , containing more than insignificant quantities of spirits , to a child under 14 years of age § 9 Sec. 1 JuSchG € 1,000 - € 4,000 € 3,000 € 300 - € 1,000 € 500 Selling or serving spirits or food products , containing more than insignificant quantities of spirits , to a young person over the age of 14 but under the age of 18 years § 9 Sec. 1 JuSchG € 700 - € 3,500 € 2,000 € 100 - € 500 € 300 Selling or serving beer , wine , wine - like beverages or sparkling wine or mixtures of beer , wine , wine - like beverages or sparkling wine and soft drinks , to a child under 14 years of age § 9 Sec. 1 JuSchG € 700 - € 3,500 € 2,500 € 100 - € 500 € 300 Selling or serving beer , wine , wine - like beverages or sparkling wine or mixtures of beer , wine , wine - like beverages or sparkling wine and soft drinks , to a unaccompanied young person over 14 years but under 16 years of age § 9 Sec. 1 JuSchG € 500 - € 3,000 € 2,000 € 100 - € 500 € 300 Other legislation ( edit ) Alcohol consumption in public ( edit ) Alcohol ban in Nikolaistraße Public parties are prohibited nationally on Good Friday , and regionally on other holidays such as All Saints ' Day . Buying alcohol remains possible at these times . The government maintains the right to restrict or ban the sale of alcohol for a certain time to maintain public order ( § 19 GastG ) . Beyond this , Germany has very few restrictions on alcohol consumption in public . Exceptions are sometimes made in the context of football ( soccer ) matches involving rival teams , where police executives may ban the sale of alcoholic drinks inside stadiums and deny entrance to drunk fans . In 2009 , the private railway company Metronom , which operates in parts of Northern Germany , introduced a much - discussed complete ban on alcohol in its trains . Some cities have banned alcohol consumption in certain areas and at certain times , such as Göttingen in Nikolaistraße between midnight and 8 : 00 am on Saturdays and Sundays , or in Hannover Hauptbahnhof . Until 2009 , it was acceptable for employees in many fields of work ( especially construction workers , gardeners and the like ) to consume medium quantities of alcohol during work hours . However , occupational safety legislation has since tightened down and has induced a significant decrease of alcohol consumption during work hours . Drinking and driving ( edit ) Germany has strict laws regarding operation of motor vehicles under the influence of alcohol and other psychoactive substances . There are a series of different rules and penalties tied to various blood alcohol levels . 0.00 % for those under the age of 21 or with less than two years ' experience , professional drivers , bus drivers , truck drivers , and drivers transporting passengers commercially ; 0.03 % in conjunction with an accident or traffic offense ; 0.05 % otherwise . 0.16 % for cyclists , where not in conjunction with any other traffic offense or accident . From 0.16 % , cyclists face the same penalties as driving a car at that limit . Penalties start at a € 500 fine and one - month license suspension . Above 0.11 % , the penalty is a € 500 fine and the withdrawal of the driver 's licence for at least six months , but usually about one year ( penalty is set by the court ) ; from 0.16 % , reissue of the licence requires a successful Medical Psychological Assessment ( MPU ) , often referred to as the `` Idiot test '' . Violators above 0.11 % within ten years of a prior offence above 0.05 % , there is a minimum € 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 fine and a one - year licence withdrawal ; the driver has to successfully pass an MPU and is required to prove to the court that they have been sober for the last twelve months , before they can get their licence back . For repeat offenses , the fine is multiplied by the ordinal of the offence ( doubled , tripled , etc . ) , regardless of the amount by which the driver was over the limit . These minimum penalties are usually exceeded by the German courts . From 0.11 % , the courts usually also require the DUI offender to do unpaid community service . In addition to fines , impaired drivers are generally given points on their Verkehrssünderkartei ( literally : `` traffic sinner card '' ) which are managed by the Federal Motor Transport Authority in Flensburg . It is however legal to consume alcohol while driving , provided the driver remains under the legal blood alcohol limits . Licensing laws ( edit ) On - license ( edit ) The permit is not required if alcohol - free beverages , free samples , prepared food is sold or administered or in connection with a accommodation establishment beverages and prepared food is delivered to residents . Every other establishment which does not apply to this scheme requires a Liquor license ( Gaststättenkonzession ) . In most cases a Liquor license is always then required , when alcoholic beverages are served or sold for consumption in the premises . Rules and regulations ( edit ) On - licence premises have to place a clearly legible notice with the restrictions of the Protection of Young Persons Act ( Jugendschutzgesetz ) and the bartender must ensure that alcoholic beverages may not be sold or served to underage or visibly intoxicated persons . Operator of a licensed premises are not allowed to force their customers to buy a meal with a drink or change prices if a customer does not order a meal . Changing prices if a customer does not buy a alcoholic drink is also against the law , and every licensee must ensure that there ist at least one non alcoholic drink that is cheaper than the cheapest alcoholic drink . Closing hours ( edit ) Closing hours for bars and discotheques are appointed mostly by state legislation . Within the past 10 years many states have abolished the closing hours for licensed establishments . Most states remain with the so called `` Putzstunde '' ( Cleaning hour ) , which refers to the 1 - 2 hours ( usually between 5 AM and 6 AM ) during which licensed premises are not allowed to serve their customers . Federal state City / Municipality Closing hours Notes Federal Republic of Germany ( federal law ) States have the right to set closing hours for licensed establishents ( § 18 GastG ) . Under federal law , it is illegal to serve customers outside of the establishent after 10 PM , or 11 PM with permission of the city ( Emissionsschutzgesetz ) . Baden - Württemberg Monday - Thursday : 3 AM - 6 AM Friday & Weekend : 5 AM - 6 AM Spa Town : 2 AM - 6 AM Gambling establishments : 12 AM - 6 AM Cities can permit businesses to apply for an exception to the closing hours . Bavaria 5 AM - 6 AM The closing hours do not apply during the night of 1 . January . Cities can permit businesses to apply for an exception to the closing hours . Berlin None There is no general closing hour for licensed businesses . However , it is against the law if licensed businesses serve their costumers outside after 10 PM without permission of the city , if someone files a complaint . Brandenburg None In 2006 the government of the state of Brandenburg declared that the closing hours for licensed busineses was abolsihed . Bremen Generally : 2 AM - 6 AM Friday , Weekend & Bank holidays : None Gambling establishment : 2 AM - 6 AM Cities may permit exceptions . Hamburg None The closing hours where abolished in 2006 . Hesse Generally : 5 AM - 6 AM Amusement parks & Fairs : 12 PM - 6 AM During carnival , 1 . May & 1 . January : None Cities can permit exceptions to the general closing hours . Lower Saxony None Mecklenburg - Vorpommern None North Rhine - Westphalia Generally : 5 AM - 6 AM Cities can permit exceptions to the general closing hours . Rhineland - Palatinate Generally : 5 AM - 6 AM Saturday , Sunday , Bank holiday or Carnival : None Amusement parks & Fairs : 10 PM - 6 AM Gambling establishments : 12 PM - 6 AM Cities can permit exceptions to the general closing hours . Saarland Generally : 5 AM - 6 AM 1 . January : None Amusement parks & Fairs : 10 PM - 7 AM Gambling establishments : 11 PM - 7 AM Cities can permit exceptions to the general closing hours . Saxony Generally : 5 AM - 6 AM 1 . January , 1 . & 2 . May : None Amusement parks , Gambling establishments & Fairs : 10 PM - 6 AM Cities can permit exceptions to the general closing hours . Saxony - Anhalt None The closing hours for licensed establishments was abolished in 2015 . Schleswig - Holstein None The closing hours for licensed establishments was abolished in 2005 . Thuringia None Off - licence ( edit ) Germany does not require any licenses for the production , wholesale , or retail sale of alcoholic beverages . See also ( edit ) Alcohol belts of Europe Beer in Germany Reinheitsgebot References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Youth protection in public '' . Zentrum Bayern Familie und Soziales , Bayerisches Landesjugendamt . Retrieved 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Protection of Young Person Act Jump up ^ Korinth , Nadja ( 13 November 2007 ) . `` Attitudes to alcohol in Europe / Germany '' . BBC News . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Springer , Axel . `` In Baden - Württemberg gilt nachts Alkoholverbot '' . Die Welt . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bußgeldkatalog für Verstöße nach dem Jugendschutzgesetz ( JuSchG ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministerium für Arbeit und Soziales . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gaststättengesetz - § 19 Verbot des Ausschanks alkoholischer Getränke '' . juris GmbH . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ban on alcohol : Metronom takes actions '' . kreiszeitung.de . Retrieved 9 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Corral , Antonio . `` Use of alcohol and drugs at the workplace '' . European Working Conditions Observatory . Retrieved 19 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alkohol im Straßenverkehr Promille - Grenze für Radfahrer bleibt bei 1 , 6 '' . Mitteldeutsche Zeitung. 8 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Hebermehl , Gregor ( 25 September 2017 ) . `` 28 Irrtümer im deutschen Straßenverkehr : Bier am Steuer , Handy am Ohr - Was ist erlaubt ? '' . Auto motor und sport . Retrieved 16 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` § 2 GastG '' . gesetze-im-internet.de . Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz ( Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection ) . n.d . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` § 3 GastG '' . gesetze-im-internet.de . Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz ( Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection ) . n.d . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` § 20 GastG '' . gesetze-im-internet.de . Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz ( Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection ) . n.d . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sperrzeit - Verkürzung oder Aufhebung beantragen '' . Ministerium für Inneres , Digitalisierung und Migration Baden - Württemberg . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sperrzeit ; Beantragung einer Verlängerung , Verkürzung oder Aufhebung '' . Bayerisches Staatsministerium des Innern und für Integration . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Keine Sperrstunde für die Simon - Dach - Straße '' . Der Tagesspiegel . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Keine Landesregierung hebt Sperrzeitverordnung auf - Brandenburg kann noch gastfreundlicher werden '' . Landesregierung Brandenburg . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Verordnung zur Ausführung des Bremischen Gaststättengesetzes ( Bremische Gaststättenverordnung - BremGastV ) '' . Die Senatorin für Finanzen der Freien Hansestadt Bremen . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Die Sperrzeiten sind gekippt '' . Hamburger Abendblatt . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Recht im Gaststättengewerbe '' . IHK Wiesbaden . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` In NRW soll es neue Sperrstunden für eine `` gefährliche '' Kneipenstraße geben `` . bento.de . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Welche Sperrzeiten gelten für Rheinland - Pfalz ? '' . IHK Rheinhessen . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Saarländisches Gaststättengesetz ( SGastG ) Gesetz Nr. 1745 - § 11 '' . saarheim.de . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 . Welche Sperrzeiten gelten für Gaststättenbetriebe und Spielhallen '' ( PDF ) . chemnitz.ihk24.de . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sachsen - Anhalt Land besteht nicht mehr auf Sperrstunde '' . mz-web.de . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Schleswig - Holstein kippt Sperrstunde '' . Ina Rometsch , Hamburger Abendblatt . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Übersicht der Sperrzeiten nach Bundesländern '' . g-wie-gastro.de . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Country Profile : Germany '' . eurocare.org . Eurocare ( European Alcohol Policy Alliance ) . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Österberg , Esa ; Karlsson , Thomas , eds. ( 2003 ) . `` Alcohol Policies in EU Member States and Norway '' ( PDF ) . ec.europa.eu . European Commission . p. 197 . Retrieved 27 August 2014 . Alcohol - related topics by country Countries Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh Indonesia Iran Malaysia New Zealand Sudan Cultures Australia Korea Types Canada China Sweden Laws Australia Canada Iceland India Prohibition Germany Russia Consumption United Kingdom United States Youth consumption Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alcohol_laws_in_Germany&oldid=853812611 '' Categories : German law Alcohol law in Germany Alcohol in Germany Alcohol law by country Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 03 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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what is the age limit for drinking in germany
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Minister for Defence (Ireland)
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Minister for Defence ( Ireland ) - Wikipedia Minister for Defence ( Ireland ) Jump to : navigation , search Minister for Defence Incumbent Leo Varadkar since 14 June 2017 Appointer President of Ireland on the nomination of the Taoiseach Inaugural holder General Richard Mulcahy Formation 22 January 1919 Website defence.ie The Minister for Defence ( Irish : An tAire Cosanta ) is the senior minister at the Department of Defence in the Government of Ireland . The current Minister for Defence is Leo Varadkar , TD . The Department of Defence headquarters are in Newbridge , County Kildare The Department is responsible for the Irish Defence Forces . The Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924 assigned the minister the additional title of Commander - in - Chief as the Chairman of the Council of Defence . The Defence Act 1954 removed this title , as a result of the reconstitution of the Council of Defence . The President of Ireland , a largely ceremonial role , is considered the Supreme Commander of the Defence Forces . In practice , the Minister acts on the President 's behalf and reports to the Irish Government . The Minister for Defence is advised by the Council of Defence on the business of the Department of Defence . Since 1978 , the Minister for Defence has been assisted by the junior ministerial role of Minister of State at the Department of Defence ; a post currently filled by Paul Kehoe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ministers for Defence since 1919 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Ministers for Defence since 1919 ( edit ) Denotes Acting Minister No . Name Term of office Party 1 . General Richard Mulcahy ( 1st term ) 22 January 1919 1 April 1919 Sinn Féin 2 . Cathal Brugha 1 April 1919 9 January 1922 Sinn Féin General Richard Mulcahy ( 2nd term ) 10 January 1922 19 March 1924 Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin 3 . W.T. Cosgrave ( Acting ) 20 March 1924 21 November 1924 Pro-Treaty Sinn Féin 4 . Peter Hughes 21 November 1924 23 June 1927 Cumann na nGaedheal 5 . Desmond FitzGerald 23 June 1927 9 March 1932 Cumann na nGaedheal 6 . Frank Aiken 9 March 1932 8 September 1939 Fianna Fáil 7 . Oscar Traynor ( 1st term ) 8 September 1939 18 February 1948 Fianna Fáil 8 . Thomas F. O'Higgins 18 February 1948 7 March 1951 Fine Gael 9 . General Seán Mac Eoin ( 1st term ) 7 March 1951 13 June 1951 Fine Gael Oscar Traynor ( 2nd term ) 13 June 1951 2 June 1954 Fianna Fáil General Seán Mac Eoin ( 2nd term ) 2 June 1954 20 March 1957 Fine Gael 10 . Kevin Boland 20 March 1957 11 October 1961 Fianna Fáil 11 . Gerald Bartley 11 October 1961 21 April 1965 Fianna Fáil 12 . Michael Hilliard 21 April 1965 2 July 1969 Fianna Fáil 13 . Jim Gibbons 2 July 1969 9 May 1970 Fianna Fáil 14 . Jerry Cronin 9 May 1970 14 March 1973 Fianna Fáil 15 . Paddy Donegan 14 March 1973 2 December 1976 Fine Gael 16 . Liam Cosgrave ( Acting ) 2 December 1976 16 December 1976 Fine Gael 17 . Oliver J. Flanagan 16 December 1976 5 July 1977 Fine Gael 18 . Bobby Molloy 5 July 1977 11 December 1979 Fianna Fáil 19 . Pádraig Faulkner 12 December 1979 15 October 1980 Fianna Fáil 20 . Sylvester Barrett 15 October 1980 30 June 1981 Fianna Fáil 21 . James Tully 30 June 1981 9 March 1982 Labour Party 22 . Paddy Power 9 March 1982 14 December 1982 Fianna Fáil 23 . Patrick Cooney 14 December 1982 14 February 1986 Fine Gael 24 . Paddy O'Toole 14 February 1986 10 March 1987 Fine Gael 25 . Michael J. Noonan 10 March 1987 12 July 1989 Fianna Fáil 26 . Brian Lenihan 12 July 1989 31 October 1990 Fianna Fáil 27 . Charles Haughey ( Acting ) 1 November 1990 5 February 1991 Fianna Fáil 28 . Brendan Daly 5 February 1991 14 November 1991 Fianna Fáil 29 . Vincent Brady 14 November 1991 11 February 1992 Fianna Fáil 30 . John Wilson 11 February 1992 12 January 1993 Fianna Fáil 31 . David Andrews ( 1st term ) 12 January 1993 15 December 1994 Fianna Fáil 32 . Hugh Coveney 15 December 1994 23 May 1995 Fine Gael 33 . Seán Barrett 23 May 1995 26 June 1997 Fine Gael David Andrews ( 2nd term ) 26 June 1997 8 October 1997 Fianna Fáil 34 . Michael Smith 8 October 1997 29 September 2004 Fianna Fáil 35 . Willie O'Dea 29 September 2004 18 February 2010 Fianna Fáil 36 . Brian Cowen ( Acting ) 18 February 2010 23 March 2010 Fianna Fáil 37 . Tony Killeen 23 March 2010 19 January 2011 Fianna Fáil 38 . Éamon Ó Cuív 20 January 2011 9 March 2011 Fianna Fáil 39 . Alan Shatter 9 March 2011 7 May 2014 Fine Gael 40 . Enda Kenny ( Acting ) 7 May 2014 11 July 2014 Fine Gael 41 . Simon Coveney 11 July 2014 6 May 2016 Fine Gael Enda Kenny 6 May 2016 14 June 2017 Fine Gael 42 . Leo Varadkar 14 June 2017 Incumbent Fine Gael See also ( edit ) Irish cabinets since 1919 Chief of Staff of the Defence Forces ( Ireland ) Minister of State at the Department of Defence Director of Military Intelligence ( Ireland ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` List of Ministers and Ministers of State '' . Department of the Taoiseach . Retrieved 2 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Defence Act , 1954 Jump up ^ `` Statute Book - Ministers And Secretaries Act , 1924 '' . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . the Minister for Defence ( ... ) shall be assisted by a Council of Defence Jump up ^ On the first occasion he served as minister Mulcahy bore the title Minister for National Defence . Jump up ^ Brugha bore the title Secretary of State for Defence . ^ Jump up to : Also Taoiseach ^ Jump up to : Also Minister for the Marine Jump up ^ Also Minister for Social Protection and ( from 23 January ) Minister for the Environment , Heritage and Local Government Jump up ^ Also Minister for Justice and Equality Jump up ^ Also Minister for Agriculture , Food and the Marine External links ( edit ) Department of Defence ( hide ) Government of Ireland Political posts Taoiseach ( prime minister ) Tánaiste ( deputy prime minister ) Ministries Agriculture , Food and the Marine Business , Enterprise and Innovation Children and Youth Affairs Communications , Climate Action and Environment Culture , Heritage and the Gaeltacht Defence Education and Skills Employment Affairs and Social Protection Finance Foreign Affairs and Trade Health Housing , Planning and Local Government Justice and Equality Public Expenditure and Reform Rural and Community Development Transport , Tourism and Sport Former ministries Communications Co-ordination of Defensive Measures Economic Affairs Fine Arts Industries Irish Labour Posts and Telegraphs Public Service Publicity Supplies Women Cabinet ministers Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_for_Defence_(Ireland)&oldid=822638725 '' Categories : Ministers for Defence ( Ireland ) Department of Defence ( Ireland ) Government ministers of the Republic of Ireland Lists of government ministers of Ireland Ministries established in 1919 Defence ministers Hidden categories : Use Irish English from October 2014 All Wikipedia articles written in Irish English Use dmy dates from October 2014 Articles containing Irish - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Edit links This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 16 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who is the minister for defence in ireland
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"The Minister for Defence (Irish: An tAire Cosanta) is the senior minister at the Department of Defence in the Government of Ireland. The current Minister for Defence is Leo Varadkar, TD.[1]"
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King Arthur
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King Arthur - wikipedia King Arthur Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see King Arthur ( disambiguation ) . `` Arthur Pendragon '' redirects here . For other uses , see Arthur Pendragon ( disambiguation ) . Tapestry showing Arthur as one of the Nine Worthies , wearing a coat of arms often attributed to him ( c. 1385 ) King Arthur is a legendary British leader who , according to medieval histories and romances , led the defence of Britain against Saxon invaders in the late 5th and early 6th centuries AD . The details of Arthur 's story are mainly composed of folklore and literary invention , and his historical existence is debated and disputed by modern historians . The sparse historical background of Arthur is gleaned from various sources , including the Annales Cambriae , the Historia Brittonum , and the writings of Gildas . Arthur 's name also occurs in early poetic sources such as Y Gododdin . Arthur is a central figure in the legends making up the Matter of Britain . The legendary Arthur developed as a figure of international interest largely through the popularity of Geoffrey of Monmouth 's fanciful and imaginative 12th - century Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ) . In some Welsh and Breton tales and poems that date from before this work , Arthur appears either as a great warrior defending Britain from human and supernatural enemies or as a magical figure of folklore , sometimes associated with the Welsh Otherworld , Annwn . How much of Geoffrey 's Historia ( completed in 1138 ) was adapted from such earlier sources , rather than invented by Geoffrey himself , is unknown . Although the themes , events and characters of the Arthurian legend varied widely from text to text , and there is no one canonical version ; Geoffrey 's version of events often served as the starting point for later stories . Geoffrey depicted Arthur as a king of Britain who defeated the Saxons and established an empire over Britain , Ireland , Iceland , Norway and Gaul . Many elements and incidents that are now an integral part of the Arthurian story appear in Geoffrey 's Historia , including Arthur 's father Uther Pendragon , the wizard Merlin , Arthur 's wife Guinevere , the sword Excalibur , Arthur 's conception at Tintagel , his final battle against Mordred at Camlann , and final rest in Avalon . The 12th - century French writer Chrétien de Troyes , who added Lancelot and the Holy Grail to the story , began the genre of Arthurian romance that became a significant strand of medieval literature . In these French stories , the narrative focus often shifts from King Arthur himself to other characters , such as various Knights of the Round Table . Arthurian literature thrived during the Middle Ages but waned in the centuries that followed until it experienced a major resurgence in the 19th century . In the 21st century , the legend lives on , not only in literature but also in adaptations for theatre , film , television , comics and other media . Contents ( hide ) 1 Debated historicity 2 Name 3 Medieval literary traditions 3.1 Pre-Galfridian traditions 3.2 Geoffrey of Monmouth 3.3 Romance traditions 4 Decline , revival , and the modern legend 4.1 Post-medieval literature 4.2 Tennyson and the revival 4.3 Modern legend 5 See also 6 Notes 7 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External links Debated Historicity Main article : Historicity of King Arthur Statue of King Arthur at the Hofkirche in Innsbruck , designed by Albrecht Dürer and cast by Peter Vischer the Elder ( 1520s ) The historical basis for the King Arthur legend has long been debated by scholars . One school of thought , citing entries in the Historia Brittonum ( History of the Britons ) and Annales Cambriae ( Welsh Annals ) , sees Arthur as a genuine historical figure , a Romano - British leader who fought against the invading Anglo - Saxons some time in the late 5th to early 6th century . The Historia Brittonum , a 9th - century Latin historical compilation attributed in some late manuscripts to a Welsh cleric called Nennius , contains the first datable mention of King Arthur , listing twelve battles that Arthur fought . These culminate in the Battle of Badon , where he is said to have single - handedly killed 960 men . Recent studies , however , question the reliability of the Historia Brittonum . The other text that seems to support the case for Arthur 's historical existence is the 10th - century Annales Cambriae , which also link Arthur with the Battle of Badon . The Annales date this battle to 516 -- 518 , and also mention the Battle of Camlann , in which Arthur and Medraut ( Mordred ) were both killed , dated to 537 -- 539 . These details have often been used to bolster confidence in the Historia 's account and to confirm that Arthur really did fight at Badon . Problems have been identified , however , with using this source to support the Historia Brittonum 's account . The latest research shows that the Annales Cambriae was based on a chronicle begun in the late 8th century in Wales . Additionally , the complex textual history of the Annales Cambriae precludes any certainty that the Arthurian annals were added to it even that early . They were more likely added at some point in the 10th century and may never have existed in any earlier set of annals . The Badon entry probably derived from the Historia Brittonum . This lack of convincing early evidence is the reason many recent historians exclude Arthur from their accounts of sub-Roman Britain . In the view of historian Thomas Charles - Edwards , `` at this stage of the enquiry , one can only say that there may well have been an historical Arthur ( but ... ) the historian can as yet say nothing of value about him '' . These modern admissions of ignorance are a relatively recent trend ; earlier generations of historians were less sceptical . The historian John Morris made the putative reign of Arthur the organising principle of his history of sub-Roman Britain and Ireland , The Age of Arthur ( 1973 ) . Even so , he found little to say about a historical Arthur . The 10th - century Annales Cambriae ( from a copy c. 1100 ) Partly in reaction to such theories , another school of thought emerged which argued that Arthur had no historical existence at all . Morris 's Age of Arthur prompted the archaeologist Nowell Myres to observe that `` no figure on the borderline of history and mythology has wasted more of the historian 's time '' . Gildas ' 6th - century polemic De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae ( On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain ) , written within living memory of Badon , mentions the battle but does not mention Arthur . Arthur is not mentioned in the Anglo - Saxon Chronicle or named in any surviving manuscript written between 400 and 820 . He is absent from Bede 's early - 8th - century Ecclesiastical History of the English People , another major early source for post-Roman history that mentions Badon . The historian David Dumville has written : `` I think we can dispose of him ( Arthur ) quite briefly . He owes his place in our history books to a ' no smoke without fire ' school of thought ... The fact of the matter is that there is no historical evidence about Arthur ; we must reject him from our histories and , above all , from the titles of our books . '' Some scholars argue that Arthur was originally a fictional hero of folklore -- or even a half - forgotten Celtic deity -- who became credited with real deeds in the distant past . They cite parallels with figures such as the Kentish Hengist and Horsa , who may be totemic horse - gods that later became historicised . Bede ascribed to these legendary figures a historical role in the 5th - century Anglo - Saxon conquest of eastern Britain . It is not even certain that Arthur was considered a king in the early texts . Neither the Historia nor the Annales calls him `` rex '' : the former calls him instead `` dux bellorum '' ( leader of battles ) and `` miles '' ( soldier ) . Historical documents for the post-Roman period are scarce , so a definitive answer to the question of Arthur 's historical existence is unlikely . Sites and places have been identified as `` Arthurian '' since the 12th century , but archaeology can confidently reveal names only through inscriptions found in secure contexts . The so - called `` Arthur stone '' , discovered in 1998 among the ruins at Tintagel Castle in Cornwall in securely dated 6th - century contexts , created a brief stir but proved irrelevant . Other inscriptional evidence for Arthur , including the Glastonbury cross , is tainted with the suggestion of forgery . Although several historical figures have been proposed as the basis for Arthur , no convincing evidence for these identifications has emerged . Name Main article : Arthur The origin of the Welsh name `` Arthur '' remains a matter of debate . Some suggest it is derived from the Roman nomen gentile ( family name ) Artorius , of obscure and contested etymology ( but possibly of Messapian or Etruscan origin ) . Some scholars have suggested it is relevant to this debate that the legendary King Arthur 's name only appears as Arthur , or Arturus , in early Latin Arthurian texts , never as Artōrius ( though it should be noted that Classical Latin Artōrius became Arturius in some Vulgar Latin dialects ) . However , this may not say anything about the origin of the name Arthur , as Artōrius would regularly become Art ( h ) ur when borrowed into Welsh . Another possibility is that it is derived from a Brittonic patronym * Arto - rīg - ios ( the root of which , * arto - rīg - `` bear - king '' is to be found in the Old Irish personal name Art - ri ) via a Latinized form Artōrius . Less likely is the commonly proposed derivation from Welsh arth `` bear '' + ( g ) wr `` man '' ( earlier * Arto - uiros in Brittonic ) ; there are phonological difficulties with this theory -- notably that a Brittonic compound name * Arto - uiros should produce Old Welsh * Artgur and Middle / Modern Welsh * Arthwr and not Arthur ( in Welsh poetry the name is always spelled Arthur and is exclusively rhymed with words ending in - ur -- never words ending in - wr -- which confirms that the second element can not be ( g ) wr `` man '' ) . An alternative theory , which has gained only limited acceptance among professional scholars , derives the name Arthur from Arcturus , the brightest star in the constellation Boötes , near Ursa Major or the Great Bear . Classical Latin Arcturus would also have become Art ( h ) ur when borrowed into Welsh , and its brightness and position in the sky led people to regard it as the `` guardian of the bear '' ( which is the meaning of the name in Ancient Greek ) and the `` leader '' of the other stars in Boötes . A similar first name is Old Irish Artúr , which is believed to be derived directly from an early Old Welsh or Cumbric Artur . The earliest historically attested bearer of the name is a son or grandson of Áedán mac Gabráin ( d . AD 609 ) . Medieval literary traditions The creator of the familiar literary persona of Arthur was Geoffrey of Monmouth , with his pseudo-historical Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ) , written in the 1130s . The textual sources for Arthur are usually divided into those written before Geoffrey 's Historia ( known as pre-Galfridian texts , from the Latin form of Geoffrey , Galfridus ) and those written afterwards , which could not avoid his influence ( Galfridian , or post-Galfridian , texts ) . Pre-Galfridian traditions A facsimile page of Y Gododdin , one of the most famous early Welsh texts featuring Arthur ( c. 1275 ) The earliest literary references to Arthur come from Welsh and Breton sources . There have been few attempts to define the nature and character of Arthur in the pre-Galfridian tradition as a whole , rather than in a single text or text / story - type . A 2007 academic survey that does attempt this by Thomas Green identifies three key strands to the portrayal of Arthur in this earliest material . The first is that he was a peerless warrior who functioned as the monster - hunting protector of Britain from all internal and external threats . Some of these are human threats , such as the Saxons he fights in the Historia Brittonum , but the majority are supernatural , including giant cat - monsters , destructive divine boars , dragons , dogheads , giants , and witches . The second is that the pre-Galfridian Arthur was a figure of folklore ( particularly topographic or onomastic folklore ) and localised magical wonder - tales , the leader of a band of superhuman heroes who live in the wilds of the landscape . The third and final strand is that the early Welsh Arthur had a close connection with the Welsh Otherworld Annwn . On the one hand , he launches assaults on Otherworldly fortresses in search of treasure and frees their prisoners . On the other , his warband in the earliest sources includes former pagan gods , and his wife and his possessions are clearly Otherworldly in origin . One of the most famous Welsh poetic references to Arthur comes in the collection of heroic death - songs known as Y Gododdin ( The Gododdin ) , attributed to 6th - century poet Aneirin . One stanza praises the bravery of a warrior who slew 300 enemies , but says that despite this , `` he was no Arthur '' -- that is , his feats can not compare to the valour of Arthur . Y Gododdin is known only from a 13th - century manuscript , so it is impossible to determine whether this passage is original or a later interpolation , but John Koch 's view that the passage dates from a 7th - century or earlier version is regarded as unproven ; 9th - or 10th - century dates are often proposed for it . Several poems attributed to Taliesin , a poet said to have lived in the 6th century , also refer to Arthur , although these all probably date from between the 8th and 12th centuries . They include `` Kadeir Teyrnon '' ( `` The Chair of the Prince '' ) , which refers to `` Arthur the Blessed '' ; `` Preiddeu Annwn '' ( `` The Spoils of Annwn '' ) , which recounts an expedition of Arthur to the Otherworld ; and `` Marwnat vthyr pen ( dragon ) '' ( `` The Elegy of Uther Pen ( dragon ) '' ) , which refers to Arthur 's valour and is suggestive of a father - son relationship for Arthur and Uther that pre-dates Geoffrey of Monmouth . Culhwch entering Arthur 's court in the Welsh tale `` Culhwch and Olwen '' ( 1881 ) Other early Welsh Arthurian texts include a poem found in the Black Book of Carmarthen , `` Pa gur yv y porthaur ? '' ( `` What man is the gatekeeper ? '' ) . This takes the form of a dialogue between Arthur and the gatekeeper of a fortress he wishes to enter , in which Arthur recounts the names and deeds of himself and his men , notably Cei ( Kay ) and Bedwyr ( Bedivere ) . The Welsh prose tale Culhwch and Olwen ( c. 1100 ) , included in the modern Mabinogion collection , has a much longer list of more than 200 of Arthur 's men , though Cei and Bedwyr again take a central place . The story as a whole tells of Arthur helping his kinsman Culhwch win the hand of Olwen , daughter of Ysbaddaden Chief - Giant , by completing a series of apparently impossible tasks , including the hunt for the great semi-divine boar Twrch Trwyth . The 9th - century Historia Brittonum also refers to this tale , with the boar there named Troy ( n ) t . Finally , Arthur is mentioned numerous times in the Welsh Triads , a collection of short summaries of Welsh tradition and legend which are classified into groups of three linked characters or episodes to assist recall . The later manuscripts of the Triads are partly derivative from Geoffrey of Monmouth and later continental traditions , but the earliest ones show no such influence and are usually agreed to refer to pre-existing Welsh traditions . Even in these , however , Arthur 's court has started to embody legendary Britain as a whole , with `` Arthur 's Court '' sometimes substituted for `` The Island of Britain '' in the formula `` Three XXX of the Island of Britain '' . While it is not clear from the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae that Arthur was even considered a king , by the time Culhwch and Olwen and the Triads were written he had become Penteyrnedd yr Ynys hon , `` Chief of the Lords of this Island '' , the overlord of Wales , Cornwall and the North . In addition to these pre-Galfridian Welsh poems and tales , Arthur appears in some other early Latin texts besides the Historia Brittonum and the Annales Cambriae . In particular , Arthur features in a number of well - known vitae ( `` Lives '' ) of post-Roman saints , none of which are now generally considered to be reliable historical sources ( the earliest probably dates from the 11th century ) . According to the Life of Saint Gildas , written in the early 12th century by Caradoc of Llancarfan , Arthur is said to have killed Gildas ' brother Hueil and to have rescued his wife Gwenhwyfar from Glastonbury . In the Life of Saint Cadoc , written around 1100 or a little before by Lifris of Llancarfan , the saint gives protection to a man who killed three of Arthur 's soldiers , and Arthur demands a herd of cattle as wergeld for his men . Cadoc delivers them as demanded , but when Arthur takes possession of the animals , they turn into bundles of ferns . Similar incidents are described in the medieval biographies of Carannog , Padarn , and Eufflam , probably written around the 12th century . A less obviously legendary account of Arthur appears in the Legenda Sancti Goeznovii , which is often claimed to date from the early 11th century ( although the earliest manuscript of this text dates from the 15th century ) . Also important are the references to Arthur in William of Malmesbury 's De Gestis Regum Anglorum and Herman 's De Miraculis Sanctae Mariae Laudensis , which together provide the first certain evidence for a belief that Arthur was not actually dead and would at some point return , a theme that is often revisited in post-Galfridian folklore . Geoffrey of Monmouth Mordred , Arthur 's final foe according to Geoffrey of Monmouth , illustrated by H.J. Ford ( 1902 ) King Arthur . A crude illustration from a 15th - century Welsh language version of Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Historia Regum Britanniae The first narrative account of Arthur 's life is found in Geoffrey of Monmouth 's Latin work Historia Regum Britanniae ( History of the Kings of Britain ) , completed c. 1138 . This work is an imaginative and fanciful account of British kings from the legendary Trojan exile Brutus to the 7th - century Welsh king Cadwallader . Geoffrey places Arthur in the same post-Roman period as do Historia Brittonum and Annales Cambriae . He incorporates Arthur 's father , Uther Pendragon , his magician advisor Merlin , and the story of Arthur 's conception , in which Uther , disguised as his enemy Gorlois by Merlin 's magic , sleeps with Gorlois 's wife Igerna at Tintagel , and she conceives Arthur . On Uther 's death , the fifteen - year - old Arthur succeeds him as King of Britain and fights a series of battles , similar to those in the Historia Brittonum , culminating in the Battle of Bath . He then defeats the Picts and Scots before creating an Arthurian empire through his conquests of Ireland , Iceland and the Orkney Islands . After twelve years of peace , Arthur sets out to expand his empire once more , taking control of Norway , Denmark and Gaul . Gaul is still held by the Roman Empire when it is conquered , and Arthur 's victory naturally leads to a further confrontation between his empire and Rome 's . Arthur and his warriors , including Kaius ( Kay ) , Beduerus ( Bedivere ) and Gualguanus ( Gawain ) , defeat the Roman emperor Lucius Tiberius in Gaul but , as he prepares to march on Rome , Arthur hears that his nephew Modredus ( Mordred ) -- whom he had left in charge of Britain -- has married his wife Guenhuuara ( Guinevere ) and seized the throne . Arthur returns to Britain and defeats and kills Modredus on the river Camblam in Cornwall , but he is mortally wounded . He hands the crown to his kinsman Constantine and is taken to the isle of Avalon to be healed of his wounds , never to be seen again . Merlin , Arthur 's advisor ( c. 1300 ) How much of this narrative was Geoffrey 's own invention is open to debate . Certainly , Geoffrey seems to have made use of the list of Arthur 's twelve battles against the Saxons found in the 9th - century Historia Brittonum , along with the battle of Camlann from the Annales Cambriae and the idea that Arthur was still alive . Arthur 's personal status as the king of all Britain would also seem to be borrowed from pre-Galfridian tradition , being found in Culhwch and Olwen , the Triads , and the saints ' lives . Finally , Geoffrey borrowed many of the names for Arthur 's possessions , close family , and companions from the pre-Galfridian Welsh tradition , including Kaius ( Cei ) , Beduerus ( Bedwyr ) , Guenhuuara ( Gwenhwyfar ) , Uther ( Uthyr ) and perhaps also Caliburnus ( Caledfwlch ) , the latter becoming Excalibur in subsequent Arthurian tales . However , while names , key events , and titles may have been borrowed , Brynley Roberts has argued that `` the Arthurian section is Geoffrey 's literary creation and it owes nothing to prior narrative . '' So , for instance , the Welsh Medraut is made the villainous Modredus by Geoffrey , but there is no trace of such a negative character for this figure in Welsh sources until the 16th century . There have been relatively few modern attempts to challenge this notion that the Historia Regum Britanniae is primarily Geoffrey 's own work , with scholarly opinion often echoing William of Newburgh 's late - 12th - century comment that Geoffrey `` made up '' his narrative , perhaps through an `` inordinate love of lying '' . Geoffrey Ashe is one dissenter from this view , believing that Geoffrey 's narrative is partially derived from a lost source telling of the deeds of a 5th - century British king named Riotamus , this figure being the original Arthur , although historians and Celticists have been reluctant to follow Ashe in his conclusions . Whatever his sources may have been , the immense popularity of Geoffrey 's Historia Regum Britanniae can not be denied . Well over 200 manuscript copies of Geoffrey 's Latin work are known to have survived , and this does not include translations into other languages . Thus , for example , around 60 manuscripts are extant containing Welsh - language versions of the Historia , the earliest of which were created in the 13th century ; the old notion that some of these Welsh versions actually underlie Geoffrey 's Historia , advanced by antiquarians such as the 18th - century Lewis Morris , has long since been discounted in academic circles . As a result of this popularity , Geoffrey 's Historia Regum Britanniae was enormously influential on the later medieval development of the Arthurian legend . While it was by no means the only creative force behind Arthurian romance , many of its elements were borrowed and developed ( e.g. , Merlin and the final fate of Arthur ) , and it provided the historical framework into which the romancers ' tales of magical and wonderful adventures were inserted . Romance traditions During the 12th century , Arthur 's character began to be marginalised by the accretion of `` Arthurian '' side - stories such as that of Tristan and Iseult . By John William Waterhouse ( 1916 ) The popularity of Geoffrey 's Historia and its other derivative works ( such as Wace 's Roman de Brut ) is generally agreed to be an important factor in explaining the appearance of significant numbers of new Arthurian works in continental Europe during the 12th and 13th centuries , particularly in France . It was not , however , the only Arthurian influence on the developing `` Matter of Britain '' . There is clear evidence that Arthur and Arthurian tales were familiar on the Continent before Geoffrey 's work became widely known ( see for example , the Modena Archivolt ) , and `` Celtic '' names and stories not found in Geoffrey 's Historia appear in the Arthurian romances . From the perspective of Arthur , perhaps the most significant effect of this great outpouring of new Arthurian story was on the role of the king himself : much of this 12th - century and later Arthurian literature centres less on Arthur himself than on characters such as Lancelot and Guinevere , Percival , Galahad , Gawain , Ywain , and Tristan and Iseult . Whereas Arthur is very much at the centre of the pre-Galfridian material and Geoffrey 's Historia itself , in the romances he is rapidly sidelined . His character also alters significantly . In both the earliest materials and Geoffrey he is a great and ferocious warrior , who laughs as he personally slaughters witches and giants and takes a leading role in all military campaigns , whereas in the continental romances he becomes the roi fainéant , the `` do - nothing king '' , whose `` inactivity and acquiescence constituted a central flaw in his otherwise ideal society '' . Arthur 's role in these works is frequently that of a wise , dignified , even - tempered , somewhat bland , and occasionally feeble monarch . So , he simply turns pale and silent when he learns of Lancelot 's affair with Guinevere in the Mort Artu , whilst in Chrétien de Troyes 's Yvain , the Knight of the Lion , he is unable to stay awake after a feast and has to retire for a nap . Nonetheless , as Norris J. Lacy has observed , whatever his faults and frailties may be in these Arthurian romances , `` his prestige is never -- or almost never -- compromised by his personal weaknesses ... his authority and glory remain intact . '' The story of Arthur drawing the sword from a stone appeared in Robert de Boron 's 13th - century Merlin . By Howard Pyle ( 1903 ) Arthur and his retinue appear in some of the Lais of Marie de France , but it was the work of another French poet , Chrétien de Troyes , that had the greatest influence with regard to the development of Arthur 's character and legend . Chrétien wrote five Arthurian romances between c. 1170 and 1190 . Erec and Enide and Cligès are tales of courtly love with Arthur 's court as their backdrop , demonstrating the shift away from the heroic world of the Welsh and Galfridian Arthur , while Yvain , the Knight of the Lion , features Yvain and Gawain in a supernatural adventure , with Arthur very much on the sidelines and weakened . However , the most significant for the development of the Arthurian legend are Lancelot , the Knight of the Cart , which introduces Lancelot and his adulterous relationship with Arthur 's queen ( Guinevere ) , extending and popularising the recurring theme of Arthur as a cuckold , and Perceval , the Story of the Grail , which introduces the Holy Grail and the Fisher King and which again sees Arthur having a much reduced role . Chrétien was thus `` instrumental both in the elaboration of the Arthurian legend and in the establishment of the ideal form for the diffusion of that legend '' , and much of what came after him in terms of the portrayal of Arthur and his world built upon the foundations he had laid . Perceval , although unfinished , was particularly popular : four separate continuations of the poem appeared over the next half century , with the notion of the Grail and its quest being developed by other writers such as Robert de Boron , a fact that helped accelerate the decline of Arthur in continental romance . Similarly , Lancelot and his cuckolding of Arthur with Guinevere became one of the classic motifs of the Arthurian legend , although the Lancelot of the prose Lancelot ( c. 1225 ) and later texts was a combination of Chrétien 's character and that of Ulrich von Zatzikhoven 's Lanzelet . Chrétien 's work even appears to feed back into Welsh Arthurian literature , with the result that the romance Arthur began to replace the heroic , active Arthur in Welsh literary tradition . Particularly significant in this development were the three Welsh Arthurian romances , which are closely similar to those of Chrétien , albeit with some significant differences : Owain , or the Lady of the Fountain is related to Chrétien 's Yvain ; Geraint and Enid , to Erec and Enide ; and Peredur son of Efrawg , to Perceval . The Round Table experiences a vision of the Holy Grail . By Évrard d'Espinques ( c. 1475 ) Up to c. 1210 , continental Arthurian romance was expressed primarily through poetry ; after this date the tales began to be told in prose . The most significant of these 13th - century prose romances was the Vulgate Cycle ( also known as the Lancelot - Grail Cycle ) , a series of five Middle French prose works written in the first half of that century . These works were the Estoire del Saint Grail , the Estoire de Merlin , the Lancelot propre ( or Prose Lancelot , which made up half the entire Vulgate Cycle on its own ) , the Queste del Saint Graal and the Mort Artu , which combine to form the first coherent version of the entire Arthurian legend . The cycle continued the trend towards reducing the role played by Arthur in his own legend , partly through the introduction of the character of Galahad and an expansion of the role of Merlin . It also made Mordred the result of an incestuous relationship between Arthur and his sister and established the role of Camelot , first mentioned in passing in Chrétien 's Lancelot , as Arthur 's primary court . This series of texts was quickly followed by the Post-Vulgate Cycle ( c. 1230 -- 40 ) , of which the Suite du Merlin is a part , which greatly reduced the importance of Lancelot 's affair with Guinevere but continued to sideline Arthur , and to focus more on the Grail quest . As such , Arthur became even more of a relatively minor character in these French prose romances ; in the Vulgate itself he only figures significantly in the Estoire de Merlin and the Mort Artu . During this period , Arthur was made one of the Nine Worthies , a group of three pagan , three Jewish and three Christian exemplars of chivalry . The Worthies were first listed in Jacques de Longuyon 's Voeux du Paon in 1312 , and subsequently became a common subject in literature and art . Arthur ( top centre ) in an illustration to `` Sir Gawain and the Green Knight '' ( late 14th century ) The development of the medieval Arthurian cycle and the character of the `` Arthur of romance '' culminated in Le Morte d'Arthur , Thomas Malory 's retelling of the entire legend in a single work in English in the late 15th century . Malory based his book -- originally titled The Whole Book of King Arthur and of His Noble Knights of the Round Table -- on the various previous romance versions , in particular the Vulgate Cycle , and appears to have aimed at creating a comprehensive and authoritative collection of Arthurian stories . Perhaps as a result of this , and the fact that Le Morte D'Arthur was one of the earliest printed books in England , published by William Caxton in 1485 , most later Arthurian works are derivative of Malory 's . Decline , Revival , and the modern legend Post-medieval literature The end of the Middle Ages brought with it a waning of interest in King Arthur . Although Malory 's English version of the great French romances was popular , there were increasing attacks upon the truthfulness of the historical framework of the Arthurian romances -- established since Geoffrey of Monmouth 's time -- and thus the legitimacy of the whole Matter of Britain . So , for example , the 16th - century humanist scholar Polydore Vergil famously rejected the claim that Arthur was the ruler of a post-Roman empire , found throughout the post-Galfridian medieval `` chronicle tradition '' , to the horror of Welsh and English antiquarians . Social changes associated with the end of the medieval period and the Renaissance also conspired to rob the character of Arthur and his associated legend of some of their power to enthrall audiences , with the result that 1634 saw the last printing of Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur for nearly 200 years . King Arthur and the Arthurian legend were not entirely abandoned , but until the early 19th century the material was taken less seriously and was often used simply as a vehicle for allegories of 17th - and 18th - century politics . Thus Richard Blackmore 's epics Prince Arthur ( 1695 ) and King Arthur ( 1697 ) feature Arthur as an allegory for the struggles of William III against James II . Similarly , the most popular Arthurian tale throughout this period seems to have been that of Tom Thumb , which was told first through chapbooks and later through the political plays of Henry Fielding ; although the action is clearly set in Arthurian Britain , the treatment is humorous and Arthur appears as a primarily comedic version of his romance character . John Dryden 's masque King Arthur is still performed , largely thanks to Henry Purcell 's music , though seldom unabridged . Tennyson and the Revival Gustave Doré 's illustration of Camelot for Alfred Tennyson 's Idylls of the King ( 1868 ) In the early 19th century , medievalism , Romanticism , and the Gothic Revival reawakened interest in Arthur and the medieval romances . A new code of ethics for 19th - century gentlemen was shaped around the chivalric ideals embodied in the `` Arthur of romance '' . This renewed interest first made itself felt in 1816 , when Malory 's Le Morte d'Arthur was reprinted for the first time since 1634 . Initially , the medieval Arthurian legends were of particular interest to poets , inspiring , for example , William Wordsworth to write `` The Egyptian Maid '' ( 1835 ) , an allegory of the Holy Grail . Pre-eminent among these was Alfred Tennyson , whose first Arthurian poem `` The Lady of Shalott '' was published in 1832 . Arthur himself played a minor role in some of these works , following in the medieval romance tradition . Tennyson 's Arthurian work reached its peak of popularity with Idylls of the King , however , which reworked the entire narrative of Arthur 's life for the Victorian era . It was first published in 1859 and sold 10,000 copies within the first week . In the Idylls , Arthur became a symbol of ideal manhood who ultimately failed , through human weakness , to establish a perfect kingdom on earth . Tennyson 's works prompted a large number of imitators , generated considerable public interest in the legends of Arthur and the character himself , and brought Malory 's tales to a wider audience . Indeed , the first modernisation of Malory 's great compilation of Arthur 's tales was published in 1862 , shortly after Idylls appeared , and there were six further editions and five competitors before the century ended . This interest in the ' Arthur of romance ' and his associated stories continued through the 19th century and into the 20th , and influenced poets such as William Morris and Pre-Raphaelite artists including Edward Burne - Jones . Even the humorous tale of Tom Thumb , which had been the primary manifestation of Arthur 's legend in the 18th century , was rewritten after the publication of Idylls . While Tom maintained his small stature and remained a figure of comic relief , his story now included more elements from the medieval Arthurian romances and Arthur is treated more seriously and historically in these new versions . The revived Arthurian romance also proved influential in the United States , with such books as Sidney Lanier 's The Boy 's King Arthur ( 1880 ) reaching wide audiences and providing inspiration for Mark Twain 's satiric A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court ( 1889 ) . Although the ' Arthur of romance ' was sometimes central to these new Arthurian works ( as he was in Burne - Jones 's `` The Sleep of Arthur in Avalon '' , 1881 - 1898 ) , on other occasions he reverted to his medieval status and is either marginalized or even missing entirely , with Wagner 's Arthurian operas providing a notable instance of the latter . Furthermore , the revival of interest in Arthur and the Arthurian tales did not continue unabated . By the end of the 19th century , it was confined mainly to Pre-Raphaelite imitators , and it could not avoid being affected by World War I , which damaged the reputation of chivalry and thus interest in its medieval manifestations and Arthur as chivalric role model . The romance tradition did , however , remain sufficiently powerful to persuade Thomas Hardy , Laurence Binyon and John Masefield to compose Arthurian plays , and T.S. Eliot alludes to the Arthur myth ( but not Arthur ) in his poem The Waste Land , which mentions the Fisher King . Modern legend The combat of Arthur and Mordred , illustrated by N.C. Wyeth for Sidney Lanier 's The Boy 's King Arthur ( 1922 ) See also : List of works based on Arthurian legends In the latter half of the 20th century , the influence of the romance tradition of Arthur continued , through novels such as T.H. White 's The Once and Future King ( 1958 ) and Marion Zimmer Bradley 's The Mists of Avalon ( 1982 ) in addition to comic strips such as Prince Valiant ( from 1937 onward ) . Tennyson had reworked the romance tales of Arthur to suit and comment upon the issues of his day , and the same is often the case with modern treatments too . Bradley 's tale , for example , takes a feminist approach to Arthur and his legend , in contrast to the narratives of Arthur found in medieval materials , and American authors often rework the story of Arthur to be more consistent with values such as equality and democracy . The romance Arthur has become popular in film and theatre as well . T.H. White 's novel was adapted into the Lerner and Loewe stage musical Camelot ( 1960 ) and the Disney animated film The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) ; Camelot , with its focus on the love of Lancelot and Guinevere and the cuckolding of Arthur , was itself made into a film of the same name in 1967 . The romance tradition of Arthur is particularly evident and , according to critics , successfully handled in Robert Bresson 's Lancelot du Lac ( 1974 ) , Eric Rohmer 's Perceval le Gallois ( 1978 ) and perhaps John Boorman 's fantasy film Excalibur ( 1981 ) ; it is also the main source of the material used in the Arthurian spoof Monty Python and the Holy Grail ( 1975 ) . The Death of Arthur , by John Garrick ( 1862 ) Re-tellings and re-imaginings of the romance tradition are not the only important aspect of the modern legend of King Arthur . Attempts to portray Arthur as a genuine historical figure of c. 500 , stripping away the `` romance '' , have also emerged . As Taylor and Brewer have noted , this return to the medieval `` chronicle tradition '' ' of Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Historia Brittonum is a recent trend which became dominant in Arthurian literature in the years following the outbreak of the Second World War , when Arthur 's legendary resistance to Germanic invaders struck a chord in Britain . Clemence Dane 's series of radio plays , The Saviours ( 1942 ) , used a historical Arthur to embody the spirit of heroic resistance against desperate odds , and Robert Sherriff 's play The Long Sunset ( 1955 ) saw Arthur rallying Romano - British resistance against the Germanic invaders . This trend towards placing Arthur in a historical setting is also apparent in historical and fantasy novels published during this period . In recent years the portrayal of Arthur as a real hero of the 5th century has also made its way into film versions of the Arthurian legend , most notably the TV series ' Arthur of the Britons ( 1972 -- 73 ) , Merlin ( 2008 - 12 ) , The Legend of King Arthur ( 1979 ) , and Camelot ( 2011 ) and the feature films King Arthur ( 2004 ) , The Last Legion ( 2007 ) and King Arthur : Legend of the Sword ( 2017 ) . Arthur has also been used as a model for modern - day behaviour . In the 1930s , the Order of the Fellowship of the Knights of the Round Table was formed in Britain to promote Christian ideals and Arthurian notions of medieval chivalry . In the United States , hundreds of thousands of boys and girls joined Arthurian youth groups , such as the Knights of King Arthur , in which Arthur and his legends were promoted as wholesome exemplars . However , Arthur 's diffusion within contemporary culture goes beyond such obviously Arthurian endeavours , with Arthurian names being regularly attached to objects , buildings , and places . As Norris J. Lacy has observed , `` The popular notion of Arthur appears to be limited , not surprisingly , to a few motifs and names , but there can be no doubt of the extent to which a legend born many centuries ago is profoundly embedded in modern culture at every level . '' See also King Arthur portal Historical basis for King Arthur King Arthur 's family King Arthur 's messianic return List of Arthurian characters List of books about King Arthur List of films based on Arthurian legend Nine Worthies , of which Arthur was one List of legendary kings of Britain Arthur Charles Lewis Brown Notes Jump up ^ Neubecker 1998 -- 2002 Jump up ^ Higham 2002 , pp. 11 -- 37 , has a summary of the debate on this point . Jump up ^ Charles - Edwards 1991 , p. 15 ; Sims - Williams 1991 . Y Gododdin can not be dated precisely : it describes 6th - century events and contains 9th - or 10th - century spelling , but the surviving copy is 13th - century . Jump up ^ Thorpe 1966 , but see also Loomis 1956 Jump up ^ See Padel 1994 ; Sims - Williams 1991 ; Green 2007b ; and Roberts 1991a Jump up ^ Barber 1986 , p. 141 Jump up ^ Dumville 1986 ; Higham 2002 , pp. 116 -- 69 ; Green 2007b , pp. 15 -- 26 , 30 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Green 2007b , pp. 26 -- 30 ; Koch 1996 , pp. 251 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Charles - Edwards 1991 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Morris 1973 Jump up ^ Myres 1986 , p. 16 Jump up ^ Gildas , De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae , chapter 26 . Jump up ^ Pryor 2004 , pp. 22 -- 27 Jump up ^ Bede , Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum , Book 1.16 . Jump up ^ Dumville 1977 , pp. 187 -- 88 Jump up ^ Green 1998 ; Padel 1994 ; Green 2007b , chapters five and seven . Jump up ^ Historia Brittonum 56 , 73 ; Annales Cambriae 516 , 537 . Jump up ^ For example , Ashley 2005 . Jump up ^ Heroic Age 1999 Jump up ^ Modern scholarship views the Glastonbury cross as the result of a probably late - 12th - century fraud . See Rahtz 1993 and Carey 1999 . Jump up ^ These range from Lucius Artorius Castus , a Roman officer who served in Britain in the 2nd or 3rd century ( Littleton & Malcor 1994 ) , to Roman usurper emperors such as Magnus Maximus or sub-Roman British rulers such as Riotamus ( Ashe 1985 ) , Ambrosius Aurelianus ( Reno 1996 ) , Owain Ddantgwyn ( Phillips & Keatman 1992 ) , and Athrwys ap Meurig ( Gilbert , Wilson & Blackett 1998 ) Jump up ^ Malone 1925 Jump up ^ Marcella Chelotti , Vincenza Morizio , Marina Silvestrini , Le epigrafi romane di Canosa , Volume 1 , Edipuglia srl , 1990 , pp. 261 , 264 . Jump up ^ Ciro Santoro , `` Per la nuova iscrizione messapica di Oria '' , La Zagaglia , A. VII , n . 27 , 1965 , pp. 271 -- 293 . Jump up ^ Ciro Santoro , `` La Nuova Epigrafe Messapica `` IM 4 . 16 , I - III '' di Ostuni ed nomi '' in Art - , Ricerche e Studi , Volume 12 , 1979 , pp. 45 -- 60 Jump up ^ Wilhelm Schulze , `` Zur Geschichte lateinischer Eigennamen '' ( Volume 5 , Issue 2 of Abhandlungen der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen , Philologisch - Historische Klasse , Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften Göttingen Philologisch - Historische Klasse ) , 2nd edition , Weidmann , 1966 , p. 72 , pp. 333 -- 338 Jump up ^ Olli Salomies : Die römischen Vornamen . Studien zur römischen Namengebung . Helsinki 1987 , p. 68 Jump up ^ Herbig , Gust. , `` Falisca '' , Glotta , Band II , Göttingen , 1910 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Koch 1996 , p. 253 Jump up ^ Zimmer 2009 Jump up ^ See Higham 2002 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ See Higham 2002 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Chambers 1964 , p. 170 ; Bromwich 1978 , p. 544 ; Johnson 2002 , pp. 38 -- 39 ; Walter 2005 , p. 74 ; Zimmer 2006 , p. 37 ; Zimmer 2009 Jump up ^ Anderson 2004 , pp. 28 -- 29 ; Green 2007b , pp. 191 -- 4 . Jump up ^ * Jaski , Bart , `` Early Irish examples of the name Arthur '' , in : Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie ; Bd. 56 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Adomnán , I , 8 -- 9 and translator 's note 81 ; Bannerman , pp. 82 -- 83 . Bannerman , pp. 90 -- 91 , notes that Artúr is the son of Conaing , son of Áedán in the Senchus fer n - Alban . Jump up ^ Green 2007b , pp. 45 -- 176 Jump up ^ Green 2007b , pp. 93 -- 130 Jump up ^ Padel 1994 has a thorough discussion of this aspect of Arthur 's character . Jump up ^ Green 2007b , pp. 135 -- 76 . On his possessions and wife , see also Ford 1983 . Jump up ^ Williams 1937 , p. 64 , line 1242 Jump up ^ Charles - Edwards 1991 , p. 15 ; Koch 1996 , pp. 242 -- 45 ; Green 2007b , pp. 13 -- 15 , 50 -- 52 . Jump up ^ See , for example , Haycock & 1983 -- 84 and Koch 1996 , pp. 264 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Online translations of this poem are out - dated and inaccurate . See Haycock 2007 , pp. 293 -- 311 for a full translation , and Green 2007b , p. 197 for a discussion of its Arthurian aspects . Jump up ^ See , for example , Green 2007b , pp. 54 -- 67 and Budgey 1992 , who includes a translation . Jump up ^ Koch & Carey 1994 , pp. 314 -- 15 Jump up ^ Lanier 1881 Jump up ^ Sims - Williams 1991 , pp. 38 -- 46 has a full translation and analysis of this poem . Jump up ^ For a discussion of the tale , see Bromwich & Evans 1992 ; see also Padel 1994 , pp. 2 -- 4 ; Roberts 1991a ; and Green 2007b , pp. 67 -- 72 and chapter three . Jump up ^ Barber 1986 , pp. 17 -- 18 , 49 ; Bromwich 1978 Jump up ^ Roberts 1991a , pp. 78 , 81 Jump up ^ Roberts 1991a Jump up ^ Translated in Coe & Young 1995 , pp. 22 -- 27 . On the Glastonbury tale and its Otherworldly antecedents , see Sims - Williams 1991 , pp. 58 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Coe & Young 1995 , pp. 26 -- 37 Jump up ^ See Ashe 1985 for an attempt to use this vita as a historical source . Jump up ^ Padel 1994 , pp. 8 -- 12 ; Green 2007b , pp. 72 -- 5 , 259 , 261 -- 2 ; Bullock - Davies 1982 Jump up ^ Wright 1985 ; Thorpe 1966 Jump up ^ Geoffrey of Monmouth , Historia Regum Britanniae Book 8.19 -- 24 , Book 9 , Book 10 , Book 11.1 -- 2 Jump up ^ Thorpe 1966 Jump up ^ Roberts 1991b , p. 106 ; Padel 1994 , pp. 11 -- 12 Jump up ^ Green 2007b , pp. 217 -- 19 Jump up ^ Roberts 1991b , pp. 109 -- 10 , 112 ; Bromwich & Evans 1992 , pp. 64 -- 5 Jump up ^ Roberts 1991b , p. 108 Jump up ^ Bromwich 1978 , pp. 454 -- 55 Jump up ^ See , for example , Brooke 1986 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Ashe 1985 , p. 6 ; Padel 1995 , p. 110 ; Higham 2002 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Crick 1989 Jump up ^ Sweet 2004 , p. 140 . See further , Roberts 1991b and Roberts 1980 . Jump up ^ As noted by , for example , Ashe 1996 . Jump up ^ For example , Thorpe 1966 , p. 29 Jump up ^ Stokstad 1996 Jump up ^ Loomis 1956 ; Bromwich 1983 ; Bromwich 1991 . Jump up ^ Lacy 1996a , p. 16 ; Morris 1982 , p. 2 . Jump up ^ For example , Geoffrey of Monmouth , Historia Regum Britanniae Book 10.3 . Jump up ^ Padel 2000 , p. 81 Jump up ^ Morris 1982 , pp. 99 -- 102 ; Lacy 1996a , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Lacy 1996a , p. 17 Jump up ^ Pyle 1903 Jump up ^ Burgess & Busby 1999 Jump up ^ Lacy 1996b Jump up ^ Kibler & Carroll 1991 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Lacy 1996b , p. 88 Jump up ^ Roach & 1949 -- 83 Jump up ^ Ulrich von Zatzikhoven 2005 Jump up ^ Padel 2000 , pp. 77 -- 82 Jump up ^ See Jones & Jones 1949 for accurate translations of all three texts . It is not entirely certain what , exactly , the relationship is between these Welsh romances and Chrétien 's works , however : see Koch 1996 , pp. 280 -- 88 for a survey of opinions Jump up ^ BNF c. 1475 , fol . 610v ^ Jump up to : Lacy & 1992 -- 96 Jump up ^ For a study of this cycle , see Burns 1985 . Jump up ^ Lacy 1996c , p. 344 Jump up ^ On Malory and his work , see Field 1993 and Field 1998 . Jump up ^ Vinaver 1990 Jump up ^ Carley 1984 Jump up ^ Parins 1995 , p. 5 ^ Jump up to : Ashe 1968 , pp. 20 -- 21 ; Merriman 1973 Jump up ^ Green 2007a Jump up ^ Tennyson 1868 , p . Plate III Jump up ^ Parins 1995 , pp. 8 -- 10 Jump up ^ Wordsworth 1835 Jump up ^ See Potwin 1902 for the sources that Tennyson used when writing this poem Jump up ^ Taylor & Brewer 1983 , p. 127 Jump up ^ See Rosenberg 1973 and Taylor & Brewer 1983 , pp. 89 -- 128 for analyses of The Idylls of the King . Jump up ^ See , for example , Simpson 1990 . Jump up ^ Staines 1996 , p. 449 Jump up ^ Taylor & Brewer 1983 , pp. 127 -- 161 ; Mancoff 1990 . Jump up ^ Green 2007a , p. 127 ; Gamerschlag 1983 Jump up ^ Twain 1889 ; Smith & Thompson 1996 . Jump up ^ Watson 2002 Jump up ^ Mancoff 1990 Jump up ^ Workman 1994 Jump up ^ Hardy 1923 ; Binyon 1923 ; and Masefield 1927 Jump up ^ Eliot 1949 ; Barber 2004 , pp. 327 -- 28 Jump up ^ Lanier 1922 Jump up ^ White 1958 ; Bradley 1982 ; Tondro 2002 , p. 170 Jump up ^ Lagorio 1996 Jump up ^ Lupack & Lupack 1991 Jump up ^ Harty 1996 ; Harty 1997 Jump up ^ Taylor & Brewer 1983 , chapter nine ; see also Higham 2002 , pp. 21 -- 22 , 30 . Jump up ^ Thompson 1996 , p. 141 Jump up ^ For example : Rosemary Sutcliff 's The Lantern Bearers ( 1959 ) and Sword at Sunset ( 1963 ) ; Mary Stewart 's The Crystal Cave ( 1970 ) and its sequels ; Parke Godwin 's Firelord ( 1980 ) and its sequels ; Stephen Lawhead 's The Pendragon Cycle ( 1987 -- 99 ) ; Nikolai Tolstoy 's The Coming of the King ( 1988 ) ; Jack Whyte 's The Camulod Chronicles ( 1992 -- 97 ) ; and Bernard Cornwell 's The Warlord Chronicles ( 1995 -- 97 ) . See List of books about King Arthur . Jump up ^ Arthur of the Britons ( TV Series 1972 -- 1973 ) -- IMDb ; Camelot on IMDb Jump up ^ King Arthur on IMDb ; The Last Legion on IMDb Jump up ^ Thomas 1993 , pp. 128 -- 31 Jump up ^ Lupack 2002 , p. 2 ; Forbush & Forbush 1915 Jump up ^ Lacy 1996d , p. 364 Sources Anderson , Graham ( 2004 ) , King Arthur in Antiquity , London : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 31714 - 6 . Ashe , Geoffrey ( 1985 ) , The Discovery of King Arthur , Garden City , NY : Anchor Press / Doubleday , ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 19032 - 9 . Ashe , Geoffrey ( 1996 ) , `` Geoffrey of Monmouth '' , in Lacy , Norris , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 179 -- 82 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Ashe , Geoffrey ( 1968 ) , `` The Visionary Kingdom '' , in Ashe , Geoffrey , The Quest for Arthur 's Britain , London : Granada , ISBN 0 - 586 - 08044 - 9 . Ashley , Michael ( 2005 ) , The Mammoth Book of King Arthur , London : Robinson , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84119 - 249 - 9 . Barber , Richard ( 1986 ) , King Arthur : Hero and Legend , Woodbridge , UK : Boydell Press , ISBN 0 - 85115 - 254 - 6 . Barber , Richard ( 2004 ) , The Holy Grail : Imagination and Belief , London : Allen Lane , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7139 - 9206 - 9 . Bibliothèque nationale de France ( French National Library ) ( c. 1475 ) , Français 116 : Lancelot en prose ( French MS 116 : The Prose Lancelot ) ( in French ) , Illuminated by Évrard d'Espinques . Originally commissioned for Jacques d'Armagnac , now held by the BNF Department of Manuscripts ( Paris ) Binyon , Laurence ( 1923 ) , Arthur : A Tragedy , London : Heinemann , OCLC 17768778 . Bradley , Marion Zimmer ( 1982 ) , The Mists of Avalon , New York : Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 52406 - 1 . Bromwich , Rachel ( 1978 ) , Trioedd Ynys Prydein : The Welsh Triads , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 0690 - 1 . 2nd ed . Bromwich , Rachel ( 1983 ) , `` Celtic Elements in Arthurian Romance : A General Survey '' , in Grout , P.B. ; Diverres , Armel Hugh , The Legend of Arthur in the Middle Ages , Woodbridge : Boydell and Brewer , pp. 41 -- 55 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 132 - 0 . Bromwich , Rachel ( 1991 ) , `` First Transmission to England and France '' , in Bromwich , Rachel ; Jarman , A.O.H. ; Roberts , Brynley F. , The Arthur of the Welsh , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , pp. 273 -- 98 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1107 - 3 . Bromwich , Rachel ; Evans , D. Simon ( 1992 ) , Culhwch and Olwen . An Edition and Study of the Oldest Arthurian Tale , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1127 - 1 . Brooke , Christopher N.L. ( 1986 ) , The Church and the Welsh Border in the Central Middle Ages , Woodbridge : Boydell , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85115 - 175 - 5 . Budgey , A. ( 1992 ) , `` ' Preiddeu Annwn ' and the Welsh Tradition of Arthur '' , in Byrne , Cyril J. ; Harry , Margaret Rose ; Ó Siadhail , Padraig , Celtic Languages and Celtic People : Proceedings of the Second North American Congress of Celtic Studies , held in Halifax , August 16 -- 19 , 1989 , Halifax , Nova Scotia : D'Arcy McGee Chair of Irish Studies , Saint Mary 's University , pp. 391 -- 404 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9696252 - 0 - 9 . Bullock - Davies , C. ( 1982 ) , `` Exspectare Arthurum , Arthur and the Messianic Hope '' , Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies ( 29 ) : 432 -- 40 . Burgess , Glyn S. ; Busby , Keith , eds. ( 1999 ) , The Lais of Marie de France , London : Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044759 - 0 . 2nd . ed . Burns , E. Jane ( 1985 ) , Arthurian Fictions : Re-reading the Vulgate Cycle , Columbus : Ohio State University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8142 - 0387 - 3 . Carey , John ( 1999 ) , `` The Finding of Arthur 's Grave : A Story from Clonmacnoise ? '' , in Carey , John ; Koch , John T. ; Lambert , Pierre - Yves , Ildánach Ildírech . A Festschrift for Proinsias Mac Cana , Andover : Celtic Studies Publications , pp. 1 -- 14 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 891271 - 01 - 4 . Carley , J.P. ( 1984 ) , `` Polydore Vergil and John Leland on King Arthur : The Battle of the Books '' , Arthurian Interpretations ( 15 ) : 86 -- 100 . Chambers , Edmund Kerchever ( 1964 ) , Arthur of Britain , Speculum Historiale . Charles - Edwards , Thomas M. ( 1991 ) , `` The Arthur of History '' , in Bromwich , Rachel ; Jarman , A.O.H. ; Roberts , Brynley F. , The Arthur of the Welsh , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , pp. 15 -- 32 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1107 - 3 . Coe , John B. ; Young , Simon ( 1995 ) , The Celtic Sources for the Arthurian Legend , Felinfach , Lampeter : Llanerch , ISBN 978 - 1 - 897853 - 83 - 2 . Crick , Julia C. ( 1989 ) , The `` Historia regum Britanniae '' of Geoffrey of Monmouth . 3 : A Summary Catalogue of the Manuscripts , Cambridge : Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 213 - 6 . Dumville , D.N. ( 1977 ) , `` Sub-Roman Britain : History and Legend '' , History , 62 ( 62 ) : 173 -- 92 , doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 229X. 1977. tb02335. x . Dumville , D.N. ( 1986 ) , `` The Historical Value of the Historia Brittonum '' , Arthurian Literature ( 6 ) : 1 -- 26 . Eliot , Thomas Stearns ( 1949 ) , The Waste Land and Other Poems , London : Faber and Faber , OCLC 56866661 . Field , P.J.C. ( 1993 ) , The Life and Times of Sir Thomas Malory , Cambridge : Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 585 - 16570 - 7 . Field , P.J.C. ( 1998 ) , Malory : Texts and Sources , Cambridge : Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 536 - 6 . Ford , P.K. ( 1983 ) , `` On the Significance of some Arthurian Names in Welsh '' , Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies ( 30 ) : 268 -- 73 . Forbush , William Byron ; Forbush , Dascomb ( 1915 ) , The Knights of King Arthur : How To Begin and What To Do , The Camelot Project at the University of Rochester , retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Gamerschlag , K. ( 1983 ) , `` Tom Thumb und König Arthur ; oder : Der Däumling als Maßstab der Welt . Beobachtungen zu dreihundertfünfzig Jahren gemeinsamer Geschichte '' , Anglia ( in German ) ( 101 ) : 361 -- 91 . Gilbert , Adrian ; Wilson , Alan ; Blackett , Baram ( 1998 ) , The Holy Kingdom , London : Corgi , ISBN 978 - 0 - 552 - 14489 - 6 . Green , Thomas ( 1998 ) , `` The Historicity and Historicisation of Arthur '' , Thomas Green 's Arthurian Resources , retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Green , Thomas ( August 2007a ) , `` Tom Thumb and Jack the Giant Killer : Two Arthurian Fairytales ? '' , Folklore , 118 ( 2 ) : 123 -- 40 , doi : 10.1080 / 00155870701337296 . ( EBSCO subscription required . ) Green , Thomas ( 2007b ) , Concepts of Arthur , Stroud : Tempus , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7524 - 4461 - 1 . Haycock , M. ( 1983 -- 84 ) , `` Preiddeu Annwn and the Figure of Taliesin '' , Studia Celtica ' ( 18 / 19 ) : 52 -- 78 . Haycock , M. ( 2007 ) , Legendary Poems from the Book of Taliesin , Aberystwyth : CMCS , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9527478 - 9 - 5 . Hardy , Thomas ( 1923 ) , The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse : A New Version of an Old Story Arranged as a Play for Mummers , in One Act , Requiring No Theatre or Scenery , London : Macmillan , OCLC 1124753 . Harty , Kevin J. ( 1996 ) , `` Films '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 152 -- 155 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Harty , Kevin J. ( 1997 ) , `` Arthurian Film '' , Arthuriana / Camelot Project Bibliography , retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Heroic Age ( Spring -- Summer 1999 ) , `` Early Medieval Tintagel : An Interview with Archaeologists Rachel Harry and Kevin Brady '' , The Heroic Age ( 1 ) , archived from the original on 2014 - 08 - 21 . Higham , N.J. ( 2002 ) , King Arthur , Myth - Making and History , London : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 21305 - 9 . Jones , Gwyn ; Jones , Thomas , eds. ( 1949 ) , The Mabinogion , London : Dent , OCLC 17884380 . Johnson , Flint ( 2002 ) , The British Sources of the Abduction and Grail Romances , University Press of America . Kibler , William ; Carroll , Carleton W. , eds. ( 1991 ) , Chrétien de Troyes : Arthurian Romances , London : Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 044521 - 3 . Koch , John T. ( 1996 ) , `` The Celtic Lands '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , Medieval Arthurian Literature : A Guide to Recent Research , New York : Garland , pp. 239 -- 322 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 2160 - 6 . Koch , John T. ; Carey , John ( 1994 ) , The Celtic Heroic Age : Literary Sources for Ancient Celtic Europe and Early Ireland and Wales , Malden , MA : Celtic Studies Publications , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9642446 - 2 - 7 . Lacy , Norris J. ( 1992 -- 96 ) , Lancelot - Grail : The Old French Arthurian Vulgate and Post-Vulgate in Translation , New York : Garland , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 0757 - 0 . 5 vols . Lacy , Norris J. ( 1996a ) , `` Character of Arthur '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 16 -- 17 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Lacy , Norris J. ( 1996b ) , `` Chrétien de Troyes '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 88 -- 91 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Lacy , Norris J. ( 1996c ) , `` Nine Worthies '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , p. 344 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Lacy , Norris J. ( 1996d ) , `` Popular Culture '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 363 -- 64 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Lagorio , V.M. ( 1996 ) , `` Bradley , Marion Zimmer '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , p. 57 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Lanier , Sidney , ed. ( 1881 ) , The Boy 's Mabinogion : being the earliest Welsh tales of King Arthur in the famous Red Book of Hergest , Illustrated by Alfred Fredericks , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Lanier , Sidney , ed. ( 1922 ) , The Boy 's King Arthur : Sir Thomas Malory 's History of King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table , Illustrated by N.C. Wyeth , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons . Littleton , C. Scott ; Malcor , Linda A. ( 1994 ) , From Scythia to Camelot : A Radical Reassessment of the Legends of King Arthur , the Knights of the Round Table and the Holy Grail , New York : Garland , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 1496 - 7 . Loomis , Roger Sherman ( 1956 ) , `` The Arthurian Legend before 1139 '' , in Loomis , Roger Sherman , Wales and the Arthurian Legend , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , pp. 179 -- 220 , OCLC 2792376 . Lupack , Alan ; Lupack , Barbara ( 1991 ) , King Arthur in America , Cambridge : D.S. Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 543 - 4 . Lupack , Alan ( 2002 ) , `` Preface '' , in Sklar , Elizabeth Sherr ; Hoffman , Donald L. , King Arthur in Popular Culture , Jefferson , NC : McFarland , pp. 1 -- 3 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1257 - 0 . Malone , Kemp ( May 1925 ) , `` Artorius '' , Modern Philology , 22 ( 4 ) : 367 -- 74 , doi : 10.1086 / 387553 , JSTOR 433555 . ( JSTOR subscription required . ) Mancoff , Debra N. ( 1990 ) , The Arthurian Revival in Victorian Art , New York : Garland , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 7040 - 3 . Masefield , John ( 1927 ) , Tristan and Isolt : A Play in Verse , London : Heinemann , OCLC 4787138 . Merriman , James Douglas ( 1973 ) , The Flower of Kings : A Study of the Arthurian Legend in England Between 1485 and 1835 , Lawrence : University of Kansas Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7006 - 0102 - 8 . Morris , John ( 1973 ) , The Age of Arthur : A History of the British Isles from 350 to 650 , New York : Scribner , ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 13313 - 3 . Morris , Rosemary ( 1982 ) , The Character of King Arthur in Medieval Literature , Cambridge : Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8476 - 7118 - 2 . Myres , J.N.L. ( 1986 ) , The English Settlements , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 282235 - 2 . Neubecker , Ottfried ( 1998 -- 2002 ) , Wappenkunde ( in German ) , Munich : Orbis Verlag , p. 170 , ISBN 3 - 572 - 01336 - 4 . Padel , O.J. ( 1994 ) , `` The Nature of Arthur '' , Cambrian Medieval Celtic Studies ( 27 ) : 1 -- 31 . Padel , O.J. ( Fall 1995 ) , `` Recent Work on the Origins of the Arthurian Legend : A Comment '' , Arthuriana , 5 ( 3 ) : 103 -- 14 . Padel , O.J. ( 2000 ) , Arthur in Medieval Welsh Literature , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1682 - 5 . Parins , Marylyn Jackson ( 1995 ) , Sir Thomas Malory : The Critical Heritage , London : Routledge , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 13400 - 2 . Phillips , Graham ; Keatman , Martin ( 1992 ) , King Arthur : The True Story , London : Century , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7126 - 5580 - 4 . Potwin , L.S. ( 1902 ) , `` The Source of Tennyson 's ' The Lady of Shalott ' '' , Modern Language Notes , Modern Language Notes , Vol. 17 , No. 8 , 17 ( 8 ) : 237 -- 239 , doi : 10.2307 / 2917812 , JSTOR 2917812 . Pryor , Francis ( 2004 ) , Britain AD : A Quest for England , Arthur , and the Anglo - Saxons , London : HarperCollins , ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 718186 - 5 . Pyle , Howard ( 1903 ) , The Story of King Arthur and His Knights , Illustrated by Howard Pyle , New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons Rahtz , Philip ( 1993 ) , English Heritage Book of Glastonbury , London : Batsford , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 6865 - 6 . Reno , Frank D. ( 1996 ) , The Historic King Arthur : Authenticating the Celtic Hero of Post-Roman Britain , Jefferson , NC : McFarland , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 0266 - 3 . Roach , William , ed. ( 1949 -- 83 ) , The Continuations of the Old French ' Perceval ' of Chrétien de Troyes , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press , OCLC 67476613 . 5 vols . Roberts , Brynley F. ( 1980 ) , Brut Tysilio : darlith agoriadol gan Athro y Gymraeg a'i Llenyddiaeth ( in Welsh ) , Abertawe : Coleg Prifysgol Abertawe , ISBN 978 - 0 - 86076 - 020 - 7 . Roberts , Brynley F. ( 1991a ) , `` Culhwch ac Olwen , The Triads , Saints ' Lives '' , in Bromwich , Rachel ; Jarman , A.O.H. ; Roberts , Brynley F. , The Arthur of the Welsh , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , pp. 73 -- 95 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1107 - 3 . Roberts , Brynley F. ( 1991b ) , `` Geoffrey of Monmouth , Historia Regum Britanniae and Brut Y Brenhinedd '' , in Bromwich , Rachel ; Jarman , A.O.H. ; Roberts , Brynley F. , The Arthur of the Welsh , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , pp. 98 -- 116 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1107 - 3 . Rosenberg , John D. ( 1973 ) , The Fall of Camelot : A Study of Tennyson 's ' Idylls of the King ' , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 29175 - 1 . Simpson , Roger ( 1990 ) , Camelot Regained : The Arthurian Revival and Tennyson , 1800 -- 1849 , Cambridge : Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 300 - 3 . Sims - Williams , Patrick ( 1991 ) , `` The Early Welsh Arthurian Poems '' , in Bromwich , Rachel ; Jarman , A.O.H. ; Roberts , Brynley F. , The Arthur of the Welsh , Cardiff : University of Wales Press , pp. 33 -- 71 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7083 - 1107 - 3 . Smith , C. ; Thompson , R.H. ( 1996 ) , `` Twain , Mark '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , p. 478 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Staines , D. ( 1996 ) , `` Tennyson , Alfred Lord '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 446 -- 449 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Stokstad , M. ( 1996 ) , `` Modena Archivolt '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 324 -- 326 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Sweet , Rosemary ( 2004 ) , Antiquaries : The Discovery of the Past in Eighteenth - century Britain , London : Continuum , ISBN 1 - 85285 - 309 - 3 . Taylor , Beverly ; Brewer , Elisabeth ( 1983 ) , The Return of King Arthur : British and American Arthurian Literature Since 1800 , Cambridge : Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 389 - 20278 - 3 . Tennyson , Alfred ( 1868 ) , Enid , Illustrated by Gustave Doré , London : Edward Moxon & Co ... Thomas , Charles ( 1993 ) , Book of Tintagel : Arthur and Archaeology , London : Batsford , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 6689 - 8 . Thompson , R.H. ( 1996 ) , `` English , Arthurian Literature in ( Modern ) '' , in Lacy , Norris J. , The New Arthurian Encyclopedia , New York : Garland , pp. 136 -- 144 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 56865 - 432 - 4 . Thorpe , Lewis , ed. ( 1966 ) , Geoffrey of Monmouth , The History of the Kings of Britain , Harmondsworth : Penguin , OCLC 3370598 . Tondro , Jason ( 2002 ) , `` Camelot in Comics '' , in Sklar , Elizabeth Sherr ; Hoffman , Donald L. , King Arthur in Popular Culture , Jefferson , NC : McFarland , pp. 169 -- 181 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1257 - 0 . Twain , Mark ( 1889 ) , A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court , New York : Webster , OCLC 11267671 . Ulrich von Zatzikhoven ( 2005 ) ( c. 1194 ) , Lanzelet , Translated by Thomas Kerth , New York : Columbia University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12869 - 8 . Vinaver , Sir Eugène , ed. ( 1990 ) , The Works of Sir Thomas Malory , Oxford : Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 812346 - 0 . 3rd ed. , revised . Watson , Derek ( 2002 ) , `` Wagner : Tristan und Isolde and Parsifal '' , in Barber , Richard , King Arthur in Music , Cambridge : D.S. Brewer , pp. 23 -- 34 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 767 - 4 . Walter , Philippe ( 2005 ) ( 2002 ) , Artù . L'orso e il re ( Original French title : Arthur : l'ours et le roi ; English : Arthur : The Bear and the King ) ( in Italian ) , Translated by M. Faccia , Edizioni Arkeios ( Original French publisher : Imago ) . White , Terence Hanbury ( 1958 ) , The Once and Future King , London : Collins , OCLC 547840 . Williams , Sir Ifor , ed. ( 1937 ) , Canu Aneirin ( in Welsh ) , Caerdydd ( Cardiff ) : Gwasg Prifysgol Cymru ( University of Wales Press ) , OCLC 13163081 . Wordsworth , William ( 1835 ) , `` The Egyptian Maid , or , The Romance of the Water - Lily '' , The Camelot Project , The University of Rochester , retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Workman , L.J. ( 1994 ) , `` Medievalism and Romanticism '' , Poetica ( 39 -- 40 ) : 1 -- 44 . Wright , Neil , ed. ( 1985 ) , The Historia Regum Britanniae of Geoffrey of Monmouth , 1 : Bern , Burgerbibliothek , MS . 568 , Cambridge : Brewer , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85991 - 211 - 2 . Zimmer , Stefan ( 2006 ) , Die keltischen Wurzeln der Artussage : mit einer vollständigen Übersetzung der ältesten Artuserzählung Culhwch und Olwen . Zimmer , Stefan ( 2009 ) , `` The Name of Arthur -- A New Etymology '' , Journal of Celtic Linguistics , University of Wales Press , 13 ( 1 ) : 131 -- 136 . Further reading Halsall , Guy ( 2013 ) . Worlds of Arthur : Facts & Fictions of the Dark Ages . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 870084 - 5 . Breeze , Andrew ( September 2015 ) . `` The Historical Arthur and Sixth - Century Scotland '' . Northern History . LII ( 2 ) : 158 -- 81 . Breeze , Andrew ( September 2016 ) . `` Arthur 's Battles and the Volcanic Winter of 536 - 7 '' . Northern History . LIII ( 2 ) : 161 -- 72 . External links Find more aboutKing Arthurat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Data from Wikidata International Arthurian Society `` Arthurian Gwent '' . Blaenau Gwent Borough County Council . Archived from the original on 12 May 2008 . Retrieved 22 May 2008 ... An excellent site detailing Welsh Arthurian folklore . Green , Caitlin . `` Arthuriana : Studies in Early Medieval History and Legend '' ... A detailed and comprehensive academic site , which includes numerous scholarly articles . Arthuriana : The Journal of Arthurian Studies , published by Scriptorium Press for Purdue University , US . The only academic journal solely concerned with the Arthurian Legend ; a good selection of resources and links . `` Celtic Literature Collective '' ... Provides texts and translations ( of varying quality ) of Welsh medieval sources , many of which mention Arthur . Green , Thomas ( October 2012 ) . `` John Dee , King Arthur , and the Conquest of the Arctic '' . The Heroic Age ( 15 ) ... The Camelot Project , The University of Rochester . Provides valuable bibliographies and freely downloadable versions of Arthurian texts . The Heroic Age : A Journal of Early Medieval Northwestern Europe . An online peer - reviewed journal that includes regular Arthurian articles ; see especially the first issue . Legendary titles Preceded by Uther Pendragon King of Britain Succeeded by Constantine III ( hide ) King Arthur and the Matter of Britain Key people King Arthur Constantine Galahad Gawain Queen Guinevere Igraine Lady of the Lake Lancelot Merlin Mordred Morgan le Fay Morgause Percival Tristan Uther Pendragon Knights of the Round Table Aglovale Agravain Bagdemagus Bedivere Bors Breunor Calogrenant Caradoc Dagonet Dinadan Elyan the White Erec Gaheris Gareth Geraint Griflet Hector de Maris Hoel Kay Lamorak Leodegrance Lionel Lucan Morholt Palamedes Pelleas Pellinore Safir Sagramore Segwarides Tor Urien Ywain Ywain the Bastard Other characters Balin Balan King Ban Claudas Culhwch Dindrane Ector Elaine of Astolat Elaine of Corbenic Fisher King Galehaut Gorlois Gwenhwyfach Hellawes Iseult Black Knight Green Knight Red Knight Lohengrin King Lot Maleagant King Mark Emperor Lucius Olwen Questing Beast Rience Tom Thumb Objects Excalibur Holy Grail Round Table Siege Perilous Places Astolat Avalon Brocéliande ( Paimpont ) Caerleon Camelot Celliwig Corbenic Glastonbury Logres Lyonesse Sarras Tintagel In media Books Films Various media Topics Battle of Badon Battle of Camlann Dolorous Stroke King Arthur 's family Historicity of King Arthur King Arthur 's messianic return Celtic mythology series Welsh mythology Texts and tales Four Branches of the Mabinogi Pwyll Pendefig Dyfed Branwen ferch Llŷr Manawydan fab Llŷr Math fab Mathonwy Arthurian Culhwch and Olwen Preiddeu Annwfn Owain , or the Lady of the Fountain Geraint and Enid Peredur son of Efrawg The Dream of Rhonabwy Geraint son of Erbin Other Taliesin Cad Goddeu Welsh Triads The Dream of Macsen Wledig Englynion y Beddau Giant tales Lludd and Llefelys Characters Afaon fab Taliesin Amaethon Arawn Arianrhod Arthur Afallach Beli Mawr Bleiddwn Blodeuwedd Bedwyr Bendigeidfran Branwen Cai Caradog ap Bran Caswallawn Ceridwen Cigfa Creiddylad Culhwch Cyhyraeth Cyledr Wyllt Cymidei Cymeinfoll Cynon Dôn Drudwas Dylan ail Don Dywel fab Erbin Edern ap Nudd Efnysien Elen Elffin ap Gwyddno Eliwlod Eufydd Euroswydd Geraint Gilfaethwy Glewlwyd Gafaelfawr Goewin Gofannon Goreu fab Custennin Gronw Pebr Gwawl Gwern Gwrhyr Gwyddno Garanhir Gwydion Gwyn ap Nudd Gwythyr Gwalchmei Hafgan Hefeydd Hueil mab Caw Hychddwn Hyddwn Iddog ap Mynio Idris Llefelys Lleu Llŷr Lludd Llwyd Mabon Madoc ap Uthyr Macsen Wledig Mallt - y - Nos Manawydan Math Matholwch Menw Modron Morfydd Morfran Nisien Olwen Penarddun Penpingion Peredur Pryderi Pwyll Rhiannon Saint Cyllin Saint Eigen Sanddef Seithenyn Taliesin Tegid Foel Teyrnon Ysbaddaden Animals and creatures Adar Llwch Gwin Adar Rhiannon Afanc Cavall ( Cafall , Cabal ) Ceffyl Dŵr Cewri Coblynau Coraniaid Cŵn Annwn Cyhyraeth Dreigiau Gwyllgi Gwyllion Llamhigyn y Dŵr Morgens Plentyn Newid Pwca Twrch Trwyth Tylwyth Teg Locations Annwn Cornwall ( Celliwig ) Caer Sidi Cantre'r Gwaelod Dyfed ( Arberth , Gwales ) Gwynedd ( Aberffraw , Arfon , Ardudwy , Caer Dathyl ) Ireland London ( Ludgate ) Miscellaneous Excalibur ( Caledfwlch ) Cauldron of rebirth Llech Ronw Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain Culture of Cornwall Cornish : Gonisogeth Kernow Symbols Celtic cross Cornish chough Cornish heath Cornish kilts and tartans Jonathan Trelawny Michael An Gof Saint Piran Saint Piran 's Flag Festivals AberFest Allantide Chewidden Thursday Furry Dance Golowan Guldize Kernewek Lowender Montol Festival Mummer 's Day Nickanan Night Noze looan ' Obby ' Oss Picrous Day St Piran 's Day Tom Bawcock 's Eve Sports Cornish hurling Cornish pilot - gig racing Cornish wrestling Rugby union in Cornwall Cuisine Cornish Cider Cloam oven Clotted cream Cornish cheeses Cornish cream tea Cornish fairings Cornish Gilliflower Hevva cake Hog 's pudding Pasty Saffron bun Stargazy pie Cornish Yarg Arts List of Cornish writers Tristan and Iseult Cornwall Film Festival Tate St Ives St Ives School W.J. Burley Charles Causley Newlyn School Barbara Hepworth Daphne du Maurier William Golding Alan Kent H.C. McNeile Rosamunde Pilcher Derek Tangye D.M. Thomas Minack Theatre The Pirates of Penzance Music Cornish bagpipes Brenda Wootton Fisherman 's Friends Crowns Folk songs `` Bro Goth agan Tasow '' `` Camborne Hill '' `` Come , all ye jolly tinner boys '' `` Delkiow Sivy '' `` Hail to the Homeland '' `` The Song of the Western Men '' Language Anglo - Cornish Cornish literature Ordinalia Beunans Meriasek Bewnans Ke Prayer Book Rebellion Radyo an Gernewegva Mythology Beast of Bodmin Blunderbore Bucca Cruel Coppinger Knocker King Arthur Lyonesse Mermaid of Zennor Owlman Piskie Organisations Federation of Old Cornwall Societies Gorsedh Kernow Institute of Cornish Studies Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society Royal Institution of Cornwall Movyans Skolyow Meythrin Akademi Kernewek Cornwall portal Geoffrey of Monmouth Works Prophetiae Merlini ( c. 1135 ) Historia Regum Britanniae ( c. 1136 ) Vita Merlini ( c. 1150 ) Translations Roman de Brut Layamon 's Brut Brut y Brenhinedd Characters Aeneas Saint Alban Albanactus Alhfrith of Deira Allectus Ambrosius Aurelianus Amphibalus Andragius Archgallo Archmail King Arthur Arvirargus Ascanius Augustine of Canterbury Aurelius Conanus Bedivere Beldgabred Beli Mawr Belinus Bladud Bledric ap Custennin Bledudo Brennius Brutus Greenshield Brutus of Troy Budic II of Brittany Cadfan ap Iago Cadoc Cador Cadwaladr Cadwallon ap Cadfan Camber ( legendary king ) Cap of Britain Capetus Silvius Capoir Caracalla Caradocus Carausius Cassivellaunus Catellus Catigern Cherin Claudius Cledaucus Clotenus Coel Hen Coilus Conan Meriadoc Constans II ( usurper ) Constantine the Great Constantine III ( Western Roman Emperor ) Constantine ( Briton ) Constantius Chlorus Cordelia of Britain Corineus Cunedagius Cunobeline Danius Saint David Digueillus Diocletian Dionotus Dunvallo Molmutius Ebraucus Edadus Edern ap Nudd Edwin of Northumbria Eldol Eldol , Consul of Gloucester Elidurus Eliud Enniaunus Estrildis Eudaf Hen Ferrex Fulgenius Gawain Gerennus Goffar the Pict Gogmagog ( folklore ) Goneril Gorboduc Gorbonianus Gorlois Gracianus Municeps Guiderius Guinevere Guithelin Gurgintius Gurguit Barbtruc Gurgustius Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio Queen Gwendolen Helena ( empress ) Helenus Hengist and Horsa Hoel Humber the Hun Iago ap Beli Idvallo Igraine Ingenius of Britain Jago of Britain Julius and Aaron Julius Asclepiodotus Julius Caesar Sir Kay Keredic Kimarcus Kinarius Latinus Lavinia Leil Leir of Britain Locrinus King Lot Lucius of Britain Lucius Tiberius Lud son of Heli Maddan Maelgwn Gwynedd Magnus Maximus Mandubracius Queen Marcia Marganus Marganus II Marius of Britain Mempricius Merianus Merlin Millus Mordred Morgause Morvidus Myrddin Wyllt Nennius of Britain Octa of Kent Oenus Oswald of Northumbria Oswiu of Northumbria Owain mab Urien Penda of Mercia Peredur Peredurus Pir of the Britons Porrex I Porrex II Publius Septimius Geta Quintus Laberius Durus Redechius Redon of Britain Regan ( King Lear ) Rhydderch Hael Rience Rivallo Rud Hud Hudibras Runo Sawyl Penuchel Septimius Severus Silvius ( mythology ) Sisillius I Sisillius II Sisillius III Son of Gorbonianus Taliesin Tasciovanus Trahern Turnus Urianus Uther Pendragon Venissa Vespasian Vortigern Vortimer Vortiporius Wulfhere of Mercia Ywain Æthelberht of Kent Æthelfrith of Northumbria Œthelwald of Deira Topics Avalon Battle of Arfderydd Battle of Badon Battle of Camlann Battle of Guoloph Brut y Tywysogion Crocea Mors Excalibur Lailoken List of legendary kings of Britain List of legendary rulers of Cornwall Logres Matter of Britain Molmutine Laws Nennius Riothamus River Malvam Siege of Exeter ( c. 630 ) Locations associated with Arthurian legend Treachery of the Long Knives Trinovantum Trojan genealogy of Nennius Walter of Oxford Wikiquote Wikisource texts VIAF : 142149444 LCCN : n79055479 GND : 118504517 NLA : 49784115 BNE : XX1154992 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Arthur&oldid=808702582 '' Categories : Arthurian characters Legendary British kings Burials at Glastonbury Abbey Characters in works by Geoffrey of Monmouth Cornish people Holy Grail Knights of the Round Table Medieval legends Monarchs of Cornwall Mythological kings Mythological swordsmen People whose existence is disputed Sub-Roman Britons Sub-Roman monarchs Welsh mythology Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages EngvarB from June 2014 CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Welsh - language sources ( cy ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Featured articles Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Alemannisch Aragonés Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kernowek Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Nouormand Occitan Patois Picard Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 November 2017 , at 15 : 59 . 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who wrote the first book about king arthur
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"The first narrative account of Arthur's life is found in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Latin work Historia Regum Britanniae (History of the Kings of Britain), completed c. 1138.[57] This work is an imaginative and fanciful account of British kings from the legendary Trojan exile Brutus to the 7th-century Welsh king Cadwallader. Geoffrey places Arthur in the same post-Roman period as do Historia Brittonum and Annales Cambriae. He incorporates Arthur's father, Uther Pendragon, his magician advisor Merlin, and the story of Arthur's conception, in which Uther, disguised as his enemy Gorlois by Merlin's magic, sleeps with Gorlois's wife Igerna at Tintagel, and she conceives Arthur. On Uther's death, the fifteen-year-old Arthur succeeds him as King of Britain and fights a series of battles, similar to those in the Historia Brittonum, culminating in the Battle of Bath. He then defeats the Picts and Scots before creating an Arthurian empire through his conquests of Ireland, Iceland and the Orkney Islands. After twelve years of peace, Arthur sets out to expand his empire once more, taking control of Norway, Denmark and Gaul. Gaul is still held by the Roman Empire when it is conquered, and Arthur's victory naturally leads to a further confrontation between his empire and Rome's. Arthur and his warriors, including Kaius (Kay), Beduerus (Bedivere) and Gualguanus (Gawain), defeat the Roman emperor Lucius Tiberius in Gaul but, as he prepares to march on Rome, Arthur hears that his nephew Modredus (Mordred)—whom he had left in charge of Britain—has married his wife Guenhuuara (Guinevere) and seized the throne. Arthur returns to Britain and defeats and kills Modredus on the river Camblam in Cornwall, but he is mortally wounded. He hands the crown to his kinsman Constantine and is taken to the isle of Avalon to be healed of his wounds, never to be seen again.[58]"
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"Historia Regum Britanniae"
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Arlington National Cemetery
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Arlington National Cemetery - wikipedia Arlington National Cemetery Jump to : navigation , search For Arlington Cemetery in Pennsylvania , see Arlington Cemetery ( Pennsylvania ) . Arlington National Cemetery Arlington National Cemetery Seal Details Established May 13 , 1864 Location Arlington County , Virginia Country United States of America Coordinates 38 ° 52 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 04 ′ 12 '' W / 38.880 ° N 77.070 ° W / 38.880 ; - 77.070 Coordinates : 38 ° 52 ′ 48 '' N 77 ° 04 ′ 12 '' W / 38.880 ° N 77.070 ° W / 38.880 ; - 77.070 Type National Owned by U.S. Department of the Army Size 624 acres ( 253 ha ) No. of graves ~ 400,000 Website www.ArlingtonCemetery.mil Arlington National Cemetery and the Netherlands Carillon in December 2012 Arlington National Cemetery is a United States military cemetery in Arlington County , Virginia , across the Potomac River from Washington , D.C. , in whose 624 acres ( 253 ha ) the dead of the nation 's conflicts have been buried , beginning with the Civil War , as well as reinterred dead from earlier wars . The United States Department of the Army , a component of the United States Department of Defense ( DOD ) , controls the cemetery . The national cemetery was established during the Civil War on the grounds of Arlington House , which had been the estate of the family of Confederate general Robert E. Lee 's wife Mary Anna ( Custis ) Lee ( a great - granddaughter of Martha Washington ) . The Cemetery , along with Arlington House , Memorial Drive , the Hemicycle , and the Arlington Memorial Bridge , form the Arlington National Cemetery Historic District , listed on the National Register of Historic Places in April 2014 . Like nearly all federal installations in Arlington County , it has a Washington , D.C. mailing address . In recent years , the Department of the Army has made plans and taken actions to expand the cemetery onto public lands that the National Park Service ( NPS ) controlled or that Arlington County or the Commonwealth of Virginia owned , as well as to restrict bicycle use within the cemetery . These plans and actions have become controversial . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Freedmen 's Village 1.2 Recent expansion 1.2. 1 Navy Annex property expansion controversy 1.2. 2 Arlington Woods expansion controversy 1.3 2010 mismanagement controversy 1.4 Management turnover 1.5 Wreaths Across America 1.6 150th anniversary 2 Sections 3 Grave markers , niches , and headstones 4 Arlington Memorial Amphitheater 5 Memorials 5.1 Tomb of the Unknowns 5.2 Other memorials 6 Burial procedures 6.1 Burial criteria 6.2 Inurnment criteria for columbarium 6.3 Prohibitions against interment or memorialization 7 Notable burials 8 Visitor requirements 8.1 Bicycle use policy 8.2 Security procedures 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Further reading 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links History ( edit ) Custis Lee Mansion with Union soldiers on lawn George Washington Parke Custis , grandson of Martha Washington , acquired the land that now is Arlington National Cemetery in 1802 , and began construction of Arlington House ( the name is ultimately derived from the village of Arlington , Gloucestershire , England , where Custis ' family was originally from ) . The estate passed to Custis ' daughter , Mary Anna , who had married United States Army officer Robert E. Lee . Custis ' will gave a `` life inheritance '' to Mary Lee , allowing her to live at and run Arlington Estate for the rest of her life but not enabling her to sell any portion of it . Upon her death , the Arlington estate passed to her eldest son , George Washington Custis Lee . When Virginia seceded from the Union at the start of the American Civil War , Robert E. Lee resigned his commission on April 20 , 1861 , and took command of the armed forces of the Commonwealth of Virginia , later becoming commander of the Army of Northern Virginia . On May 7 , troops of the Virginia militia occupied Arlington and Arlington House . With Confederate forces occupying Arlington 's high ground , the capital of the Union was left in an untenable military position . Although unwilling to leave Arlington House , Mary Lee believed her estate would soon be recaptured by federal soldiers . So she buried many of her family treasures on the grounds and left for her sister 's estate at Ravensworth in Fairfax County , Virginia , on May 14 . On May 3 , General Winfield Scott ordered Brigadier General Irvin McDowell to clear Arlington and the city of Alexandria , Virginia , of all troops not loyal to the United States . McDowell occupied Arlington without opposition on May 24 . Arlington House At the outbreak of the Civil War , most military personnel who died in battle near Washington , D.C. , were buried at the United States Soldiers ' Cemetery in Washington , D.C. , or Alexandria Cemetery in Alexandria , Virginia , but by late 1863 both were nearly full . On July 16 , 1862 , Congress passed legislation authorizing the U.S. federal government to purchase land for national cemeteries for military dead , and put the U.S. Army Quartermaster General in charge of this program . In May 1864 , Union forces suffered large numbers of dead in the Battle of the Wilderness . Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs ordered that an examination of eligible sites be made for the establishment for a large new national military cemetery . Within weeks , his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area . The property was high and free from floods ( which might unearth graves ) , it had a view of the District of Columbia , and it was aesthetically pleasing . It was also the home of the leader of the armed forces of the Confederate States of America , and denying Robert E. Lee use of his home after the war was a valuable political consideration . The first military burial at Arlington , for William Henry Christman , was made on May 13 , 1864 , close to what is now the northeast gate in Section 27 . However , Meigs did not formally authorize establishment of burials until June 15 , 1864 . Arlington did not desegregate its burial practices until President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 on July 26 , 1948 . The Old Guard transports the flag - draped casket of the second Sergeant Major of the Army George W. Dunaway who was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery . The government acquired Arlington at a tax sale in 1864 for $26,800 , equal to $410,000 today . Mrs. Lee had not appeared in person but rather had sent an agent , attempting to pay the $92.07 in property taxes ( equal to $1,400 today ) assessed on the estate in a timely manner . The government turned away her agent , refusing to accept the tendered payment . In 1874 , Custis Lee , heir under his grandfather 's will passing the estate in trust to his mother , sued the United States claiming ownership of Arlington . On December 9 , 1882 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 -- 4 in Lee 's favor in United States v. Lee , deciding that Arlington had been confiscated without due process . After that decision , Congress returned the estate to him , and on March 3 , 1883 , Custis Lee sold it back to the government for $150,000 ( equal to $3,271,364 in 2017 ) at a signing ceremony with Secretary of War Robert Todd Lincoln . The land then became a military reservation . President Herbert Hoover conducted the first national Memorial Day ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery , on May 30 , 1929 . Freedmen 's Village ( edit ) Beginning in 1863 , the federal government used the southern portion of the land now occupied by the cemetery as a settlement for freed slaves , giving the name of `` Freedmen 's Village '' to the land . The government constructed rental houses that 1,100 to 3,000 freed slaves eventually occupied while farming 1,100 acres ( 450 ha ) of the estate and receiving schooling and occupational training during the Civil War and after War ended . However , after the land became part of a military reservation , the government asked the Villagers to leave . When some remained , John A. Commerford , the Superintendent of Arlington National Cemetery , asked the Army 's Quartermaster General in 1887 to close the Village on the grounds that people living in the Village had been taking trees at night from the cemetery for use as firewood . The Quartermaster General and the Secretary of War then approved Commerford 's request . The last of the Village 's residents departed after the 56th United States Congress appropriated $75,000 in 1900 to settle the government 's debts to them . Recent expansion ( edit ) With limited space but large numbers of World War II , Korean War , Vietnam War , and other veterans dying and wanting to be buried at Arlington , the need for additional burial space at the cemetery became a pressing issue . In 1991 , Cemetery superintendent John C. Metzler , Jr. , implemented a $1.4 million plan to clear a former 13 acres ( 5.3 ha ) parking lot to create space for about 9,000 new grave sites . The Cemetery received the authority to transfer 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) of woodland from the NPS - controlled Arlington House in 1996 and 2001 , 37 acres ( 15 ha ) of land in 1999 from the DOD that was the site of the Navy Annex building , 8 acres ( 3.2 ha ) of land in 1999 from the Department of the Army that was part of Fort Myer , 4 acres ( 1.6 ha ) of land from Arlington County 's Southgate Road right - of - way in 2004 , and just under 10 acres ( 4.0 ha ) of land from Fort Myer in 2005 . Gravestones at Arlington National Cemetery are marked by U.S. flags each Memorial Day . In 2007 , Metzler implemented the Millennium Project , a $35 million expansion plan to begin utilizing the Arlington woodland , Fort Myer , and Navy Annex land . The project also included converting 40 acres ( 16 ha ) of unused space and 4 acres ( 16,000 m ) of maintenance property on the cemetery grounds into burial space in 2006 and 2007 to allow an additional 26,000 graves and 5,000 inurnments . The Millennium Project expanded the cemetery 's physical boundaries for the first time since the 1960s , and was the largest expansion of burial space at the site since the American Civil War . Several environmental and historical preservation groups criticized Metzler 's plans , as did the NPS and the manager of Arlington House . On March 26 , 2013 , the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 ( Public Law 113 - 6 ) appropriated to the DOD $84 million to plan , design and construct the Millennium Project . The legislation additionally appropriated to the DOD $19 million to study , plan and design a future expansion of the cemetery 's burial space . Navy Annex property expansion controversy ( edit ) In 1998 , a Congressional proposal to expand the cemetery onto land that the Navy Annex and Fort Myer then occupied led to concerns that Arlington County officials had not been properly consulted , leading to the withdrawal of the proposal . However , the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 ( Public Law 106 - 65 ) , which was enacted into law during October 1999 , subsequently required the Secretary of Defense to transfer to the Secretary of the Army administrative jurisdiction of the 36 acres ( 15 ha ) Navy Annex property . The Act required the Secretary of Defense to demolish the Annex 's buildings and prepare the property for use as part of the cemetery , while requiring the Secretary of the Army to incorporate the Annex property into the cemetery . In January 2013 , the County Manager of Arlington County , Virginia , and the Executive Director of the Army National Military Cemeteries ( consisting of Arlington National Cemetery and the United States Soldiers ' and Airmen 's Home National Cemetery ) signed a Memorandum of Understanding ( MOU ) between the Arlington County Board and the Department of the Army to expand the cemetery even further . Under the tentative plan , Arlington County would give up the easement for Southgate Road ( which lies between the Navy Annex property and the cemetery 's 2012 boundary ) , and obtain a narrow easement along the southwest border of the Navy Annex site for a new Southgate Road . In exchange , the Department of Defense would give the Navy Annex parking lot to the county . The Army would also transfer land west of South Joyce Street to Columbia Pike to Arlington County . Additionally , the Commonwealth of Virginia would convey to the cemetery roughly the northern half of the Virginia Department of Transportation land bounded by South Joyce Street , Columbia Pike , and South Washington Boulevard . The cloverleaf interchange between Columbia Pike and S. Washington Blvd . would be eliminated , and the hairpin turn in Columbia Pike straightened , to provide a safer , more natural exit from S. Washington Blvd . onto Columbia Pike . Although exact acreages were not specified and the plan depended upon the Commonwealth of Virginia 's cooperation , the MOU if implemented would have created a more contiguous plot of land for the cemetery . However , in December 2016 , the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 ( Public Law 114 - 328 ) authorized the Secretary of the Army to expand the cemetery by acquiring from Arlington County and the Commonwealth of Virginia by condemnation and other means properties near the cemetery that contain the Southgate Road , South Joyce Street and Washington Boulevard right - of - ways , including the Washington Boulvard - Columbia Pike interchange . The Army then informed the Arlington County government in June 2017 that the Army would no longer pursue a land exchange with the County . The Army told the County that the Army would use the entire Navy Annex site to expand the cemetery and would acquire for the cemetery about 5 acres ( 2.0 ha ) of public land that Arlington County then owned . The Army would also acquire for the cemetery expansion about 7 acres ( 2.8 ha ) of land located between Columbia Pike and Interstate 395 that the Commonwealth of Virginia then owned . Arlington Woods expansion controversy ( edit ) A portion of Arlington Woods on Humphreys Drive ( 2013 ) On February 22 , 1995 , officials of the United States Department of the Interior and the United States Department of the Army signed an agreement to transfer from Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial , to the Army a part of Arlington Woods , which was located in Section 29 of the NPS at Arlington National Cemetery between Arlington House and Fort Myer . The property transfer , which involved 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) of NPS land , was intended to permit Metzler to start expanding the cemetery beyond its existing boundaries . Environmentalists expressed concerns that the agreement would result in the partial destruction of the 24 acres ( 9.7 ha ) remnant of an historically important stand of native trees . A historical marker near the woodland notes that , while visiting Arlington House in 1825 , Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette had warned Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis , the wife of George Washington Parke Custis : `` Cherish these forest trees around your mansion . Recollect how much easier it is to cut a tree than to make one grow . '' The marker further notes that the Virginia Native Plant Society had recognized the woodland as being one of the best examples of old growth terraced gravel forest remaining in Virginia . On September 23 , 1996 , the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 ( Public Law 104 - 201 ) authorized the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army all of the land in Section 29 that was within an `` Arlington National Cemetery Interment Zone '' and some of the land in the Section that was within a `` Robert E. Lee Memorial Preservation Zone '' . On March 5 , 1998 , the NPS , which is a component of the Department of the Interior , informed the National Capital Planning Commission that it wanted to transfer only 4 acres ( 1.6 ha ) to the cemetery , rather than the 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) that the 1995 agreement had described . In response , Metzler stated : `` I was surprised . But we will continue to work with the Department of Interior and see what happens . '' On July 12 , 1999 , the NPS issued a Federal Register notice that announced the availability of an environmental assessment ( EA ) for the transfer . The EA stated that the Interment Zone contained the oldest and largest tract of climax eastern hardwood forest in Arlington County . This forest was the same type that once covered the Arlington estate , and had regenerated from trees that were present historically . A forestry study determined that a representative tree was 258 years old . The Interment Zone was also determined to contain significant archeological and cultural landscape resources , in addition to those in the Preservation Zone . The EA described four alternative courses of action . In contrast to the NPS 's March 1998 statement to the National Capital Planning Commission , the 1999 EA stated that the preferred alternative ( Alternative 1 ) would transfer to the cemetery approximately 9.6 acres ( 3.9 ha ) , comprising most of the Interment Zone and the northern tip of the Preservation Zone . Another alternative ( Alternative 3 ) would transfer to the cemetery the 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) Interment Zone , while keeping the 12.5 acres ( 5.1 ha ) Preservation Zone under NPS jurisdiction . The EA concluded : `` Public Law 104 - 201 directed the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army jurisdiction over the Interment Zone , which is the plan in Alternative 3 . Adoption of any of the other alternatives would require legislative action to amend the existing law . '' Map showing the Millennium Project 's expansion of Arlington National Cemetery into Arlington Woods and Fort Myer . On December 28 , 2001 , the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 ( Public Law 107 - 107 ) repealed the `` obsolete '' part of Public Law 104 - 201 that had authorized the transfer of portions of Section 29 to the Secretary of the Army . The new legislation required the Secretary of the Interior to transfer to the Secretary of the Army within 30 days the approximately 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) Interment Zone . The transfer therefore involved the entire 12 acres ( 4.9 ha ) of NPS land that the 1995 agreement and Alternative 3 in the 1999 EA had described . The 2001 legislation required the Secretary of the Army to use the Interment Zone for in - ground burial sites and columbarium . In addition , the legislation required the Secretary of the Interior to manage the remainder of Section 29 `` in perpetuity to provide a natural setting and visual buffer for Arlington House , the Robert E. Lee Memorial . '' On December 12 , 2012 , the United States Army Corps of Engineers asked for comments on a draft EA that described a further expansion of Arlington National Cemetery as part of the Millennium Project . The 2012 draft EA was intended to implement conversion into burial space of the 17 acres ( 6.9 ha ) of Ft . Myer grounds as well as 10 acres ( 4.0 ha ) of Section 29 woodland . The draft EA described seven alternatives . The preferred alternative ( Alternative E ) called for the removal of about one - half of the 1,700 trees with a diameter of 6 inches ( 15 cm ) or greater on the site . About 640 of the trees were within a 135 - year - old portion of Arlington Woods . The draft EA concluded : `` Based on the evaluation of environmental impacts ... , no significant impacts would be expected from the Proposed Action ; therefore , an Environmental Impact Statement will not be prepared and a Finding of No Significant Impact will be prepared and signed . '' On March 12 , 2013 , the Corps of Engineers released a revised EA for the Millennium Project . The revised EA contained copies of a number of public comments on the draft EA that had criticized the project and parts of the EA while proposing alternative locations for new military burials near the cemetery and elsewhere . However , the Department of Forestry of the Commonwealth of Virginia found that , based on information in the draft EA , the project would not have a significant adverse impact on the Commonwealth 's forest resources . The revised EA did not change the preferred alternative ( Alternative E ) or the Army 's plans to prepare and sign the Finding of No Significant Impact ( FONSI ) that the draft EA had described . On June 5 , 2013 , after reviewing 100 public comments that it had received on the revised EA , the Corps of Engineers released a final EA and a signed FONSI for the Millennium Project . The Final EA and the FONSI retained Alternative E as the preferred alternative . The final EA stated that , of the 905 trees to be removed , 771 trees were healthy native trees that had diameters between 6 and 41 inches . The project would remove approximately 211 trees from a less than 2.63 acres ( 1.06 ha ) area containing a portion of a 145 - year - old forest that stood within the property boundaries of a historic district that a National Register of Historic Places nomination form for Arlington House had described in 1966 . About 491 trees would be removed from an area of trees that was approximately 105 years old . Approximately 203 trees with ages of 50 to 145 years would be removed from a former picnic area . At a public hearing on July 11 , 2013 , the National Capital Planning Commission approved the site and building plans for the Millennium Project . 2010 mismanagement controversy ( edit ) Main article : Arlington National Cemetery mismanagement controversy On June 9 , 2010 , United States Secretary of the Army John M. McHugh reprimanded the cemetery 's superintendent , John C. Metzler , Jr. , and his deputy , Thurman Higgenbotham , after a DOD inspector general 's report revealed that cemetery officials had placed the wrong headstones on tombs , buried coffins in shallow graves , and buried bodies on top of one another . Metzler , who had already announced his intention to retire on July 2 , 2010 , admitted some mistakes had been made but denied allegations of widespread or serious mismanagement . The investigation also found that cemetery employees were burdened in their day - to - day work by `` dysfunctional management , lack of established policy and procedures , and an overall unhealthy organizational climate . '' Both Metzler and Higgenbotham retired soon after the investigation commenced . In March 2011 , as a result of the problems discovered , Kathryn Condon , the recently appointed Executive Director of the Army National Military Cemeteries , announced that the cemetery 's staff had been increased from 102 to 159 . She added that the cemetery was also acquiring additional equipment because , `` They did n't have the proper equipment to do the job really to the standard they needed to do . '' The mismanagement controversy included a limitation on mass media access to funerals , which also proved controversial . Until 2005 , the cemetery 's administration gave free access , with the family 's permission , to the press to cover funerals at the cemetery . According to the Washington Post in 2008 , the cemetery gradually imposed increasing restrictions on media coverage of funerals beginning about 2005 . Management turnover ( edit ) After the cemetery 's management controversy began to end , the Army appointed Patrick K. Hallinan the acting superintendent of the cemetery in June 2010 . He was promoted permanently to the position in October 2010 . Hallinan had previously worked for the Office of Field Programs in the National Cemetery Administration , an agency of the United States Department of Veterans ' Affairs . In that capacity , Hallinan had oversight of 131 national cemeteries , national cemetery policy , procedures , and operations . Hallinan was promoted to Executive Director of the Army National Military Cemeteries upon the retirement of Kathryn Condon in spring 2014 . In May 2014 , Hallinan stepped down and was replaced by Jack E. Lechner , Jr. as superintendent of the cemetery . Lechner had been a funeral director for 10 years in the private sector before joining the U.S. Army . He rose to the rank of colonel ( retiring in November 2011 ) , having spent 2008 to 2010 as chief of the Supply Division of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , overseeing the equipping of Iraqi and Afghanistan national security forces . Since June 2010 , he had served as executive officer and deputy superintendent of the cemetery under Hallinan . The Army removed Lechner as superintendent of the cemetery in early August 2015 after a performance review `` called into question his ability to serve successfully as a senior leader '' . The Army declined to elaborate further and appointed Hallinan to be the temporary Cemetery superintendent until the Army could find a successor . Wreaths Across America ( edit ) Wreaths laid at Arlington National Cemetery , December 2013 Beginning in 1992 , the Morrill Worcester wreath company in Harrington , Maine , had a surplus at the end of the holiday season . Recalling a boyhood trip to the cemetery , Worcester donated to the cemetery 5,000 wreaths to honor the cemetery 's dead , with the help of volunteers and a local trucking company . After thirteen years of similar donations , in 2005 a photo of snowy gravestones covered with wreaths at the cemetery received widespread circulation on the Internet . Thousands of people called Worcester , wanting to replicate the wreath - laying service at their own veteran cemeteries . In 2006 , over 150 different locations simultaneously held ceremonies with Arlington 's . Additionally , the project had its first `` Veterans Honor Parade '' with `` Patriot Guard Riders '' who escorted the wreaths from Maine to the cemetery . The parade , which is held each year , now visits schools , monuments , veterans ' homes and communities along its route . At the end of 2006 , Worcester 's company supplied wreaths to over 230 state and national cemeteries and veterans monuments across the country . Assisted by veterans and truckers , Worcester established in 2007 a nonprofit organization named `` Wreaths Across America '' . In December 2008 , the United States Senate agreed to a resolution that designated December 13 , 2008 , as `` Wreaths Across America Day '' . In 2014 , volunteers placed over 700,000 memorial wreaths at 1,000 locations in the United States and overseas , including the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor , Bunker Hill , Valley Forge , and the National September 11 Memorial at the World Trade Center site in New York City . During that year , volunteers were able to place wreaths in all sections of the cemetery for the first time . In 2016 , this number increased to 1.2 million wreaths being placed at more than 1,230 cemeteries across the nation . Conflict of interest charges have been made against Wreaths Across America because this charity has an exclusive for - profit supplier , Worcestor Wreath Company , also run by the Morrill family in the same town . The charity 's purchases of wreaths from this company account for most of the company 's revenue and profits . In late 2015 , the Wall Street Journal reported serious conflicts of interest with potential malfeasance in governance and contracting . In 2015 alone the WSJ reported profits of over $1 million on sales of over 850,000 wreaths to the charity raising concerns about competitive bidding , reporting that several competitors had asked to bid significantly below the price offered by Worcestor Wreath Company but were denied access . 150th anniversary ( edit ) During May and June 2014 , the cemetery celebrated the 150th anniversary of its founding with a month - long series of events , tours , and lectures . During these celebrations , cemetery officials formally re-designated the Old Amphitheater as the James Tanner Amphitheater . James R. Tanner was a Union Army officer who lost both legs during the war . He later became a War Department stenographer , and recorded much of the early evidence in the investigation into the assassination of Abraham Lincoln . He later was active in the Grand Army of the Republic , a Union Army veterans group . Tanner is buried a few yards from the amphitheater . Sections ( edit ) Arlington National Cemetery The Cemetery is divided into 70 sections , with some sections in the southeast and western part of the cemetery reserved for future expansion . Section 60 , in the southeast part of the cemetery , is the burial ground for military personnel killed in the Global War on Terror since 2001 . Section 21 , also known as the Nurses Section , is the area of Arlington National Cemetery where many nurses are buried and is the site of the Spanish - American War Nurses Memorial and the Nurses Memorial . Another section -- Chaplains Hill -- includes monuments to Jewish , Protestant , and Roman Catholic military chaplains . In 1901 , Confederate soldiers buried at the Soldiers ' Home and various locations within Arlington were reinterred in a Confederate section that was authorized by Congress in 1900 . On June 4 , 1914 , the United Daughters of the Confederacy dedicated the Confederate Memorial designed by Moses Ezekiel . Upon his death in 1917 , Ezekiel was buried at the base of the monument as he was a veteran of the Confederate army . All Confederate headstones in this section are peaked rather than rounded . More than 3,800 former slaves , called `` Contrabands '' during the Civil War , are buried in Section 27 . Their headstones are designated with the word `` Civilian '' or `` Citizen '' . Grave markers , niches , and headstones ( edit ) The United States Department of Veterans Affairs oversees the National Cemetery Administration 's orders for placement of inscriptions and faith emblems at no charge to the estate of the deceased , submitted with information provided by the next of kin that is placed on upright marble headstones or columbarium niche covers . The Department of Veterans Affairs currently offers 63 authorized faith emblems for placement on markers to represent the deceased 's faith . This number has grown in recent years due to legal challenges to policy . Prior to 2007 , the United States Department of Veterans Affairs ( VA ) did not allow the use of the pentacle as an `` emblem of belief '' on tombstones in military cemeteries . This policy was changed following an out - of - court settlement on April 23 following a series of lawsuits by the family of Patrick Stewart against the VA . Between 1947 and 2001 , privately purchased markers were permitted in the cemetery . The sections in which the cemetery permitted such markers are nearly filled and the cemetery generally does not allow new burials in these sections . Nevertheless , the older sections of the cemetery have a wide variety of private markers placed prior to 2001 , including an artillery piece . There are 32 Commonwealth war dead burials and some headstones are Commonwealth War Graves Commission style . Arlington Memorial Amphitheater ( edit ) Main article : Arlington Memorial Amphitheater The interior of Memorial Amphitheater The Tomb of the Unknowns is part of the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater . The Memorial Amphitheater has hosted state funerals and Memorial Day and Veterans Day ceremonies . Ceremonies are also held for Easter . About 5,000 people attend these holiday ceremonies each year . The structure is mostly built of Imperial Danby marble from Vermont . The Memorial Display room , between the amphitheater and the Tomb of the Unknowns , uses Botticino stone , imported from Italy . The amphitheater was the result of a campaign by Ivory Kimball to construct a place to honor America 's servicemen / women . Congress authorized the structure on March 4 , 1913 . Woodrow Wilson laid the cornerstone for the building on October 15 , 1915 . The cornerstone contained 15 items including a Bible and a copy of the Constitution . Before the Arlington Memorial Amphitheater was completed in 1921 , important ceremonies were held at what is now known as the `` Old Amphitheater . '' This structure sits where Robert E. Lee once had his gardens . The amphitheater was built in 1868 under the direction of Civil War General John A. Logan . Gen. James A. Garfield was the featured speaker at the Decoration Day dedication ceremony , May 30 , 1868 , later being elected as President of the United States 1881 . The amphitheater has an encircling colonnade with a latticed roof that once supported a web of vines . The amphitheater has a marble dais , known as `` the rostrum '' , which is inscribed with the U.S. national motto found on the Great Seal of the United States , E pluribus unum ( `` Out of many , one '' ) . The rostrum was designed by General Montgomery C. Meigs , then Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army . The amphitheater seats 1,500 people and has hosted speakers such as William Jennings Bryan . Memorials ( edit ) Main article : List of memorials and monuments at Arlington National Cemetery Tomb of the Unknowns ( edit ) Main article : Tomb of the Unknowns The Tomb of the Unknowns with guards The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier stands on top of a hill overlooking Washington , D.C. One of the more well - attended sites at the cemetery , the tomb is made from Yule marble quarried in Colorado . It consists of seven pieces , with a total weight of 79 short tons ( 72 metric tons ) . The tomb was completed and opened to the public April 9 , 1932 , at a cost of $48,000 . It was initially named the `` Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . '' Other unknown servicemen were later entombed there , and it became known as the `` Tomb of the Unknowns '' , though it has never been officially named . The soldiers entombed there are : Unknown Soldier of World War I , interred November 11 , 1921 . President Warren G. Harding presided . Unknown Soldier of World War II , interred May 30 , 1958 . President Dwight D. Eisenhower presided . Unknown Soldier of the Korean War , also interred May 30 , 1958 . President Dwight Eisenhower presided again , Vice President Richard Nixon acted as next of kin . Unknown Soldier of the Vietnam War , interred May 28 , 1984 . President Ronald Reagan presided . The remains of the Vietnam Unknown were disinterred , under the authority of President Bill Clinton , on May 14 , 1998 , and were identified as those of Air Force 1st Lt. Michael J. Blassie , whose family had them reinterred near their home in St. Louis , Missouri . It has been determined that the crypt at the Tomb of the Unknowns that contained the remains of the Vietnam Unknown will remain empty . The Tomb of the Unknowns has been perpetually guarded since July 2 , 1937 , by the U.S. Army . The 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment ( `` The Old Guard '' ) began guarding the Tomb on April 6 , 1948 . There is a meticulous routine which the guard follows when watching over the graves . The Tomb Guard : Marches 21 steps down the black mat behind the Tomb . Turns , faces east for 21 seconds . Turns and faces north for 21 seconds . Takes 21 steps down the mat . Repeats the routine until the soldier is relieved of duty at the Changing of the Guard . After each turn , the Guard executes a sharp `` shoulder - arms '' movement to place the weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors to signify that the Guard stands between the Tomb and any possible threat . Twenty - one was chosen because it symbolizes the highest military honor that can be bestowed -- the 21 - gun salute . Each turn the guard makes precise movements and followed by a loud click of the heels as he snaps them together . The guard is changed every half - hour during daylight in the summer , and every hour during daylight in the winter and every two hours at night ( when the cemetery is closed to the public ) , regardless of weather conditions . Arlington Amphitheater 1922 issue A commemorative stamp was issued on November 11 , 1922 , the first anniversary of the first entombment picturing the Amphitheater . It encompasses the original Tomb of the Unknown Soldier . The remains of an unidentified WW I American soldier was entombed on Armistice Day , November 11 , 1921 , later covered in 1931 by a more elaborate marble sarcophagus . Other memorials ( edit ) The Maine Mast Memorial There are several memorials on the grounds of the cemetery . However , due to the lack of space for burials and the large amount of space that memorials take up , the U.S. Army now requires a joint or concurrent resolution from Congress before it will place new memorials at Arlington . Near the Tomb of the Unknowns stands the USS Maine Mast Memorial , which commemorates the 266 men who lost their lives aboard the USS Maine . The memorial is built around a mast salvaged from the Maine 's wreckage . The USS Maine Memorial served as the temporary resting place for foreign heads of state or government , Manuel L. Quezon of the Philippines and Ignacy Jan Paderewski of Poland , who died in exile in the United States during World War II . The Space Shuttle Challenger Memorial was dedicated on May 20 , 1986 , in memory of the crew of flight STS - 51 - L , who died during launch on January 28 , 1986 . Transcribed on the back of the stone is the text of the John Gillespie Magee , Jr. poem High Flight , which was quoted by then President Ronald Reagan when he addressed the disaster . Although many remains were identified and returned to the families for private burial , some were not , and were laid to rest under the marker . Two crew members , Scobee and Smith , are buried in Arlington . On February 1 , 2004 , NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe dedicated a similar memorial to those who died when the Shuttle Columbia broke apart during reentry on February 1 , 2003 . Astronauts Laurel Clark , David Brown and Michael Anderson , who were killed in the Columbia disaster , are also buried in Arlington . The Lockerbie Cairn is a memorial to the 270 killed in the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie , Scotland . The memorial is constructed of 270 stones , one for each person killed in the disaster . In section 64 , a memorial to the 184 victims of the September 11 attacks on the Pentagon was dedicated September 11 , 2002 . The memorial takes the shape of a pentagon , and lists the names of all the victims that were killed . Unidentified remains from the victims are buried beneath it . On June 25 , 1925 , President Calvin Coolidge approved a request to erect a Commonwealth Cross of Sacrifice with the names of all the citizens of the USA who lost their lives fighting in the Canadian forces during World War I . The monument was dedicated November 11 , 1927 and after the Korean War and World War II the names of US citizens who died in those conflicts were added . The Women in Military Service for America Memorial is adjacent to the Ceremonial Entrance to the cemetery . The Laos Memorial , or Lao Veterans of America memorial , dedicated to Lao and Hmong veterans who served with US Special Forces and CIA advisors during the Vietnam War , to defend the Royal Kingdom of Laos from the North Vietnamese invasion of Laos by selling opium to the CIA in exchange for weapons and promises for their own country , is located on Grant Avenue near the eternal flame memorial to U.S. President John F. Kennedy . In 2012 , legislation began moving through Congress to approve a `` Place of Remembrance '' at the cemetery . The memorial will be an ossuary designed to contain fragments of remains which are unidentifiable through DNA analysis . The remains will be cremated before placement in the memorial . Burial procedures ( edit ) Arlington House flag flying at half - staff . The flag is lowered during interments . The flags in the cemetery are flown at half - staff from a half - hour before the first funeral until a half hour after the last funeral each day . Funerals are normally conducted five days a week , excluding weekends . Funerals , including interments and inurnments , average between 27 -- 30 per day . The Cemetery conducts approximately 6,900 burials each year . With more than 400,000 interments , the cemetery has the second - largest number of burials of any national cemetery in the United States . The largest of the 130 national cemeteries is the Calverton National Cemetery , on Long Island , near Riverhead , New York , which conducts more than 7,000 burials each year . Military funeral procession in Arlington National Cemetery , July 1967 In addition to in - ground burial , the cemetery also has one of the larger columbaria for cremated remains in the country . Four courts are currently in use , each with 5,000 niches . When construction is complete , there will be nine courts with a total of 50,000 niches ; capacity for 100,000 remains . Any honorably discharged veteran is eligible for inurnment in the columbarium , if s / he served on active duty at some point in her / his career ( other than for training ) . Burial criteria ( edit ) Part 553 ( Army National Military Cemeteries ) of Title 32 of the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) establishes regulations for the cemetery , including eligibility for interment ( ground burial ) and inurnment . Due to limited space , the criteria for ground burial eligibility are more restrictive than at other national cemeteries , as well as more restrictive than for inurnment in the columbarium . The persons specified below are eligible for ground burial in the cemetery , unless otherwise prohibited . The last period of active duty of former members of the armed forces must have ended honorably . Interment may be of casketed or cremated remains . Any active - duty member of the armed forces ( except those members serving on active duty for training only ) . Any veteran who is retired and eligible for retirement pay from service in the armed forces ( including service members retired from a reserve component who served a period of active duty ( other than for training ) ) . Any former member of the armed forces separated honorably prior to October 1 , 1949 , for medical reasons and who was rated at 30 % or greater disabled effective on the day of discharge . Any former member of the armed forces who has been awarded one of the following decorations : Medal of Honor Distinguished Service Cross , Navy Cross , or Air Force Cross Silver Star Purple Heart Any former member of the armed forces who served on active duty ( other than for training ) and who held any of the following positions : An elective office of the U.S. Government ( such as a term in Congress ) . Office of the Chief Justice of the United States or of an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States . An office listed , at the time the person held the position , in 5 USC 5312 or 5313 ( Levels I and II of the Executive Schedule ) . The chief of a mission who was at any time during his / her tenure classified in Class I under the provisions of Section 411 , Act of August 13 , 1946 , 60 Stat. 1002 , as amended ( 22 USC 866 ) or as listed in State Department memorandum dated March 21 , 1988 . Any former prisoner of war who , while a prisoner of war , served honorably in the active military , naval , or air service , whose last period of military , naval or air service terminated honorably and who died on or after November 30 , 1993 . The spouse , widow or widower , minor child , or permanently dependent child , and certain unmarried adult children of any of the above eligible veterans . Respectful silence is requested at the Arlington National Cemetery . The widow or widower of : a member of the armed forces who was lost or buried at sea or fell out of a plane or officially determined to be permanently absent with a status of either missing or missing in action . a member of the armed forces who is interred in a US military cemetery overseas that is maintained by the American Battle Monuments Commission . The spouse , minor child , or permanently dependent child of any person already buried in Arlington National Cemetery . The parents of a minor child , or permanently dependent child whose remains , based on the eligibility of a parent , are already buried at Arlington . A spouse divorced from the primary eligible , or widowed and remarried , is not eligible for interment . Provided certain conditions are met , a former member of the armed forces may be buried in the same grave with a close relative who is already buried and is the primary eligible . Inurnment criteria for columbarium ( edit ) Due at least partly to the lack of space at the cemetery for ground burial , standards for inurnment ( burial of cremated remains ) in the columbarium are currently much less restrictive than for ground burial at the cemetery . In general , any former member of the armed forces who served on active duty ( other than for training ) and whose last service terminated honorably is eligible for inurnment . Eligibility for inurnment is described fully in 32 C.F.R. § 553.15 a . Prohibitions against Interment or memorialization ( edit ) Congress has from time to time created prohibited categories of persons that , even if otherwise eligible for burial , lose that eligibility . One such prohibition is against certain persons who are convicted of committing certain state or federal capital crimes , as defined in 38 U.S. Code § 2411 . Capital crime is a specifically defined term in the statute , and for state offenses can include offenses that are eligible for a life sentence ( with or without parole ) . The reasoning for this provision originally was to prevent Timothy McVeigh from being eligible at Arlington National Cemetery , but it has since been amended to prevent others . Also prohibited under the same statute are those determined , with clear and convincing evidence , to have avoided such conviction by death or flight . Notable burials ( edit ) Main article : List of people buried at Arlington National Cemetery The grave marker of former US President John F. Kennedy The first soldier to be buried in Arlington was Private William Henry Christman of Pennsylvania on May 13 , 1864 . There are 396 Medal of Honor recipients buried in Arlington National Cemetery , nine of whom are Canadian . Five state funerals have been held at Arlington : those of Presidents William Howard Taft and John F. Kennedy , his two brothers , Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Senator Edward `` Ted '' Kennedy , and General of the Armies John J. Pershing . Whether or not they were wartime service members , U.S. presidents are eligible to be buried at Arlington , since they oversaw the armed forces as commanders - in - chief . Among the most frequently visited sites in the cemetery is the grave of President John F. Kennedy , Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis who is buried nearby along with their son Patrick and their stillborn daughter Arabella . His remains were interred there on March 14 , 1967 , a reinterment from his original Arlington burial site , some 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) away , where he was buried in November 1963 . The grave is marked with an `` eternal flame '' . The remains of his brothers , Senator Robert F. Kennedy and Senator Edward M. `` Ted '' Kennedy , are buried nearby . The latter two graves are marked with simple crosses and footstones . On December 1 , 1971 , Robert Kennedy 's body was re-interred 100 feet ( 30 m ) from its original June 1968 burial site . Two of the astronauts who were killed in January 27 , 1967 flash fire inside the Apollo 1 Command Module , Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee , are buried at the cemetery . John Glenn , the first American to orbit Earth and a longtime U.S. Senator from Ohio , was buried at the cemetery in April 2017 . British Diplomat and Field Marshal Sir John Dill was buried at the cemetery when he died in Washington D.C. during World War II . The equestrian statue on Dill 's grave is one of only two such statues at the cemetery ; the other is Major General Philip Kearny 's . Visitor requirements ( edit ) The cemetery has within recent years announced policies and procedures that limit visitor access to the cemetery 's grounds . The Cemetery 's executive director has stated that some of these may create delays for visitors . Some have become controversial . Bicycle use policy ( edit ) On August 6 , 2013 , Patrick Hallinan , Executive Director , Army National Military Cemeteries , issued an official memorandum that contained the cemetery 's then - current bicycle use policy . The memorandum permitted cyclists to travel in only one direction on only one route unless otherwise authorized by the executive director . This `` White Line '' route traveled from the Old Post Chapel gate at Joint Base Myer - Henderson Hall towards the main entrance of the cemetery at Memorial Avenue , using Meigs Drive , Sherman Drive and Schley Drive . The memorandum stated without explanation : '' Bicycle traffic will not be permitted to travel in the reverse direction , ... '' . Cyclists could only use this route between 8 : 00 a.m. and 6 : 45 p.m. from April 1 to September 30 and between 8 : 00 a.m. and 4 : 45 p.m. from October 1 to March 31 . Cyclists had to wear bicycle helmets that certain designated organizations had approved . Bicycles had to be equipped with headlights , tail lights or red reflectors in lieu of tail lights , regardless of the time of travel . On May 11 , 2016 , the Department of the Army published in the Federal Register a proposed rule that would , among other things , prohibit a visitor to an Army National Military Cemetery ( Arlington National Cemetery and the United States Soldiers ' and Airmen 's Home National Cemetery ) from riding a bicycle without first acquiring a pass to visit a relative 's gravesite or columbarium niche . After receiving 13 comments from 13 individuals concerning the use of bicycles in the cemetery ( including comments from representatives of the Arlington County Board and local bicycle advocacy groups that opposed the new restrictions ) , the Department of the Army published a final rule in the Federal Register on September 26 , 2016 , that implemented the proposed rule , effective October 26 , 2016 . In accordance with the final rule , the cemetery issued a new bicycle use policy , effective October 26 , 2016 . The policy stated that bicycling would no longer be allowed on Cemetery grounds without a family pass . The policy further stated that `` bicyclists traversing the cemetery grounds do impact funeral services and the experience that families expect and deserve as they visit their loved one 's grave ... As there are no bike paths on the cemetery grounds , mixing cyclists with pedestrians and vehicles creates a safety hazard . '' Security procedures ( edit ) In September 2016 , Hallinan announced that the cemetery was increasing security measures for its visitors . In addition to random identification checks and other security measures already in place , the cemetery will require pedestrians to enter at set access points : the main entrance on Memorial Avenue , the Ord and Weitzel gate , and the Old Post Chapel gate at Joint Base Myer - Henderson Hall . Before entering the cemetery through its main entrance , all pedestrians will be screened through the cemetery 's Welcome Center . All vehicle access will require presenting valid , government - issued photo identification , such as a driver 's license or passport , when entering the cemetery . Vehicles will also be subject to random inspections . Hallinan stated that these processes may result in delays when entering the cemetery . In popular culture ( edit ) In Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , the cemetery appeared as the backdrop for a state funeral held for Superman by the United States Army . However , the physical filming took place in Michigan , using green screen . See also ( edit ) Terrorism portal United States Army portal List of national cemeteries McKee Grave Theodore Wint Grave United States Department of Veterans Affairs emblems for headstones and markers Further reading ( edit ) The Politics of Mourning : Death and Honor at Arlington National Cemetery by Micki McElya , 2016 , Harvard University Press Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Davenport , Christian . `` Arlington Cemetery Trying to Account for Missing $12 Million . '' Washington Post . January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekly list of actions take : 04 / / 07 / 14 to 04 / 11 / 14 '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2014 . Retrieved April 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Adam ; Tooker , Megan ; Enscore , Susan , US Army Corps of Engineers , ERDC - CERL , Champaign , Illinois ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form : Arlington National Cemetery Historic District '' ( PDF ) . National Park Service . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 62 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ezra J. Warner ( 1959 ) . Generals in Gray . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press . p. 181 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8071 - 0823 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hansen , 2001 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Chase , 1930 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ McCaslin , 2004 , p. 79 - 80 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , 2007 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Chase , 1930 , p. 175 - 176 . Jump up ^ Chase , 1930 , p. 176 . ^ Jump up to : Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 84 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 88 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 86 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dennee , p. 4 . Archived September 28 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Accessed July 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 85 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Poole , p. 191 . ^ Jump up to : Hughes , Mark ( 1995 ) . Bivouac of the Dead . Heritage Books . p. 265 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7884 - 0260 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historical Information '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ United States v. Lee Kaufman . Wikisource . ^ Jump up to : `` Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Arlington , Virginia : United States Army . October 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schildt , Roberta ( 1984 ) . `` Freedmen 's Village : Arlington , Virginia , 1863 -- 1900 '' ( PDF ) . Arlington Historical Magazine . Arlington County , Virginia : Arlington Historical Society , Inc. 7 ( 4 ) : 18 -- 19 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . At arlcivilwar.net : Arlington 's Civil War Memorial Website . Jump up ^ John T. Wolley and Gerhard Peters . `` Herbert Hoover : Memorial Day Address at Arlington National Cemetery '' . The American Presidency Project ( online ) . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Schildt , Roberta ( 1984 ) . `` Freedmen 's Village : Arlington , Virginia , 1863 -- 1900 '' ( PDF ) . Arlington Historical Magazine . Arlington County , Virginia : Arlington Historical Society , Inc. 7 ( 4 ) : 11 -- 21 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 15 , 2015 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . At arlcivilwar.net : Arlington 's Civil War Memorial Website Archived May 20 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine ... ( 2 ) `` Freedman 's Village '' . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial . National Park Service : United States Department of the Interior . 2016 . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . ( 3 ) `` Black History at Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Arlington , Virginia : United States Army . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Letter from J.A. Commerford to G.B. Dandy , November 12 , 1887 , Consolidated Quartermaster General File . R.G. 105 , cited as Footnote 66 in Schildt , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Kaplow , Bobby ( October 24 , 1991 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery Being Expanded '' . The Washington Post . p . VA2C . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Arlington National Cemetery is undergoing its first expansion since 1976 , as work began in mid-August to clear a 13 - acre tract to make space for about 9,000 new grave sites . ^ Jump up to : `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 : Title XXVIII -- General Provisions : Subtitle C -- Land Conveyances : Section 2821 ( a ) . Transfer of lands , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , Virginia ( 110 Stat. 2791 -- 2792 ) '' ( pdf ) . Public Law 104 - 201 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 . United States Government Printing Office . September 23 , 1996 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . ( a ) REQUIREMENT FOR SECRETARY OF INTERIOR TO TRANSFER CERTAIN SECTION 29 LANDS. -- ( 1 ) Subject to paragraph ( 2 ) , the Secretary of the Interior shall transfer to the Secretary of the Army administrative jurisdiction over the following lands located in section 29 of the National Park System at Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia : ( A ) The lands known as the Arlington National Cemetery Interment Zone . ( B ) All lands in the Robert E. Lee Memorial Preservation Zone , other than those lands in the Preservation Zone that the Secretary of the Interior determines must be retained because of the historical significance of such lands or for the maintenance of nearby lands or facilities . ^ Jump up to : Wee , Eric L. ( March 6 , 1998 ) . `` Good News for Tree Lovers , Not for Arlington Cemetery ; Park Service Wants to Give 4 Acres , Not 12 '' . Metro Section . The Washington Post . p . B7 . arlingtoncemetery.net . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2005 . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . In 1995 , the Park Service agreed to move forward with plans to give the cemetery the 12 acres of woodlands near the Arlington House mansion , where Robert E. Lee lived before the Civil War . Congress approved the transfer on the condition that an archaeological and cultural study be done on the land . Another 12 - acre parcel near the house already had been largely ruled out for graves because of its historic value . Article preview in website of The Washington Post Archived September 17 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Rudi , American Forces Press Service ( May 27 , 2005 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery Gains 70 Acres of Land '' . United States Department of Defense . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 : Title XXVIII -- General Provisions : Subtitle E -- Other Matters : Section 2863 ( h ) : Alternate Site for United States Air Force Memorial , Preservation of Open Space on Arlington Ridge Tract , and Related Land Transfer At Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia : Land Transfer , Section 29 ( 115 Stat. 1332 -- 1333 ) '' ( pdf ) . Public Law 107 - 107 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2002 . United States Government Printing Office . December 28 , 2001 . Retrieved March 16 , 2013 . SEC . 2863 . ALTERNATE SITE FOR UNITED STATES AIR FORCE MEMORIAL , PRESERVATION OF OPEN SPACE ON ARLINGTON RIDGE TRACT , AND RELATED LAND TRANSFER AT ARLINGTON NATIONAL CEMETERY , VIRGINIA ... ( h ) Land Transfer , Section 29. -- ( 1 ) Transfer required. -- Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act , the Secretary of the Interior shall transfer , without reimbursement , to the Secretary of the Army administrative jurisdiction over that portion of Section 29 designated as the interment zone and consisting of approximately 12 acres . The Secretary of the Interior shall modify the boundaries of the George Washington Memorial Parkway as may be necessary to reflect the land transfer required by this subsection. ( 2 ) Use of transferred land. -- The Secretary of the Army shall use the transferred property for the development of in - ground burial sites and columbarium that are designed to meet the contours of Section 29 . ( 3 ) Management of remainder. -- The Secretary of the Interior shall manage that portion of Section 29 not transferred under this subsection in perpetuity to provide a natural setting and visual buffer for Arlington House , the Robert E. Lee Memorial . ( 4 ) Repeal of obsolete law. -- Section 2821 ( a ) of the Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1997 ( division B of Public Law 104 - 201 ; 110 Stat. 2791 ) is repealed . ^ Jump up to : Vogel , Steve ( October 8 , 1999 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery Gains Land to Expand '' . Metro . The Washington Post . p . B1 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 : Title XXVIII -- General Provisions : Subtitle F -- Expansion of Arlington National Cemetery : Sec. 2881 . Transfer from Navy Annex , Arlington , Virginia '' ( PDF ) . Public Law 106 - 65 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . pp. 113 STAT. 879 -- 113 STAT. 880 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . SEC . 2881 . TRANSFER FROM NAVY ANNEX , ARLINGTON , VIRGINIA ( a ) Land Transfer Required. -- The Secretary of Defense shall provide for the transfer to the Secretary of the Army of administrative jurisdiction over three parcels of real property consisting of approximately 36 acres and known as the Navy Annex ( in this section referred to as the `` Navy Annex property '' ) . ( b ) Use of Land. -- Subject to paragraph ( 2 ) , the Secretary of the Army shall incorporate the Navy Annex property transferred under subsection ( a ) into Arlington National Cemetery . ( 2 ) ... ( c ) Remediation of Land for Cemetery Use. -- Immediately after the transfer of administrative jurisdiction over the Navy Annex property , the Secretary of Defense shall provide for the removal of any improvements on that property and shall prepare the property for use as part of Arlington National Cemetery ... Jump up ^ `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 : Title XVIII -- General Provisions : Subtitle F -- Expansion of Arlington National Cemetery : Section 2882 . Transfer from Fort Myer , Arlington , Virginia ( 113 Stat. 880 ) '' ( pdf ) . Public Law 106 - 65 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 . United States Government Printing Office . October 5 , 1999 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on January 2 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . SEC . 2882 . TRANSFER FROM FORT MYER , ARLINGTON , VIRGINIA. ( a ) Land Transfer Required. -- The Secretary of the Army shall modify the boundaries of Arlington National Cemetery and of Fort Myer to include in Arlington National Cemetery the following parcels of real property situated in Fort Myer , Arlington , Virginia : ( 1 ) A parcel comprising approximately five acres bounded by the Fort Myer Post Traditional Chapel to the southwest , McNair Road to the northwest , the Vehicle Maintenance Complex to the northeast , and the masonry wall of Arlington National Cemetery to the southeast . ( 2 ) A parcel comprising approximately three acres bounded by the Vehicle Maintenance Complex to the southwest , Jackson Avenue to the northwest , the water pumping station to the northeast , and the masonry wall of Arlington National Cemetery to the southeast . Jump up ^ `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 : Title XXVIII -- General Provisions : Subtitle D -- Land Conveyances : Part IV -- Other Conveyances : Section 2881 . Land Exchange , Arlington County , Virginia ( 118 Stat. 2153 -- 2154 ) '' ( pdf ) . Public Law 108 - 375 : Ronald W. Reagan National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2005 . United States Government Printing Office . October 28 , 2004 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . SEC . 2881 . LAND EXCHANGE , ARLINGTON COUNTY , VIRGINIA . ( a ) Exchange Authorized. -- The Secretary of Defense may convey to Arlington County , Virginia ( in this section referred to as the `` County '' ) , all right , title , and interest of the United States in and to a parcel of real property , together with any improvements thereon , that consists of not more than 4.5 acres and is located north of Columbia Pike on the Navy Annex property in Arlington County , Virginia , for the purpose of the construction of a freedmen heritage museum and an Arlington history museum . ( b ) Consideration. -- As consideration for the conveyance of the real property under subsection ( a ) , the County shall convey to the United States all right , title , and interest of the County in and to a parcel of real property , together with any improvements thereon , that is of a size equivalent to the total acreage of the real property conveyed by the Secretary under subsection ( a ) and is located in the area known as the Southgate Road right - of - way between Arlington National Cemetery , Virginia , and the Navy Annex property ... ( g ) Inclusion of Southgate Road Right - of - Way Property in Transfer of Navy Annex Property for Arlington National Cemetery. -- Subsection ( a ) of section 2881 of the Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 ( division B of Public Law 106 - 65 ; 113 Stat. 879 ) is amended by striking `` three parcels of real property consisting of approximately 36 acres '' and inserting `` four parcels of real property consisting of approximately 40 acres '' . ^ Jump up to : Ruane , Michael E. ( October 7 , 2007 ) . `` For Warriors Past and Future '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved December 31 , 2012 . The Millennium expansion has involved , among other things , the sensitive transfer of 12 acres within the cemetery from the National Park Service 's historic Arlington House , the onetime home of Robert E. Lee . The Park Service has lamented the likely loss of woodland and the cemetery 's encroachment on the majestic hilltop home , which dates to 1802 . The project , which focuses on the northwest edge of the cemetery , includes expansion into about 10 acres taken from the Army 's adjacent Fort Myer and four acres of cemetery maintenance property inside the boundaries , officials said . The extra space would provide room for 14,000 ground burials and 22,000 inurnments in a large columbarium complex , officials said . The project comes on the heels of extensive work underway to utilize 40 acres of unused space in the cemetery , creating room for 26,000 more graves and 5,000 inurnments . And there are plans for further outside expansion in the years ahead . ^ Jump up to : Sherman , Jerome L. ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` More space for fallen heroes at Arlington '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Gearan , Anne ( July 3 , 1995 ) . `` Admirers of Lee Upset by Cemetery Expansion Plan '' . News Archive . Associated Press . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . ( 2 ) Nakashima , Ellen ( July 6 , 1995 ) . `` Environmentalists Fear Effects of Expanded Arlington Cemetery '' . Metro . The Washington Post . p . B3 . Retrieved December 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Division E -- Military Construction and Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies Appropriations Act , 2013 : Title III : Related Agencies : Department of Defense -- Civil : Cemeterial Expenses , Army : Construction '' ( PDF ) . Public Law 113 - 6 : Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act , 2013 ( 127 STAT. 198 ) . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . March 26 , 2013 . p. 127 STAT. 409 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . For necessary expenses for planning and design and construction at Arlington National Cemetery and Soldiers ' and Airmen 's Home National Cemetery , $103,000,000 , to remain available until September 30 , 2017 , of which , $84,000,000 shall be for planning and design and construction associated with the Millennium Project at Arlington National Cemetery ; and $19,000,000 shall be for study , planning , design , and architect and engineer services for future expansion of burial space at Arlington National Cemetery . Jump up ^ Vogel , Steve ( August 11 , 1998 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery Proposal Put on Hold ; Officials Say Plan to Transfer Land From Navy Annex , Fort Myer Needs Review '' . The Washington Post . p . B3 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . A congressional proposal to expand Arlington National Cemetery onto land now occupied by the Navy Annex and Fort Myer has been at least temporarily put on hold , but officials predicted that in the long term , at least some of the property may be turned into grave sites . Members of a House - Senate conference committee said yesterday they have agreed to remove language from a Defense Department appropriations bill that would have transferred the land to the cemetery , which is approaching full capacity . ( Bob ) Stump 's proposal , attached to a bill that cleared the House earlier this summer , would have transferred 36.5 acres from the Navy Annex and eight acres from Fort Myer to Arlington Cemetery . The move would create sufficient burial sites to last until 2040 , officials said . The proposal has sparked anxiety in Arlington County , where community leaders complained that they had not been consulted about such a major decision . Jump up ^ `` Title 10 : Subtitle B : Part IV : Chapter 446 -- Army National Military Cemeteries '' ( PDF ) . United States Code ( 2012 ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Publishing Office : 2011 -- 2012 . January 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Donnellen , Barbara M. , County Manager , Arlington County , Virginia ; Condon , Kathryn A. , Executive Director , Army National Military Cemeteries ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Memorandum of Understanding Between Department of the Army and County Board of Arlington County , Virginia '' ( PDF ) . Arlington County government . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . ( 2 ) `` County Reaches Agreement With Army Over Arlington Nat'l Cemetery Expansion '' . ARLnow.com . January 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Division B : Military Construction Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 : Title XXVIII -- Military Construction General Provisions : Subtitle C -- Land Conveyances : Sec . 2829A . Land Acquisitions , Arlington County , Virginia '' ( PDF ) . Public Law 114 - 328 : National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Publishing Office . pp. 130 STAT. 2728 -- 130 STAT. 2730 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . SEC . 2829A . LAND ACQUISITIONS , ARLINGTON COUNTY , VIRGINIA. ( a ) ACQUISITION AUTHORIZED. -- ( 1 ) IN GENERAL. -- The Secretary of the Army may acquire by purchase , exchange , donation , or by other means , including condemnation , which the Secretary determines is sufficient for the expansion of Arlington National Cemetery for purposes of ensuring maximization of interment sites and compatible use of adjacent properties , including any appropriate cemetery or memorial parking , all right , title , and interest in and to land -- ( A ) from Arlington County ( in this section referred to as the ' ' County ' ' ) , one or more parcels of real property in the area known as the Southgate Road right - of - way , Columbia Pike right - of - way , and South Joyce Street right - of - way located in Arlington County , Virginia ; and ( B ) from the Commonwealth of Virginia ( in this section referred to as the ' ' Commonwealth ' ' ) , one or more parcels of property in the area known as the Columbia Pike right - of - way , including the Washington Boulevard - Columbia Pike interchange , but excluding the Virginia Department of Transportation Maintenance and Operations Facility ... Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Army Opts Out of Land Exchange with Arlington County '' . News Release . Arlington County , Virginia , government . June 15 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ( 2 ) `` Arlington Cemetery Southern Expansion and Roadway Realignment Project '' . Projects & Planning . Arlington County government . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . ( 3 ) Sullivan , Patricia ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` Army , county break off land swap talks over Arlington Cemetery expansion '' . Virginia . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2017 . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Interactive map of Arlington National Cemetery showing Section 29 and Future Expansion Site '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . ( 2 ) Coordinates of Section 29 : 38 ° 52 ′ 55 '' N 77 ° 04 ′ 37 '' W / 38.8820646 ° N 77.0770195 ° W / 38.8820646 ; - 77.0770195 ( Section 29 ) ^ Jump up to : Hanna , Jennifer ( October 2001 ) . `` Arlington House : The Robert E. Lee Memorial : Cultural Landscape Report : History '' ( PDF ) . Cultural History Program . Washington , D.C. : United States Department of the Interior : National Park Service : National Capital Region. 1 : 169 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on December 24 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nakashima , Ellen ( July 6 , 1995 ) . `` Environmentalists Fear Effects of Expanded Arlington Cemetery '' . The Washington Post . p . B3 . Jump up ^ `` '' The Arlington Woodlands : Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial '' marker `` . The Historical Marker Database . September 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2014 . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Calhoun , Audrey F. , Superintendent , National Capital Region , National Park Service , United States Department of the Interior ( July 12 , 1999 ) . `` Notice : Environmental Assessment of Proposed Land Transfer , Arlington House -- The Robert E. Lee Memorial , George Washington Memorial Parkway to Department of the Army , Arlington National Cemetery '' ( pdf ) . Federal Register . United States Government Printing Office . 64 ( 132 ) : 37564 -- 37565 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 24 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Public Notice : NAO - 121207 - Millennium : Environmental assessment for expansion of Arlington National Cemetery , known as the Millennium Project ) '' . Norfolk District Media & Public Affairs . United States Army Corps of Engineers . December 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Standifer , Cid ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` Cemetery Plan Would Remove Old Growth Trees '' . Arlington Mercury . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Holland , Taylor ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Arlington cemetery expansion threatens 890 trees '' . The Washington Examiner . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : United States Army Corps of Engineers ( December 2012 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment '' ( pdf ) . United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District : 12 , 35 , 40 , 53 -- 59 , 78 , 97 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 25 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Millennium Project Revised Environmental Assessment '' . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . March 12 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Holland , Taylor ( March 14 , 2013 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery would spare just 8 of nearly 900 trees in expansion '' . Washington , D.C. : The Washington Examiner . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2013 . Retrieved March 15 , 2013 . ( 2 ) Svrluga , Susan ( May 4 , 2013 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery plans expansion to take it into 2050s '' . Post Local . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Appendix F : Comments to Draft Millennium EA : Public Comment Period : 6 December 2012 to 21 January 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . in Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment , March 2013 , pp. 222 -- 328 . Jump up ^ Irons , Elie L. , Program Manager , Environmental Impact Review ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Forest Resources '' ( PDF ) . Letter to Ms. Susan L. Conner , U.S. Army Corps of Engineers , Norfolk District re . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project : Federal Consistency Determination ( DEQ - 12 - 203F ) and Environmental Assessment ( DEQ - 12 - 225F ) . Richmond , Virginia : Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Environmental Quality . p. 15 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . in Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment , March 2013 , ( Appendix F : Comments to Draft Millennium EA : Public Comment Period : December 6 , 2012 to January 21 , 2013 ) , p. 259 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Impacts to Trees '' . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment ( PDF ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . March 2013 . pp. 43 -- 45 , 147 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . ( 2 ) `` Draft Finding of No Significant Impact Millennium Project , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , Virginia '' ( PDF ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . March 8 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on April 10 , 2013 . Retrieved April 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment ( PDF ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . June 2013 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ( 2 ) Federoff , David ( June 5 , 2013 ) . `` Finding of No Significant Impact Millennium Project , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , Virginia '' ( pdf ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Appendix J : Comments on Revised Millennium EA : Public Comment Period 12 March 2013 to 12 April 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment , June 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ( 2 ) Sullivan , Patricia ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` Army Corps says go ahead with Arlington cemetery expansion '' . Post Local . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2013 . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Impacts to Trees '' . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment ( PDF ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . June 2013 . pp. 114 -- 115 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Tree Tag # 1026 ( Black Cherry , Prunus serotina ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 17 , 2013 . in Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment , June 2013 , Appendix I ( Tree Inventory and Analysis ) , p. 13 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Figure A : Millennium Project with Tree Ages and NPS Property ( PDF ) . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . June 2013 . p. 4 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ( 2 ) Figure 38 : Existing conditions , impacts , and contributing areas of Arlington House : Historic Landscape Effects : ANC Boundary Wall and Arlington House Forest ( PDF ) . Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Final Environmental Assessment . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . June 2013 . p. 133 . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ( 3 ) Seagraves , Anna ; Fuqua , Ann ; Veloz , Nicholas , George Washington Memorial Parkway , National Capital Region , National Park Service ( January 15 , 1980 ) . `` Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of the Interior : National Park Service : National Register of Historic Places -- Nomination Form for Federal Properties . Richmond , Virginia : Virginia Department of Historic Resources . p. 8 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Young , Deborah B. ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Commission Action : Millennium Project , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , VA ( NCPC File Number 7457 ) '' ( pdf ) . Washington , D.C. : National Capital Planning Commission . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . ( 2 ) `` Executive Director 's Recommendation : Commission Meeting : July 11 , 2013 : Millennium Project , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , VA ( NCPC File Number 7457 ) '' ( pdf ) . Washington , D.C. : National Capital Planning Commission . July 11 , 2013 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 17 , 2013 . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Julian E. Barnes ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery 's top supervisors ousted in mismanagement case '' . Los Angeles Times . LATimes.com . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William H. McMichael ( June 10 , 2010 ) . `` Errors at Arlington affected 211 graves '' . Military Times . armytimes.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( June 9 , 2010 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery superintendent retiring '' . Army Times . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Aaron C. Davis ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery 's Deputy Chief Retires Amid Investigation '' . Washington Post . WashingtonPost.com . p . B1 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Christian Davenport ( March 7 , 2011 ) . `` For first time in decades , Arlington National Cemetery must bury multiple ' unknowns ' '' . Washington Post . Washingtonpost.com . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2012 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dana Milbank ( July 10 , 2008 ) . `` Putting Her Foot Down And Getting The Boot '' . Washington Post . WashingtonPost.com . p. 3 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Army names new superintendent for Arlington National Cemetery '' . Army News Service . October 20 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lechner Named Superintendent of Arlington National Cemetery '' . Memorial Business Journal . May 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Christian ( August 21 , 2015 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery superintendent removed '' . Local . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Our Story '' . Columbia Falls , Maine : Wreaths Across America . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Leipold , J.D. ( December 15 , 2006 ) . `` Veterans ' Cemeteries Across America Receive Wreaths '' . United States Army . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 110th Congress , 2nd Session : S. Res. 726 : Designating December 13 , 2008 , as '' Wreaths Across America Day '' '' ( PDF ) . United States Government Printing Office . December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ writer , LINDA CARMICHAEL Contributing . `` Wreaths Across America in planning stages '' . Tehachapi News . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wreaths Across America Has Family - Ties To Its Supplier '' . Wall Street Journal . December 21 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arlington National Cemetery 150th Anniversary Commemoration , May 13 , 2014 to June 16 , 2014 '' . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery : United States Army . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael E. ( May 16 , 2014 ) . `` Arlington Cemetery to Rename Old Ampitheater for Civil War Double Amputee James Tanner '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive map of Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2015 . Retrieved January 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mementos adorn ' saddest acre ' '' . CNN . May 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nurses Memorial '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Confederate Memorial '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2009 . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of Government Furnished Headstones and Markers '' . Department of Veterans Affairs . February 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 22 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arlington National Cemetery Facts '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ordering a Headstone or Marker '' . Department of Veterans Affairs . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Application for Standard Government Headstone or Marker for Installation Cemetery or State Veterans ' Cemetery '' ( PDF ) . Department of Veterans Affairs . August 2009 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Available Emblems of Belief for Placement on Government Headstones and Markers '' . Department of Veterans Affairs . May 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans Denied Right to Post Religious Symbol on Headstones , ACLU Charges '' ( Press release ) . American Civil Liberties Union . September 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( April 23 , 2007 ) . `` Wiccans symbols allowed on grave markers in government cemeteries '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans Affairs Department Must Accommodate Wiccan Symbol On Memorial Markers At Government Cemeteries , Says Americans United '' ( Press release ) . Americans United ( AU.org ) . June 8 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Available Emblems of Belief for Placement on Government Headstones and Markers '' . VA.gov . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2007 . Retrieved July 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Private Headstone Markers '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poole , pp. 74 -- 75 . Jump up ^ `` The Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlingtoncemetery.org . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Poole , Robert M. ( 2010 ) . On hallowed ground : the story of Arlington National Cemetery . New York : Bloomsbury Publishing USA . ISBN 9780802715494 . Retrieved July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Old Amphitheatre '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Changing of the Guard '' . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Juell , Rod . `` 50 - cent Arlington Amphitheater '' , Arago : people , postage & the post , National Postal Museum online , viewed March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Columbia Memorial Dedicated at Arlington '' . NASA . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jim Garamone ( September 12 , 2002 ) . `` Remains of Pentagon Attack Victims Buried at Arlington '' . American Forces Press Service . Department of Defense . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Smith , Philip , Lao Veterans of America , Inc . Washington , D.C. ( May 15 , 1997 ) , http://www.laoveteransofamerica.org Archived December 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Fast Track : ' Place of Remembrance ' Planned for Arlington . '' Navy Times . June 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Location of Arlington House flagpole : 38 ° 52 ′ 52 '' N 77 ° 04 ′ 20 '' W / 38.881187 ° N 77.072128 ° W / 38.881187 ; - 77.072128 ( Arlington House flagpole ) Jump up ^ `` Wikimapia - Let 's describe the whole world ! '' . wikimapia.org . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 32 CFR 553.15 a -- Persons eligible for inurnment of cremated remains in Columbarium in Arlington National Cemetery '' . National Archives and Records Administration . July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Title 32 -- National Defense ) : Subtitle A -- Department of Defense : Chapter V -- Department of the Army : Subchapter D: Military Reservations and National Cemeteries : Part 553 -- Army National Military Cemeteries '' . United States Government Publishing Office . July 18 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Archived June 13 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Establishing Eligibility -- Eligibility for Interment ( Ground Burial ) '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( August 10 , 2005 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery Burial Law Eyed '' . Fox News . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arlington National Cemetery Section 27 facts '' . Arlington National Cemetery . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Medal of Honor Walking Tour '' ( PDF ) . arlingtoncemetery.mil . U.S. Army . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ruane , Michael E. ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Astronaut , senator , Marine : John Glenn is buried in Arlington Cemetery '' . Local . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CWGC : John Dill '' . Jump up ^ McLeroy , Carrie ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` There 's a lot you do n't know about Arlington National Cemetery '' . United States Army . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2014 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . There are only two equestrian monuments at Arlington National Cemetery . The first is for Maj. Gen. Philip Kearney , located in Section 2 . The second is Field Marshall Sir John Dill in Section 32 . Jump up ^ `` Bicycle Use Policy '' . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery , United States Army . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hallinan , Patrick , Executive Director , Army National Military Cemeteries ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` Memorandum For All Visitors to Arlington National Cemetery : Subject : Bicycle Use on Arlington National Cemetery '' ( PDF ) . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery : Army National Military Cemeteries : Department of the Army . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Department of the Army , Department of Defense ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` 81 FR 29230 : Proposed rule : Amendments to 32 CFR 553.33 ( Visitors rules for Army National Military Cemeteries ) '' . Federal Register . 81 : 29230 -- 29243 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . ( c ) ... Specifically , no person shall : ... ( 8 ) Ride a bicycle or similar conveyance in an Army National Military Cemetery , except with a proper pass issued by the Executive Director to visit a gravesite or niche . An individual visiting a relative 's gravesite or niche may be issued a temporary pass by the Executive Director to proceed directly to and from the gravesite or niche on a bicycle or similar vehicle or conveyance . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Department of the Army , Department of Defense ( September 26 , 2016 ) . `` 81 FR 65875 : Final rule : Amendments to 32 CFR 553.33 ( Visitors rules for Army National Military Cemeteries ) '' . Federal Register . 81 : 65875 -- 65888 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . ( c ) ... Specifically , no person shall : ... ( 8 ) Ride a bicycle or similar conveyance in an Army National Military Cemetery , except with a proper pass issued by the Executive Director to visit a gravesite or niche . An individual visiting a relative 's gravesite or niche may be issued a temporary pass by the Executive Director to proceed directly to and from the gravesite or niche on a bicycle or similar vehicle or conveyance . ( 2 ) Wentling , Nikki ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery to impose bicycle ban '' . Stars and Stripes . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Bicyclists will no longer be allowed to ride through the grounds of Arlington National Cemetery under a new policy that 's set to start next week despite protest from local officials and bicycle groups . Bicyclists disrupt funeral services , affect other visitors ' experiences and pose safety concerns , the Army said in an announcement of the new rule , which goes into effect Oct. 26 . But the Arlington County Board and bicycle advocacy organizations in Arlington and nearby Fairfax County argued cyclists using the cemetery do so respectfully . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Bicycle Use Policy '' . Arlington , Virginia : Arlington National Cemetery , United States Army . October 26 , 2016 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . ( 2 ) Kelleher , Colleen ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Bikes , pets banned from Arlington National Cemetery '' . Arlington , VA News . WTOP . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2017 . Retrieved July 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) `` Arlington National Cemetery Announces Enhanced Visitor Security Measures '' . United States Department of Defense . September 12 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ( 2 ) St. Martin , Victoria ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` Arlington National Cemetery increases security measures '' . Metro . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , Ben . `` Batman V Superman Ending Explained '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Frei , Vincent . `` BATMAN V SUPERMAN -- DAWN OF JUSTICE : BRYAN HIROTA -- VFX SUPERVISOR -- SCANLINE VFX '' . Art of VFX . Retrieved 29 July 2017 . References ( edit ) Arlington National Cemetery Millennium Project Environmental Assessment ( PDF ) . Norfolk , Virginia : United States Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District . March 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved March 12 , 2013 . Atkinson , Rick . Where Valor Rests : Arlington National Cemetery . Washington , D.C. : National Geographic Society , 2007 . ISBN 1426200897 Chase , Enoch Aquila . `` The Arlington Case : George Washington Custis Lee against the United States of America . '' Records of the Columbia Historical Society . 31 / 32 : 1930 . Hanna , Jennifer ( 2001 ) . Arlington House , The Robert E. Lee Memorial ( PDF ) . Washington DC : National Capital Region , National Park Service , U.S. Department of the Interior . p. 62 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . Dennee , Tim . `` African - American Civilians Interred in Section 27 of Arlington National Cemetery , 1864 -- 1867 . '' Friends of Freedmen 's Cemetery . FreedmensCemetery.org. 2012 . Accessed 2012 - 07 - 09 . Hansen , Harry . The Civil War : A History . New York : Signet , 2001 . McCaslin , Richard B. Lee in the Shadow of Washington . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2004 . ISBN 0807126969 Poole , Robert M. On Hallowed Ground : The Story of Arlington National Cemetery . New York , N.Y. : Bloomsbury Publishing USA , 2010 . ISBN 9780802715494 Webcast Author Interview at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library on May 27 , 2010 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arlington National Cemetery . ( show ) Map all coordinates using OSM Map all coordinates using Google Export all coordinates as KML Export all coordinates as GPX Map all microformatted coordinates Place data as RDF `` Arlington National Cemetery home page '' . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Arlington National Cemetery at Find a Grave `` National Park Service site '' . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . `` Arlington Cemetery : Hallowed Ground '' . Life magazine . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2010 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Old Potting House , Arlington National Cemetery , Arlington , Arlington County , VA at the Historic American Buildings Survey ( HABS ) Arlington National Cemetery , Old Amphitheater , Arlington , Arlington County , VA at HABS Arlington National Cemetery , Sheridan Gate ( Center Gateway ) ( HABS ) at arlingtoncemetery.net Arlington National Cemetery , Ord - Weitzel Gate , Arlington , Arlington County , VA at HABS Arlington National Cemetery at OoO Arlington National Cemetery , USS Maine Memorial , Arlington , Arlington County , VA at HABS Arlington National Cemetery , Columns & Gates , Arlington , Arlington County , VA at HABS Arlington National Cemetery Documentary produced by WETA - TV CWGC : Arlington National Cemetery Protected areas of Virginia Federal National Parks Shenandoah National Historical Parks , Historic Sites & Monuments Appomattox Court House NHP Arlington House Booker T. 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Trower Bayshore Wreck Island Wildlife Management Areas Amelia Big Survey Big Woods Briery Creek Chester F. Phelps Cavalier Chickahominy Clinch Mountain Crooked Creek Dick Cross Fairystone Farms Featherfin G. Richard Thompson Game Farm Marsh Goshen and Little North Mountain Hardware River Havens Hidden Valley Highland Hog Island Horsepen Lake James River Land 's End Mattaponi Mockhorn Island Pettigrew Powhatan Princess Anne Ragged Island Rapidan Saxis Short Hills Smith Mountain Cooperative Stewarts Creek T.M. Gathright Turkeycock Weston White Oak Mountain Other Registered Historic Places in Virginia Virginia Landmarks Register National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia Bridges National Historic Landmarks Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation Virginia Department of Forestry Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries Virginia Department of Historic Resources Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arlington_National_Cemetery&oldid=799475748 '' Categories : Protected areas of Arlington County , Virginia Arlington National Cemetery National cemeteries United States national cemeteries Tourist attractions in Arlington County , Virginia Monuments and memorials in Virginia 1864 establishments in Virginia Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia National Register of Historic Places in Arlington County , Virginia Cemeteries on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia Robert E. Lee Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemeteries in the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Use mdy dates from May 2017 Coordinates on Wikidata Lists of coordinates Geographic coordinate lists Articles with Geo Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 September 2017 , at 23 : 23 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who was the first person buried in arlington cemetery
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"At the outbreak of the Civil War, most military personnel who died in battle near Washington, D.C., were buried at the United States Soldiers' Cemetery in Washington, D.C., or Alexandria Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia, but by late 1863 both were nearly full.[12] On July 16, 1862, Congress passed legislation authorizing the U.S. federal government to purchase land for national cemeteries for military dead, and put the U.S. Army Quartermaster General in charge of this program.[12] In May 1864, Union forces suffered large numbers of dead in the Battle of the Wilderness. Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs ordered that an examination of eligible sites be made for the establishment for a large new national military cemetery. Within weeks, his staff reported that Arlington Estate was the most suitable property in the area.[12] The property was high and free from floods (which might unearth graves), it had a view of the District of Columbia, and it was aesthetically pleasing. It was also the home of the leader of the armed forces of the Confederate States of America, and denying Robert E. Lee use of his home after the war was a valuable political consideration.[13] The first military burial at Arlington, for William Henry Christman, was made on May 13, 1864,[14] close to what is now the northeast gate in Section 27.[15] However, Meigs did not formally authorize establishment of burials until June 15, 1864.[16] Arlington did not desegregate its burial practices until President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981 on July 26, 1948.[17]"
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"William Henry Christman"
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We choose to go to the Moon
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We choose to go to the Moon - wikipedia We choose to go to the Moon Jump to : navigation , search The Nation 's Space Effort John F. Kennedy speaks at Rice University Date September 12 , 1962 ; 55 years ago ( 1962 - 09 - 12 ) Duration 18 minutes Venue Rice Stadium Location Rice University , Houston , Texas Theme The US Space effort This article is part of a series about John F. Kennedy Service in WWII Electoral history Why England Slept Profiles in Courage A Nation of Immigrants Family President of the United States Presidency Timeline 1960 Campaign Election Inauguration New Frontier Foreign Policy Doctrine `` A Strategy of Peace '' Bay of Pigs Cuban Missile Crisis Civil Rights Address Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Clean Air Peace Corps `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Space programs Mercury Gemini Apollo Assassination and legacy November 22 , 1963 State Funeral Eternal Flame Memorials Library Legacy Cultural depictions On September 12 , 1962 , President John F. Kennedy delivered a speech about the effort to reach the Moon , to a large crowd gathered at Rice Stadium in Houston , Texas . It was one of Kennedy 's earlier speeches meant to persuade the American people to endorse the Apollo program , the national effort to land a man on the Moon . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Speech 2.1 Rhetoric 3 Legacy 3.1 In popular culture 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) President John F. Kennedy delivers his proposal to put a man on the Moon before a joint session of Congress , May 25 , 1961 . When John F. Kennedy became president during January 1961 , many Americans perceived that the United States was losing the Space Race with the USSR , which had successfully launched the first artificial satellite , Sputnik 1 , almost four years earlier . The perception increased when during April 1961 , Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first man in space before the U.S. could launch its first Project Mercury astronaut . Convinced of the political need to make an achievement which would decisively demonstrate America 's space superiority , and after consulting with NASA to identify such an achievement , Kennedy stood before Congress on May 25 , 1961 , and proposed that `` this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal , before this decade is out , of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth . '' Kennedy 's goal gave a specific mission to National Aeronautics and Space Administration 's Apollo program . This required the expansion of NASA 's Space Task Group into a Manned Spacecraft Center . Houston , Texas was chosen as the site , and the Humble Oil and Refining Company donated the land during 1961 , with Rice University as an intermediary . Kennedy took advantage of the 1962 construction of the facility to deliver a speech on the nation 's space effort . Speech ( edit ) Kennedy 's speech on the nation 's space effort delivered at Rice Stadium on September 12 , 1962 ( 17m 40s ) . See also : The full text of We choose to go to the Moon at Wikisource JFK explained the cost of the entire space budget to be `` somewhat less than we pay for cigarettes and cigars '' , equating to 40 cents per week `` for every man , woman and child in the United States '' , saying that the `` high national priority '' of the Moon program will require this to increase to more than 50 cents a week . On September 12 , 1962 , President Kennedy delivered his speech before a crowd of 35,000 people in the Rice University football stadium . The most quoted portion of the speech is in the middle : We set sail on this new sea because there is new knowledge to be gained , and new rights to be won , and they must be won and used for the progress of all people . For space science , like nuclear science and all technology , has no conscience of its own . Whether it will become a force for good or ill depends on man , and only if the United States occupies a position of pre-eminence can we help decide whether this new ocean will be a sea of peace or a new terrifying theater of war . I do not say that we should or will go unprotected against the hostile misuse of space any more than we go unprotected against the hostile use of land or sea , but I do say that space can be explored and mastered without feeding the fires of war , without repeating the mistakes that man has made in extending his writ around this globe of ours . There is no strife , no prejudice , no national conflict in outer space as yet . Its hazards are hostile to us all . Its conquest deserves the best of all mankind , and its opportunity for peaceful cooperation may never come again . But why , some say , the Moon ? Why choose this as our goal ? And they may well ask , why climb the highest mountain ? Why , 35 years ago , fly the Atlantic ? Why does Rice play Texas ? We choose to go to the Moon ! ... We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do the other things , not because they are easy , but because they are hard ; because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills , because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept , one we are unwilling to postpone , and one we intend to win ... Rhetoric ( edit ) According to an analysis by John W. Jordan , Kennedy 's speech used three strategies : `` a characterization of space as a beckoning frontier ; an articulation of time that locates the endeavor within a historical moment of urgency and plausibility ; and a final , cumulative strategy that invites audience members to live up to their pioneering heritage by going to the Moon . '' When addressing the world at Rice University , he stated the American desire to do what had never been done before by exploring space , and being the first to do it with the pioneering spirit that had dominated American folklore since the nation 's foundation . This allowed Kennedy to reference back to his inaugural speech , when he declared to the world `` Together let us explore the stars '' . Kennedy verbally condenses human history to fifty years , in which `` only last week did we develop penicillin and television and nuclear power , and now if America 's new spacecraft succeeds in reaching Venus , we will have literally reached the stars before midnight tonight . '' With this extended metaphor , Kennedy sought to imbue a sense of urgency and change in his audience . Most prominently , the phrase `` We choose to go to the Moon '' in the Rice speech is repeated three times consecutively , followed by an explanation that climaxes in his declaration that the challenge of space is `` one that we are willing to accept , one we are unwilling to postpone , and one which we intend to win . '' Considering the line before rhetorically asked the audience why they choose to compete in tasks that challenge them , Kennedy highlighted here the nature of the decision to go to space as being a choice , an option that the American people have elected to pursue . Rather than claim it as essential , he emphasized the benefits such an endeavor could provide -- uniting the nation and the competitive aspect of it . As Kennedy told Congress earlier , `` whatever mankind must undertake , free men must fully share . '' These were words that emphasized the freedoms enjoyed by Americans to choose their destiny rather than have it chosen for them , and combined with Kennedy 's overall usage of rhetorical devices in the Rice University speech , these famous words are particularly apt as a declaration that began the American space race . Altogether , Kennedy was able to describe a romantic notion of space in the Rice University speech with which all citizens of the United States , and even the world could participate , vastly increasing the number of citizens allegedly interested in space exploration . He began by talking about Space as the new frontier for all of mankind , instilling the dream within the audience . He then condensed human history to show that within a very brief period of time space travel will be possible , informing the audience that their dream is achievable . Lastly , he uses the first - personal plural `` we '' to represent all the people of the world that would allegedly explore space together , but also involves the crowd . Legacy ( edit ) In 1991 , U.S. President George H.W. Bush referred to the address as an example of unified efforts to achieve a goal during an address to the University of Michigan . In popular culture ( edit ) In the Falling Skies season 4 episode `` Til Death Do Us Part '' , resistance leader Tom Mason quotes part of the speech while trying to convince his family to begin an attack on an alien base on the Moon . After they reveal the ship they need for the voyage , Tom quotes the line `` we choose to go to the Moon '' as part of his reaction . Dance artist Dana Tai Soon Burgess created a dance work in collaboration with NASA called `` We choose to go to the moon '' that opened with audio from President Kennedy 's speech , which included the iconic line . It premiered at the Kennedy Center in September 2015 . Excerpts from the speech are used throughout the song `` The Race For Space '' on the 2015 album of the same name by British alternative music group Public Service Broadcasting . On April 21 , 2017 , KFC released a campaign featuring Rob Lowe as astronaut Colonel Sanders giving a parody of JFK 's Rice speech about launching the Zinger chicken sandwich into space . The speech was used prominently in the HBO mini series From the Earth to the Moon . In the first episode , it is met with enthusiasm by attendees and listeners , and marks the tone of the series . The line `` We choose to go the Moon '' is featured during the initial credits and an excerpt of the speech is chosen to close the series . See also ( edit ) List of missions to the Moon Apollo 11 Neil Armstrong Buzz Aldrin Saturn ( rocket family ) Apollo Command / Service Module Apollo Lunar Module S - IVB Trans - lunar injection Budget of NASA NASA spin - off technologies Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1962 - 09 - 12 Rice University . '' John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum , n.d. Web . 23 Oct. 2013 . Jump up ^ Howard E. McCurdy , et al. `` Helpful Lessons From The Space Race . '' Issues In Science & Technology 27.4 ( 2011 ) : 19 - 22 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 23 Oct. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Excerpt from the ' Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs ' '' . NASA . 24 May 2004 . Retrieved 24 May 2015 . Jump up ^ NASA.gov Video ( 18 May 2013 ) . `` President Kennedy 's Speech at Rice University '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ This football joke was handwritten by Kennedy into the speech text ( full story ) . Since the 1962 season , the Rice Owls have been 2 - 43 versus the Texas Longhorns . Jump up ^ Kennedy pauses here for applause , and attempting to continue , repeats the clause `` We choose to go to the Moon '' several times over the continuing applause . Jump up ^ Here Kennedy is referring to auxiliary goals such as developing larger Saturn rockets and unmanned planetary exploration , mentioned earlier in the speech . Jump up ^ It is unclear why he ended this sentence with what sounds like an afterthought : `` ... , and the others , too . '' Jump up ^ `` We choose to go to the Moon . '' Wikisource. 7 Dec. 2011 . 22 Oct. 2013 . < https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_moon > . Jump up ^ Jordan , John W. `` Kennedy 's Romantic Moon And Its Rhetorical Legacy For Space Exploration ? '' Rhetoric & Public Affairs 6.2 ( 2003 ) : 209 - 231 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 23 Oct. 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , John . `` Rice University speech . '' Speech , Washington D.C. , September 12 , 1962 . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Jump up ^ Kennedy , John . `` Special Message to Congress on Urgent National Needs . '' Speech , Washington D.C. , May 25 , 1961 . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Jump up ^ John W. Jordan , `` Kennedy 's Romantic Moon and Its Rhetorical Legacy for Space Exploration , '' Rhetoric & Public Affairs 6.2 ( 2003 ) : 224 , Project MUSE , EBSCOhost ( accessed April 21 , 2016 ) . edspmu. S1534523803202095 Jump up ^ `` Remarks at the University of Michigan Commencement Ceremony in Ann Arbor '' . George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum . When John Kennedy talked of sending a man to the Moon , he did n't say , we want to avoid getting stranded on this planet . He said , we 'll send a man to the Moon . We must be equally determined to achieve our common goals . Jump up ^ Jane , O'Brien ( 7 October 2015 ) . `` Nasa collaborates on interpretive dance about Space '' . BBC News . BBC . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Sarah ( 12 September 2015 ) . `` ' We Choose to Go to the Moon ' : Kennedy dream inspires a dance '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Dawson , Victoria ( 14 September 2015 ) . `` A Dancer and a Scientist Deliver a New Take on the Moon Walk '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Smithsonian . Retrieved 15 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Lowe as astronaut Col Sanders in JFK homage advert , KFC ( April 21 , 2017 ) , KFC Announcement Zinger , retrieved April 21 , 2017 ( KFC YouTube channel , 6,895,336 views in 1 month , as of May 21 , 2017 ) References ( edit ) DeGroot , Gerard . `` The Dark Side Of The Moon . '' History Today 57.3 ( 2007 ) : 11 - 17 . Academic Search Premier . Web . 23 Oct. 2013 . Launius , Roger D. 2003 . `` Kennedy 's Space Policy Reconsidered : A Post-Cold War Perspective . '' Air Power History 50 , no . 4 : 16 - 29 . Academic Search Premier , EBSCOhost ( accessed October 24 , 2013 ) External links ( edit ) Video of full half - hour presentation ( in hd ) John F. Kennedy Moon Speech at Rice Stadium and Apollo 11 Mission Video The text , video and audio of the entire speech John F. Kennedy 35th President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Massachusetts ( 1953 -- 1960 ) U.S. Representative for MA - 11 ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Presidency ( timeline ) Presidential Office : Inauguration Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court Presidential pardons Domestic policy : Clean Air Act Communications Satellite Act Community Mental Health Act Equal Pay Act Federal affirmative action Federal housing segregation ban Fifty - mile hikes Food for Peace New Frontier Pilot Food Stamp Program Space policy Status of Women ( Presidential Commission ) University of Alabama integration Voter Education Project Foreign policy : Alliance for Progress Arms Control and Disarmament Agency Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Flexible response Kennedy Doctrine Peace Corps Trade Expansion Act USAID Vietnam War Cuba : Bay of Pigs Invasion Cuban Project Cuban Missile Crisis ExComm Soviet Union : Berlin Crisis Moscow -- Washington hotline Vienna summit White House : Presidential limousine Presidential yacht Resolute desk Situation Room Presidential speeches Inaugural address American University speech `` We choose to go to the Moon '' Report to the American People on Civil Rights `` Ich bin ein Berliner '' `` A rising tide lifts all boats '' Elections U.S. States House of Representatives elections , 1946 1948 1950 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts , 1952 1958 1960 Presidential primaries 1960 Presidential campaign Democratic National Convention 1956 1960 U.S. presidential election , 1960 debates Personal life Birthplace and childhood home Kennedy Compound US Navy service PT - 109 Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana Arthur Evans PT - 59 Castle Hot Springs Hammersmith Farm Coretta Scott King phone call Rocking chair `` Happy Birthday , Mr. President '' Books Why England Slept ( 1940 ) Profiles in Courage ( 1956 ) A Nation of Immigrants ( 1958 ) Death Assassination timeline reactions in popular culture State funeral Riderless horse attending dignitaries Gravesite and Eternal Flame Legacy John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum ( Boston ) 1964 Civil Rights Act Apollo 11 Moon landing Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Kennedy Space Center ( Florida ) Kennedy Round U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development VISTA Cultural depictions films Kennedy half dollar U.S. postage stamps U.S. five cent stamp Lincoln -- Kennedy coincidences Operation Sail Memorials , namesakes Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts ( Washington DC ) JK College ( Mauritius ) Kennedy Expressway ( Chicago ) JFK International Airport ( New York ) JFK Memorial ( Dallas ) JFK Memorial Bridge ( Kentucky -- Indiana ) JFK School of Government ( Harvard Univ . ) JFK Special Warfare Center and School ( Fort Bragg , North Carolina ) JFK University ( California ) JFK Memorial ( Runnymede , Britain ) Yad Kennedy ( Jerusalem ) USS John F. Kennedy ( CV - 67 ) USS John F. Kennedy ( CVN - 79 ) MV John F. Kennedy Family Jacqueline Bouvier ( wife ) Caroline Kennedy ( daughter ) John F. Kennedy Jr . son plane crash Patrick Bouvier Kennedy ( son ) Jack Schlossberg ( grandson ) Rose Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Tatiana Schlossberg ( granddaughter ) Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. ( father ) Rose Fitzgerald ( mother ) Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. ( brother ) Rosemary Kennedy ( sister ) Kathleen Cavendish , Marchioness of Hartington ( sister ) Eunice Kennedy Shriver ( sister ) Patricia Kennedy Lawford ( sister ) Robert F. Kennedy ( brother ) Jean Kennedy Smith ( sister ) Ted Kennedy ( brother ) P.J. Kennedy ( grandfather ) John F. Fitzgerald ( grandfather ) ← Dwight D. Eisenhower Lyndon B. Johnson → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon&oldid=813306926 '' Categories : John F. Kennedy Apollo program Rice University Speeches by John F. Kennedy Presidency of John F. Kennedy Cold War speeches 1962 in Texas 1962 in American politics American political catchphrases 1962 in spaceflight September 1962 events Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 3 December 2017 , at 00 : 16 . About Wikipedia
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address at rice university on the nation's space program
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Royal London One-Day Cup
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Royal London One - Day Cup - wikipedia Royal London One - Day Cup Royal London One - Day Cup Royal London One - Day Cup logo Countries England Wales Administrator ECB Format Limited overs cricket First tournament 2014 Tournament format Group stage and knockout Number of teams 18 Current champion Hampshire ( 1st title ) 2018 Royal London One - Day Cup The Royal London One - Day Cup is a fifty - over limited overs cricket competition for the England and Wales first - class counties . It began in 2014 as a replacement for the ECB 40 tournament that ran from 2010 to 2013 . The number of overs per innings has been increased to 50 to bring the competition in line with One Day Internationals . The competition starts with two groups of nine teams , played as a round - robin , from which the top three teams from each group progress to the knock out stage of the competition . Groups are organised geographically with a North and a South group . Contents 1 Participating teams and format 2 Predecessors 2.1 Sunday League 2.2 National League 2.3 ECB40 3 Winners 4 References Participating teams and format ( edit ) The competition contains two groups of nine organised geographically with a North group and a South group . As of 2017 , the top three teams in each group progress to the knock - out stage of the competition . The participating teams are the 18 England and Wales first - class counties . Predecessors ( edit ) The Royal London Cup is the latest in a line of limited over competitions in county cricket . Sunday League ( edit ) The John Player Special League was launched in 1969 , as the second one - day competition in England and Wales alongside the Gillette Cup ( launched in 1963 ) . The 17 counties of the time played each other in a league format on Sunday afternoons throughout the season . These matches were concise enough to be shown on television , with BBC2 broadcasting one match each week in full until the 1980s , and then as part of the Sunday Grandstand multi-sport programme . For close finishes for the title , cameras appeared at the grounds where the contenders for the title were competing and the trophy presentation to the victorious team would be on film . Refuge Assurance replaced John Player Special as the sponsor of the competition in 1987 and then in 1988 started an end - of - season play - off competition known as the Refuge Assurance Cup . The top four teams of the season qualified for this competition , with the first - placed team playing the fourth and the second - placed team playing the third , and the winners of these matches meeting in a final at a neutral venue . This competition lasted until 1991 . On Friday 5 July 1991 , Somerset played Lancashire at Taunton in the first Sunday League match not to be played on a Sunday . The Sunday League was not sponsored in 1992 , the year Durham made its debut , but in 1993 AXA Equity and Law became the sponsor . The matches this season were 50 overs per innings . The first round of matches that took place on 9 May 1993 were the first official matches in England to be played in coloured clothing and with a white ball . The following season the competition reverted to 40 overs per innings . On Wednesday 23 July 1997 Warwickshire played Somerset at Edgbaston in the first competitive county game to be played under floodlights . National League ( edit ) The National League was launched in 1999 with the 18 first - class counties split into two divisions with three teams promoted and relegated from each . The matches were played over 45 overs and the competition was sponsored by Norwich Union . Matches were spread over the week rather than Sundays only . The counties incorporated nicknames into their official names for the National League . For example , Kent became the ' Spitfires ' , Middlesex the ' Crusaders ' and Lancashire the ' Lightning ' . Starting the following season the Scotland Saltires took part in the League until 2005 . In 2006 , the National League was renamed the NatWest Pro40 and was played in the later part of the season with the teams playing each other once . Also , two teams instead of three were promoted to the first division and two relegated to the second division . A third promotion / relegation spot is determined in a play - off game between the team third from top in the second division and third from bottom team in the first . The format continued until 2009 . ECB40 ( edit ) The ECB40 , known variously as the Clydesdale Bank 40 and Yorkshire Bank 40 ( YB40 ) , was a forty - over limited overs cricket competition for the English first - class counties . It began in the 2010 English cricket season , incorporating the league element of the Pro40 and the knockout stages of the Friends Provident Trophy , itself a successor to the Gillette Cup . Ireland and Scotland were asked to compete , following their entry in the Friends Provident Trophy , but Ireland declined in order to concentrate on their growing international commitments ; The Netherlands took their place . A new team , the Unicorns cricket team , was formed of uncontracted county players competing unpaid , brought the number of teams to 21 . These three extra teams would not go on to feature in the Royal London One - Day Cup . Winners ( edit ) See also : List of the competitive honours won by county cricket clubs in England and Wales John Player 's County League 1969 Lancashire John Player League 1970 Lancashire 1971 Worcestershire 1972 Kent 1973 Kent 1974 Leicestershire 1975 Hampshire 1976 Kent 1977 Leicestershire 1978 Hampshire 1979 Somerset 1980 Warwickshire 1981 Essex 1982 Sussex 1983 Yorkshire John Player Special League 1984 Essex 1985 Essex 1986 Hampshire Refuge Assurance League Refuge Assurance Cup 1987 Worcestershire 1988 Worcestershire 1988 Lancashire 1989 Lancashire 1989 Essex 1990 Derbyshire 1990 Middlesex 1991 Nottinghamshire 1991 Worcestershire Sunday League 1992 Middlesex AXA Equity & Law League 1993 Glamorgan 1994 Warwickshire 1995 Kent 1996 Surrey AXA Life League 1997 Warwickshire AXA League 1998 Lancashire CGU National League Relegated 2nd Division Champions Promoted 1999 Lancashire Warwickshire , Hampshire , Essex Sussex Somerset , Northamptonshire Norwich Union National League 2000 Gloucestershire Worcestershire , Lancashire , Sussex Surrey Nottinghamshire , Warwickshire Norwich Union League 2001 Kent Gloucestershire , Surrey , Northamptonshire Glamorgan Durham , Worcestershire 2002 Glamorgan Somerset , Durham , Nottinghamshire Gloucestershire Surrey , Essex National League 2003 Surrey Leicestershire , Yorkshire , Worcestershire Lancashire Northamptonshire , Hampshire totesport League 2004 Glamorgan Warwickshire , Kent , Surrey Middlesex Worcestershire , Nottinghamshire 2005 Essex Gloucestershire , Worcestershire , Hampshire Sussex Durham , Warwickshire NatWest Pro40 2006 Essex Glamorgan , Durham , Middlesex Gloucestershire Worcestershire , Hampshire 2007 Worcestershire Warwickshire , Essex , Northamptonshire Durham Somerset , Middlesex 2008 Sussex Middlesex , Lancashire Essex Yorkshire 2009 Sussex Not applicable Warwickshire Not applicable Clydesdale Bank 40 2010 Warwickshire Bears 2011 Surrey Lions 2012 Hampshire Royals Yorkshire Bank 40 2013 Nottinghamshire Outlaws Royal London One - day Cup 2014 Durham 2015 Gloucestershire 2016 Warwickshire Bears 2017 Nottinghamshire Outlaws 2018 Hampshire References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Benson and Hedges Cricket Year September 1990 to September 1991 ( p. 325 ) Jump up ^ Warwickshire v Somerset July 1997 -- Electronic Telegraph Jump up ^ https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket-nicknames-for-the-new-era-1078801.html Jump up ^ `` Ireland decline ECB 's 40 - over invite '' . Cricinfo blogs. 29 September 2009 . Retrieved 3 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Geoffrey Dean , Ivo Tennant , Patrick Kidd . Dispute overshadows first sighting of Unicorns , 2 May 2010 , www.timesonline.co.uk . Retrieved on 3 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Hampshire beat Glamorgan in Play - Off match Jump up ^ Middlesex beat Northamptonshire in Play - Off match Cricket in England England and Wales Cricket Board Professional Cricketers ' Association Association of Cricket Officials National teams England Lions U-19 Women National Cricket Performance Centre Full - match competitions County Championship ( winners ) One - day competitions Royal London One - Day Cup Women 's County Championship ECB 40 ( defunct ) National League ( defunct ) Benson & Hedges Cup ( defunct ) Friends Provident Trophy ( defunct ) Twenty20 competitions Twenty20 Cup ( FriendsLife t20 2010 -- 2013 ; t20 Blast from 2014 ) ( winners ) Women 's Cricket Super League English franchise Twenty20 competition ( future ) Minor Counties Minor Counties Cricket Championship Minor Counties Knockout Trophy National Club Cricket ECB Premier Leagues ECB National Club Cricket Championship ECB National Club Twenty20 Lists List of first - class teams Grounds by capacity Winners of all trophies Venues Competitions History Royal London One - Day Cup seasons 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 List A cricket competitions Afghanistan Australia Bangladesh England and Wales India ( state , zonal ) Ireland New Zealand Pakistan South Africa ( franchise , provincial ) Sri Lanka West Indies Zimbabwe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_London_One-Day_Cup&oldid=848241841 '' Categories : Royal London One - Day Cup English domestic cricket competitions Professional 40 - over cricket competitions ECB 40 Recurring sporting events established in 2010 Recurring sporting events disestablished in 2013 List A cricket competitions Hidden categories : Use British English from February 2013 Use dmy dates from February 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 30 June 2018 , at 17 : 43 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who has scored the most runs in royal london one day cup history
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Henry Cavill
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Henry Cavill - wikipedia Henry Cavill Jump to : navigation , search Henry Cavill Cavill at the 2015 San Diego Comic Con International promoting Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Henry William Dalgliesh Cavill ( 1983 - 05 - 05 ) 5 May 1983 ( age 34 ) St. Helier , Jersey , Channel Islands Residence Kensington , London , England Nationality British Education St Michael 's Preparatory School Stowe School Occupation Actor Years active 2001 -- present Height 6 ft 1 in ( 1.85 m ) Henry William Dalgliesh Cavill ( / ˈkævɪl / ; born 5 May 1983 ) is a British actor . Cavill began his career starring in the film adaptations of The Count of Monte Cristo ( 2002 ) and I Capture the Castle ( 2003 ) . He later appeared in minor and supporting roles in television shows such as BBC 's The Inspector Lynley Mysteries , ITV 's Midsomer Murders and Showtime 's The Tudors , then crossed to mainstream Hollywood films such as Tristan & Isolde ( 2006 ) , Stardust ( 2007 ) , Blood Creek ( 2009 ) and Immortals ( 2011 ) . Cavill starred as Charles Brandon , 1st Duke of Suffolk in the Showtime television series The Tudors ; and in 2008 became the official spokesman for the Dunhill fragrance collection for men . Cavill gained further prominence and international fame playing the titular superhero Superman in the DC Extended Universe starting with the 2013 reboot film Man of Steel , originally the highest - grossing Superman film of all time until it was surpassed by 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , where he reprised his role as Superman ; making it his highest - grossing film to date . In 2015 , he co-starred with Armie Hammer in the spy film The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 In the media 4 Charity work 5 Personal life 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 7 Awards and nominations 8 References 9 External links Early life ( edit ) Cavill was born the fourth of five boys on Jersey in the Channel Islands , a self - governing possession of the Crown ( Crown dependency ) . His mother , Marianne ( Dalgliesh ) , was a secretary in a bank , and his father , Colin Cavill , was a stockbroker . He was educated at St Michael 's Preparatory School in Saint Saviour , Jersey , before attending Stowe School in Stowe , Buckinghamshire , England . Career ( edit ) Cavill at the Whatever Works premiere in 2009 Cavill began his film career with a role in Laguna ( 2001 ) and the following year in Kevin Reynolds ' 2002 adaptation of The Count of Monte Cristo . He continued with appearances in BBC 's The Inspector Lynley Mysteries ( 2002 ) , the television film Goodbye , Mr. Chips ( 2002 ) , and the television series Midsomer Murders ( 2003 ) . In 2003 , he had a supporting role in I Capture the Castle , followed by Hellraiser : Hellworld ( 2005 ) , Red Riding Hood ( 2006 ) and Tristan & Isolde ( 2006 ) . He had a minor role in Matthew Vaughn 's adaptation of Stardust ( 2007 ) . From 2007 to 2010 , Cavill had a leading role in Showtime 's television series , The Tudors , as Charles Brandon , 1st Duke of Suffolk . The series was well - received : it was nominated for a Golden Globe in 2007 and won an Emmy in 2008 . Cavill gave the show credit for bolstering his career : `` It 's done the most for me to date . ( ... ) Now that there 's an audience somewhere in America that 's aware of who I am , I have more sell - ability , because of The Tudors . '' Entertainment Weekly named him the `` Most Dashing Duke '' and praised his work on The Tudors for displaying `` charm , depth and a killer bod '' . Cavill had been set to play Superman in McG 's 2004 film , Superman : Flyby . However , McG pulled out of the project and direction was taken over by director Bryan Singer , who recast Brandon Routh as the lead in Superman Returns . Cavill was also the cause of a write - in effort from fans to see him cast as Cedric Diggory in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2005 ) . The role eventually went to Robert Pattinson . Stephenie Meyer , the author of the Twilight series , was outspokenly in favour of Cavill playing the character of Edward Cullen in the Twilight film , calling him her `` perfect Edward '' . However , by the time production of the film began , Cavill was too old to play the character , and again the role went to Pattinson . Cavill in 2011 In 2005 , Cavill was a final choice for the role of James Bond in Casino Royale . The producers and director Martin Campbell were torn between him and Daniel Craig ; reportedly Campbell supported Cavill but the producers preferred an older Bond . Craig ultimately landed the role . Despite reports that he was a contender for Batman in Batman Begins , Cavill confirmed that he never auditioned for , nor was offered , the role . He starred in director Joel Schumacher 's horror film , Blood Creek ( 2008 ) , and in 2009 , he had a supporting role in Woody Allen 's comedy film , Whatever Works . Cavill played the lead role of Theseus in Tarsem Singh 's mythological film , Immortals , released 11 November 2011 . In 2012 , Cavill starred , alongside Bruce Willis , in The Cold Light of Day . Cavill at the 2013 San Diego Comic Con , promoting Man of Steel On 30 January 2011 , it was announced that Cavill had been cast in the role of Clark Kent / Superman in director Zack Snyder 's Man of Steel . Snyder called Cavill `` the perfect choice to don the cape and S shield . '' Entertainment media applauded Henry Cavill on his road to success . On being chosen for the role , Cavill commented , `` In the pantheon of superheroes , Superman is the most recognized and revered character of all time , and I am honoured to be a part of his return to the big screen . '' Cavill reprised the role of Superman in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , a 2016 sequel which featured a crossover with Batman and Wonder Woman . Cavill will reprise the role of Superman for the upcoming Justice League film . According to his new manager Dany Garcia , Cavill is working on a new standalone Superman movie . Cavill is signed onto a psychological thriller Nomis alongside Alexandra Daddario and Sir Ben Kingsley , which began filming on February 25th 2017 in Winnipeg , Canada . Cavill has also signed onto Mission : Impossible 6 . Cavill has expressed interest in taking over the role of James Bond when Daniel Craig gives it up . He co-starred with Armie Hammer in the film version of spy series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. , after Tom Cruise had to drop out to work on Mission : Impossible -- Rogue Nation . He appeared at the San Diego Comic - Con in disguise to surprise the cast of Suicide Squad . In the media ( edit ) Cavill was named one of GQ 's 50 best dressed British men in 2012 . In December 2013 , Cavill was named `` World 's Sexiest Man '' by British Glamour magazine . The same year , Empire magazine placed him third on their list of `` The 100 Sexiest Movie Stars 2013 '' . In early 2008 , Cavill became the face of the British fragrance Dunhill . A television commercial for the brand featured a suited - up Cavill walking through the Union Jack , before mounting a helicopter . A second television commercial featured Cavill driving a car through a deserted London at night , and meeting with a young woman . In August 2014 , Cavill took part in an Ice Bucket Challenge in support of the ALS Association , where he was soaked with six large buckets of water ( doing the challenge in his full Superman costume ) . Charity work ( edit ) Cavill is a spokesman for the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust , and an ambassador for The Royal Marines Charity . He launched the running phase of the Royal Marines 1664 Challenge and took part in The Gibraltar Rock Run 2014 . Personal life ( edit ) Cavill was engaged to English showjumper Ellen Whitaker , however they split in 2012 . Cavill lives in South Kensington , London . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Laguna Thomas Aprea 2002 The Count of Monte Cristo Albert Mondego 2003 I Capture the Castle Stephen Colley 2005 Hellraiser : Hellworld Mike 2006 Tristan & Isolde Melot 2006 Red Riding Hood The Hunter 2007 Stardust Humphrey 2009 Whatever Works Randy Lee James 2009 Blood Creek Evan Marshall 2011 Immortals Theseus 2012 The Cold Light of Day Will Shaw 2013 Man of Steel Kal - El / Clark Kent / Superman 2015 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Napoleon Solo 2016 Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Clark Kent / Superman 2017 Sand Castle Captain Syverson 2017 Justice League Clark Kent / Superman Post-production 2018 Nomis Marshall Post-production 2018 Mission : Impossible 6 Filming Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2002 Inspector Lynley Mysteries , The The Inspector Lynley Mysteries Chas Quilter Episode : `` Well - Schooled in Murder '' 2002 Goodbye , Mr. Chips Soldier Colley Television film 2003 Midsomer Murders Simon Mayfield Episode : `` The Green Man '' 2007 -- 2010 Tudors , The The Tudors Charles Brandon 38 episodes Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Organization Award Work Result 2012 NewNowNext Award Cause You 're Hot The Tudors Nominated 2013 Cause You 're Hot Man of Steel Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice Summer Movie Star : Male Nominated Choice Liplock ( shared with Amy Adams ) Nominated 2014 Critics ' Choice Movie Award Best Actor in an Action Movie Nominated MTV Movie Awards Best Hero Won 2016 Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Actor : Sci - Fi / Fantasy Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Nominated Choice Liplock ( shared with Amy Adams ) Nominated 2017 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Actor Nominated Favorite Butt - Kicker Nominated Favorite Frenemies ( shared with Ben Affleck ) Nominated Razzie Awards Worst Actor Nominated Worst Screen Combo ( shared with Ben Affleck ) Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill Gets Real About the Financial Perks of Being an Actor : ' I 'm Not Just Doing This for the Art ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill & Ben Affleck visit EJ , Charles , Kenny & Shaq on TNT NBA Tip - Off '' . Jump up ^ `` Why Superman Can Be Played By A British Actor , According To Henry Cavill '' . Jump up ^ `` Another British superhero : Henry Cavill to play Superman '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill , Part 1 - The Tonight Show with Jay Leno '' . 7 June 2013 . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill - Biography '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Things About ... Henry Cavill '' . Digital Spy. 17 April 2013 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill Biography '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Tudors Interview . '' Filmed interview . Retrieved 18 February 2011 Jump up ^ Svetkey , Benjamin , `` Must List 2009 : TV . '' Entertainment Weekly 26 June 2009 . Print . Retrieved 18 February 2011 from Entertainment Weekly online , ^ Jump up to : Jensen , Jeff `` Doc '' . `` Superman Soars Again . '' Entertainment Weekly 25 February 2011 : 54 -- 57 . Print . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ Wigler , Josh . `` ' Tudors ' Star Henry Cavill Was So Close To Playing Superman , He Even Wore The Cape ! '' . MTV , 6 May 2009 . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill for Cedric Diggory . '' Henry Cavill at IntenseVibe.org . IntenseVibe , 22 February 2008 . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ Morris , W.M. `` Interview : Twilight author Stephenie Meyer . '' A Motley Vision ... A Motley Vision , 26 Oct. 2005 . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 ^ Jump up to : Meyer , Stephenie . `` Twilight the Movie ( archives ) . '' . stepheniemeyer.com . The Official Website of Stephenie Meyer , 7 July 2007 . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill Talks Twilight '' . By Josh Horowitz . MTV Movies . Filmed interview . Retrieved 19 February 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Henry Cavill Interview . '' Filmed interview . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` David Arnold discusses screentesting the new James Bond , and Daniel Craig 's competition . '' MI6 . MI6 , 22 March 2007 . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` ' Whatever ' makes Henry Cavill tick '' . USA Today . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Billington , Alex ( 17 May 2010 ) . `` First Look : Tarsem Singh 's ' Immortals ' Epic with Henry Cavill '' . firstshowing.net First Showing . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill to Play Superman '' . superherohype.com . SuperHeroHype. 30 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Venutolo , Anthony ( 30 January 2011 ) . `` Henry Cavill cast as Superman in Zack Snyder 's reboot '' . NJ . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( 1 February 2011 ) . `` ' Superman ' Star Henry Cavill Will Be ' Amazing ' , Christopher Nolan Says '' . MTV . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( 31 January 2011 ) . `` ' Superman ' Star Henry Cavill Had Long Road To Landing The Role '' . MTV . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill : The Next Superman '' . CBSNews.com / CelebrityCircuit . Retrieved 31 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Bettinger , Brendan . `` Henry Cavill is SUPERMAN ! '' . Collider . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Batman vs Superman : first pictures from the film '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gal Gadot to Play Wonder Woman in ' Batman vs. Superman ' '' . Variety . 4 December 2013 . Retrieved 4 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pictures Pushes Batman vs. Superman Back to 2016 '' . ComingSoon.net. 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Ahmed , Tufayel ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` DWAYNE JOHNSON 'S ROCK : MEET DANY GARCIA , THE WOMAN BEHIND HOLLYWOOD 'S HIGHEST EARNER '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ http://www.chrisd.ca/2017/02/10/sir-ben-kingsley-henry-cavill-nomis-winnipeg/ Jump up ^ Wilding , Josh . `` JUSTICE LEAGUE Star Henry Cavill Joins Tom Cruise In MISSION : IMPOSSIBLE 6 '' . ComicBookMovie . Retrieved 20 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Superman star keen to try Bond '' . 3 News NZ. 23 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man of Steel ' star Henry Cavill needs nerves of steel '' . Jump up ^ Patricia Didelot ( 5 June 2013 ) . `` Henry Cavill Confirms His Role In ' The Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' And Shares More About ' Man Of Steel ' '' . Inquisitr.com . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` From ' Man of Steel ' to ' Man From U.N.C.L.E. ' Inquirer Entertainment '' . Entertainment.inquirer.net. 6 June 2013 . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwerdtfeger , Conner ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Henry Cavill makes surprising visit to San Diego Comic - on '' . Retrieved July 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tinie Tempah and Mario Balotelli GQ 's best dressed men '' . BBC . 16 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill voted world 's sexiest man in Glamour poll '' . BBC . 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 3 . Henry Cavill - The 100 Sexiest Movie Stars 2013 '' . Empire . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Dunhill London . ' . Dunhill . Web . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Dunhill London Fragrance with Henry Cavill . '' . Television ad . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill -- Dunhill Black . '' . Television ad . Retrieved 19 February 2011 Jump up ^ Olivia B. Waxman ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` Superman Proves He 's Superman By Hardly Wincing During The Ice Bucket Challenge '' . Time . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kirsty McCormack ( 27 August 2015 ) . `` He really is Superman ! Henry Cavill gets drenched several times in Ice Bucket Challenge '' . Daily Express . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ David Crow ( 26 August 2015 ) . `` Henry Cavill And Amy Adams Take The ALS Ice Bucket Challenge As Superman and Lois Lane '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Superman actor Cavill joins wildlife trust '' . 8 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man of Steel ' Henry Cavill launches the Royal Marines 1664 Challenge '' . YouTube . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Man of Steel ' Henry Cavill joins fundraisers and Gibraltarians to celebrate a very important birthday '' . rmctf.org.uk . Retrieved 4 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Showjumper Ellen Whitaker splits from Superman Henry Cavill as he heads to Hollywood '' . Jump up ^ `` Why Henry Cavill is more Clark Kent than Superman '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill Gets Real About the Financial Perks of Being an Actor : ' I 'm Not Just Doing This for the Art ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Henry Cavill on Batman v Superman , Dunhill suits and stockbroking '' . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NewNowNext Awards Nominees -- Cause You 're Hot '' . NewNowNext Awards . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Nominees -- Cause You 're Hot '' . NewNowNext Awards . Retrieved 23 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2017 : Full Nominees and Winners List '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved 12 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Henry Cavill . Henry Cavill on IMDb Preceded by Brandon Routh Actor to portray Clark Kent / Superman 2013 - present Succeeded by Tyler Hoechlin VIAF : 163733385 LCCN : no2008178715 ISNI : 0000 0001 1483 2439 GND : 141252286 SUDOC : 134013603 BNF : cb16587284m ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Cavill&oldid=800989357 '' Categories : 1983 births 21st - century British male actors British expatriate male actors in the United States British male film actors British male television actors British people of English descent British people of Irish descent British people of Scottish descent Jersey male actors Living people People educated at Stowe School People from Saint Saviour , Jersey Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2015 Use British English from July 2013 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar मैथिली მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 00 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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who plays clark kent in man of steel
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"Cavill gained further prominence and international fame playing the titular superhero Superman in the DC Extended Universe starting with the 2013 reboot film Man of Steel, originally the highest-grossing Superman film of all time until it was surpassed by 2016's Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice, where he reprised his role as Superman; making it his highest-grossing film to date. In 2015, he co-starred with Armie Hammer in the spy film The Man from U.N.C.L.E."
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"Cavill"
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Wikipedia
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Wikipedia - Wikipedia Wikipedia Jump to : navigation , search free online encyclopedia that anyone can edit This article is about the Internet encyclopedia . For Wikipedia 's home page , see Wikipedia 's Main Page . For Wikipedia 's visitor introduction , see Wikipedia 's About Page . For other uses , see Wikipedia ( disambiguation ) . `` The Free Encyclopedia '' redirects here . For other encyclopedias , see List of encyclopedias . Wikipedia The logo of Wikipedia , a globe featuring glyphs from several writing systems Screenshot Main Page of the English Wikipedia on April 6 , 2017 Type of site Online encyclopedia Available in 301 languages Owner Wikimedia Foundation Created by Jimmy Wales , Larry Sanger Website wikipedia.org Alexa rank 5 ( Global , January 2018 ) Commercial No Registration Optional Users > 299,172 active users and > 75,295,462 registered users Launched January 15 , 2001 ; 17 years ago ( 2001 - 01 - 15 ) Current status Active Content license CC Attribution / Share - Alike 3.0 Most text is also dual - licensed under GFDL ; media licensing varies Written in LAMP platform OCLC number 52075003 Wikipedia ( / ˌwɪkɪˈpiːdiə / ( listen ) , / ˌwɪkiˈpiːdiə / ( listen ) WIK - ih - PEE - dee - ə ) is a multilingual , web - based , free - content encyclopedia that is based on a model of openly editable content . It is the largest and most - popular general reference work on the Internet , and is named as one of the most popular websites . It is owned and supported by the Wikimedia Foundation , a non-profit organization which operates on whatever money it receives from its annual fund drives . Wikipedia was launched on January 15 , 2001 by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger . Sanger coined its name , a portmanteau of wiki and encyclopedia . There was only the English - language version initially , but similar versions in other languages quickly developed which differ in content and in editing practices . With 5,657,870 articles , the English Wikipedia is the largest of the more than 290 Wikipedia encyclopedias . Overall , Wikipedia comprises more than 40 million articles in 301 different languages and had 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors each month as of February 2014 . As of March 2017 , Wikipedia has about 40,000 Featured Articles and Good Articles that cover vital topics . In 2005 , Nature published a peer review comparing 42 science articles from Encyclopædia Britannica and Wikipedia and found that Wikipedia 's level of accuracy approached that of Encyclopædia Britannica . Time magazine stated that the open - door policy of allowing anyone to edit had made Wikipedia the biggest and possibly the best encyclopedia in the world and it was testament to the vision of Jimmy Wales . Wikipedia has been criticized for exhibiting systemic bias , presenting a mixture of `` truths , half truths , and some falsehoods '' , and being subject to manipulation and spin in controversial topics . In 2017 , Facebook announced that it would help readers detect fake news by suitable links to Wikipedia articles . YouTube announced a similar plan in 2018 . In response , the Washington Post headlined , `` Wikipedia , the ' good cop ' of the Internet '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Nupedia 1.2 Launch and early growth 1.3 Milestones 2 Openness 2.1 Restrictions 2.2 Review of changes 2.3 Vandalism 3 Policies and laws 3.1 Content policies and guidelines 4 Governance 4.1 Administrators 4.2 Dispute resolution 4.2. 1 Arbitration Committee 5 Community 5.1 Studies 5.2 Diversity 6 Language editions 6.1 English Wikipedia editor decline 7 Critical reception 7.1 Accuracy of content 7.2 Discouragement in education 7.2. 1 Medical information 7.3 Quality of writing 7.4 Coverage of topics and systemic bias 7.4. 1 Coverage of topics and selection bias 7.4. 2 Systemic bias 7.4. 3 Identifying the filter - bubble problem 7.5 Explicit content 7.6 Privacy 7.7 Sexism 8 Operation 8.1 Wikimedia Foundation and Wikimedia movement affiliates 8.2 Software operations and support 8.3 Automated editing 8.4 Wikiprojects , and assessments of articles ' importance and quality 8.5 Hardware operations and support 8.6 Internal research and operational development 8.7 Internal news publications 9 Access to content 9.1 Content licensing 9.2 Methods of access 9.2. 1 Mobile access 10 Cultural impact 10.1 Trusted source to combat fake news 10.2 Readership 10.3 Cultural significance 10.3. 1 Awards 10.3. 2 Satire 10.4 Sister projects -- Wikimedia 10.5 Publishing 10.6 Scientific use 11 Related projects 12 See also 12.1 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Academic studies 14.2 Books 14.3 Book reviews and other article 14.3. 1 Learning resources 14.3. 2 Other media coverage 15 External links History Main article : History of Wikipedia Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger Nupedia Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project called Nupedia Other collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before Wikipedia , but none were as successful . Wikipedia began as a complementary project for Nupedia , a free online English - language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process . It was founded on March 9 , 2000 under the ownership of Bomis , a web portal company . Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger , editor - in - chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia . Nupedia was licensed initially under its own Nupedia Open Content License , switching to the GNU Free Documentation License before Wikipedia 's founding at the urging of Richard Stallman . Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia , while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a wiki to reach that goal . On January 10 , 2001 , Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a `` feeder '' project for Nupedia . External audio The Great Book of Knowledge , Part 1 , Ideas with Paul Kennedy , CBC , January 15 , 2014 Launch and early growth Wikipedia was launched on January 15 , 2001 , as a single English - language edition at www.wikipedia.com , and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list . Wikipedia 's policy of `` neutral point - of - view '' was codified in its first months . Otherwise , there were relatively few rules initially and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia . Originally , Bomis intended to make Wikipedia a business for profit . Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia , Slashdot postings , and web search engine indexing . Language editions were also created , with a total of 161 by the end of 2004 . Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former 's servers were taken down permanently in 2003 , and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia . The English Wikipedia passed the mark of two million articles on September 9 , 2007 , making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled , surpassing even the 1408 Yongle Encyclopedia , which had held the record for almost 600 years . Citing fears of commercial advertising and lack of control in Wikipedia , users of the Spanish Wikipedia forked from Wikipedia to create the Enciclopedia Libre in February 2002 . These moves encouraged Wales to announce that Wikipedia would not display advertisements , and to change Wikipedia 's domain from wikipedia.com to wikipedia.org . Though the English Wikipedia reached three million articles in August 2009 , the growth of the edition , in terms of the numbers of articles and of contributors , appears to have peaked around early 2007 . Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006 ; by 2013 that average was roughly 800 . A team at the Palo Alto Research Center attributed this slowing of growth to the project 's increasing exclusivity and resistance to change . Others suggest that the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called `` low - hanging fruit '' -- topics that clearly merit an article -- have already been created and built up extensively . In November 2009 , a researcher at the Rey Juan Carlos University in Madrid ( Spain ) found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009 ; in comparison , the project lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008 . The Wall Street Journal cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend . Wales disputed these claims in 2009 , denying the decline and questioning the methodology of the study . Two years later , in 2011 , Wales acknowledged the presence of a slight decline , noting a decrease from `` a little more than 36,000 writers '' in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011 . In the same interview , Wales also claimed the number of editors was `` stable and sustainable '' . A 2013 article titled `` The Decline of Wikipedia '' in MIT 's Technology Review questioned this claim . The article revealed that since 2007 , Wikipedia had lost a third of the volunteer editors who update and correct the online encyclopedia and those still there have focused increasingly on minutiae . In July 2012 , The Atlantic reported that the number of administrators is also in decline . In the November 25 , 2013 , issue of New York magazine , Katherine Ward stated `` Wikipedia , the sixth-most - used website , is facing an internal crisis '' . Wikipedia blackout protest against SOPA on January 18 , 2012 Play media A promotional video of the Wikimedia Foundation that encourages viewers to edit Wikipedia , mostly reviewing 2014 via Wikipedia content Milestones In January 2007 , Wikipedia entered for the first time the top - ten list of the most popular websites in the U.S. , according to comScore Networks . With 42.9 million unique visitors , Wikipedia was ranked number 9 , surpassing The New York Times ( # 10 ) and Apple ( # 11 ) . This marked a significant increase over January 2006 , when the rank was number 33 , with Wikipedia receiving around 18.3 million unique visitors . As of March 2015 , Wikipedia has rank 5 among websites in terms of popularity according to Alexa Internet . In 2014 , it received 8 billion pageviews every month . On February 9 , 2014 , The New York Times reported that Wikipedia has 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month , `` according to the ratings firm comScore . '' On January 18 , 2012 , the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the United States Congress -- the Stop Online Piracy Act ( SOPA ) and the PROTECT IP Act ( PIPA ) -- by blacking out its pages for 24 hours . More than 162 million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced Wikipedia content . The Wikipedia Page on December 17 , 2001 . Loveland and Reagle argue that , in process , Wikipedia follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that accumulated improvements piecemeal through `` stigmergic accumulation '' . On January 20 , 2014 , Subodh Varma reporting for The Economic Times indicated that not only had Wikipedia 's growth flattened but that it has `` lost nearly 10 per cent of its page - views last year . That 's a decline of about 2 billion between December 2012 and December 2013 . Its most popular versions are leading the slide : page - views of the English Wikipedia declined by 12 per cent , those of German version slid by 17 per cent and the Japanese version lost 9 per cent . '' Varma added that , `` While Wikipedia 's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting , other experts feel that Google 's Knowledge Graphs project launched last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users . '' When contacted on this matter , Clay Shirky , associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard 's Berkman Center for Internet and Security indicated that he suspected much of the page view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs , stating , `` If you can get your question answered from the search page , you do n't need to click ( any further ) . '' By the end of December 2016 , Wikipedia was ranked fifth in the most popular websites globally . Openness Number of English Wikipedia articles Wikipedia editors with > 100 edits per month Differences between versions of an article are highlighted as shown Unlike traditional encyclopedias , Wikipedia follows the procrastination principle regarding the security of its content . It started almost entirely open -- anyone could create articles , and any Wikipedia article could be edited by any reader , even those who did not have a Wikipedia account . Modifications to all articles would be published immediately . As a result , any article could contain inaccuracies such as errors , ideological biases , and nonsensical or irrelevant text . Restrictions Due to the increasing popularity of Wikipedia , popular editions , including the English version , have introduced editing restrictions in some cases . For instance , on the English Wikipedia and some other language editions , only registered users may create a new article . On the English Wikipedia , among others , some particularly controversial , sensitive and / or vandalism - prone pages have been protected to some degree . A frequently vandalized article can be semi-protected or extended confirmed protected , meaning that only autoconfirmed or extended confirmed editors are able to modify it . A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only administrators are able to make changes . In certain cases , all editors are allowed to submit modifications , but review is required for some editors , depending on certain conditions . For example , the German Wikipedia maintains `` stable versions '' of articles , which have passed certain reviews . Following protracted trials and community discussion , the English Wikipedia introduced the `` pending changes '' system in December 2012 . Under this system , new and unregistered users ' edits to certain controversial or vandalism - prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published . The editing interface of Wikipedia Review of changes Although changes are not systematically reviewed , the software that powers Wikipedia provides certain tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others . The `` History '' page of each article links to each revision . On most articles , anyone can undo others ' changes by clicking a link on the article 's history page . Anyone can view the latest changes to articles , and anyone may maintain a `` watchlist '' of articles that interest them so they can be notified of any changes . `` New pages patrol '' is a process whereby newly created articles are checked for obvious problems . In 2003 , economics PhD student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low transaction costs of participating in a wiki create a catalyst for collaborative development , and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favor `` creative construction '' over `` creative destruction '' . Vandalism Main article : Vandalism on Wikipedia Any change or edit that manipulates content in a way that purposefully compromises the integrity of Wikipedia is considered vandalism . The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor . Vandalism can also include advertising and other types of spam . Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page . Less common types of vandalism , such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information to an article , can be more difficult to detect . Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting , modify page semantics such as the page 's title or categorization , manipulate the underlying code of an article , or use images disruptively . American journalist John Seigenthaler ( 1927 -- 2014 ) , subject of the Seigenthaler incident Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Wikipedia articles ; the median time to detect and fix vandalism is a few minutes . However , some vandalism takes much longer to repair . In the Seigenthaler biography incident , an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure John Seigenthaler in May 2005 . Seigenthaler was falsely presented as a suspect in the assassination of John F. Kennedy . The article remained uncorrected for four months . Seigenthaler , the founding editorial director of USA Today and founder of the Freedom Forum First Amendment Center at Vanderbilt University , called Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation . Wales replied that he did not , although the perpetrator was eventually traced . After the incident , Seigenthaler described Wikipedia as `` a flawed and irresponsible research tool '' . This incident led to policy changes at Wikipedia , specifically targeted at tightening up the verifiability of biographical articles of living people . Policies and laws External video Wikimania , 60 Minutes , CBS , 20 minutes , April 5 , 2015 , co-founder Jimmy Wales at Fosdem Content in Wikipedia is subject to the laws ( in particular , copyright laws ) of the United States and of the U.S. state of Virginia , where the majority of Wikipedia 's servers are located . Beyond legal matters , the editorial principles of Wikipedia are embodied in the `` five pillars '' and in numerous policies and guidelines intended to appropriately shape content . Even these rules are stored in wiki form , and Wikipedia editors write and revise the website 's policies and guidelines . Editors can enforce these rules by deleting or modifying non-compliant material . Originally , rules on the non-English editions of Wikipedia were based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia . They have since diverged to some extent . Content policies and guidelines Further information : Wikipedia : Core content policies According to the rules on the English Wikipedia , each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is encyclopedic and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary - like . A topic should also meet Wikipedia 's standards of `` notability '' , which generally means that the topic must have been covered in mainstream media or major academic journal sources that are independent of the article 's subject . Further , Wikipedia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized . It must not present original research . A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a reliable source . Among Wikipedia editors , this is often phrased as `` verifiability , not truth '' to express the idea that the readers , not the encyclopedia , are ultimately responsible for checking the truthfulness of the articles and making their own interpretations . This can at times lead to the removal of information that is valid . Finally , Wikipedia must not take sides . All opinions and viewpoints , if attributable to external sources , must enjoy an appropriate share of coverage within an article . This is known as neutral point of view ( NPOV ) . Governance Further information : Wikipedia : Administration Wikipedia 's initial anarchy integrated democratic and hierarchical elements over time . An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor and is not vetted by any recognized authority . Wikipedia 's contributors avoid a tragedy of the commons by internalizing benefits . They do this by experiencing flow and identifying with and gaining status in the Wikipedia community . Administrators Editors in good standing in the community can run for one of many levels of volunteer stewardship : this begins with `` administrator '' , privileged users who can delete pages , prevent articles from being changed in case of vandalism or editorial disputes , and try to prevent certain persons from editing . Despite the name , administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision - making ; instead , their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project - wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors , and to implement restrictions intended to prevent certain persons from making disruptive edits ( such as vandalism ) . Fewer editors become administrators than in years past , in part because the process of vetting potential Wikipedia administrators has become more rigorous . Bureaucrats name new administrators , solely upon the recommendations from the community . Dispute resolution Wikipedians often have disputes regarding content , which may result in repeatedly making opposite changes to an article , known as edit warring . Over time , Wikipedia has developed a semi-formal dispute resolution process to assist in such circumstances . In order to determine community consensus , editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums , or seek outside input through third opinion requests or by initiating a more general community discussion known as a request for comment . Arbitration committee Main article : Arbitration Committee The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process . Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read , the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted . Statistical analyses suggest that the committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted , functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors , but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate . Therefore , the committee does not dictate the content of articles , although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies ( for example , if the new content is considered biased ) . Its remedies include cautions and probations ( used in 63 % of cases ) and banning editors from articles ( 43 % ) , subject matters ( 23 % ) , or Wikipedia ( 16 % ) . Complete bans from Wikipedia are generally limited to instances of impersonation and anti-social behavior . When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social , but rather anti-consensus or in violation of editing policies , remedies tend to be limited to warnings . Community Main article : Wikipedia community Play media Video of Wikimania 2005 -- an annual conference for users of Wikipedia and other projects operated by the Wikimedia Foundation , was held in Frankfurt am Main , Germany from August 4 to 8 . Each article and each user of Wikipedia has an associated `` Talk '' page . These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss , coordinate and debate . Play media Wikipedians and British Museum curators collaborate on the article Hoxne Hoard in June 2010 Wikipedia 's community has been described as cult - like , although not always with entirely negative connotations . The project 's preference for cohesiveness , even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of credentials , has been referred to as `` anti-elitism '' . Wikipedians sometimes award one another virtual barnstars for good work . These personalized tokens of appreciation reveal a wide range of valued work extending far beyond simple editing to include social support , administrative actions , and types of articulation work . Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification . As Wikipedia grew , `` Who writes Wikipedia ? '' became one of the questions frequently asked on the project . Jimmy Wales once argued that only `` a community ... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers '' makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore `` much like any traditional organization '' . In 2008 , a Slate magazine article reported that : `` According to researchers in Palo Alto , 1 percent of Wikipedia users are responsible for about half of the site 's edits . '' This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by Aaron Swartz , who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content ( measured by number of characters ) contributed by users with low edit counts . The English Wikipedia has 5,657,870 articles , 33,717,862 registered editors , and 130,541 active editors . An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past thirty days . Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals , such as signing talk page comments , may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders , increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions . Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs : the contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia - specific technological codes , submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process , and learn a `` baffling culture rich with in - jokes and insider references '' . Editors who do not log in are in some sense second - class citizens on Wikipedia , as `` participants are accredited by members of the wiki community , who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product , on the basis of their ongoing participation '' , but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their IP addresses can not be attributed to a particular editor with certainty . Studies A 2007 study by researchers from Dartmouth College found that `` anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia ( ... ) are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site '' . Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that `` ( I ) t turns out over 50 % of all the edits are done by just . 7 % of the users ... 524 people ... And in fact the most active 2 % , which is 1400 people , have done 73.4 % of all the edits . '' However , Business Insider editor and journalist Henry Blodget showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles , most content in Wikipedia ( measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit ) is created by `` outsiders '' , while most editing and formatting is done by `` insiders '' . A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable , open , and conscientious than others , although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws , including that the data showed higher openness , that the differences with the control group were small as were the samples . According to a 2009 study , there is `` evidence of growing resistance from the Wikipedia community to new content '' . Diversity Several studies have shown that most of the Wikipedia contributors are male . Notably , the results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13 % of Wikipedia editors were female . Because of this , universities throughout the country tried to encourage females to become Wikipedia contributors . Similarly , many of these universities , including Yale and Brown , gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology . Andrew Lih , a professor and scientist , wrote in the New York Times that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly , is because identifying as a feminist may expose oneself to `` ugly , intimidating behavior . '' Language editions Main article : List of Wikipedias There are currently 301 language editions of Wikipedia ( also called language versions , or simply Wikipedias ) . Fourteen of these have over one million articles each ( English , Cebuano , Swedish , German , Dutch , French , Russian , Italian , Spanish , Waray - Waray , Polish , Vietnamese , Japanese and Chinese ) , five more have over 500,000 articles ( Portuguese , Ukrainian , Persian , Catalan and Arabic ) , 40 more have over 100,000 articles , and 78 more have over 10,000 articles . The largest , the English Wikipedia , has over 5.6 million articles . As of September 2017 , according to Alexa , the English subdomain ( en.wikipedia.org ; English Wikipedia ) receives approximately 57 % of Wikipedia 's cumulative traffic , with the remaining split among the other languages ( Russian : 7 % ; Spanish : 6 % ; Japanese : 6 % ; Chinese : 5 % ) . As of May 2018 , the six largest language editions are ( in order of article count ) the English , Cebuano , Swedish , German , French , and Dutch Wikipedias . Distribution of the 48,059,000 articles in different language editions ( as of 30 May 2018 ) English ( 11.8 % ) Cebuano ( 11.2 % ) Swedish ( 7.9 % ) German ( 4.5 % ) French ( 4.1 % ) Dutch ( 4 % ) Russian ( 3.1 % ) Italian ( 3 % ) Spanish ( 2.9 % ) Polish ( 2.7 % ) Waray ( 2.6 % ) Vietnamese ( 2.4 % ) Japanese ( 2.3 % ) Chinese ( 2.1 % ) Other ( 35.4 % ) Logarithmic graph of the 20 largest language editions of Wikipedia ( as of 30 May 2018 ) ( millions of articles ) 0.1 0.3 English 5,657,870 Cebuano 5,382,872 Swedish 3,783,556 German 2,185,968 French 1,987,717 Dutch 1,932,461 Russian 1,475,307 Italian 1,440,167 Spanish 1,413,556 Polish 1,282,881 Waray 1,263,017 Vietnamese 1,173,949 Japanese 1,108,215 Chinese 1,008,739 Portuguese 997,849 Ukrainian 791,084 Persian 625,446 Serbian 607,233 Catalan 581,429 Arabic 576,659 The unit for the numbers in bars is articles . A graph for pageviews of Turkish Wikipedia shows a great drop of roughly 80 % immediately after the 2017 block of Wikipedia in Turkey was imposed . Since Wikipedia is based on the Web and therefore worldwide , contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries ( as is the case for the English edition ) . These differences may lead to some conflicts over spelling differences ( e.g. colour versus color ) or points of view . Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as `` neutral point of view '' , they diverge on some points of policy and practice , most notably on whether images that are not licensed freely may be used under a claim of fair use . Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as `` an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language '' . Though each language edition functions more or less independently , some efforts are made to supervise them all . They are coordinated in part by Meta - Wiki , the Wikimedia Foundation 's wiki devoted to maintaining all of its projects ( Wikipedia and others ) . For instance , Meta - Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia , and it maintains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have . The list concerns basic content by subject : biography , history , geography , society , culture , science , technology , and mathematics . As for the rest , it is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition . For example , articles about small towns in the United States might only be available in English , even when they meet notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects . Estimation of contributions shares from different regions in the world to different Wikipedia editions Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions , in part because fully automated translation of articles is disallowed . Articles available in more than one language may offer `` interwiki links '' , which link to the counterpart articles in other editions . A study published by PLoS ONE in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Wikipedia from different regions of the world . It reported that the proportion of the edits made from North America was 51 % for the English Wikipedia , and 25 % for the simple English Wikipedia . The Wikimedia Foundation hopes to increase the number of editors in the Global South to 37 % by 2015 . English Wikipedia editor decline On March 1 , 2014 , The Economist in an article titled `` The Future of Wikipedia '' cited a trend analysis concerning data published by Wikimedia stating that : `` The number of editors for the English - language version has fallen by a third in seven years . '' The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by The Economist as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages ( non-English Wikipedia ) . The Economist reported that the number of contributors with an average of five of more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down . The attrition rates for editors in English Wikipedia , by sharp comparison , were cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 editors , which has dropped to 30,000 editors as of the start of 2014 . At the quoted trend rate , the number of active editors in English Wikipedia has lost approximately 20,000 editors to attrition since 2007 , and the documented trend rate indicates the loss of another 20,000 editors by 2021 , down to 10,000 active editors on English Wikipedia by 2021 if left unabated . Given that the trend analysis published in The Economist presents the number of active editors for Wikipedia in other languages ( non-English Wikipedia ) as remaining relatively constant and successful in sustaining its numbers at approximately 42,000 active editors , the contrast has pointed to the effectiveness of Wikipedia in other languages to retain its active editors on a renewable and sustained basis . No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages ( non-English Wikipedia ) would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively ameliorating substantial editor attrition rates on the English - language Wikipedia . Critical reception See also : Academic studies about Wikipedia and Criticism of Wikipedia This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2018 ) Several Wikipedians have criticized Wikipedia 's large and growing regulation , which includes over 50 policies and nearly 150,000 words as of 2014 . Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits systemic bias . In 2010 , columnist and journalist Edwin Black criticized Wikipedia for being a mixture of `` truth , half truth , and some falsehoods '' . Articles in The Chronicle of Higher Education and The Journal of Academic Librarianship have criticized Wikipedia 's Undue Weight policy , concluding that the fact that Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject , but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject and give less attention to minor ones , creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information . Journalists Oliver Kamm and Edwin Black noted ( in 2010 and 2011 respectively ) how articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices , usually by a group with an `` ax to grind '' on the topic . A 2008 article in Education Next Journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics , Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and spin . In 2006 , the Wikipedia Watch criticism website listed dozens of examples of plagiarism in the English Wikipedia . Accuracy of content Main article : Reliability of Wikipedia Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica are carefully and deliberately written by experts , lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy . However , a peer review in 2005 of forty - two scientific entries on both Wikipedia and Encyclopædia Britannica by the science journal Nature found few differences in accuracy , and concluded that `` the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies ; Britannica , about three . '' Reagle suggested that while the study reflects `` a topical strength of Wikipedia contributors '' in science articles , `` Wikipedia may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects . '' The findings by Nature were disputed by Encyclopædia Britannica , and in response , Nature gave a rebuttal of the points raised by Britannica . In addition to the point - for - point disagreement between these two parties , others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the Nature effort , and suggested a `` flawed study design '' ( in Nature 's manual selection of articles , in part or in whole , for comparison ) , absence of statistical analysis ( e.g. , of reported confidence intervals ) , and a lack of study `` statistical power '' ( i.e. , owing to small sample size , 42 or 4 × 10 articles compared , vs > 10 and > 10 set sizes for Britannica and the English Wikipedia , respectively ) . As a consequence of the open structure , Wikipedia `` makes no guarantee of validity '' of its content , since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it . Concerns have been raised by PC World in 2009 regarding the lack of accountability that results from users ' anonymity , the insertion of false information , vandalism , and similar problems . Economist Tyler Cowen wrote : `` If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true , after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia . '' He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases and novel results , in his opinion , are over-reported in journal articles and relevant information is omitted from news reports . However , he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites , and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them . Critics argue that Wikipedia 's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable . Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia may be reliable , but that the reliability of any given article is not clear . Editors of traditional reference works such as the Encyclopædia Britannica have questioned the project 's utility and status as an encyclopedia . Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has claimed that Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of `` fake news '' because the Wikipedia community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles . External video Inside Wikipedia -- Attack of the PR Industry , Deutsche Welle , 7 : 13 mins Wikipedia 's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for Internet trolls , spammers , and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia . In response to paid advocacy editing and undisclosed editing issues , Wikipedia was reported in an article by Jeff Elder in The Wall Street Journal on June 16 , 2014 , to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing . The article stated that : `` Beginning Monday ( from date of article ) , changes in Wikipedia 's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement . Katherine Maher , the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation 's chief communications officer , said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that , ' we 're not an advertising service ; we 're an encyclopedia . ' '' These issues , among others , had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia , notably by Stephen Colbert on The Colbert Report . A Harvard law textbook , Legal Research in a Nutshell ( 2011 ) , cites Wikipedia as a `` general source '' that `` can be a real boon '' in `` coming up to speed in the law governing a situation '' and , `` while not authoritative , can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in - depth resources '' . Discouragement in Education Most university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work , preferring primary sources ; some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations . Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources , and should not be relied upon as authoritative . Wales once ( 2006 or earlier ) said he receives about ten emails weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia ; he told the students they got what they deserved . `` For God 's sake , you 're in college ; do n't cite the encyclopedia '' , he said . In February 2007 , an article in The Harvard Crimson newspaper reported that a few of the professors at Harvard University were including Wikipedia articles in their syllabi , although without realizing the articles might change . In June 2007 , former president of the American Library Association Michael Gorman condemned Wikipedia , along with Google , stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are `` the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything '' . Medical information See also : Health information on Wikipedia On March 5 , 2014 , Julie Beck writing for The Atlantic magazine in an article titled `` Doctors ' # 1 Source for Healthcare Information : Wikipedia '' , stated that `` Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the ( Wikipedia ) site , and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information . '' Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of Dr. Amin Azzam at the University of San Francisco to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve Wikipedia articles on health - related issues , as well as internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by Dr. James Heilman to improve a group of 200 health - related articles of central medical importance up to Wikipedia 's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer review evaluation process . In a May 7 , 2014 , follow - up article in The Atlantic titled `` Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text ? '' , Julie Beck quotes Wikiproject Medicine 's Dr. James Heilman as stating : `` Just because a reference is peer - reviewed does n't mean it 's a high - quality reference . '' Beck added that : `` Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as ' good ' or ' featured . ' Heilman , who has participated in that process before , says ' less than 1 percent ' of Wikipedia 's medical articles have passed . Quality of writing In 2008 , researchers at Carnegie Mellon University found that the quality of a Wikipedia article would suffer rather than gain from adding more writers when the article lacked appropriate explicit or implicit coordination . For instance , when contributors rewrite small portions of an entry rather than making full - length revisions , high - and low - quality content may be intermingled within an entry . Roy Rosenzweig , a history professor , stated that American National Biography Online outperformed Wikipedia in terms of its `` clear and engaging prose '' , which , he said , was an important aspect of good historical writing . Contrasting Wikipedia 's treatment of Abraham Lincoln to that of Civil War historian James McPherson in American National Biography Online , he said that both were essentially accurate and covered the major episodes in Lincoln 's life , but praised `` McPherson 's richer contextualization ( ... ) his artful use of quotations to capture Lincoln 's voice ( ... ) and ( ... ) his ability to convey a profound message in a handful of words . '' By contrast , he gives an example of Wikipedia 's prose that he finds `` both verbose and dull '' . Rosenzweig also criticized the `` waffling -- encouraged by the NPOV policy -- ( which ) means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history '' . By example , he quoted the conclusion of Wikipedia 's article on William Clarke Quantrill . While generally praising the article , he pointed out its `` waffling '' conclusion : `` Some historians ( ... ) remember him as an opportunistic , bloodthirsty outlaw , while others continue to view him as a daring soldier and local folk hero . '' Other critics have made similar charges that , even if Wikipedia articles are factually accurate , they are often written in a poor , almost unreadable style . Frequent Wikipedia critic Andrew Orlowski commented , `` Even when a Wikipedia entry is 100 per cent factually correct , and those facts have been carefully chosen , it all too often reads as if it has been translated from one language to another then into a third , passing an illiterate translator at each stage . '' A study of Wikipedia articles on cancer was conducted in 2010 by Yaacov Lawrence of the Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University . The study was limited to those articles that could be found in the Physician Data Query and excluded those written at the `` start '' class or `` stub '' class level . Lawrence found the articles accurate but not very readable , and thought that `` Wikipedia 's lack of readability ( to non-college readers ) may reflect its varied origins and haphazard editing '' . The Economist argued that better - written articles tend to be more reliable : `` inelegant or ranting prose usually reflects muddled thoughts and incomplete information '' . Coverage of topics and systemic bias See also : Notability in the English Wikipedia and Criticism of Wikipedia § Systemic bias in coverage Parts of this article ( those related to d : Wikidata : Statistics / Wikipedia ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( March 2017 ) Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia , with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article . Since it has terabytes of disk space , it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia . The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors , and disagreements are not uncommon ( see deletionism and inclusionism ) . Wikipedia contains materials that some people may find objectionable , offensive , or pornographic because Wikipedia is not censored . The policy has sometimes proved controversial : in 2008 , Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of images of Muhammad in the English edition of its Muhammad article , citing this policy . The presence of politically , religiously , and pornographically sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the censorship of Wikipedia by national authorities in China , and Pakistan amongst other countries . Pie chart of Wikipedia content by subject as of January 2008 A 2008 study conducted by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and Palo Alto Research Center gave a distribution of topics as well as growth ( from July 2006 to January 2008 ) in each field : Culture and the arts : 30 % ( 210 % ) Biographies and persons : 15 % ( 97 % ) Geography and places : 14 % ( 52 % ) Society and social sciences : 12 % ( 83 % ) History and events : 11 % ( 143 % ) Natural and physical sciences : 9 % ( 213 % ) Technology and the applied sciences : 4 % ( − 6 % ) Religions and belief systems : 2 % ( 38 % ) Health : 2 % ( 42 % ) Mathematics and logic : 1 % ( 146 % ) Thought and philosophy : 1 % ( 160 % ) These numbers refer only to the quantity of articles : it is possible for one topic to contain a large number of short articles and another to contain a small number of large ones . Through its `` Wikipedia Loves Libraries '' program , Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles . A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the University of Minnesota indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics . There was a greater concentration of females in the People and Arts category , while males focus more on Geography and Science . Coverage of topics and selection bias Research conducted by Mark Graham of the Oxford Internet Institute in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven . Africa is most underrepresented . Across 30 language editions of Wikipedia , historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events . An editorial in The Guardian in 2014 noted that women porn stars are better covered than women writers as a further example . Systemic bias When multiple editors contribute to one topic or set of topics , systemic bias may arise , due to the demographic backgrounds of the editors . In 2011 , Wales noted that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors , which predominantly consists of young males with high education levels in the developed world ( cf . previously ) . The October 22 , 2013 essay by Tom Simonite in MIT 's Technology Review titled `` The Decline of Wikipedia '' discussed the effect of systemic bias and policy creep on the downward trend in the number of editors . Systemic bias on Wikipedia may follow that of culture generally , for example favoring certain nationalities , ethnicities or majority religions . It may more specifically follow the biases of Internet culture , inclining to being young , male , English - speaking , educated , technologically aware , and wealthy enough to spare time for editing . Biases of its own may include over-emphasis on topics such as pop culture , technology , and current events . Taha Yasseri of the University of Oxford , in 2013 , studied the statistical trends of systemic bias at Wikipedia introduced by editing conflicts and their resolution . His research examined the counterproductive work behavior of edit warring . Yasseri contended that simple reverts or `` undo '' operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive behavior at Wikipedia and relied instead on the statistical measurement of detecting `` reverting / reverted pairs '' or `` mutually reverting edit pairs '' . Such a `` mutually reverting edit pair '' is defined where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then , in sequence , returns to revert the first editor in the `` mutually reverting edit pairs '' . The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia . The English Wikipedia 's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles George W. Bush , Anarchism and Muhammad . By comparison , for the German Wikipedia , the three largest conflict rates at the time of the Oxford study were for the articles covering ( i ) Croatia , ( ii ) Scientology and ( iii ) 9 / 11 conspiracy theories . Researchers from the Washington University developed a statistical model to measure systematic bias in the behavior of Wikipedia 's users regarding controversial topics . The authors focused on behavioral changes of the encyclopedia 's administrators after assuming the post , writing that systematic bias occurred after the fact . Identifying the filter - bubble problem Dimitra Kessenides , writing for Bloomberg News Weekly , identified the ' filter - bubble ' problem as a recurrent and long - standing issue at Wikipedia . As Kessenides states : `` If the only way to get an article about the developing world published on Wikipedia was to know a former board member , it was hard to imagine how a random editor in Johannesburg or Bangalore would have any hope ... This so - called filter - bubble problem , coined by Eli Pariser , co-founder of the viral video site Upworthy , is the idea that the internet can contribute to the insularity of certain communities . Filter bubbles have been blamed for the spread of misinformation during the 2016 presidential election and for the failure of pundits in the U.K. to anticipate Brexit ... Wikipedia 's filter - bubble problem is a particularly acute threat for an organization whose stated mission is ' to empower and engage people around the world . ' '' Explicit content See also : Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia and Reporting of child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information of graphic content . Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content ( such as Feces , Cadaver , Human penis , Vulva , and Nudity ) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet , including children . The site also includes sexual content such as images and videos of masturbation and ejaculation , illustrations of zoophilia , and photos from hardcore pornographic films in its articles . It also has non-sexual photographs of nude children . The Wikipedia article about Virgin Killer -- a 1976 album from German heavy metal band Scorpions -- features a picture of the album 's original cover , which depicts a naked prepubescent girl . The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries . In December 2008 , access to the Wikipedia article Virgin Killer was blocked for four days by most Internet service providers in the United Kingdom after the Internet Watch Foundation ( IWF ) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article 's URL to a `` blacklist '' it supplies to British internet service providers . In April 2010 , Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation , outlining his concerns that two categories of images on Wikimedia Commons contained child pornography , and were in violation of US federal obscenity law . Sanger later clarified that the images , which were related to pedophilia and one about lolicon , were not of real children , but said that they constituted `` obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children '' , under the PROTECT Act of 2003 . That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are obscene under American law . Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools . Wikimedia Foundation spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger 's accusation , saying that Wikipedia did not have `` material we would deem to be illegal . If we did , we would remove it . '' Following the complaint by Sanger , Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community . After some editors who volunteer to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily , Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status . He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing - list that this action was `` in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical / content issues , rather than be about me and how quickly I acted '' . Critics , including Wikipediocracy , noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010 have reappeared . Privacy One privacy concern in the case of Wikipedia is the right of a private citizen to remain a `` private citizen '' rather than a `` public figure '' in the eyes of the law . It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in cyberspace and the right to be anonymous in real life ( `` meatspace '' ) . A particular problem occurs in the case of an individual who is relatively unimportant and for whom there exists a Wikipedia page against her or his wishes . In January 2006 , a German court ordered the German Wikipedia shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of Boris Floricic , aka `` Tron '' , a deceased hacker . On February 9 , 2006 , the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned , with the court rejecting the notion that Tron 's right to privacy or that of his parents was being violated . Wikipedia has a `` Volunteer Response Team '' that uses the OTRS system to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties . This is used , for example , in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project . Sexism Main article : Gender bias in Wikipedia Wikipedia has been described as harboring a battleground culture of sexism and harassment . The perceived toxic attitudes and tolerance of violent and abusive language are also reasons put forth for the gender gap in Wikipedia editors . In 2014 , a female editor who requested a separate space on Wikipedia to discuss improving civility had her proposal referred to by a male editor using the words `` the easiest way to avoid being called a cunt is not to act like one '' . Operation A group of Wikipedia editors may form a WikiProject to focus their work on a specific topic area , using its associated discussion page to coordinate changes across multiple articles . Wikimedia Foundation and Wikimedia movement affiliates Main article : Wikimedia Foundation Katherine Maher is the third executive director at Wikimedia , following the departure of Lila Tretikov in 2016 . Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the Wikimedia Foundation , a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia - related projects such as Wiktionary and Wikibooks . The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission . The foundation 's 2013 IRS Form 990 shows revenue of $39.7 million and expenses of almost $29 million , with assets of $37.2 million and liabilities of about $2.3 million . In May 2014 , Wikimedia Foundation named Lila Tretikov as its second executive director , taking over for Sue Gardner . The Wall Street Journal reported on May 1 , 2014 , that Tretikov 's information technology background from her years at University of California offers Wikipedia an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that , `` Information , like air , wants to be free . '' The same Wall Street Journal article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia , who `` said Tretikov would address that issue ( paid advocacy ) as a priority . ' We are really pushing toward more transparency ... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome . ' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors , better mobile support of Wikipedia , new geo - location tools to find local content more easily , and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities , Walsh said . '' Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the `` superprotection '' feature which some language versions of Wikipedia have adopted , Katherine Maher became the third executive director the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016 . Maher has stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Wikipedia as identified by the Wikipedia board in December . Maher stated regarding the harassment issue that : `` It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority ... ( and that correction requires that ) it has to be more than words . '' Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently - run , called Wikimedia movement affiliates . These include Wikimedia chapters ( which are national or sub-national organizations , such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimédia France ) , thematic organizations ( such as Amical Wikimedia for the Catalan language community ) , and user groups . These affiliates participate in the promotion , development , and funding of Wikipedia . Software operations and support See also : MediaWiki The operation of Wikipedia depends on MediaWiki , a custom - made , free and open source wiki software platform written in PHP and built upon the MySQL database system . The software incorporates programming features such as a macro language , variables , a transclusion system for templates , and URL redirection . MediaWiki is licensed under the GNU General Public License and it is used by all Wikimedia projects , as well as many other wiki projects . Originally , Wikipedia ran on UseModWiki written in Perl by Clifford Adams ( Phase I ) , which initially required CamelCase for article hyperlinks ; the present double bracket style was incorporated later . Starting in January 2002 ( Phase II ) , Wikipedia began running on a PHP wiki engine with a MySQL database ; this software was custom - made for Wikipedia by Magnus Manske . The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the exponentially increasing demand . In July 2002 ( Phase III ) , Wikipedia shifted to the third - generation software , MediaWiki , originally written by Lee Daniel Crocker . Several MediaWiki extensions are installed to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software . In April 2005 , a Lucene extension was added to MediaWiki 's built - in search and Wikipedia switched from MySQL to Lucene for searching . The site currently uses Lucene Search 2.1 , which is written in Java and based on Lucene library 2.3 . In July 2013 , after extensive beta testing , a WYSIWYG ( What You See Is What You Get ) extension , VisualEditor , was opened to public use . It was met with much rejection and criticism , and was described as `` slow and buggy '' . The feature was changed from opt - out to opt - in afterward . Automated editing Computer programs called bots have been used widely to perform simple and repetitive tasks , such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues , or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data . One controversial contributor massively creating articles with his bot was reported to create up to ten thousand articles on the Swedish Wikipedia on certain days . There are also some bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors ( such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parenthesis ) . Edits misidentified by a bot as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors . An anti-vandal bot tries to detect and revert vandalism quickly and automatically . Bots can also report edits from particular accounts or IP address ranges , as was done at the time of the MH17 jet downing incident in July 2014 . Bots on Wikipedia must be approved prior to activation . According to Andrew Lih , the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots . WikiProjects , and assessments of articles ' importance and quality This section is transcluded from English Wikipedia . ( edit history ) Main article : WikiProject A `` WikiProject '' is a group of contributors who want to work together as a team to improve Wikipedia . These groups often focus on a specific topic area ( for example , women 's history ) , a specific location or a specific kind of task ( for example , checking newly created pages ) . The English Wikipedia currently has over 2,000 WikiProjects and activity varies . In 2007 , in preparation for producing a print version , the English Wikipedia introduced an assessment scale of the quality of articles . Articles are rated by WikiProjects . The range of quality classes begins with `` Stub '' ( very short pages ) , followed by `` Start '' , `` C '' and `` B '' ( in increasing order of quality ) . Community peer review is needed for the article to enter one of the highest quality classes : either `` good article '' , `` A '' or the highest , `` featured article '' . Of the about 4.4 million articles and lists assessed as of March 2015 , a little more than 5,000 ( 0.12 % ) are featured articles , and fewer than 2,000 ( 0.04 % ) are featured lists . One featured article per day , as selected by editors , appears on the main page of Wikipedia . The articles can also be rated as per `` importance '' as judged by a WikiProject . Currently , there are 5 importance categories : `` low '' , `` mid '' , `` high '' , `` top '' , and `` ? ? ? '' for unclassified / uncertain level . For a particular article , different WikiProjects may assign different importance levels . The Wikipedia Version 1.0 Editorial Team has developed a table ( shown below ) that displays data of all rated articles by quality and importance , on the English Wikipedia . If an article or list receives different ratings by two or more WikiProjects , then the highest rating is used in the table , pie - charts , and bar - chart . The software regularly auto - updates the data . Researcher Giacomo Poderi found that articles tend to reach featured status via the intensive work of a few editors . A 2010 study found unevenness in quality among featured articles and concluded that the community process is ineffective in assessing the quality of articles . Quality-wise distribution of over 5.5 million articles and lists on the English Wikipedia , as of 29 January 2017 Featured articles ( 0.11 % ) Featured lists ( 0.04 % ) A class ( 0.03 % ) Good articles ( 0.50 % ) B class ( 2.00 % ) C class ( 4.32 % ) Start class ( 26.41 % ) Stub class ( 53.01 % ) Lists ( 3.65 % ) Unassessed ( 9.94 % ) Importance-wise distribution of over 5.5 million articles and lists on the English Wikipedia , as of 29 January 2017 Top ( 0.91 % ) High ( 3.20 % ) Medium ( 12.21 % ) Low ( 51.68 % ) ? ? ? ( 32.00 % ) All rated articles by quality and importance Quality Importance Top High Mid Low ? ? ? Total FA 1,257 1,925 1,820 1,208 196 6,406 FL 135 546 612 506 118 1,917 245 457 623 393 85 1,803 GA 2,265 5,155 10,048 11,382 1,786 30,636 12,588 23,969 36,807 30,945 15,187 119,496 11,143 32,988 73,915 105,891 48,029 271,966 Start 17,782 80,088 324,646 890,917 315,689 1,629,122 Stub 4,261 31,224 237,774 2,043,118 853,666 3,170,043 List 3,281 12,246 37,919 106,346 69,344 229,136 Assessed 52,957 188,598 724,164 3,190,706 1,304,100 5,460,525 Unassessed 130 457 1,829 18,207 549,907 570,530 Total 53,087 189,055 725,993 3,208,913 1,854,007 6,031,055 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 Top High Medium Low ? ? ? Featured articles Featured lists A-class articles Good articles B - class articles C - class articles Start - class articles Stub articles Lists Unassessed articles and lists ( Note : The table above ( prepared by the Wikipedia Version 1.0 Editorial Team ) is automatically updated daily by User : WP 1.0 bot , but the bar - chart and the two pie - charts are not auto - updated . In them , new data has to be entered by a Wikipedia editor ( i.e. user ) . ) Hardware operations and support This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( June 2017 ) See also : Wikimedia Foundation § Hardware Wikipedia receives between 25,000 and 60,000 page requests per second , depending on time of day . As of 2008 page requests are first passed to a front - end layer of Squid caching servers . Further statistics , based on a publicly available 3 - month Wikipedia access trace , are available . Requests that can not be served from the Squid cache are sent to load - balancing servers running the Linux Virtual Server software , which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database . The web servers deliver pages as requested , performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia . To increase speed further , rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated , allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses . Overview of system architecture as of December 2010 Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated clusters of Linux servers ( mainly Ubuntu ) . As of December 2009 , there were 300 in Florida and 44 in Amsterdam . By January 22 , 2013 , Wikipedia had migrated its primary data center to an Equinix facility in Ashburn , Virginia . Internal Research and operational development In accordance with growing amounts of incoming donations exceeding seven digits in 2013 as recently reported , the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of industrial organization economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation . Two of the recent projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and a largely under - utilized `` Thank '' tab which were developed for the purpose of ameliorating issues of editor attrition , which have met with limited success . The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by Adam Jaffe , who recorded that the range of 4 % to 25 % annually was to be recommended , with high end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment . At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45 million dollars , the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe and Caballero for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8 million and 11.3 million dollars annually . In 2016 , the level of contributions were reported by Bloomberg News as being at $77 million annually , updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08 million and $19.2 million annually . Internal News publications Community - produced news publications include the English Wikipedia 's The Signpost , founded in 2005 by Michael Snow , an attorney , Wikipedia administrator and former chair of the Wikimedia Foundation board of trustees . It covers news and events from the site , as well as major events from other Wikimedia projects , such as Wikimedia Commons . Similar publications are the German - language Kurier , and the Portuguese - language Correio da Wikipédia . Other past and present community news publications on English Wikipedia include the `` Wikiworld '' web comic , the Wikipedia Weekly podcast , and newsletters of specific WikiProjects like The Bugle from WikiProject Military History and the monthly newsletter from The Guild of Copy Editors . There are also a number of publications from the Wikimedia Foundation and multilingual publications such as the Wikimedia Blog and This Month in Education . Access to content Content Licensing When the project was started in 2001 , all text in Wikipedia was covered by the GNU Free Documentation License ( GFDL ) , a copyleft license permitting the redistribution , creation of derivative works , and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work . The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with free software programs licensed under the GPL . This made it a poor choice for a general reference work : for example , the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text . In December 2002 , the Creative Commons license was released : it was specifically designed for creative works in general , not just for software manuals . The license gained popularity among bloggers and others distributing creative works on the Web . The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons . Because the two licenses , GFDL and Creative Commons , were incompatible , in November 2008 , following the request of the project , the Free Software Foundation ( FSF ) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Wikipedia to relicense its content to CC BY - SA by August 1 , 2009 . ( A new version of the GFDL automatically covers Wikipedia contents . ) In April 2009 , Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community - wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009 . The handling of media files ( e.g. image files ) varies across language editions . Some language editions , such as the English Wikipedia , include non-free image files under fair use doctrine , while the others have opted not to , in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries ( e.g. in Japanese copyright law ) . Media files covered by free content licenses ( e.g. Creative Commons ' CC BY - SA ) are shared across language editions via Wikimedia Commons repository , a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation . Wikipedia 's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text . The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content , but merely a hosting service for the contributors ( and licensors ) of the Wikipedia . This position has been successfully defended in court . Methods of access Because Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license , anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge . The content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms , both online and offline , outside of the Wikipedia website . Websites -- Thousands of `` mirror sites '' exist that republish content from Wikipedia : two prominent ones , that also include content from other reference sources , are Reference.com and Answers.com . Another example is Wapedia , which began to display Wikipedia content in a mobile - device - friendly format before Wikipedia itself did . Mobile apps -- A variety of mobile apps provide access to Wikipedia on hand - held devices , including both Android and iOS devices ( see Wikipedia apps ) . ( See also Mobile access . ) Search engines -- Some web search engines make special use of Wikipedia content when displaying search results : examples include Bing ( via technology gained from Powerset ) and DuckDuckGo . Compact discs , DVDs -- Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on optical discs . An English version , 2006 Wikipedia CD Selection , contained about 2,000 articles . The Polish - language version contains nearly 240,000 articles . There are German - and Spanish - language versions as well . Also , `` Wikipedia for Schools '' , the Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedians and SOS Children , is a free , hand - checked , non-commercial selection from Wikipedia targeted around the UK National Curriculum and intended to be useful for much of the English - speaking world . The project is available online ; an equivalent print encyclopedia would require roughly 20 volumes . Printed books -- There are efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia 's articles into printed book form . Since 2009 , tens of thousands of print - on - demand books that reproduced English , German , Russian and French Wikipedia articles have been produced by the American company Books LLC and by three Mauritian subsidiaries of the German publisher VDM . Semantic Web -- The website DBpedia , begun in 2007 , extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English - language Wikipedia . Wikimedia has created the Wikidata project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Wikipedia and the other WMF wikis and make it available in a queriable semantic format , RDF . This is still under development . As of Feb 2014 it has 15,000,000 items and 1,000 properties for describing them . Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges , since direct cloning via a web crawler is discouraged . Wikipedia publishes `` dumps '' of its contents , but these are text - only ; as of 2007 there was no dump available of Wikipedia 's images . Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a reference desk , where volunteers answer questions from the general public . According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the Journal of Documentation , the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library reference desk , with an accuracy of 55 % . Mobile access See also : Help : Mobile access The mobile version of the English Wikipedia 's main page Wikipedia 's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard web browser through a fixed Internet connection . Although Wikipedia content has been accessible through the mobile web since July 2013 , The New York Times on February 9 , 2014 , quoted Erik Möller , deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation , stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry . The article in The New York Times reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that , `` Only 20 percent of the readership of the English - language Wikipedia comes via mobile devices , a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites , many of which approach 50 percent . And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more . '' The New York Times reports that Möller has assigned `` a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile '' , out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation . One principal concern cited by The New York Times for the `` worry '' is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment . Bloomberg Businessweek reported in July 2014 that Google 's Android mobile apps have dominated the largest share of global smartphone shipments for 2013 with 78.6 % of market share over their next closest competitor in iOS with 15.2 % of the market . At the time of the Tretikov appointment and her posted web interview with Sue Gardner in May 2014 , Wikimedia representatives made a technical announcement concerning the number of mobile access systems in the market seeking access to Wikipedia . Directly after the posted web interview , the representatives stated that Wikimedia would be applying an all - inclusive approach to accommodate as many mobile access systems as possible in its efforts for expanding general mobile access , including BlackBerry and the Windows Phone system , making market share a secondary issue . The latest version of the Android app for Wikipedia was released on July 23 , 2014 , to generally positive reviews , scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google . The latest version for iOS was released on April 3 , 2013 , to similar reviews . Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004 , through the Wireless Application Protocol ( WAP ) , via the Wapedia service . In June 2007 Wikipedia launched en.mobile.wikipedia.org , an official website for wireless devices . In 2009 a newer mobile service was officially released , located at en.m.wikipedia.org , which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the iPhone , Android - based devices or WebOS - based devices . Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged . Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices , while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia metadata ( See Wikipedia : Metadata ) , such as geoinformation . Wikipedia Zero is an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries . Andrew Lih and Andrew Brown both maintain editing Wikipedia with smart phones is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors . Several years running the number of Wikipedia editors has been falling and Tom Simonite of MIT Technology Review claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this . Simonite alleges some Wikipedians use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the status quo . Lih alleges there is serious disagreement among existing contributors how to resolve this . Lih fears for Wikipedia 's long term future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it . Cultural impact Trusted source to combat fake News In 2017 - 18 , after a barrage of false news reports , both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Wikipedia to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news . Noam Cohen , writing in the Washington Post states , `` YouTube 's reliance on Wikipedia to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact - challenged platform , the Facebook social network , which announced last year that Wikipedia would help its users root out ' fake news ' . '' Readership Wikipedia is extremely popular . In February 2014 , The New York Times reported that Wikipedia is ranked fifth globally among all websites , stating `` With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month ( ... ) Wikipedia trails just Yahoo , Facebook , Microsoft and Google , the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors . '' In addition to logistic growth in the number of its articles , Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001 . About 50 % of search engine traffic to Wikipedia comes from Google , a good portion of which is related to academic research . The number of readers of Wikipedia worldwide reached 365 million at the end of 2009 . The Pew Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia . In 2011 Business Insider gave Wikipedia a valuation of $4 billion if it ran advertisements . According to `` Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011 '' , the average age of Wikipedia readers is 36 , with a rough parity between genders . Almost half of Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month , and a similar number of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search engine results . About 47 % of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit organization . Cultural significance Main article : Wikipedia in culture Wikipedia Monument in Słubice , Poland Wikipedia 's content has also been used in academic studies , books , conferences , and court cases . The Parliament of Canada 's website refers to Wikipedia 's article on same - sex marriage in the `` related links '' section of its `` further reading '' list for the Civil Marriage Act . The encyclopedia 's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the World Intellectual Property Organization -- though mainly for supporting information rather than information decisive to a case . Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some US intelligence agency reports . In December 2008 , the scientific journal RNA Biology launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the RNA family for publication in Wikipedia . Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism , often without attribution , and several reporters have been dismissed for plagiarizing from Wikipedia . In 2006 , Time magazine recognized Wikipedia 's participation ( along with YouTube , Reddit , MySpace , and Facebook ) in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide . In July 2007 Wikipedia was the focus of a 30 - minute documentary on BBC Radio 4 which argued that , with increased usage and awareness , the number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture is such that the word is one of a select band of 21st - century nouns that are so familiar ( Google , Facebook , YouTube ) that they no longer need explanation . On September 28 , 2007 , Italian politician Franco Grillini raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of freedom of panorama . He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia , `` the seventh most consulted website '' , to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art , and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues . Play media Wikipedia , an introduction -- Erasmus Prize 2015 Jimmy Wales receiving the Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award On September 16 , 2007 , The Washington Post reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the 2008 US election campaign , saying : `` Type a candidate 's name into Google , and among the first results is a Wikipedia page , making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate . Already , the presidential entries are being edited , dissected and debated countless times each day . '' An October 2007 Reuters article , titled `` Wikipedia page the latest status symbol '' , reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one 's notability . Active participation also has an impact . Law students have been assigned to write Wikipedia articles as an exercise in clear and succinct writing for an uninitiated audience . A working group led by Peter Stone ( formed as a part of the Stanford - based project One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence ) in its report called Wikipedia `` the best - known example of crowdsourcing ... that far exceeds traditionally - compiled information sources , such as encyclopedias and dictionaries , in scale and depth . '' Awards Wikipedia team visiting to Parliament of Asturias Wikipedians meeting after the Asturias awards ceremony Wikipedia won two major awards in May 2004 . The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual Prix Ars Electronica contest ; this came with a € 10,000 ( £ 6,588 ; $12,700 ) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in Austria later that year . The second was a Judges ' Webby Award for the `` community '' category . Wikipedia was also nominated for a `` Best Practices '' Webby award . In 2007 , readers of brandchannel.com voted Wikipedia as the fourth - highest brand ranking , receiving 15 % of the votes in answer to the question `` Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006 ? '' In September 2008 , Wikipedia received Quadriga A Mission of Enlightenment award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with Boris Tadić , Eckart Höfling , and Peter Gabriel . The award was presented to Wales by David Weinberger . In 2015 , Wikipedia was awarded both the annual Erasmus Prize , which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture , society or social sciences , and the Spanish Princess of Asturias Award on International Cooperation . Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo , the city that hosts the awards ceremony , Jimmy Wales praised the work of the Asturian language Wikipedia users . The night of the ceremony , members of the Wikimedia Foundation held a meeting with Wikipedians from all parts of Spain , including the local Asturian community . Satire See also : Category : Parodies of Wikipedia . Many parodies target Wikipedia 's openness and susceptibility to inserted inaccuracies , with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project 's articles . Comedian Stephen Colbert has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show The Colbert Report and coined the related term wikiality , meaning `` together we can create a reality that we all agree on -- the reality we just agreed on '' . Another example can be found in `` Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence '' , a July 2006 front - page article in The Onion , as well as the 2010 The Onion article `` ' L.A. Law ' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today '' . In an episode of the television comedy The Office U.S. , which aired in April 2007 , an incompetent office manager ( Michael Scott ) is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia article for information on negotiation tactics in order to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee . The tactics he used failed , as a joke about the unreliability of Wikipedia and what anyone can do to change its contents . Viewers of the show tried to add the episode 's mention of the page as a section of the actual Wikipedia article on negotiation , but this effort was prevented by other users on the article 's talk page . `` My Number One Doctor '' , a 2007 episode of the television show Scrubs , played on the perception that Wikipedia is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which Dr. Perry Cox reacts to a patient who says that a Wikipedia article indicates that the raw food diet reverses the effects of bone cancer by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the Battlestar Galactica episode guide . In 2008 , the comedic website CollegeHumor produced a video sketch named `` Professor Wikipedia '' , in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements . The Dilbert comic strip from May 8 , 2009 , features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying `` Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia . '' In July 2009 , BBC Radio 4 broadcast a comedy series called Bigipedia , which was set on a website which was a parody of Wikipedia . Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles . In 2010 , comedian Daniel Tosh encouraged viewers of his show , Tosh. 0 , to visit the show 's Wikipedia article and edit it at will . On a later episode , he commented on the edits to the article , most of them offensive , which had been made by the audience and had prompted the article to be locked from editing . On August 23 , 2013 , the New Yorker website published a cartoon with this caption : `` Dammit , Manning , have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page ? '' The cartoon referred to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning ( born Bradley Edward Manning ) , an American activist , politician , and former United States Army soldier and a trans woman . In December 2015 , John Julius Norwich stated , in a letter published in The Times newspaper , that as an historian he resorted to Wikipedia `` at least a dozen times a day '' , and had never yet caught it out . He described it as `` a work of reference as useful as any in existence '' , with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person , place or thing that it has left uncovered , and that he could never have written his last two books without it . Sister projects -- Wikimedia Main article : Wikimedia project Wikipedia has also spawned several sister projects , which are also wikis run by the Wikimedia Foundation . These other Wikimedia projects include Wiktionary , a dictionary project launched in December 2002 , Wikiquote , a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched , Wikibooks , a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts , Wikimedia Commons , a site devoted to free - knowledge multimedia , Wikinews , for citizen journalism , and Wikiversity , a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities . Another sister project of Wikipedia , Wikispecies , is a catalogue of species . In 2012 Wikivoyage , an editable travel guide , and Wikidata , an editable knowledge base , launched . Publishing A group of Wikimedians of the Wikimedia DC chapter at the 2013 DC Wikimedia annual meeting standing in front of the Encyclopædia Britannica ( back left ) at the US National Archives The most obvious economic effect of Wikipedia has been the death of commercial encyclopedias , especially the printed versions , e.g. Encyclopædia Britannica , which were unable to compete with a product that is essentially free . Nicholas Carr wrote a 2005 essay , `` The amorality of Web 2.0 '' , that criticized websites with user - generated content , like Wikipedia , for possibly leading to professional ( and , in his view , superior ) content producers ' going out of business , because `` free trumps quality all the time '' . Carr wrote : `` Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateur . I for one ca n't imagine anything more frightening . '' Others dispute the notion that Wikipedia , or similar efforts , will entirely displace traditional publications . For instance , Chris Anderson , the editor - in - chief of Wired Magazine , wrote in Nature that the `` wisdom of crowds '' approach of Wikipedia will not displace top scientific journals , with their rigorous peer review process . There is also an ongoing debate about the influence of Wikipedia on the biography publishing business . `` The worry is that , if you can get all that information from Wikipedia , what 's left for biography ? '' said Kathryn Hughes , professor of life writing at UEA and author of The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton and George Eliot : the Last Victorian . Scientific use Main article : Science information on Wikipedia Wikipedia has seen been widely used as a corpus for linguistic research in computational linguistics , information retrieval and natural language processing . In particular , it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the entity linking problem , which is then called `` wikification '' , and to the related problem of word sense disambiguation . Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find `` missing '' links in Wikipedia . In 2015 , French researchers Dr José Lages of the University of Franche - Comté in Besançon and Dima Shepelyansky of Paul Sabatier University in Toulouse published a global university ranking based on Wikipedia scholarly citations . They used PageRank `` followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Wikipedia ( descending order ) and the century in which they were founded ( ascending order ) . '' A 2017 MIT study suggests that words used on Wikipedia articles end up in scientific publications . Related projects A number of interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded . The first of these was the 1986 BBC Domesday Project , which included text ( entered on BBC Micro computers ) and photographs from over 1 million contributors in the UK , and covered the geography , art , and culture of the UK . This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia ( and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links ) , with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK . The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008 . Several free - content , collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Wikipedia ( e.g. Everything2 ) , with many later being merged into the project ( e.g. GNE ) . One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was h2g2 , which was created by Douglas Adams in 1999 . The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively light - hearted , focusing on articles which are both witty and informative . Subsequent collaborative knowledge websites have drawn inspiration from Wikipedia . Some , such as Susning.nu , Enciclopedia Libre , Hudong , and Baidu Baike likewise employ no formal review process , although some like Conservapedia are not as open . Others use more traditional peer review , such as Encyclopedia of Life and the online wiki encyclopedias Scholarpedia and Citizendium . The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia . See also Internet portal Outline of Wikipedia -- guide to the subject of Wikipedia presented as a tree structured list of its subtopics ; for an outline of the contents of Wikipedia , see Portal : Contents / Outlines Conflict - of - interest editing on Wikipedia Democratization of knowledge Interpedia , an early proposal for a collaborative Internet encyclopedia List of Internet encyclopedias List of Wikipedia controversies Network effect Print Wikipedia art project to visualize how big Wikipedia is . In cooperation with Wikimedia foundation . QRpedia -- multilingual , mobile interface to Wikipedia Wikipedia Review Notes Jump up ^ Registration is required for certain tasks such as editing protected pages , creating pages in the English Wikipedia , and uploading files . Jump up ^ For a user to be considered active in a given month , one or more actions have had to have been made in said month . Jump up ^ Wikis are a type of website . The word `` wiki '' itself is from the Hawaiian word for `` quick '' . Jump up ^ As of 17 : 06 , Wednesday , May 30 , 2018 ( UTC ) Jump up ^ The procrastination principle dictates that you should wait for problems to arise before solving them . Jump up ^ Revisions with libelous content , criminal threats , or copyright infringements may be removed completely . Jump up ^ See for example the Biographies of Living Persons Noticeboard or Neutral Point of View Noticeboard , created to address content falling under their respective areas . Jump up ^ See `` Libel '' by David McHam for the legal distinction References Jump up ^ Sidener , Jonathan ( December 6 , 2004 ) . `` Everyone 's Encyclopedia '' . U-T San Diego . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved October 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Chapman , Roger ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` Top 40 Website Programming Languages '' . roadchap.com . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2013 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bill Tancer ( May 1 , 2007 ) . `` Look Who 's Using Wikipedia '' . Time . Retrieved December 1 , 2007 . The sheer volume of content ( ... ) is partly responsible for the site 's dominance as an online reference . When compared to the top 3,200 educational reference sites in the US , Wikipedia is No. 1 , capturing 24.3 % of all visits to the category . Cf . Bill Tancer ( Global Manager , Hitwise ) , `` Wikipedia , Search and School Homework '' Archived March 25 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Hitwise , March 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Alex Woodson ( July 8 , 2007 ) . `` Wikipedia remains go - to site for online news '' . Reuters . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Online encyclopedia Wikipedia has added about 20 million unique monthly visitors in the past year , making it the top online news and information destination , according to Nielsen / / NetRatings . Jump up ^ `` comScore MMX Ranks Top 50 US Web Properties for August 2012 '' . comScore . September 12 , 2012 . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` How popular is wikipedia.org ? '' . Alexa Internet . May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights -- BBC News '' . BBC . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vogel , Peter S. ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` The Mysterious Workings of Wikis : Who Owns What ? '' . Ecommerce Times . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mullin , Joe ( January 10 , 2014 ) . `` Wikimedia Foundation employee ousted over paid editing '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kock , N. , Jung , Y. , & Syn , T. ( 2016 ) . Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research : Opportunities and Challenges . Archived September 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . International Journal of e-Collaboration ( IJeC ) , 12 ( 2 ) , 1 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Mike Miliard ( March 1 , 2008 ) . `` Wikipediots : Who Are These Devoted , Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia ? '' . Salt Lake City Weekly . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sidener , Jonathan ( October 9 , 2006 ) . `` Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wiki '' . Hawaiian Dictionary ( Revised and enlarged ed . ) . University of Hawaii Press . 1986 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia cofounder Jimmy Wales on 60 Minutes '' . CBS News . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Noam ( February 9 , 2014 ) . `` Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Poderi , Giacomo ( 2009 ) . `` Comparing featured article groups and revision patterns correlations in Wikipedia '' . First Monday . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Viégas , Fernanda B. ; Wattenberg , Martin ; McKeon , Matthew M. ( July 22 , 2007 ) . `` The Hidden Order of Wikipedia '' ( PDF ) . Visual Communication Lab , IBM Research . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jim Giles ( December 2005 ) . `` Internet encyclopedias go head to head '' . Nature . 438 ( 7070 ) : 900 -- 901 . Bibcode : 2005Natur. 438 ... 900G . doi : 10.1038 / 438900a . PMID 16355180 . ( subscription required ) Note : The study was cited in several news articles ; e.g. : `` Wikipedia survives research test '' . BBC News . December 15 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` The 2006 Time 100 '' . Chris Anderson . Time . May 8 , 2006 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Black , Edwin ( April 19 , 2010 ) Wikipedia -- The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge Archived September 9 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , History News Network Retrieved October 21 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : J. Petrilli , Michael ( SPRING 2008 / Vol. 8 , No. 2 ) Wikipedia or Wickedpedia ? Archived November 21 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Education Next Retrieved October 22 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Noam Cohen , `` Conspiracy videos ? Fake news ? Enter Wikipedia , the ' good cop ' of the Internet '' Washington Post April 7 , 2018 Jump up ^ `` The contribution conundrum : Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed ? '' . Nieman Lab . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Sidener ( December 6 , 2004 ) . `` Everyone 's Encyclopedia '' . U-T San Diego . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved October 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Meyers , Peter ( September 20 , 2001 ) . `` Fact - Driven ? Collegial ? This Site Wants You '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 22 , 2007 . ' I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph , and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph , ' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas , who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales . Jump up ^ Richard M. Stallman ( June 20 , 2007 ) . `` The Free Encyclopedia Project '' . Free Software Foundation . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Sanger , Larry ( April 18 , 2005 ) . `` The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia : A Memoir '' . Slashdot . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sanger , Larry ( January 17 , 2001 ) . `` Wikipedia Is Up ! '' . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2001 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia - l : LinkBacks ? '' . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sanger , Larry ( January 10 , 2001 ) . `` Let 's Make a Wiki '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2003 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia : HomePage '' . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2001 . Retrieved March 31 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia : Neutral point of view , Wikipedia ( January 21 , 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , Seth ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` Read me first : Wikipedia is n't about human potential , whatever Wales says '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ `` Multilingual statistics '' . Wikipedia . March 30 , 2005 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedias and Dictionaries '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 18 ( 15th ed . ) . 2007 . pp. 257 -- 286 . Jump up ^ `` ( long ) Enciclopedia Libre : msg # 00008 '' . Osdir . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Clay Shirky ( February 28 , 2008 ) . Here Comes Everybody : The Power of Organizing Without Organizations . The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader . p. 273 . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 153 - 6 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bobbie Johnson ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` Wikipedia approaches its limits '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia : Modelling_Wikipedia_extended_growth Jump up ^ The Singularity is Not Near : Slowing Growth of Wikipedia ( PDF ) . The International Symposium on Wikis . Orlando , Florida . 2009 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Evgeny Morozov ( November -- December 2009 ) . `` Edit This Page ; Is it the end of Wikipedia '' . Boston Review . Jump up ^ Cohen , Noam ( March 28 , 2009 ) . `` Wikipedia -- Exploring Fact City '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Austin Gibbons , David Vetrano , Susan Biancani ( 2012 ) . Wikipedia : Nowhere to grow Jump up ^ Jenny Kleeman ( November 26 , 2009 ) . `` Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia : A quantitative analysis '' . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages , The Wall Street Journal , November 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Barnett , Emma ( November 26 , 2009 ) . `` Wikipedia 's Jimmy Wales denies site is ' losing ' thousands of volunteer editors '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved March 31 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin Rawlinson ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Wikipedia seeks women to balance its ' geeky ' editors '' . The Independent . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Simonite , Tom ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` The Decline of Wikipedia '' . MIT Technology Review . Retrieved November 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins '' . The Atlantic . July 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ward , Katherine . New York Magazine , issue of November 25 , 2013 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites '' . PCWorld . February 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia.org Site Overview '' . alexa.com . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report -- Wikipedia Page Views Per Country '' . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Netburn , Deborah ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` Wikipedia : SOPA protest led 8 million to look up reps in Congress '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves '' . BBC News . January 18 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SOPA / Blackoutpage '' . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jeff Loveland and Joseph Reagle ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Wikipedia and encyclopedic production . New Media & Society . Sage Journals '' . New Media & Society . 15 ( 8 ) : 1294 . doi : 10.1177 / 1461444812470428 . Jump up ^ Rebecca J. Rosen ( January 30 , 2013 ) . `` What If the Great Wikipedia ' Revolution ' Was Actually a Reversion ? The Atlantic '' . Retrieved February 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Varma , Subodh ( January 20 , 2014 ) . `` Google eating into Wikipedia page views ? '' . The Economic Times . Times Internet Limited . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alexa Top 500 Global Sites '' . Alexa Internet . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wikipedia Statistics ( English ) '' . stats.wikimedia.org . ^ Jump up to : Zittrain , Jonathan ( 2008 ) . The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It -- Chapter 6 : The Lessons of Wikipedia . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 12487 - 3 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2009 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Registration notes Jump up ^ Protection Policy Jump up ^ Hafner , Katie ( June 17 , 2006 ) . `` Growing Wikipedia Refines Its ' Anyone Can Edit ' Policy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ English Wikipedia 's protection policy Jump up ^ English Wikipedia 's full protection policy ^ Jump up to : Birken , P. ( December 14 , 2008 ) . `` Bericht Gesichtete Versionen '' . Wikide - l ( Mailing list ) ( in German ) . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ William Henderson ( December 10 , 2012 ) . `` Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ Frewin , Jonathan ( June 15 , 2010 ) . `` Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing '' . BBC News . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kleinz , Torsten ( February 2005 ) . `` World of Knowledge '' ( PDF ) . Linux Magazine . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2007 . Retrieved July 13 , 2007 . The Wikipedia 's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles , get other people tied up in endless discussions , and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves . Jump up ^ Wikipedia : New pages patrol Jump up ^ Andrea Ciffolilli , `` Phantom authority , self - selective recruitment and retention of members in virtual communities : The case of Wikipedia '' Archived December 6 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , First Monday December 2003 . Jump up ^ West , Andrew G. ; Chang , Jian ; Venkatasubramanian , Krishna ; Sokolsky , Oleg ; Lee , Insup ( 2011 ) . Link Spamming Wikipedia for Profit . 8th Annual Collaboration , Electronic Messaging , Anti-Abuse , and Spam Conference . pp. 152 -- 161 . doi : 10.1145 / 2030376.2030394 . Jump up ^ Vandalism . Wikipedia . Retrieved November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fernanda B. Viégas ; Martin Wattenberg ; Kushal Dave ( 2004 ) . `` Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations '' ( PDF ) . Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems ( CHI ) . Vienna , Austria : ACM SIGCHI : 575 -- 582 . doi : 10.1145 / 985921.985953 . ISBN 1 - 58113 - 702 - 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 25 , 2006 . Retrieved January 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Reid Priedhorsky ; Jilin Chen ; Shyong ( Tony ) K. Lam ; Katherine Panciera ; Loren Terveen ; John Riedl ( November 4 , 2007 ) . `` Creating , Destroying , and Restoring Value in Wikipedia '' ( PDF ) . Association for Computing Machinery GROUP ' 07 conference proceedings ; GroupLens Research , Department of Computer Science and Engineering , University of Minnesota . Sanibel Island , Florida . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved October 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Seigenthaler , John ( November 29 , 2005 ) . `` A False Wikipedia ' biography ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Friedman , Thomas L. ( 2007 ) . The World is Flat . Farrar , Straus & Giroux . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 29278 - 2 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Brian ( November 17 , 2006 ) . `` Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace '' . archive.firstamendmentcenter.org . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2012 . Retrieved November 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Helm , Burt ( December 13 , 2005 ) . `` Wikipedia : `` A Work in Progress '' `` . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's behind Wikipedia ? '' . PC World . February 6 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2008 . Retrieved February 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ What Wikipedia is not . Retrieved April 1 , 2010 . `` Wikipedia is not a dictionary , usage , or jargon guide . '' Jump up ^ Notability . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . `` A topic is presumed to be notable if it has received significant coverage in reliable secondary sources that are independent of the subject . '' Jump up ^ No original research . February 13 , 2008 . `` Wikipedia does not publish original thought . '' Jump up ^ Verifiability . February 13 , 2008 . `` Material challenged or likely to be challenged , and all quotations , must be attributed to a reliable , published source . '' Jump up ^ Cohen , Noam ( August 9 , 2011 ) . `` For inclusive mission , Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far '' . International Herald Tribune . p. 18 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2014 -- via vLex . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Neutral point of view . February 13 , 2008 . `` All Wikipedia articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a neutral point of view , representing significant views fairly , proportionately and without bias . '' Jump up ^ Eric Haas ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` Will Unethical Editing Destroy Wikipedia 's Credibility ? '' . AlterNet . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sanger , Larry ( April 18 , 2005 ) . `` The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia : A Memoir '' . Slashdot . Dice . Jump up ^ Kostakis , Vasilis ( March 2010 ) . `` Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia 's peer governance : The case of inclusionists versus deletionists '' . First Monday . Jump up ^ Ownership of articles Jump up ^ Avoiding Tragedy in the Wiki - Commons , by Andrew George , 12 Va . J.L. & Tech. 8 ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Wikipedia : Administrators Jump up ^ Mehegan , David ( February 13 , 2006 ) . `` Many contributors , common cause '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved March 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia : Administrators '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia : RfA_Review / Reflect '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Robinson ( July 16 , 2012 ) . `` 3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved September 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dispute Resolution Jump up ^ Coldewey , Devin ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Wikipedia is editorial warzone , says study '' . Technology . NBC News . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2014 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ David A. Hoffman ; Salil K. Mehra ( 2009 ) . `` Wikitruth through Wikiorder '' . Emory Law Journal . Emory University School of Law . 59 ( 1 ) : 181 . SSRN 1354424 . Jump up ^ David A. Hoffman ; Salil K. Mehra ( 2009 ) . `` Wikitruth through Wikiorder '' . Emory Law Journal . Emory University School of Law . 59 ( 1 ) : 151 -- 210 . SSRN 1354424 . Jump up ^ Fernanda B. Viégas ; Martin M. Wattenberg ; Jesse Kriss ; Frank van Ham ( January 3 , 2007 ) . `` Talk Before You Type : Coordination in Wikipedia '' ( PDF ) . Visual Communication Lab , IBM Research . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Arthur , Charles ( December 15 , 2005 ) . `` Log on and join in , but beware the web cults '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lu Stout , Kristie ( August 4 , 2003 ) . `` Wikipedia : The know - it - all Web site '' . CNN . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Larry Sanger ( December 31 , 2004 ) . `` Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism '' . Kuro5hin , Op -- Ed . There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups ( ... ) that infects the collectively - managed Wikipedia project : if you react strongly to trolling , that reflects poorly on you , not ( necessarily ) on the troll . If you ( ... ) demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior , the other listmembers will cry `` censorship '' , attack you , and even come to the defense of the troll . ( ... ) The root problem : anti-elitism , or lack of respect for expertise . There is a deeper problem ( ... ) which explains both of the above - elaborated problems . Namely , as a community , Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise . As a community , far from being elitist , it is anti-elitist ( which , in this context , means that expertise is not accorded any special respect , and snubs and disrespect of expertise is tolerated ) . This is one of my failures : a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia 's first year , but for which I did not muster adequate support , was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts . ( Those who were there will , I hope , remember that I tried very hard . ) Jump up ^ T. Kriplean , I. Beschastnikh , et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Articulations of wikiwork : uncovering valued work in Wikipedia through barnstars '' . Proceedings of the ACM : 47 . doi : 10.1145 / 1460563.1460573 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60558 - 007 - 4 . ( Subscription required . ) Jump up ^ Jean Goodwin ( 2009 ) . `` The Authority of Wikipedia '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Wikipedia 's commitment to anonymity / pseudonymity thus imposes a sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers Jump up ^ Kittur , Aniket. `` Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd : Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie '' ( PDF ) . Viktoria Institute . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Blodget , Henry ( January 3 , 2009 ) . `` Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia , Anyway ? '' . Business Insider . Jump up ^ Wilson , Chris ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` The Wisdom of the Chaperones '' . Slate . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swartz , Aaron ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Raw Thought : Who Writes Wikipedia ? '' . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Eric . `` Wikipedia 's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences '' . 8 . Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law . Jump up ^ Noveck , Beth Simone . `` Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education '' . 57 . Journal of Legal Education . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia `` Good Samaritans '' Are on the Money `` . Scientific American . October 19 , 2007 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Yair Amichai -- Hamburger , Naama Lamdan , Rinat Madiel , Tsahi Hayat , Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members , CyberPsychology & Behavior , December 1 , 2008 , 11 ( 6 ) : 679 -- 681 ; doi : 10.1089 / cpb. 2007.0225 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedians are ' closed ' and ' disagreeable ' '' . New Scientist . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . ( Subscription required . ) Jump up ^ `` The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members '' . psychologytoday.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Giles , Jim ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` After the boom , is Wikipedia heading for bust ? '' . New Scientist . Jump up ^ Cohen , Noam . `` Define Gender Gap ? Look Up Wikipedia 's Contributor List '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . Retrieved October 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OCAD to ' Storm Wikipedia ' this fall '' . CBC News . August 27 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dimitra Kessenides ( December 26 , 2017 ) . Bloomberg News Weekly , `` Is Wikipedia ' Woke ' '' . p. 73 . Jump up ^ `` Statistics '' . English Wikipedia . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ List of Wikipedias Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia : List of Wikipedias '' . English Wikipedia . Retrieved May 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ List of Wikipedias -- Meta Jump up ^ `` List of Wikipedias '' . Wikimedia Meta - Wiki . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spelling '' . Manual of Style . Wikipedia . Retrieved May 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Countering systemic bias '' . Retrieved May 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fair use '' . Meta - Wiki . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Images on Wikipedia '' . Retrieved July 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fernanda B. Viégas ( January 3 , 2007 ) . `` The Visual Side of Wikipedia '' ( PDF ) . Visual Communication Lab , IBM Research . Retrieved October 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jimmy Wales , `` Wikipedia is an encyclopedia '' , March 8 , 2005 , < Wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org > Jump up ^ `` Meta - Wiki '' . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved March 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Meta - Wiki Statistics '' . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` List of articles every Wikipedia should have '' . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved March 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia : Translation '' . English Wikipedia . Retrieved February 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Yasseri , Taha ; Sumi , Robert ; Kertész , János ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity : A Demographic Analysis '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 1 ) : e30091 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0030091 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wikimedia Foundation 2011 -- 12 Annual Plan '' ( PDF ) . Wikimedia Foundation . p. 8 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The future of Wikipedia : WikiPeaks ? '' . The Economist . March 1 , 2014 . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrew Lih . Wikipedia . Alternative edit policies at Wikipedia in other languages . Jump up ^ Jemielniak , Dariusz ( June 22 , 2014 ) . `` The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Wikipedia '' . Slate . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ D. Jemielniak , Common Knowledge , Stanford University Press , 2014 . Jump up ^ Messer - Kruse , Timothy ( February 12 , 2012 ) The ' Undue Weight ' of Truth on Wikipedia Archived December 18 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . The Chronicle of Higher Education Retrieved March 27 , 2014 Jump up ^ Colón - Aguirre , Monica &Fleming - May , Rachel A. ( October 11 , 2012 ) `` You Just Type in What You Are Looking For '' : Undergraduates ' Use of Library Resources vs. Wikipedia Archived April 19 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ( p. 392 ) The Journal of Academic Librarianship Retrieved March 27 , 2014 Jump up ^ Bowling Green News ( February 27 , 2012 ) Wikipedia experience sparks national debate Archived August 27 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Bowling Green State University Retrieved March 27 , 2014 Jump up ^ Wisdom ? More like dumbness of the crowds Oliver Kamm -- Times Online ( archive version 2011 - 08 - 14 ) ( Author 's own copy Archived September 5 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ) Jump up ^ `` Plagiarism by Wikipedia editors '' . Wikipedia Watch . October 27 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia , Britannica : A Toss - Up '' . Wired . Associated Press . December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved August 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Reagle , pp. 165 -- 166 . Jump up ^ Fatally Flawed : Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature Archived July 9 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Encyclopædia Britannica , March 2006 Jump up ^ `` Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature : a response '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nature 's responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica '' . Nature . March 30 , 2006 . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ See author acknowledged comments in response to the citation of the Nature study , at PLoS ONE , 2014 , `` Citation of fundamentally flawed Nature quality ' study ' `` , In response to T. Yasseri et al. ( 2012 ) Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia , Published June 20 , 2012 , doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0038869 , see `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . , accessed July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia : General disclaimer '' . English Wikipedia . Retrieved April 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Public Information Research , Wikipedia Watch Jump up ^ Raphel , JR . `` The 15 Biggest Wikipedia Blunders '' . PC World . Retrieved September 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cowen , Tyler ( March 14 , 2008 ) . `` Cooked Books '' . The New Republic . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2008 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Stacy Schiff ( July 31 , 2006 ) . `` Know It All '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ Danah Boyd ( January 4 , 2005 ) . `` Academia and Wikipedia '' . Many 2 Many : A Group Weblog on Social Software . Corante . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2006 . Retrieved December 18 , 2008 . ( The author , Danah Boyd , describes herself as ) an expert on social media ( , ) ( ... ) a doctoral student in the School of Information at the University of California , Berkeley ( , ) and a fellow at the Harvard University Berkman Center for Internet & Society ( at Harvard Law School . ) Jump up ^ Robert McHenry , `` The Faith - Based Encyclopedia '' Archived January 16 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , Tech Central Station , November 15 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia Founder Says Internet Users Are Adrift In The ' Fake News ' Era '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Inside Wikipedia -- Attack of the PR Industry '' . Deutsche Welle . June 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge ( longer version ) '' . Citizendium . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2006 . Retrieved October 10 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Elder , Jeff ( June 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Ahrens , Frank ( July 9 , 2006 ) . `` Death by Wikipedia : The Kenneth Lay Chronicles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kane , Margaret ( January 30 , 2006 ) . `` Politicians notice Wikipedia '' . CNET . Retrieved January 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bergstein , Brian ( January 23 , 2007 ) . `` Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit '' . MSNBC . Retrieved February 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Hafner , Katie ( August 19 , 2007 ) . `` Lifting Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Wikipedia '' . The New York Times . p. 1 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen Colbert ( July 30 , 2006 ) . `` Wikiality '' . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Morris ; Olson , Kent ( 2010 ) . Legal Research in a Nutshell ( 10th ed . ) . St. Paul , Minnesota , USA : Thomson Reuters . pp. 32 -- 34 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 26408 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Wide World of Wikipedia '' . The Emory Wheel . April 21 , 2006 . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2007 . Retrieved October 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Waters , N.L. ( 2007 ) . `` Why you ca n't cite Wikipedia in my class '' . Communications of the ACM. 50 ( 9 ) : 15 . doi : 10.1145 / 1284621.1284635 . Jump up ^ Jaschik , Scott ( January 26 , 2007 ) . `` A Stand Against Wikipedia '' . Inside Higher Ed . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Helm , Burt ( December 14 , 2005 ) . `` Wikipedia : ' A Work in Progress ' '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2012 . Retrieved January 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Wales '' , Biography Resource Center Online . ( Gale , 2006 . ) Jump up ^ Child , Maxwell L. , `` Professors Split on Wiki Debate '' Archived December 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Harvard Crimson , Monday , February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chloe Stothart . `` Web threatens learning ethos '' Archived December 21 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . The Times Higher Education Supplement , 2007 , 1799 ( June 22 ) , p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Julie Beck . `` Doctors ' # 1 Source for Healthcare Information : Wikipedia '' . The Atlantic , March 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Green , Emma ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text ? -- Julie Beck '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kittur , Aniket ; Kraut , Robert E. ( 2008 ) . `` Harnessing the wisdom of crowds in Wikipedia : quality through coordination '' . Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work . New York : ACM . pp. 37 -- 46 . doi : 10.1145 / 1460563.1460572 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60558 - 007 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Roy Rosenzweig ( June 2006 ) . `` Can History be Open Source ? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past '' . The Journal of American History . 93 ( 1 ) : 117 -- 146 . doi : 10.2307 / 4486062 . JSTOR 4486062 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2010 . Retrieved August 11 , 2006 . ( Center for History and New Media . ) Jump up ^ Andrew Orlowski ( October 18 , 2005 ) . `` Wikipedia founder admits to serious quality problems '' . The Register . Retrieved September 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cancer information on Wikipedia is accurate , but not very readable , study finds '' . Science Daily . June 2 , 2010 . Retrieved December 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Fact or fiction ? Wikipedia 's variety of contributors is not only a strength '' . The Economist . March 10 , 2007 . Retrieved December 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia : PAPER Jump up ^ `` The battle for Wikipedia 's soul '' . The Economist . March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved March 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Ian ( November 10 , 2007 ) . `` Wikipedia : an online encyclopedia torn apart '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sophie Taylor ( April 5 , 2008 ) . `` China allows access to English Wikipedia '' . Reuters . Retrieved July 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bruilliard , Karin ( May 21 , 2010 ) . `` Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook over Muhammad issue '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kittur , A. , Chi , E.H. , and Suh , B. 2009 . What 's in Wikipedia ? Mapping Topics and Conflict Using Socially Annotated Category Structure Archived April 13 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . In Proceedings of the 27th international Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems ( Boston , Massachusetts , USA , April 4 -- 9 , 2009 ) . CHI ' 09 . ACM , New York , USA , 1509 -- 1512 . Jump up ^ Petrusich , Amanda ( October 20 , 2011 ) . `` Wikipedia 's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lam , Shyong ; Anuradha Uduwage ; Zhenhua Dong ; Shilad Sen ; David R. Musicant ; Loren Terveen ; John Riedl ( October 3 -- 5 , 2011 ) . `` WP : Clubhouse ? An Exploration of Wikipedia 's Gender Imblance '' ( PDF ) . WikiSym 2011 : 4 . Jump up ^ Mark Graham , Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content , Zerogeography.net ( November 12 , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Strohmaier , Markus ( March 6 , 2017 ) . `` Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia '' . doi : 10.7802 / 1411 . Wikipedia narratives about national histories ( i ) are skewed towards more recent events ( recency bias ) and ( ii ) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries ( Eurocentric bias ) . Jump up ^ The Guardian 2014 ( London ) The Guardian view on Wikipedia : evolving truth Archived November 12 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Quilter , Laura ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Systemic Bias in Wikipedia : What It Looks Like , and How to Deal with It '' . University of Massachusetts -- Amherst . Retrieved November 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Edit Wars Reveal the 10 Most Controversial Topics on Wikipedia '' , MIT Technology Review , July 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia : A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis by Taha Yasseri , Anselm Spoerri , Mark Graham , Janos Kertesz : : SSRN , May 23 , 2013 , arXiv : 1305.5566 , doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 2269392 , SSRN 2269392 Jump up ^ Das , Sanmay ; Allen , Lavoie ; Malik , Magdon - Ismail ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Manipulation among the arbiters of collective intelligence : How Wikipedia administrators mold public opinion '' . CIKM ' 13 Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Information & Knowledge Management . San Francisco , California , USA : ACM . pp. 1097 -- 1106 . doi : 10.1145 / 2505515.2505566 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4503 - 2263 - 8 . Jump up ^ Das , Sanmay ; Allen , Lavoie ; Malik , Magdon - Ismail ( December 24 , 2016 ) . `` Manipulation among the arbiters of collective intelligence : How Wikipedia administrators mold public opinion '' . ACM Transactions on the Web . New York , NY , USA : ACM. 10 ( 4 ) : 24 . doi : 10.1145 / 3001937 . ^ Jump up to : Dimitra Kessenides ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` Is Wikipedia ' Woke ' '' . Bloomberg News Weekly . p. 72 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Metz , Cade ( December 7 , 2008 ) . `` Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over ' child porn ' album cover '' . The Register . Retrieved May 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrell , Nick ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations : Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI '' . The Inquirer . Retrieved October 9 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Metz , Cade ( April 9 , 2010 ) . `` Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over ' child porn ' '' . The Register . Retrieved April 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website '' . The Economic Times . India . April 29 , 2010 . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Agence France - Presse ( April 29 , 2010 ) . `` Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights '' . BBC News . May 10 , 2010 . Retrieved May 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Lila ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break '' . XBIZ.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew McStay , 2014 , Privacy and Philosophy : New Media and Affective Protocol Archived April 14 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , New York Peter Lang . Jump up ^ Heise -- Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab ( update ) , by Torsten Kleinz , February 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` IT Service Management Software '' . OTRS.com . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Paling , Emma ( October 21 , 2015 ) . `` Wikipedia 's Hostility to Women '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Auerbach , David . `` Encyclopedia Frown '' . Slate . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` In UK , rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny '' . CSMonitor.com . Jump up ^ Ayers , Phoebe ( 2008 ) . How Wikipedia Works . San Francisco : No Starch Press . p. 213 . ISBN 1 - 59327 - 176 - X . Jump up ^ `` Wikimedia Foundation -- Financial Statements -- June 30 , 2011 and 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wikimedia Foundation IRS Form 990 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Press releases / WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov '' . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Jeff Elder , The Wall Street Journal , May 1 , 2014 , `` Wikipedia 's New Chief : From Soviet Union to World 's Sixth - Largest Site '' . ^ Jump up to : Noam Cohen ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Media : Open - Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Dimitra Kessenides . Bloomberg News Weekly . December 26 , 2016 . `` Is Wikipedia ' Woke ' '' . Jump up ^ Dimitra Kessenides . Bloomberg News Weekly . December 26 , 2016 , p. 74 . `` Is Wikipedia ' Woke ' '' . Jump up ^ Mark Bergsma . `` Wikimedia Architecture '' ( PDF ) . Wikimedia Foundation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 3 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Version : Installed extensions '' ... Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael Snow . `` Lucene search : Internal search function returns to service '' . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brion Vibber . `` ( Wikitech - l ) Lucene search '' . Retrieved February 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Extension : Lucene - search '' . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` mediawiki -- Revision 55688 : / branches / lucene - search - 2.1 / lib '' . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved August 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Emil Protalinski ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged - in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English '' . The Next Web . Retrieved July 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Curtis , Sophie ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ L.M. ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Changes at Wikipedia : Seeing things '' . The Economist . Retrieved July 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lucian Parfeni ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wikipedia 's New VisualEditor Is the Best Update in Years and You Can Make It Better '' . Softpedia . Retrieved July 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Orlowski , Andrew ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Wikipedians say no to Jimmy 's ' buggy ' WYSIWYG editor '' . The Register . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia Bot Information ^ Jump up to : Daniel Nasaw ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Meet the ' bots ' that edit Wikipedia '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Halliday , Josh ; Arthur , Charles ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` Boot up : The Wikipedia vandalism police , Apple analysts , and more '' . The Guardian . Retrieved September 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jervell , Ellen Emmerentze ( July 13 , 2014 ) . `` For This Author , 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day 's Work '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia signpost : Abuse Filter is enabled '' . English Wikipedia . March 23 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Aljazeera , July 21 , 2014 , `` MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian Government IP Address '' . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia 's policy on bots Jump up ^ Andrew Lih ( 2009 ) . The Wikipedia Revolution , chapter Then came the Bots , pp. 99 -- 106 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia : Wikiprojects '' . Retrieved 16 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia : Version 1.0 Editorial Team / Assessment '' . Retrieved 28 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Comparing featured article groups and revision patterns correlations in Wikipedia '' . First Monday . Retrieved 13 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Fernanda B. Viégas ; Martin Wattenberg ; Matthew M. McKeon ( 22 July 2007 ) . `` The Hidden Order of Wikipedia '' ( PDF ) . Visual Communication Lab , IBM Research . Retrieved 30 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Poderi , Giacomo , Wikipedia and the Featured Articles : How a Technological System Can Produce Best Quality Articles , Master thesis , University of Maastricht , October 2008 . Jump up ^ Lindsey , David ( 5 April 2010 ) . `` Evaluating quality control of Wikipedia 's featured articles '' . First Monday . 15 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wikipedia : Version 1.0 Editorial Team / Statistics -- Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia Jump up ^ `` Monthly request statistics '' , Wikimedia . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Domas Mituzas . `` Wikipedia : Site internals , configuration , code examples and management issues '' ( PDF ) . MySQL Users Conference 2007 . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Guido Urdaneta , Guillaume Pierre and Maarten van Steen . `` Wikipedia Workload Analysis for Decentralized Hosting '' . Elsevier Computer Networks 53 ( 11 ) , pp. 1830 -- 1845 , June 2009 . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Todd R. ( October 9 , 2008 ) . `` Wikipedia simplifies IT infrastructure by moving to one Linux vendor '' . Computerworld . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Paul , Ryan ( October 9 , 2008 ) . `` Wikipedia adopts Ubuntu for its server infrastructure '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved November 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Server roles at wikitech.wikimedia.org '' . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Palmier , Guillaume . `` Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn , Virginia '' . WMF . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Verge , Jason . `` It 's Official : Ashburn is Wikipedia 's New Home '' . Data Center Knowledge . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross , ( 1970 ) 1990 . Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance , 3rd ed . Houghton - Mifflin . SSRN 1496716 and 1st ed. review extract . Google Scholar search of Frederic M. Scherer ^ Jump up to : Patents , Citations , and Innovations , by Adam B. Jaffe , Manuel Trajtenberg , pp. 89 -- 153 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Noam ( March 5 , 2007 ) . `` A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia : Copyrights Jump up ^ Walter Vermeir ( 2007 ) . `` Resolution : License update '' . Wikizine . Retrieved December 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wikimedia Jump up ^ `` Licensing update / Questions and Answers '' . Wikimedia Meta . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved February 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Licensing_update / Timeline '' . Wikimedia Meta . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wikimedia community approves license migration '' . Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved May 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Noam ( July 19 , 2009 ) . `` Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts , but It 's a Desert for Photos '' . New York Times . Retrieved March 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case '' . Reuters . November 2 , 2007 . Retrieved November 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Nate ( May 2 , 2008 ) . `` Dumb idea : suing Wikipedia for calling you `` dumb '' `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved May 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` With Bing Reference '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2013 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia on DVD '' Archived June 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Linterweb . Retrieved June 1 , 2007 . `` Linterweb is authorized to make a commercial use of the Wikipedia trademark restricted to the selling of the Encyclopedia CDs and DVDs '' . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia 0.5 Available on a CD - ROM '' Archived May 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Wikipedia on DVD . Linterweb . `` The DVD or CD - ROM version 0.5 was commercially available for purchase . '' Retrieved June 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Wikipedia on DVD '' . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia : DVD '' . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` CDPedia ( Python Argentina ) '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia CD Selection . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia turned into book '' . The Daily Telegraph . London : Telegraph Media Group . June 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on September 9 , 2009 . Retrieved September 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia Selection for Schools '' . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Thiel , Thomas ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` Wikipedia und Amazon : Der Marketplace soll es richten '' . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung ( in German ) . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2010 . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia policies on data download Jump up ^ Data dumps : Downloading Images , Wikimedia Meta - Wiki Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia Reference Desk '' . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Brad Stone , `` How Google 's Android chief , Sundar Pichai , became the most powerful man in mobile '' , June 30 -- July 6 , 2014 , Bloomberg BusinessWeek , pp. 47 -- 51 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia -- Android Apps on Google Play '' . Play.Google.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes '' . iTunes.Apple.com . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched '' . Wikimedia Technical Blog . June 30 , 2009 . Retrieved July 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia '' . May 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` iPhone Gems : Wikipedia Apps '' . November 30 , 2008 . Retrieved July 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ellis , Justin ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding '' . NiemanLab . Nieman Journalism Lab . Retrieved April 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andrew Lih ( June 20 , 2015 ) . `` Can Wikipedia Survive ? '' . Jump up ^ Andrew Brown ( June 25 , 2015 ) . `` Wikipedia editors are a dying breed . The reason ? Mobile '' . The Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia : Modelling Wikipedia 's growth '' . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks '' . comScore . May 4 , 2006 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2008 . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Wikipedia has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity , both globally and in the US Jump up ^ `` Google Traffic To Wikipedia up 166 % Year over Year '' . Hitwise . February 16 , 2007 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2007 . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia and Academic Research '' . Hitwise . October 17 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2006 . Retrieved February 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ West , Stuart . `` Wikipedia 's Evolving Impact : slideshow presentation at TED2010 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rainie , Lee ; Bill Tancer ( December 15 , 2007 ) . `` Wikipedia users '' ( PDF ) . Pew Internet & American Life Project . Pew Research Center . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 6 , 2008 . Retrieved December 15 , 2007 . 36 % of online American adults consult Wikipedia . It is particularly popular with the well - educated and current college - age students . Jump up ^ SAI ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` The World 's Most Valuable Startups '' . Business Insider . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Research : Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011 / Results -- Meta '' . Wikimedia . February 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia : Wikipedia in the media '' . Wikipedia . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al . '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Wikipedian Justice , SSRN 1346311 Jump up ^ `` LEGISinfo -- House Government Bill C - 38 ( 38 -- 1 ) '' . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arias , Martha L. ( January 29 , 2007 ) . `` Wikipedia : The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source '' . Internet Business Law Services . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . ( The name `` World Intellectual Property Office '' should however read `` World Intellectual Property Organization '' in this source . ) Jump up ^ Cohen , Noam ( January 29 , 2007 ) . `` Courts Turn to Wikipedia , but Selectively '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Aftergood , Steven ( March 21 , 2007 ) . `` The Wikipedia Factor in US Intelligence '' . Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy . Retrieved April 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Butler , Declan ( December 16 , 2008 ) . `` Publish in Wikipedia or perish '' . Nature News . doi : 10.1038 / news. 2008.1312 . Jump up ^ Shaw , Donna ( February -- March 2008 ) . `` Wikipedia in the Newsroom '' . American Journalism Review . Retrieved February 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Lexington ( September 24 , 2011 ) . `` Classlessness in America : The uses and abuses of an enduring myth '' . The Economist . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Socialist Labour Party of America ( ... ) though it can trace its history as far back as 1876 , when it was known as the Workingmen 's Party , no less an authority than Wikipedia pronounces it `` moribund '' . Jump up ^ `` Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article '' . Japan News Review . July 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Express - News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered `` '' . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2007 . Retrieved January 31 , 2007 . , San Antonio Express - News , January 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Frank Bridgewater . `` Inquiry prompts reporter 's dismissal '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Lev ( December 13 , 2006 ) . `` Time 's Person of the Year : You '' . Time . Time . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Radio 4 documentary , BBC '' . 2007 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Comunicato stampa . On . Franco Grillini . Wikipedia . Interrogazione a Rutelli . Con `` diritto di panorama '' promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana . Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright '' ( Press release . Honorable Franco Grillini . Wikipedia . Interview with Rutelli about the `` right to view '' promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy . Review with urgency copyright law ) ( in Italian ) . October 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2009 . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jose Antonio Vargas ( September 17 , 2007 ) . `` On Wikipedia , Debating 2008 Hopefuls ' Every Facet '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Ablan ( October 22 , 2007 ) . `` Wikipedia page the latest status symbol '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Witzleb , Normann ( 2009 ) . `` Engaging with the World : Students of Comparative Law Write for Wikipedia '' . 19 ( 1 and 2 ) . Legal Education Review : 83 -- 98 . Jump up ^ `` AI Research Trends '' . One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence ( AI100 ) . Stanford University . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trophy box '' , Meta - Wiki ( March 28 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ `` Webby Awards 2004 '' . The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences . 2004 . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Zumpano , Anthony ( January 29 , 2007 ) . `` Similar Search Results : Google Wins '' . Interbrand . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2007 . Retrieved January 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Die Quadriga -- Award 2008 '' . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Erasmus Prize -- Praemium Erasmianum '' . Praemium Erasmianum Foundation . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015 '' . Fundación Princesa de Asturias . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano '' ( The founders of Wikipedia highlight the Asturian version ) ( in Spanish ) . La Nueva España . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence '' . The Onion . July 26 , 2006 . Retrieved October 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` ' L.A. Law ' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today '' . The Onion . November 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Office : The Negotiation , 3.19 '' . April 5 , 2007 . Retrieved December 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Office ' fans , inspired by Michael Scott , flock to edit Wikipedia '' . USA Today . April 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bakken , Janae . `` My Number One Doctor '' ; Scrubs ; ABC ; December 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Wikipedia -- CollegeHumor Video '' . CollegeHumor . November 17 , 2009 . Retrieved April 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dilbert comic strip for 05 / 08 / 2009 from the official Dilbert comic strips archive '' . Universal Uclick . May 8 , 2009 . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen '' . British Comedy Guide . Retrieved July 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Your Wikipedia Entries '' . Tosh. 0 . February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia Updates '' . Tosh. 0 . February 3 , 2010 . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Emily Flake ( August 23 , 2013 ) . `` Manning / Wikipedia cartoon '' . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The obstacles to reforming our prisons -- The Times '' . thetimes.co.uk . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` john julius norwich - Search -- The Times '' . thetimes.co.uk . Retrieved June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Announcement of Wiktionary 's creation '' . meta.wikimedia.org . Retrieved July 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Our projects '' , Wikimedia Foundation . Retrieved January 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Bosman , Julie . `` After 244 Years , Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia , Gizmocrazed.com ( with statista infographic from NYTimes.com ) '' . Gizmocrazed.com . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Christopher Caldwell ( journalist ) ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` A chapter in the Enlightenment closes '' . ft.com . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand . Brockhaus had been publishing reference books for two centuries when the media group bought it in 2008 . ( ... ) The internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether . ( ... ) What Germans like is Wikipedia . Jump up ^ `` The amorality of Web 2.0 '' . Rough Type . October 3 , 2005 . Retrieved July 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Technical solutions : Wisdom of the crowds '' . Nature . Retrieved October 10 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Alison Flood . `` Alison Flood : Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare 's breakfast ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rada Mihalcea and Andras Csomai ( 2007 ) . Wikify ! Linking Documents to Encyclopedic Knowledge Archived February 18 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . Proc. CIKM . Jump up ^ David Milne and Ian H. Witten ( 2008 ) . Learning to link with Wikipedia . Proc. CIKM . Jump up ^ Sisay Fissaha Adafre and ( Maarten de Rijke ) ( 2005 ) . Discovering missing links in Wikipedia Archived July 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Proc. LinkKDD . Jump up ^ `` Wikipedia - Mining Algorithm Reveals World 's Most Influential Universities : An algorithm 's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries '' . MIT Technology Review . December 7 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Marmow Shaw , Jessica ( December 10 , 2015 ) . `` Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world , according to this list '' . MarketWatch . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bothwell , Ellie ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities : the top 100 . List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances '' . Times Higher Education . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wikipedia has become a science reference source even though scientists do n't cite it Science News , 2018 Jump up ^ Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia : Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial SSRN , 2017 Jump up ^ Heart Internet . `` Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface '' . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Frauenfelder , Mark ( November 21 , 2000 ) . `` The next generation of online encyclopedias '' . CNN.com . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ The Free Encyclopedia Project gnu.org ( Archived January 3 , 2012 , at WebCite ) Jump up ^ Orlowski , Andrew ( September 18 , 2006 ) . `` Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia , More experts , less fiddling ? '' . The Register . Retrieved June 27 , 2007 . Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a `` progressive or gradual fork '' , with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits . Jump up ^ Lyman , Jay ( September 20 , 2006 ) . `` Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert - Authored Site '' . LinuxInsider . Retrieved June 27 , 2007 . Further reading Academic studies Main article : Academic studies about Wikipedia Leitch , Thomas . Wikipedia U : Knowledge , authority , and a liberal education in the digital age ( 2014 ) Jensen , Richard . `` Military History on the Electronic Frontier : Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812 '' , The Journal of Military History 76 # 4 ( October 2012 ) : 523 -- 556 ; online version . Yasseri , Taha ; Robert Sumi ; János Kertész ( 2012 ) . Szolnoki , Attila , ed . `` Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity : A Demographic Analysis '' . PLoS ONE . 7 ( 1 ) : e30091 . arXiv : 1109.1746 . Bibcode : 2012PLoSO ... 7E0091Y . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0030091 . PMC 3260192 . PMID 22272279 . Goldman , Eric ( 2010 ) . `` Wikipedia 's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences '' . Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law . 8 . SSRN 1458162 . ( A blog post by the author . ) Nielsen , Finn ( August 2007 ) . `` Scientific Citations in Wikipedia '' . First Monday . 12 ( 8 ) . arXiv : 0805.1154 . doi : 10.5210 / fm. v12i8. 1997 . Retrieved February 22 , 2008 . Pfeil , Ulrike ; Panayiotis Zaphiris ; Chee Siang Ang ( 2006 ) . `` Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia '' . Journal of Computer - Mediated Communication . 12 ( 1 ) : 88 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1083 - 6101.2006. 00316. x . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Priedhorsky , Reid , Jilin Chen , Shyong ( Tony ) K. Lam , Katherine Panciera , Loren Terveen , and John Riedl . `` Creating , Destroying , and Restoring Value in Wikipedia '' . Proc. GROUP 2007 ; doi : 10.1145 / 1316624.1316663 Reagle , Joseph ( 2007 ) . Do as I Do : Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia ( PDF ) . WikiSym ' 07 : Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis . Montreal , Canada : ACM . Retrieved December 26 , 2008 . Rosenzweig , Roy . Can History be Open Source ? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past . ( Originally published in The Journal of American History 93.1 ( June 2006 ) : 117 -- 46 . ) Wilkinson , Dennis M. ; Bernardo A. Huberman ( April 2007 ) . `` Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Wikipedia '' . First Monday . 12 ( 4 ) . doi : 10.5210 / fm. v12i4. 1763 . Retrieved February 22 , 2008 . Aaron Halfaker ; R. Stuart Geiger ; Jonathan T. Morgan ; John Riedl ( 2012 ) . `` The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community '' . American Behavioral Scientist. 57 ( 5 ) : 664 . doi : 10.1177 / 0002764212469365 . Retrieved August 30 , 2012 . Maggio Lauren , Willinsky John , Steinberg Ryan , Mietchan Daniel , Wass Joseph , Dong Ting . `` Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research : The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia '' ( 2017 ) . Books Main article : List of books about Wikipedia Ayers , Phoebe ; Matthews , Charles ; Yates , Ben ( September 2008 ) . How Wikipedia Works : And How You Can Be a Part of It . San Francisco : No Starch Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59327 - 176 - 3 . Broughton , John ( 2008 ) . Wikipedia -- The Missing Manual . O'Reilly Media . ISBN 0 - 596 - 51516 - 2 . ( See book review by Baker , as listed hereafter . ) Broughton , John ( 2008 ) . Wikipedia Reader 's Guide . Sebastopol : Pogue Press . ISBN 0 - 596 - 52174 - X . Dalby , Andrew ( 2009 ) . The World and Wikipedia : How We are Editing Reality . Siduri . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9562052 - 0 - 9 . Jemielniak , Dariusz ( 2014 ) . Common Knowledge ? An Ethnography of Wikipedia . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . ISBN 9780804789448 . Keen , Andrew ( 2007 ) . The Cult of the Amateur . Doubleday / Currency . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 52080 - 5 . ( Substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects . ) Listen to : Keen , Andrew ( June 16 , 2007 ) . `` Does the Internet Undermine Culture ? '' . National Public Radio , USA . The NPR interview with A. Keen , Weekend Edition Saturday , June 16 , 2007 . Lih , Andrew ( 2009 ) . The Wikipedia Revolution : How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World 's Greatest Encyclopedia . New York : Hyperion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4013 - 0371 - 6 . O'Sullivan , Dan ( September 24 , 2009 ) . Wikipedia : a new community of practice ? . Ashgate Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 7433 - 7 . Sheizaf Rafaeli & Yaron Ariel ( 2008 ) . `` Online motivational factors : Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia . '' In Barak , A. Psychological aspects of cyberspace : Theory , research , applications . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . pp. 243 -- 267 . Reagle , Joseph Michael Jr. ( 2010 ) . Good Faith Collaboration : The Culture of Wikipedia . Cambridge , Massachusetts , USA : the MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 01447 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Wells , Herbert George . ( 2013 ) . World Brain . New Delhi , India : Isha Books ( reprint ) . ISBN 978 - 9 - 333 - 39061 - 3 . Book reviews and other article Baker , Nicholson . `` The Charms of Wikipedia '' . The New York Review of Books , March 20 , 2008 . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . ( Book rev. of The Missing Manual , by John Broughton , as listed previously . ) Crovitz , L. Gordon . `` Wikipedia 's Old - Fashioned Revolution : The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best . '' ( Originally published in Wall Street Journal online -- April 6 , 2009 . ) Postrel , Virginia , `` Who Killed Wikipedia ? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Wikipedia . They might also be killing it '' , Pacific Standard magazine , November / December 2014 issue . Learning resources Wikiversity list of learning resources . ( Includes related courses , Web - based seminars , slides , lecture notes , text books , quizzes , glossaries , etc . ) The Great Book of Knowledge , Part 1 : A Wiki is a Kind of Bus , Ideas , with Paul Kennedy , CBC Radio One , originally broadcast January 15 , 2014 . Webpage includes a link to the archived audio program ( also found here ) . The radio documentary discusses Wikipedia 's history , development and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge . It also includes interviews with several key Wikipedia staff and contributors , including Kat Walsh and Sue Gardner ( audio , 53 : 58 , Flash required ) . Other media coverage See also : List of films about Wikipedia `` See Who 's Editing Wikipedia -- Diebold , the CIA , a Campaign '' , WIRED , August 14 , 2007 . Balke , Jeff ( March 2008 ) . `` For Music Fans : Wikipedia ; MySpace '' . Houston Chronicle . Broken Record ( blog ) . Retrieved December 17 , 2008 . Dee , Jonathan ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` All the News That 's Fit to Print Out '' . The New York Times Magazine . Retrieved February 22 , 2008 . Giles , Jim ( September 20 , 2007 ) . `` Wikipedia 2.0 -- Now with Added Trust '' . New Scientist . Retrieved January 14 , 2008 . Miliard , Mike ( December 2 , 2007 ) . `` Wikipedia Rules '' . The Phoenix . Retrieved February 22 , 2008 . Poe , Marshall ( September 1 , 2006 ) . `` The Hive '' . The Atlantic Monthly . Retrieved March 22 , 2008 . Rosenwald , Michael S. ( October 23 , 2009 ) . `` Gatekeeper of D.C. 's entry : Road to city 's Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Runciman , David ( May 28 , 2009 ) . `` Like Boiling a Frog '' . London Review of Books . Retrieved June 3 , 2009 . Taylor , Chris ( May 29 , 2005 ) . `` It 's a Wiki , Wiki World '' . Time . Retrieved February 22 , 2008 . `` Technological Quarterly : Brain Scan : The Free - knowledge Fundamentalist '' . The Economist Web and Print . June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved June 5 , 2008 . Jimmy Wales changed the world with Wikipedia , the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit . What will he do next ? `` Is Wikipedia Cracking Up ? '' The Independent , February 3 , 2009 . `` Wikipedia probe into paid - for ' sockpuppet ' entries '' , BBC News ' , October 21 , 2013 . `` The Decline of Wikipedia '' , MIT Technology Review , October 22 , 2013 Edits to Wikipedia pages on Bell , Garner , Diallo traced to 1 Police Plaza ( March 2015 ) , Capital Angola 's Wikipedia Pirates Are Exposing Problems ( March 2016 ) , Motherboard Dark Side of Wikipedia at the Wayback Machine ( archived August 4 , 2016 ) Full Measure with Sharyl Attkinson , April 17 , 2016 . ( Includes video . ) Wales , Jimmy ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` How Wikipedia Works '' . cato.org . Cato Institute . Jimmy Wales , founder of Wikipedia , discusses the site , how it 's treated by governments , and how it 's fueled by its users . External links hide Find more aboutWikipediaat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata Discussion from Meta - Wiki Documentation from MediaWiki Official website ( Mobile ) -- multilingual portal ( contains links to all language editions ) ( wikipedia.com still redirects here ) Wikipedia at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) Wikitrends : Wikipedia articles most visited today `` Wikipedia collected news and commentary '' . The Guardian . 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Brooke Davis
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Brooke Davis - Wikipedia Brooke Davis Jump to : navigation , search For the writer , see Brooke Davis ( writer ) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This character 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` Brooke Davis '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( June 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This television - related article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Brooke Davis Sophia Bush as Brooke Davis One Tree Hill character Portrayed by Sophia Bush Makayla McCarty ( flashbacks ) First appearance `` The Places You Have Come to Fear the Most '' ( episode 1.02 ) Last appearance `` One Tree Hill '' ( episode 9.13 ) Created by Mark Schwahn Profile Other names B. Davis ( by Peyton ) Brooke Penelope Davis Brooke Davis Baker Occupation Entrepreneur Fashion designer Residence 4915 Ocean Avenue Tree Hill , North Carolina ( show ) Family Family Robert `` Ted '' Davis , Jr . ( father ) Victoria Davis ( mother ; née Montgomery ) Spouse Julian Baker ( husband ; 2 children ) Children Davis and Jude Baker ( twin sons , with Julian ) Foster children : Angie ( former foster daughter ) Samantha `` Sam '' Walker ( former foster daughter ) Other relatives Godchildren : James Lucas `` Jamie '' Scott ( godson , via Haley and Nathan Scott ) Sawyer Brooke Scott ( goddaughter , via Lucas and Peyton Scott ) Lydia Bob Scott ( honorific niece , via Haley and Nathan Scott ) In - laws : Paul Norris ( father - in - law ) Sylvia Baker ( mother - in - law ) Brooke Penelope Davis is a fictional character from the CW television series One Tree Hill , portrayed by Sophia Bush . Initially introduced as the best friend of the show 's original female lead , Peyton Sawyer , throughout her experiences , Brooke grows from a wild and generally carefree girl into a more mature and grounded young woman . Along with Peyton , she becomes a key player in the series ' central love triangle involving Lucas Scott . In later seasons , however , her character arc shifts its attention to her career as a fashion designer at Clothes Over Bros , as well as her romance and eventual marriage to Julian Baker , with whom she would have twin sons , Davis and Jude Baker . Contents ( hide ) 1 Character development 1.1 Background 1.2 Evolution 2 Character arc 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Missing years 2.6 Season 5 2.7 Season 6 2.8 Season 7 2.9 Season 8 2.10 Season 9 3 Clothes Over Bros 3.1 Clothes 4 Bros 3.2 Legal troubles 4 See also 5 References Character development ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Brooke Penelope Davis Baker was born at New Brunswick County Hospital in Tree Hill , North Carolina , to parents Robert Theodore `` Ted '' Davis , Jr. and Victoria Anne Davis ( née Montgomery ) on March 4 , 1989 . She has been Tree Hill 's it - girl and has been described as the wealthy and popular captain of the cheerleading squad of Tree Hill High . The lack of authority in her life caused Brooke 's high school years to be full of parties , drinking , and promiscuity . She shares a close bond with first - love Lucas Scott , and has also formed many close friendships . Peyton Sawyer is her best friend since the age of eight ; she is also friends with former roommates Haley James and Rachel Gatina , Haley 's husband Nathan Scott , Mouth McFadden , and former assistant Millicent Huxtable . Evolution ( edit ) Karen Roe , Lucas 's mother , was Brooke 's only mother figure growing up after she temporarily moved in with her when her parents left Tree Hill . Throughout her development , Brooke grows to become more independent and mature , partly due to her relationship with Lucas . Although the two initially broke up due to a love triangle involving Peyton , Brooke later forgave both of them , remaining close with the two . Upon reaching adulthood , Brooke becomes a successful fashion designer for her own company . Brooke 's relationships with her mother and foster daughter are shown to play a significant role in her character development . In the fifth and sixth seasons , her long - estranged mother Victoria returns , but remains cold and detached . Eventually , Brooke is motivated to become a good mother herself , which prompts her to take in a teenage foster child named Samantha . Though Sam is initially resistant , the two eventually bond as Brooke proves herself to be a dedicated parent . Sam later leaves Brooke to live with her biological mother . Later on in the series , Brooke becomes a biological mother , giving birth to twin boys Davis and Jude Baker . Character arc ( edit ) This section 's plot summaries may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve them by removing unnecessary details and making them more concise . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Season 1 ( edit ) In season one , Brooke Davis is introduced as the captain of the Tree Hill High School cheerleaders . She takes a liking to Lucas Scott when he joins the school 's basketball team , attempting to pursue him in her usual , sexual advances . Lucas , however , is only interested in her best friend , Peyton Sawyer , and constantly turns down Brooke 's advances . After a drug incident involving Peyton , Lucas comes to realize that Brooke is actually a very loyal and caring person , eventually developing feelings and entering into a relationship with her . When Lucas realizes he still has feelings for Peyton , he and Peyton begin a non-sexual affair behind Brooke 's back . Lucas breaks up with Brooke , but Peyton decides to end their secret romance because she feels guilty and does n't want to harm her relationship with her best friend . When Brooke finds out what really happened , however , she ends her friendship with Peyton and refuses to speak to her or to Lucas . During this time , Brooke experiences a pregnancy scare , eventually learning that her results were actually negative ; however , in the heat of an argument with Lucas , she lies to him and tells him that she is pregnant with his child . When she comes clean about the truth , Brooke explains that she wanted to punish Lucas for cheating on her with Peyton . After uniting against Nicki ( Jake Jagielski 's ex-girlfriend ) , Brooke and Peyton agree to a truce and slowly begin to rebuild their friendship . Season 2 ( edit ) At the start of the second season , Brooke is forced to grow up when her father loses his job , thus forcing the Davis family to sell their belongings and temporarily become destitute . Still hurt over the way things ended with Lucas , she begins relations with her neighbor , Felix Taggaro , who becomes a `` friend with benefits . '' Later , things become strained between Brooke and Mouth when he tells her that he is in love with her , despite the fact that Brooke thinks of him as a `` little brother . '' Meanwhile , she begins dating Felix after he promises to not break her heart as Lucas did . During this time , Brooke decides to run for Tree Hill 's student body president against students who are much more studious , hard - working , and experienced . Even in the face of the dirty political campaign of her rival , Erica Marsh , she does n't back down and ends up winning the student election after Mouth delivers a touching recommendation speech to a packed auditorium for her . After the election , Brooke quickly repairs her friendship with Mouth and even befriends her defeated rival , Erica . Toward the middle of the season , Brooke learns that her father was able to secure a new job and that her family is moving to California as a result . However , she is thrilled when she finds out that Lucas has convinced Brooke 's parents to let her live with Karen until the summer , where she will be staying in Lucas ' room as he is living with Dan . Meanwhile , Brooke discovers that it was Felix who spray - painted the word `` DYKE '' on Peyton 's locker and immediately breaks up with him . After ending things with Felix , sexual tension begins to arise between Brooke and Lucas ; however , after finding letters Lucas wrote to Peyton , Brooke believes that Lucas is still pining over Peyton and ultimately decides to just be friends with him . In the season finale , as Brooke is preparing to leave for the summer , Lucas kisses her and finally confesses how he really feels . Stunned and shattered all at the same time , Brooke leaves and is seen sitting in the taxi in tears in the episode 's final moments . Season 3 ( edit ) The season three premiere opens with Brooke returning from her summer vacation in California . Afraid of having her heart broken again , Brooke only agrees to date Lucas non-exclusively ; at the same time , she pretends to have spent her summer with a number of other guys , though it is later revealed that she actually spent her summer writing eighty - two letters to Lucas , one letter for everyday , which she never sent . During their `` non-exclusive '' arrangement , however , Lucas refuses to date anybody else in an effort to prove his loyalty to Brooke . At the fantasy boy draft , Brooke chooses Chris Keller instead of Lucas as a way to get back at Rachel , thus causing Lucas to become angry with her . After finding out that her designs are displayed in the store 's windows , Brooke gets drunk and sleeps with Chris , with Lucas walking in on them and leaving heartbroken . In an effort to distract herself from Lucas and to mend her aching heart , Brooke launches her own clothing line , Clothes Over Bro 's . Later , Brooke finally gives Lucas the letters she wrote to him whilst on vacation , resulting in him forgiving her ; the two subsequently confess their feelings for one another and enter into an exclusive relationship . When Karen becomes engaged to Keith , Brooke offers to design her wedding dress but , after Keith 's death in the school shooting , Brooke attempts to help Lucas and Karen pick up the pieces of their lives . In the meantime , Brooke agrees to help Haley and Nathan in organizing their second wedding , becoming Haley 's maid of honor and the designer of her wedding dress . However , when Peyton reveals to Brooke that she has feelings for Lucas , again , at Nathan and Haley 's rehearsal dinner , Brooke becomes furious at her and promptly ends her friendship with a teary - eyed Peyton . At the actual wedding , things only become worse when Lucas , thinking Brooke already aware of the situation , accidentally lets it slip that Peyton kissed him during the school shooting . Clearly upset , Brooke and Lucas argue in private , with Brooke telling him that he never `` let her all the way in . '' As their love triangle begins to reassert itself , Brooke decides that she needs time to herself and breaks things off with Lucas , though she admits that she will always love him . With her friendship with Peyton now over , Brooke is invited to move in with Rachel . In the season finale , it is revealed that someone at Nathan and Haley 's wedding is pregnant , with the evidence largely pointing toward Brooke . Season 4 ( edit ) With the news of Brooke 's `` pregnancy '' spreading around campus , the fourth season begins with pro-life advocates , calling themselves Clean Teens , pressuring Brooke to not terminate her pregnancy . However , it is soon revealed that Brooke has really been covering for her friend Haley . In an effort to get Brooke back into the dating pool , Rachel sets her up via an online dating site with a male model , Nick , under the guise of a female model named `` Peyton . '' The plan goes awry when it is revealed that Nick is also the new English teacher at Tree Hill High ; however , the two continue their relationship in secret . When Rachel catches wind of the affair , she informs Brooke that Nick hit on her . As a result , Brooke confronts him , but he denies the whole thing and her friendship with Rachel becomes strained . Upon learning that Rachel was telling the truth and that Nick is cheating on her with one of her own models , Brooke dumps him and reconciles with Rachel . Around this time , Brooke realizes that she still is in love with Lucas ; asking Lucas to be her date to the annual sports banquet , Brooke later tells him that it was a mistake and he heads home , with the two of them deciding to just remain friends . After Tree Hill 's victory in the state championship , Brooke encourages Lucas to go with Peyton . When Brooke is failing her calculus course , Rachel pretends to need Haley 's tutoring so that they can steal the answers to an upcoming calculus exam , but Haley refuses . Taking matters into their own hands , Brooke and Rachel break into the high school but are caught by Principal Turner ; to serve as their alibi , the two join Clean Teens . During her time in Clean Teens , Brooke meets Chase Adams , a newcomer to Tree Hill High and to whom Brooke becomes attracted . Initially asking Brooke to be his calculus tutor , Chase asks her out on a date . After their first date together , Brooke decides that she ca n't start a relationship with lies at its foundations and thus , during a class assignment , reveals to Chase that she cheated on her calculus test and had only joined Clean Teens as a means of attaining an alibi . With Brooke stating that she thinks she is n't pretty enough or talented enough for him , Chase tells her that she is good enough , and all she needs to do is to stop lying and just be herself . The two subsequently kiss and make up , beginning a new and truthful relationship . The following week , Brooke and Chase attend a party at Nathan 's house , but things go south when a tape , titled `` Nathan Scores '' and which shows Brooke and Nathan having a drunk one - night stand two years prior , is played at the party . As a result of seeing the tape , Peyton punches Brooke , as Peyton was in an on - again , off - again relationship with Nathan at the time it was filmed . Chase , in the meantime , decides to call things off with Brooke but , with prom quickly approaching , tells her that he 'll still be her date . Brooke , however , tells him that she does n't want to go to prom with someone who does n't want to be with her , and the two go their separate ways . Peyton becomes infuriated at the fact that Brooke completely cut her out of her life for being upfront and honest about her feelings for Lucas , when Peyton feels that Brooke was never honest with her . With more underlying issues resurfacing between Brooke and Peyton , the two former best friends enter into an intense rivalry , with Peyton going so far as taking a black light marker and writing `` WHORE '' on Brooke 's prom dress . After talking to Mouth , Brooke comes to feel that it means that Peyton still feels to that . Upon hearing that Peyton is not attending their senior prom , she leaves the prom and heads to Peyton 's house in hopes of a reconciliation . However , unanounced to anyone , Peyton is being held hostage in her own house by Ian ( otherwise known as `` Psycho Derek '' ) . Making her way to Peyton 's basement , Ian had knocked Brooke out and planned to slit her throat to show Peyton just how much he truly loves her . In an effort to free themselves , Peyton convinces him to let her do it , but stabs Ian instead . Untied , Peyton runs upstairs with Ian right behind her . Brooke , meanwhile , is able to untie herself and the two stand together against their attacker . With Ian unconscious , they are able to call the police and have Ian arrested . With `` Psycho Derek '' or otherwise known as Ian , ordeal behind them , Brooke and Peyton rekindle their friendship and go to prom together . This is where Brooke is elected Prom Queen . Brooke and Chase subsequently reconcile and get back together ; the two have sex at their graduation party before Brooke and Lucas share a special moment together as he confides in her about his book . With the birth of Nathan and Haley 's son , James Lucas Scott , Brooke is named the newborn 's godmother . In the season 's final moments , Brooke and Peyton prepare to spend their summer in Los Angeles and join the rest of the gang at the River Court . Missing years ( edit ) Two and half years later , Brooke and Chase have seemingly gone their separate ways . Brooke , now an up - and - coming fashion designer with Clothes Over Bro 's , meets up with Lucas in New York to have drinks with him ; showing her his engagement ring for Peyton , Lucas informs Brooke that Peyton turned down his proposal , much to the shock of an unbelieving Brooke . When she tries on the ring , everyone around them believes that they have become engaged , receiving free drinks and even a romantic horse - drawn carriage ride . When they arrive at his hotel room , Lucas kisses her in a drunken stupor ; despite possessing feelings for him , Brooke pulls away from him as he is still in love with Peyton . Leaving Lucas with some words of wisdom , Brooke tells him to concentrate on getting his novel published and tells him that they probably wo n't see each other for a while . Returning home , Victoria confronts her about her `` engagement '' to Lucas . After clearing the air , Brooke tells her mother , `` And Lucas Scott was the one boy I might have lost it for . '' Brooke then agrees to her mother 's offer to expand the clothing line , wishing to get lost in work in an effort to cure her broken heart from Lucas . Season 5 ( edit ) Four years after high school and having become a multimillion - dollar household name , Brooke Davis now runs her own clothing line , magazine , and fashion channel . Becoming fed up with her life as a celebrity , Brooke decides to return to Tree Hill after a distraught phone call from her old best friend , Peyton Sawyer . Upon her return , she becomes a `` fill - in nanny '' for her godson , Jamie Scott , and buys the abandoned Karen 's Café to refurbish into a C / B clothing store in order to run her fashion line from her hometown . Eager to settle back in Tree Hill , Brooke spontaneously buys a house ( furniture and all ) and invites Peyton to live with her . However , the CEO of her company , who also turns out to be her mother Victoria , is not happy about Brooke 's choice to stay in Tree Hill and makes an unexpected visit to her house to take Brooke back to New York . Brooke and Victoria `` bond '' over the store opening , but she is oblivious that Victoria is running around insulting all of her friends . The store 's opening is both a social success and a commercial failure , leading her mother to tear her down . She then reaches the breaking point after her mother attacks Peyton and rejects her daughterly love confession , beginning to rule her company her way and refusing to consider Victoria her mother any longer . Brooke considers dating Owen , a bartender , and sets Mouth up on a blind date with Milicent . She also tells Peyton to go after Lucas because they are meant to be and comforts her after she finds out he proposed to Lindsey . She uses her naked - in - the - back - of - the - car trick on Owen and successfully gets his attention but then refuses to sleep with him . Brooke then slowly becomes friends with Lindsey but after they get stuck in the library with Haley , Peyton and Mia , Peyton tells her that she 's her best friend and will always be , stopping the awkwardness . She travels to New York with Owen after she challenges him since he thinks she does nothing for her job . She shows him a space she bought to expand and they find Rachel , overdosed on drugs . Feeling guilty for firing her earlier , Brooke takes Rachel back to Tree Hill with her so she can live in Brooke 's big house with her and Peyton . She attends Lucas and Lindsey 's joint bachelor / bachelorette party with Owen , who brings along a surprise guest Chase , whom she had unknowingly set Peyton up with . She finally fires Victoria from the company after she scares Rachel off for monetary purposes . She tells Peyton and Lucas that she came back to Tree Hill to have a baby , because there was a void in her heart only having a family could fill . Due to this decision Brooke gets interviewed by a woman from an adoption agency who Brooke finds out has spoken to Victoria . Because of her young age , busy life and party past , Brooke is turned down . Owen then immediately ends his potential relationship with Brooke , after finding out she wants a baby , calling her selfish . However , she gets to have a baby , as she gains momentary custody of Angie who is there to get her heart operated on and finds it immediately challenging , but finds comfort and help in the form of Peyton and Lucas Brooke is terrified and distraught over the possibility of Angie not making it through her surgery , but Angie comes out perfectly and everything in Brooke 's world calms down . She then has to return Angie early making her distraught but strengthening her friendship with Lucas . In the season finale , Lucas calls someone asking that someone if she wants to get married at Las Vegas -- the someone could be Lindsey , Peyton or Brooke . Season 6 ( edit ) Brooke is taunted by her mother by saying she will take over the company but Brooke has a new clothing line in sketches she is presenting to the board . Victoria demands her to give her the sketches to which Brooke says no . Brooke is assaulted and badly beaten by a masked assailant at the end of the season six premiere . Not wanting to go to the authorities to report the assault and attract bad publicity , Brooke instead turns to Deb in hopes of keeping it a secret and learning to shoot a gun . Nathan visits Brooke at her home to tell her he will be there for her if she needs him because she 's always been there for his family . Nathan realizes he and Brooke are alike in many ways so he can relate to her problems . Brooke attends Quentin Field 's funeral to support Lucas , Nathan , Haley , Skills and Jamie with their loss . As Jamie places Q 's cape over his casket , Brooke breaks down for the first time since her attack . Jamie comforts her by holding her hand . Brooke regrets the lack of family in her life but after a talk with Haley and Jamie realizes she has everything she needs . She travels to New York to confront Victoria over the attack , who firmly denies any involvement . Brooke then gives up ownership of Clothes Over Bros to Victoria . Brooke bonds with Sam and eventually becomes her foster mother . Brooke also reveals to Peyton the truth about her attack . Owen returns to Tree Hill and attempts to win Brooke back , but they are slow to reconnect romantically . When they eventually discuss the issue , Brooke states that she 's not ready for a relationship since she wants to focus on her new foster daughter , Sam , for a while . Afterwards , they part on friendly terms . Brooke receives a phone call from Patricia , the woman from the adoption agency who interviewed her last season , leaving Brooke a message that there is a newborn that Brooke can adopt . When Brooke calls Patricia back , Brooke mentions that she 's fostering Sam , and Patricia tells her that could cause complications in the adoption . Following the dream episode written by Chad Michael Murray , Brooke is approached by Julian to design the costumes for Lucas ' movie , which she initially declines , but decides to think about it . Brooke briefly clashed with Sam over a boy named Jack spent the night . She later reveals to Sam that she was attacked . As Jack and Sam begin talking about Brooke , they talk about how Sam once said that Brooke needed to be `` put in her place '' . A smitten Jack listened to Sam , and had someone attack Brooke for Sam 's pleasure . Sam realizes this and gets the stolen sketches back , and when she shows them to Brooke , Brooke begins breaking down and seeing this , Sam leaves again . Brooke begins searching for Sam and gets into a fight with Owen along the way . She goes to the cafe Sam frequents and bumps into Julian , who walks out . The waitress tells Brooke that Julian inquired about Sam , and she begins considering him as a decent guy ( possibly romantically ) . At the conclusion of the episode , a heartbroken Sam gets into a car with Jack and his brother , and it is revealed that Jack 's brother was actually the one who attacked Brooke . It is also revealed that this is the same guy who murdered Quentin . Brooke Goes in search for Sam with Peyton by her side . After searching all over Tree Hill and finding little help from a police officer ( due to Sam not being missing long enough ) , she realizes Sam must be at her friend Jack Daniels ' house , and gets the address from Haley . She tells Peyton she wants to confront Sam alone because they have a lot to talk about , and goes to Jack 's house by herself . She does n't find Jack or Sam there , but she does meet with Jack 's older brother , X , who has Sam bound and gagged in a closet . X denies knowing where Sam is , and he talks in a sexually suggestive manner to Brooke , who thinks he is weird but is unfazed . As Brooke walks down the sidewalk after the visit , he says `` Have a nice night '' which is the same line her attacker uttered as she lay bleeding on the floor of her store after the attack . Brooke realizes that X is the one who beat her , and that he must have Sam . She bangs on the door and when he opens it , she sprays mace in his face and beats him until he 's incapacitated , then rushes through the house looking for Sam . As she finds her , Sam begs her to leave , but Brooke refuses . She starts to undo the tape binding her , but X sneaks up behind Brooke and drags her away as Sam screams . X tries to strangle Brooke , but she spits in his face and knocks him away . Brooke runs , but X chases her and knocks her to the floor . The pair struggle and X indicates that he is going to kill Brooke and enjoy it and that she is just a weak little rich girl . But Brooke finds her purse , grabs her gun and stands with it pointed at X 's head , telling him the rich little girl is going to stay awhile as Julian and Jack rush into the house and Sam breaks free of the last of the tape . Brooke cocks the gun , tells Rex she hates him and that she is n't the same girl that he attacked , and is about to shoot him , but Sam begs her not to , calling Brooke `` Mom '' and saying she needs her . Brooke knocks her attacker unconscious with the gun instead and kicks him over , telling him to `` Have a nice night . '' After the police arrive , they find Quentin 's wallet and Brooke realizes X is Q 's murderer and cries on Julian 's shoulder . Peyton tells Brooke about her pregnancy , and Brooke is thrilled , even though it was Brooke who wanted a family the most . Meanwhile , after agreeing to do the costumes for Lucas ' movie , Brooke invites Julian over . Sam makes fun of Brooke by saying that it 's a date , while Brooke insists it 's simply a business meeting . Sam then says `` his man junk 's got a meeting with your lady business . '' After which Brooke calls Sam Samantha in a very Mom - like fashion . After a long night of drinking and conversation about their parents , Julian and Brooke realize they are alike in many ways . At the end of the episode , the two begin making out . Peyton catches the drift that Brooke and Julian are starting a romantic relationship and warns Brooke that after she broke up with him , he slept with an A-list actress after his movie premiere at the Sundance Film Festival . Later , Peyton receives a visit from Julian 's dad , with whom Peyton seems to have a great relationship with , and he tells her that Julian not only did not have sex with a famous actress after Sundance , but did not even go to his own movie premiere because he was so depressed after their breakup . Peyton tells this to Brooke , and Brooke decides that Julian is worth the trouble , and Brooke and Julian officially start a romantic relationship . Brooke sleeps with Julian and later tells Peyton , who yet again reassures her that it 's not violating `` girl code '' since they shared three guys already : ' sex tape ' ( Nathan ) , Lucas , and now Julian . Brooke meets the girl playing her in Lucas ' movie , Missy , and Missy basically stalks Brooke trying to imitate her every move , even going so far as doing Brooke 's `` signature move '' of stripping down in Brooke 's backseat . Brooke and Julian are really happy together until she finds out Missy is always implying Brooke is a slut because she was told that Brooke 's major role in high school was sex . Brooke confronts Julian and tells him `` High School Brooke graduated '' , then temporarily breaks up with him . He then shows her a re-created manuscript in which it now reads a long list of Brooke 's character traits that she has now , and this appears to mend their relationship . Brooke storms out of her room and into the bathroom yelling at Julian for `` something inappropriate that he did '' . It turns out he told her that he loves her , and she struggles with telling him she loves him back . Brooke repeatedly tells him that she cares very deeply for him , but she 's not in love with him yet because it 's too soon . Julian decides to call it a `` deleted scene '' so they can start fresh . Brooke goes to the police station and bails out Sam after she is caught shoplifting , and yells at her , calling her `` unfixable '' . Sam thinks this is because of a fight she is having with Julian since Brooke is ignoring all his phone calls . During another argument between the two , Julian calls and Sam grabs Brooke 's phone and answers it , then gives it to Brooke , and Julian tells her the movie has been shut down and he is returning to Los Angeles . He comes and says goodbye to her , and yet again tells her he loves her before leaving . She apologizes to Sam after Julian tells her the shoplifting was only to protect Jack , and to make it up to her , Brooke finds Jack and allows him to spend the night . Thinking that Julian left for L.A. the night before , she is confused when he comes to see her in her store . She soon finds out he is leaving that night , but it 's not goodbye because he has two tickets for her and Sam to come with him . She spends the episode wrestling with her decision since she has many factors to consider such as moving Sam around , her store , being Peyton 's maid of honor , knowing him for only one month , etc . In the end she does go to the airport , but to tell him she 's not coming . They share one final kiss and Julian then boards a plane back home . Victoria returns to Tree Hill and attempts to lure Brooke back to Clothes Over Bros after the company goes under . Victoria guilts her into it by telling her if she does n't return , hundreds of employees will be out of work , and this hits a soft spot in Brooke and she returns to the company with a 51 / 49 % split between her and Victoria , and Brooke says that Victoria still does n't have a daughter . She also goes to the hospital after Peyton 's accident and Lucas tells her about Peyton 's condition , and she passes the news on to Haley . Sam also yells at her for locking her heart and letting Julian go . She finds it hard to have Victoria around again , especially since she is getting very close to Sam , which makes Brooke jealous because she believes Victoria is trying to be to Sam what she never was to Brooke . She reaches her breaking point when she finds out Victoria has been hiding and shredding letters addressed to Sam from her birth mother . She shows Sam the letters , and gives her blessing for Sam to get to know her real mother , although , in actuality , it hurts Brooke to see this . A month after Sam meets her mother , she continues to speak with her and she gets to know her well . Seeing she may be losing Sam , Brooke draws up adoption papers . However , she and Sam eventually agree that it would be best for Sam to live with her birth mom , which leads to an emotional parting between the two in Victoria 's presence . On the day of Lucas and Peyton 's wedding , Brooke puts the finishing touches on Peyton 's wedding dress and they have an emotional conversation about how Peyton wants Brooke to be there for Lucas and the baby in case she does n't make it through the dangerous delivery . Lucas surprises her by telling her that he has invited Julian to the wedding to be her date , but Julian reveals he already has a date - Missy , the girl that was to play Brooke in Lucas ' shut - down movie . In retaliation , Brooke gets Nick Lachey to be her date . Throughout the night Brooke and Julian use their respective partners to make each other jealous , but at the end of the night , Brooke and Julian are left alone and Brooke tells him she misses him and ca n't deal with seeing him again , and she leaves . He goes to the store to find her but runs into Victoria , and he tells her off about the way she belittles Brooke and then says that he loves her and is n't giving up . Brooke returns to the store after Lucas and Peyton 's wedding reception and asks Victoria if there were any messages , and she replies `` no '' without telling her what Julian said . She shows up at the hospital when Peyton has her emergency surgery . Four days later , Peyton is in a coma and Brooke has not left the hospital , and she is the second one to find out when Peyton wakes up ( after Lucas ) . She says goodbye to Julian , who has been staying with her for moral support after Peyton goes into a coma . The next day she visits Peyton and baby Sawyer , and Peyton tells Brooke that she and Lucas have made Sawyer 's middle name Brooke in honor of her best friend . Victoria later tells her to go to L.A. and tell Julian she loves him because Victoria once let a boy go and has never forgiven herself , and she also tries to give Brooke full control of the company after realizing she loved the company more than Brooke and she should n't have because Brooke is her daughter and she loves her . After an emotional bonding between the two , Brooke asks Victoria to stay on as her partner , and takes her advice by going to see Julian on his movie set in L.A. and finally telling him she loves him , and the two kiss , officially putting their future together back on track . Season 7 ( edit ) Brooke and Julian have been happily together in the 14 months between Seasons 6 and 7 , although they have spent much of the time apart . Brooke and Julian are having a romantic date at the beach when he tells her that he is leaving to produce a movie in New Zealand and will be gone for eight months , and she encourages him to do it even though she is clearly heartbroken . A few moments earlier , she wrote `` Marry Me '' in the sand but she never told Julian once she knew about his new movie . She attends Jamie 's 7th birthday party and once again writes him a check for a large sum of money . After the party , Julian and Brooke go to the beach where he tells her that he turned the movie down to be with her , and he officially moves in . Brooke hires Alex Dupre as a model for COB after seeing her acting skills and beauty in a movie . But when Millicent picks her up and brings her to the store , she is not what Brooke expected and they begin coming up with ways to get rid of her . Alex overhears them , and when she comes out of the dressing room wearing Brooke 's dress , she plays Brooke into changing her mind , unaware that the speech Alex gave to win Brooke over was actually a line from the movie Brooke watched Alex in . Alex begins taking an immediate interest in Julian . Julian begins working on a movie with Alex , until Victoria notices her crush on him and informs Brooke . After Alex tells Brooke she stripped naked for Julian Brooke fires her and tells Julian to sleep on the couch . On a girls night with Haley , she assures Brooke that Julian loves her and he 's not going anywhere . Brooke has a pregnancy scare and wants to tell Julian but he left to see Alex as he fears she will begin using drugs again , and she does n't get the chance to . Rachel returns to Tree Hill for a vacation and tries to apologize to Brooke for stealing money from her by giving her a cheque with interest , but Brooke slaps her and tells her to stay away . When she gets home to find that Julian is still with Alex , she cries in front of her bathroom mirror and says to herself `` Why ca n't you be the one who gets the baby and the boy ? '' before throwing her birth control pills in the garbage . However , it is revealed that the doctor not only told Brooke she is n't pregnant , but that she can never get pregnant . She tells this to Julian who feels guilty he was n't there ... She also battles with Millicent after she demands to be paid $500,000 for being the face of Clothes Over Bros ( which she has become after Alex got fired ) , which hurts Brooke after all she 's done for Millie and how ungrateful she 's being despite of that . She tells Victoria about her problems with Millicent and how those problems are because of Alex 's influence , and Victoria says she will `` take care of Alex '' . Brooke is furious when Julian confides Alex that she ca n't have kids and that he wants kids . After talking with Victoria about the situation , Victoria helps her realize that Julian might not be the one for her , and she asks Julian to take another movie because she wants time to be alone with herself before she can trust him again . Julian calls her after he finds Alex in her bathtub after slitting her wrists , and she goes to the hospital to support her now estranged boyfriend . After finding out about Millicent 's actions Brooke fires her and tells her to get help . Brooke and Julian spend 6 weeks apart when Brooke goes on a business trip with Alexander to start her men 's line , which she has officially named Clothes 4 Bros. She returns from her trip and runs into Julian at the airport , only to see that he 's waiting for Alex . Julian comes to see her and they yet again fight about Alex , and when they fight again at Haley 's concert . Julian tells Brooke he ca n't do it anymore and breaks up with her , leaving her heartbroken since she 's still in love with him . She agrees to be the fashion designer for Julian and Alex 's film . On the movie set , which is built to look like Lucas ' house , she watches a set crew member paint Lucas ' bedroom door brown , making her think of `` the girl behind the red door '' Brooke begins thinking about her relationship with Julian , and decides she wants to try to make things better , so she sweet - talks the hotel concierge into giving her Julian 's room key , but when she enters the room , she finds Alex naked in Julian 's bed , and hears a man in the shower , but when she sees Julian 's sweater hanging from the bedpost . Believing Julian and Alex slept together , she punches Alex in the face on set the next day and gets banned from the set by Julian only to find out she actually slept with Alexander ... Once she realizes what a huge mistake she made , she apologizes to Julian and tells him the reason she 's been acting so crazy is that she 's still in love with him and misses him , and the two kiss and make up . They attend the funeral of Haley 's mom together , Julian moves back in later that night , and they have a romantic evening alone . She attends Quinn 's gallery opening and Julian tells her about Alex and Josh 's sextape , and Brooke tells Julian he should help Alex through it , which surprises him considering her jealous history with Alex . Julian shows Brooke his finished movie , and despite him thinking it 's bad , Brooke tells him she loved it , and encourages him to enter it in a film festival he 's been too nervous to do . Victoria tells Brooke her she is returning to New York City and Alexander is coming with her to run Brooke 's men 's line , Clothes 4 Bros. As Victoria is about to leave , the two share a very emotional goodbye and Victoria tells Brooke how much she loves and how proud of her she is . Brooke the rest of the gang on a trip to Utah for the premiere of Julian 's movie . After the premiere Julian proposes to Brooke on a walk through the snow . Season 8 ( edit ) The season starts with Brooke and Julian engaged and happier than ever . The two talk about the future and how Brooke ca n't have kids , so Julian proposes they spend all day in bed trying anyway . Haley comes over to tell Brooke about her pregnancy but catches Brooke and Julian in a compromising position . Shortly after Haley leaves , the police come to the door and arrest Brooke , and she is charged with a number of money - related crimes regarding Clothes Over Bros. Knowing she had nothing to do with this , a furious Brooke is released from jail and has Julian bring her to her store to meet with Victoria and Millicent , whom Julian had fly to Tree Hill from New York to deal with this , and the two of them eventually reveal that they lied about how much money the company makes to their investors to better support the launch of Clothes 4 Bros and not involving Brooke in this decision in fear of her overruling it . Brooke watches as the company immediately goes under and her store gets shut down , its inventory then completely cleaned out . After a conversation with Millie asking her how she could have allowed and helped Victoria to do this , she seeks comfort in Julian and tells him everything 's gone , but he reminds her she still has him , and always will . After meeting with the company lawyer to hear what they are being charged with and the consequences , she finds out about Quinn and Clay 's shooting from Haley and goes to the hospital for support while Julian goes to pick up Jamie from the park . She offers moral support for Nathan and Haley , and she tells them about her legal troubles . She later asks Victoria if she was ever proud of her , saying that if she was , she never would have lied to make the company sound better than it actually is , and Victoria tells her she lied because she believes in Brooke and knew she could make miracles happen no matter what would happen , and Brooke tells Julian it 's her fault that this happened because she empowered them to do this in her absence . Brooke meets with Victoria and she tells Brooke that her and the lawyers have come up with a way for Brooke to keep the company , but wo n't tell Brooke specifically what that entails . Brooke and Julian take Jamie for the day while Nathan and Haley are at the hospital with Clay and Quinn and they play baseball at the park with him , and he sleeps over as well , telling them they will make great parents someday . Brooke gets a visit from Millicent and she is told that Victoria 's plan to have Brooke keep the company is Victoria going to prison to take the blame , and after Brooke tries to stop her and tells her she does n't want her to go , Victoria says she has to do it because it is her fault . Brooke drops her off at the prison and watches as her mother goes in , sad that things had to end this way . Brooke visits her mom in prison and is surprised that Victoria 's doing her job from behind bars , but after one of her investors comes to her store and tells her that thanks to their lies he lost all the money for his daughter 's college education , she decides to sell her company to pay back all of her investors , but when she 's told this would only return 70 % of their lost money , she tells the attorney to liquidate all of her personal fortune as well , giving away everything she 's got to help make things right . After Victoria finds out Brooke has sold the company that Victoria worked so hard to build and even went to prison to protect , she 's furious with her daughter and calls her stupid , telling her she never wants to speak to her again and for her to not come visit her at the prison anymore . After Julian and Haley help her realize it is Victoria 's own fault she 's behind bars and she 's the reason Brooke was forced to sell , she goes back to the prison and tells Victoria off , saying everything she 's ever done was only done to make her proud , and regardless of whether or not Victoria 's okay with Brooke selling the company , she tells her mother she will never have the opportunity to talk to Brooke as meanly and rudely as she did the day before , and says she wo n't be back to visit . She holds a press conference later that night , and promises her investors they will have all of their money back , then tells the press she looks forward to what comes next in her life . The morning of Halloween , a woman knocks on Brooke 's door saying `` trick or treat '' , and after Brooke insults her for being too old to be a trick or treater , she is shocked to find the woman is actually Julian 's mom , Sylvia Baker , who 's come a few weeks before the wedding , telling them that she will pay for their entire wedding to give them the wedding they 've always dreamed about . However , Brooke soon comes to find out that Sylvia is very opinionated and does not like Brooke 's tastes , wants , and desires for her wedding , arguing with Brooke on almost every topic , from the bridesmaids dresses to the food to the photographer , and even Brooke 's desire to design her own wedding dress . Once her company has officially been sold and she 's no longer affiliated with Clothes Over Bros , she takes out her frustrations on Sylvia by saying she does n't want her money or her input for the wedding and wants to do it her way with her budget , causing a rift between the two , though they later patch this up after Julian tells Brooke that Sylvia 's only been acting how she has been acting because she is threatened by Brooke , since Sylvia was always the closest person in Julian 's life before Brooke came along . After ruining most of the dishes she tries to cook for Thanksgiving dinner , she attends a large gathering at Nathan and Haley 's for the holiday , where she 's reunited with a fresh - out - of - prison Victoria , which Brooke is not pleased about at all , nor is she pleased that Victoria and Sylvia seem to be getting along great and bonding throughout the dinner . She later comes to find out that Sylvia was the one who found out about Victoria 's release and invited her to dinner hoping that her and Brooke could fix things , but only did so to make Brooke happy , so Brooke tells her future mother - in - law that Julian is the man that he is because of Sylvia 's influence and that 's all the happiness she needs . After having a bad daydream of her wedding going horribly wrong due to how poor she 's become and how bad it will be as a result , she realizes she has no inspiration whatsoever to continue re-planning her wedding now that she can no longer have the wedding of her dreams . While going through some old boxes looking for something to inspire her , she and Julian find the list of things Brooke always wanted to try but never did , which Millie created for her back in Season 6 and includes things such as skydiving , watching every James Bond movie , getting drunk at Octoberfest , learning to speak French , and more , so Julian helps her do almost everything on the list , and afterwards , he promises her that no matter what happens he will make sure that she will get to experience the final item left on her list , which is having a baby . As a huge storm is ripping through Tree Hill , Brooke and Julian argue over him suggesting they move to Los Angeles now that she no longer has her job in Tree Hill , which was one of her main reasons for staying . She accuses him of wanting her to lose her company so that they could move , and blows off steam by going for a drive despite the bad storm . Julian calls her and tells her to come home , and when she says she ca n't see the road well , he says he will come get her and she tells him where she is , but the call is then cut off when Brooke hits the brakes to avoid hitting someone standing in the middle of the road , which turns out to be Jamie 's friend Chuck . She runs out of the car and asks him what happened , and he says there was an accident and points to a flipped SUV on the side of the bridge . She runs over to the car and finds Jamie , Madison , and Lauren , who 's still unconscious . As Chuck and Madison wait in Brooke 's car , Brooke helps Lauren out of the wreckage and tries to free Jamie as well , who 's pinned down by his seatbelt . When Brooke realizes Chuck has a concussion and is having a hard time staying awake , she tells Lauren to use her car and take the kids to the hospital while she tries to free Jamie . Eventually Julian finds them , but right after he arrives , a speeding car dodges a downed powerline in the middle of the road and hits the back of the SUV , causing it to fall over the bridge and into the water with Brooke and Jamie still inside . Julian dives into the water and finds that now not only is Jamie trapped , but Brooke 's leg is stuck underneath the steering wheel . Julian tells them the car is not sinking as the wheels are touching the bottom of the river , and the mood calms slightly until the levy breaks and water comes rushing into the car , and Julian is forced to save Jamie first while Brooke is still stuck inside , since Brooke tells him Jamie is just a child and needs help before she does . After getting Jamie out of the car and up to the road , Julian jumps back into the water and finds Brooke struggling to stay above the water , and by the time he frees her , she has lost consciousness and it seems as though she 's drowned . He carries her up to the road and begins performing CPR on her , but she does not respond and he breaks down into tears thinking his fiancé has died . However , Brooke 's hand twitches and after a few more rounds of CPR she regains consciousness and coughs up water , and the ambulance arrives shortly after to take her to the hospital . After a bachelorette party thrown by Haley in which Brooke , Millie , Quinn , Alex , and Sylvia get extremely drunk and wake up not remembering the night before , the girls run around town with clues they find piecing together the events that took place . Brooke loses her engagement ring , and is also shocked to hear from a waitress that she kissed someone during their drunken outing , only to later find out that the guy she kissed was Julian , who came to the bar they were at to see her , and he also took her engagement ring so that she would n't lose it while drunk . After finding out that Sawyer is sick and Peyton will not be attending her wedding , she asks Haley to be her maid of honor . Brooke and Julian 's wedding occurs in the following episode , with Victoria walking Brooke down the aisle after her father does not show up to the wedding , and Julian finally becomes Brooke 's husband . Now that they are married , Brooke finds herself bored now that she no longer has a wedding to plan and Julian is off directing a commercial , so she comes up with the idea for her , Haley , and Quinn to dress up like superheroes and help people in need that Haley finds through the crisis center she works for . The three `` heroes '' help a young girl who 's being bullied by three high school mean girls . She spends all of Valentine 's Day playing sexual role - playing games with Julian , and at the end of the night , he tells her that they should start looking into adopting a child , which Brooke is ecstatic about . The couple goes to an adoption agency and are interviewed by a 19 - year - old mother - to - be named Chloe Hall , who 's giving her baby up for adoption . Brooke makes her and Julian seem like the perfect couple , and Chloe believes this until she goes to Brooke 's house to speak with her and walks into Haley 's baby shower , where she hears a little more than she bargained for , such as Victoria 's prison time and Brooke losing her company . Despite all of this , she ultimately decides to give her baby to Brooke and Julian when it 's born . Chloe informs them that the baby will be coming sooner than expected , causing Brooke to begin trying to get the baby 's room together . Chloe talks to Brooke as she 's painting the room and tells her about the baby 's father and why she chose to give the baby up for adoption , and soon after she leaves to go home , they get a call from the hospital that Chloe has gone into labor and the baby is coming tonight . Brooke and Julian rush to the hospital to be with Chloe for the delivery of their new baby , during which time Chloe says that she would probably be a great mother , she just does n't want to raise the baby alone . However , Brooke and Julian are shocked when Chloe 's boyfriend Eric , the father of her baby , shows up at the hospital and Chloe ends up deciding to keep the baby now that she can raise the little girl with her boyfriend , not alone , leaving Brooke crushed , especially because Chloe had a little baby girl , which is exactly what Brooke wanted . While dealing with the emotional aftermath of the adoption falling through , she receives a job offer from Clothes Over Bros to move to New York and return to the company to design . She discusses this with Victoria , who thinks it 's a great idea that she should not turn down , and after Julian tells her he thinks it 's a great idea as well , she decides to take the job . However , she later decides to turn down the job after she finds out shockingly enough that she 's pregnant , which she finds out after Chase asks Alex to take a drug test for him as he 's trying to enter the Air Force but smoked weed during the Kid Cudi show and could not take it , and when he gets a call from the lab saying the person who gave the sample is pregnant , he tells Alex she 's pregnant as he thought she took the test but it is revealed that Alex would n't have been able to pass the test either as she ate pot brownies that Quinn made so she went to ask Julian to take the test but Brooke took it instead , meaning the person pregnant is n't Alex but actually Brooke . Quinn gets a photoshoot offer for B. Davis magazine to shoot a model in Puerto Rico and she invites Alex , Brooke , and Lauren to go with her . During the trip , Brooke tries to hide her pregnancy from Quinn and Lauren ( with Alex already knowing about it because of the drug test ) as she and Julian decided they did n't want to tell anybody as it 's too early , but Quinn eventually figures it out when Brooke makes it obvious by not eating sushi and throwing all of her alcohol shots over her shoulder to avoid drinking them . When she returns to Tree Hill , she finds that Haley has decided to turn Brooke 's former store back into Karen 's Cafe now that she 's moving to New York , causing Brooke to finally tell Haley that she turned down the job and is staying in Tree Hill because she 's pregnant , and instead offers to be Haley 's partner so they can open the cafe together . In the season finale , several flash - forwards over the course of one year show Brooke at various stages throughout her pregnancy . Brooke and Haley officially re-open Karen 's Cafe as business partners , and right around this time ( approximately four months into her pregnancy ) , she finds out she 's actually carrying twins . Three months later , she falls down as she is trying to get a bag of flour off of a high shelf at the cafe and her babies are delivered prematurely , although another flash - forward shows that her twin boys , Davis and Jude , are perfectly fine and healthy , and Brooke and Julian finally have the family they 've always wanted . Season 9 ( edit ) In Season 9 , Haley and Brooke have reopened Karen 's Cafe . Brooke and Julian are shown to be very tired as Davis and Jude do not sleep much . For their christening , Brooke has Haley be godmother and asks her father to be godfather . Victoria , who is now very close to Brooke and the twins , is unhappy about this and tries to convince Brooke that Ted , her father , will never be there for Brooke or the boys . She is almost proved to be true when they are waiting in the church for Ted , but he shows up at the last minute and is made godfather to Davis and Jude . Brooke , having pitched an idea to Victoria for a new clothing line ( Baker Man ) but after Victoria rejected it , asks her father about it , wanting to spend more time with him . Ted agrees , but it soon becomes clear that all Ted is more interested in the clothing line than spending quality time with his daughter and grandsons . Julian has opened his own sound stage , and after getting very stressed out about it he leaves baby Davis in the car and Davis is rushed to hospital . Although Davis is fine , Brooke is initially very angry with Julian , but after talking to Haley , tells him she forgives him . Julian does not forgive himself so easily , punishing himself even by getting himself beaten up , and Brooke tries to help him . A rival cafe has opened across from Karen 's Cafe , called Tree Hill Cafe , and the owner Tara plays dirty tricks to win customers , including planting cockroaches and hanging a sign that says Karen 's Cafe hires murderers ( from when Dan helped out Haley when she was short - staffed ) . After Tara sends a note that says ' Fry your burgers , not your babies ! ' referring to Julian and Davis 's accident , Brooke smashes up Tree Hill Cafe . When Xavier , Brooke 's attacker and Quentin Fields ' killer , is released from prison despite Brooke speaking at his parole hearing , he asks Brooke for a job and eats at the cafe . When Julian warns him off , he gets a job at Tree Hill Cafe . After much taunting of Brooke , he attacks her in a car park . He nearly kills her with a knife , but Tara tasers him , saving Brooke . Brooke recovers from her horrific encounter with Xavier and moves past it . Tree Hill is hosting the annual burning boat festival and it brings up old memories for Brooke . She wishes her family could have just sat together and been a family . Brooke goes to a hotel to discuss Baker Man with her mom and finds her father is there . She leaves the room in a hurry disgusted by seeing her parents had slept together . Her parents realize they have made lots of mistake and confront her . They tell her they want to start fresh and be a family . They all watch the burning boat festival together as a family when Brooke decided to give them yet another chance to prove her wrong . Her family officially launches Baker Boys online , and then Brooke buys the Tree Hill Cafe across from Karen 's Cafe to open a store . She tells Haley that the corner will be their little corner of the world . Julian surprises Brooke with the house that she grew up in . He tells her a real family deserves to live there and she will always continue to be the girl behind the red door . Brooke , Julian and their boys end up living a happy life in Tree Hill where they frequently go to Ravens Basketball games to cheer on her godson , Jamie Scott . Clothes over Bros ( edit ) The initial Clothes Over Bros line features styles from casual to dressy . It was an immediate hit with her customers , selling past their expectations on the website . She was later put in the difficult position of choosing between showcasing her designs at a New York fashion show and starting her career , or leading her Tree Hill cheerleaders to their final competition . In the end , Brooke chose the latter , once she realized that she was not yet ready to enter the fast - paced world of fashion and was more than happy to finish off her senior year with her friends . During an interview with the school 's counselor , Brooke voices her intentions of studying fashion design after high school . Clothes Over Bros continues to be recognized in season four , with Brooke 's designs appearing in local fashion shows . When Brooke is involved in a cheating scandal , she 's forced to keep from turning herself in to administration in order to maintain an offer to sell her clothing line by Victoria 's Secret . She eventually does turn herself in to the principal , but does not get into trouble . In season five , Clothes Over Bros has become a full - blown fashion company headed by Brooke Davis herself , but with the business side carried out by her mother , Victoria . The Clothes Over Bros dynasty consists of B. Davis Magazine and a high - end couture line . The Clothes Over Bros logo ( C B ) is incorporated on Peyton 's drawing of a heart on fire . The label 's name itself is based on the saying between Brooke and Peyton , `` hoes over bros , '' and was first tagged in a conversation between Haley and Brooke . Brooke admits that she started her company `` Clothes Over Bros '' to deal with her broken heart after her breakup with Lucas . When she moves back to Tree Hill , she opens a C / B store at Karen 's Cafe . In season six , Brooke signs her company over to her mother , Victoria , after thinking Victoria had her attacked and robbed ( it was later revealed to be Jack 's brother ) . Her store remains empty for the majority of the season . In `` I Would For You '' , Victoria returns telling Brooke the company is going under and if she does n't return , hundreds will lose their jobs , and she reluctantly returns to the company . Victoria later signs the company back over to Brooke realizing her daughter is more important . She hires an actress , Alex Dupre , to be the new face of Clothes Over Bros , and after Millicent stands in for a model during a fashion show Brooke puts together at TRIC , she asks her to be a model as well . Currently , Victoria is President of the company with Millicent as Vice President . Brooke is still the owner but runs her small store in Tree Hill . Clothes 4 Bros ( edit ) Also , she comes up with the idea to begin making clothes for men , which Brooke is thinking of calling `` Clothes For Bros '' . She later hires Millicent to be the other face of the company after she wows the crowd during a fashion show at TRIC . She eventually fires both of them after Alex constantly flirts with Julian and causes strain to their relationship , and Millicent begins taking diet pills and doing cocaine , and also for stealing a dress from the store. Millicent is later hired back by Victoria after getting on a DUI charge because Victoria called the police . Brooke begins working with a man Victoria hired named Alexander to develop a brand new men 's line , `` Clothes FOR Bros '' . Alexander is the president of Clothes Over Bros but reports to Victoria . Legal troubles ( edit ) At the beginning of season eight , Brooke is arrested and charged with various monetary crimes which she had nothing to do with . She later finds out that Victoria and Millicent lied to C / B investors behind her back , reporting a higher company revenue in order to increase their chances of having the men 's line picked up and funded . As a result of these crimes , the company goes under , Brooke 's store is shut down , and there is the possibility of jailtime for whomever is responsible . Victoria and Millicent work closely with the company lawyers to ensure Brooke keeps the company , and eventually an agreement is proposed which would allow Brooke to keep the company in exchange for a fine and Victoria serving prison time . Victoria agrees despite Brooke asking her not to . After an investor confronts her personally and tells her he lost all the money for his daughter 's college education after investing it in her company , she decides to sell the company , as well as liquidate her own funds , to pay back all of her investors 100 % of the money they lost investing in the clothing line . She soon signs away all of her ownership rights to the company . Brooke gets an offer to move back to New York and return to the company later in the season in Episode 8.19 , but declines after finding out she 's pregnant and wants to stay in Tree Hill to raise her baby , later finding out she 's actually pregnant with twins , whom she names Davis Nathan Baker and Jude Andrew Baker , giving birth to them in the season finale . See also ( edit ) Quotes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ birth certificate shown in 4x02 , `` Things I Forgot at Birth '' Jump up ^ Brooke Davis description Retrieved : 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Brooke Davis bio Retrieved : 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ Karen Roe bio Archived June 10 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved : 2010 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill episode 4.16 You Call it Madness , But I Call it Love Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( Sep 23 , 2008 ) . `` One Tree Hill Episode 6.04 : `` Bridge Over Troubled Water '' `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved Aug 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( Nov 10 , 2008 ) . `` One Tree Hill Episode 6.10 : `` Even Fairy Tale Characters Would Be Jealous '' `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved Aug 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Schwahn ( writer ) , Gregory Prange ( director ) ( 2008 - 01 - 08 ) . `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' . One Tree Hill . Season 5 . Episode 1 . The CW . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5x02 : Racing Like a Pro Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.03 : My Way Home is through You Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.04 It 's Alright Ma I 'm only bleeding Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.06 Do n't Dream it 's Over Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.07 In Da Club Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.08 Please please please let me get what I want Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.09 For Tonight You 're Only Here to Know Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.10 Running To Stand Still Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.11 You 're Gonna Need Someone On Your Side Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.12 Hundred Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.13 Echoes , Silence , Patience , and Grace Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.14 What Do You Go Home To ? Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5.15 Life Is Short Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5x17 Hate Is Safer Than Love Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 5x18 What Comes After The Blues Jump up ^ Lucas ' decision to call Payton was only revealed in Episode 6x01 ( Touch Me I 'm Going to Scream , Part 1 ) Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 6.01 Touch Me I 'm Going To Scream , Part 1 Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 6.04 Bridge Over Troubled Water Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 606 Choosing My Own Way Of Life Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 609 Sympathy For The Devil Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 610 Even Fairy Tale Characters Would Be Jealous Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 611 We Three ( My Echo , My Shadow , And Me ) Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 612 You Have Got To Be Kidding ( Autopsy Of The Devil 's Brain ) Jump up ^ One Tree Hill , Episode 613 , Things A Mama Do n't Know Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 614 A Hand To Take Hold Of The Scene ) Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 615 We Change , We Wait ) Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 616 Screenwriter 's Blues ) Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 617 You And Me And The Bottle Make Three Tonight Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 618 Searching For A Former Clarity Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 619 Letting Go Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 620 I Would For You Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 6x21 A Kiss To Build A Dream On Jump up ^ Ross , Robyn ( May 5 , 2009 ) . `` One Tree Hill Episode 6.22 : `` Show Me How To Live '' `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved Aug 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 6x23 Forever and Almost Always Jump up ^ One Tree Hill Episode 6x24 Remember Me as a Time of Day Jump up ^ One Tree Hill season 6 episode 1 `` Touch Me I 'm Going to Scream , Part 1 '' Jump up ^ One Tree Hill season 6 episode 24 `` Remember Me as a Time of Day '' Jump up ^ One Tree Hill season 7 episode 21 `` What 's in the Ground Belongs to You '' One Tree Hill Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Characters Original Lucas Scott Nathan Scott Peyton Sawyer Haley James Scott Dan Scott Brooke Davis Whitey Durham Keith Scott Karen Roe Deb Lee Mouth McFadden Skills Taylor Rachel Gatina Secondary Jamie Scott Millicent Huxtable Julian Baker Clay Evans Quinn James Alex Dupre Chase Adams Chris Keller Recurring Jake Jagielski Tim Smith Bevin Mirskey Andy Hargrove Lindsey Strauss Victoria Davis Mia Catalano Quentin Fields Nanny Carrie Sam Walker Episodes `` Pilot '' `` With Tired Eyes , Tired Minds , Tired Souls , We Slept '' `` 4 Years , 6 Months , 2 Days '' `` Hundred '' `` Remember Me as a Time of Day '' `` Almost Everything I Wish I 'd Said the Last Time I Saw You '' `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' `` This is My House , This is My Home '' `` Last Known Surroundings '' `` Danny Boy '' `` One Tree Hill '' Related Official soundtracks `` I Do n't Want to Be '' Tree Hill , North Carolina Clothes Over Bro 's Red Bedroom Records Created by : Mark Schwahn Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brooke_Davis&oldid=812256263 '' Categories : One Tree Hill ( TV series ) characters Fictional cheerleaders Fictional characters from North Carolina Fictional businesspeople Fictional people in fashion Fictional socialites Fictional characters introduced in 2003 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from September 2012 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Articles with topics of unclear notability from June 2010 All articles with topics of unclear notability Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2009 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Television articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Português Српски / srpski Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017 , at 22 : 47 . 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Golden Rule
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Golden Rule - wikipedia Golden Rule Not to be confused with Golden Law , Golden ratio , or Golden Act . For other uses , see Golden Rule ( disambiguation ) . The Golden Rule is the principle of treating others as one would wish to be treated . It is a maxim that is found in many religions and cultures . The Golden Rule can be considered a law of reciprocity in some religions , although other religions treat it differently . The maxim may appear as either a positive or negative injunction governing conduct : One should treat others as one would like others to treat oneself ( positive or directive form ) . One should not treat others in ways that one would not like to be treated ( negative or prohibitive form ) . What you wish upon others , you wish upon yourself ( empathic or responsive form ) . The idea dates at least to the early Confucian times ( 551 -- 479 BCE ) according to Rushworth Kidder , who identifies that this concept appears prominently in Buddhism , Christianity , Hinduism , Judaism , Taoism , Zoroastrianism , and `` the rest of the world 's major religions '' . 143 leaders encompassing the world 's major faiths endorsed the Golden Rule as part of the 1993 `` Declaration Toward a Global Ethic '' , including the Baha'i Faith , Brahmanism , Brahma Kumaris , Buddhism , Christianity , Hinduism , Indigenous , Interfaith , Islam , Jainism , Judaism , Native American , Neo-Pagan , Sikhism , Taoism , Theosophist , Unitarian Universalist and Zoroastrian . According to Greg M. Epstein , `` ' do unto others ' ... is a concept that essentially no religion misses entirely , '' but belief in God is not necessary to endorse it . Simon Blackburn also states that the Golden Rule can be `` found in some form in almost every ethical tradition '' . The Golden Rule has been criticised for a number of reasons , to include the possibility of differing preferences , situations where there is a significant power disparity between actors ( e.g. , a judge and a prisoner being judged ) , and the need to apply the Golden Rule along with other ethical action guides . Contents 1 Etymology 2 Ancient history 2.1 Ancient Egypt 2.2 Ancient India 2.2. 1 Sanskrit tradition 2.2. 2 Tamil tradition 2.3 Ancient Greece 2.4 Ancient Persia 2.5 Ancient Rome 3 Religious context 3.1 Abrahamic religions 3.1. 1 Judaism 3.1. 2 Christianity 3.1. 3 Islam 3.2 Indian religions 3.2. 1 Hinduism 3.2. 2 Buddhism 3.2. 3 Jainism 3.2. 4 Sikhism 3.3 East Asian religions 3.3. 1 Confucianism 3.3. 2 Taoism 3.3. 3 Mohism 3.4 Iranian religions 3.4. 1 Zoroastrianism 3.5 New religious movements 3.5. 1 Bahá'í Faith 3.5. 2 Wicca 3.5. 3 Scientology 3.6 Traditional African religions 3.6. 1 Yoruba 3.6. 2 Odinani 4 Secular context 4.1 Global ethic 4.1. 1 Humanism 4.1. 2 Existentialism 5 Other contexts 5.1 Human rights 6 Science and economics 7 Criticism 7.1 Differences in values or interests 7.2 Differences in situations 7.3 Cannot be a sole guide to action 7.4 Responses to criticisms 8 Popular references 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Etymology ( edit ) The term `` Golden Rule '' , or `` Golden law '' , began to be used widely in the early 17th century in Britain by Anglican theologians and preachers ; the earliest known usage is that of Anglicans Charles Gibbon and Thomas Jackson in 1604 . Ancient history ( edit ) Ancient Egypt ( edit ) Possibly the earliest affirmation of the maxim of reciprocity , reflecting the ancient Egyptian goddess Ma'at , appears in the story of The Eloquent Peasant , which dates to the Middle Kingdom ( c. 2040 -- 1650 BC ) : `` Now this is the command : Do to the doer to make him do . '' This proverb embodies the do ut des principle . A Late Period ( c. 664 -- 323 BC ) papyrus contains an early negative affirmation of the Golden Rule : `` That which you hate to be done to you , do not do to another . '' Ancient india ( edit ) Sanskrit tradition ( edit ) In Mahābhārata , the ancient epic of India , there is a discourse in which the wise minister Vidura advises the King Yuddhiśhṭhira Listening to wise scriptures , austerity , sacrifice , respectful faith , social welfare , forgiveness , purity of intent , compassion , truth and self - control -- are the ten wealth of character ( self ) . O king aim for these , may you be steadfast in these qualities . These are the basis of prosperity and rightful living . These are highest attainable things . All worlds are balanced on dharma , dharma encompasses ways to prosperity as well . O King , dharma is the best quality to have , wealth the medium and desire ( kāma ) the lowest . Hence , ( keeping these in mind ) , by self - control and by making dharma ( right conduct ) your main focus , treat others as you treat yourself . -- Mahābhārata Shānti - Parva 167 : 9 Tamil tradition ( edit ) In Chapter 32 in the Part on Virtue of the Tirukkuṛaḷ ( c. 200 BC -- c. 500 AD ) , Tiruvalluvar says : `` Do not do to others what you know has hurt yourself '' ( K. 316 . ) ; `` Why does one hurt others knowing what it is to be hurt ? '' ( K. 318 ) . He furthermore opined that it is the determination of the spotless ( virtuous ) not to do evil , even in return , to those who have cherished enmity and done them evil . ( K. 312 ) The ( proper ) punishment to those who have done evil ( to you ) , is to put them to shame by showing them kindness , in return and to forget both the evil and the good done on both sides ( K. 314 ) Ancient greece ( edit ) The Golden Rule in its prohibitive ( negative ) form was a common principle in ancient Greek philosophy . Examples of the general concept include : `` Avoid doing what you would blame others for doing . '' -- Thales ( c. 624 BC -- c. 546 BC ) `` What you do not want to happen to you , do not do it yourself either . '' -- Sextus the Pythagorean . The oldest extant reference to Sextus is by Origen in the third century of the common era . `` Do not do to others that which angers you when they do it to you . '' -- Isocrates ( 436 -- 338 BC ) Ancient Persia ( edit ) The Pahlavi Texts of Zoroastrianism ( c. 300 BC -- 1000 AD ) were an early source for the Golden Rule : `` That nature alone is good which refrains from doing to another whatsoever is not good for itself . '' Dadisten - I - dinik , 94 , 5 , and `` Whatever is disagreeable to yourself do not do unto others . '' Shayast - na - Shayast 13 : 29 Ancient rome ( edit ) Seneca the Younger ( c. 4 BC -- 65 AD ) , a practitioner of Stoicism ( c. 300 BC -- 200 AD ) expressed the Golden Rule in his essay regarding the treatment of slaves : `` Treat your inferior as you would wish your superior to treat you . '' Religious context ( edit ) According to Simon Blackburn , the Golden Rule `` can be found in some form in almost every ethical tradition '' . Abrahamic Religions ( edit ) See also : Abrahamic religions Judaism ( edit ) See also : Judaism and Jewish ethics A rule of altruistic reciprocity was first stated positively in a well - known Torah verse ( Hebrew : ואהבת לרעך כמוך ) : You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against your kinsfolk . Love your neighbor as yourself : I am the LORD . -- Leviticus 19 : 18 Hillel the Elder ( c. 110 BC -- 10 AD ) , used this verse as a most important message of the Torah for his teachings . Once , he was challenged by a gentile who asked to be converted under the condition that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot . Hillel accepted him as a candidate for conversion to Judaism but , drawing on Leviticus 19 : 18 , briefed the man : What is hateful to you , do not do to your fellow : this is the whole Torah ; the rest is the explanation ; go and learn . -- Shabbath folio : 31a , Babylonian Talmud Hillel recognized brotherly love as the fundamental principle of Jewish ethics . Rabbi Akiva agreed and suggested that the principle of love must have its foundation in Genesis chapter 1 , which teaches that all men are the offspring of Adam , who was made in the image of God ( Sifra , Ḳedoshim , iv. ; Yer . Ned . ix . 41c ; Genesis Rabba 24 ) . According to Jewish rabbinic literature , the first man Adam represents the unity of mankind . This is echoed in the modern preamble of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . And it is also taught , that Adam is last in order according to the evolutionary character of God 's creation : Why was only a single specimen of man created first ? To teach us that he who destroys a single soul destroys a whole world and that he who saves a single soul saves a whole world ; furthermore , so no race or class may claim a nobler ancestry , saying , ' Our father was born first ' ; and , finally , to give testimony to the greatness of the Lord , who caused the wonderful diversity of mankind to emanate from one type . And why was Adam created last of all beings ? To teach him humility ; for if he be overbearing , let him remember that the little fly preceded him in the order of creation . The Jewish Publication Society 's edition of Leviticus states : Thou shalt not hate thy brother . in thy heart ; thou shalt surely rebuke thy neighbour , and not bear sin because of him . 18 Thou shalt not take vengeance , nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people , but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself : I am the LORD . This Torah verse represents one of several versions of the Golden Rule , which itself appears in various forms , positive and negative . It is the earliest written version of that concept in a positive form . At the turn of the eras , the Jewish rabbis were discussing the scope of the meaning of Leviticus 19 : 18 and 19 : 34 extensively : The stranger who resides with you shall be to you as one of your citizens ; you shall love him as yourself , for you were strangers in the land of Egypt : I the LORD am your God . -- Leviticus 19 : 34 Commentators summed up foreigners ( = Samaritans ) , proselytes ( = ' strangers who resides with you ' ) ( Rabbi Akiva , bQuid 75b ) or Jews ( Rabbi Gamaliel , yKet 3 , 1 ; 27a ) to the scope of the meaning . On the verse , `` Love your fellow as yourself , '' the classic commentator Rashi quotes from Torat Kohanim , an early Midrashic text regarding the famous dictum of Rabbi Akiva : `` Love your fellow as yourself -- Rabbi Akiva says this is a great principle of the Torah . '' Israel 's postal service quoted from the previous Leviticus verse when it commemorated the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on a 1958 postage stamp . Christianity ( edit ) See also : Christian ethics and Great Commandment Jesus taught the Golden Rule during the Sermon on the Mount . The `` Golden Rule '' was given by Jesus of Nazareth ( Matthew 7 : 12 NCV , see also Luke 6 : 31 ) . The common English phrasing is `` Do unto others as you would have them do unto you '' . A similar form of the phrase appeared in a Catholic catechism around 1567 ( certainly in the reprint of 1583 ) . The Golden Rule is stated positively numerous times in the Hebrew Pentateuch as well as the Prophets and Writings . Leviticus 19 : 18 ( `` Forget about the wrong things people do to you , and do not try to get even . Love your neighbor as you love yourself . '' ; see also Great Commandment ) and Leviticus 19 : 34 ( `` But treat them just as you treat your own citizens . Love foreigners as you love yourselves , because you were foreigners one time in Egypt . I am the Lord your God . '' ) . The Old Testament Deuterocanonical books of Tobit and Sirach , accepted as part of the Scriptural canon by Catholic Church , Eastern Orthodoxy , and the Non-Chalcedonian Churches , express a negative form of the golden rule : `` Do to no one what you yourself dislike . '' -- Tobit 4 : 15 `` Recognize that your neighbor feels as you do , and keep in mind your own dislikes . '' -- Sirach 31 : 15 Two passages in the New Testament quote Jesus of Nazareth espousing the positive form of the Golden rule : Matthew 7 : 12 Do to others what you want them to do to you . This is the meaning of the law of Moses and the teaching of the prophets . Luke 6 : 31 Do to others what you would want them to do to you . A similar passage , a parallel to the Great Commandment , is Luke 10 : 25 - 28 And one day an authority on the law stood up to put Jesus to the test . `` Teacher , '' he asked , `` what must I do to receive eternal life ? '' What is written in the Law ? '' Jesus replied . `` How do you understand it ? '' He answered , `` ' Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul . Love him with all your strength and with all your mind . ' ( Deuteronomy 6 : 5 ) And , ' Love your neighbor as you love yourself . ' '' `` You have answered correctly , '' Jesus replied . `` Do that , and you will live . '' . The passage in the book of Luke then continues with Jesus answering the question , `` Who is my neighbor ? '' , by telling the parable of the Good Samaritan , indicating that `` your neighbor '' is anyone in need . This extends to all , including those who are generally considered hostile . Jesus ' teaching goes beyond the negative formulation of not doing what one would not like done to themselves , to the positive formulation of actively doing good to another that , if the situations were reversed , one would desire that the other would do for them . This formulation , as indicated in the parable of the Good Samaritan , emphasizes the needs for positive action that brings benefit to another , not simply restraining oneself from negative activities that hurt another . Taken as a rule of judgment , both formulations of the golden rule , the negative and positive , are equally applicable . In one passage of the New Testament , Paul the Apostle refers to the golden rule : Galatians 5 : 14 For all the law is fulfilled in one word , even in this ; Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself . The neutrality of the style of writing in this article is questioned . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Islam ( edit ) See also : Islamic ethics The Arabian peninsula was known to not practice the golden rule prior to the advent of Islam . `` Pre-Islamic Arabs regarded the survival of the tribe , as most essential and to be ensured by the ancient rite of blood vengeance '' However , this all changed when Muhammad came on the scene : Fakir al - Din al - Razi and several other Qur'anic commentators have pointed out that Qur'an 83 : 1 - 6 is an implicit statement of the Golden Rule , which is explicitly stated in the tradition , `` Pay , Oh Children of Adam , as you would love to be paid , and be just as you would love to have justice ! '' Similar examples of the golden rule are found in the hadith of the prophet Muhammad . The hadith recount what the prophet is believed to have said and done , and traditionally Muslims regard the hadith as second to only the Qur'an as a guide to correct belief and action . '' From the hadith , the collected oral and written accounts of Muhammad and his teachings during his lifetime : A Bedouin came to the prophet , grabbed the stirrup of his camel and said : O the messenger of God ! Teach me something to go to heaven with it . Prophet said : `` As you would have people do to you , do to them ; and what you dislike to be done to you , do n't do to them . Now let the stirrup go ! '' ( This maxim is enough for you ; go and act in accordance with it ! ) '' -- Kitab al - Kafi , vol. 2 , p. 146 None of you ( truly ) believes until he wishes for his brother what he wishes for himself . -- An - Nawawi 's Forty Hadith 13 ( p. 56 ) Seek for mankind that of which you are desirous for yourself , that you may be a believer . -- Sukhanan - i - Muhammad ( Teheran , 1938 ) That which you want for yourself , seek for mankind . The most righteous person is the one who consents for other people what he consents for himself , and who dislikes for them what he dislikes for himself . Ali ibn Abi Talib ( 4th Caliph in Sunni Islam , and first Imam in Shia Islam ) says : O ' my child , make yourself the measure ( for dealings ) between you and others . Thus , you should desire for others what you desire for yourself and hate for others what you hate for yourself . Do not oppress as you do not like to be oppressed . Do good to others as you would like good to be done to you . Regard bad for yourself whatever you regard bad for others . Accept that ( treatment ) from others which you would like others to accept from you ... Do not say to others what you do not like to be said to you . -- Nahjul Balaghah , Letter 31 Indian Religions ( edit ) See also : Indian religions Hinduism ( edit ) See also : Hinduism One should never do that to another which one regards as injurious to one 's own self . This , in brief , is the rule of dharma . Other behavior is due to selfish desires . -- Brihaspati , Mahabharata ( Anusasana Parva , Section CXIII , Verse 8 ) By making dharma your main focus , treat others as you treat yourself Also , श्रूयतां धर्मसर्वस्वं श्रुत्वा चाप्यवधार्यताम् । आत्मनः प्रतिकूलानि परेषां न समाचरेत् । । If the entire Dharma can be said in a few words , then it is -- that which is unfavorable to us , do not do that to others . -- Padmapuraana , shrushti 19 / 357 -- 358 Buddhism ( edit ) See also : Buddhism and Buddhist ethics Buddha ( Siddhartha Gautama , c. 623 -- 543 BC ) made this principle one of the cornerstones of his ethics in the 6th century BC . It occurs in many places and in many forms throughout the Tripitaka . Comparing oneself to others in such terms as `` Just as I am so are they , just as they are so am I , '' he should neither kill nor cause others to kill . -- Sutta Nipata 705 One who , while himself seeking happiness , oppresses with violence other beings who also desire happiness , will not attain happiness hereafter . -- Dhammapada 10 . Violence Hurt not others in ways that you yourself would find hurtful . -- Udanavarga 5 : 18 Putting oneself in the place of another , one should not kill nor cause another to kill . Jainism ( edit ) See also : Jainism and Ahimsa in Jainism The Golden Rule is paramount in the Jainist philosophy and can be seen in the doctrines of Ahimsa and Karma . As part of the prohibition of causing any living beings to suffer , Jainism forbids inflicting upon others what is harmful to oneself . The following quotation from the Acaranga Sutra sums up the philosophy of Jainism : Nothing which breathes , which exists , which lives , or which has essence or potential of life , should be destroyed or ruled over , or subjugated , or harmed , or denied of its essence or potential . In support of this Truth , I ask you a question -- `` Is sorrow or pain desirable to you ? '' If you say `` yes it is '' , it would be a lie . If you say , `` No , It is not '' you will be expressing the truth . Just as sorrow or pain is not desirable to you , so it is to all which breathe , exist , live or have any essence of life . To you and all , it is undesirable , and painful , and repugnant . A man should wander about treating all creatures as he himself would be treated . -- Sutrakritanga , 1.11. 33 In happiness and suffering , in joy and grief , we should regard all creatures as we regard our own self . -- Lord Mahavira , 24th Tirthankara Saman Suttam of Jinendra Varni gives further insight into this precept : - Just as pain is not agreeable to you , it is so with others . Knowing this principle of equality treat other with respect and compassion . -- Suman Suttam , verse 150 Killing a living being is killing one 's own self ; showing compassion to a living being is showing compassion to oneself . He who desires his own good , should avoid causing any harm to a living being . -- Suman Suttam , verse 151 Sikhism ( edit ) See also : Sikhism and Karma Precious like jewels are the minds of all . To hurt them is not at all good . If thou desirest thy Beloved , then hurt thou not anyone 's heart . -- Guru Arjan Dev Ji 259 , Guru Granth Sahib East asian Religions ( edit ) See also : East Asian religions Confucianism ( edit ) See also : Confucianism 己 所 不 欲 , 勿 施 於 人 . `` What you do not wish for yourself , do not do to others . '' 子 貢 問 曰 : `` 有一 言 而 可以 終身 行 之 者 乎 '' ? 子 曰 : `` 其 恕 乎 ! 己 所 不 欲 、 勿 施 於 人 . '' Zi gong ( a disciple of Confucius ) asked : `` Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life ? '' The Master replied : `` How about ' shu ' ( reciprocity ) : never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself ? '' -- Confucius , Analects XV. 24 , tr . David Hinton ( another translation is in the online Chinese Text Project ) The same idea is also presented in V. 12 and VI. 30 of the Analects ( c. 500 BC ) , which can be found in the online Chinese Text Project . The phraseology differs from the Christian version of the Golden Rule . It does not presume to do anything unto others , but merely to avoid doing what would be harmful . It does not preclude doing good deeds and taking moral positions , but there is slim possibility for a Confucian missionary outlook , such as one can justify with the Christian Golden Rule . Taoism ( edit ) See also : Taoism The sage has no interest of his own , but takes the interests of the people as his own . He is kind to the kind ; he is also kind to the unkind : for Virtue is kind . He is faithful to the faithful ; he is also faithful to the unfaithful : for Virtue is faithful . -- Tao Te Ching , Chapter 49 Regard your neighbor 's gain as your own gain , and your neighbor 's loss as your own loss . -- T'ai Shang Kan Ying P'ien Mohism ( edit ) See also : Mohism If people regarded other people 's states in the same way that they regard their own , who then would incite their own state to attack that of another ? For one would do for others as one would do for oneself . If people regarded other people 's cities in the same way that they regard their own , who then would incite their own city to attack that of another ? For one would do for others as one would do for oneself . If people regarded other people 's families in the same way that they regard their own , who then would incite their own family to attack that of another ? For one would do for others as one would do for oneself . And so if states and cities do not attack one another and families do not wreak havoc upon and steal from one another , would this be a harm to the world or a benefit ? Of course one must say it is a benefit to the world . -- Mozi , c. 400 BC Mozi regarded the golden rule as a corollary to the cardinal virtue of impartiality , and encouraged egalitarianism and selflessness in relationships . Iranian religions ( edit ) See also : Iranian religions Zoroastrianism ( edit ) Do not do unto others whatever is injurious to yourself . -- Shayast - na - Shayast 13.29 New religious movements ( edit ) Bahá'í Faith ( edit ) See also : Bahá'í Faith The writings of the Bahá'í Faith encourages everyone to treat others as they would treat themselves and even prefer others over oneself : O SON OF MAN ! Deny not My servant should he ask anything from thee , for his face is My face ; be then abashed before Me . -- Bahá'u'lláh Blessed is he who preferreth his brother before himself . -- Bahá'u'lláh And if thine eyes be turned towards justice , choose thou for thy neighbour that which thou choosest for thyself . -- Bahá'u'lláh Ascribe not to any soul that which thou wouldst not have ascribed to thee , and say not that which thou doest not . -- Bahá'u'lláh Wicca ( edit ) See also : Wicca Here ye these words and heed them well , the words of Dea , thy Mother Goddess , `` I command thee thus , O children of the Earth , that that which ye deem harmful unto thyself , the very same shall ye be forbidden from doing unto another , for violence and hatred give rise to the same . My command is thus , that ye shall return all violence and hatred with peacefulness and love , for my Law is love unto all things . Only through love shall ye have peace ; yea and verily , only peace and love will cure the world , and subdue all evil . '' -- The Book of Ways , Devotional Wicca Scientology ( edit ) See also : Scientology The Way to Happiness expresses the Golden Rule both in its negative / prohibitive form and in its positive form . The negative / prohibitive form is expressed in Precept 19 as : 19 . Try not to do things to others that you would not like them to do to you . -- The Way to Happiness , Precept 19 The positive form is expressed in Precept 20 as : 20 . Try to treat others as you would want them to treat you . -- The Way to Happiness , Precept 20 Traditional african Religions ( edit ) Yoruba ( edit ) See also : Yoruba religion One who is going to take a pointed stick to pinch a baby bird should first try it on himself to feel how it hurts . -- Yoruba Proverb Odinani ( edit ) See also : Odinani Egbe bere , ugo bere . ( Let the eagle perch , let the hawk perch . ) -- Igbo Proverb Nke si ibe ya ebene gosi ya ebe o ga - ebe . ( Whoever says the other shall not perch , may they show the other where to perch . ) -- Igbo Proverb Secular context ( edit ) Global Ethic ( edit ) Main article : Towards a Global Ethic : An Initial Declaration The `` Declaration Toward a Global Ethic '' from the Parliament of the World 's Religions ( 1993 ) proclaimed the Golden Rule ( `` We must treat others as we wish others to treat us '' ) as the common principle for many religions . The Initial Declaration was signed by 143 leaders from all of the world 's major faiths , including Baha'i Faith , Brahmanism , Brahma Kumaris , Buddhism , Christianity , Hinduism , Indigenous , Interfaith , Islam , Jainism , Judaism , Native American , Neo-Pagan , Sikhism , Taoism , Theosophist , Unitarian Universalist and Zoroastrian . In the folklore of several cultures the Golden Rule is depicted by the allegory of the long spoons . Humanism ( edit ) See also : Humanism In the view of Greg M. Epstein , a Humanist chaplain at Harvard University , `` ' do unto others ' ... is a concept that essentially no religion misses entirely . But not a single one of these versions of the golden rule requires a God '' . Various sources identify the Golden Rule as a humanist principle : Trying to live according to the Golden Rule means trying to empathise with other people , including those who may be very different from us . Empathy is at the root of kindness , compassion , understanding and respect -- qualities that we all appreciate being shown , whoever we are , whatever we think and wherever we come from . And although it is n't possible to know what it really feels like to be a different person or live in different circumstances and have different life experiences , it is n't difficult for most of us to imagine what would cause us suffering and to try to avoid causing suffering to others . For this reason many people find the Golden Rule 's corollary -- `` do not treat people in a way you would not wish to be treated yourself '' -- more pragmatic . -- Maria MacLachlan , Think Humanism Do not do to others what you would not want them to do to you . ( is ) ( ... ) the single greatest , simplest , and most important moral axiom humanity has ever invented , one which reappears in the writings of almost every culture and religion throughout history , the one we know as the Golden Rule . Moral directives do not need to be complex or obscure to be worthwhile , and in fact , it is precisely this rule 's simplicity which makes it great . It is easy to come up with , easy to understand , and easy to apply , and these three things are the hallmarks of a strong and healthy moral system . The idea behind it is readily graspable : before performing an action which might harm another person , try to imagine yourself in their position , and consider whether you would want to be the recipient of that action . If you would not want to be in such a position , the other person probably would not either , and so you should not do it . It is the basic and fundamental human trait of empathy , the ability to vicariously experience how another is feeling , that makes this possible , and it is the principle of empathy by which we should live our lives . -- Adam Lee , Ebon Musings , `` A decalogue for the modern world '' Existentialism ( edit ) See also : Existentialism When we say that man chooses for himself , we do mean that every one of us must choose himself ; but by that we also mean that in choosing for himself he chooses for all men . For in effect , of all the actions a man may take in order to create himself as he wills to be , there is not one which is not creative , at the same time , of an image of man such as he believes he ought to be . To choose between this or that is at the same time to affirm the value of that which is chosen ; for we are unable ever to choose the worse . What we choose is always the better ; and nothing can be better for us unless it is better for all . -- Jean - Paul Sartre , Existentialism is a Humanism , pp. 291 -- 292 Other contexts ( edit ) Human rights ( edit ) According to Marc H. Bornstein , and William E. Paden , the Golden Rule is arguably the most essential basis for the modern concept of human rights , in which each individual has a right to just treatment , and a reciprocal responsibility to ensure justice for others . However Leo Damrosch argued that the notion that the Golden Rule pertains to `` rights '' per se is a contemporary interpretation and has nothing to do with its origin . The development of human `` rights '' is a modern political ideal that began as a philosophical concept promulgated through the philosophy of Jean Jacques Rousseau in 18th century France , among others . His writings influenced Thomas Jefferson , who then incorporated Rousseau 's reference to `` inalienable rights '' into the United States Declaration of Independence in 1776 . Damrosch argued that to confuse the Golden Rule with human rights is to apply contemporary thinking to ancient concepts . Science and economics ( edit ) Further information : Reciprocity ( social psychology ) and Reciprocal altruism There has been research published arguing that some ' sense ' of fair play and the Golden Rule may be stated and rooted in terms of neuroscientific and neuroethical principles . The Golden Rule can also be explained from the perspectives of psychology , philosophy , sociology , human evolution , and economics . Psychologically , it involves a person empathizing with others . Philosophically , it involves a person perceiving their neighbor also as `` I '' or `` self '' . Sociologically , `` love your neighbor as yourself '' is applicable between individuals , between groups , and also between individuals and groups . In evolution , `` reciprocal altruism '' is seen as a distinctive advance in the capacity of human groups to survive and reproduce , as their exceptional brains demanded exceptionally long childhoods and ongoing provision and protection even beyond that of the immediate family . In economics , Richard Swift , referring to ideas from David Graeber , suggests that `` without some kind of reciprocity society would no longer be able to exist . '' Criticism ( edit ) Philosophers , such as Immanuel Kant and Friedrich Nietzsche , have objected to the rule on a variety of grounds . The most serious among these is its application . How does one know how others want to be treated ? The obvious way is to ask them , but this can not be done if one assumes they have not reached a particular and relevant understanding . Differences in values or interests ( edit ) George Bernard Shaw wrote , `` Do not do unto others as you would that they should do unto you . Their tastes may be different . '' This suggests that if your values are not shared with others , the way you want to be treated will not be the way they want to be treated . Hence , the Golden Rule of `` do unto others '' is `` dangerous in the wrong hands , '' according to philosopher Iain King , because `` some fanatics have no aversion to death : the Golden Rule might inspire them to kill others in suicide missions . '' Differences in situations ( edit ) Immanuel Kant famously criticized the golden rule for not being sensitive to differences of situation , noting that a prisoner duly convicted of a crime could appeal to the golden rule while asking the judge to release him , pointing out that the judge would not want anyone else to send him to prison , so he should not do so to others . Kant 's Categorical Imperative , introduced in Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals , is often confused with the Golden Rule . Cannot be a sole guide to action ( edit ) In his book How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time , philosopher Iain King has argued that `` ( although ) the idea of mirroring your treatment of others with their treatment of you is very widespread indeed ... most ancient wisdoms express this negatively -- advice on what you should not do , rather than what you should . '' He argues this creates a bias in favour of inertia which allows bad actions and states of affairs to persist . The positive formulation , meanwhile , can be `` incendiary '' , since it `` can lead to cycles of tit - for - tat reciprocity , '' unless it is accompanied by a corrective mechanism , such as a concept of forgiveness . Therefore , he concludes that there can be no viable formulation of the Golden Rule , unless it is heavily qualified by other maxims . Responses to criticisms ( edit ) Walter Terence Stace , in The Concept of Morals ( 1937 ) , wrote : Mr. Bernard Shaw 's remark `` Do not do unto others as you would that they should do unto you . Their tastes may be different '' is no doubt a smart saying . But it seems to overlook the fact that `` doing as you would be done by '' includes taking into account your neighbor 's tastes as you would that he should take yours into account . Thus the `` golden rule '' might still express the essence of a universal morality even if no two men in the world had any needs or tastes in common . Marcus George Singer observed that there are two importantly different ways of looking at the golden rule : as requiring ( 1 ) that you perform specific actions that you want others to do to you or ( 2 ) that you guide your behavior in the same general ways that you want others to . Counter-examples to the golden rule typically are more forceful against the first than the second . In his book on the golden rule , Jeffrey Wattles makes the similar observation that such objections typically arise while applying the golden rule in certain general ways ( namely , ignoring differences in taste , in situation , and so forth ) . But if we apply the golden rule to our own method of using it , asking in effect if we would want other people to apply the golden rule in such ways , the answer would typically be no , since it is quite predictable that others ' ignoring of such factors will lead to behavior which we object to . It follows that we should not do so ourselves -- according to the golden rule . In this way , the golden rule may be self - correcting . An article by Jouni Reinikainen develops this suggestion in greater detail . It is possible , then , that the golden rule can itself guide us in identifying which differences of situation are morally relevant . We would often want other people to ignore any prejudice against our race or nationality when deciding how to act towards us , but would also want them to not ignore our differing preferences in food , desire for aggressiveness , and so on . This principle of `` doing unto others , wherever possible , as they would be done by ... '' has sometimes been termed the platinum rule . Popular references ( edit ) Charles Kingsley 's The Water Babies ( 1863 ) includes a character named Mrs Do - As - You - Would - Be-Done - By ( and another , Mrs Be-Done - By - As - You - Did ) . See also ( edit ) Norm of reciprocity , social norm of in - kind responses to the behavior of others Reciprocity ( cultural anthropology ) , way of defining people 's informal exchange of goods and labour Reciprocity ( evolution ) , mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation Reciprocity ( international relations ) , principle that favours , benefits , or penalties that are granted by one state to the citizens or legal entities of another , should be returned in kind Reciprocity ( social and political philosophy ) , concept of reciprocity as in - kind positive or negative responses for the actions of others ; relation to justice ; related ideas such as gratitude , mutuality , and the Golden Rule Reciprocity ( social psychology ) , in - kind positive or negative responses of individuals towards the actions of others Serial reciprocity , where the benefactor of a gift or service will in turn provide benefits to a third party Ubuntu ( philosophy ) , an ethical philosophy originating from Southern Africa , which has been summarised as ' A person is a person through other people ' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Antony Flew , ed. ( 1979 ) . `` golden rule '' . A Dictionary of Philosophy . London : Pan Books in association with The MacMillan Press . p. 134 . ISBN 0 - 330 - 48730 - 2 . This dictionary of philosophy contains the following quote under the entry for `` golden rule '' : `` The maxim ' Treat others how you wish to be treated ' . Various expressions of the rule exist in the tenets of most religions and creeds through the ages , testifying to its universal applicability . '' ( end quote ) . Jump up ^ Walter Terence Stace argued that the Golden Rule was much more than simply an ethical code . Instead , he posits , it `` express ( es ) the essence of a universal morality . '' The rationale for this crucial distinction occupies much of his book The Concept of Morals ( 1937 ) . See : Stace , Walter T. ( 1937 ) . `` ch. 6 '' . The Concept of Morals . New York : The MacMillan Company ( reprinted 1975 by permission of Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc . ) ; ( also reprinted by Peter Smith Publisher Inc , January 1990 ) . p. 136 . ISBN 0 - 8446 - 2990 - 1 . Jump up ^ W.A. Spooner , `` The Golden Rule , '' in James Hastings , ed . Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics , Vol. 6 ( New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1914 ) pp. 310 -- 12 , quoted in Rushworth M. Kidder , How Good People Make Tough Choices : Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living , Harper , New York , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 688 - 17590 - 2 . p. 159 . Simon Blackburn also notes the connection between Confucious and the Golden Rule . Simon , Blackburn ( 2001 ) . Ethics : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280442 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Towards a Global Ethic ( An Initial Declaration ) ReligiousTolerance.org . -- Under the subtitle , `` We Declare , '' see third paragraph . The first line reads , `` We must treat others as we wish others to treat us . '' Jump up ^ `` Parliament of the World 's Religions -- Towards a Global Ethic '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Esptein , Greg M. ( 2010 ) . Good Without God : What a Billion Nonreligious People Do Believe . New York : HarperCollins . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 167011 - 4 . Jump up ^ Simon , Blackburn ( 2001 ) . Ethics : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280442 - 6 . Jump up ^ Thomas Jackson : First Sermon upon Matthew 7 , 12 ( 1615 ; Werke Band 3 , S. 612 ) ; Benjamin Camfield : The Comprehensive Rule of Righteousness ( 1671 ) ; George Boraston : The Royal Law , or the Golden Rule of Justice and Charity ( 1683 ) ; John Goodman : The Golden Rule , or , the Royal Law of Equity explained ( 1688 ; Titelseite als Faksimile at Google Books ) ; dazu Olivier du Roy : The Golden Rule as the Law of Nature . In : Jacob Neusner , Bruce Chilton ( Hrsg . ) : The Golden Rule -- The Ethics of Reprocity in World Religions . London / New York 2008 , S. 94 . Jump up ^ Gensler , Harry J. ( 2013 ) . Ethics and the Golden Rule . Routledge . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 80686 - 2 . Jump up ^ Eloquent Peasant PDF Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . `` Now this is the command : do to the doer to make him do '' Jump up ^ `` The Culture of Ancient Egypt '' , John Albert Wilson , p. 121 , University of Chicago Press , 1956 , ISBN 0 - 226 - 90152 - 1 `` Now this is the command : Do to the doer to cause that he do '' Jump up ^ Eloquent Peasant PDF Archived 25 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine . `` The peasant quotes a proverb that embodies the do ut des principle '' Jump up ^ `` A Late Period Hieratic Wisdom Text : P. Brooklyn 47.218. 135 '' , Richard Jasnow , p. 95 , University of Chicago Press , 1992 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 918986 - 85 - 6 . Jump up ^ Diogenes Laërtius , `` The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers '' , I : 36 Jump up ^ `` The Sentences of Sextus '' . Jump up ^ The Sentences of Sextus Article Jump up ^ Isocrates , Nicocles or the Cyprians , Isoc 3.61 ( original text in Greek ) ; cf . Isoc . 1.14 , Isoc. 2.24 , 38 , Isoc . 4.81 . Jump up ^ `` Pahlavi Texts of Zoroastrianism , Part 2 of 5 : The Dadistan - i Dinik and the Epistles of Manuskihar '' , Thomas Firminger Thiselton - Dyer ( 1843 -- 1928 ) , Forgotten Books ( May 7 , 2008 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 60620 - 199 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` 41 . Slaves '' , The Stoic Philosophy of Seneca . Moses Hadas , ( 1968 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 00459 - 5 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , Simon ( 2001 ) . Ethics : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 101 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280442 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jewish Encyclopedia : Hillel : `` His activity of forty years is perhaps historical ; and since it began , according to a trustworthy tradition ( Shab . 15a ) , one hundred years before the destruction of Jerusalem , it must have covered the period 30 BC -- 10 AD '' ^ Jump up to : `` ADAM '' . JewishEncyclopedia.com . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mishnah Seder Nezikin Sanhedrin 4.5 '' . sefaria.org . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tosefta on Mishnah Seder Nezikin Sanhedrin 8.4 -- 9 ( Erfurt Manuscript ) '' . toseftaonline.org . Retrieved 17 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Leviticus '' . The Torah . Jewish Publication Society . p. 19 : 17 . Jump up ^ Plaut , The Torah -- A Modern Commentary ; Union of American Hebrew Congregations , New York 1981 ; p. 892 . Jump up ^ Kedoshim 19 : 18 , Toras Kohanim , ibid . See also Talmud Yerushalmi , Nedarim 9 : 4 ; Bereishis Rabbah 24 : 7 . Jump up ^ `` Sol Singer Collection of Philatelic Judaica '' . Emory University . Archived from the original on 7 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Vaux , Laurence ( 1583 ) . A Catechisme / or / Christian Doctrine . Manchester , England : The Chetham Society , reprinted by The Chetham Society in 1885 . p. 48 ( located in the text just before the title , `` Of the Five Commandments of the Church . '' Scroll up slightly to see a section saying : `` The sum of the ten Commandments does consist in the love towards god , and our neighbor ( Ephe. 4. , Matt . 7 . ) . In the first Table be three Commandments : which take away and forbid sin and vice against the worshipping of God . They forbid idolatry , apostasy , heresy , superstition , perjury , blasphemy , and move us to the pure and true worshipping of God in heart , word and deed . In the Second table be seven Commandments , which command us to give reverence and honor to every man in his degree , to profit all , and hurt none : to do unto others , as we would be done to ourselves . '' ) . Jump up ^ `` John Wesley 's Explanatory Notes on Luke 10 '' . Christnotes.org . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Moore : Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era ; Cambridge , Harvard University Press , 1927 -- 1930 ; Vol. 2 , p. 87 , Vol. 3 , p. 180 . Jump up ^ Th . Emil Homerin ( 2008 ) . Neusner , Jacob , ed . The Golden Rule : The Ethics of Reciprocity in World Religions . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 99 . Jump up ^ Th . Emil Homerin ( 2008 ) . Neusner , Jacob , ed . The Golden Rule : The Ethics of Reciprocity in World Religions . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Th . Emil Homerin ( 2008 ) . Neusner , Jacob , ed . The Golden Rule : The Ethics of Reciprocity in World Religions . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 102 . Jump up ^ Wattles ( 191 ) , Rost ( 100 ) ^ Jump up to : ( English title : Conversations of Muhammad ) Wattles ( 192 ) Rost ( 100 ) Donaldson Dwight M. 1963 . Studies in Muslim Ethics , p. 82 . London : S.P.C.K. Jump up ^ Muḥammad ibn al - Ḥusayn Sharīf al - Raḍī & ʻAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( eds . ) , Nahj Al - balāghah : Selection from Sermons , Letters and Sayings of Amir Al - Muʼminin , Volume 2 . Translated by Syed Ali Raza . Ansariyan Publications ISBN 978 - 9644383816 p. 350 Jump up ^ `` Mahabharata Book 13 '' . Mahabharataonline.com. 13 November 2006 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ tasmād dharma - pradhānéna bhavitavyam yatātmanā tathā cha sarva - bhūtéṣhu vartitavyam yathātmani तस्माद्धर्मप्रधानेन भवितव्यं यतात्मना । तथा च सर्वभूतेषु वर्तितव्यं यथात्मनि ॥ title = Mahābhārata Shānti - Parva 167 : 9 ) Jump up ^ `` '' Gautama Buddha ( B.C. 623 - 543 ) '' by T.W. Rhys - Davids , The World 's Great Events , B.C. 4004 -- A.D. 70 ( 1908 ) by Esther Singleton , pp. 124 - 135 `` . Unz.org. 28 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Buddha ( BC 623 -- BC 543 ) -- Religion and spirituality Article -- Buddha , Bc , 623 '' . Booksie. 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Detachment and Compassion in Early Buddhism Archived 21 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . by Elizabeth J. Harris ( enabling.org ) Jump up ^ Jacobi , Hermann ( 1884 ) . Ācāranga Sūtra , Jain Sutras Part I , Sacred Books of the East , Vol. 22 . Sutra 155 -- 6 Jump up ^ Varni , Jinendra ( 1993 ) . Sagarmal Jain , ed . Samaṇ Suttaṁ . translated by T.K. Tukol and K.K. Dixit . New Delhi : Bhagwan Mahavir memorial Samiti . Jump up ^ Chinese Text Project . `` Confucianism , The Analects , Section 15 : Wei Ling Gong , ( see number 24 ) '' . Chinese Text Project . Retrieved 29 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Ivanhoe and Van Norden translation , 68 -- 69 Jump up ^ `` Bahá'í Reference Library -- The Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh , p. 11 '' . Reference.bahai.org. 31 December 2010 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Golden Rule Bahá'í Faith '' . Replay.waybackmachine.org. 11 April 2009 . Archived from the original on 11 April 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh , p. 71 Jump up ^ `` The Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh -- Part II '' . Info.bahai.org . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Epistle to the Son of the Wolf , p. 30 Jump up ^ Words of Wisdom See : The Golden Rule Jump up ^ Bahá'u'lláh , Gleanings , LXVI : 8 Jump up ^ Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh , p. 10 Jump up ^ Hubbard , L. Ron ( 2012 ) . `` Precept 19 '' . The Way to Happiness . The Way to Happiness Foundation International . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , L. Ron ( 2007 ) . The Way to Happiness : A Common Sense Guide to Better Living . Los Angeles : L. Ron Hubbard Library . p. 59 . ISBN 1 - 59970 - 036 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , L. Ron ( 2012 ) . `` Precept 20 '' . The Way to Happiness . The Way to Happiness Foundation International . Retrieved 22 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Hubbard , L. Ron ( 2007 ) . The Way to Happiness : A Common Sense Guide to Better Living . Los Angeles : L. Ron Hubbard Library . p. 61 . ISBN 1 - 59970 - 036 - 0 . Jump up ^ Towards a Global Ethic -- Urban Dharma -- Buddhism in America ( This link includes a list of 143 signatories and their respective religions . ) Jump up ^ `` Parliament of the World 's Religions '' . Parliamentofreligions.org. 16 August 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Council for a Parliament of the World 's Religions '' . Parliamentofreligions.org. 16 August 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Parliament of the World 's Religions -- Towards a Global Ethic '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Esptein , Greg M. ( 2010 ) . Good Without God : What a Billion Nonreligious People Do Believe . New York : HarperCollins . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 167011 - 4 . Italics in original . ^ Jump up to : `` Thinkhumanism.com '' . Thinkhumanism.com . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` UBC.ca '' . 15 March 2008 . Archived from the original on 14 September 2002 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Think Humanism '' . Think Humanism . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A decalogue for the modern world '' . Ebonmusings.org. 1 January 1970 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sartre , Jean - Paul ( 2007 ) . Existentialism Is a Humanism . Yale University Press . pp. 291 -- 292 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 11546 - 6 . Jump up ^ Defined another way , it `` refers to the balance in an interactive system such that each party has both rights and duties , and the subordinate norm of complementarity states that one 's rights are the other 's obligation . '' Bornstein , Marc H. ( 2002 ) . Handbook of Parenting . Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8058 - 3782 - 7 . See also : Paden , William E. ( 2003 ) . Interpreting the Sacred : Ways of Viewing Religion . Beacon Press . pp. 131 -- 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 7705 - 4 . Jump up ^ Damrosch , Leo ( 2008 ) . Jean Jacques Russeau : Restless Genius . Houghton Mifflin Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 44696 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pfaff , Donald W. , `` The Neuroscience of Fair Play : Why We ( Usually ) Follow the Golden Rule '' , Dana Press , The Dana Foundation , New York , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932594 - 27 - 0 Jump up ^ Wattles , Jeffrey ( 1996 ) . The Golden Rule . Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Vogel , Gretchen . `` The Evolution of the Golden Rule '' . Science . 303 ( Feb 2004 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Swift , Richard ( July 2015 ) . `` Pathways & possibilites '' . New Internationalist. 484 ( July / August 2015 ) . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Kant , Immanuel Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals , footnote 13 . Cambridge University Press ( 28 April 1998 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 62695 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Only a Game : The Golden Rule '' . Onlyagame.typepad.com. 24 May 2007 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Shaw , George Bernard ( 1903 ) . Man and Superman . Archibald Constable & Co. p. 227 . Retrieved 23 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Source : p. 76 of How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time , Iain King , 2008 , Continuum , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 347 - 2 . Jump up ^ Source : p. 76 of How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time , Iain King , 2008 , Continuum , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 347 - 2 . Jump up ^ Source : p. 110 of How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time , Iain King , Continuum , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 347 - 2 . Accessed 20 March 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Source : p. 112 of How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time , Iain King , Continuum , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 347 - 2 . Accessed 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Source : p. 114 of How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time , Iain King , Continuum , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84706 - 347 - 2 . Accessed 20 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Stace , Walter T. ( 1937 ) . The Concept of Morals . New York : The MacMillan Company ; ( reprinted 1975 by permission of Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc . ) ; ( also reprinted by Peter Smith Publisher Inc , January 1990 ) . p. 136 ( ch. 6 ) . ISBN 0 - 8446 - 2990 - 1 . Jump up ^ M.G. Singer , The Ideal of a Rational Morality , p. 270 Jump up ^ Wattles , p. 6 Jump up ^ Jouni Reinikainen , `` The Golden Rule and the Requirement of Universalizability . '' Journal of Value Inquiry. 39 ( 2 ) : 155 -- 168 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Karl Popper , The Open Society and Its Enemies , Vol. 2 ( 1966 ( 1945 ) ) , p. 386 . Dubbed `` the platinum rule '' in business books such as Charles J. Jacobus , Thomas E. Gillett , Georgia Real Estate : An Introduction to the Profession , Cengage Learning , 2007 , p. 409 and Jeremy Comfort , Peter Franklin , The Mindful International Manager : How to Work Effectively Across Cultures , Kogan Page , p. 65 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Wakefield : What ' The Water Babies ' can teach us about personal '' . The Independent . 22 October 2011 . External links ( edit ) Quotations related to Golden Rule at Wikiquote Learning materials related to Living the Golden Rule at Wikiversity Philosophy portal Ethics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&oldid=857061033 '' Categories : Ethical principles Philosophy of law Religion Positive Mitzvoth Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Use dmy dates from July 2012 Pages with Bible version errors Articles with minor POV problems from February 2018 All articles with minor POV problems All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2018 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from June 2018 Articles containing Chinese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans አማርኛ Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 09 : 03 ( UTC ) . 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bible verse do unto others as you would have done to you
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Berets of the United States Army
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Berets of the United States Army - wikipedia Berets of the United States Army Jump to : navigation , search Since June 14 , 2001 , the black beret is worn by all United States Army troops unless the soldier is approved to wear a different distinctive beret . In the U.S. Army there are four approved distinctive berets : Maroon , tan , brown , and green . In 2011 , the Army replaced the black wool beret with the patrol cap as the default headgear for the Army Combat Uniform . The maroon beret has been adopted as official headdress by the Airborne forces as a symbol of their unique capabilities , the tan beret by the 75th Ranger Regiment , the brown beret by the Security Force Assistance Brigades , and the green beret by the Special Forces . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Black 3 Brown 4 Maroon 5 Tan 6 Green 7 See also 8 References History ( edit ) In the United States military , the beret was unofficially worn by a variety of special operations units during and following World War II . In the spring of 1951 , the 10th and 11th Ranger Companies wore black berets during their training at Camp Carson , Colorado , before their deployment to Japan . In the post-Vietnam era , morale in the U.S. Army waned . In response , from 1973 through 1979 Headquarters , Department of the Army ( HQDA ) , permitted local commanders to encourage morale - enhancing uniform distinctions . Consequently , many units embraced various color berets , for example armor and armored cavalry units often adopted the black beret . Similarly , many other units embraced various colored berets in an attempt to improve dwindling morale . In particular , the First Cavalry Division assigned various colored berets to its three - pronged TRICAP approach . In this implementation , armored cavalry , airmobile infantry units , air cavalry units , division artillery units , and division support units all wore different colored berets , including black , light blue , kelly green , and red . Black ( edit ) A 23rd Infantry Regiment soldier wearing his black beret , circa 2000 Main article : Black beret A black beret was authorized for wear by female soldiers in 1975 , and is used also for mechanized units , troops , and guards . The black beret is worn by soldiers in the United Army . On January 30 , 1975 , it was officially allowed to be worn by the newly created battalions of United States Army Rangers who had worn it unofficially during the Vietnam War . In 1978 , Army Chief of Staff Bernard Rogers required all units to adhere to the uniform regulation AR 670 - 1 , which had not been updated to authorize the black beret for Rangers . In 1979 the new Army chief of staff , GEN Edward C. Meyers , directed that the black beret be authorized wear by Ranger units only . AR 670 - 1 was updated in 1980 to include this provision . In 2001 , the black beret became the primary headgear for both the service uniform ( in garrison setting ) and dress uniform for all United States Army troops unless the soldier is approved to wear a different distinctive beret . In 2011 , the Army changed back to the patrol cap for wear with the utility uniform , with the beret remaining the headgear for the dress uniform . Brown ( edit ) A soldier from the 1st SFAB wearing her brown beret , circa February 2018 Soldiers of the U.S. Army 's new Security Force Assistance Brigades ( SFAB ) are authorized to wear the brown beret -- with a brigade specific beret flash and distinctive unit insignia ( DUI ) -- to recognize these new specialized units whose core mission is to conduct training , advising , assisting , enabling and accompanying operations with allied and partner nations . According to an official U.S. Army article , `` SFAB soldiers will be on the ground with their partners - fighting side - by - side with them in all conditions , so the brown beret symbolizes dirt or mud akin to the ' muddy boots ' moniker given to leaders who are always out with the troops . '' Maroon ( edit ) A former ACG of the 82nd Airborne Division wearing his maroon beret Main article : Maroon beret In 1943 General Frederick Browning , commander of the British First Airborne Corps , granted a battalion of the U.S. Army 's 509th Parachute Infantry Regiment honorary membership in the British Parachute Regiment and authorized them to wear British - style maroon berets . During the Vietnam War , U.S. military advisers to Vietnamese airborne units often wore the Vietnamese French - style red beret . HQDA policy from 1973 through 1979 permitted local commanders to encourage morale - enhancing distinctions . Airborne forces chose to wear the maroon beret as a mark of distinction . This permission was rescinded in 1979 when the army Chief of Staff , GEN Bernard Rogers , required all units to adhere to the uniform regulation ( AR 670 - 1 ) . On 28 November 1980 , the updated regulation authorized airborne ( parachute ) organizations to resume wearing the maroon beret . In the interim , airborne units wore baseball caps with silver wings and the oval flash above the rank badge with the fatigue uniform , and the overseas cap with glider and parachute patch with the dress green uniform . Tan ( edit ) A former commander of the 75th Ranger Regiment wearing his tan beret Main article : Tan beret On 14 June 2001 , U.S. Army Rangers assigned to the 75th Ranger Regiment were authorized to wear a distinctive tan beret to replace the black berets that had recently become the army - wide standard . The color was chosen by the members of the 75th Ranger Regiment as being similar to other elite units with similar missions worldwide , notably the British , Australian and New Zealand Special Air Service regiments . The change in color also required modification of the associated flashes worn by the Ranger units , changing the borders from white to black in order to provide better contrast to the lighter beret . Green ( edit ) A Special Forces detachment receive instruction aboard a U.S. Naval ship -- off the coast of White Beach , Okinawa , Japan -- prior to conducting water insertion and demolition training in 1956 , wearing their green berets prior to their approved wear in 1961 . The current JFK Special Warfare Center and School Command Chief Warrant Officer wearing his green beret Main article : Green beret In the U.S. armed forces , the green beret may be worn only by soldiers awarded the Special Forces Tab , signifying they have qualified as Special Forces soldiers . U.S. Army Special Forces wear the green beret because of their link to the British Commandos of World War II . The first Ranger unit , commonly known as Darby 's Rangers , was formed in Northern Ireland during the summer of 1942 . On completion of training at the Commando Training Depot at Achnacarry Castle in Scotland , those Rangers had the right to wear the British Commando green beret , but it was not part of the regulation uniform at the time and was disallowed by the U.S. Army . The 10th Special Forces Group ( Airborne ) had many veterans of World War II and Korea in its ranks when it was formed in 1952 . Members of the 10th SFG began to unofficially wear a variety of berets while training , some favoring the red or maroon airborne beret , the black beret , or the green commando beret . In 1953 , a beret whose design was based on that of the Canadian Army pattern , and which was rifle - green in color , was chosen for wear by Special Forces units . Their new headgear was first worn at a retirement parade at Fort Bragg on 12 June 1955 for Lt. Gen. Joseph P. Cleland , the now - former commander of the XVIII Airborne Corps . Onlookers thought that the commandos were a foreign delegation from NATO . In 1956 Gen. Paul D. Adams , the post commander at Fort Bragg , North Carolina , banned its wear , even though it was worn on the sly when units were in the field or deployed overseas . This was reversed on 25 September 1961 by Department of the Army Message 578636 , which designated the green beret as the exclusive headgear of the Army Special Forces . When visiting the Special Forces at Fort Bragg on 12 October 1961 , President John F. Kennedy asked Brig. Gen. William P. Yarborough to make sure that the men under his command wore green berets for the visit . Later that day , Kennedy sent a memorandum that included the line : ' `` I am sure that the green beret will be a mark of distinction in the trying times ahead '' . By America 's entry into the Vietnam War , the green beret had become a symbol of excellence throughout the U.S. Army . On 11 April 1962 in a White House memorandum to the United States Army , President Kennedy reiterated his view : `` The green beret is a symbol of excellence , a badge of courage , a mark of distinction in the fight for freedom '' . Previously , both Yarborough and Edson Raff had petitioned the Pentagon to allow wearing of the green beret , to no avail . See also ( edit ) United States military beret flash Military beret References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lopez , C. Todd ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` ACU Changes Make Velcro Optional , Patrol Cap Default headgear '' . U.S. Army . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pierce - Lunderman , Cursha ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Bye - Bye , Beret : Switch to Patrol Cap Brings Mixed Feelings '' . U.S. Army . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaughnessy , Larry ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` Army Backtracks on Black Berets After More than a Decade of Debate '' . CNN . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ p. 223 Stanton , Shelby U.S. Army Uniforms of the Cold War 1948 - 1973 1994 Stackpole Books Jump up ^ `` Army dumps beret as official ACU headgear '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ 1st SFAB hosts activation ceremony ; Heraldry announced , Army.mil , dated 8 February 2018 , last accessed 2 March 2018 ^ Jump up to : `` A Short History of the Use of Berets in the U.S. Army '' . Archived from the original on 24 June 2001 . Jump up ^ P. 32 , `` Inside the Green Berets '' by Charles Simpson III ^ Jump up to : LeFavor , Paul ( 2013 ) . US Army Special Forces Small Unit Tactics Handbook . Blacksmith Publishing . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9895513 - 0 - 4 . Uniforms of the United States Army Uniforms of the United States Armed Forces Army Marines Navy Air Force Coast Guard Uniforms Combat Army Combat Uniform ( ACU ) ( 2005 -- present ) Garrison Army Service Uniform ( ASU ) ( 2008 -- present ) Formal Army Mess Uniform Exercise Army Improved Physical Fitness Uniform ( IPFU ) ( 2000 -- 2017 ) Army Physical Fitness Uniform ( APFU ) ( 2014 -- present ) Special Flight MultiCam Band Cadet Insignia Branch insignia I.D. Tag Medals and ribbons Tabs Badges Coat of Arms insignia Shoulder patch ( Left ; Headquarters insignia ) ( Right ; Former wartime headquarters insignia ) Overseas Service Bar Service stripe Beret flash Rank ( Officer ) ( Warrant Officer ) ( Non-Commissioned Officer ) ( Enlisted ) Headgear Berets Boonie hat Patrol cap Cavalry Stetson Garrison cap Campaign hat Peaked cap Footwear Army Combat Boot Mountain Combat Boot Modular Boot System Jungle boot Desert Combat Boot Jump boot Tanker boot Armor Interceptor Body Armor ( OTV IOTV ) MICH Helmet Modular Body Armor Vest ( MBAV ) Enhanced Combat Helmet ( ECH ) ( 2011 - present ) Retired : PASGT Vest ( 1983 - 2003 ) PASGT Helmet ( 1983 - 2004 ) Advanced Combat Helmet ( 2004 - present ) M1 helmet ( 1942 - 1983 ) M1C helmet ( WWII Era ) M1917 Helmet ( 1917 - 1942 ) ( WWI Era ) M - 69 Fragmentation Protective Body Armor ( Vietnam War Era ) M - 1952A Fragmentation Protective Body Armor ( Korean War Era ) Equipment carrier Load - Bearing Vest ( LBV ) Modular Lightweight Load - carrying Equipment ( MOLLE ) Retired : Load - Bearing Equipment ( LBE ) Load - Carrying Equipment ( LCE ) Modern Load - Carrying Equipment ( MLCE ) Retired uniforms Combat OG - 107 ( 1952 -- 1989 ) Battle Dress Uniform ( BDU ) ( 1981 -- 2008 ) Desert Battle Dress Uniform ( DBDU ) ( 1981 -- 1992 ) Desert Camouflage Uniform ( DCU ) ( 1993 -- 2008 ) Garrison Tan Service Uniform ( 1942 -- 1956 ) Green Service Uniform ( 1954 -- 2015 ) Formal White Service Uniform ( 1902 -- 2014 ) Exercise Physical Fitness Uniform ( PFU ) ( -- 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berets_of_the_United_States_Army&oldid=837134976 '' Categories : United States Army uniforms Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 18 April 2018 , at 23 : 10 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia
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which u.s. president authorized the wearing of green berets by u.s. army special forces soldiers
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"When visiting the Special Forces at Fort Bragg on 12 October 1961, President John F. Kennedy asked Brig. Gen. William P. Yarborough to make sure that the men under his command wore green berets for the visit. Later that day, Kennedy sent a memorandum that included the line: '\"I am sure that the green beret will be a mark of distinction in the trying times ahead\".[9] By America's entry into the Vietnam War, the green beret had become a symbol of excellence throughout the U.S. Army. On 11 April 1962 in a White House memorandum to the United States Army, President Kennedy reiterated his view: \"The green beret is a symbol of excellence, a badge of courage, a mark of distinction in the fight for freedom\".[9] Previously, both Yarborough and Edson Raff had petitioned the Pentagon to allow wearing of the green beret, to no avail.[9]"
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"President John F. Kennedy"
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List of Governors of California
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List of Governors of California - wikipedia List of Governors of California Jerry Brown , 34th and the current 39th Governor of California The Governor of California is the chief executive of the California state government , whose responsibilities include making annual State of the State addresses to the California State Legislature , submitting the budget , and ensuring that state laws are enforced . The governor is also the commander - in - chief of the state 's military forces . There have been 38 governors ; many have been influential nationwide in areas far - flung from politics . Leland Stanford founded Stanford University in 1891 . Earl Warren , later Chief Justice of the United States , won an election with the nominations of the three major parties -- the only person ever to run essentially unopposed for governor of California . Ronald Reagan , who was president of the Screen Actors Guild and later President of the United States , and Arnold Schwarzenegger both came to prominence through acting . Gray Davis , the 37th governor of California , was the second governor in American history to be recalled by voters . The shortest tenure was that of Milton Latham , who served only five days before being elected by the legislature to fill a vacant United States Senate seat . The longest tenure is that of the current governor , Edmund Gerald `` Jerry '' Brown , Jr. , who previously served as governor from 1975 to 1983 and has been serving again since 2011 . He is the son of former governor Edmund Gerald `` Pat '' Brown , Sr. who served from 1959 to 1967 . Contents 1 Governors 2 Living former governors of California 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Governors ( edit ) For the governors prior to statehood , see the List of Governors of California before admission . California was obtained by the United States in the Mexican Cession following the Mexican -- American War . Unlike most other states , it was never organized as a territory , and was admitted as the 31st state on September 9 , 1850 . The original California Constitution of 1849 called for elections every two years , with no set start date for the term . An amendment ratified in 1862 increased the term to four years , and the 1879 constitution set the term to begin on the first Monday in January following an election . In 1990 , Proposition 140 led to a constitutional amendment implementing a term limit of two terms ; prior to this limit , only one governor , Earl Warren , served more than two terms . Jerry Brown was able to be elected to a third term in 2010 because his previous terms were before the term limit was enacted . The 1849 constitution also created the office of lieutenant governor , who , in cases of vacancy in the office of governor , becomes governor . The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ticket . Governors of the State of California No . Portrait Governor Term in office Party Election Previous office Lt. Governor Peter Hardeman Burnett ( 1807 - 11 - 15 ) November 15 , 1807 -- ( 1895 - 05 - 17 ) May 17 , 1895 ( Aged 87 ) December 20 , 1849 -- January 9 , 1851 Democratic 1849 5th Supreme Judge of the Provisional Oregon Supreme Court ( 1845 -- 1846 ) John McDougal John McDougal ca . 1818 -- March 30 , 1866 ( Aged 48 ) January 9 , 1851 -- January 8 , 1852 Democratic 1st Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1849 -- 1851 ) David C. Broderick ( acting ) John Bigler January 8 , 1805 -- November 29 , 1871 ( Aged 66 ) January 8 , 1852 -- January 9 , 1856 Democratic 1851 2nd Speaker of the California Assembly ( 1850 -- 1851 ) Samuel Purdy 1853 J. Neely Johnson August 2 , 1825 -- August 31 , 1872 ( Aged 47 ) January 9 , 1856 -- January 8 , 1858 American 1855 California State Assemblyman ( 1852 -- 1856 ) Robert M. Anderson 5 John B. Weller February 22 , 1812 -- August 17 , 1875 ( Aged 63 ) January 8 , 1858 -- January 9 , 1860 Democratic 1857 U.S. Senator from California ( 1852 -- 1857 ) Joseph Walkup 6 Milton Latham May 23 , 1827 -- March 4 , 1882 ( Aged 54 ) January 9 , 1860 -- January 14 , 1860 Democratic 1859 U.S. Representative for California 's At - large ( 1853 -- 1855 ) John G. Downey 7 John G. Downey June 24 , 1827 -- March 1 , 1894 ( Aged 66 ) January 14 , 1860 -- January 10 , 1862 Democratic 6th Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1860 ) Isaac N. Quinn ( acting ) ( resigned January 7 , 1861 ) Pablo de la Guerra ( acting ) 8 Leland Stanford March 9 , 1824 -- June 21 , 1893 ( Aged 69 ) January 10 , 1862 -- December 10 , 1863 Republican 1861 1st President of Central Pacific Railroad ( 1861 -- 1893 ) John F. Chellis 9 Frederick Low June 30 , 1828 -- July 21 , 1894 ( Aged 66 ) December 10 , 1863 -- December 5 , 1867 Republican 1863 U.S. Representative for California 's At - large ( 1862 -- 1863 ) Tim N. Machin 10 Henry Huntly Haight May 20 , 1825 -- September 2 , 1878 ( Aged 53 ) December 5 , 1867 -- December 8 , 1871 Democratic 1867 None William Holden 11 Newton Booth December 30 , 1825 -- July 14 , 1892 ( Aged 66 ) December 8 , 1871 -- February 27 , 1875 Republican 1871 California State Senator ( 1863 ) Romualdo Pacheco 12 Romualdo Pacheco October 31 , 1831 -- January 23 , 1899 ( Aged 67 ) February 27 , 1875 -- December 9 , 1875 Republican 9th Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1871 -- 1875 ) William Irwin ( acting ) 13 William Irwin ca . 1827 -- March 15 , 1886 ( Aged 58 -- 59 ) December 9 , 1875 -- January 8 , 1880 Democratic 1875 Acting Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1875 ) James A. Johnson 14 George Clement Perkins August 23 , 1839 -- February 26 , 1923 ( Aged 83 ) January 8 , 1880 -- January 10 , 1883 Republican 1879 California State Senator ( 1869 -- 1876 ) John Mansfield 15 George Stoneman August 8 , 1822 -- September 5 , 1894 ( Aged 72 ) January 10 , 1883 -- January 8 , 1887 Democratic 1882 Major General of the Union Army ( since 1861 ) John Daggett 16 Washington Bartlett February 29 , 1824 -- September 12 , 1887 ( Aged 63 ) January 8 , 1887 -- September 12 , 1887 Democratic 1886 20th Mayor of San Francisco ( 1883 -- 1887 ) Robert Waterman 17 Robert Waterman December 15 , 1826 -- April 12 , 1891 ( Aged 64 ) September 12 , 1887 -- January 8 , 1891 Republican 17th Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1887 ) Stephen M. White ( acting ) 18 Henry Markham November 16 , 1840 -- October 9 , 1923 ( Aged 82 ) January 8 , 1891 -- January 11 , 1895 Republican 1890 U.S. Representative for California 's 1st ( 1885 -- 1887 ) John B. Reddick 19 James Budd May 18 , 1851 -- July 30 , 1908 ( Aged 57 ) January 11 , 1895 -- January 4 , 1899 Democratic 1894 U.S. Representative for California 's 2nd ( 1883 -- 1885 ) Spencer G. Millard ( died October 24 , 1895 ) William T. Jeter 20 Henry Gage December 25 , 1852 -- August 28 , 1924 ( Aged 71 ) January 4 , 1899 -- January 7 , 1903 Republican 1898 Federal prosecutor ( since 1891 ) Jacob H. Neff 21 George Pardee July 25 , 1857 -- September 1 , 1941 ( Aged 84 ) January 7 , 1903 -- January 9 , 1907 Republican 1902 29th Mayor of Oakland ( 1893 -- 1895 ) Alden Anderson 22 James Gillett September 20 , 1860 -- April 20 , 1937 ( Aged 76 ) January 9 , 1907 -- January 3 , 1911 Republican 1906 U.S. Representative for California 's 1st ( 1903 -- 1906 ) Warren R. Porter 23 Hiram Johnson September 2 , 1866 -- August 6 , 1945 ( Aged 78 ) January 3 , 1911 -- March 15 , 1917 Republican 1910 Assistant District attorney of California ( 1902 -- 1910 ) Albert Joseph Wallace Progressive 1914 John M. Eshleman ( died February 28 , 1916 ) Vacant William Stephens ( took office July 22 , 1916 ) 24 William Stephens December 26 , 1859 -- April 25 , 1944 ( Aged 84 ) March 15 , 1917 -- January 8 , 1923 Republican 27th Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1916 -- 1917 ) Vacant 1918 C.C. Young 25 Friend Richardson December 1 , 1865 -- September 6 , 1943 ( Aged 77 ) January 9 , 1923 -- January 4 , 1927 Republican 1922 21st California State Treasurer ( 1915 -- 1923 ) 26 C.C. Young April 28 , 1869 -- December 24 , 1947 ( Aged 78 ) January 4 , 1927 -- January 6 , 1931 Republican 1926 29th Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1919 -- 1927 ) Buron Fitts ( resigned November 30 , 1928 ) Vacant H.L. Carnahan ( appointed December 4 , 1928 ) 27 James Rolph August 23 , 1869 -- June 2 , 1934 ( Aged 64 ) January 6 , 1931 -- June 2 , 1934 Republican 1930 30th Mayor of San Francisco ( 1912 -- 1931 ) Frank Merriam 28 Frank Merriam December 22 , 1865 -- April 25 , 1955 ( Aged 89 ) June 2 , 1934 -- January 2 , 1939 Republican 31st Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1931 -- 1934 ) Vacant 1934 George J. Hatfield 29 Culbert Olson November 7 , 1876 -- April 13 , 1962 ( Aged 85 ) January 2 , 1939 -- January 4 , 1943 Democratic 1938 California State Senator ( 1934 -- 1938 ) Ellis E. Patterson 30 Earl Warren March 19 , 1891 -- July 9 , 1974 ( Aged 83 ) January 4 , 1943 -- October 5 , 1953 Republican 1942 20th Attorney General of California ( 1939 -- 1943 ) Frederick F. Houser 1946 Goodwin Knight 1950 31 Goodwin Knight December 9 , 1896 -- May 22 , 1970 ( Aged 73 ) October 5 , 1953 -- January 5 , 1959 Republican 35th Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Harold J. Powers 1954 32 Pat Brown April 21 , 1905 -- February 16 , 1996 ( Aged 90 ) January 5 , 1959 -- January 2 , 1967 Democratic 1958 23rd Attorney General of California ( 1951 -- 1959 ) Glenn M. Anderson 1962 33 Ronald Reagan February 6 , 1911 -- June 5 , 2004 ( Aged 93 ) January 2 , 1967 -- January 6 , 1975 Republican 1966 9th and 13th President of the Screen Actors Guild ( 1947 -- 1952 ; 1959 -- 1960 ) Robert Finch ( resigned January 8 , 1969 ) Edwin Reinecke ( resigned October 2 , 1974 ) 1970 John L. Harmer 34 Jerry Brown born ( 1938 - 04 - 07 ) April 7 , 1938 ( age 80 ) January 6 , 1975 -- January 3 , 1983 Democratic 24th Secretary of State of California ( 1971 -- 1975 ) Mervyn M. Dymally 1978 Michael Curb 35 George Deukmejian June 6 , 1928 -- May 8 , 2018 ( Aged 89 ) January 3 , 1983 -- January 7 , 1991 Republican 1982 27th Attorney General of California ( 1979 -- 1983 ) Leo T. McCarthy 1986 36 Pete Wilson born ( 1933 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 1933 ( age 85 ) January 7 , 1991 -- January 4 , 1999 Republican U.S. Senator from California ( 1983 -- 1991 ) Gray Davis 37 Gray Davis born ( 1942 - 12 - 26 ) December 26 , 1942 ( age 75 ) January 4 , 1999 -- November 17 , 2003 Democratic 1998 44th Lieutenant Governor of California ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Cruz Bustamante 2002 38 Arnold Schwarzenegger born ( 1947 - 07 - 30 ) July 30 , 1947 ( age 71 ) November 17 , 2003 -- January 3 , 2011 Republican Chair of the President 's Council on Fitness and Sports ( 1990 -- 1993 ) 2006 John Garamendi ( resigned November 3 , 2009 ) Mona Pasquil ( Acting ) Abel Maldonado ( appointed April 27 , 2010 ) 39 Jerry Brown born ( 1938 - 04 - 07 ) April 7 , 1938 ( age 80 ) January 3 , 2011 -- Present Democratic 31st Attorney General of California ( 2007 -- 2011 ) 34th Governor of California ( 1975 -- 1983 ) Gavin Newsom ( took office January 10 , 2011 ) 2014 Living former Governors of California ( edit ) There are three living former governors , the oldest being Pete Wilson , born 1933 . The most recent death of a former governor was that of George Deukmejian ( served 1983 -- 1991 , born June 6 , 1928 ) on May 8 , 2018 . Jerry Brown , who served as governor from 1975 to 1983 , is currently serving and thus is not included on this list . Governor Years in office Date of birth ( and age ) Pete Wilson 1991 -- 1999 ( 1933 - 08 - 23 ) August 23 , 1933 ( age 85 ) Gray Davis 1999 -- 2003 ( 1942 - 12 - 26 ) December 26 , 1942 ( age 75 ) Arnold Schwarzenegger 2003 -- 2011 ( 1947 - 07 - 30 ) July 30 , 1947 ( age 71 ) See also ( edit ) California portal List of Governors of California before admission List of Governors of California by age Spouses of the Governor of California Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted . Jump up ^ A civilian government was formed in late 1849 prior to official statehood , and operated as the state government for ten months before official statehood was granted . Jump up ^ Burnett resigned , citing personal reasons ; he was reportedly unhappy with the legislature , and wanted more time to manage his business . As lieutenant governor , McDougall succeeded him . Jump up ^ Latham resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate ; as lieutenant governor , Downey succeeded him . Jump up ^ Terms were lengthened from two to four years beginning with this term . Jump up ^ Booth resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate ; as lieutenant governor , Pacheco succeeded him . Jump up ^ Bartlett died in office ; as lieutenant governor , Waterman succeeded him . ^ Jump up to : Represented the Democratic Party ( United States ) . ^ Jump up to : Represented the Republican Party ( United States ) . Jump up ^ Johnson resigned to take an elected seat in the United States Senate ; as lieutenant governor , Stephens succeeded him . Jump up ^ Rolph died in office ; as lieutenant governor , Merriam succeeded him . Jump up ^ Warren ran as a Republican for his first and third terms . For his second term , he won the nomination of the Republican , Democratic , and Progressive parties . Jump up ^ Warren resigned to become Chief Justice of the United States ; as lieutenant governor , Knight succeeded him . Jump up ^ Davis was recalled and Schwarzenegger chosen to replace him in a special recall election . ^ Jump up to : Newsom delayed his swearing in as lieutenant governor until January 10 , 2011 , to remain mayor of San Francisco ; Maldonado stayed on as lieutenant governor until then . Jump up ^ Governor Brown 's fourth term expires on January 7 , 2019 ; he will be term limited . References ( edit ) General `` Governors of California '' . California State Library . Official Site of the State of California . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2007 . `` California : Past Governors Bios '' . National Governors Association . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . `` Chronology of California 's Lieutenant Governors '' . Office of the Lieutenant Governor . Retrieved August 10 , 2007 . JoinCalifornia.com - Dates of birth and death for Governors Constitutions `` Constitution of the State of California '' . Legislative Counsel of California . 1879 . Retrieved July 20 , 2008 . `` Constitution of the State of California '' . California Secretary of State . 1849 . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Specific Jump up ^ Henning , W.F. ( 1899 ) . Constitution of the State of California . C.W. Palm Company . Retrieved January 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` California Ballot Propositions 1990 - 1999 '' . Los Angeles County Law Library . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved August 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ CA Const . art . V , § 2 Jump up ^ CA Const . art . V , § 10 Jump up ^ `` Peter Hardeman Burnett '' . National Governors Association . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Durham , Walter T. ( 1997 ) . Volunteer Forty - niners : Tennesseans and the California Gold Rush . Vanderbilt University Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0 - 8265 - 1298 - 4 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Statewide Special Election '' . California Secretary of State . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Upton Oot , John ( January 7 , 2011 ) . `` Newsom 's Dual Role Raises Legal Quandary '' . The Bay Citizen . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Governors of California . Office of the Governor of California Governors of California Under Spain ( 1769 -- 1822 ) Capt . Portolà Col. Fages Capt . Rivera Capt - Gen. de Neve Col. Fages Capt . Roméu Capt . Arrillaga Col. Bórica Lt. Col. Alberní Capt . Arrillaga Capt. J. Argüello Don Solá Under Mexico ( 1822 -- 1846 ) Capt . L. Argüello Lt. Col. Echeandía Gen. Victoria Don P. Pico Lt. Col. Echeandía Brig. Gen. Figueroa Lt. Col. Castro Lt. Col. Gutiérrez Col. Chico Lt. Col. Gutiérrez Pres . Alvarado Uncle Carrillo ( rival ) Brig. Gen. Micheltorena Don P. Pico Under U.S. military ( 1846 -- 1850 ) Cdre . Sloat Cdre . Stockton Gen. Flores ( rival ) Gen. Kearny Maj . Frémont ( mutineer ) Gen. Mason Gen. Smith Gen. Riley Pre-statehood ( 1849 -- 1850 ) Burnett U.S. state ( since 1850 ) Burnett McDougal Bigler J. Johnson Weller Latham Downey Stanford Low Haight Booth Pacheco Irwin Perkins Stoneman Bartlett Waterman Markham Budd Gage Pardee Gillett H. Johnson Stephens Richardson Young Rolph Merriam Olson Warren Knight P. Brown Reagan J. Brown Deukmejian Wilson Davis Schwarzenegger J. Brown Before 1850 Since 1850 By age By education Spouses Chief executives of the United States Federal President of the United States State governors ( current list ) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California list Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii list Idaho Illinois list Indiana list Iowa list Kansas Kentucky list Louisiana Maine list Maryland list Massachusetts Michigan list Minnesota list Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska list Nevada New Hampshire list New Jersey list New Mexico list New York list North Carolina list North Dakota list Ohio Oklahoma list Oregon list Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina list South Dakota list Tennessee list Texas list Utah Vermont list Virginia list Washington West Virginia Wisconsin list Wyoming Territorial ( current list ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico list United States Virgin Islands Defunct Pre-state territories Panama Canal Zone Cuba Philippine Islands ( until 1935 ) Philippine Commonwealth ( until 1946 ) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Governors_of_California&oldid=864250867 '' Categories : Governors of California Lists of state governors of the United States Lists of California politicians Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Deutsch فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 02 : 07 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia
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is the governor of california democrat or republican
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[
"\nGovernors of the State of California\n\n\nNo.\n\nPortrait\n\nGovernor\n\nTerm in office\n\nParty\n\nElection\n\nPrevious office\n\nLt. Governor[a]\n\n\n1\n\n\n\n \n\nPeter Hardeman Burnett(1807-11-15)November 15, 1807 – (1895-05-17)May 17, 1895(Aged 87)\n\nDecember 20, 1849–January 9, 1851\n\nDemocratic\n\n1849[b][c]\n\n5thSupreme Judge of the Provisional Oregon Supreme Court(1845–1846)\n\n \n\nJohn McDougal\n\n\n2\n\n\n\nJohn McDougalca. 1818 – March 30, 1866(Aged 48)\n\nJanuary 9, 1851–January 8, 1852\n\nDemocratic\n\n1stLieutenant Governor of California(1849–1851)\n\nDavid C. Broderick(acting)\n\n\n3\n\n\n\nJohn BiglerJanuary 8, 1805 – November 29, 1871(Aged 66)\n\nJanuary 8, 1852–January 9, 1856\n\nDemocratic\n\n1851\n\n2ndSpeaker of the California Assembly(1850–1851)\n\nSamuel Purdy\n\n\n1853\n\n\n4\n\n\n\n\n\nJ. Neely JohnsonAugust 2, 1825 – August 31, 1872(Aged 47)\n\nJanuary 9, 1856–January 8, 1858\n\nAmerican\n\n1855\n\nCalifornia State Assemblyman(1852–1856)\n\n\n\nRobert M. Anderson\n\n\n5\n\n\n\n\n\nJohn B. WellerFebruary 22, 1812 – August 17, 1875(Aged 63)\n\nJanuary 8, 1858–January 9, 1860\n\nDemocratic\n\n1857\n\nU.S. Senator from California(1852–1857)\n\n\n\nJoseph Walkup\n\n\n6\n\n\n\nMilton LathamMay 23, 1827 – March 4, 1882(Aged 54)\n\nJanuary 9, 1860–January 14, 1860\n\nDemocratic\n\n1859[d]\n\nU.S. Representative for California's At-large(1853–1855)\n\nJohn G. Downey\n\n\n7\n\n\n\nJohn G. DowneyJune 24, 1827 – March 1, 1894(Aged 66)\n\nJanuary 14, 1860–January 10, 1862\n\nDemocratic\n\n6thLieutenant Governor of California(1860)\n\nIsaac N. Quinn (acting)(resigned January 7, 1861)\n\n\nPablo de la Guerra (acting)\n\n\n8\n\n\n\n\n\nLeland StanfordMarch 9, 1824 – June 21, 1893(Aged 69)\n\nJanuary 10, 1862– December 10, 1863\n\nRepublican\n\n1861\n\n1stPresident of Central Pacific Railroad(1861–1893)\n\n\n\nJohn F. Chellis\n\n\n9\n\n\n\nFrederick LowJune 30, 1828 – July 21, 1894(Aged 66)\n\nDecember 10, 1863–December 5, 1867\n\nRepublican\n\n1863[e]\n\nU.S. Representative for California's At-large(1862–1863)\n\nTim N. Machin\n\n\n10\n\n\n\n\n\nHenry Huntly HaightMay 20, 1825 – September 2, 1878(Aged 53)\n\nDecember 5, 1867–December 8, 1871\n\nDemocratic\n\n1867\n\nNone\n\n\n\nWilliam Holden\n\n\n11\n\n\n\n\n\nNewton BoothDecember 30, 1825 – July 14, 1892(Aged 66)\n\nDecember 8, 1871–February 27, 1875\n\nRepublican\n\n1871[f]\n\nCalifornia State Senator(1863)\n\n\n\nRomualdo Pacheco\n\n\n12\n\n\n\nRomualdo PachecoOctober 31, 1831 – January 23, 1899(Aged 67)\n\nFebruary 27, 1875–December 9, 1875\n\nRepublican\n\n9thLieutenant Governor of California(1871–1875)\n\n\n\nWilliam Irwin(acting)\n\n\n13\n\n\n\n\n\nWilliam Irwinca. 1827 – March 15, 1886(Aged 58–59)\n\nDecember 9, 1875–January 8, 1880\n\nDemocratic\n\n1875\n\nActingLieutenant Governor of California(1875)\n\nJames A. Johnson\n\n\n14\n\n\n\n\n\nGeorge Clement PerkinsAugust 23, 1839 – February 26, 1923(Aged 83)\n\nJanuary 8, 1880–January 10, 1883\n\nRepublican\n\n1879\n\nCalifornia State Senator(1869–1876)\n\n\n\nJohn Mansfield\n\n\n15\n\n\n\n\n\nGeorge StonemanAugust 8, 1822 – September 5, 1894(Aged 72)\n\nJanuary 10, 1883–January 8, 1887\n\nDemocratic\n\n1882\n\nMajor General of the Union Army(since 1861)\n\n\n\nJohn Daggett\n\n\n16\n\n\n\nWashington BartlettFebruary 29, 1824 – September 12, 1887(Aged 63)\n\nJanuary 8, 1887–September 12, 1887\n\nDemocratic\n\n1886[g]\n\n20thMayor of San Francisco(1883–1887)\n\nRobert Waterman\n\n\n17\n\n\n\n\n\nRobert WatermanDecember 15, 1826 – April 12, 1891(Aged 64)\n\nSeptember 12, 1887–January 8, 1891\n\nRepublican\n\n17thLieutenant Governor of California(1887)\n\nStephen M. White[h](acting)\n\n\n18\n\n\n\nHenry MarkhamNovember 16, 1840 – October 9, 1923(Aged 82)\n\nJanuary 8, 1891–January 11, 1895\n\nRepublican\n\n1890\n\nU.S. Representative for California's 1st(1885–1887)\n\n\n\nJohn B. Reddick\n\n\n19\n\n\n\n\n\nJames BuddMay 18, 1851 – July 30, 1908(Aged 57)\n\nJanuary 11, 1895–January 4, 1899\n\nDemocratic\n\n1894\n\nU.S. Representative for California's 2nd(1883–1885)\n\nSpencer G. Millard[i](died October 24, 1895)\n\n\n\n\nWilliam T. Jeter\n\n\n20\n\n\n\n\n\nHenry GageDecember 25, 1852 – August 28, 1924(Aged 71)\n\nJanuary 4, 1899–January 7, 1903\n\nRepublican\n\n1898\n\nFederal prosecutor(since 1891)\n\n\n\nJacob H. Neff\n\n\n21\n\n\n\nGeorge PardeeJuly 25, 1857 – September 1, 1941(Aged 84)\n\nJanuary 7, 1903–January 9, 1907\n\nRepublican\n\n1902\n\n29thMayor of Oakland(1893–1895)\n\nAlden Anderson\n\n\n22\n\n\n\nJames GillettSeptember 20, 1860 – April 20, 1937(Aged 76)\n\nJanuary 9, 1907–January 3, 1911\n\nRepublican\n\n1906\n\nU.S. Representative for California's 1st(1903–1906)\n\nWarren R. Porter\n\n\n23\n\n\n\nHiram JohnsonSeptember 2, 1866 – August 6, 1945(Aged 78)\n\nJanuary 3, 1911–March 15, 1917\n\nRepublican\n\n1910\n\nAssistant District attorney of California(1902–1910)\n\nAlbert Joseph Wallace\n\n\n\n\nProgressive\n\n1914[j]\n\n\n\nJohn M. Eshleman(died February 28, 1916)\n\n\nVacant\n\n\n\n\nWilliam Stephens[i](took office July 22, 1916)\n\n\n24\n\n\n\n\n\nWilliam StephensDecember 26, 1859 – April 25, 1944(Aged 84)\n\nMarch 15, 1917–January 8, 1923\n\nRepublican\n\n27thLieutenant Governor of California(1916–1917)\n\nVacant\n\n\n1918\n\n\n\nC. C. Young\n\n\n25\n\n\n\nFriend RichardsonDecember 1, 1865 – September 6, 1943(Aged 77)\n\nJanuary 9, 1923–January 4, 1927\n\nRepublican\n\n1922\n\n21stCalifornia State Treasurer(1915–1923)\n\n\n26\n\n\n\nC. C. YoungApril 28, 1869 – December 24, 1947(Aged 78)\n\nJanuary 4, 1927–January 6, 1931\n\nRepublican\n\n1926\n\n29thLieutenant Governor of California(1919–1927)\n\nBuron Fitts(resigned November 30, 1928)\n\n\nVacant\n\n\n\n\nH. L. Carnahan(appointed December 4, 1928)\n\n\n27\n\n\n\nJames RolphAugust 23, 1869 – June 2, 1934(Aged 64)\n\nJanuary 6, 1931–June 2, 1934\n\nRepublican\n\n1930[k]\n\n30thMayor of San Francisco(1912–1931)\n\nFrank Merriam\n\n\n28\n\n\n\nFrank MerriamDecember 22, 1865 – April 25, 1955(Aged 89)\n\nJune 2, 1934–January 2, 1939\n\nRepublican\n\n31stLieutenant Governor of California(1931–1934)\n\nVacant\n\n\n1934\n\n\n\nGeorge J. Hatfield\n\n\n29\n\n\n\n\n\nCulbert OlsonNovember 7, 1876 – April 13, 1962(Aged 85)\n\nJanuary 2, 1939–January 4, 1943\n\nDemocratic\n\n1938\n\nCalifornia State Senator(1934–1938)\n\n\n\nEllis E. Patterson\n\n\n30\n\n\n\n\n\nEarl WarrenMarch 19, 1891 – July 9, 1974(Aged 83)\n\nJanuary 4, 1943–October 5, 1953\n\nRepublican[l]\n\n1942\n\n20thAttorney General of California(1939–1943)\n\n\n\nFrederick F. Houser\n\n\n1946\n\nGoodwin Knight\n\n\n1950[m]\n\n\n31\n\n\n\nGoodwin KnightDecember 9, 1896 – May 22, 1970(Aged 73)\n\nOctober 5, 1953–January 5, 1959\n\nRepublican\n\n35thLieutenant Governor of California(1947–1953)\n\nHarold J. Powers\n\n\n1954\n\n\n32\n\n\n\n\n\nPat BrownApril 21, 1905 – February 16, 1996(Aged 90)\n\nJanuary 5, 1959–January 2, 1967\n\nDemocratic\n\n1958\n\n23rdAttorney General of California(1951–1959)\n\n\n\nGlenn M. Anderson\n\n\n1962\n\n\n33\n\n\n\n\n\nRonald ReaganFebruary 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004(Aged 93)\n\nJanuary 2, 1967–January 6, 1975\n\nRepublican\n\n1966\n\n9th and 13thPresident of the Screen Actors Guild(1947–1952; 1959–1960)\n\n\n\nRobert Finch(resigned January 8, 1969)\n\n\nEdwin Reinecke(resigned October 2, 1974)\n\n\n1970\n\n\nJohn L. Harmer\n\n\n34\n\n\n\n\n\nJerry Brownborn (1938-04-07) April 7, 1938 (age 80)\n\nJanuary 6, 1975–January 3, 1983\n\nDemocratic\n\n1974\n\n24thSecretary of State of California(1971–1975)\n\n\n\nMervyn M. Dymally\n\n\n1978\n\n\n\nMichael Curb[i]\n\n\n35\n\n\n\n\n\nGeorge DeukmejianJune 6, 1928 – May 8, 2018(Aged 89)\n\nJanuary 3, 1983–January 7, 1991\n\nRepublican\n\n1982\n\n27thAttorney General of California(1979–1983)\n\n\n\nLeo T. McCarthy[h]\n\n\n1986\n\n\n36\n\n\n\nPete Wilsonborn (1933-08-23) August 23, 1933 (age 85)\n\nJanuary 7, 1991–January 4, 1999\n\nRepublican\n\n1990\n\nU.S. Senator from California(1983–1991)\n\n\n1994\n\nGray Davis[h]\n\n\n37\n\n\n\n\n\nGray Davisborn (1942-12-26) December 26, 1942 (age 75)\n\nJanuary 4, 1999–November 17, 2003\n\nDemocratic\n\n1998\n\n44thLieutenant Governor of California(1995–1999)\n\nCruz Bustamante[h]\n\n\n2002[n]\n\n\n38\n\n\n\n\n\nArnold Schwarzeneggerborn (1947-07-30) July 30, 1947 (age 71)\n\nNovember 17, 2003–January 3, 2011\n\nRepublican\n\nChair of the President's Council on Fitness and Sports(1990–1993)\n\n\n2006\n\nJohn Garamendi[h](resigned November 3, 2009)\n\n\nMona Pasquil[h](Acting)\n\n\n\n\nAbel Maldonado[i][o](appointed April 27, 2010)\n\n\n39\n\n\n\n\n\nJerry Brownborn (1938-04-07) April 7, 1938 (age 80)\n\nJanuary 3, 2011–Present\n\nDemocratic\n\n2010\n\n31stAttorney General of California(2007–2011)34th Governor of California(1975–1983)\n\n\n\n\nGavin Newsom[o](took office January 10, 2011)\n\n\n2014[p]\n"
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Thylakoid
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Thylakoid - wikipedia Thylakoid Jump to : navigation , search `` Granum '' redirects here . For the town in Canada , see Granum , Alberta . Cell biology The chloroplast Components of a typical chloroplast 1 Granum 2 Chloroplast envelope 2.1 Outer membrane 2.2 Intermembrane space 2.3 Inner membrane 3 Thylakoid ◄ You are here 3.1 Thylakoid space ( lumen ) 3.2 Thylakoid membrane 4 Stromal thylakoid 5 Stroma 6 Nucleoid ( DNA ring ) 7 Ribosome 8 Plastoglobulus 9 Starch granule Thylakoids ( dark green ) inside a chloroplast A thylakoid is a membrane - bound compartment inside chloroplasts and cyanobacteria . They are the site of the light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis . Thylakoids consist of a thylakoid membrane surrounding a thylakoid lumen . Chloroplast thylakoids frequently form stacks of disks referred to as grana ( singular : granum ) . Grana are connected by intergranal or stroma thylakoids , which join granum stacks together as a single functional compartment . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Structure 2.1 Membrane 2.2 Lumen 2.3 Granum and stroma lamellae 3 Formation 4 Isolation and fractionation 5 Proteins 5.1 Integral membrane proteins 5.1. 1 Photosystems 5.1. 2 Cytochrome b6f complex 5.1. 3 ATP synthase 5.2 Lumen proteins 5.3 Protein expression 5.4 Protein targeting to the thylakoids 6 Function 6.1 Water photolysis 6.2 Electron transport chains 6.3 Chemiosmosis 6.3. 1 Source of proton gradient 6.3. 2 ATP generation 7 Thylakoid membranes in cyanobacteria 8 See also 9 References 9.1 Textbook sources Etymology ( edit ) The word thylakoid comes from the Greek word thylakos meaning `` sac '' or `` pouch '' . Thus , thylakoid means `` sac - like '' or `` pouch - like '' . Structure ( edit ) Thylakoid structures TEM image of grana Thylakoids are membrane - bound structures embedded in the chloroplast stroma . A stack of thylakoids is called a granum and resembles a stack of coins . Membrane ( edit ) The thylakoid membrane is the site of the light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis with the photosynthetic pigments embedded directly in the membrane . It is an alternating pattern of dark and light bands measuring each 1 nanometre . The thylakoid lipid bilayer shares characteristic features with prokaryotic membranes and the inner chloroplast membrane . For example , acidic lipids can be found in thylakoid membranes , cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic bacteria and are involved in the functional integrity of the photosystems . The thylakoid membranes of higher plants are composed primarily of phospholipids and galactolipids that are asymmetrically arranged along and across the membranes . Thylakoid membranes are richer in galactolipids rather than phospholipids ; also they predominantly consist of hexagonal phase II forming monogalacotosyl diglyceride lipid . Despite this unique composition , plant thylakoid membranes have been shown to assume largely lipid - bilayer dynamic organization . Lipids forming the thylakoid membranes , richest in high - fluidity linolenic acid are synthesized in a complex pathway involving exchange of lipid precursors between the endoplasmic reticulum and inner membrane of the plastid envelope and transported from the inner membrane to the thylakoids via vesicles . Lumen ( edit ) The thylakoid lumen is a continuous aqueous phase enclosed by the thylakoid membrane . It plays an important role for photophosphorylation during photosynthesis . During the light - dependent reaction , protons are pumped across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen making it acidic down to pH 4 . Granum and stroma lamellae ( edit ) In higher plants thylakoids are organized into a granum - stroma membrane assembly . A granum ( plural grana ) is a stack of thylakoid discs . Chloroplasts can have from 10 to 100 grana . Grana are connected by stroma thylakoids , also called intergranal thylakoids or lamellae . Grana thylakoids and stroma thylakoids can be distinguished by their different protein composition . Grana contribute to chloroplasts ' large surface area to volume ratio . Different interpretations of electron tomography imaging of thylakoid membranes has resulted in two models for grana structure . Both posit that lamellae intersect grana stacks in parallel sheets , though whether these sheets intersect in planes perpendicular to the grana stack axis , or are arranged in a right - handed helix is debated . Formation ( edit ) Chloroplasts develop from proplastids when seedlings emerge from the ground . Thylakoid formation requires light . In the plant embryo and in the absence of light , proplastids develop into etioplasts that contain semicrystalline membrane structures called prolamellar bodies . When exposed to light , these prolamellar bodies develop into thylakoids . This does not happen in seedlings grown in the dark , which undergo etiolation . An underexposure to light can cause the thylakoids to fail . This causes the chloroplasts to fail resulting in the death of the plant . Thylakoid formation requires the action of vesicle - inducing protein in plastids 1 ( VIPP1 ) . Plants can not survive without this protein , and reduced VIPP1 levels lead to slower growth and paler plants with reduced ability to photosynthesize . VIPP1 appears to be required for basic thylakoid membrane formation , but not for the assembly of protein complexes of the thylakoid membrane . It is conserved in all organisms containing thylakoids , including cyanobacteria , green algae , such as Chlamydomonas , and higher plants , such as Arabidopsis thaliana . Isolation and fractionation ( edit ) Thylakoids can be purified from plant cells using a combination of differential and gradient centrifugation . Disruption of isolated thylakoids , for example by mechanical shearing , releases the lumenal fraction . Peripheral and integral membrane fractions can be extracted from the remaining membrane fraction . Treatment with sodium carbonate ( Na CO ) detaches peripheral membrane proteins , whereas treatment with detergents and organic solvents solubilizes integral membrane proteins . Proteins ( edit ) Thylakoid disc with embedded and associated proteins Thylakoids contain many integral and peripheral membrane proteins , as well as lumenal proteins . Recent proteomics studies of thylakoid fractions have provided further details on the protein composition of the thylakoids . These data have been summarized in several plastid protein databases that are available online . According to these studies , the thylakoid proteome consists of at least 335 different proteins . Out of these , 89 are in the lumen , 116 are integral membrane proteins , 62 are peripheral proteins on the stroma side , and 68 peripheral proteins on the lumenal side . Additional low - abundance lumenal proteins can be predicted through computational methods . Of the thylakoid proteins with known functions , 42 % are involved in photosynthesis . The next largest functional groups include proteins involved in protein targeting , processing and folding with 11 % , oxidative stress response ( 9 % ) and translation ( 8 % ) . Integral membrane proteins ( edit ) Thylakoid membranes contain integral membrane proteins which play an important role in light harvesting and the light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis . There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane : Photosystems I and II Cytochrome b6f complex ATP synthase Photosystem II is located mostly in the grana thylakoids , whereas photosystem I and ATP synthase are mostly located in the stroma thylakoids and the outer layers of grana . The cytochrome b6f complex is distributed evenly throughout thylakoid membranes . Due to the separate location of the two photosystems in the thylakoid membrane system , mobile electron carriers are required to shuttle electrons between them . These carriers are plastoquinone and plastocyanin . Plastoquinone shuttles electrons from photosystem II to the cytochrome b6f complex , whereas plastocyanin carries electrons from the cytochrome b6f complex to photosystem I . Together , these proteins make use of light energy to drive electron transport chains that generate a chemiosmotic potential across the thylakoid membrane and NADPH , a product of the terminal redox reaction . The ATP synthase uses the chemiosmotic potential to make ATP during photophosphorylation . Photosystems ( edit ) Main article : Photosystem These photosystems are light - driven redox centers , each consisting of an antenna complex that uses chlorophylls and accessory photosynthetic pigments such as carotenoids and phycobiliproteins to harvest light at a variety of wavelengths . Each antenna complex has between 250 and 400 pigment molecules and the energy they absorb is shuttled by resonance energy transfer to a specialized chlorophyll a at the reaction center of each photosystem . When either of the two chlorophyll a molecules at the reaction center absorbs energy , an electron is excited and transferred to an electron - acceptor molecule . Photosystem I contains a pair of chlorophyll a molecules , designated P700 , at its reaction center that maximally absorbs 700 nm light . Photosystem II contains P680 chlorophyll that absorbs 680 nm light best ( note that these wavelengths correspond to deep red -- see the visible spectrum ) . The P is short for pigment and the number is the specific absorption peak in nanometers for the chlorophyll molecules in each reaction center . Cytochrome b6f complex ( edit ) Main article : Cytochrome b6f complex The cytochrome b6f complex is part of the thylakoid electron transport chain and couples electron transfer to the pumping of protons into the thylakoid lumen . Energetically , it is situated between the two photosystems and transfers electrons from photosystem II - plastoquinone to plastocyanin - photosystem I . ATP synthase ( edit ) Main article : ATP synthase The thylakoid ATP synthase is a CF1FO - ATP synthase similar to the mitochondrial ATPase . It is integrated into the thylakoid membrane with the CF1 - part sticking into stroma . Thus , ATP synthesis occurs on the stromal side of the thylakoids where the ATP is needed for the light - independent reactions of photosynthesis . Lumen proteins ( edit ) The electron transport protein plastocyanin is present in the lumen and shuttles electrons from the cytochrome b6f protein complex to photosystem I. While plastoquinones are lipid - soluble and therefore move within the thylakoid membrane , plastocyanin moves through the thylakoid lumen . The lumen of the thylakoids is also the site of water oxidation by the oxygen evolving complex associated with the lumenal side of photosystem II . Lumenal proteins can be predicted computationally based on their targeting signals . In Arabidopsis , out of the predicted lumenal proteins possessing the Tat signal , the largest groups with known functions are 19 % involved in protein processing ( proteolysis and folding ) , 18 % in photosynthesis , 11 % in metabolism , and 7 % redox carriers and defense . Protein expression ( edit ) Chloroplasts have their own genome , which encodes a number of thylakoid proteins . However , during the course of plastid evolution from their cyanobacterial endosymbiotic ancestors , extensive gene transfer from the chloroplast genome to the cell nucleus took place . This results in the four major thylakoid protein complexes being encoded in part by the chloroplast genome and in part by the nuclear genome . Plants have developed several mechanisms to co-regulate the expression of the different subunits encoded in the two different organelles to assure the proper stoichiometry and assembly of these protein complexes . For example , transcription of nuclear genes encoding parts of the photosynthetic apparatus is regulated by light . Biogenesis , stability and turnover of thylakoid protein complexes are regulated by phosphorylation via redox - sensitive kinases in the thylakoid membranes . The translation rate of chloroplast - encoded proteins is controlled by the presence or absence of assembly partners ( control by epistasy of synthesis ) . This mechanism involves negative feedback through binding of excess protein to the 5 ' untranslated region of the chloroplast mRNA . Chloroplasts also need to balance the ratios of photosystem I and II for the electron transfer chain . The redox state of the electron carrier plastoquinone in the thylakoid membrane directly affects the transcription of chloroplast genes encoding proteins of the reaction centers of the photosystems , thus counteracting imbalances in the electron transfer chain . Protein targeting to the thylakoids ( edit ) Schematic representation of thylakoid protein targeting pathways . Thylakoid proteins are targeted to their destination via signal peptides and prokaryotic - type secretory pathways inside the chloroplast . Most thylakoid proteins encoded by a plant 's nuclear genome need two targeting signals for proper localization : An N - terminal chloroplast targeting peptide ( shown in yellow in the figure ) , followed by a thylakoid targeting peptide ( shown in blue ) . Proteins are imported through the translocon of outer and inner membrane ( Toc and Tic ) complexes . After entering the chloroplast , the first targeting peptide is cleaved off by a protease processing imported proteins . This unmasks the second targeting signal and the protein is exported from the stroma into the thylakoid in a second targeting step . This second step requires the action of protein translocation components of the thylakoids and is energy - dependent . Proteins are inserted into the membrane via the SRP - dependent pathway ( 1 ) , the Tat - dependent pathway ( 2 ) , or spontaneously via their transmembrane domains ( not shown in figure ) . Lumenal proteins are exported across the thylakoid membrane into the lumen by either the Tat - dependent pathway ( 2 ) or the Sec - dependent pathway ( 3 ) and released by cleavage from the thylakoid targeting signal . The different pathways utilize different signals and energy sources . The Sec ( secretory ) pathway requires ATP as energy source and consists of SecA , which binds to the imported protein and a Sec membrane complex to shuttle the protein across . Proteins with a twin arginine motif in their thylakoid signal peptide are shuttled through the Tat ( twin arginine translocation ) pathway , which requires a membrane - bound Tat complex and the pH gradient as an energy source . Some other proteins are inserted into the membrane via the SRP ( signal recognition particle ) pathway . The chloroplast SRP can interact with its target proteins either post-translationally or co-translationally , thus transporting imported proteins as well as those that are translated inside the chloroplast . The SRP pathway requires GTP and the pH gradient as energy sources . Some transmembrane proteins may also spontaneously insert into the membrane from the stromal side without energy requirement . Function ( edit ) Light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis at the thylakoid membrane The thylakoids are the site of the light - dependent reactions of photosynthesis . These include light - driven water oxidation and oxygen evolution , the pumping of protons across the thylakoid membranes coupled with the electron transport chain of the photosystems and cytochrome complex , and ATP synthesis by the ATP synthase utilizing the generated proton gradient . Water photolysis ( edit ) Main article : photolysis The first step in photosynthesis is the light - driven reduction ( splitting ) of water to provide the electrons for the photosynthetic electron transport chains as well as protons for the establishment of a proton gradient . The water - splitting reaction occurs on the lumenal side of the thylakoid membrane and is driven by the light energy captured by the photosystems . It is interesting to note that this oxidation of water conveniently produces the waste product O that is vital for cellular respiration . The molecular oxygen formed by the reaction is released into the atmosphere . Electron transport chains ( edit ) Main article : electron transport chain Two different variations of electron transport are used during photosynthesis : Noncyclic electron transport or Non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces NADPH + H and ATP . Cyclic electron transport or Cyclic photophosphorylation produces only ATP . The noncyclic variety involves the participation of both photosystems , while the cyclic electron flow is dependent on only photosystem I . Photosystem I uses light energy to reduce NADP to NADPH + H , and is active in both noncyclic and cyclic electron transport . In cyclic mode , the energized electron is passed down a chain that ultimately returns it ( in its base state ) to the chlorophyll that energized it . Photosystem II uses light energy to oxidize water molecules , producing electrons ( e ) , protons ( H ) , and molecular oxygen ( O ) , and is only active in noncyclic transport . Electrons in this system are not conserved , but are rather continually entering from oxidized 2H O ( O + 4 H + 4 e ) and exiting with NADP when it is finally reduced to NADPH . Chemiosmosis ( edit ) Main article : chemiosmosis A major function of the thylakoid membrane and its integral photosystems is the establishment of chemiosmotic potential . The carriers in the electron transport chain use some of the electron 's energy to actively transport protons from the stroma to the lumen . During photosynthesis , the lumen becomes acidic , as low as pH 4 , compared to pH 8 in the stroma . This represents a 10,000 fold concentration gradient for protons across the thylakoid membrane . Source of proton gradient ( edit ) The protons in the lumen come from three primary sources . Photolysis by photosystem II oxidises water to oxygen , protons and electrons in the lumen . The transfer of electrons from photosystem II to plastoquinone during non-cyclic electron transport consumes two protons from the stroma . These are released in the lumen when the reduced plastoquinol is oxidized by the cytochrome b6f protein complex on the lumen side of the thylakoid membrane . From the plastoquinone pool , electrons pass through the cytochrome b6f complex . This integral membrane assembly resembles cytochrome bc1 . The reduction of plastoquinone by ferredoxin during cyclic electron transport also transfers two protons from the stroma to the lumen . The proton gradient is also caused by the consumptions of protons in the stroma to make NADPH from NADP+ at the NADP reductase . ATP generation ( edit ) The molecular mechanism of ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate ) generation in chloroplasts is similar to that in mitochondria and takes the required energy from the proton motive force ( PMF ) . However , chloroplasts rely more on the chemical potential of the PMF to generate the potential energy required for ATP synthesis . The PMF is the sum of a proton chemical potential ( given by the proton concentration gradient ) and a transmembrane electrical potential ( given by charge separation across the membrane ) . Compared to the inner membranes of mitochondria , which have a significantly higher membrane potential due to charge separation , thylakoid membranes lack a charge gradient . To compensate for this , the 10,000 fold proton concentration gradient across the thylakoid membrane is much higher compared to a 10 fold gradient across the inner membrane of mitochondria . The resulting chemiosmotic potential between the lumen and stroma is high enough to drive ATP synthesis using the ATP synthase . As the protons travel back down the gradient through channels in ATP synthase , ADP + P are combined into ATP . In this manner , the light - dependent reactions are coupled to the synthesis of ATP via the proton gradient . Thylakoid membranes in cyanobacteria ( edit ) Thylakoids ( green ) inside a cyanobacterium ( Synechocystis ) Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes with highly differentiated membrane systems . Cyanobacteria have an internal system of thylakoid membranes where the fully functional electron transfer chains of photosynthesis and respiration reside . The presence of different membrane systems lends these cells a unique complexity among bacteria . Cyanobacteria must be able to reorganize the membranes , synthesize new membrane lipids , and properly target proteins to the correct membrane system . The outer membrane , plasma membrane , and thylakoid membranes each have specialized roles in the cyanobacterial cell . Understanding the organization , functionality , protein composition and dynamics of the membrane systems remains a great challenge in cyanobacterial cell biology . The thylakoid membranes of the cyanobacteria are not differentiated into granum and stroma regions as observed in plants . They form stacks of parallel sheets close to the cytoplasmic membrane with a low packing density . The relatively large distance between the thylakoids provides space for the external light harvesting antennae , the phycobilisomes . This macrostructure , as in the case of higher plants , shows some flexibility during changes in the physicochemical environment . See also ( edit ) Arthur Meyer ( botanist ) André Jagendorf Chemiosmosis Electrochemical gradient Endosymbiosis Oxygen evolution Photosynthesis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ θύλακος . Liddell , Henry George ; Scott , Robert ; A Greek -- English Lexicon at the Perseus Project Jump up ^ `` Photosynthesis '' McGraw Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology , 10th ed. 2007 . Vol. 13 p. 469 Jump up ^ Sato N ( 2004 ) . `` Roles of the acidic lipids sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol in photosynthesis : their specificity and evolution '' . J Plant Res. 117 ( 6 ) : 495 -- 505 . doi : 10.1007 / s10265 - 004 - 0183 - 1 . PMID 15538651 . Jump up ^ `` photosynthesis . '' Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008 . Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD 9 Apr. 2008 Jump up ^ Spraque SG ( 1987 ) . `` Structural and functional organization of galactolipids on thylakoid membrane organization '' . J Bioenerg Biomembr. 19 ( 6 ) : 691 -- 703 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00762303 . PMID 3320041 . Jump up ^ YashRoy , R.C. ( 1990 ) . `` Magnetic resonance studies of dynamic organization of lipids in chloroplast membranes '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Biosciences. 15 ( 4 ) : 281 -- 288 . doi : 10.1007 / bf02702669 . Jump up ^ YashRoy , R.C. ( 1987 ) . `` 13C NMR studies of lipid fatty - acyl chains of chloroplast membranes '' . Indian Journal of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 24 : 177 -- 178 . Jump up ^ Benning C , Xu C , Awai K ( 2006 ) . `` Non-vesicular and vesicular lipid trafficking involving plastids '' . Curr Opin Plant Biol. 9 ( 3 ) : 241 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pbi. 2006.03. 012 . PMID 16603410 . Jump up ^ Mustárdy , L. ; Buttle , K. ; Steinbach , G. ; Garab , G. ( 2008 ) . `` The Three - Dimensional Network of the Thylakoid Membranes in Plants : Quasihelical Model of the Granum - Stroma Assembly '' . Plant Cell. 20 ( 10 ) : 2552 -- 2557 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 108.059147 . PMC 2590735 . PMID 18952780 . Jump up ^ Elena Aseeva ; Friederich Ossenbühl ; Claudia Sippel ; Won K. Cho ; Bernhard Stein ; Lutz A. Eichacker ; Jörg Meurer ; Gerhard Wanner ; Peter Westhoff ; Jürgen Soll ; Ute C. Vothknecht ( 2007 ) . `` Vipp1 is required for basic thylakoid membrane formation but not for the assembly of thylakoid protein complexes '' . Plant Physiol Biochem. 45 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 28 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plaphy. 2007.01. 005 . PMID 17346982 . Jump up ^ Westphal S , Heins L , Soll J , Vothknecht U ( 2001 ) . `` Vipp1 deletion mutant of Synechocystis : A connection between bacterial phage shock and thylakoid biogenesis ? '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 98 ( 7 ) : 4243 -- 8 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 061501198 . PMC 31210 . PMID 11274448 . Jump up ^ Liu C , Willmund F , Golecki J , Cacace S , Markert C , Heß B , Schroda M , Schroda M ( 2007 ) . `` The chloroplast HSP70B - CDJ2 - CGE1 chaperones catalyse assembly and disassembly of VIPP1 oligomers in Chlamydomonas '' . Plant J. 50 ( 2 ) : 265 -- 77 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 313X. 2007.03047. x . PMID 17355436 . Jump up ^ Kroll D , Meierhoff K , Bechtold N , Kinoshita M , Westphal S , Vothknecht U , Soll J , Westhoff P ( 2001 ) . `` VIPP1 , a nuclear gene of Arabidopsis thaliana essential for thylakoid membrane formation '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 98 ( 7 ) : 4238 -- 42 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 061500998 . PMC 31209 . PMID 11274447 . ^ Jump up to : Peltier J , Emanuelsson O , Kalume D , Ytterberg J , Friso G , Rudella A , Liberles D , Söderberg L , Roepstorff P , von Heijne G , van Wijk KJ ( 2002 ) . `` Central Functions of the Lumenal and Peripheral Thylakoid Proteome of Arabidopsis Determined by Experimentation and Genome - Wide Prediction '' . Plant Cell. 14 ( 1 ) : 211 -- 36 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 010304 . PMC 150561 . PMID 11826309 . Jump up ^ van Wijk K ( 2004 ) . `` Plastid proteomics '' . Plant Physiol Biochem. 42 ( 12 ) : 963 -- 77 . doi : 10.1016 / j. plaphy. 2004.10. 015 . PMID 15707834 . ^ Jump up to : Friso G , Giacomelli L , Ytterberg A , Peltier J , Rudella A , Sun Q , Wijk K ( 2004 ) . `` In - Depth Analysis of the Thylakoid Membrane Proteome of Arabidopsis thaliana Chloroplasts : New Proteins , New Functions , and a Plastid Proteome Database '' . Plant Cell. 16 ( 2 ) : 478 -- 99 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 017814 . PMC 341918 . PMID 14729914 . - The Plastid Proteome Database Jump up ^ Kleffmann T , Hirsch - Hoffmann M , Gruissem W , Baginsky S ( 2006 ) . `` plprot : a comprehensive proteome database for different plastid types '' . Plant Cell Physiol. 47 ( 3 ) : 432 -- 6 . doi : 10.1093 / pcp / pcj005 . PMID 16418230 . -- Plastid Protein Database Jump up ^ Peltier J , Friso G , Kalume D , Roepstorff P , Nilsson F , Adamska I , van Wijk K ( 2000 ) . `` Proteomics of the Chloroplast : Systematic Identification and Targeting Analysis of Lumenal and Peripheral Thylakoid Proteins '' . Plant Cell. 12 ( 3 ) : 319 -- 41 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 12.3. 319 . PMC 139834 . PMID 10715320 . Jump up ^ Vener AV , Ohad I , Andersson B ( 1998 ) . `` Protein phosphorylation and redox sensing in chloroplast thylakoids '' . Curr Opin Plant Biol. 1 ( 3 ) : 217 -- 23 . doi : 10.1016 / S1369 - 5266 ( 98 ) 80107 - 6 . PMID 10066592 . Jump up ^ Choquet Y , Wostrikoff K , Rimbault B , Zito F , Girard - Bascou J , Drapier D , Wollman F ( 2001 ) . `` Assembly - controlled regulation of chloroplast gene translation '' . Biochem Soc Trans . 29 ( Pt 4 ) : 421 -- 6 . doi : 10.1042 / BST0290421 . PMID 11498001 . Jump up ^ Minai L , Wostrikoff K , Wollman F , Choquet Y ( 2006 ) . `` Chloroplast Biogenesis of Photosystem II Cores Involves a Series of Assembly - Controlled Steps That Regulate Translation '' . Plant Cell. 18 ( 1 ) : 159 -- 75 . doi : 10.1105 / tpc. 105.037705 . PMC 1323491 . PMID 16339851 . Jump up ^ Allen J , Pfannschmidt T ( 2000 ) . `` Balancing the two photosystems : photosynthetic electron transfer governs transcription of reaction centre genes in chloroplasts '' . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 355 ( 1402 ) : 1351 -- 9 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 2000.0697 . PMC 1692884 . PMID 11127990 . Jump up ^ Gutensohn M , Fan E , Frielingsdorf S , Hanner P , Hou B , Hust B , Klösgen R ( 2006 ) . `` Toc , Tic , Tat et al. : structure and function of protein transport machineries in chloroplasts '' . J. Plant Physiol. 163 ( 3 ) : 333 -- 47 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jplph. 2005.11. 009 . PMID 16386331 . Jump up ^ Jagendorf A.T. and E. Uribe ( 1966 ) . `` ATP formation caused by acid - base transition of spinach chloroplasts '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA . 55 : 170 -- 177 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 55.1. 170 . Jump up ^ Herrero A and Flores E ( editor ) . ( 2008 ) . The Cyanobacteria : Molecular Biology , Genomics and Evolution ( 1st ed . ) . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 1 - 904455 - 15 - 8 . ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ van de Meene , AM ; Hohmann - Marriott , MF ; Vermaas , WF ; Roberson , RW ( January 2006 ) . `` The three - dimensional structure of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp . PCC 6803 '' . Archives of Microbiology. 184 ( 5 ) : 259 -- 70 . doi : 10.1007 / s00203 - 005 - 0027 - y . PMID 16320037 . Jump up ^ Olive , J ; Ajlani , G ; Astier , C ; Recouvreur , M ; Vernotte , C. `` Ultrastructure and light adaptation of phycobilisome mutants of Synechocystis PCC 6803 '' . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta ( BBA ) - Bioenergetics. 1319 ( 2 - 3 ) : 275 -- 282 . doi : 10.1016 / S0005 - 2728 ( 96 ) 00168 - 5 . Jump up ^ Nagy , G ; Posselt , D ; Kovács , L ; Holm , JK ; Szabó , M ; Ughy , B ; Rosta , L ; Peters , J ; Timmins , P ; Garab , G ( Jun 1 , 2011 ) . `` Reversible membrane reorganizations during photosynthesis in vivo : revealed by small - angle neutron scattering '' . The Biochemical Journal . 436 ( 2 ) : 225 -- 30 . doi : 10.1042 / BJ20110180 . PMID 21473741 . Textbook sources ( edit ) Heller , H. Craig ; Orians , Gordan H. ; Purves , William K. & Sadava , David ( 2004 ) . LIFE : The Science of Biology ( 7th ed . ) . Sinauer Associates , Inc . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 9856 - 5 . Raven , Peter H. ; Ray F. Evert ; Susan E. Eichhorn ( 2005 ) . Biology of Plants ( 7th ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company Publishers . pp. 115 -- 127 . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 1007 - 2 . Herrero A and Flores E ( editors ) . ( 2008 ) . The Cyanobacteria : Molecular Biology , Genomics and Evolution ( 1st ed . ) . Caister Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904455 - 15 - 8 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thylakoid&oldid=813938697 '' Categories : Membrane biology Organelles Photosynthesis Plant anatomy Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Use dmy dates from October 2013 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 01 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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what are the proteins called that transport electrons in the thylakoid membrane
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[
"Photosystem II is located mostly in the grana thylakoids, whereas photosystem I and ATP synthase are mostly located in the stroma thylakoids and the outer layers of grana. The cytochrome b6f complex is distributed evenly throughout thylakoid membranes. Due to the separate location of the two photosystems in the thylakoid membrane system, mobile electron carriers are required to shuttle electrons between them. These carriers are plastoquinone and plastocyanin. Plastoquinone shuttles electrons from photosystem II to the cytochrome b6f complex, whereas plastocyanin carries electrons from the cytochrome b6f complex to photosystem I.",
"Photosystem II is located mostly in the grana thylakoids, whereas photosystem I and ATP synthase are mostly located in the stroma thylakoids and the outer layers of grana. The cytochrome b6f complex is distributed evenly throughout thylakoid membranes. Due to the separate location of the two photosystems in the thylakoid membrane system, mobile electron carriers are required to shuttle electrons between them. These carriers are plastoquinone and plastocyanin. Plastoquinone shuttles electrons from photosystem II to the cytochrome b6f complex, whereas plastocyanin carries electrons from the cytochrome b6f complex to photosystem I."
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[
"plastoquinone",
"plastocyanin"
] |
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The Ranch (TV series)
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The ranch ( TV series ) - wikipedia The ranch ( TV series ) The Ranch Genre Sitcom Created by Don Reo Jim Patterson Starring Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Debra Winger Sam Elliott Elisha Cuthbert Opening theme `` Mammas Do n't Let Your Babies Grow Up to Be Cowboys '' by Lukas Nelson and Shooter Jennings Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 3 ( 5 parts ) No. of episodes 50 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Don Reo Jim Patterson Ashton Kutcher Danny Masterson Jane Wiseman Blair Fetter Andy Weil Jerry Anglin Producer ( s ) Jamie Rhonheimer Steve Tompkins Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 28 -- 34 minutes Production company ( s ) Ranch Hand Productions Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Original release April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) -- present ( present ) The Ranch is an American comedy web television series starring Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson , Debra Winger , Elisha Cuthbert , and Sam Elliott that debuted in 2016 on Netflix . The show takes place on the fictional Iron River Ranch in the fictitious small town of Garrison , Colorado ; detailing the life of the Bennetts , a dysfunctional family consisting of two brothers , their rancher father , and his divorced wife and local bar owner . While the opening sequence shows scenes from Norwood and Ouray , Colorado and surrounding Ouray and San Miguel Counties , The Ranch is filmed on a sound stage in front of a live audience in Burbank , California . Each season consists of 20 episodes broken up into two parts , each containing 10 episodes . All episodes are named after American country music songs , predominantly Kenny Chesney in part one , George Strait in part two , Tim McGraw in part three , Garth Brooks in part four , and Dolly Parton in part five . The first ten episodes premiered on April 1 , 2016 , the second batch of ten episodes premiered on October 7 , 2016 . In April 2016 , Netflix renewed The Ranch for a second season of 20 episodes , the first half of which premiered on June 16 , 2017 , and the second half was released on December 15 , 2017 . On July 4 , 2017 , Netflix announced through its official The Ranch Twitter account that the show had been renewed for a third season of 20 episodes , the first ten of which aired on June 15 , 2018 . In December 2017 , a week before the release of the second - half of the second season , it was announced Masterson had been written out of the show following multiple sexual assault allegations made against him , and will appear in only the first 10 episodes of the third season . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Special Guests 1.4 Cameos 2 Episodes 2.1 Series overview 2.2 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 2.3 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 2.4 Season 3 ( 2018 ) 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Ashton Kutcher as Colt Reagan Bennett , a former high school and college football star who pursued a professional career with mixed success , and returns to his hometown after a fifteen - year absence so that he can take part in a tryout with a semi-pro team . He ultimately stays to help his father and older brother on their family ranch . Colt is frequently the butt of their jokes , particularly when it comes to his ranching skills ( or lack thereof ) and his disappointing pro football career . He is a heavy drinker and has a penchant for not using common sense , but he seems to have a heart of gold and tries to do right by others . Based on his various T - shirts and dialogue throughout the first season , it 's implied that Colt has played for the Barcelona Dragons , San Jose SaberCats , Spokane Shock , Orlando Predators , Nebraska Danger , Iowa Barnstormers , Green Bay Blizzard , Minnesota Axemen , Portland Forest Dragons and Philadelphia Soul . Dialogue also states that he was a member of teams in Canada , notably the fictional Saskatoon Cold ( `` Like the Miami Heat ... only cold '' ) and Alaska , as well as that he was in the practice squad of the Buffalo Bills . He also states in the first episode he was the back up of the back up of the back up for Florida State and won the championship in 1999 . He is currently married to Abby and is expecting a baby girl with her . Danny Masterson as Jameson `` Rooster '' Ford Bennett , Colt 's older brother . He has lived and worked on the ranch since Colt left to follow his football career , at times showing a bitter attitude for the burden of responsibility this caused him . Despite living in Colt 's shadow he is far more competent on the ranch as well as a more level headed thinker . He has , however , been just as irresponsible as Colt , drinking too much and sleeping around . ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) Debra Winger as Margaret `` Maggie '' Bennett , owner of Maggie 's , and Colt and Rooster 's mother . Maggie is divorced from Beau and lives in a trailer behind the bar she owns . Much more lighthearted and caring than Beau , her company and advice is often sought out by the boys on how to deal with problems , especially those concerning their father . Maggie is something of a hippie and is an avid marijuana smoker . Elisha Cuthbert as Abigail `` Abby '' Phillips - Bennett , a Garrison High School history teacher and Colt 's high school sweetheart and current wife . Abby was in a five - year relationship with Kenny and was briefly engaged to him , but ultimately she broke it off and hooked back up with Colt . She and Colt are now married and are expecting a baby girl . ( recurring , season 1 ; main cast , season 2 -- present ) Sam Elliott as Beau Roosevelt Bennett , Maggie 's ex-husband , and Colt and Rooster 's father . A Vietnam War veteran , he has worked the ranch since returning from the war and taking it over after his father died . He is difficult to get along with , perpetually annoyed with everyone and everything . He has an estranged relationship with Rooster and Colt . He detests many modern amenities and is easily angered by his sons ' antics . Beau appears to be a Republican with a special affinity for Ronald Reagan but at times seems to despise all politicians regardless of affiliation . Recurring ( edit ) Barry Corbin as Dale Rivers , a hearing - impaired veterinarian and close friend of Beau 's Grady Lee Richmond as Hank , a regular Maggie 's patron Bret Harrison as Kenneth `` Kenny '' Ballard , a Courtyard by Marriott manager and Abby 's ex-fiancé Megyn Price as Mary Roth , a Cracker Barrel waitress and Rooster 's older girlfriend Kelli Goss as Heather Roth , Mary 's younger daughter and Colt 's ex-girlfriend , was pregnant with their child . Molly McCook as Darlene Roth , Mary 's older daughter Kathy Baker as Joanne , a Cracker Barrel waitress , Mary 's friend , and potential new love interest for Beau Ethan Suplee as `` Beer Pong Billy '' Tompkins , a police officer and high school friend of Colt and Rooster 's Aimee Teegarden as Nikki , Heather 's friend and Billy 's fiancée Chasty Ballesteros as Tanya Showers , a sexy weather reporter and Kenny 's current girlfriend Laura Vallejo as Maria , a Maggie 's waitress Sharon Lawrence as Brenda Sanders , a widowed hairdresser who befriended Beau when he and Maggie separated Maggie Lawson as Jen the engineer , who wants to build a pipeline underneath the Bennett Ranch and Rooster love interest . Wendie Malick as Lisa Neumann , owner of Neumann 's Hill Special Guests ( edit ) Jon Cryer as Bill Jensen , a loan officer and former high school football referee ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Wilmer Valderrama as Umberto , a former Iron River ranch hand , former employee of Neumann 's Hill at the My Little Pony Ranch . He is Rooster and Colt 's friend . Currently deported . ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Martin Mull as Jerry , Maggie 's sometimes acid - tripping attorney John Amos as Ed Bishop , a longtime family friend of the Bennetts and a Neumann 's Hill employee ( Seasons 1 - 2 ) Thomas F. Wilson as Coach Fitzgerald , the Garrison High School head football coach ( Season 1 ) Debra Jo Rupp as Janice Phillips , Abby 's mother ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Jim Beaver as Chuck Phillips , Abby 's father , who like Janice is disdainful of Abby 's relationship with Colt ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Conchata Ferrell as Shirley ( Season 2 ) Lou Diamond Phillips as Clint , a traveling musician attracted to Maggie ( Season 2 ) Kurtwood Smith as Sam Peterson , neighbor of the Iron River Ranch ( Seasons 2 - 3 ) Nancy Travis as Karen , Maggie 's estranged sister ( Season 3 ) Cameos ( edit ) Joe Firstman Pearl Charles Kurt Neumann Bukka Allen Sam Hawksley Thomas Rhett Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally released 20 10 April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) 10 October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) 20 10 June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 10 December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 20 10 June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 10 TBA Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 1 `` Back Where I Come From '' David Trainer Don Reo & Jim Patterson April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Beau comes home to a surprise visit from Colt , who is in transit for a tryout with a semi-pro team in Denver after being sacked by the Saskatoon Colds . Beau scolds Colt for not helping out on the ranch , a promise he made six years ago . Beau , Colt and Rooster meet Maggie at her bar , but Colt invites Heather , one of the patrons , to have sex . Beau asks Colt to help with giving birth to a stillborn calf , which is eventually saved when Colt gives it CPR . Colt learns that Beau is having a hard time managing the ranch , because of an extensive drought and having only Rooster to help with the work . Colt makes the team , but tells his father he did n't , and offers to stay and help with the ranch . The drought breaks , and the Bennetts reunite at home . `` Some People Change '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt gets into a heated argument with Beau and Rooster as they make him do the dirty work on the barn and for not sparing him dinner . Colt seeks consolation with his mom at Maggie 's and bumps into Abby , his high school sweetheart , and her boyfriend , Kenny , who used to play band in the same school . Abby comes into the Bennetts ' house that night to meet Colt and confesses her love for Kenny . Feeling depressed , Colt comes up late to the barn the next day and seeks refuge in his mother 's trailer after he refuses to make Beau coffee . Beau tries to reason for being pushy to him as `` to prepare him for the rest of his life '' while Maggie is upset with him for being stubborn and running away from problems - a personality trait shared with her then - husband . Colt comes back home the next morning and makes breakfast for Rooster and Beau . `` The Boys of Fall '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Beau breaks his back while attempting to play football with Colt and Rooster . At Maggie 's , the family plays a prank at Beau for refusing to go to the doctor and sees Kenny as he offers Colt to give a speech at the Garrison high school football team spaghetti dinner . Colt meets Garrison 's quarterback and coach , but his egoistical storytelling of how he led the school to win the state championship earns himself disrespect . Abby refuses to come back after Colt questions her coming to his house despite dating Kenny . Devastated , he humiliates himself at the speech , to the disgust of the audience . Driving a tractor while drunk , he is driven home by a police who is his high school friend , Billy . At breakfast , Beau diagnoses Colt of not yet finding out who he wants to be . Meanwhile after having a hard day at work , Beau eventually sees a doctor . A medical check - up shows him that he has high blood pressure and is advised to give up red meat and alcohol which are his stress relieves . `` Got a Little Crazy '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt reluctantly follows Rooster to Maggie 's due to his fear of bumping into Abby . Colt apologizes to Abby and agrees to respect her relationship with Kenny . Heather walks in with Nikki and plans a party with them , Kenny , Billy , and Rooster . Colt vents his fury at Rooster for hearing Abby scorning Heather for being much younger than her . While being drunk , Abby admits that she thinks Colt deserves a better girlfriend and tries to make an advance on him . Rooster 's advance on Nikki fails as she falls for Billy . Meanwhile , Maggie invites Beau to spend the night at the Telluride Marriott as the winner of a raffle price at the spaghetti dinner . Maggie creates a rift between her and Beau , blaming him for not understanding her . Beau apologizes for being too busy with the ranch and leaving the kids to Maggie . 5 5 `` American Kids '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Beau picks Colt as his hunting partner in opening day , to the disappointment of Rooster who has always been picked . To cheer him up , Maggie decides to accompany him hunting on the same day . That morning , Colt admits to losing Rooster 's hunting hat while being drunk , as a revenge for using up all the hot water for his shower yesterday morning . Colt 's perpetual complaint about Rooster causes Beau and Rooster to switch huts . Rooster complains to Colt for abandoning the family , leaving him no choice but to stay at the ranch ; Colt tells Rooster that he actually chose to stay instead of doing anything else . Beau and Maggie decides to get home together , leaving Rooster and Colt to walk home in the rain at night . The next day , Colt returns Rooster 's hat but is told he is actually stealing someone else 's . 6 6 `` Better as a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) At Maggie 's , Abby apologizes to Colt for being drunk while at his house party as Colt continues teasing her for trying to kiss him . Heather drops by and Colt agrees to have sex with her at Maggie 's trailer , causing a fire at one of the drapes . Colt invites Maggie to stay at the family ranch , but Beau distances himself from her . The following night , Maggie successfully makes Beau warm up to her by dancing and taking a shower together . The next day , Abby delivers a replacement drape for the trailer when she meets Colt who is looking for gift ideas for Heather 's birthday . Beau invites Maggie to stay but she declines . Colt surprises Heather and she thinks their relationship is more than just sex partners . 7 7 `` I Ca n't Go There '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Beau is still deeply upset after Maggie declines his invitation to stay at the ranch . Abby drops by at Maggie 's and gives relationship advice to Colt because of his immaturity while summoning Heather to meet him with his phone . Colt asks to break up but continues having sex with her . One of the calves is ill and Beau does n't listen to Rooster 's advice to give it antibiotics , though he ultimately relents . Maggie visits Beau but his full attention to the sick calf instead of her causes Maggie to storm out in anger . Heather and Colt drive to his home to have sex , but first she meets Beau at the barn where they both share their same background of being a 4 - H and raising calves . Maggie eventually returns to reconcile with Beau , only to be asked for a divorce . The calf unfortunately did n't survive , so Colt asks Rooster and Beau to bury it that night . 8 8 `` Til It 's Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Matt Ross April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Colt 's stray bullet while shooting a bottle causes a window and TV to break . Beau decides to apply for a loan due to dwindling finances on the ranch , which was turned down for being risky . Hearing the news , Beau cuts off the electricity . After talking to Colt , Maggie offers to be the collateral but Beau declines . Beau accuses Colt for telling Maggie about the difficult situation , for being a spendthrift and for not helping the ranch ; he fires back at him for being stubborn while asking for his kids to change . Beau meets Maggie again and ultimately lets her help the family . Meanwhile , Colt accuses the banker of making a false call during one of the games that cost him his championship . But on separate occasions , his parents agree with the banker that he fell short of a touchdown . 9 9 `` There Goes My Life '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Max Searle & Nathan Chetty April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Heather offers Rooster to go for a blind date with her sister , Darlene , whose boyfriend left after she gives birth . The date goes unsuccessfully as Darlene storms out after seeing her ex 's photos . After taking Darlene home , Rooster has sex with their mom , Mary , much to the astonishment of Colt . Colt storms out to Mary the next day and Heather asks him to respect their relationship . Maggie comes home and asks Beau to go to counseling together , which also went awry as Beau storms out . Beau consults with Dale the next day and tells him to put up things that annoy him for something he loves . That night , he apologizes to Maggie . Meanwhile , Kenny proposes to Abby at Cracker Barrel as Colt witnesses . 10 10 `` Down the Road '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle April 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 01 ) Beau continues holding out on selling the cattle out of fear of making a loss , while the ranch remains without electricity . Maggie tells Beau during his visit that she would like to come back to the ranch . Colt admits his astonishment , but not his heartbroken feelings , of Abby 's proposal while she visits . As he tells all his concerns to Heather , she leaves him in anger . Rooster goes overboard over dating with Mary and asks him to date her more maturely . A nearby river spilled poisonous sewage affecting the local ranches ; to the Bennetts ' luck , their ranch is spared and eventually they can sell their cattle at a profit . At the ranch party , Heather successfully reconciles with Colt and promises to be honest with each other . Beau admits his love for the boys and gives Colt his championship ring . He then visits Maggie 's to help her moving but sees her trailer is gone . Abby has doubts about marrying Kenny and tells Colt . Part 2 11 `` Gone as a Girl Can Get '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Abby implicitly tells Colt she wants to get back with him . Beau is deeply hurt because Maggie leaves , burns Maggie 's stuff and is hostile with Colt and Rooster . Heather visits Colt but breaks up after he inadvertently says that he favors Abby over her . Colt visits Abby , only to be told she is staying with Kenny , yet ends up with them kissing each other . Beau admits he still loves Maggie as he attempts to blanket her plants from frost . 12 `` Living and Living Well '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Abby confesses her rekindled feelings with Colt and asks him not to tell anyone . He ends up telling Rooster . Beau gives them allowance . Ed , a longtime friend , visits Beau and convinces him to sell the ranch to Neumann 's Hill , a corporation which buys cattle from ranchers for a fixed price and had acquired one of the ranches in the state . Rooster and Colt convinces Beau to sell the ranch , much to his fury who fears of losing his family 's legacy . Billy sells his rudimentary truck to Colt and Rooster in order to buy a ring for Nikki ; he accidentally says about proposing her while showing the truck to them , in which she says yes . 13 `` Sittin ' on the Fence '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Tompkins October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Mary invites Beau and Rooster to have dinner at Cracker Barrel where she works . She intends to set Beau up with Joanne , one of the waitresses . Colt dropped bags of flour , instead of flowers , at Abby 's home and she laughs about it at Maggie 's . At her date with Kenny , Colt tries to flirt with her . Frightened , she leaves with Kenny . Mary invites Joanne to dinner at the ranch but Beau scorns the latter for their stark differences . The next evening however , they see each other again to chat over dessert . Maggie comes back and sees the two . 14 `` Let 's Fall to Pieces Together '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau still holds a grudge for Maggie leaving him ; the boys beg him to see her . At the bar , Heather walks by and reconciles with Colt , while Beau meets Maggie . Maggie says that she ran away because she is afraid of reconciling with him by staying in and asks him to live nomadic with her . Joanne comes back and helps Beau decide between Maggie and the ranch . Beau decides to stay and with a heavy heart calls for a divorce . Rooster sets up Abby to talk with Colt at the ranch . Abby ultimately breaks off with Kenny . Heather sees the two and the girls , heartbroken , leave Colt . Colt unsuccessfully reconciles with Abby . 15 5 `` I Know She Still Loves Me '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) The next morning , Colt tries again to reconcile with Abby and successfully asks her for a date . At the bar , Kenny sits with Colt and Rooster when the latter plans a guys ' night party at the bar with themselves to erase Kenny 's heartbroken feelings . After that , they break into Abby 's classroom . A bride and groom figurine Kenny gave to Abby entices him to get back to her . Colt admits his hookup with her , making Kenny furious . Abby has doubts about her relationship but Colt convinces her . Jerry , the family 's lawyer , attempts to settle in the divorce of Beau and Maggie but her terms on giving her share of the ranch to the boys turns him off . Despite the divorce eventually going on , she comes back to the ranch to justify this as a way for them to bear more responsibility . That night , Beau delegates the upcoming herd insemination to them . 16 6 `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt and Rooster tries to satisfy Beau by doing the insemination themselves ; he tells them they are doing it wrong while still letting them off . From Dale 's inspection , they only successfully made one cow pregnant , much to Beau 's dissatisfaction . Maggie tells Beau to give them a chance . The next day however , Beau takes the duty back from them . Abby 's mom has an accident and Colt visits her . At the hospital , Colt sees Kenny hugging Abby ; Colt fights with her over this at her home . Colt demands her to depend on him only as she says Kenny was coming as a friend , but not before lying about him not being there . Kenny , still mad at Colt , still considers Abby as her fiance . 17 7 `` I 've Come to Expect It from You '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt invites Abby into their first date since getting back together at a laundromat where stood Rick 's Arcade , where they went on their first date . They have sex later and read together at her house . Colt tries to read a book to satisfy Abby but the next night buys her a TV . Colt is concerned about his differences with Abby but she tells him they complete each other . Rooster , still upset , vents to Maggie ; she tells him to just let it go . Maggie storms back to the ranch to hand him the divorce papers and scold Beau for agreeing with her about teaching the boys yet does n't adopt it . Upon Dale 's inspection that Beau does the insemination job well , the boys leave him . Joanne stops by and illustrates her distant relationship with her daughter to tell him that maintaining a relationship is more important than just being right . Ed invites Rooster to work for him at another ranch . 18 8 `` The Cowboy Rides Away '' David Trainer Story by : Nikki Schiefelbein & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Steve Leff October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Beau apologizes to the boys for not trusting them enough . Rooster dismisses Ed 's offer as Maggie suggests otherwise . He visits Ed 's farm and meets Umberto , his farm 's former caretaker . The two reunite with Colt and Abby at the bar . Rooster tells about the offer to the disbelief of Colt and then gets passive - aggressive with Beau . When Colt storms into Maggie , she defends her decision in order to make Rooster happy and that he paid for Colt 's plane ticket for a Barcelona Dragons tryout as a way of supporting him . Colt eventually lets Rooster take the job . He tells this to Beau as he thanked him for his help so far . Beau leaves out of his sight in disbelief . 19 9 `` Leavin 's Been Comin ' ( For a Long , Long Time ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Steve Tompkins Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Despite Rooster 's new job starting in two weeks , Beau kicks him out and he moves to Mary 's . Maggie reveals to him that she set up Rooster 's job offer with Ed as a way to make him more mature and earn more money . After hearing Umberto 's revelation about giving money to his family while staying poor , Colt requests Beau to communicate with Rooster . At another date , Abby allows Colt to come to her house at anytime . Beau tries to settle in the paper with Maggie but their lawyer gives up due to the disagreement with Maggie 's call of selling her share of the ranch to her kids , in which Beau demands Rooster be left out . Rooster offers Colt to work on the new ranch but he declines . 20 10 `` Merry Christmas ( Wherever You Are ) '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle October 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 07 ) Colt and Abby think ahead of their future as a soon - to - be family . Colt tells to Beau he is staying but Beau wants to sell the ranch due to his disagreement with the divorce terms . Mary asks Rooster not to invite Umberto anymore as he fails to babysit her daughters ' babies . Maggie agrees that Rooster 's name be left out after he agrees . Beau and Maggie finally sign the newly drafted divorce paper containing the terms . At a Christmas party in the bar , Colt gives Abby 's family the Broncos ' playoff tickets as they witness Kenny date local weather presenter Tanya Showers . Mary catch Umberto and Darlene having sex at the bar and gives them her blessing . Joanne visits Beau and give each other hats of each other 's car brand that they hate . Joanne is finally granted to see her daughter and granddaughter . Beau finally comes to the bar as the party is over . The kids give Maggie animal tap handlers symbolizing their nicknames and an old family picture . Colt gives Beau Ugg boots and he gives back a hug . Beau gives Rooster Grandpa 's knife but he still can not warm up to Beau , telling him he does not appreciate him enough . When Colt is about to head out to propose to Abby , Heather is waiting outside to announce her pregnancy with his child . Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 3 21 `` My Next Thirty Years '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Colt reacts to Heather 's pregnancy with disbelief . As Beau is drunk and goes home with Maggie , Colt tells nothing about the pregnancy . Beau invites Maggie to stay in for the night but she declines as she tells them they are already divorced . She wants Beau to remain hopeful that Rooster will come back . At Mary 's , Darlene is upset because her ex-boyfriend Luke gives nothing for their son for Christmas . Rooster steals a bike for him . Colt is summoned to Abby 's to meet her parents and go to church together . Colt interacts awkwardly with them . On Christmas Day , Beau gives Colt a book of newspaper articles about his football career . Colt breaks Heather 's pregnancy to Beau and Beau asks him to do whatever it takes for his future child regardless of his readiness . Beau breaks the news to Maggie with a bottle of wine they promised to open when they have their first grandchild . Colt wishes to propose Heather as she says she wants to abort the baby . 22 `` Things Change '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Heather confesses she does n't love Colt . He then gets blame by his parents for having sex with her in the first place and is told that Abby will find out about Heather 's pregnancy in one way or another . Mary shoots the family truck as a revenge . Rooster is kicked out from Mary 's house for not telling her about the pregnancy . He is offered by Maggie to sleep in the hunting cabin which is left in disarray , and reluctantly accepts . Abby drops by the ranch and wishes to have sex with Colt , which he declines . Colt finally tells Heather 's pregnancy to her , as she storms out in disbelief . Beau gets a haircut at a local hair salon and befriends Brenda . 23 `` Take Me Away from Here '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Max Searle & Steve Leff June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 24 `` She 'll Have You Back '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nikki Schiefelbein June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 25 5 `` My Best Friend '' David Trainer Story by : Ashton Kutcher & Carla Filisha Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jamie Rhonheimer June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 26 6 `` Find Out Who Your Friends Are '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Max Williger June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 27 7 `` One of Those Nights '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jason Zumwalt June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 28 8 `` I Did n't Ask and She Did n't Say '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 29 9 `` Last Dollar ( Fly Away ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) 30 10 `` Ca n't Really Be Gone '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell Teleplay by : Don Reo & Nathan Chetty June 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 16 ) Part 4 31 `` Learning to Live Again '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 32 `` Wrapped Up in You '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Max Searle Teleplay by : Steve Tompkins & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 33 `` Rodeo and Juliet '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Max Searle Teleplay by : Carla Filisha & Steve Leff December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 34 `` Much Too Young ( To Feel this Old ) '' David Trainer Story by : Jim Patterson & Matt Ross Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 35 5 `` More Than a Memory '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Steve Leff Teleplay by : Jim Patterson & Jeff Lowell December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 36 6 `` When You Come Back to Me Again '' David Trainer Story by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 37 7 `` Do What You Gotta Do '' David Trainer Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 38 8 `` Big Money '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 39 9 `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Tompkins & Max Searle Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Nathan Chetty December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) 40 10 `` If Tomorrow Never Comes '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Max Searle December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) Season 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date Part 5 41 `` Starting Over Again '' David Trainer Story by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 42 `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Brian Keith Etheridge & Carla Filisha June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 43 `` A Gamble Either Way '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Nikki Schiefelbein Teleplay by : Brian Keith Etheridge & Carla Filisha June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 44 `` Baby I 'm Burning '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Steve Leff & Jessica Kravitz June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 45 5 `` Travelin ' Prayer '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 46 6 `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' David Trainer Story by : Bryce VanKooten & William Vallery Teleplay by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Lisa K. Nelson June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 47 7 `` Telling Me Lies '' David Trainer Story by : Steve Leff & Brian Keith Etheridge Teleplay by : Nikki Schiefelbein & Carla Filisha June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 48 8 `` Fresh Out of Forgiveness '' David Trainer Story by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson Teleplay by : Matt Ross & Nathan Chetty June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 49 9 `` It Ai n't Fair that It Ai n't Right '' David Trainer Story by : Jamie Rhonheimer & Matt Ross Teleplay by : Nathan Chetty & Jessica Kravitz June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) 50 10 `` Change '' David Trainer Story by : Jeff Lowell & Jamie Rhonheimer Teleplay by : Don Reo & Jim Patterson June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) Reception ( edit ) The Ranch has earned positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the series an average approval rating of 70 % ( 60 % for season 1 , 80 % for season 2 ) based on 92 reviews , with an average rating of 4.5 / 5 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A formulaic set - up and predictable plotting are elevated by The Ranch 's surprising sensitivity and strong performances . '' Metacritic gave the series a score of 56 out of 100 , based on 20 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Writing for Slate in a positive review , television critic Willa Paskin wrote of the show , `` The Ranch is a red - state sitcom , though it takes place in the swing state of Colorado , and is good enough to be watched by people of any political affiliation '' and `` The goodness sneaks up on you . '' Los Angeles Times wrote : `` ( Elliott and Winger 's ) scenes together , as restrained as they are , are the show 's most emotionally resonant . You will want to check them out . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' The Ranch ' offers up a country - heavy soundtrack '' . The Rowdy. April 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher , Danny Masterson Team For Netflix Comedy ' The Ranch ' '' . Variety . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ashton Kutcher & Danny Masterson To Star In Netflix Series From ' 2.5 Men ' Duo '' . Deadline Hollywood . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Villareal , Yvonne ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher bucks conventions on his Netflix sitcom ' The Ranch ' and ponders reviving ' That ' 70s Show ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ASHTON KUTCHER AND DANNY MASTERSON STARRING IN NEW NETFLIX SITCOM , THE RANCH '' . IGN . June 17 , 2015 . Retrieved June 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa de Moraes ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline Hollywood . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - ranch , the on netflix '' . The Futon Critic. April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Ashton Kutcher Sitcom ' The Ranch ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Patrick . `` The Ranch season 2 release date announcement '' . netflixlife.com . Retrieved 12 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' Part 4 Release Date Revealed '' . Streaming . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Olin , Bryce ( July 4 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix Renews ' The Ranch ' for Season 3 '' . Netflix Life . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` Danny Masterson Fired From Netflix 's ' The Ranch ' Amid Sexual Assault Claims , Vows To Clear His Name `` Once And For All '' `` . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Denise Petski ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Ranch ' Season 3 Gets Premiere Date ; Includes Danny Masterson 's Final Episodes '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Ranch - Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's new multicamera sitcom is engineered to compete with network TV . And it 's good '' . Slate ( magazine ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Ranch ' is an old - fashioned sitcom , but Sam Elliott and Debra Winger make it worth watching '' . LA Times . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 15 . 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Llama Llama The New Legends of Monkey Altered Carbon Dirty Money Queer Eye Ugly Delicious B : The Beginning Flint Town Girls Incarcerated A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - Nailed It ! On My Block Wild Wild Country Alexa & Katie The Mechanism Requiem Sword Gai : The Animation Lost Song Troy : Fall of a City The Boss Baby : Back in Business Fastest Car Lost in Space Aggretsuko Spy Kids : Mission Critical The Letdown A Little Help with Carol Burnett Busted ! The Rain The Who Was ? Show Explained The Hollow The Ballad of Hugo Sánchez Harvey Street Kids Kiss Me First Samantha ! Sacred Games The Epic Tales of Captain Underpants Sugar Rush Dark Tourist Cupcake & Dino : General Services All About the Washingtons Insatiable The House of Flowers Disenchantment The Innocents Ghoul Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Ranch_(TV_series)&oldid=856917852 '' Categories : 2016 American television series debuts 2010s American sitcoms English - language television programs Netflix original programming Television series created by Don Reo Television shows set in Colorado Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 11 : 06 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who plays joanne on the ranch season 2
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[
"Barry Corbin as Dale Rivers, a hearing-impaired veterinarian and close friend of Beau's\nGrady Lee Richmond as Hank, a regular Maggie's patron\nBret Harrison as Kenneth \"Kenny\" Ballard, a Courtyard by Marriott manager and Abby's ex-fiancé\nMegyn Price as Mary Roth, a Cracker Barrel waitress and Rooster's older girlfriend\nKelli Goss as Heather Roth, Mary's younger daughter and Colt's ex-girlfriend, was pregnant with their child.\nMolly McCook as Darlene Roth, Mary's older daughter\nKathy Baker as Joanne, a Cracker Barrel waitress, Mary's friend, and potential new love interest for Beau\nEthan Suplee as \"Beer Pong Billy\" Tompkins, a police officer and high school friend of Colt and Rooster's\nAimee Teegarden as Nikki, Heather's friend and Billy's fiancée\nChasty Ballesteros as Tanya Showers, a sexy weather reporter and Kenny's current girlfriend\nLaura Vallejo as Maria, a Maggie's waitress\nSharon Lawrence as Brenda Sanders, a widowed hairdresser who befriended Beau when he and Maggie separated\nMaggie Lawson as Jen the engineer, who wants to build a pipeline underneath the Bennett Ranch and Rooster love interest.\nWendie Malick as Lisa Neumann, owner of Neumann's Hill"
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"Kathy Baker"
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