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8738886892112996704	Red blood cell	Red blood cell - wikipedia Red blood cell Jump to : navigation , search Red blood cell Scanning electron micrograph of human red blood cells ( ca . 6 -- 8 μm in diameter ) Details Function Oxygen transport Identifiers Acronym ( s ) RBC MeSH D004912 Anatomical terms of microanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) Red blood cells ( RBCs ) , also called erythrocytes , are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate 's principal means of delivering oxygen ( O ) to the body tissues -- via blood flow through the circulatory system . RBCs take up oxygen in the lungs , or gills of fish , and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body 's capillaries . The cytoplasm of erythrocytes is rich in hemoglobin , an iron - containing biomolecule that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the red color of the cells . The cell membrane is composed of proteins and lipids , and this structure provides properties essential for physiological cell function such as deformability and stability while traversing the circulatory system and specifically the capillary network . In humans , mature red blood cells are flexible and oval biconcave disks . They lack a cell nucleus and most organelles , in order to accommodate maximum space for hemoglobin ; they can be viewed as sacks of hemoglobin , with a plasma membrane as the sack . Approximately 2.4 million new erythrocytes are produced per second in human adults . The cells develop in the bone marrow and circulate for about 100 -- 120 days in the body before their components are recycled by macrophages . Each circulation takes about 60 seconds ( one minute ) . Approximately a quarter of the cells in the human body are red blood cells . Nearly half of the blood 's volume ( 40 % to 45 % ) is red blood cells . Red blood cells are also known as RBCs , red cells , red blood corpuscles , haematids , erythroid cells or erythrocytes ( from Greek erythros for `` red '' and kytos for `` hollow vessel '' , with - cyte translated as `` cell '' in modern usage ) . Packed red blood cells ( pRBC ) are red blood cells that have been donated , processed , and stored in a blood bank for blood transfusion . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Vertebrates 1.2 Mammals 1.3 Human 2 Microstructure 2.1 Nucleus 2.2 Membrane composition 2.2. 1 Membrane lipids 2.2. 2 Membrane proteins 2.3 Surface electrostatic potential 3 Function 3.1 Secondary functions 3.2 Cellular processes 4 Life cycle 4.1 Creation 4.2 Functional lifetime 4.3 Senescence 5 Clinical significance 5.1 Disease 5.2 Transfusion 5.3 Tests 5.4 Separation and blood doping 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Structure Vertebrates There is an immense size variation in vertebrate red blood cells , as well as a correlation between cell and nucleus size . Mammalian red blood cells , which do not contain nuclei , are considerably smaller than those of most other vertebrates . Mature red blood cells of birds have a nucleus , however in the blood of adult females of penguin Pygoscelis papua enucleated red blood cells ( B ) have been observed , but with very low frequency . Almost all vertebrates , including all mammals and humans , have red blood cells . Red blood cells are cells present in blood in order to transport oxygen . The only known vertebrates without red blood cells are the crocodile icefish ( family Channichthyidae ) ; they live in very oxygen - rich cold water and transport oxygen freely dissolved in their blood . While they no longer use hemoglobin , remnants of hemoglobin genes can be found in their genome . Vertebrate red blood cells consist mainly of hemoglobin , a complex metalloprotein containing heme groups whose iron atoms temporarily bind to oxygen molecules ( O ) in the lungs or gills and release them throughout the body . Oxygen can easily diffuse through the red blood cell 's cell membrane . Hemoglobin in the red blood cells also carries some of the waste product carbon dioxide back from the tissues ; most waste carbon dioxide , however , is transported back to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs as bicarbonate ( HCO ) dissolved in the blood plasma . Myoglobin , a compound related to hemoglobin , acts to store oxygen in muscle cells . The color of red blood cells is due to the heme group of hemoglobin . The blood plasma alone is straw - colored , but the red blood cells change color depending on the state of the hemoglobin : when combined with oxygen the resulting oxyhemoglobin is scarlet , and when oxygen has been released the resulting deoxyhemoglobin is of a dark red burgundy color . However , blood can appear bluish when seen through the vessel wall and skin . Pulse oximetry takes advantage of the hemoglobin color change to directly measure the arterial blood oxygen saturation using colorimetric techniques . Hemoglobin also has a very high affinity for carbon monoxide , forming carboxyhemoglobin which is a very bright red in color . Flushed , confused patients with a saturation reading of 100 % on pulse oximetry are sometimes found to be suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning . Having oxygen - carrying proteins inside specialized cells ( as opposed to oxygen carriers being dissolved in body fluid ) was an important step in the evolution of vertebrates as it allows for less viscous blood , higher concentrations of oxygen , and better diffusion of oxygen from the blood to the tissues . The size of red blood cells varies widely among vertebrate species ; red blood cell width is on average about 25 % larger than capillary diameter , and it has been hypothesized that this improves the oxygen transfer from red blood cells to tissues . Mammals Typical mammalian red blood cells : ( a ) seen from surface ; ( b ) in profile , forming rouleaux ; ( c ) rendered spherical by water ; ( d ) rendered crenate by salt . ( c ) and ( d ) do not normally occur in the body . The red blood cells of mammal s are typically shaped as biconcave disks : flattened and depressed in the center , with a dumbbell - shaped cross section , and a torus - shaped rim on the edge of the disk . This distinctive biconcave shape optimises the flow properties of blood in the large vessels , such as maximization of laminar flow and minimization of platelet scatter , which suppresses their atherogenic activity in those large vessels . Moreover , this shape allows for a high surface - area - to - volume ( SA / V ) ratio to facilitate diffusion of gases . However , there are some exceptions concerning shape in the artiodactyl order ( even - toed ungulates including cattle , deer , and their relatives ) , which displays a wide variety of bizarre red blood cell morphologies : small and highly ovaloid cells in llamas and camels ( family Camelidae ) , tiny spherical cells in mouse deer ( family Tragulidae ) , and cells which assume fusiform , lanceolate , crescentic , and irregularly polygonal and other angular forms in red deer and wapiti ( family Cervidae ) . Members of this order have clearly evolved a mode of red blood cell development substantially different from the mammalian norm . Overall , mammalian red blood cells are remarkably flexible and deformable so as to squeeze through tiny capillaries , as well as to maximize their apposing surface by assuming a cigar shape , where they efficiently release their oxygen load . Red blood cells in mammals are unique amongst vertebrates as they do not have nuclei when mature . Red blood cells of mammals cells have nuclei during early phases of erythropoiesis , but extrude them during development as they mature in order to provide more space for hemoglobin . The red blood cells without nuclei , called reticulocytes , go on to lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria , Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum . The spleen acts as a reservoir of red blood cells , but this effect is somewhat limited in humans . In some other mammals such as dogs and horses , the spleen sequesters large numbers of red blood cells which are dumped into the blood during times of exertion stress , yielding a higher oxygen transport capacity . Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells . From left to right : human red blood cell , thrombocyte ( platelet ) , leukocyte . Human Two drops of blood are shown with a bright red oxygenated drop on the left and a deoxygenated drop on the right . Animation of a typical human red blood cell cycle in the circulatory system . This animation occurs at a faster rate ( ~ 20 seconds of the average 60 - second cycle ) and shows the red blood cell deforming as it enters capillaries , as well as the bars changing color as the cell alternates in states of oxygenation along the circulatory system . A typical human red blood cell has a disk diameter of approximately 6.2 -- 8.2 μm and a thickness at the thickest point of 2 -- 2.5 μm and a minimum thickness in the centre of 0.8 -- 1 μm , being much smaller than most other human cells . These cells have an average volume of about 90 fL with a surface of about 136 μm , and can swell up to a sphere shape containing 150 fL , without membrane distension . Adult humans have roughly 20 -- 30 trillion red blood cells at any given time , constituting approximately 70 % all cells by number . Women have about 4 -- 5 million red blood cells per microliter ( cubic millimeter ) of blood and men about 5 -- 6 million ; people living at high altitudes with low oxygen tension will have more . Red blood cells are thus much more common than the other blood particles : there are about 4,000 -- 11,000 white blood cells and about 150,000 -- 400,000 platelets per microliter . Human red blood cells take on average 60 seconds to complete one cycle of circulation . The blood 's red color is due to the spectral properties of the hemic iron ions in hemoglobin . Each human red blood cell contains approximately 270 million of these hemoglobin molecules . Each hemoglobin molecule carries four heme groups ; hemoglobin constitutes about a third of the total cell volume . Hemoglobin is responsible for the transport of more than 98 % of the oxygen in the body ( the remaining oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood plasma ) . The red blood cells of an average adult human male store collectively about 2.5 grams of iron , representing about 65 % of the total iron contained in the body . Microstructure Nucleus Red blood cells in mammals anucleate when mature , meaning that they lack a cell nucleus . In comparison , the red blood cells of other vertebrates have nuclei ; the only known exceptions are salamanders of the Batrachoseps genus and fish of the Maurolicus genus with closely related species . The elimination of the nucleus in vertebrate red blood cells has been offered as an explanation for the subsequent accumulation of non-coding DNA in the genome . The argument runs as follows : Efficient gas transport requires red blood cells to pass through very narrow capillaries , and this constrains their size . In the absence of nuclear elimination , the accumulation of repeat sequences is constrained by the volume occupied by the nucleus , which increases with genome size . Nucleated red blood cells in mammals consist of two forms : normoblasts , which are normal erythropoietic precursors to mature red blood cells , and megaloblasts , which are abnormally large precursors that occur in megaloblastic anemias . Membrane composition Red blood cells are deformable , flexible , are able to adhere to other cells , and are able to interface with immune cells . Their membrane plays many roles in this . These functions are highly dependent on the membrane composition . The red blood cell membrane is composed of 3 layers : the glycocalyx on the exterior , which is rich in carbohydrates ; the lipid bilayer which contains many transmembrane proteins , besides its lipidic main constituents ; and the membrane skeleton , a structural network of proteins located on the inner surface of the lipid bilayer . Half of the membrane mass in human and most mammalian red blood cells are proteins . The other half are lipids , namely phospholipids and cholesterol . Membrane lipids The most common red blood cell cell membrane lipids , schematically disposed as they are distributed on the bilayer . Relative abundances are not at scale . The red blood cell cell membrane comprises a typical lipid bilayer , similar to what can be found in virtually all human cells . Simply put , this lipid bilayer is composed of cholesterol and phospholipids in equal proportions by weight . The lipid composition is important as it defines many physical properties such as membrane permeability and fluidity . Additionally , the activity of many membrane proteins is regulated by interactions with lipids in the bilayer . Unlike cholesterol , which is evenly distributed between the inner and outer leaflets , the 5 major phospholipids are asymmetrically disposed , as shown below : Outer monolayer Phosphatidylcholine ( PC ) ; Sphingomyelin ( SM ) . Inner monolayer Phosphatidylethanolamine ( PE ) ; Phosphoinositol ( PI ) ( small amounts ) . Phosphatidylserine ( PS ) ; This asymmetric phospholipid distribution among the bilayer is the result of the function of several energy - dependent and energy - independent phospholipid transport proteins . Proteins called `` Flippases '' move phospholipids from the outer to the inner monolayer , while others called `` floppases '' do the opposite operation , against a concentration gradient in an energy dependent manner . Additionally , there are also `` scramblase '' proteins that move phospholipids in both directions at the same time , down their concentration gradients in an energy independent manner . There is still considerable debate ongoing regarding the identity of these membrane maintenance proteins in the red cell membrane . The maintenance of an asymmetric phospholipid distribution in the bilayer ( such as an exclusive localization of PS and PIs in the inner monolayer ) is critical for the cell integrity and function due to several reasons : Macrophages recognize and phagocytose red cells that expose PS at their outer surface . Thus the confinement of PS in the inner monolayer is essential if the cell is to survive its frequent encounters with macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system , especially in the spleen . Premature destruction of thallassemic and sickle red cells has been linked to disruptions of lipid asymmetry leading to exposure of PS on the outer monolayer . An exposure of PS can potentiate adhesion of red cells to vascular endothelial cells , effectively preventing normal transit through the microvasculature . Thus it is important that PS is maintained only in the inner leaflet of the bilayer to ensure normal blood flow in microcirculation . Both PS and phosphatidylinositol - 4 , 5 - bisphosphate ( PIP2 ) can regulate membrane mechanical function , due to their interactions with skeletal proteins such as spectrin and protein 4.1 R. Recent studies have shown that binding of spectrin to PS promotes membrane mechanical stability . PIP2 enhances the binding of protein band 4.1 R to glycophorin C but decreases its interaction with protein band 3 , and thereby may modulate the linkage of the bilayer to the membrane skeleton . The presence of specialized structures named `` lipid rafts '' in the red blood cell membrane have been described by recent studies . These are structures enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids associated with specific membrane proteins , namely flotillins , stomatins ( band 7 ) , G - proteins , and β - adrenergic receptors . Lipid rafts that have been implicated in cell signaling events in nonerythroid cells have been shown in erythroid cells to mediate β2 - adregenic receptor signaling and increase cAMP levels , and thus regulating entry of malarial parasites into normal red cells . Membrane proteins Red blood cell membrane proteins separated by SDS - PAGE and silverstained The proteins of the membrane skeleton are responsible for the deformability , flexibility and durability of the red blood cell , enabling it to squeeze through capillaries less than half the diameter of the red blood cell ( 7 -- 8 μm ) and recovering the discoid shape as soon as these cells stop receiving compressive forces , in a similar fashion to an object made of rubber . There are currently more than 50 known membrane proteins , which can exist in a few hundred up to a million copies per red blood cell . Approximately 25 of these membrane proteins carry the various blood group antigens , such as the A , B and Rh antigens , among many others . These membrane proteins can perform a wide diversity of functions , such as transporting ions and molecules across the red cell membrane , adhesion and interaction with other cells such as endothelial cells , as signaling receptors , as well as other currently unknown functions . The blood types of humans are due to variations in surface glycoproteins of red blood cells . Disorders of the proteins in these membranes are associated with many disorders , such as hereditary spherocytosis , hereditary elliptocytosis , hereditary stomatocytosis , and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria . The red blood cell membrane proteins organized according to their function : Red blood cell membrane major proteins Transport Band 3 -- Anion transporter , also an important structural component of the red blood cell cell membrane , makes up to 25 % of the cell membrane surface , each red cell contains approximately one million copies . Defines the Diego Blood Group ; Aquaporin 1 -- water transporter , defines the Colton Blood Group ; Glut1 -- glucose and L - dehydroascorbic acid transporter ; Kidd antigen protein -- urea transporter ; RhAG -- gas transporter , probably of carbon dioxide , defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Na / K -- ATPase ; Ca -- ATPase ; Na K 2Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - Cl -- cotransporter ; Na - H exchanger ; K - Cl -- cotransporter ; Gardos Channel . Cell adhesion ICAM - 4 -- interacts with integrins ; BCAM -- a glycoprotein that defines the Lutheran blood group and also known as Lu or laminin - binding protein . Structural role -- The following membrane proteins establish linkages with skeletal proteins and may play an important role in regulating cohesion between the lipid bilayer and membrane skeleton , likely enabling the red cell to maintain its favorable membrane surface area by preventing the membrane from collapsing ( vesiculating ) . Ankyrin - based macromolecular complex -- proteins linking the bilayer to the membrane skeleton through the interaction of their cytoplasmic domains with Ankyrin . Band 3 -- also assembles various glycolytic enzymes , the presumptive CO transporter , and carbonic anhydrase into a macromolecular complex termed a `` metabolon , '' which may play a key role in regulating red cell metabolism and ion and gas transport function ) ; RhAG -- also involved in transport , defines associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh . Protein 4.1 R - based macromolecular complex -- proteins interacting with Protein 4.1 R . Protein 4.1 R -- weak expression of Gerbich antigens ; Glycophorin C and D -- glycoprotein , defines Gerbich Blood Group ; XK -- defines the Kell Blood Group and the Mcleod unusual phenotype ( lack of Kx antigen and greatly reduced expression of Kell antigens ) ; RhD / RhCE -- defines Rh Blood Group and the associated unusual blood group phenotype Rh ; Duffy protein -- has been proposed to be associated with chemokine clearance ; Adducin -- interaction with band 3 ; Dematin - interaction with the Glut1 glucose transporter . Surface electrostatic potential The zeta potential is an electrochemical property of cell surfaces that is determined by the net electrical charge of molecules exposed at the surface of cell membranes of the cell . The normal zeta potential of the red blood cell is − 15.7 milli volts ( mV ) . Much of this potential appears to be contributed by the exposed sialic acid residues in the membrane : their removal results in zeta potential of − 6.06 mV . Function Secondary functions When red blood cells undergo shear stress in constricted vessels , they release ATP , which causes the vessel walls to relax and dilate so as to promote normal blood flow . When their hemoglobin molecules are deoxygenated , red blood cells release S - nitrosothiols , which also act to dilate blood vessels , thus directing more blood to areas of the body depleted of oxygen . Red blood cells can also synthesize nitric oxide enzymatically , using L - arginine as substrate , as do endothelial cells . Exposure of red blood cells to physiological levels of shear stress activates nitric oxide synthase and export of nitric oxide , which may contribute to the regulation of vascular tonus . Red blood cells can also produce hydrogen sulfide , a signalling gas that acts to relax vessel walls . It is believed that the cardioprotective effects of garlic are due to red blood cells converting its sulfur compounds into hydrogen sulfide . Red blood cells also play a part in the body 's immune response : when lysed by pathogens such as bacteria , their hemoglobin releases free radicals , which break down the pathogen 's cell wall and membrane , killing it . Cellular processes As a result of not containing mitochondria , red blood cells use none of the oxygen they transport ; instead they produce the energy carrier ATP by the glycolysis of glucose and lactic acid fermentation on the resulting pyruvate . Furthermore the pentose phosphate pathway plays an important role in red blood cells ; see glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency for more . As red blood cells contain no nucleus , protein biosynthesis is currently assumed to be absent in these cells . Because of the lack of nuclei and organelles , mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and can not synthesize any RNA , and consequently can not divide and have limited repair capabilities . The inability to carry out protein synthesis means that no virus can evolve to target mammalian red blood cells . However , infection with parvoviruses ( such as human parvovirus B19 ) can affect erythroid precursors , as recognized by the presence of giant pronormoblasts with viral particles and inclusion bodies , thus temporarily depleting the blood of reticulocytes and causing anemia . Life cycle Human red blood cells are produced through a process named erythropoiesis , developing from committed stem cells to mature red blood cells in about 7 days . When matured , in a healthy individual these cells live in blood circulation for about 100 to 120 days ( and 80 to 90 days in a full term infant ) . At the end of their lifespan , they are removed from circulation . In many chronic diseases , the lifespan of the red blood cells is reduced . Creation Erythropoiesis is the process by which new red blood cells are produced ; it lasts about 7 days . Through this process red blood cells are continuously produced in the red bone marrow of large bones . ( In the embryo , the liver is the main site of red blood cell production . ) The production can be stimulated by the hormone erythropoietin ( EPO ) , synthesised by the kidney . Just before and after leaving the bone marrow , the developing cells are known as reticulocytes ; these constitute about 1 % of circulating red blood cells . Functional lifetime The functional lifetime of an red blood cell is about 100 -- 120 days , during which time the red blood cells are continually moved by the blood flow push ( in arteries ) , pull ( in veins ) and a combination of the two as they squeeze through microvessels such as capillaries . They are also recycled in the bone marrow . Senescence The aging red blood cell undergoes changes in its plasma membrane , making it susceptible to selective recognition by macrophages and subsequent phagocytosis in the mononuclear phagocyte system ( spleen , liver and lymph nodes ) , thus removing old and defective cells and continually purging the blood . This process is termed eryptosis , red blood cell programmed cell death . This process normally occurs at the same rate of production by erythropoiesis , balancing the total circulating red blood cell count . Eryptosis is increased in a wide variety of diseases including sepsis , haemolytic uremic syndrome , malaria , sickle cell anemia , beta - thalassemia , glucose - 6 - phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency , phosphate depletion , iron deficiency and Wilson 's disease . Eryptosis can be elicited by osmotic shock , oxidative stress , energy depletion as well as a wide variety of endogenous mediators and xenobiotics . Excessive eryptosis is observed in red blood cells lacking the cGMP - dependent protein kinase type I or the AMP - activated protein kinase AMPK . Inhibitors of eryptosis include erythropoietin , nitric oxide , catecholamines and high concentrations of urea . Much of the resulting breakdown products are recirculated in the body . The heme constituent of hemoglobin are broken down into iron ( Fe ) and biliverdin . The biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin , which is released into the plasma and recirculated to the liver bound to albumin . The iron is released into the plasma to be recirculated by a carrier protein called transferrin . Almost all red blood cells are removed in this manner from the circulation before they are old enough to hemolyze . Hemolyzed hemoglobin is bound to a protein in plasma called haptoglobin , which is not excreted by the kidney . Clinical significance Disease Affected by Sickle - cell disease , red blood cells alter shape and threaten to damage internal organs . Blood diseases involving the red blood cells include : Anemias ( or anaemias ) are diseases characterized by low oxygen transport capacity of the blood , because of low red cell count or some abnormality of the red blood cells or the hemoglobin . Iron deficiency anemia is the most common anemia ; it occurs when the dietary intake or absorption of iron is insufficient , and hemoglobin , which contains iron , can not be formed Sickle - cell disease is a genetic disease that results in abnormal hemoglobin molecules . When these release their oxygen load in the tissues , they become insoluble , leading to mis - shaped red blood cells . These sickle shaped red cells are less deformable and viscoelastic meaning that they have become rigid and can cause blood vessel blockage , pain , strokes , and other tissue damage . Thalassemia is a genetic disease that results in the production of an abnormal ratio of hemoglobin subunits . Hereditary spherocytosis syndromes are a group of inherited disorders characterized by defects in the red blood cell 's cell membrane , causing the cells to be small , sphere - shaped , and fragile instead of donut - shaped and flexible . These abnormal red blood cells are destroyed by the spleen . Several other hereditary disorders of the red blood cell membrane are known . Pernicious anemia is an autoimmune disease wherein the body lacks intrinsic factor , required to absorb vitamin B from food . Vitamin B is needed for the production of hemoglobin . Aplastic anemia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce blood cells . Pure red cell aplasia is caused by the inability of the bone marrow to produce only red blood cells . Effect of osmotic pressure on blood cells Micrographs of the effects of osmotic pressure Hemolysis is the general term for excessive breakdown of red blood cells . It can have several causes and can result in hemolytic anemia . The malaria parasite spends part of its life - cycle in red blood cells , feeds on their hemoglobin and then breaks them apart , causing fever . Both sickle - cell disease and thalassemia are more common in malaria areas , because these mutations convey some protection against the parasite . Polycythemias ( or erythrocytoses ) are diseases characterized by a surplus of red blood cells . The increased viscosity of the blood can cause a number of symptoms . In polycythemia vera the increased number of red blood cells results from an abnormality in the bone marrow . Several microangiopathic diseases , including disseminated intravascular coagulation and thrombotic microangiopathies , present with pathognomonic ( diagnostic ) red blood cell fragments called schistocytes . These pathologies generate fibrin strands that sever red blood cells as they try to move past a thrombus . Transfusion Main article : Blood transfusion Red blood cells may be given as part of a blood transfusion . Blood may be donated from another person , or stored by the recipient at an earlier date . Donated blood usually requires screening to ensure that donors do not contain risk factors for the presence of blood - borne diseases , or will not suffer themselves by giving blood . Blood is usually collected and tested for common or serious Blood - borne diseases including Hepatitis B , Hepatitis C and HIV . The blood type ( A , B , AB , or O ) or the blood product is identified . This relates to the presence of antigens on the cell 's surface . After this process , the blood is stored , and within a short duration is used . Blood can be given as a whole product or the red blood cells separated as packed red blood cells . Blood is often transfused when there is known anaemia , active bleeding , or when there is an expectation of serious blood loss , such as prior to an operation . Before blood is given , a small sample of the recipient 's blood is tested with the transfusion in a process known as cross-matching . In addition to the transmission of infection , certain types of transfusion reaction . In 2008 it was reported that human embryonic stem cells had been successfully coaxed into becoming red blood cells in the lab . The difficult step was to induce the cells to eject their nucleus ; this was achieved by growing the cells on stromal cells from the bone marrow . It is hoped that these artificial red blood cells can eventually be used for blood transfusions . Tests Several blood tests involve red blood cells . These include a RBC count ( the number of red blood cells per volume of blood ) , calculation of the hematocrit ( percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells ) , and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate . The blood type needs to be determined to prepare for a blood transfusion or an organ transplantation . Many diseases involving red blood cells are diagnosed with a blood film ( or peripheral blood smear ) , where a thin layer of blood is smeared on a microscope slide . This may reveal abnormalities of red blood cell shape and form . When red blood cells sometimes occur as a stack , flat side next to flat side . This is known as rouleaux formation , and it occurs more often if the levels of certain serum proteins are elevated , as for instance during inflammation . Separation and blood doping Red blood cells can be obtained from whole blood by centrifugation , which separates the cells from the blood plasma in a process known as blood fractionation . Packed red blood cells , which are made in this way from whole blood with the plasma removed , are used in transfusion medicine . During plasma donation , the red blood cells are pumped back into the body right away and only the plasma is collected . Some athletes have tried to improve their performance by blood doping : first about 1 litre of their blood is extracted , then the red blood cells are isolated , frozen and stored , to be reinjected shortly before the competition . ( Red blood cells can be conserved for 5 weeks at − 79 ° C or − 110 ° F ) This practice is hard to detect but may endanger the human cardiovascular system which is not equipped to deal with blood of the resulting higher viscosity . Another method of blood doping involves injection with erythropoietin in order to stimulate production of red blood cells . Both practices are banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency . History The first person to describe red blood cells was the young Dutch biologist Jan Swammerdam , who had used an early microscope in 1658 to study the blood of a frog . Unaware of this work , Anton van Leeuwenhoek provided another microscopic description in 1674 , this time providing a more precise description of red blood cells , even approximating their size , `` 25,000 times smaller than a fine grain of sand '' . In 1901 , Karl Landsteiner published his discovery of the three main blood groups -- A , B , and C ( which he later renamed to O ) . Landsteiner described the regular patterns in which reactions occurred when serum was mixed with red blood cells , thus identifying compatible and conflicting combinations between these blood groups . A year later Alfred von Decastello and Adriano Sturli , two colleagues of Landsteiner , identified a fourth blood group -- AB . In 1959 , by use of X-ray crystallography , Dr. Max Perutz was able to unravel the structure of hemoglobin , the red blood cell protein that carries oxygen . The oldest intact red blood cells ever discovered were found in Ötzi the Iceman , a natural mummy of a man who died around 3255 BCE . These cells were discovered in May 2012 . See also Altitude training Blood serum Erythrocyte deformability Erythrocyte fragility Blood substitute Packed red blood cells Red blood cell indices References Jump up ^ `` Blood Cells '' . Jump up ^ Erich Sackmann , Biological Membranes Architecture and Function. , Handbook of Biological Physics , ( ed . R. Lipowsky and E. Sackmann , vol. 1 , Elsevier , 1995 ^ Jump up to : J.A. Blom ( 15 December 2003 ) . Monitoring of Respiration and Circulation . CRC Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 50328 - 7 . Jump up ^ Laura Dean . 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CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Benavides , Gloria A ; Victor M Darley - Usmar ; Mills , R.W. ; Patel , H.D. ; Isbell , T.S. ; Patel , R.P. ; Darley - Usmar , V.M. ; Doeller , J.E. ; Kraus , D.W. ( 2007 - 11 - 13 ) . `` Hydrogen sulfide mediates the vasoactivity of garlic '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 104 ( 46 ) : 17977 -- 17982 . Bibcode : 2007PNAS ... 10417977B . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0705710104 . PMC 2084282 . PMID 17951430 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Kesava , Shobana ( 2007 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Red blood cells do more than just carry oxygen ; New findings by NUS team show they aggressively attack bacteria too '' ( PDF ) . The Straits Times . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jiang N , Tan NS , Ho B , Ding JL ( October 2007 ) . `` Respiratory protein - generated reactive oxygen species as an antimicrobial strategy '' . Nature Immunology. 8 ( 10 ) : 1114 -- 22 . doi : 10.1038 / ni1501 . 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IUBMB Life . 60 ( 10 ) : 661 -- 8 . doi : 10.1002 / iub. 106 . PMID 18720418 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ An X , Mohandas N ( May 2008 ) . `` Disorders of red cell membrane '' . British Journal of Haematology. 141 ( 3 ) : 367 -- 75 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2141.2008. 07091. x . PMID 18341630 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ First red blood cells grown in the lab , New Scientist News , 19 August 2008 Jump up ^ `` Circular of Information for Blood and Blood Products '' ( pdf ) . American Association of Blood Banks , American Red Cross , America 's Blood Centers . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Swammerdam , Jan ( 1637 -- 1680 ) '' , McGraw Hill AccessScience , 2007 . Accessed 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Red Gold -- Blood History Timeline '' . PBS . 2002 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Pappas ( May 2 , 2012 ) . `` ' Iceman ' mummy holds world 's oldest blood cells '' . Fox News . Retrieved May 2 , 2012 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Red blood cells . Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens by Laura Dean . Searchable and downloadable online textbook in the public domain . Database of vertebrate erythrocyte sizes . Red Gold , PBS site containing facts and history Transfusion medicine General concepts Apheresis ( plasmapheresis , plateletpheresis , leukapheresis ) Blood transfusion Coombs test ( direct and indirect ) Cross-matching Exchange transfusion International Society of Blood Transfusion Intraoperative blood salvage ISBT 128 Transfusion reactions Blood group systems / blood types ABO Chido - Rodgers Colton Cromer Diego Dombrock Duffy Er FORS Gerbich GIL GLOB Hh Ii Indian JR JMH Kell ( Xk ) Kidd Knops Lan Lewis Lutheran LW MNS OK Raph Rh and RHAG Scianna T - Tn Vel Xg Yt Other Blood products / blood donation Whole blood Platelets Red blood cells Plasma / Fresh frozen plasma / PF24 ( Cryoprecipitate + Cryosupernatant ) Blood substitutes The main cell types in blood Myeloid Granulocytes CFU - G Band cell Neutrophil Basophil CFU - Baso Eosinophil CFU - Eos Mast cell CFU - Mast Monocytes Macrophages Histiocytes Kupffer cells Alveolar macrophage Microglia Osteoclasts Epithelioid cells giant cells Langhans giant cells , Foreign - body giant cell Touton giant cells Other Antigen presenting cells Dendritic cells Langerhans cell CFU - DL CFU - M MPS Platelets CFU - Meg Megakaryoblast Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte Red blood cells Reticulocyte Normoblast CFU - E Other Precursor cells CFU - GM Megakaryocyte -- erythroid progenitor cell CFU - GEMM Myelomonocyte Other Plasma Hematopoietic stem cell GND : 4070945 - 0 NDL : 00570626 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_blood_cell&oldid=833022098 '' Categories : Human cells Blood cells Respiration 1658 in science Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Pages with DOIs inactive since 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 07 : 26 . 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-2207211754947083729	Demolition of the Babri Masjid	Demolition of the Babri Masjid - Wikipedia Demolition of the Babri Masjid Demolition of the Babri Masjid Ayodhya Ayodhya ( India ) Location Ayodhya , India Date 6 December 1992 Target Babri Masjid Attack type Riots Deaths 2,000 ( including ensuing riots ) Perpetrators Kar Sevaks On 6 December 1992 , a large crowd of Hindu Kar Sevaks ( activists ) demolished the 16th - century Babri Mosque in the city of Ayodhya , in Uttar Pradesh . The demolition occurred after a political rally at the site turned violent . In Hindu tradition , the city of Ayodhya is the birthplace of Rama . In the 16th century a Mughal general , Mir Baqi , had built a mosque , known as the Babri Masjid , at a site considered by some Hindus to be Ram Janmabhoomi , the birthplace of Rama . In the 1980s , the Vishva Hindu Parishad ( VHP ) began a campaign for the construction of a temple dedicated to Rama at the site , with the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) as its political voice . Several rallies and marches were held as a part of this movement , including the Ram Rath Yatra led by L.K. Advani . On 6 December 1992 the VHP and the BJP organised a rally at the site involving 150,000 volunteers , known as kar sevaks . The rally turned violent , and the crowd overwhelmed security forces and tore down the mosque . A subsequent inquiry into the incident found 68 people responsible , including several leaders of the BJP and the VHP . The demolition resulted in several months of intercommunal rioting between India 's Hindu and Muslim communities , causing the death of at least 2,000 people . Retaliatory violence against Hindus also occurred in Pakistan and Bangladesh . Contents 1 Background 2 Demolition 2.1 Conspiracy allegations 3 Aftermath 3.1 Communal violence 3.2 Investigation 4 International reactions 4.1 Pakistan 4.2 Bangladesh 4.3 Middle East 5 In popular culture 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links Background ( edit ) Ayodhya dispute Archaeology of Ayodhya Babri Masjid Demolition of the Babri Masjid Ram Janmabhoomi 2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack Organizations Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha Vishva Hindu Parishad Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Bharatiya Janata Party Liberhan Commission Nirmohi Akhara Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Sunni Waqf Board People Babur Ashok Singhal Atal Bihari Vajpayee L.K. Advani Kalyan Singh Murli Manohar Joshi Uma Bharti Main article : Ayodhya dispute In Hindu tradition , the birthplace of the deity Rama , known as `` Ram Janmabhoomi '' , is considered a holy site . This site is often believed to at the place where the Babri Masjid stood in the city of Ayodhya in Uttar Pradesh . Historical evidence to support this belief is scarce , and several historians have stated that Ayodhya became a religious centre with a number of temples only in the 18th century AD . In 1528 , following the Mughal conquest of the region , a mosque was built at the site by the Mughal general Mir Baqi , and named the `` Babri Masjid '' after the Mughal emperor Babur . Popular belief holds that Baqi demolished a temple to Rama to build the mosque : limited historical evidence exists to support this theory . Archaeological evidence has been found of a structure pre-dating the mosque . This structure has been variously identified as a Hindu temple and a Buddhist structure . For at least four centuries , the site was used for religious purposes by both Hindus and Muslims . The claim that the mosque stood on the site of a temple was first made in 1822 , by an official of the Faizabad court . The Nirmohi Akhara sect cited this statement in laying claim to the site in later in the 19th century , leading to the first recorded incidents of religious violence at the site , between 1853 and 1855 . In 1859 the British colonial administration set up a railing to separate the outer courtyard of the mosque to avoid disputes . The status quo remained in place until 1949 , when idols of Rama were surreptitiously placed inside the mosque , allegedly by volunteers of the Hindu Mahasabha . This led to an uproar , with both parties filing civil suits laying claim to the land . The placement of the idol was seen as a desecration by the users of the Masjid . The site was declared to be in dispute , and the gates to the Masjid were locked . Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap In the 1980s , the Vishva Hindu Parishad ( VHP ) began a campaign for the construction of a temple dedicated to Rama at the site , with the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) as its political voice . The movement was bolstered by the decision of a district judge , who ruled in 1986 that the gates would be reopened and Hindus permitted to worship there . This decision was endorsed by Indian National Congress politician Rajiv Gandhi , then the Prime Minister of India , who sought to regain support from Hindus he had lost over the Shah Bano controversy . Nonetheless , the Congress lost the 1989 general election , and the BJP 's strength in parliament grew from 2 members to 88 , making its support crucial to the new government of V.P. Singh . In September 1990 , BJP leader L.K. Advani began a Rath Yatra , a political rally travelling across much of north India to Ayodhya . The yatra sought to generate support for the proposed template , and also sought to unite Hindu votes by mobilizing anti-Muslim sentiment . Advani was arrested by the government of Bihar before he could reach Ayodhya . Despite this , a large body of kar sevaks or Sangh Parivar activists reached Ayodhya and attempted to attack the mosque . This resulted in a pitched battle with the paramilitary forces that ended with the death of several kar sevaks . The BJP withdrew its support to the V.P. Singh ministry , necessitating fresh elections . The BJP substantially increased its tally in the union parliament , as well as winning a majority in the Uttar Pradesh assembly . Demolition ( edit ) On 6 December 1992 , the RSS and its affiliates organised a rally involving 150,000 VHP and BJP kar sevaks at the site of the mosque . The ceremonies included speeches by BJP leaders such as Advani , Murli Manohar Joshi and Uma Bharti . During the first few hours of the rally , the crowd grew gradually more restless , and began raising slogans . A police cordon had been placed around the mosque in preparation for attack . However , around noon , a young man managed to slip past the cordon and climb the mosque itself , brandishing a saffron flag . This was seen as a signal by the mob , who then stormed the structure . The police cordon , vastly outnumbered and unprepared for the size of the attack , fled . The mob set upon the building with axes , hammers , and grappling hooks , and within a few hours , the entire mosque was leveled . Hindus also destroyed numerous other mosques within the town . A 2009 report , authored by Justice Manmohan Singh Liberhan , found 68 people to be responsible for the demolition of the Masjid , mostly leaders from the BJP . Among those named were Vajpayee , Advani , Joshi and Vijay Raje Scindia . Kalyan Singh , who was then the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh , also faced severe criticism in the report . Liberhan wrote that he posted bureaucrats and police officers to Ayodhya , whose record indicated that they would stay silent during the mosque 's demolition . Anju Gupta , a police officer who had been in charge of Advani 's security on that day , stated that Advani and Joshi made speeches that contributed to provoking the behaviour of the mob . The report notes that at this time several BJP leaders made `` feeble requests to the kar sevaks to come down ... either in earnest or for the media 's benefit '' . No appeal was made to the Kar Sevaks not to enter the sanctum sanctorum or not to demolish the structure . The report notes : `` This selected act of the leaders itself speaks of the hidden intentions of one and all being to accomplish demolition of the disputed structure . '' The report holds that the `` icons of the movement present ( that day ) ... could just as easily have ... prevented the demolition . '' Conspiracy allegations ( edit ) In a 2005 March book , former Intelligence Bureau ( IB ) Joint Director , Maloy Krishna Dhar claimed that Babri mosque demolition was planned 10 months in advance by top leaders of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh ( `` RSS '' ) , BJP and VHP and raised questions over the way the then Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao , had handled the issue . Dhar claimed that he was directed to arrange the coverage of a key meeting of the BJP / Sangh Parivar and that the meeting `` proved beyond doubt that they ( RSS , BJP , VHP ) had drawn up the blueprint of the Hindutva assault in the coming months and choreographed the ' pralaya nritya ' ( dance of destruction ) at Ayodhya in December 1992 . The RSS , BJP , VHP and the Bajrang Dal leaders present in the meeting amply agreed to work in a well - orchestrated manner . '' Claiming that the tapes of the meeting were personally handed over by him to his boss , he asserts that he has no doubts that his boss had shared the contents with the Prime Minister ( Rao ) and the Home Minister ( SB Chavan ) . The author claimed that there was silent agreement that Ayodhya offered `` a unique opportunity to take the Hindutva wave to the peak for deriving political benefit . '' In April 2014 , a sting operation by Cobrapost claimed that the demolition was not an act of frenzied mobs but an act of sabotage planned with so much secrecy that no government agency got wind of it . It further said that the sabotage was planned several months in advance by Vishva Hindu Parishad and Shiv Sena , but not jointly . Aftermath ( edit ) Part of a series on Violence against Muslims in India Incidents 1969 Gujarat riots 1980 Moradabad riots 1983 Nellie massacre 1987 Hashimpura massacre 1985 Gujarat riots 1989 Bhagalpur violence 1992 Bombay riots 2002 Gujarat riots 2006 Malegaon bombings 2014 Assam Violence Related topics Freedom of religion Violence against Muslims Communal violence ( edit ) The destruction of the Babri Mosque , as well as the destruction of numerous others that day , sparked Muslim outrage around the country , provoking several months of inter-communal rioting in which Hindus and Muslims attacked one another , burning and looting homes , shops and places of worship . Several of the BJP leaders were taken into custody , and the VHP was briefly banned by the government . Despite this , the ensuing riots spread to cities like Mumbai , Surat , Ahmedabad , Kanpur , Delhi , Bhopal and several others , eventually resulting in over 2000 deaths , mainly Muslim . The Mumbai Riots alone , which occurred in December 1992 and January 1993 and which the Shiv Sena played a big part in organising , caused the death of around 900 people , and estimated property damage of around ₹ 9,000 crore ( $3.6 billion ) . The demolition and the ensuing riots were among the major factors behind the 1993 Mumbai bombings and many successive riots in the coming decade . Jihadi groups including the Indian Mujahideen cited the demolition of the Babri Mosque as a reason for their terrorist attacks . Investigation ( edit ) On 16 December 1992 , the Union home ministry set up the Liberhan Commission to investigate the destruction of the Mosque , headed by retired High Court Judge M.S. Liberhan . Totalling 399 sittings over sixteen years , the Commission submitted its 1,029 - page report to Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh on 30 June 2009 . According to the report , the events of 6 December 1992 , in Ayodhya were `` neither spontaneous nor unplanned '' . In March 2015 , the Supreme Court of India admitted a petition alleging that , with a BJP government in power , the CBI would not pursue conspiracy charges against senior BJP leaders including L.K. Advani and Rajnath Singh . The Court asked the CBI to explain its delay in filing an appeal . In April 2017 , Supreme Court of India reinstated criminal conspiracy charges against L.K. Advani , Murli Manohar Joshi , Uma Bharti , Vinay Katiyar and others . International reactions ( edit ) Ayodhya city Pakistan ( edit ) In Pakistan , the government closed offices and schools on 7 December to protest the demolition of the Babri Masjid . The Pakistani Foreign Ministry summoned the Indian ambassador to lodge a formal complaint , and promised to appeal to the United Nations and the Organisation of the Islamic Conference to pressure India to protect the rights of Muslims . Strikes were held across the country , while Muslim mobs attacked and destroyed as many as 30 temples in one day by means of fire and bulldozers , and stormed the office of Air India , India 's national airline , in Lahore . The retaliatory attacks included rhetoric from mobs calling for the destruction of India and of Hinduism . Students from the Quaid - i - Azam University in Islamabad burned an effigy of the then - Prime Minister of India , P.V. Narasimha Rao , and called for `` Jihad '' against Hindus . In subsequent years , thousands of Pakistani Hindus visiting India sought longer visas , and in some cases citizenship of India , citing increased harassment and discrimination in the aftermath of the demolition . Bangladesh ( edit ) Following the demolition in December 1992 , Muslim mobs in Bangladesh attacked and burned down Hindu temples , shops and houses across the country . An India - Bangladesh cricket match was disrupted when a mob of an estimated 5,000 men tried to storm the Bangabandhu National Stadium in the national capital of Dhaka . The Dhaka office of Air India was stormed and destroyed . 10 people were reportedly killed , 11 Hindu temples and several homes destroyed . The aftermath of the violence forced the Bangladeshi Hindu community to curtail the celebrations of Durga Puja in 1993 while calling for the destroyed temples to be repaired and investigations be held into the atrocities . Middle east ( edit ) At its summit meeting in Abu Dhabi , the Gulf Cooperation Council strongly condemned the Babri Masjid demolition . It adopted a resolution which described the act as a `` crime against Muslim holy places . '' Among its member states , Saudi Arabia severely condemned the act . The United Arab Emirates , home to large expatriate communities of Indians and Pakistanis , conveyed a more moderate reaction . In response , the Indian government criticised the GCC for what it regarded as interference in its internal affairs . Ayatollah Ali Khamenei condemned the demolition , and called upon India to do more to protect its Muslim population . Although its government condemned the events , the UAE experienced severe public disturbances due to the demolition of the Babri Mosque . Street protests broke out , and protesters threw stones at a Hindu temple and the Indian Consulate in Dubai . In Al - Ain , 250 km east of Abu Dhabi , angry mobs set fire to the girls wing of an Indian school . In response to the violence , UAE police arrested and deported many expatriate Pakistanis and Indians who had participated in the violence . The Commander - in - Chief of the Dubai police force , Dhahi Khalfan , condemned the violence by foreign nationals in his country . In popular culture ( edit ) Lajja , a 1993 novel in Bengali by Bangladeshi writer Taslima Nasrin , deals with the oppression of Hindus in Bangladesh in the days after the demolition . After its release , the author received death threats in her country , and has been living in exile ever since . Malayalam author N.S. Madhavan 's story `` Thiruthu '' is based on the Babri masjid demolition . The Ayodhya dispute and the riots following the demolition of the Babri Masjid form part of the backdrop to Antara Ganguly 's 2016 novel , Tanya Tania . The documentary Ram ke Naam by Anand Patwardhan examines the events preceding the demolition . The Bollywood film Mausam is based on the events surrounding the demolition . The events riots that followed the demolition are an important part of the plot of several films , including Bombay ( 1995 ) set in the Mumbai riots . Daivanamathil ( 2005 ) explores the repercussions of the demolition on Muslims in Kerala . Both Bombay and Daivanamathi won the Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration at the respective National Film Awards . The 2007 film Black Friday was based upon the 1993 Bombay bombings which were considered to be the after effect of the demolition of the mosque . The demolition is also mentioned in Naseem ( 1995 ) , Striker ( 2010 ) , Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) , 7 Khoon Maaf ( 2011 ) and Sacred Games . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline : Ayodhya holy site crisis '' . BBC News . 17 October 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Sharma , Ram Sharan ( 2003 ) . `` The Ayodhya Issue '' . In Layton , Robert ; Thomas , Julian . Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property . Routledge . pp. 127 -- 137 . ISBN 9781134604982 . ^ Jump up to : Matusitz , Jonathan ( 2014 ) . Symbolism in Terrorism : Motivation , Communication , and Behavior . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 150 . ISBN 9781442235793 . ^ Jump up to : Gopal , Sarvepalli ; Thapar , Romila ; Chandra , Bipan ; Bhattacharya , Sabyasachi ; Jaiswal , Suvira ; Mukhia , Harbans ; Panikkar , K.N. ; Champakalakshmi , R. ; Saberwal , Satish ; Chattopadhyaya , B.D. ; Verma , R.N. ; Meenakshi , K. ; Alam , Muzaffar ; Singh , Dilbagh ; Mukherjee , Mridula ; Palat , Madhavan ; Mukherjee , Aditya ; Ratnagar , S.F. ; Bhattacharya , Neeladri ; Trivedi , K.K. ; Sharma , Yogesh ; Chakravarti , Kunal ; Josh , Bhagwan ; Gurukkal , Rajan ; Ray , Himanshu ( January 1990 ) . `` The Political Abuse of History : Babri Masjid-Rama Janmabhumi Dispute '' . Social Scientist. 18 ( 1 ) : 76 -- 81 . JSTOR 3517330 . ^ Jump up to : Avari , Burjor ( 2013 ) . Islamic Civilization in South Asia : A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent . Routledge . pp. 231 -- 247 . ISBN 9780415580618 . ^ Jump up to : Udayakumar , S.P. ( August 1997 ) . `` Historicizing Myth and Mythologizing History : The ' Ram Temple ' Drama '' . Social Scientist. 25 ( 7 ) . JSTOR 3517601 . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline : Ayodhya holy site crisis '' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Babri mosque case : BJP MP declared absconder '' . The Times of India . 2014 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Guha , Ramachandra ( 2007 ) . India After Gandhi . MacMillan . pp. 633 -- 659 . Jump up ^ Jaffrelot , Christophe ( 2009 ) . `` The Hindu nationalist reinterpretation of pilgrimage in India : the limits of Yatra politics '' . Nations and Nationalism. 15 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 8129.2009. 00364. x . Jump up ^ Tully , Mark ( 5 December 2002 ) . `` Tearing down the Babri Masjid '' . BBC News . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Guha , Ramachandra ( 2007 ) . India After Gandhi . MacMillan . pp. 582 -- 598 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Sequence of events on December 6 '' . Ndtv.com . Retrieved 20 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Uproar over India mosque report : Inquiry into Babri mosque 's demolition in 1992 indicts opposition BJP leaders '' . Al Jazeera. 24 November 2009 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Venkatesan , V. ( 16 July 2005 ) . `` In the dock , again '' . Frontline. 22 ( 15 ) . Jump up ^ `` Report : Sequence of events on December 6 '' . NDTV . November 23 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Babri Masjid demolition was planned 10 months in advance : Book '' . Press Trust of India . January 30 , 2005 . Retrieved 5 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Babri Masjid demolition was well - planned in ahead : Cobrapost sting '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 4 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Gort , Jerald D. ; Henry Jansen ; H.M. Vroom ( 2002 ) . Religion , conflict and reconciliation : multifaith ideals and realities . Rodopi . p. 248 . ISBN 90 - 420 - 1460 - 1 . Jump up ^ ERCES Online Quarterly Review Archived July 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Religious Identity of the Perpetrators and Victims of Communal Violence in Post-Independence India Jump up ^ Steven I. Wilkinson ( 2006 ) . Votes and Violence : Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India . Cambridge University Press . p. 14 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 53605 - 7 . Jump up ^ Gilly , Thomas Albert ; Yakov Gilinskiy ; Vladimir A. Sergevnin ( 2009 ) . The Ethics of Terrorism : Innovative Approaches from an International Perspective . Charles C Thomas . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 398 - 07867 - X . Jump up ^ Raman , B. ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` The Latest ' Indian Mujahideen Mail ' '' . Outlook India . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Sinha , Amitabh ( 2008 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Blast a revenge for Babri '' . Indian Express . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ NDTV correspondent ( 23 November 2009 ) . `` What is the Liberhan Commission ? '' . NDTV India . Retrieved 29 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` India Babri Masjid demolition neither spontaneous nor unplanned : Liberhan '' . Hindustan Times . November 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` In the times of Yakub Memon , remembering the Babri Masjid demolition cases '' . Jump up ^ Babri Masjid demolition : Supreme Court to hear plea claiming CBI may go soft on LK Advani , Indian Express , 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Babri Masjid case : SC issues notices to LK Advani , others over conspiracy charges , Indian Express , 31 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Desk , KR Web ( 2017 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Advani , Bharti , Joshi to stand trial in Babri Masjid case '' . Kashmir Reader . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Babri Masjid Demolition : SC reinstated criminal conspiracy against LK Advani , Murli Manohar Joshi and Uma Bharti '' . MicNode News . 2017 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` PAKISTANIS ATTACK 30 HINDU TEMPLES '' . New York Times . 1992 - 12 - 07 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistani Hindus in India unwilling to return '' . Deccan Herald . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Chronology for Hindus in Bangladesh '' . UNHCR . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ Minorities at Risk Project ( 2004 ) . `` Chronology for Hindus in Bangladesh '' . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Minority Rights Group International ( 2008 ) . `` World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Bangladesh : Hindus '' . United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Pradhan , Prasanta Kumar ( May 2010 ) . `` India and Gulf Cooperation Council : Time to Look Beyond Business '' . Strategic Analysis . 34 ( 3 ) : 409 -- 419 . doi : 10.1080 / 09700161003659103 . ^ Jump up to : Ghosh Anjali ( 2009 ) . India 's foreign policy . Pearson Education India . pp. 310 -- 11 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1025 - 8 . Jump up ^ Deborah Baker Stockholm , Exiled Feminist Writer tells Her Own Story , New York Times , 28 August 1994 . Jump up ^ `` NS Madhavan tells RSS to seek edakka ban '' . Deccan Chronicle. 23 February 2016 . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Hasan , Lamat R. ( 15 April 2017 ) . `` Of Bombay and Karachi ; Review of Tanya Tania by Antara Ganguli '' . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 4 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Pande , Mrinal ( November 1992 ) . `` Ram Ke Naam Chronicle of a demolition Foretold '' ( PDF ) . Manushi ( 73 ) . Jump up ^ Malani , Gaurav ( 23 September 2011 ) . `` Mausam : Movie Review '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mani Ratnam '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurian , Sangeeth ( 19 April 2005 ) . `` ` Daivanamathil ' '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 43rd National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 53rd National Film Awards '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Film Festivals . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 8 times we saw the Babri Masjid debacle recalled on the big screen '' . Catch News . 8 December 2015 . Retrieved 4 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sacred Games review : Netflix crime thriller engages viewers with intrigue and mystery '' . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Ayodhya 6 December 1992 ( ISBN 0 - 670 - 05858 - 0 ) by P.V. Narasimha Rao Indian Controversies : Essays on Religion in Politics by Arun Shourie , New Delhi : Rupa & Co , 1993 . ISBN 8190019929 . External links ( edit ) Babri Masjid Demolition , webpage at The Times of India Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demolition_of_the_Babri_Masjid&oldid=852824986 '' Categories : 1992 in India History of Uttar Pradesh ( 1947 -- present ) Ayodhya dispute Attacks on mosques Religious riots Religiously motivated violence in India Destroyed mosques Persecution by Hindus December 1992 events Attacks on places of worship in India Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use Indian English from February 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from February 2017 Pages with maps Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 31 July 2018 , at 16 : 36 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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-6372076432149982314	24-hour clock	24 - hour clock - wikipedia 24 - hour clock Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 24 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 00 : 00 12 : 00 midnight ( start of the day ) 01 : 00 1 : 00 a.m. 02 : 00 2 : 00 a.m. 03 : 00 3 : 00 a.m 04 : 00 4 : 00 a.m. 05 : 00 5 : 00 a.m. 06 : 00 6 : 00 a.m. 07 : 00 7 : 00 a.m. 08 : 00 8 : 00 a.m. 09 : 00 9 : 00 a.m. 10 : 00 10 : 00 a.m. 11 : 00 11 : 00 a.m. 12 : 00 12 : 00 noon * 13 : 00 1 : 00 p.m. 14 : 00 2 : 00 p.m. 15 : 00 3 : 00 p.m. 16 : 00 4 : 00 p.m. 17 : 00 5 : 00 p.m. 18 : 00 6 : 00 p.m. 19 : 00 7 : 00 p.m. 20 : 00 8 : 00 p.m. 21 : 00 9 : 00 p.m. 22 : 00 10 : 00 p.m. 23 : 00 11 : 00 p.m. 24 : 00 ( midnight ) * ( end of the day ) * See `` Confusion at noon and midnight '' The 24 - hour clock is the convention of time keeping in which the day runs from midnight to midnight and is divided into 24 hours , indicated by the hours passed since midnight , from 0 to 23 . This system is the most commonly used time notation in the world today , and is used by international standard ISO 8601 . A limited number of countries , particularly English - speaking nations , use the 12 - hour clock as a standard , or a mixture of the 24 - and 12 - hour time systems . In countries where the 12 - hour clock is still dominant , some professions prefer to use the 24 - hour clock . For example , in the practice of medicine the 24 - hour clock is generally used in documentation of care as it prevents any ambiguity as to when events occurred in a patient 's medical history . In the United States and a handful of other countries , it is popularly referred to as military time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Midnight 00 : 00 and 24 : 00 1.2 Times after 24 : 00 2 Computer support 3 Military time 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) A Russian 24 hour watch for polar expeditions from 1969 , made by Soviet watchmaker Raketa . Polar nights or days make it necessary to use a 24 - hour scale instead of 12 . A time of day is written in the 24 - hour notation in the form hh : mm ( for example 01 : 23 ) or hh : mm : ss ( for example , 01 : 23 : 45 ) , where hh ( 00 to 23 ) is the number of full hours that have passed since midnight , mm ( 00 to 59 ) is the number of full minutes that have passed since the last full hour , and ss ( 00 to 59 ) is the number of seconds since the last full minute . In the case of a leap second , the value of ss may extend to 60 . A leading zero is added for numbers under 10 , but it is optional for the hours . The leading zero is very commonly used in computer applications , and always used when a specifications require it ( for example , ISO 8601 ) . Where subsecond resolution is required , the seconds can be a decimal fraction ; that is , the fractional part follows a decimal dot or comma , as in 01 : 23 : 45.678 . The most commonly used separator symbol between hours , minutes and seconds is the colon , which is also the symbol used in ISO 8601 . In the past , some European countries used the dot on the line as a separator , but most national standards on time notation have since then been changed to the international standard colon . In some contexts ( including the U.S. military and some computer protocols ) , no separator is used and times are written as , for example , `` 2359 '' . In East Asia , time notation was 24 - hour before westernization in modern times . Western - made clocks were changed into 12 dual - hours style when they were shipped to China in the Qing dynasty . Midnight 00 : 00 and 24 : 00 ( edit ) In the 24 - hour time notation , the day begins at midnight , 00 : 00 , and the last minute of the day begins at 23 : 59 . Where convenient , the notation 24 : 00 may also be used to refer to midnight at the end of a given date -- that is , 24 : 00 of one day is the same time as 00 : 00 of the following day . The notation 24 : 00 mainly serves to refer to the exact end of a day in a time interval . A typical usage is giving opening hours ending at midnight ( e.g. `` 00 : 00 -- 24 : 00 '' , `` 07 : 00 -- 24 : 00 '' ) . Similarly , some railway timetables show 00 : 00 as departure time and 24 : 00 as arrival time . Legal contracts often run from the start date at 00 : 00 until the end date at 24 : 00 . While the 24 - hour notation unambiguously distinguishes between midnight at the start ( 00 : 00 ) and end ( 24 : 00 ) of any given date , there is no commonly accepted distinction among users of the 12 - hour notation . Style guides and military communication regulations in some English - speaking countries discourage the use of 24 : 00 even in the 24 - hour notation , and recommend reporting times near midnight as 23 : 59 or 00 : 01 instead . Sometimes the use of 00 : 00 is also avoided . In variance with this , the correspondence manual for the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps formerly specified 0001 to 2400 . The manual was updated in June 2015 to use 0000 to 2359 . Times after 24 : 00 ( edit ) See also : Date and time notation in Japan § Time Danish multi-ride ticket with non-standard timestamp `` 27 : 45 '' . Time - of - day notations beyond 24 : 00 ( such as 24 : 01 or 25 : 00 instead of 00 : 01 or 01 : 00 ) are not commonly used and not covered by the relevant standards . However , they have been used occasionally in some special contexts in the UK , Japan , South Korea , Hong Kong and China where business hours extend beyond midnight , such as broadcast television production and scheduling . Computer support ( edit ) In most countries , computers by default show the time in 24 - hour notation . For example , Microsoft Windows and macOS activate the 12 - hour notation by default only if a computer is in a handful of specific language and region settings . The 24 - hour system is commonly used in text - based interfaces . Programs such as ls default to displaying timestamps in 24 hour format . Military time ( edit ) In American and Canadian English , the term military time is a synonym for the 24 - hour clock . In these dialects , the time of day is customarily given almost exclusively using the 12 - hour clock notation , which counts the hours of the day as 12 , 1 , ... , 11 with suffixes a.m. and p.m. distinguishing the two diurnal repetitions of this sequence . The 24 - hour clock is commonly used there only in some specialist areas ( military , aviation , navigation , tourism , meteorology , astronomy , computing , logistics , emergency services , hospitals ) , where the ambiguities of the 12 - hour notation are deemed too inconvenient , cumbersome , or dangerous . Military usage , as agreed between the United States and allied English - speaking military forces , differs in some respects from other twenty - four - hour time systems : No hours / minutes separator is used when writing the time , and a letter designating the time zone is appended ( for example `` 0340Z '' ) . Leading zeros are always written out and are required to be spoken , so 5 : 43 a.m. is spoken `` zero five forty - three '' ( casually ) or `` zero five four three '' ( military radio ) , as opposed to `` five forty - three '' or `` five four three '' . Military time zones are lettered and thus given word designations via the NATO phonetic alphabet . For example , 6 : 00 a.m. US Eastern Standard Time ( UTC − 5 ) would be written `` 0600R '' and spoken `` zero six hundred Romeo '' . Local time is designated as zone J or `` Juliett '' . `` 1200J '' ( `` twelve hundred Juliett '' ) is noon local time . Greenwich Mean Time ( or Coordinated Universal Time ) is designated time zone Z , and thus called `` Zulu time '' . Hours are always `` hundred '' , never `` thousand '' ; 1000 is `` ten hundred '' not `` one thousand '' ; 2000 is `` twenty hundred '' not `` two thousand '' . History ( edit ) Paolo Uccello 's Face with Four Prophets / Evangelists ( 1443 ) in the Florence Cathedral The 24 hour tower clock in Venice that lists hours 1 to 12 twice The 24 - hour time system has its origins in the Egyptian astronomical system of decans , and has been used for centuries by scientists , astronomers , navigators , and horologists . There are many surviving examples of clocks built using the 24 - hour system , including the famous Orloj in Prague , and the Shepherd Gate Clock at Greenwich . The first mechanical public clocks introduced in Italy were mechanical 24 - hour clocks which counted the 24 hours of the day from one half hour after sundown to the evening of the following day . The 24th hour was the last hour of day time . However , striking clocks had to produce 300 strokes each day which required a lot of rope , and wore out the mechanism quickly , so some localities switched to ringing sequences of 1 to 12 twice ( 156 strokes ) , or even 1 to 6 repeated 4 times ( 84 strokes ) . At the International Meridian Conference in 1884 , Lewis M. Rutherfurd proposed that : This universal day is to be a mean solar day ; is to begin for all the world at the moment of midnight of the initial meridian coinciding with the beginning of the civil day and date of that meridian , and is to be counted from zero up to twenty - four hours . This resolution was adopted by the conference . According to a report in the London Times in 1886 , the 24 - hour clock was in use on the Canadian Pacific Railway train at Port Arthur . A report by a government committee in the United Kingdom noted Italy as the first country among those mentioned to adopt 24 - hour time nationally , in 1893 . Other European countries followed : France adopted it in 1912 ( the French army in 1909 ) , followed by Denmark ( 1916 ) , and Greece ( 1917 ) . By 1920 , Spain , Portugal , Belgium , and Switzerland had switched , followed by Turkey ( 1925 ) , and Germany ( 1927 ) . By the early 1920s , many countries in Latin America had also adopted the 24 - hour clock . Some of the railways in India had switched before the outbreak of the war . During World War I , the British Royal Navy adopted the 24 - hour clock in 1915 , and the Allied armed forces followed soon after , with the British Army switching officially in 1918 . The Canadian armed forces first started to use the 24 - hour clock in late 1917 . In 1920 , the US Navy was the first US organization to adopt the system ; the US Army , however , did not officially adopt the 24 - hour clock until World War II , on July 1 , 1942 . In Britain , the use of the 24 - hour clock in daily life has grown steadily since the beginning of the 20th century , although attempts to make the system official failed more than once . In 1934 , the BBC switched to the 24 - hour clock for broadcast announcements and programme listings . The experiment was halted after five months following a lack of enthusiasm from the public , and the BBC continued using the 12 - hour clock . In the same year , the US airlines Pan American World Airways Corporation and Western Airlines both adopted the 24 - hour clock . In modern times , the BBC uses a mixture of both the 12 - hour and the 24 - hour clock . British Rail and London Transport switched to the 24 - hour clock for timetables in 1964 . The Shepherd Gate Clock with Roman numbers up to XXIII ( 23 ) and 0 for midnight , in Greenwich See also ( edit ) 24 - hour analog dial Chinese Traditional Time System Clock Date and time representation by country Decimal time List of military time zones 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock Metric time Time References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : See the Common Locale Data Repository for detailed data about the preferred date and time notations used across the world , as well the locale settings of major computer operating systems , and the article Date and time notation by country . Jump up ^ International Standard ISO 8601 : Data elements and interchange formats -- Information interchange -- Representation of dates and times . International Organization for Standardization , 3rd ed. , 2004 . Jump up ^ Gloria D. Pickar ( 2011 ) , Dosage Calculations , Cengage Learning , 537 pp. ( p. 60 ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ U.S. Government Printing Office , Style Manual . `` 12 . Numerals '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 21 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ ISO 8601 : 2004 Data elements and interchange formats -- Information interchange -- Representation of dates and times , clause 4.2. 3 Midnight ^ Jump up to : `` Communication instructions -- General Archived 2011 - 08 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Allied Communications Publication ACP 121 ( I ) , page 3 -- 6 , Combined Communications - Electronics Board , October 2010 Jump up ^ SECNAV M - 5216.5 Department of the Navy Correspondence Manual dated March 2010 , Chapter 2 , Section 5 Paragraph 15 . Expressing Military Time . Jump up ^ http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/Publications/SECNAV%20M%205216.5.pdf Jump up ^ Space Archive : Military Time . Jump up ^ `` COMMUNICATION INSTRUCTIONS GENERAL ACP 121 ( I ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2016 - 05 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : Dohrn - Van Rossum , Gerhard ( 1996 ) . History of the Hour . Clock and Modern Temporal Orders . The University of Chicago Press . p. 114 . ISBN 0226155110 . ^ Jump up to : `` International Conference Held at Washington for the Purpose of Fixing a Prime Meridian and a Universal Day . October , 1884 . Protocols of the proceedings '' . Project Gutenberg. 1884 . Retrieved 30 November 2012 . Jump up ^ The Times , 1886 October 2 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Memorandum CAB 24 / 110 / 21 ( CP 1721 ) , ' Report of the Committee upon the 24 hour method of expressing time ' '' . The National Archives , Kew , UK . 4 August 1920 . Jump up ^ The Times : 1918 September 19 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Dancocks , Daniel G. Gallant Canadians : The Story of the 10th Canadian Infantry Battalion 1914 -- 1919 Jump up ^ The Pittsburgh Press , 1942 July 19 . ^ Jump up to : Boardman , Peter ( July 2011 ) . Counting Time : a brief history of the 24 - hour clock . Jump up ^ Sarasota Herald Tribune 1943 May 14 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to 24 - hour clocks . Counting Time : a brief history of the 24 - hour clock ( free e-book ) Time Key concepts Past history deep time Present Future Futures studies Far future in religion Far future in science fiction and popular culture Timeline of the far future Eternity Eternity of the world Measurement and standards Chronometry UTC UT TAI Unit of time Planck time Second Minute Hour Day Week Month Season Year Decade Century Millennium Tropical year Sidereal year Samvatsara Measurement systems Time zone Six - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Daylight saving time Solar time Sidereal time Metric time Decimal time Hexadecimal time Calendars Gregorian Julian Hebrew Islamic Lunar Solar Hijri Mayan Intercalation Leap second Leap year Clocks Horology History of timekeeping devices Main types astrarium atomic quantum hourglass marine sundial sundial markup schema watch mechanical stopwatch water - based Cuckoo clock Digital clock Grandfather clock Chronology History Astronomical chronology Big History Calendar era Chronicle Deep time Periodization Regnal year Timeline Religion Mythology Dreamtime Kāla Kalachakra Prophecy Time and fate deities Wheel of time Immortality Philosophy of time A-series and B - 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1 ISO 8601 International Atomic Time 6 - hour clock 12 - hour clock 24 - hour clock Barycentric Coordinate Time Barycentric Dynamical Time Civil time Daylight saving time Geocentric Coordinate Time International Date Line Leap second Solar time Terrestrial Time Time zone 180th meridian Obsolete standards Ephemeris time Greenwich Mean Time Prime meridian Time in physics Absolute time and space Spacetime Chronon Continuous signal Coordinate time Cosmological decade Discrete time and continuous time Planck time Proper time Theory of relativity Time dilation Gravitational time dilation Time domain Time translation symmetry T - symmetry Horology Clock Astrarium Atomic clock Complication History of timekeeping devices Hourglass Marine chronometer Marine sandglass Radio clock Watch stopwatch Water clock Sundial Dialing scales Equation of time History of sundials Sundial markup schema Calendar Astronomical Dominical letter Epact Equinox Gregorian Hebrew Hindu Intercalation Islamic Julian Leap year Lunar Lunisolar Solar Solstice Tropical year Weekday determination Weekday names Archaeology and geology Chronological dating Geologic time scale International Commission on Stratigraphy Astronomical chronology Galactic year Nuclear timescale Precession Sidereal time Other units of time Flick Shake Jiffy Second Minute Moment Hour Day Week Fortnight Month Year Olympiad Lustrum Decade Century Saeculum Millennium Related topics Chronology Duration music Mental chronometry Metric time System time Time value of money Timekeeper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=24-hour_clock&oldid=841156835 '' Categories : Date and time representation Time measurement systems 24 - hour clocks and watches Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from November 2011 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Runa Simi Русский Simple English Suomi Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 10 : 29 . 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-6348941444719014107	Feel It Still	Feel It Still - wikipedia Feel It Still Jump to : navigation , search `` Feel It Still '' Single by Portugal . The Man from the album Woodstock Released March 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 03 ) Format Digital download Genre Psychedelic pop funk Length 2 : 42 Label Atlantic Songwriter ( s ) Robert Bateman Zachary Scott Carothers Freddie Gorman John Baldwin Gourley John Hill Brian Holland Eric Andrew Howk Kyle O'Quin Jason Wade Sechrist Asa Taccone Producer ( s ) John Hill Asa Taccone Portugal . The Man singles chronology `` Noise Pollution '' ( 2016 ) `` Feel It Still '' ( 2017 ) `` Live in the Moment '' ( 2017 ) `` Noise Pollution '' ( 2016 ) `` Feel It Still '' ( 2017 ) `` Live in the Moment '' ( 2017 ) Music video `` Feel It Still '' on YouTube `` Feel It Still '' is a song by American rock band Portugal . The Man . The song , which has interpolations from The Marvelettes ' 1961 hit `` Please Mr. Postman '' , was written by the band along with John Hill and Asa Taccone , with the latter two serving as producers . It serves as the second single and first radio single off their eighth studio album Woodstock . The song reached number one on the US Alternative Songs , Mexican and Russian Tophit airplay chart , and became their first entry on the Hot 100 , reaching number four as of October 2017 . It was also featured in advertisements for the Apple iPad Pro , Vitamin Water , YouTube TV and in the first and second trailers for the 2018 film Peter Rabbit . The track reached the top 10 in 18 countries including Australia , Belgium , Canada , France , Germany , Ireland , New Zealand , Norway , Portugal , Slovenia , Spain , Switzerland , the United Kingdom and the United States . In January 2018 , the song won the Best Pop Duo / Group Performance at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Commercial performance 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 Release history 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video was released on March 6 , 2017 . An interactive version was also released , powered by technology from WIREWAX . The interactive video contained `` Easter eggs '' that a viewer could click on to build their # resist toolkit to learn and support 30 different social and political causes . Commercial Performance ( edit ) The song became the band 's first to top both the Billboard Alternative Songs and the Adult Alternative Songs charts . Taking six weeks to do so , it is the fastest an artist has achieved their first chart - topper on the latter chart since Mumford & Sons ' `` I Will Wait '' took three weeks to reach number one . `` Feel It Still '' also climbed to number four on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming their first entry on the chart . The song also peaked at number one on the Russian and Mexican airplay charts , and peaked inside the top 20 in France and Switzerland . `` Feel It Still '' has spent twenty weeks at number one on the Alternative Songs chart , becoming the longest - running number - one song on that chart , beating out `` Madness '' by Muse , which spent 19 weeks at the top from 2012 to 2013 . In Billboard 's November 11 , 2017 issue , `` Feel It Still '' joined the list of songs since 2003 to have reached number one on six of the major airplay charts : Radio Songs , Pop Songs , Adult Pop Songs , Alternative Songs , Adult Alternative Songs and Dance / Mix Show Airplay . Portugal . The Man are the first act to accomplish this feat since Gotye and Kimbra with `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' in 2012 ; they are the only artists to have a number - one Alternative and Adult Alternative single also reach number one on the Dance / Mix Show Airplay since the chart 's launch in August 2003 . They are now also one of twelve acts to have achieved the feat of having reached number one on six or more airplay charts . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) Australia ( ARIA ) 5 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 8 Canada Rock ( Billboard ) 11 Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 35 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 6 France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 7 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 5 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 13 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Italy ( FIMI ) 83 Mexico Ingles Airplay ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 28 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 7 Norway ( VG - lista ) 9 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 65 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 10 Portugal ( AFP ) 8 Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 27 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 12 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 42 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 17 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 28 US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 30 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 55 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 50 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 70 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 60 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 76 Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 68 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 72 Israel ( Media Forest ) 29 Poland ( ZPAV ) 77 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 53 US Billboard Hot 100 45 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) 18 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 30 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 320,000 France ( SNEP ) Diamond 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Platinum 400,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum 50,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 5,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Worldwide March 3 , 2017 Digital download Atlantic United States August 1 , 2017 Contemporary hit radio See also ( edit ) List of Billboard number - one alternative singles of the 2010s List of Billboard number - one adult alternative singles of the 2010s References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kaye , Ben ( March 4 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man share swinging new single `` Feel It Still '' -- listen `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schlanger , Talia ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man On World Cafe '' . NPR.org . NPR . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Then there 's the song itself , which bears a certain resemblance to the old Marvelettes song `` Please Mr. Postman . '' And while Portugal . The Man certainly did n't try to pull one over on anybody , and even warned its team about the similarities between the two songs , the band explains why it had to get lawyers involved . ^ Jump up to : Havens , Lyndsey ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man Explain How Bernie Sanders Inspired Surprise Hit ' Feel It Still ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The New iPad Pro -- On Any Given Wednesday -- Apple '' . Youtube.com . Apple . June 5 , 2017 . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` vitaminwater # drinkoutsidethelines aaron paul tv commercial : 45 '' . YouTube . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` PETER RABBIT - Official Trailer ( HD ) '' . YouTube . September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man Release Political ' Feel It Still ' Video '' . Radio.com . March 6 , 2017 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ( April 26 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man Lands First Adult Alternative Songs No. 1 With ' Feel It Still ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rutherford , Kevin ( June 27 , 2017 ) . `` Portugal . The Man Earns First Alternative Songs No. 1 With ' Feel It Still ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8053726/portugal-the-man-feel-it-still-alternative-songs-number-one-breaks-record Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man 's ' Feel It Still ' Is Biggest Rock Crossover Hit in Five Years '' . Billboard . October 31 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 5 al 11 de Febrero , 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Monitor Latino . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Canada Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201742 into search . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201743 into search . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica settimanale WK 42 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal . The Man Album & Song Chart History '' . Billboard Mexico Ingles Airplay for Portugal . The Man . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 51 , 2017 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . October 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 45 , 2017 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved November 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart ( week 26 ) '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved September 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201744 into search . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201747 into search . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 : Slovenian official singles weekly chart '' ( in Slovenian ) . SloTop50 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Hot Rock Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Portugal The Man Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Singles 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ö3 Austria Top 40 -- Single - Charts 2017 '' . oe3.orf.at . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jaaroverzichten 2017 '' . Ultratop . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment ( in German ) . offiziellecharts.de . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 -- eladási darabszám alapján -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stream Top 100 -- 2017 '' . Mahasz . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 50 Israel Airplay 2017 '' . mediaforest.biz . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 2017 -- w pierwszej trójce Sheeran , Tiësto i Hyży '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2017 -- hitparade.ch '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Pop Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Alternative Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hot Rock Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Songs -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Enter Portugal . The Man in the field Interpret . Enter Feel It Still in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2018 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . Music Canada . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Portugal . The Man ; ' Feel It Still ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles Top 100 ( 07 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Portugal . The man -- Feel it still '' elportaldemusica.es . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Portugal . The Man ; ' Feel It Still ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Enter Feel It Still in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Portugal . The Man -- Feel It Still '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Feel It Still -- Single by Portugal . The Man '' . iTunes Store ( GB ) . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases - Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates '' . AllAccess Music Group . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Portugal . The Man John Gourley Zachary Carothers Kyle O'Quin Eric Howk Jason Sechrist Ryan Neighbors Noah Gersh Kane Ritchotte Wesley Hubbard Nick Klein Harvey Tumbleson Studio albums Waiter : `` You Vultures ! '' ( 2006 ) Church Mouth ( 2007 ) Censored Colors ( 2008 ) The Satanic Satanist ( 2009 ) American Ghetto ( 2010 ) In the Mountain in the Cloud ( 2011 ) Evil Friends ( 2013 ) Woodstock ( 2017 ) Other albums The Majestic Majesty ( 2009 ) Extended plays Under Waves of the Brown Coat ( 2005 ) The Pines & the Devil ( 2006 ) Devil Say I , I Say AIR ( 2006 ) It 's Complicated Being a Wizard ( 2007 ) My Mind / Seventeen ( 2007 ) Singles `` Feel It Still '' ( 2017 ) `` Live in the Moment '' ( 2017 ) Related articles Discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feel_It_Still&oldid=836944421 '' Categories : 2017 songs 2017 singles Portugal . The Man songs Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Billboard Dance / Mix Show Airplay number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Rock Songs number - one singles Songs written by John Hill ( record producer ) Songs written by Robert Bateman ( songwriter ) Songs written by Freddie Gorman Songs written by Brian Holland Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadarock Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrocksongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Eesti Հայերեն Italiano Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 19 : 55 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings in the song feel it still	[ "\"Feel It Still\" is a song by American rock band Portugal. The Man. The song, which has interpolations from The Marvelettes' 1961 hit \"Please Mr. Postman\",[2][3] was written by the band along with John Hill and Asa Taccone, with the latter two serving as producers. It serves as the second single and first radio single off their eighth studio album Woodstock. The song reached number one on the US Alternative Songs, Mexican and Russian Tophit airplay chart, and became their first entry on the Hot 100, reaching number four as of October 2017. It was also featured in advertisements for the Apple iPad Pro,[4] Vitamin Water,[5] YouTube TV and in the first and second trailers for the 2018 film Peter Rabbit.[6]", "\"Feel It Still\" is a song by American rock band Portugal. The Man. The song, which has interpolations from The Marvelettes' 1961 hit \"Please Mr. Postman\",[2][3] was written by the band along with John Hill and Asa Taccone, with the latter two serving as producers. It serves as the second single and first radio single off their eighth studio album Woodstock. The song reached number one on the US Alternative Songs, Mexican and Russian Tophit airplay chart, and became their first entry on the Hot 100, reaching number four as of October 2017. It was also featured in advertisements for the Apple iPad Pro,[4] Vitamin Water,[5] YouTube TV and in the first and second trailers for the 2018 film Peter Rabbit.[6]" ]	[ "American rock band Portugal. The Man", "The Marvelettes" ]
-4834160629824355536	United States	United States - Wikipedia United States `` America '' , `` US '' , and `` USA '' redirect here . For the landmass comprising North , Central and South America , see Americas . For other uses , see America ( disambiguation ) , US ( disambiguation ) , USA ( disambiguation ) , and United States ( disambiguation ) . federal republic in North America Coordinates : 40 ° N 100 ° W / 40 ° N 100 ° W / 40 ; - 100 United States of America Flag Great Seal Motto : `` In God We Trust '' Other traditional mottos : ( show ) `` E pluribus unum '' ( Latin ) ( de facto ) `` Out of many , one '' `` Annuit cœptis '' ( Latin ) `` He has favored our undertakings '' `` Novus ordo seclorum '' ( Latin ) `` New order of the ages '' Anthem : `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' March : `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' The contiguous United States with Alaska and Hawaii The United States including its territories Capital Washington , D.C. 38 ° 53 ′ N 77 ° 01 ′ W / 38.883 ° N 77.017 ° W / 38.883 ; - 77.017 Largest city New York City 40 ° 43 ′ N 74 ° 00 ′ W / 40.717 ° N 74.000 ° W / 40.717 ; - 74.000 Official languages None at federal level National language English Ethnic groups ( 2016 ) By race : 77.1 % White 13.3 % Black 5.6 % Asian 2.6 % Other / multiracial 1.2 % Native 0.2 % Pacific Islander Ethnicity : 17.6 % Hispanic or Latino 82.4 % non-Hispanic or Latino Religion ( 2016 ) 73.7 % Christian 18.2 % Unaffiliated 2.1 % Jewish 0.8 % Muslim 2.5 % Other 2.6 % Unknown Demonym American Government Federal presidential constitutional republic President Donald Trump Vice President Mike Pence House Speaker Paul Ryan Chief Justice John Roberts Legislature Congress Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives Independence from Great Britain Declaration July 4 , 1776 Confederation March 1 , 1781 Treaty of Paris September 3 , 1783 Constitution June 21 , 1788 Last polity admitted March 24 , 1976 Area Total area 3,796,742 sq mi ( 9,833,520 km ) ( 3rd / 4th ) Water ( % ) 6.97 Total land area 3,531,905 sq mi ( 9,147,590 km ) Population 2017 estimate 325,719,178 ( 3rd ) 2010 census 308,745,538 ( 3rd ) Density 85 / sq mi ( 32.8 / km ) ( 179th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $19.390 trillion ( 2nd ) Per capita $59,501 ( 11th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $19.390 trillion ( 1st ) Per capita $59,501 ( 7th ) Gini ( 2015 ) 39.0 medium HDI ( 2017 ) 0.924 very high 13th Currency United States dollar ( $ ) ( USD ) Time zone UTC − 4 to − 12 , + 10 , + 11 Summer ( DST ) UTC − 4 to − 10 Date format mm / dd / yyyy Driving side right Calling code + 1 ISO 3166 code US Internet TLD . us The United States of America ( USA ) , commonly known as the United States ( U.S. or US ) or America , is a country composed of 50 states , a federal district , five major self - governing territories , and various possessions . At 3.8 million square miles ( 9.8 million km ) , the United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest country by total area and slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe 's 3.9 million square miles ( 10.1 million km ) . With a population of over 325 million people , the U.S. is the third-most populous country . The capital is Washington , D.C. , and the largest city by population is New York City . Forty - eight states and the capital 's federal district are contiguous in North America between Canada and Mexico . The State of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America , bordered by Canada to the east and across the Bering Strait from Russia to the west . The State of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean . The U.S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea , stretching across nine official time zones . The extremely diverse geography , climate , and wildlife of the United States make it one of the world 's 17 megadiverse countries . Paleo - Indians migrated from Siberia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago . European colonization began in the 16th century . The United States emerged from the thirteen British colonies established along the East Coast . Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the colonies following the French and Indian War led to the American Revolution , which began in 1775 , and the subsequent Declaration of Independence in 1776 . The war ended in 1783 with the United States becoming the first country to gain independence from a European power . The current constitution was adopted in 1788 , with the first ten amendments , collectively named the Bill of Rights , being ratified in 1791 to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties . The United States embarked on a vigorous expansion across North America throughout the 19th century , acquiring new territories , displacing Native American tribes , and gradually admitting new states until it spanned the continent by 1848 . During the second half of the 19th century , the Civil War led to the abolition of slavery . By the end of the century , the United States had extended into the Pacific Ocean , and its economy , driven in large part by the Industrial Revolution , began to soar . The Spanish -- American War and World War I confirmed the country 's status as a global military power . The United States emerged from World War II as a global superpower , the first country to develop nuclear weapons , the only country to use them in warfare , and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council . During the Cold War , the United States and the Soviet Union competed in the Space Race , culminating with the 1969 moon landing . The end of the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the world 's sole superpower . The United States is the world 's oldest surviving federation . The federal republic is a representative democracy , `` in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law '' . The United States is a founding member of the United Nations , World Bank , International Monetary Fund , Organization of American States ( OAS ) , and other international organizations . The United States is a highly developed country , with the world 's largest economy by nominal GDP and second - largest economy by PPP , accounting for approximately a quarter of global GDP . The U.S. economy is largely post-industrial , characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge - based activities , although the manufacturing sector remains the second - largest in the world . The United States is the world 's largest importer and the second largest exporter of goods , by value . Although its population is only 4.3 % of the world total , the U.S. holds 33 % of the total wealth in the world , the largest share of global wealth concentrated in a single country . The United States ranks among the highest nations in several measures of socioeconomic performance , including average wage , human development , per capita GDP , and productivity per person . The United States is the foremost military power in the world , making up a third of global military spending , and is a leading political , cultural , and scientific force internationally . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian history 2.2 European settlements 2.2. 1 Effects on and interaction with native populations 2.3 Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) 2.4 Civil War and Reconstruction era 2.5 Further immigration , expansion , and industrialization 2.6 World War I , Great Depression , and World War II 2.7 Cold War and civil rights era 2.8 Contemporary history 3 Geography , climate , and environment 3.1 Wildlife 4 Demographics 4.1 Population 4.2 Language 4.3 Religion 4.4 Family structure 4.5 Health 4.6 Education 5 Government and politics 5.1 Political divisions 5.2 Parties and elections 5.3 Foreign relations 5.4 Government finance 5.5 Military 6 Law enforcement and crime 7 Economy 7.1 Science and technology 7.2 Income , poverty and wealth 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Transportation 8.2 Energy 8.3 Water supply and sanitation 9 Culture 9.1 Food 9.2 Literature , philosophy , and visual art 9.3 Music 9.4 Cinema 9.5 Sports 9.6 Mass media 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 Bibliography 13.1 Internet sources 14 External links Etymology See also : Naming of the Americas , Names for United States citizens , and American ( word ) The Americas are named after Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci . In 1507 , the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America in honor of the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci ( Latin : Americus Vespucius ) . The first documentary evidence of the phrase `` United States of America '' is from a letter dated January 2 , 1776 , written by Stephen Moylan , Esq. , George Washington 's aide - de-camp and Muster - Master General of the Continental Army . Addressed to Lt. Col. Joseph Reed , Moylan expressed his wish to carry the `` full and ample powers of the United States of America '' to Spain to assist in the revolutionary war effort . The first known publication of the phrase `` United States of America '' was in an anonymous essay in The Virginia Gazette newspaper in Williamsburg , Virginia , on April 6 , 1776 . The second draft of the Articles of Confederation , prepared by John Dickinson and completed by June 17 , 1776 , at the latest , declared `` The name of this Confederation shall be the ' United States of America ' '' . The final version of the Articles sent to the states for ratification in late 1777 contains the sentence `` The Stile of this Confederacy shall be ' The United States of America ' '' . In June 1776 , Thomas Jefferson wrote the phrase `` UNITED STATES OF AMERICA '' in all capitalized letters in the headline of his `` original Rough draught '' of the Declaration of Independence . This draft of the document did not surface until June 21 , 1776 , and it is unclear whether it was written before or after Dickinson used the term in his June 17 draft of the Articles of Confederation . The short form `` United States '' is also standard . Other common forms are the `` U.S. '' , the `` USA '' , and `` America '' . Colloquial names are the `` U.S. of A . '' and , internationally , the `` States '' . `` Columbia '' , a name popular in poetry and songs of the late 18th century , derives its origin from Christopher Columbus ; it appears in the name `` District of Columbia '' . The phrase `` United States '' was originally plural , a description of a collection of independent states -- e.g. , `` the United States are '' -- including in the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , ratified in 1865 . The singular form -- e.g. , `` the United States is '' -- became popular after the end of the American Civil War . The singular form is now standard ; the plural form is retained in the idiom `` these United States '' . The difference is more significant than usage ; it is a difference between a collection of states and a unit . A citizen of the United States is an `` American '' . `` United States '' , `` American '' and `` U.S. '' refer to the country adjectivally ( `` American values '' , `` U.S. forces '' ) . In English , the word `` American '' rarely refers to topics or subjects not directly connected with the United States . History Main articles : History of the United States , Timeline of United States history , American business history , Economic history of the United States , and Labor history of the United States Indigenous peoples and pre-Columbian History Further information : Native Americans in the United States Monks Mound in Cahokia , a UNESCO World Heritage Site and the largest and most influential settlement in Mississippian culture . The concrete staircase follows the approximate course of ancient wooden stairs . The Cliff Palace , built by the Ancestral Puebloans , is the largest Native cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde National Park . The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Siberia by way of the Bering land bridge and arrived at least 15,000 years ago , though increasing evidence suggests an even earlier arrival . After crossing the land bridge , the first Americans moved southward , either along the Pacific coast or through an interior ice - free corridor between the Cordilleran and Laurentide ice sheets . The Clovis culture appeared around 11,000 BC , and it is considered to be an ancestor of most of the later indigenous cultures of the Americas . While the Clovis culture was thought , throughout the late 20th century , to represent the first human settlement of the Americas , in recent years consensus has changed in recognition of pre-Clovis cultures . Over time , indigenous cultures in North America grew increasingly complex , and some , such as the pre-Columbian Mississippian culture in the southeast , developed advanced agriculture , grand architecture , and state - level societies . From approximately 800 to 1600 AD the Mississippian culture flourished , and its largest city Cahokia is considered the largest , most complex pre-Columbian archaeological site in the modern - day United States . While in the Four Corners region , Ancestral Puebloans culture developed . Three UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the United States are credited to the Pueblos : Mesa Verde National Park , Chaco Culture National Historical Park , and Taos Pueblo . The earthworks constructed by Native Americans of the Poverty Point culture in northeastern Louisiana have also been designated a UNESCO World Heritage site . In the southern Great Lakes region , the Iroquois Confederacy ( Haudenosaunee ) was established at some point between the twelfth and fifteenth centuries , lasting until the end of the Revolutionary War . The date of the first settlements of the Hawaiian Islands is a topic of continuing debate . Archaeological evidence seems to indicate a settlement as early as 124 AD . During his third and final voyage , Captain James Cook became the first European to begin formal contact with Hawaii . After his initial landfall in January 1778 at Waimea harbor , Kauai , Cook named the archipelago the `` Sandwich Islands '' after the fourth Earl of Sandwich -- the acting First Lord of the Admiralty of the British Royal Navy . European settlements Further information : Colonial history of the United States , European colonization of the Americas , and Thirteen Colonies Saint Augustine , Florida , the oldest continuously occupied European - established settlement in the continental United States ( 1565 ) The Mayflower Compact , 1620 by Jean Leon Gerome Ferris After Spain sent Columbus on his first voyage to the New World in 1492 , other explorers followed . The first Europeans to arrive in the territory of the modern United States were Spanish conquistadors such as Juan Ponce de León , who made his first visit to Florida in 1513 ; however , if unincorporated territories are accounted for , then credit would go to Christopher Columbus who landed in Puerto Rico on his 1493 voyage . The Spanish set up the first settlements in Florida and New Mexico such as Saint Augustine and Santa Fe . The French established their own as well along the Mississippi River . Successful English settlement on the eastern coast of North America began with the Virginia Colony in 1607 at Jamestown and the Pilgrims ' Plymouth Colony in 1620 . Many settlers were dissenting Christian groups who came seeking religious freedom . The continent 's first elected legislative assembly , Virginia 's House of Burgesses created in 1619 , the Mayflower Compact , signed by the Pilgrims before disembarking , and the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut , established precedents for the pattern of representative self - government and constitutionalism that would develop throughout the American colonies . Most settlers in every colony were small farmers , but other industries developed within a few decades as varied as the settlements . Cash crops included tobacco , rice , and wheat . Extraction industries grew up in furs , fishing and lumber . Manufacturers produced rum and ships , and by the late colonial period , Americans were producing one - seventh of the world 's iron supply . Cities eventually dotted the coast to support local economies and serve as trade hubs . English colonists were supplemented by waves of Scotch - Irish and other groups . As coastal land grew more expensive , freed indentured servants pushed further west . A large - scale slave trade with English privateers was begun . The life expectancy of slaves was much higher in North America than further south , because of less disease and better food and treatment , leading to a rapid increase in the numbers of slaves . Colonial society was largely divided over the religious and moral implications of slavery , and colonies passed acts for and against the practice . But by the turn of the 18th century , African slaves were replacing indentured servants for cash crop labor , especially in southern regions . With the British colonization of Georgia in 1732 , the 13 colonies that would become the United States of America were established . All had local governments with elections open to most free men , with a growing devotion to the ancient rights of Englishmen and a sense of self - government stimulating support for republicanism . With extremely high birth rates , low death rates , and steady settlement , the colonial population grew rapidly . Relatively small Native American populations were eclipsed . The Christian revivalist movement of the 1730s and 1740s known as the Great Awakening fueled interest in both religion and religious liberty . The Thirteen Colonies and neighboring polities in 1748 During the Seven Years ' War ( in the United States , known as the French and Indian War ) , British forces seized Canada from the French , but the francophone population remained politically isolated from the southern colonies . Excluding the Native Americans , who were being conquered and displaced , the 13 British colonies had a population of over 2.1 million in 1770 , about one - third that of Britain . Despite continuing new arrivals , the rate of natural increase was such that by the 1770s only a small minority of Americans had been born overseas . The colonies ' distance from Britain had allowed the development of self - government , but their success motivated monarchs to periodically seek to reassert royal authority . In 1774 , the Spanish Navy ship Santiago , under Juan Pérez , entered and anchored in an inlet of Nootka Sound , Vancouver Island , in present - day British Columbia . Although the Spanish did not land , natives paddled to the ship to trade furs for abalone shells from California . At the time , the Spanish were able to monopolize the trade between Asia and North America , granting limited licenses to the Portuguese . When the Russians began establishing a growing fur trading system in Alaska , the Spanish began to challenge the Russians , with Pérez 's voyage being the first of many to the Pacific Northwest . After having arrived in the Hawaiian islands in 1778 , Captain Cook sailed north and then northeast to explore the west coast of North America north of the Spanish settlements in Alta California . He made landfall on the Oregon coast at approximately 44 ° 30 ′ north latitude , naming his landing point Cape Foulweather . Bad weather forced his ships south to about 43 ° north before they could begin their exploration of the coast northward . In March 1778 , Cook landed on Bligh Island and named the inlet `` King George 's Sound '' . He recorded that the native name was Nutka or Nootka , apparently misunderstanding his conversations at Friendly Cove / Yuquot ; his informant may have been explaining that he was on an island ( itchme nutka , a place you can `` go around '' ) . There may also have been confusion with Nuu - chah - nulth , the natives ' autonym ( a name for themselves ) . It may also have simply been based on Cook 's mispronunciation of Yuquot , the native name of the place . Effects on and interaction with Native populations Further information : American Indian Wars , Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas , and James Cook Death of Captain Cook by Johann Zoffany ( 1795 ) With the progress of European colonization in the territories of the contemporary United States , the Native Americans were often conquered and displaced . The native population of America declined after Europeans arrived , and for various reasons , primarily diseases such as smallpox and measles . Violence was not a significant factor in the overall decline among Native Americans , though conflict among themselves and with Europeans affected specific tribes and various colonial settlements . In the early days of colonization , many European settlers were subject to food shortages , disease , and attacks from Native Americans . Native Americans were also often at war with neighboring tribes and allied with Europeans in their colonial wars . At the same time , however , many natives and settlers came to depend on each other . Settlers traded for food and animal pelts , natives for guns , ammunition and other European wares . Natives taught many settlers where , when and how to cultivate corn , beans , and squash . European missionaries and others felt it was important to `` civilize '' the Native Americans and urged them to adopt European agricultural techniques and lifestyles . Captain James Cook 's last voyage included sailing along the coast of North America and Alaska searching for a Northwest Passage for approximately nine months . He returned to Hawaii to resupply , initially exploring the coasts of Maui and the big island , trading with locals and then making anchor at Kealakekua Bay in January 1779 . When his ships and company left the islands , a ship 's mast broke in bad weather , forcing them to return in mid-February . Cook would be killed days later . Independence and expansion ( 1776 -- 1865 ) Further information : American Revolutionary War , United States Declaration of Independence , American Revolution , and Territorial evolution of the United States Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull The American Revolutionary War was the first successful colonial war of independence against a European power . Americans had developed an ideology of `` republicanism '' asserting that government rested on the will of the people as expressed in their local legislatures . They demanded their rights as Englishmen and `` no taxation without representation '' . The British insisted on administering the empire through Parliament , and the conflict escalated into war . The Second Continental Congress unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence on July 4 , which recognized , in a long preamble , that all men are equal and endowed by their Creator with unalienable rights and that those rights were not being protected by Great Britain , and declared , in the words of the resolution , that the thirteen United Colonies formed an independent nation and had no further allegiance to the British crown . The fourth day of July is celebrated annually as Independence Day . The Second Continental Congress declared on September 9 `` where , heretofore , the words ' United Colonies ' have been used , the stile be altered for the future to the ' United States ' `` . In 1777 , the Articles of Confederation established a weak government that operated until 1789 . Britain recognized the independence of the United States following their defeat at Yorktown in 1781 . In the peace treaty of 1783 , American sovereignty was recognized from the Atlantic coast west to the Mississippi River . Nationalists led the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 in writing the United States Constitution , ratified in state conventions in 1788 . The federal government was reorganized into three branches , on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances , in 1789 . George Washington , who had led the revolutionary army to victory , was the first president elected under the new constitution . The Bill of Rights , forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections , was adopted in 1791 . Although the federal government criminalized the international slave trade in 1808 , after 1820 , cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep South , and along with it , the slave population . The Second Great Awakening , especially 1800 -- 1840 , converted millions to evangelical Protestantism . In the North , it energized multiple social reform movements , including abolitionism ; in the South , Methodists and Baptists proselytized among slave populations . Map of the states and territories of the United States , c. 1834 Americans ' eagerness to expand westward prompted a long series of American Indian Wars . The Louisiana Purchase of French - claimed territory in 1803 almost doubled the nation 's area . The War of 1812 , declared against Britain over various grievances and fought to a draw , strengthened U.S. nationalism . A series of military incursions into Florida led Spain to cede it and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819 . The expansion was aided by steam power , when steamboats began traveling along America 's large water systems , which were connected by new canals , such as the Erie and the I&M ; then , even faster railroads began their stretch across the nation 's land . From 1820 to 1850 , Jacksonian democracy began a set of reforms which included wider white male suffrage ; it led to the rise of the Second Party System of Democrats and Whigs as the dominant parties from 1828 to 1854 . The Trail of Tears in the 1830s exemplified the Indian removal policy that resettled Indians into the west on Indian reservations . The U.S. annexed the Republic of Texas in 1845 during a period of expansionist Manifest destiny . The 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain led to U.S. control of the present - day American Northwest . Victory in the Mexican -- American War resulted in the 1848 Mexican Cession of California and much of the present - day American Southwest . The national mammal , an American bison in Yellowstone National Park , Wyoming The California Gold Rush of 1848 -- 49 spurred western migration and the creation of additional western states . After the American Civil War , new transcontinental railways made relocation easier for settlers , expanded internal trade and increased conflicts with Native Americans . Over a half - century , the loss of the American bison ( sometimes called `` buffalo '' ) was an existential blow to many Plains Indians cultures . In 1869 , a new Peace Policy nominally promised to protect Native - Americans from abuses , avoid further war , and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship . Nonetheless , conflicts and state - sanctioned murder , including the California Genocide , continued throughout the West into the 1900s . Civil War and Reconstruction Era Further information : American Civil War and Reconstruction era The Battle of Gettysburg by Thure de Thulstrup Differences of opinion regarding the slavery of Africans and African Americans ultimately led to the American Civil War . Initially , states entering the Union had alternated between slave and free states , keeping a sectional balance in the Senate , while free states outstripped slave states in population and in the House of Representatives . But with additional western territory and more free - soil states , tensions between slave and free states mounted with arguments over federalism and disposition of the territories , whether and how to expand or restrict slavery . This led to Missouri 's controversial denouncement of the issue , as well as the formation of many short - lived territories such as the State of Scott , a county that left Tennessee to stay anti-slavery . With the 1860 election of Abraham Lincoln , the first president from the largely anti-slavery Republican Party , conventions in thirteen slave states ultimately declared secession and formed the Confederate States of America ( the `` South '' ) , while the federal government ( the `` Union '' ) maintained that secession was illegal . In order to bring about this secession , military action was initiated by the secessionists , and the Union responded in kind . The ensuing war would become the deadliest military conflict in American history , resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians . The South fought for the freedom to own slaves , while the Union at first simply fought to maintain the country as one united whole . Nevertheless , as casualties mounted after 1863 and Lincoln delivered his Emancipation Proclamation , the main purpose of the war from the Union 's viewpoint became the abolition of slavery . Indeed , when the Union ultimately won the war in April 1865 , each of the states in the defeated South was required to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment , which prohibited slavery . Three amendments were added to the U.S. Constitution in the years after the war : the aforementioned Thirteenth as well as the Fourteenth Amendment providing citizenship to the nearly four million African Americans who had been slaves , and the Fifteenth Amendment ensuring in theory that African Americans had the right to vote . The war and its resolution led to a substantial increase in federal power aimed at reintegrating and rebuilding the South while guaranteeing the rights of the newly freed slaves . Reconstruction began in earnest following the war . While President Lincoln attempted to foster friendship and forgiveness between the Union and the former Confederacy , an assassin 's bullet on April 14 , 1865 , drove a wedge between North and South again . Republicans in the federal government made it their goal to oversee the rebuilding of the South and to ensure the rights of African Americans . They persisted until the Compromise of 1877 when the Republicans agreed to cease protecting the rights of African Americans in the South in order for Democrats to concede the presidential election of 1876 . Southern white Democrats , calling themselves `` Redeemers '' , took control of the South after the end of Reconstruction . From 1890 to 1910 , so - called Jim Crow laws disenfranchised most blacks and some poor whites throughout the region . Blacks faced racial segregation , especially in the South . They also occasionally experienced vigilante violence , including lynching . Further Immigration , expansion , and industrialization Main articles : Economic history of the United States and Technological and industrial history of the United States Ellis Island , in New York City , was a major gateway for European immigration The Statue of Liberty in New York City , dedicated in 1886 , is a symbol of the United States as well as its ideals of freedom , democracy , and justice In the North , urbanization and an unprecedented influx of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe supplied a surplus of labor for the country 's industrialization and transformed its culture . National infrastructure including telegraph and transcontinental railroads spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the American Old West . The later invention of electric light and the telephone would also affect communication and urban life . The end of the Indian Wars further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation , increasing surpluses for international markets . Mainland expansion was completed by the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867 . In 1893 , pro-American elements in Hawaii overthrew the monarchy and formed the Republic of Hawaii , which the U.S. annexed in 1898 . Puerto Rico , Guam , and the Philippines were ceded by Spain in the same year , following the Spanish -- American War . American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the Second Samoan Civil War . The United States purchased the U.S. Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917 . Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists . Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt , John D. Rockefeller , and Andrew Carnegie led the nation 's progress in railroad , petroleum , and steel industries . Banking became a major part of the economy , with J.P. Morgan playing a notable role . Edison and Tesla undertook the widespread distribution of electricity to industry , homes , and for street lighting . Henry Ford revolutionized the automotive industry . The American economy boomed , becoming the world 's largest , and the United States achieved great power status . These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist , socialist , and anarchist movements . This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era , which saw significant reforms in many societal areas , including women 's suffrage , alcohol prohibition , regulation of consumer goods , greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions . World War I , Great Depression , and world War II Further information : World War I , Great Depression , and World War II Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of World War I , in 1914 , until 1917 when it joined the war as an `` associated power '' , alongside the formal Allies of World War I , helping to turn the tide against the Central Powers . In 1919 , President Woodrow Wilson took a leading diplomatic role at the Paris Peace Conference and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the League of Nations . However , the Senate refused to approve this and did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles that established the League of Nations . In 1920 , the women 's rights movement won passage of a constitutional amendment granting women 's suffrage . The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of radio for mass communication and the invention of early television . The prosperity of the Roaring Twenties ended with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression . After his election as president in 1932 , Franklin D. Roosevelt responded with the New Deal , which included the establishment of the Social Security system . The Great Migration of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s ; whereas the Dust Bowl of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration . At first effectively neutral during World War II while Germany conquered much of continental Europe , the United States began supplying material to the Allies in March 1941 through the Lend - Lease program . On December 7 , 1941 , the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor , prompting the United States to join the Allies against the Axis powers . During the war , the United States was referred as one of the `` Four Policemen '' of Allies power who met to plan the postwar world , along with Britain , the Soviet Union and China . Although the nation lost more than 400,000 soldiers , it emerged relatively undamaged from the war with even greater economic and military influence . The Trinity test of the Manhattan Project was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon , which lead Oppenheimer to recall verses from the Hindu scripture Bhagavad Gita , notably being : `` I am become Death , the destroyer of worlds '' . The United States played a leading role in the Bretton Woods and Yalta conferences with the United Kingdom , the Soviet Union , and other Allies , which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe 's postwar reorganization . As an Allied victory was won in Europe , a 1945 international conference held in San Francisco produced the United Nations Charter , which became active after the war . The United States developed the first nuclear weapons and used them on Japan in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki ; causing the Japanese to surrender on September 2 , ending World War II . Parades and celebrations followed in what is known as Victory Day , or V-J Day . Cold War and Civil rights Era Main articles : History of the United States ( 1945 -- 64 ) , History of the United States ( 1964 -- 80 ) , and History of the United States ( 1980 -- 91 ) Further information : Cold War , Civil Rights Movement , War on Poverty , Space Race , and Reaganomics Martin Luther King , Jr. speaking to an anti-Vietnam War rally at the University of Minnesota , St. Paul on April 27 , 1967 U.S. President Ronald Reagan ( left ) and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev , meeting in Geneva in 1985 After World War II the United States and the Soviet Union jockeyed for power during what became known as the Cold War , driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism and , according to the school of geopolitics , a divide between the maritime Atlantic and the continental Eurasian camps . They dominated the military affairs of Europe , with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other . The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist influence . While the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals , the two countries avoided direct military conflict . The United States often opposed Third World movements that it viewed as Soviet - sponsored , and occasionally pursued direct action for regime change against left - wing governments . American troops fought communist Chinese and North Korean forces in the Korean War of 1950 -- 53 . The Soviet Union 's 1957 launch of the first artificial satellite and its 1961 launch of the first manned spaceflight initiated a `` Space Race '' in which the United States became the first nation to land a man on the moon in 1969 . A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into full American participation , as the Vietnam War . At home , the U.S. experienced sustained economic expansion and a rapid growth of its population and middle class . Construction of an Interstate Highway System transformed the nation 's infrastructure over the following decades . Millions moved from farms and inner cities to large suburban housing developments . In 1959 Hawaii became the 50th and last U.S. state added to the country . The growing Civil Rights Movement used nonviolence to confront segregation and discrimination , with Martin Luther King Jr. becoming a prominent leader and figurehead . A combination of court decisions and legislation , culminating in the Civil Rights Act of 1968 , sought to end racial discrimination . Meanwhile , a counterculture movement grew which was fueled by opposition to the Vietnam war , black nationalism , and the sexual revolution . The launch of a `` War on Poverty '' expanded entitlements and welfare spending , including the creation of Medicare and Medicaid , two programs that provide health coverage to the elderly and poor , respectively , and the means - tested Food Stamp Program and Aid to Families with Dependent Children . The 1970s and early 1980s saw the onset of stagflation . After his election in 1980 , President Ronald Reagan responded to economic stagnation with free - market oriented reforms . Following the collapse of détente , he abandoned `` containment '' and initiated the more aggressive `` rollback '' strategy towards the USSR . After a surge in female labor participation over the previous decade , by 1985 the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed . The late 1980s brought a `` thaw '' in relations with the USSR , and its collapse in 1991 finally ended the Cold War . This brought about unipolarity with the U.S. unchallenged as the world 's dominant superpower . The concept of Pax Americana , which had appeared in the post-World War II period , gained wide popularity as a term for the post-Cold War new world order . Contemporary History Main articles : History of the United States ( 1991 -- 2008 ) and History of the United States ( 2008 -- present ) Further information : Gulf War , September 11 attacks , War on Terror , 2008 financial crisis , and Affordable Care Act The World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan during the September 11 terrorist attacks by the Islamic terrorist group Al - Qaeda in 2001 One World Trade Center , newly built in its place After the Cold War , the conflict in the Middle East triggered a crisis in 1990 , when Iraq under Saddam Hussein invaded and attempted to annex Kuwait , an ally of the United States . Fearing that the instability would spread to other regions , President George H.W. Bush launched Operation Desert Shield , a defensive force buildup in Saudi Arabia , and Operation Desert Storm , in a staging titled the Gulf War ; waged by coalition forces from 34 nations , led by the United States against Iraq ending in the successful expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait , restoring the former monarchy . Originating in U.S. defense networks , the Internet spread to international academic networks , and then to the public in the 1990s , greatly affecting the global economy , society , and culture . Due to the dot - com boom , stable monetary policy under Alan Greenspan , and reduced social welfare spending , the 1990s saw the longest economic expansion in modern U.S. history , ending in 2001 . Beginning in 1994 , the U.S. entered into the North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , linking 450 million people producing $17 trillion worth of goods and services . The goal of the agreement was to eliminate trade and investment barriers among the U.S. , Canada , and Mexico by January 1 , 2008 . Trade among the three partners has soared since NAFTA went into force . On September 11 , 2001 , Al - Qaeda terrorists struck the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon near Washington , D.C. , killing nearly 3,000 people . In response , the United States launched the War on Terror , which included war in Afghanistan and the 2003 -- 11 Iraq War . In 2007 , the Bush administration ordered a major troop surge in the Iraq War , which successfully reduced violence and led to greater stability in the region . Government policy designed to promote affordable housing , widespread failures in corporate and regulatory governance , and historically low interest rates set by the Federal Reserve led to the mid-2000s housing bubble , which culminated with the 2008 financial crisis , the largest economic contraction in the nation 's history since the Great Depression . Barack Obama , the first African - American and multiracial president , was elected in 2008 amid the crisis , and subsequently passed stimulus measures and the Dodd - Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act in an attempt to mitigate its negative effects and ensure there would not be a repeat of the crisis . The stimulus facilitated infrastructure improvements and a relative decline in unemployment . Dodd - Frank improved financial stability and consumer protection , although there has been debate about its effects on the economy . In 2010 , the Obama administration passed the Affordable Care Act , which made the most sweeping reforms to the nation 's healthcare system in nearly five decades , including mandates , subsidies and insurance exchanges . The law caused a significant reduction in the number and percentage of people without health insurance , with 24 million covered during 2016 , but remains controversial due to its impact on healthcare costs , insurance premiums , and economic performance . Although the recession reached its trough in June 2009 , voters remained frustrated with the slow pace of the economic recovery . The Republicans , who stood in opposition to Obama 's policies , won control of the House of Representatives with a landslide in 2010 and control of the Senate in 2014 . American forces in Iraq were withdrawn in large numbers in 2009 and 2010 , and the war in the region was declared formally over in December 2011 . The withdrawal caused an escalation of sectarian insurgency , leading to the rise of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant , the successor of al - Qaeda in the region . In 2014 , Obama announced a restoration of full diplomatic relations with Cuba for the first time since 1961 . The next year , the United States as a member of the P5 + 1 countries signed the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action , an agreement aimed to slow the development of Iran 's nuclear program , though the U.S. withdrew from the deal in May 2018 . In the United States presidential election of 2016 , Republican Donald Trump was elected as the 45th president of the United States . Trump is both the oldest and wealthiest person elected president in United States history . Geography , climate , and Environment Main articles : Geography of the United States , Climate of the United States , and Environment of the United States A composite satellite image of the contiguous United States and surrounding areas Köppen climate classifications The land area of the entire United States is approximately 3,800,000 square miles ( 9,841,955 km ) , with the contiguous United States making up 2,959,064 square miles ( 7,663,940.6 km ) of that . Alaska , separated from the contiguous United States by Canada , is the largest state at 663,268 square miles ( 1,717,856.2 km ) . Hawaii , occupying an archipelago in the central Pacific , southwest of North America , is 10,931 square miles ( 28,311 km ) in area . The populated territories of Puerto Rico , American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , and U.S. Virgin Islands together cover 9,185 square miles ( 23,789 km ) . Measured by only land area , the United States is third in size behind Russia and China , just ahead of Canada . The United States is the world 's third - or fourth - largest nation by total area ( land and water ) , ranking behind Russia and Canada and just above or below China . The ranking varies depending on how two territories disputed by China and India are counted , and how the total size of the United States is measured . The Encyclopædia Britannica , for instance , lists the size of the United States as 3,677,649 square miles ( 9,525,067 km ) , as they do not count the country 's coastal or territorial waters . The World Factbook , which includes those waters , gives 3,796,742 square miles ( 9,833,517 km ) . The coastal plain of the Atlantic seaboard gives way further inland to deciduous forests and the rolling hills of the Piedmont . The Appalachian Mountains divide the eastern seaboard from the Great Lakes and the grasslands of the Midwest . The Mississippi -- Missouri River , the world 's fourth longest river system , runs mainly north -- south through the heart of the country . The flat , fertile prairie of the Great Plains stretches to the west , interrupted by a highland region in the southeast . Highest peak in the country , Denali The Rocky Mountains , at the western edge of the Great Plains , extend north to south across the country , reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) in Colorado . Farther west are the rocky Great Basin and deserts such as the Chihuahua and Mojave . The Sierra Nevada and Cascade mountain ranges run close to the Pacific coast , both ranges reaching altitudes higher than 14,000 feet ( 4,300 m ) . The lowest and highest points in the contiguous United States are in the state of California , and only about 84 miles ( 135 km ) apart . At an elevation of 20,310 feet ( 6,190.5 m ) , Alaska 's Denali ( Mount McKinley ) is the highest peak in the country and North America . Active volcanoes are common throughout Alaska 's Alexander and Aleutian Islands , and Hawaii consists of volcanic islands . The supervolcano underlying Yellowstone National Park in the Rockies is the continent 's largest volcanic feature . The United States has the most ecoregions out of any country in the world . The United States , with its large size and geographic variety , includes most climate types . To the east of the 100th meridian , the climate ranges from humid continental in the north to humid subtropical in the south . The Great Plains west of the 100th meridian are semi-arid . Much of the Western mountains have an alpine climate . The climate is arid in the Great Basin , desert in the Southwest , Mediterranean in coastal California , and oceanic in coastal Oregon and Washington and southern Alaska . Most of Alaska is subarctic or polar . Hawaii and the southern tip of Florida are tropical , as are the populated territories in the Caribbean and the Pacific . Extreme weather is not uncommon -- the states bordering the Gulf of Mexico are prone to hurricanes , and most of the world 's tornadoes occur within the country , mainly in Tornado Alley areas in the Midwest and South . Wildlife Main articles : Fauna of the United States and Flora of the United States See also : Category : Biota of the United States The bald eagle has been the national bird of the United States since 1782 . The U.S. ecology is megadiverse : about 17,000 species of vascular plants occur in the contiguous United States and Alaska , and over 1,800 species of flowering plants are found in Hawaii , few of which occur on the mainland . The United States is home to 428 mammal species , 784 bird species , 311 reptile species , and 295 amphibian species . About 91,000 insect species have been described . The bald eagle is both the national bird and national animal of the United States , and is an enduring symbol of the country itself . There are 59 national parks and hundreds of other federally managed parks , forests , and wilderness areas . Altogether , the government owns about 28 % of the country 's land area . Most of this is protected , though some is leased for oil and gas drilling , mining , logging , or cattle ranching ; about . 86 % is used for military purposes . Environmental issues have been on the national agenda since 1970 . Environmental controversies include debates on oil and nuclear energy , dealing with air and water pollution , the economic costs of protecting wildlife , logging and deforestation , and international responses to global warming . Many federal and state agencies are involved . The most prominent is the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , created by presidential order in 1970 . The idea of wilderness has shaped the management of public lands since 1964 , with the Wilderness Act . The Endangered Species Act of 1973 is intended to protect threatened and endangered species and their habitats , which are monitored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service . Demographics Main articles : Demography of the United States , Americans , and Race and ethnicity in the United States Population See also : List of U.S. states by population and List of United States cities by population Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 3,929,214 -- 1800 5,308,483 35.1 % 1810 7,239,881 36.4 % 1820 9,638,453 33.1 % 1830 12,866,020 33.5 % 1840 17,069,453 32.7 % 1850 23,191,876 35.9 % 1860 31,443,321 35.6 % 1870 38,558,371 22.6 % 1880 50,189,209 30.2 % 1890 62,979,766 25.5 % 1900 76,212,168 21.0 % 1910 92,228,496 21.0 % 1920 106,021,537 15.0 % 1930 123,202,624 16.2 % 1940 132,164,569 7.3 % 1950 151,325,798 14.5 % 1960 179,323,175 18.5 % 1970 203,211,926 13.3 % 1980 226,545,805 11.5 % 248,709,873 9.8 % 2000 281,421,906 13.2 % 308,745,538 9.7 % Est. 2017 325,719,178 5.5 % 1610 -- 1780 population data . Note that the census numbers do not include Native Americans until 1860 . The U.S. Census Bureau estimated the country 's population to be 325,719,178 as of July 1 , 2017 , and to be adding 1 person ( net gain ) every 13 seconds , or about 6,646 people per day . The U.S. population almost quadrupled during the 20th century , from 76.2 million in 1900 to 281.4 million in 2000 . The third most populous nation in the world , after China and India , the United States is the only major industrialized nation in which large population increases are projected . In the 1800s the average woman had 7.04 children ; by the 1900s this number had decreased to 3.56 . Since the early 1970s the birth rate has been below the replacement rate of 2.1 with 1.86 children per woman in 2014 . Foreign - born immigration has caused the U.S. population to continue its rapid increase with the foreign - born population doubling from almost 20 million in 1990 to over 40 million in 2010 , representing one - third of the population increase . The foreign - born population reached 45 million in 2015 . The United States has a very diverse population ; 37 ancestry groups have more than one million members . German Americans are the largest ethnic group ( more than 50 million ) -- followed by Irish Americans ( circa 37 million ) , Mexican Americans ( circa 31 million ) and English Americans ( circa 28 million ) . White Americans ( mostly European ancestry group with 73.1 % of total population ) are the largest racial group ; black Americans are the nation 's largest racial minority ( note that in the U.S. Census , Hispanic and Latino Americans are counted as an ethnic group , not a `` racial '' group ) , and third - largest ancestry group . Asian Americans are the country 's second - largest racial minority ; the three largest Asian American ethnic groups are Chinese Americans , Filipino Americans , and Indian Americans . According to a 2015 survey , the largest American community with European ancestry is German Americans , which consists of more than 14 % of total population . In 2010 , the U.S. population included an estimated 5.2 million people with some American Indian or Alaska Native ancestry ( 2.9 million exclusively of such ancestry ) and 1.2 million with some native Hawaiian or Pacific island ancestry ( 0.5 million exclusively ) . The census counted more than 19 million people of `` Some Other Race '' who were `` unable to identify with any '' of its five official race categories in 2010 , over 18.5 million ( 97 % ) of whom are of Hispanic ethnicity . Most common ancestry in each U.S. state in 2000 German American Mexican Irish African Italian English Japanese Puerto Rican The population growth of Hispanic and Latino Americans ( the terms are officially interchangeable ) is a major demographic trend . The 50.5 million Americans of Hispanic descent are identified as sharing a distinct `` ethnicity '' by the Census Bureau ; 64 % of Hispanic Americans are of Mexican descent . Between 2000 and 2010 , the country 's Hispanic population increased 43 % while the non-Hispanic population rose just 4.9 % . Much of this growth is from immigration ; in 2007 , 12.6 % of the U.S. population was foreign - born , with 54 % of that figure born in Latin America . Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic , non-multiracial whites ) constituted 37.2 % of the population in 2012 and over 50 % of children under age one , and are projected to constitute the majority by 2044 . The United States has a birth rate of 13 per 1,000 , which is 5 births below the world average . Its population growth rate is positive at 0.7 % , higher than that of many developed nations . In fiscal year 2016 , over one million immigrants ( most of whom entered through family reunification ) were granted legal residence . Mexico has been the leading source of new residents since the 1965 Immigration Act . China , India , and the Philippines have been in the top four sending countries every year since the 1990s . As of 2012 , approximately 11.4 million residents are illegal immigrants . As of 2015 , 47 % of all immigrants are Hispanic , 26 % are Asian , 18 % are white and 8 % are black . The percentage of immigrants who are Asian is increasing while the percentage who are Hispanic is decreasing . A 2017 Gallup poll concluded that 4.5 % of adult Americans identified as LGBT with 5.1 % of women identifying as LGBT , compared with 3.9 % of men . The highest percentage came from the District of Columbia ( 10 % ) , while the lowest state was North Dakota at 1.7 % . About 82 % of Americans live in urban areas ( including suburbs ) ; about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50,000 . The U.S. has numerous clusters of cities known as megaregions , the largest being the Great Lakes Megalopolis followed by the Northeast Megalopolis and Southern California . In 2008 , 273 incorporated municipalities had populations over 100,000 , nine cities had more than one million residents , and four global cities had over two million ( New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , and Houston ) . There are 52 metropolitan areas with populations greater than one million . Of the 50 fastest - growing metro areas , 47 are in the West or South . The metro areas of San Bernardino , Dallas , Houston , Atlanta , and Phoenix all grew by more than a million people between 2000 and 2008 . Leading population centers ( see complete list ) view talk Rank Core city ( cities ) Metro area population Metropolitan Statistical Area Region New York City Los Angeles Chicago Dallas New York City 20,320,876 New York -- Newark -- Jersey City , NY -- NJ -- PA MSA Northeast Los Angeles 13,353,907 Los Angeles -- Long Beach -- Anaheim , CA MSA West Chicago 9,533,040 Chicago -- Joliet -- Naperville , IL -- IN -- WI MSA Midwest Dallas -- Fort Worth 7,399,662 Dallas -- Fort Worth -- Arlington , TX MSA South 5 Houston 6,892,427 Houston -- The Woodlands - Sugar Land MSA South 6 Washington , D.C. 6,216,589 Washington , DC -- VA -- MD -- WV MSA South 7 Miami 6,158,824 Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- West Palm Beach , FL MSA South 8 Philadelphia 6,096,120 Philadelphia -- Camden -- Wilmington , PA -- NJ -- DE -- MD MSA Northeast 9 Atlanta 5,884,736 Atlanta -- Sandy Springs -- Roswell , GA MSA South 10 Boston 4,836,531 Boston -- Cambridge -- Quincy , MA -- NH MSA Northeast 11 Phoenix 4,737,270 Phoenix -- Mesa -- Chandler , AZ MSA West 12 San Francisco 4,727,357 San Francisco -- Oakland -- Fremont , CA MSA West 13 Riverside -- San Bernardino 4,580,670 Riverside -- San Bernardino -- Ontario , CA MSA West 14 Detroit 4,313,002 Detroit - Warren - Dearborn , MI MSA Midwest 15 Seattle 3,867,046 Seattle -- Tacoma -- Bellevue , WA MSA West 16 Minneapolis -- St. Paul 3,600,618 Minneapolis -- St. Paul -- Bloomington , MN -- WI MSA Midwest 17 San Diego 3,337,685 San Diego -- Carlsbad -- San Marcos , CA MSA West 18 Tampa -- St. Petersburg 3,091,399 Tampa -- St. Petersburg -- Clearwater , FL MSA South 19 Denver 2,888,227 Denver -- Aurora -- Lakewood , CO MSA West 20 Baltimore 2,808,175 Baltimore - Columbia - Towson , MD MSA South Based on 2017 MSA population estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Language Main article : Languages of the United States See also : Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America , List of endangered languages in the United States , and Language education in the United States English ( American English ) is the de facto national language . Although there is no official language at the federal level , some laws -- such as U.S. naturalization requirements -- standardize English . In 2010 , about 230 million , or 80 % of the population aged five years and older , spoke only English at home . Spanish , spoken by 12 % of the population at home , is the second most common language and the most widely taught second language . Some Americans advocate making English the country 's official language , as it is in 32 states . Both Hawaiian and English are official languages in Hawaii , by state law . Alaska recognizes twenty Native languages as well as English . While neither has an official language , New Mexico has laws providing for the use of both English and Spanish , as Louisiana does for English and French . Other states , such as California , mandate the publication of Spanish versions of certain government documents including court forms . Several insular territories grant official recognition to their native languages , along with English : Samoan is officially recognized by American Samoa . Chamorro is an official language of Guam . Both Carolinian and Chamorro have official recognition in the Northern Mariana Islands . Spanish is an official language of Puerto Rico and is more widely spoken than English there . The most widely taught foreign languages in the United States , in terms of enrollment numbers from kindergarten through university undergraduate studies , are : Spanish ( around 7.2 million students ) , French ( 1.5 million ) , and German ( 500,000 ) . Other commonly taught languages ( with 100,000 to 250,000 learners ) include Latin , Japanese , ASL , Italian , and Chinese . 18 % of all Americans claim to speak at least one language in addition to English . Languages spoken at home by more than 1 million persons in the U.S. ( 2016 ) Language Percent of population Number of speakers Number who speak English very well Number who speak English less than very well English ( only ) ~ 80 % 237,810,023 N / A N / A Spanish ( including Spanish Creole but excluding Puerto Rico ) 13 % 40,489,813 23,899,421 16,590,392 Chinese ( all varieties , including Mandarin and Cantonese ) 1.0 % 3,372,930 1,518,619 1,854,311 Tagalog ( including Filipino ) 0.5 % 1,701,960 1,159,211 542,749 Vietnamese 0.4 % 1,509,993 634,273 875,720 Arabic ( all varieties ) 0.3 % 1,231,098 770,882 460,216 French ( including Patois and Cajun ) 0.3 % 1,216,668 965,584 251,087 Korean 0.2 % 1,088,788 505,734 583,054 Religion Main article : Religion in the United States Religious affiliation in the U.S. ( 2014 ) Affiliation % of U.S. population Christianity 70.6 70.6 Protestant 46.5 46.5 Evangelical Protestant 25.4 25.4 Mainline Protestant 14.7 14.7 Black church 6.5 6.5 Catholic 20.8 20.8 Mormon 1.6 1.6 Jehovah 's Witnesses 0.8 0.8 Eastern Orthodox 0.5 0.5 Other Christian 0.4 0.4 Judaism 1.9 1.9 Hinduism 1.2 1.2 Islam 0.9 0.9 Buddhism 0.9 0.9 Other faiths 1.8 1.8 Irreligion 22.8 22.8 Nothing in particular 15.8 15.8 Agnostic 4.0 Atheist 3.1 3.1 Do n't know or refused answer 0.6 0.6 The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees the free exercise of religion and forbids Congress from passing laws respecting its establishment . In a 2013 survey , 56 % of Americans said that religion played a `` very important role in their lives '' , a far higher figure than that of any other wealthy nation . In a 2009 Gallup poll , 42 % of Americans said that they attended church weekly or almost weekly ; the figures ranged from a low of 23 % in Vermont to a high of 63 % in Mississippi . As with other Western countries , the U.S. is becoming less religious . Irreligion is growing rapidly among Americans under 30 . Polls show that overall American confidence in organized religion has been declining since the mid to late 1980s , and that younger Americans , in particular , are becoming increasingly irreligious . According to a 2012 study , the Protestant share of the U.S. population had dropped to 48 % , thus ending its status as religious category of the majority for the first time . Americans with no religion have 1.7 children compared to 2.2 among Christians . The unaffiliated are less likely to get married with 37 % marrying compared to 52 % of Christians . According to a 2014 survey , 70.6 % of adults in the United States identified themselves as Christians ; Protestants accounted for 46.5 % , while Roman Catholics , at 20.8 % , formed the largest single denomination . In 2014 , 5.9 % of the U.S. adult population claimed a non-Christian religion . These include Judaism ( 1.9 % ) , Hinduism ( 1.2 % ) , Buddhism ( 0.9 % ) , and Islam ( 0.9 % ) . The survey also reported that 22.8 % of Americans described themselves as agnostic , atheist or simply having no religion -- up from 8.2 % in 1990 . There are also Unitarian Universalist , Scientologist , Baha'i , Sikh , Jain , Shinto , Confucian , Taoist , Druid , Native American , Wiccan , humanist and deist communities . Protestantism is the largest Christian religious grouping in the United States , accounting for almost half of all Americans . Baptists collectively form the largest branch of Protestantism at 15.4 % , and the Southern Baptist Convention is the largest individual Protestant denomination at 5.3 % of the U.S. population . Apart from Baptists , other Protestant categories include nondenominational Protestants , Methodists , Pentecostals , unspecified Protestants , Lutherans , Presbyterians , Congregationalists , other Reformed , Episcopalians / Anglicans , Quakers , Adventists , Holiness , Christian fundamentalists , Anabaptists , Pietists , and multiple others . Two - thirds of American Protestants consider themselves to be born again . Roman Catholicism in the United States has its origin primarily in the Spanish and French colonization of the Americas , as well as in the English colony of Maryland . It later grew because of Irish , Italian , Polish , German and Hispanic immigration . Rhode Island has the highest percentage of Catholics , with 40 percent of the total population . Utah is the only state where Mormonism is the religion of the majority of the population . The Mormon Corridor also extends to parts of Arizona , California , Idaho , Nevada and Wyoming . Eastern Orthodoxy is claimed by 5 % of people in Alaska , a former Russian colony , and maintains a presence on the U.S. mainland due to recent immigration from Eastern Europe . Finally , a number of other Christian groups are active across the country , including the Oneness Pentecostals , Jehovah 's Witnesses , Restorationists , Churches of Christ , Christian Scientists , Unitarians and many others . The Bible Belt is an informal term for a region in the Southern United States in which socially conservative evangelical Protestantism is a significant part of the culture and Christian church attendance across the denominations is generally higher than the nation 's average . By contrast , religion plays the least important role in New England and in the Western United States . Family structure Main article : Family structure in the United States As of 2007 , 58 % of Americans age 18 and over were married , 6 % were widowed , 10 % were divorced , and 25 % had never been married . Women now work mostly outside the home and receive a majority of bachelor 's degrees . The U.S. teenage pregnancy rate is 26.5 per 1,000 women . The rate has declined by 57 % since 1991 . In 2013 , the highest teenage birth rate was in Alabama , and the lowest in Wyoming . Abortion is legal throughout the U.S. , owing to Roe v. Wade , a 1973 landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States . While the abortion rate is falling , the abortion ratio of 241 per 1,000 live births and abortion rate of 15 per 1,000 women aged 15 -- 44 remain higher than those of most Western nations . In 2013 , the average age at first birth was 26 and 40.6 % of births were to unmarried women . The total fertility rate ( TFR ) in 2016 was 1.82 births per 1000 woman . Adoption in the United States is common and relatively easy from a legal point of view ( compared to other Western countries ) . In 2001 , with over 127,000 adoptions , the U.S. accounted for nearly half of the total number of adoptions worldwide . Same - sex marriage is legal nationwide and it is legal for same - sex couples to adopt . Polygamy is illegal throughout the U.S. Health See also : Health care in the United States , Health care reform in the United States , and Health insurance in the United States Massachusetts General Hospital is one of the oldest health - care institutions in the United States The United States has a life expectancy of 79.8 years at birth , up from 75.2 years in 1990 . Life expectancy ranged from a high of 81.3 years in Hawaii to a low of 73.4 years in American Samoa . The infant mortality rate of 6.17 per thousand places the United States 56th - lowest out of 224 countries . Increasing obesity in the United States and health improvements elsewhere contributed to lowering the country 's rank in life expectancy from 11th in the world in 1987 , to 42nd in 2007 . Obesity rates have more than doubled in the last 30 years , are the highest in the industrialized world , and are among the highest anywhere . Approximately one - third of the adult population is obese and an additional third is overweight . Obesity - related type 2 diabetes is considered epidemic by health care professionals . In 2010 , coronary artery disease , lung cancer , stroke , chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases , and traffic accidents caused the most years of life lost in the U.S. Low back pain , depression , musculoskeletal disorders , neck pain , and anxiety caused the most years lost to disability . The most deleterious risk factors were poor diet , tobacco smoking , obesity , high blood pressure , high blood sugar , physical inactivity , and alcohol use . Alzheimer 's disease , drug abuse , kidney disease , cancer , and falls caused the most additional years of life lost over their age - adjusted 1990 per - capita rates . U.S. teenage pregnancy and abortion rates are substantially higher than in other Western nations , especially among blacks and Hispanics . Suicide rates have increased in nearly every state from 1999 through 2016 , and is a leading cause of death in the United States . Drug overdoses , two - thirds of which are from opioids , are the leading cause of death for those under the age of 50 . The U.S. is a global leader in medical innovation . America solely developed or contributed significantly to 9 of the top 10 most important medical innovations since 1975 as ranked by a 2001 poll of physicians , while the European Union and Switzerland together contributed to five . Since 1966 , more Americans have received the Nobel Prize in Medicine than the rest of the world combined . From 1989 to 2002 , four times more money was invested in private biotechnology companies in America than in Europe . The U.S. health - care system far outspends any other nation , measured in both per capita spending and percentage of GDP . Health - care coverage in the United States is a combination of public and private efforts and is not universal . In 2014 , 13.4 % of the population did not carry health insurance . The subject of uninsured and underinsured Americans is a major political issue . In 2006 , Massachusetts became the first state to mandate universal health insurance . Federal legislation passed in early 2010 would ostensibly create a near - universal health insurance system around the country by 2014 , though the bill and its ultimate effect are issues of controversy . Education Main article : Education in the United States The University of Virginia , founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1819 , is one of the many public universities in the United States . Universal government - funded education exists in the United States , while there are also many privately funded institutions . American public education is operated by state and local governments , regulated by the United States Department of Education through restrictions on federal grants . In most states , children are required to attend school from the age of six or seven ( generally , kindergarten or first grade ) until they turn 18 ( generally bringing them through twelfth grade , the end of high school ) ; some states allow students to leave school at 16 or 17 . About 12 % of children are enrolled in parochial or nonsectarian private schools . Just over 2 % of children are homeschooled . The U.S. spends more on education per student than any nation in the world , spending more than $11,000 per elementary student in 2010 and more than $12,000 per high school student . Some 80 % of U.S. college students attend public universities . The United States has many competitive private and public institutions of higher education . The majority of the world 's top universities listed by different ranking organizations are in the U.S. There are also local community colleges with generally more open admission policies , shorter academic programs , and lower tuition . Of Americans 25 and older , 84.6 % graduated from high school , 52.6 % attended some college , 27.2 % earned a bachelor 's degree , and 9.6 % earned graduate degrees . The basic literacy rate is approximately 99 % . The United Nations assigns the United States an Education Index of 0.97 , tying it for 12th in the world . As for public expenditures on higher education , the U.S. trails some other OECD nations but spends more per student than the OECD average , and more than all nations in combined public and private spending . As of 2018 , student loan debt exceeded 1.5 trillion dollars , more than Americans owe on credit cards . Government and Politics Main articles : Federal government of the United States , State governments of the United States , Local government in the United States , and Elections in the United States The United States Capitol , where Congress meets : the Senate , left ; the House , right The White House , home and workplace of the U.S. President Supreme Court Building , where the nation 's highest court sits The United States is the world 's oldest surviving federation . It is a representative democracy , `` in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law '' . The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution , which serves as the country 's supreme legal document . For 2016 , the U.S. ranked 21st on the Democracy Index ( tied with Italy ) and 18th on the Corruption Perceptions Index . In the American federalist system , citizens are usually subject to three levels of government : federal , state , and local . The local government 's duties are commonly split between county and municipal governments . In almost all cases , executive and legislative officials are elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district . There is no proportional representation at the federal level , and it is rare at lower levels . The federal government is composed of three branches : Legislative : The bicameral Congress , made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives , makes federal law , declares war , approves treaties , has the power of the purse , and has the power of impeachment , by which it can remove sitting members of the government . Executive : The President is the commander - in - chief of the military , can veto legislative bills before they become law ( subject to Congressional override ) , and appoints the members of the Cabinet ( subject to Senate approval ) and other officers , who administer and enforce federal laws and policies . Judicial : The Supreme Court and lower federal courts , whose judges are appointed by the President with Senate approval , interpret laws and overturn those they find unconstitutional . The House of Representatives has 435 voting members , each representing a congressional district for a two - year term . House seats are apportioned among the states by population every tenth year . At the 2010 census , seven states had the minimum of one representative , while California , the most populous state , had 53 . The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories each have one member of Congress -- these members are not allowed to vote . The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators , elected at - large to six - year terms ; one - third of Senate seats are up for election every other year . The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories do not have senators . The President serves a four - year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice . The President is not elected by direct vote , but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia . The Supreme Court , led by the Chief Justice of the United States , has nine members , who serve for life . The state governments are structured in roughly similar fashion ; Nebraska uniquely has a unicameral legislature . The governor ( chief executive ) of each state is directly elected . Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the governors of the respective states , while others are elected by popular vote . The original text of the Constitution establishes the structure and responsibilities of the federal government and its relationship with the individual states . Article One protects the right to the `` great writ '' of habeas corpus . The Constitution has been amended 27 times ; the first ten amendments , which make up the Bill of Rights , and the Fourteenth Amendment form the central basis of Americans ' individual rights . All laws and governmental procedures are subject to judicial review and any law ruled by the courts to be in violation of the Constitution is voided . The principle of judicial review , not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution , was established by the Supreme Court in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) in a decision handed down by Chief Justice John Marshall . Political Divisions Main articles : Political divisions of the United States , U.S. state , Territories of the United States , List of states and territories of the United States , and Indian reservation Further information : Territorial evolution of the United States and United States territorial acquisitions Map of U.S. Economic Exclusion Zone , highlighting states , territories and possessions The United States is a federal republic of 50 states , a federal district , five territories and several uninhabited island possessions . The states and territories are the principal administrative districts in the country . These are divided into subdivisions of counties and independent cities . The District of Columbia is a federal district that contains the capital of the United States , Washington DC . The states and the District of Columbia choose the President of the United States . Each state has presidential electors equal to the number of their Representatives and Senators in Congress ; the District of Columbia has three ( because of the 23rd Amendment ) . Territories of the United States such as Puerto Rico do not have presidential electors , and so people in those territories can not vote for the president . Congressional Districts are reapportioned among the states following each decennial Census of Population . Each state then draws single - member districts to conform with the census apportionment . The total number of voting Representatives is 435 . There are also 6 non-voting representatives who represent the District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories . The United States also observes tribal sovereignty of the American Indian nations to a limited degree , as it does with the states ' sovereignty . American Indians are U.S. citizens and tribal lands are subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Congress and the federal courts . Like the states they have a great deal of autonomy , but also like the states , tribes are not allowed to make war , engage in their own foreign relations , or print and issue currency . Citizenship is granted at birth in all states , the District of Columbia , and all major U.S. territories except American Samoa . State flags and statehood dates ( listed alphabetically ) Alabama : Dec. 14 , 1819 Alaska : Jan. 3 , 1959 Arizona : Feb. 14 , 1912 Arkansas : Jun. 15 , 1836 California : Sep. 9 , 1850 Colorado : Aug. 1 , 1876 Connecticut : Jan. 9 , 1788 Delaware : Dec. 7 , 1787 Florida : Mar. 3 , 1845 Georgia : Jan. 2 , 1788 Hawaii : Aug. 21 , 1959 Idaho : Jul. 3 , 1890 Illinois : Dec. 3 , 1818 Indiana : Dec. 11 , 1816 Iowa : Dec. 28 , 1846 Kansas : Jan. 29 , 1861 Kentucky : Jun. 1 , 1792 Louisiana : Apr. 30 , 1812 Maine : Mar. 15 , 1820 Maryland : Apr. 28 , 1788 Massachusetts : Feb. 6 , 1788 Michigan : Jan. 26 , 1837 Minnesota : May 11 , 1858 Mississippi : Dec. 10 , 1817 Missouri : Aug. 10 , 1821 Montana : Nov. 8 , 1889 Nebraska : Mar. 1 , 1867 Nevada : Oct. 31 , 1864 New Hampshire : Jun. 21 , 1788 New Jersey : Dec. 18 , 1787 New Mexico : Jan. 6 , 1912 New York : Jul. 26 , 1788 North Carolina : Nov. 21 , 1789 North Dakota : Nov. 2 , 1889 Ohio : Mar. 1 , 1803 Oklahoma : Nov. 16 , 1907 Oregon : Feb. 14 , 1859 Pennsylvania : Dec. 12 , 1787 Rhode Island : May 29 , 1790 South Carolina : May 23 , 1788 South Dakota : Nov. 2 , 1889 Tennessee : Jun. 1 , 1796 Texas : Dec. 29 , 1845 Utah : Jan. 4 , 1896 Vermont : Mar. 4 , 1791 Virginia : Jun. 25 , 1788 Washington : Nov. 11 , 1889 West Virginia : Jun. 20 , 1863 Wisconsin : May 29 , 1848 Wyoming : Jul. 10 , 1890 ( listed chronologically ) Dec. 7 , 1787 : Delaware Dec. 12 , 1787 : Pennsylvania Dec. 18 , 1787 : New Jersey Jan. 2 , 1788 : Georgia Jan. 9 , 1788 : Connecticut Feb. 6 , 1788 : Massachusetts Apr. 28 , 1788 : Maryland May 23 , 1788 : South Carolina Jun. 21 , 1788 : New Hampshire Jun. 25 , 1788 : Virginia Jul. 26 , 1788 : New York Nov. 21 , 1789 : North Carolina May 29 , 1790 : Rhode Island Mar. 4 , 1791 : Vermont Jun. 1 , 1792 : Kentucky Jun. 1 , 1796 : Tennessee Mar. 1 , 1803 : Ohio Apr. 30 , 1812 : Louisiana Dec. 11 , 1816 : Indiana Dec. 10 , 1817 : Mississippi Dec. 3 , 1818 : Illinois Dec. 14 , 1819 : Alabama Mar. 15 , 1820 : Maine Aug. 10 , 1821 : Missouri Jun. 15 , 1836 : Arkansas Jan. 26 , 1837 : Michigan Mar. 3 , 1845 : Florida Dec. 29 , 1845 : Texas Dec. 28 , 1846 : Iowa May 29 , 1848 : Wisconsin Sep. 9 , 1850 : California May 11 , 1858 : Minnesota Feb. 14 , 1859 : Oregon Jan. 29 , 1861 : Kansas Jun. 20 , 1863 : West Virginia Oct. 31 , 1864 : Nevada Mar. 1 , 1867 : Nebraska Aug. 1 , 1876 : Colorado Nov. 2 , 1889 : North Dakota Nov. 2 , 1889 : South Dakota Nov. 8 , 1889 : Montana Nov. 11 , 1889 : Washington Jul. 3 , 1890 : Idaho Jul. 10 , 1890 : Wyoming Jan. 4 , 1896 : Utah Nov. 16 , 1907 : Oklahoma Jan. 6 , 1912 : New Mexico Feb. 14 , 1912 : Arizona Jan. 3 , 1959 : Alaska Aug. 21 , 1959 : Hawaii Statehood date is the date of ratifying the Constitution ( for the first 13 ) or being admitted to the Union ( for subsequent states ) Territory and district flags and dates ( listed alphabetically ) American Samoa : Apr. 17 , 1900 District of Columbia : Jul. 16 , 1790 Guam : Apr. 11 , 1899 Northern Mariana Islands : Nov. 3 , 1986 Puerto Rico : Apr. 11 , 1899 US Virgin Islands : Mar. 31 , 1917 ( listed chronologically ) Jul. 16 , 1790 : District of Columbia Apr. 11 , 1899 : Guam Apr. 11 , 1899 : Puerto Rico Apr. 17 , 1900 : American Samoa Mar. 31 , 1917 : US Virgin Islands Nov. 3 , 1986 : Northern Mariana Islands Territory date is the date the territory was acquired by the United States , except for the District of Columbia , which was founded separately Parties and elections Main articles : Politics of the United States and Political ideologies in the United States Congressional leadership meeting with President Obama in 2011 . Donald Trump 45th President since January 20 , 2017 Mike Pence 48th Vice President since January 20 , 2017 The United States has operated under a two - party system for most of its history . For elective offices at most levels , state - administered primary elections choose the major party nominees for subsequent general elections . Since the general election of 1856 , the major parties have been the Democratic Party , founded in 1824 , and the Republican Party , founded in 1854 . Since the Civil War , only one third - party presidential candidate -- former president Theodore Roosevelt , running as a Progressive in 1912 -- has won as much as 20 % of the popular vote . The President and Vice-president are elected through the Electoral College system . Within American political culture , the center - right Republican Party is considered `` conservative '' and the center - left Democratic Party is considered `` liberal '' . The states of the Northeast and West Coast and some of the Great Lakes states , known as `` blue states '' , are relatively liberal . The `` red states '' of the South and parts of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains are relatively conservative . Republican Donald Trump , the winner of the 2016 presidential election , is serving as the 45th President of the United States . Leadership in the Senate includes Republican Vice President Mike Pence , Republican President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch , Majority Leader Mitch McConnell , and Minority Leader Chuck Schumer . Leadership in the House includes Speaker of the House Paul Ryan , Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy , and Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi . In the 115th United States Congress , both the House of Representatives and the Senate are controlled by the Republican Party . The Senate consists of 51 Republicans , and 47 Democrats with 2 Independents who caucus with the Democrats ; the House consists of 241 Republicans and 194 Democrats . In state governorships , there are 33 Republicans , 16 Democrats , and 1 Independent . Among the DC mayor and the 5 territorial governors , there are 2 Republicans , 1 Democrat , 1 New Progressive , and 2 Independents . Foreign Relations Main articles : Foreign relations of the United States and Foreign policy of the United States The United Nations Headquarters was built in Midtown Manhattan in 1952 . The United States has an established structure of foreign relations . It is a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and New York City is home to the United Nations Headquarters . It is a member of the G7 , G20 , and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Almost all countries have embassies in Washington , D.C. , and many have consulates around the country . Likewise , nearly all nations host American diplomatic missions . However , Iran , North Korea , Bhutan , and the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) do not have formal diplomatic relations with the United States ( although the U.S. still maintains relations with Taiwan and supplies it with military equipment ) . The United States has a `` Special Relationship '' with the United Kingdom and strong ties with Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Philippines , Japan , South Korea , Israel , and several European Union countries , including France , Italy , Germany , and Spain . It works closely with fellow NATO members on military and security issues and with its neighbors through the Organization of American States and free trade agreements such as the trilateral North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico . In 2008 , the United States spent a net $25.4 billion on official development assistance , the most in the world . As a share of America 's large gross national income ( GNI ) , however , the U.S. contribution of 0.18 % ranked last among 22 donor states . By contrast , private overseas giving by Americans is relatively generous . The U.S. exercises full international defense authority and responsibility for three sovereign nations through Compact of Free Association with Micronesia , the Marshall Islands and Palau . These are Pacific island nations , once part of the U.S. - administered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands after World War II , which gained independence in subsequent years . On October 25 , 2017 , Vice President Mike Pence announced at a In Defense of Christians annual dinner meeting in Washington that the United States would stop funding United Nations relief efforts , cases tackling the persecution of Christians in the Middle East , but insisted that the U.S. would instead help and aid Christians directly through the United States Agency for International Development . Pence said that he will be visiting the Middle East in December and will meet with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas to discuss peace agreements . Government Finance See also : Taxation in the United States and United States federal budget U.S. federal debt held by the public as a percentage of GDP , from 1790 to 2013 . Taxes in the United States are levied at the federal , state , and local government levels . These include taxes on income , payroll , property , sales , imports , estates and gifts , as well as various fees . Taxation in the United States is based on citizenship , not residency . Both non-resident citizens and Green Card holders living abroad are taxed on their income irrespective of where they live or where there income is earned . It is the only country in the world , other than Eritrea , to do so . In 2010 taxes collected by federal , state and municipal governments amounted to 24.8 % of GDP . During FY2012 , the federal government collected approximately $2.45 trillion in tax revenue , up $147 billion or 6 % versus FY2011 revenues of $2.30 trillion . Primary receipt categories included individual income taxes ( $1,132 B or 47 % ) , Social Security / Social Insurance taxes ( $845 B or 35 % ) , and corporate taxes ( $242 B or 10 % ) . Based on CBO estimates , under 2013 tax law the top 1 % will be paying the highest average tax rates since 1979 , while other income groups will remain at historic lows . U.S. taxation has historically been generally progressive , especially the federal income taxes , though by most measures it became noticeably less progressive after 1980 . It has sometimes been described as among the most progressive in the developed world , but this characterization is controversial . The highest 10 % of income earners pay a majority of federal taxes , and about half of all taxes . Payroll taxes for Social Security are a flat regressive tax , with no tax charged on income above $118,500 ( for 2015 and 2016 ) and no tax at all paid on unearned income from things such as stocks and capital gains . The historic reasoning for the regressive nature of the payroll tax is that entitlement programs have not been viewed as welfare transfers . However , according to the Congressional Budget Office the net effect of Social Security is that the benefit to tax ratio ranges from roughly 70 % for the top earnings quintile to about 170 % for the lowest earning quintile , making the system progressive . The top 10 % paid 51.8 % of total federal taxes in 2009 , and the top 1 % , with 13.4 % of pre-tax national income , paid 22.3 % of federal taxes . In 2013 the Tax Policy Center projected total federal effective tax rates of 35.5 % for the top 1 % , 27.2 % for the top quintile , 13.8 % for the middle quintile , and − 2.7 % for the bottom quintile . The incidence of corporate income tax has been a matter of considerable ongoing controversy for decades . State and local taxes vary widely , but are generally less progressive than federal taxes as they rely heavily on broadly borne regressive sales and property taxes that yield less volatile revenue streams , though their consideration does not eliminate the progressive nature of overall taxation . During FY 2012 , the federal government spent $3.54 trillion on a budget or cash basis , down $60 billion or 1.7 % vs. FY 2011 spending of $3.60 trillion . Major categories of FY 2012 spending included : Medicare & Medicaid ( $802 B or 23 % of spending ) , Social Security ( $768 B or 22 % ) , Defense Department ( $670 B or 19 % ) , non-defense discretionary ( $615 B or 17 % ) , other mandatory ( $461 B or 13 % ) and interest ( $223 B or 6 % ) . The total national debt of the United States in the United States was $18.527 trillion ( 106 % of the GDP ) in 2014 . Military Main article : United States Armed Forces The carrier strike groups of the Kitty Hawk , Ronald Reagan , and Abraham Lincoln with aircraft from the Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . The President holds the title of commander - in - chief of the nation 's armed forces and appoints its leaders , the Secretary of Defense and the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The United States Department of Defense administers the armed forces , including the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . The Coast Guard is run by the Department of Homeland Security in peacetime and by the Department of the Navy during times of war . In 2008 , the armed forces had 1.4 million personnel on active duty . The Reserves and National Guard brought the total number of troops to 2.3 million . The Department of Defense also employed about 700,000 civilians , not including contractors . Military service is voluntary , though conscription may occur in wartime through the Selective Service System . American forces can be rapidly deployed by the Air Force 's large fleet of transport aircraft , the Navy 's 11 active aircraft carriers , and Marine expeditionary units at sea with the Navy 's Atlantic and Pacific fleets . The military operates 865 bases and facilities abroad , and maintains deployments greater than 100 active duty personnel in 25 foreign countries . The military budget of the United States in 2011 was more than $700 billion , 41 % of global military spending and equal to the next 14 largest national military expenditures combined . At 4.7 % of GDP , the rate was the second - highest among the top 15 military spenders , after Saudi Arabia . U.S. defense spending as a percentage of GDP ranked 23rd globally in 2012 according to the CIA . Defense 's share of U.S. spending has generally declined in recent decades , from Cold War peaks of 14.2 % of GDP in 1953 and 69.5 % of federal outlays in 1954 to 4.7 % of GDP and 18.8 % of federal outlays in 2011 . US global military presence . The proposed base Department of Defense budget for 2012 , $553 billion , was a 4.2 % increase over 2011 ; an additional $118 billion was proposed for the military campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan . The last American troops serving in Iraq departed in December 2011 ; 4,484 service members were killed during the Iraq War . Approximately 90,000 U.S. troops were serving in Afghanistan in April 2012 ; by November 8 , 2013 2,285 had been killed during the War in Afghanistan . Law enforcement and Crime Main articles : Law enforcement in the United States and Crime in the United States See also : Law of the United States , Second Amendment to the United States Constitution , Human rights in the United States § Justice system , Incarceration in the United States , and Capital punishment in the United States Law enforcement in the U.S. is maintained primarily by local police departments . The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) is the largest in the country . Law enforcement in the United States is primarily the responsibility of local police and sheriff 's departments , with state police providing broader services . The New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) is the largest in the country . Federal agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) and the U.S. Marshals Service have specialized duties , including protecting civil rights , national security and enforcing U.S. federal courts ' rulings and federal laws . At the federal level and in almost every state , a legal system operates on a common law . State courts conduct most criminal trials ; federal courts handle certain designated crimes as well as certain appeals from the state criminal courts . Plea bargaining in the United States is very common ; the vast majority of criminal cases in the country are settled by plea bargain rather than jury trial . In 2015 , there were 15,696 murders which was 1,532 more than in 2014 , a 10.8 % increase , the largest since 1971 . The murder rate in 2015 was 4.9 per 100,000 people . In 2016 the murder rate increased by 8.6 % , with 17,250 murders that year . The national clearance rate for homicides in 2015 was 64.1 % , compared to 90 % in 1965 . In 2012 there were 4.7 murders per 100,000 persons in the United States , a 54 % decline from the modern peak of 10.2 in 1980 . In 2001 -- 2 , the United States had above - average levels of violent crime and particularly high levels of gun violence compared to other developed nations . A cross-sectional analysis of the World Health Organization Mortality Database from 2010 showed that United States `` homicide rates were 7.0 times higher than in other high - income countries , driven by a gun homicide rate that was 25.2 times higher . '' Gun ownership rights continue to be the subject of contentious political debate . From 1980 through 2008 males represented 77 % of homicide victims and 90 % of offenders . Blacks committed 52.5 % of all homicides during that span , at a rate almost eight times that of whites ( `` whites '' includes most Hispanics ) , and were victimized at a rate six times that of whites . Most homicides were intraracial , with 93 % of black victims killed by blacks and 84 % of white victims killed by whites . In 2012 , Louisiana had the highest rate of murder and non-negligent manslaughter in the U.S. , and New Hampshire the lowest . The FBI 's Uniform Crime Reports estimates that there were 3,246 violent and property crimes per 100,000 residents in 2012 , for a total of over 9 million total crimes . Capital punishment is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes , and used in 31 states . No executions took place from 1967 to 1977 , owing in part to a U.S. Supreme Court ruling striking down arbitrary imposition of the death penalty . In 1976 , that Court ruled that , under appropriate circumstances , capital punishment may constitutionally be imposed . Since the decision there have been more than 1,300 executions , a majority of these taking place in three states : Texas , Virginia , and Oklahoma . Meanwhile , several states have either abolished or struck down death penalty laws . In 2015 , the country had the fifth - highest number of executions in the world , following China , Iran , Pakistan and Saudi Arabia . The United States has the highest documented incarceration rate and largest prison population in the world . At the start of 2008 , more than 2.3 million people were incarcerated , more than one in every 100 adults . In December 2012 , the combined U.S. adult correctional systems supervised about 6,937,600 offenders . About 1 in every 35 adult residents in the United States was under some form of correctional supervision in December 2012 , the lowest rate observed since 1997 . The prison population has quadrupled since 1980 , and state and local spending on prisons and jails has grown three times as much as that spent on public education during the same period . However , the imprisonment rate for all prisoners sentenced to more than a year in state or federal facilities is 478 per 100,000 in 2013 and the rate for pre-trial / remand prisoners is 153 per 100,000 residents in 2012 . The country 's high rate of incarceration is largely due to changes in sentencing guidelines and drug policies . According to the Federal Bureau of Prisons , the majority of inmates held in federal prisons are convicted of drug offenses . The privatization of prisons and prison services which began in the 1980s has been a subject of debate . In 2013 , Louisiana had the highest incarceration rate ( 1,082 per 100,000 people ) , and Maine the lowest ( 285 per 100,000 people ) . Among the U.S. territories , the highest incarceration rate was in the U.S. Virgin Islands ( 542 per 100,000 people ) and the lowest was in Puerto Rico ( 313 per 100,000 people ) . Economy Main article : Economy of the United States See also : Economic history of the United States Economic indicators Nominal GDP $20.40 trillion ( Q2 2018 ) Real GDP growth 4.1 % ( Q2 2018 ) 2.1 % ( 2017 ) CPI inflation 2.5 % ( April 2018 ) Employment - to - population ratio 60.2 % ( October 2017 ) Unemployment 3.9 % ( April 2018 ) Labor force participation rate 62.7 % ( November 2017 ) Total public debt $20.09 trillion ( Q1 2018 ) Household net worth $100.8 trillion ( Q2 2018 ) The United States has a capitalist mixed economy which is fueled by abundant natural resources and high productivity . According to the International Monetary Fund , the U.S. GDP of $16.8 trillion constitutes 24 % of the gross world product at market exchange rates and over 19 % of the gross world product at purchasing power parity ( PPP ) . The nominal GDP of the U.S. is estimated to be $17.528 trillion as of 2014 From 1983 to 2008 , U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3 % , compared to a 2.3 % weighted average for the rest of the G7 . The country ranks ninth in the world in nominal GDP per capita according to the United Nations ( first in the Americas ) and sixth in GDP per capita at PPP . The U.S. dollar is the world 's primary reserve currency . The United States is the largest importer of goods and second - largest exporter , though exports per capita are relatively low . In 2010 , the total U.S. trade deficit was $635 billion . Canada , China , Mexico , Japan , and Germany are its top trading partners . In 2010 , oil was the largest import commodity , while transportation equipment was the country 's largest export . Japan is the largest foreign holder of U.S. public debt . The largest holder of the U.S. debt are American entities , including federal government accounts and the Federal Reserve , who hold the majority of the debt . In 2009 , the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4 % of the economy , with federal government activity accounting for 4.3 % and state and local government activity ( including federal transfers ) the remaining 9.3 % . The number of employees at all levels of government outnumber those in manufacturing by 1.7 to 1 . While its economy has reached a postindustrial level of development and its service sector constitutes 67.8 % of GDP , the United States remains an industrial power . The leading business field by gross business receipts is wholesale and retail trade ; by net income it is manufacturing . In the franchising business model , McDonald 's and Subway are the two most recognized brands in the world . Coca - Cola is the most recognized soft drink company in the world . Chemical products are the leading manufacturing field . The United States is the largest producer of oil in the world , as well as its second - largest importer . It is the world 's number one producer of electrical and nuclear energy , as well as liquid natural gas , sulfur , phosphates , and salt . The National Mining Association provides data pertaining to coal and minerals that include beryllium , copper , lead , magnesium , zinc , titanium and others . Agriculture accounts for just under 1 % of GDP , yet the United States is the world 's top producer of corn and soybeans . The National Agricultural Statistics Service maintains agricultural statistics for products that include peanuts , oats , rye , wheat , rice , cotton , corn , barley , hay , sunflowers , and oilseeds . In addition , the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) provides livestock statistics regarding beef , poultry , pork , and dairy products . The country is the primary developer and grower of genetically modified food , representing half of the world 's biotech crops . Consumer spending comprises 68 % of the U.S. economy in 2015 . In August 2010 , the American labor force consisted of 154.1 million people . With 21.2 million people , government is the leading field of employment . The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance , with 16.4 million people . About 12 % of workers are unionized , compared to 30 % in Western Europe . The World Bank ranks the United States first in the ease of hiring and firing workers . The United States is ranked among the top three in the Global Competitiveness Report as well . It has a smaller welfare state and redistributes less income through government action than European nations tend to . The United States is the only advanced economy that does not guarantee its workers paid vacation and is one of just a few countries in the world without paid family leave as a legal right , with the others being Papua New Guinea , Suriname and Liberia . While federal law does not require sick leave , it is a common benefit for government workers and full - time employees at corporations . 74 % of full - time American workers get paid sick leave , according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , although only 24 % of part - time workers get the same benefits . In 2009 , the United States had the third - highest workforce productivity per person in the world , behind Luxembourg and Norway . It was fourth in productivity per hour , behind those two countries and the Netherlands . The 2008 -- 2012 global recession significantly affected the United States , with output still below potential according to the Congressional Budget Office . It brought high unemployment ( which has been decreasing but remains above pre-recession levels ) , along with low consumer confidence , the continuing decline in home values and increase in foreclosures and personal bankruptcies , an escalating federal debt crisis , inflation , and rising petroleum and food prices . Science and technology Main articles : Science and technology in the United States and Science policy of the United States Astronaut James Irwin walking on the Moon next to Apollo 15 's landing module and lunar rover in 1971 . The effort to reach the Moon was triggered by the Space Race . The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century . Methods for producing interchangeable parts were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century . This technology , along with the establishment of a machine tool industry , enabled the U.S. to have large - scale manufacturing of sewing machines , bicycles and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the American system of manufacturing . Factory electrification in the early 20th century and introduction of the assembly line and other labor - saving techniques created the system called mass production . In 1876 , Alexander Graham Bell was awarded the first U.S. patent for the telephone . Thomas Edison 's research laboratory , one of the first of its kind , developed the phonograph , the first long - lasting light bulb , and the first viable movie camera . The latter led to emergence of the worldwide entertainment industry . In the early 20th century , the automobile companies of Ransom E. Olds and Henry Ford popularized the assembly line . The Wright brothers , in 1903 , made the first sustained and controlled heavier - than - air powered flight . The rise of fascism and Nazism in the 1920s and 1930s led many European scientists , including Albert Einstein , Enrico Fermi , and John von Neumann , to immigrate to the United States . During World War II , the Manhattan Project developed nuclear weapons , ushering in the Atomic Age , while the Space Race produced rapid advances in rocketry , materials science , and aeronautics . The invention of the transistor in the 1950s , a key active component in practically all modern electronics , led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry . This , in turn , led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as Silicon Valley in California . Advancements by American microprocessor companies such as Advanced Micro Devices ( AMD ) , and Intel along with both computer software and hardware companies that include Adobe Systems , Apple Inc. , IBM , Microsoft , and Sun Microsystems created and popularized the personal computer . The ARPANET was developed in the 1960s to meet Defense Department requirements , and became the first of a series of networks which evolved into the Internet . These advancements then lead to greater personalization of technology for individual use . As of 2013 , 83.8 % of American households owned at least one computer , and 73.3 % had high - speed Internet service . 91 % of Americans also own a mobile phone as of May 2013 . The United States ranks highly with regard to freedom of use of the internet . In the 21st century , approximately two - thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector . The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and impact factor . Income , poverty and wealth Further information : Income in the United States , Poverty in the United States , Affluence in the United States , United States counties by per capita income , and Income inequality in the United States Americans have the highest average household and employee income among OECD nations , and in 2007 had the second - highest median household income . According to the U.S. Census Bureau , median household income was $59,039 in 2016 . Accounting for 4.4 % of the global population , Americans collectively possess 41.6 % of the world 's total wealth , and Americans make up roughly half of the world 's population of millionaires . The Global Food Security Index ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013 . Americans on average have over twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as European Union residents , and more than every EU nation . For 2013 the United Nations Development Programme ranked the United States 5th among 187 countries in its Human Development Index and 28th in its inequality - adjusted HDI ( IHDI ) . A tract housing development in San Jose , California After years of stagnant growth , in 2016 , according to the Census , median household income reached a record high after two consecutive years of record growth , although income inequality remains at record highs with top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all overall income . There has been a widening gap between productivity and median incomes since the 1970s . However , the gap between total compensation and productivity is not as wide because of increased employee benefits such as health insurance . The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top 1 percent , which has more than doubled from 9 percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011 , has significantly affected income inequality , leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations . According to a 2018 study by the OECD , the United States has much higher income inequality and a larger percentage of low - income workers than almost any other developed nation . This is largely because at - risk workers get almost no government support and are further set back by a very weak collective bargaining system . The top 1 percent of income - earners accounted for 52 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2015 , where income is defined as market income excluding government transfers , The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate . United States ' families median net worth source : Fed Survey of Consumer Finances in 2013 dollars 1998 2013 change All families $102,500 $81,200 - 20.8 % Bottom 20 % of incomes $8,300 $6,100 - 26.5 % 2nd lowest 20 % of incomes $47,400 $22,400 - 52.7 % Middle 20 % of incomes $76,300 $61,700 - 19.1 % Top 10 % $646,600 $1,130,700 + 74.9 % Wealth , like income and taxes , is highly concentrated ; the richest 10 % of the adult population possess 72 % of the country 's household wealth , while the bottom half claim only 2 % . According to a September 2017 report by the Federal Reserve , the top 1 % controlled 38.6 % of the country 's wealth in 2016 . Between June 2007 and November 2008 the global recession led to falling asset prices around the world . Assets owned by Americans lost about a quarter of their value . Since peaking in the second quarter of 2007 , household wealth was down $14 trillion , but has since increased $14 trillion over 2006 levels . At the end of 2014 , household debt amounted to $11.8 trillion , down from $13.8 trillion at the end of 2008 . There were about 578,424 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in January 2014 , with almost two - thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program . In 2011 16.7 million children lived in food - insecure households , about 35 % more than 2007 levels , though only 1.1 % of U.S. children , or 845,000 , saw reduced food intake or disrupted eating patterns at some point during the year , and most cases were not chronic . According to a 2014 report by the Census Bureau , one in five young adults lives in poverty , up from one in seven in 1980 . As of September 2017 , 40 million people , roughly 12.7 % of the U.S. population , were living in poverty , with 18.5 million of those living in deep poverty ( a family income below one - half of the poverty threshold ) . In 2016 , 13.3 million children were living in poverty , which made up 32.6 % of the impoverished population . In 2017 , the region with the lowest poverty rate was New Hampshire ( 7.3 % ) , and the region with the highest poverty rate was American Samoa ( 65 % ) . Among the states , the highest poverty rate was in Mississippi ( 21.9 % ) . According to the UN , around five million people in the U.S. live in `` third world '' conditions . Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transportation in the United States The Interstate Highway System , which extends 46,876 miles ( 75,440 km ) . Class 1 freight rail - lines in North America Personal transportation is dominated by automobiles , which operate on a network of 4 million miles ( 6.4 million kilometers ) of public roads , including one of the world 's longest highway systems at 57,000 mi ( 91,700 km ) . The world 's second - largest automobile market , the United States has the highest rate of per - capita vehicle ownership in the world , with 765 vehicles per 1,000 Americans ( 1996 ) . About 40 % of personal vehicles are vans , SUVs , or light trucks . The average American adult ( accounting for all drivers and non-drivers ) spends 55 minutes driving every day , traveling 29 miles ( 47 km ) . In 2017 , there were 255,009,283 motor vehicles -- including cars , vans , buses , freight , and other trucks , but excluding motorcycles and other two - wheelers -- or 910 vehicles per 1,000 people . Map showing Amtrak ( passenger ) rail speeds in the United States . Mass transit accounts for 9 % of total U.S. work trips . Transport of goods by rail is extensive , though relatively low numbers of passengers ( approximately 31 million annually ) use intercity rail to travel , partly because of the low population density throughout much of the U.S. interior . However , ridership on Amtrak , the national intercity passenger rail system , grew by almost 37 % between 2000 and 2010 . Also , light rail development has increased in recent years . Bicycle usage for work commutes is minimal . The civil airline industry is entirely privately owned and has been largely deregulated since 1978 , while most major airports are publicly owned . The three largest airlines in the world by passengers carried are U.S. - based ; American Airlines is number one after its 2013 acquisition by US Airways . Of the world 's 50 busiest passenger airports , 16 are in the United States , including the busiest , Hartsfield -- Jackson Atlanta International Airport , and the fourth - busiest , O'Hare International Airport in Chicago . In the aftermath of the 9 / 11 attacks of 2001 , the Transportation Security Administration was created to police airports and commercial airliners . Energy Further information : Energy policy of the United States The U.S. power transmission grid consists of about 300,000 km ( 190,000 mi ) of lines operated by approximately 500 companies . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation ( NERC ) oversees all of them . The United States energy market is about 29,000 terawatt hours per year . Energy consumption per capita is 7.8 tons ( 7076 kg ) of oil equivalent per year , the 10th - highest rate in the world . In 2005 , 40 % of this energy came from petroleum , 23 % from coal , and 22 % from natural gas . The remainder was supplied by nuclear power and renewable energy sources . The United States is the world 's largest consumer of petroleum . The United States has 27 % of global coal reserves . It is the world 's largest producer of natural gas and crude oil . For decades , nuclear power has played a limited role relative to many other developed countries , in part because of public perception in the wake of a 1979 accident . In 2007 , several applications for new nuclear plants were filed . Water supply and sanitation This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( September 2018 ) Main article : Drinking water supply and sanitation in the United States Issues that affect water supply in the United States include droughts in the West , water scarcity , pollution , a backlog of investment , concerns about the affordability of water for the poorest , and a rapidly retiring workforce . Increased variability and intensity of rainfall as a result of climate change is expected to produce both more severe droughts and flooding , with potentially serious consequences for water supply and for pollution from combined sewer overflows . Culture Main article : Culture of the United States American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in a 1902 Puck cartoon . The United States is home to many cultures and a wide variety of ethnic groups , traditions , and values . Aside from the Native American , Native Hawaiian , and Native Alaskan populations , nearly all Americans or their ancestors settled or immigrated within the past five centuries . Mainstream American culture is a Western culture largely derived from the traditions of European immigrants with influences from many other sources , such as traditions brought by slaves from Africa . More recent immigration from Asia and especially Latin America has added to a cultural mix that has been described as both a homogenizing melting pot , and a heterogeneous salad bowl in which immigrants and their descendants retain distinctive cultural characteristics . Core American culture was established by Protestant British colonists and shaped by the frontier settlement process , with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation . Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong work ethic , competitiveness , and individualism , as well as a unifying belief in an `` American creed '' emphasizing liberty , equality , private property , democracy , rule of law , and a preference for limited government . Americans are extremely charitable by global standards . According to a 2006 British study , Americans gave 1.67 % of GDP to charity , more than any other nation studied , more than twice the second place British figure of 0.73 % , and around twelve times the French figure of 0.14 % . The American Dream , or the perception that Americans enjoy high social mobility , plays a key role in attracting immigrants . Whether this perception is realistic has been a topic of debate . While mainstream culture holds that the United States is a classless society , scholars identify significant differences between the country 's social classes , affecting socialization , language , and values . Americans ' self - images , social viewpoints , and cultural expectations are associated with their occupations to an unusually close degree . While Americans tend greatly to value socioeconomic achievement , being ordinary or average is generally seen as a positive attribute . Food Main article : Cuisine of the United States Apple pie is a food commonly associated with American cuisine . Mainstream American cuisine is similar to that in other Western countries . Wheat is the primary cereal grain with about three - quarters of grain products made of wheat flour and many dishes use indigenous ingredients , such as turkey , venison , potatoes , sweet potatoes , corn , squash , and maple syrup which were consumed by Native Americans and early European settlers . These homegrown foods are part of a shared national menu on one of America 's most popular holidays ; Thanksgiving , when some Americans make traditional foods to celebrate the occasion . Roasted turkey is a traditional menu item of an American Thanksgiving dinner . Characteristic dishes such as apple pie , fried chicken , pizza , hamburgers , and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants . French fries , Mexican dishes such as burritos and tacos , and pasta dishes freely adapted from Italian sources are widely consumed . Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea . Marketing by U.S. industries is largely responsible for making orange juice and milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages . American eating habits owe a great deal to that of their British culinary roots with some variations . Although American lands could grow newer vegetables that Britain could not , most colonists would not eat these new foods until accepted by Europeans . Over time American foods changed to a point that food critic , John L. Hess stated in 1972 : `` Our founding fathers were as far superior to our present political leaders in the quality of their food as they were in the quality of their prose and intelligence '' . The American fast food industry , the world 's largest , pioneered the drive - through format in the 1940s . Fast food consumption has sparked health concerns . During the 1980s and 1990s , Americans ' caloric intake rose 24 % ; frequent dining at fast food outlets is associated with what public health officials call the American `` obesity epidemic '' . Highly sweetened soft drinks are widely popular , and sugared beverages account for nine percent of American caloric intake . Literature , philosophy , and visual art Main articles : American literature , American philosophy , Architecture of the United States , and Visual art of the United States Mark Twain , American author and humorist . In the 18th and early 19th centuries , American art and literature took most of its cues from Europe . Writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne , Edgar Allan Poe , and Henry David Thoreau established a distinctive American literary voice by the middle of the 19th century . Mark Twain and poet Walt Whitman were major figures in the century 's second half ; Emily Dickinson , virtually unknown during her lifetime , is now recognized as an essential American poet . A work seen as capturing fundamental aspects of the national experience and character -- such as Herman Melville 's Moby - Dick ( 1851 ) , Twain 's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn ( 1885 ) , F. Scott Fitzgerald 's The Great Gatsby ( 1925 ) and Harper Lee 's To Kill a Mockingbird ( 1960 ) -- may be dubbed the `` Great American Novel '' . Twelve U.S. citizens have won the Nobel Prize in Literature , most recently Bob Dylan in 2016 . William Faulkner , Ernest Hemingway and John Steinbeck are often named among the most influential writers of the 20th century . Popular literary genres such as the Western and hardboiled crime fiction developed in the United States . The Beat Generation writers opened up new literary approaches , as have postmodernist authors such as John Barth , Thomas Pynchon , and Don DeLillo . The transcendentalists , led by Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson , established the first major American philosophical movement . After the Civil War , Charles Sanders Peirce and then William James and John Dewey were leaders in the development of pragmatism . In the 20th century , the work of W.V.O. Quine and Richard Rorty , and later Noam Chomsky , brought analytic philosophy to the fore of American philosophical academia . John Rawls and Robert Nozick led a revival of political philosophy , and Martha Nussbaum is its most important figure today . Cornel West and Judith Butler have led a continental tradition in American philosophical academia . Chicago school economists like Milton Friedman , James M. Buchanan , and Thomas Sowell have affected various fields in social and political philosophy . In the visual arts , the Hudson River School was a mid-19th - century movement in the tradition of European naturalism . The realist paintings of Thomas Eakins are now widely celebrated . The 1913 Armory Show in New York City , an exhibition of European modernist art , shocked the public and transformed the U.S. art scene . Georgia O'Keeffe , Marsden Hartley , and others experimented with new , individualistic styles . Major artistic movements such as the abstract expressionism of Jackson Pollock and Willem de Kooning and the pop art of Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein developed largely in the United States . The tide of modernism and then postmodernism has brought fame to American architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright , Philip Johnson , and Frank Gehry . Americans have long been important in the modern artistic medium of photography , with major photographers including Alfred Stieglitz , Edward Steichen , and Ansel Adams . Times Square in New York City , the hub of the Broadway theater district One of the first major promoters of American theater was impresario P.T. Barnum , who began operating a lower Manhattan entertainment complex in 1841 . The team of Harrigan and Hart produced a series of popular musical comedies in New York starting in the late 1870s . In the 20th century , the modern musical form emerged on Broadway ; the songs of musical theater composers such as Irving Berlin , Cole Porter , and Stephen Sondheim have become pop standards . Playwright Eugene O'Neill won the Nobel literature prize in 1936 ; other acclaimed U.S. dramatists include multiple Pulitzer Prize winners Tennessee Williams , Edward Albee , and August Wilson . Choreographers Isadora Duncan and Martha Graham helped create modern dance , while George Balanchine and Jerome Robbins were leaders in 20th - century ballet . Music Main articles : Music of the United States and American classical music Although little known at the time , Charles Ives 's work of the 1910s established him as the first major U.S. composer in the classical tradition , while experimentalists such as Henry Cowell and John Cage created a distinctive American approach to classical composition . Aaron Copland and George Gershwin developed a new synthesis of popular and classical music . The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African - American music have deeply influenced American music at large , distinguishing it from European and African traditions . Elements from folk idioms such as the blues and what is now known as old - time music were adopted and transformed into popular genres with global audiences . Jazz was developed by innovators such as Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington early in the 20th century . Country music developed in the 1920s , and rhythm and blues in the 1940s . Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry were among the mid-1950s pioneers of rock and roll . Rock bands such as Metallica , the Eagles , and Aerosmith are among the highest grossing in worldwide sales . In the 1960s , Bob Dylan emerged from the folk revival to become one of America 's most celebrated songwriters and James Brown led the development of funk . More recent American creations include hip hop and house music . American pop stars such as Elvis Presley , Michael Jackson , and Madonna have become global celebrities , as have contemporary musical artists such as Taylor Swift , Britney Spears , Katy Perry , Beyoncé , Jay - Z , Eminem and Kanye West . Cinema Main article : Cinema of the United States The Hollywood Sign in Los Angeles , California Hollywood , a northern district of Los Angeles , California , is one of the leaders in motion picture production . The world 's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City in 1894 , using Thomas Edison 's Kinetoscope . The next year saw the first commercial screening of a projected film , also in New York , and the United States was in the forefront of sound film 's development in the following decades . Since the early 20th century , the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood , although in the 21st century an increasing number of films are not made there , and film companies have been subject to the forces of globalization . Director D.W. Griffith , the top American filmmaker during the silent film period , was central to the development of film grammar , and producer / entrepreneur Walt Disney was a leader in both animated film and movie merchandising . Directors such as John Ford redefined the image of the American Old West and history , and , like others such as John Huston , broadened the possibilities of cinema with location shooting , with great influence on subsequent directors . The industry enjoyed its golden years , in what is commonly referred to as the `` Golden Age of Hollywood '' , from the early sound period until the early 1960s , with screen actors such as John Wayne and Marilyn Monroe becoming iconic figures . In the 1970s , film directors such as Martin Scorsese , Francis Ford Coppola and Robert Altman were a vital component in what became known as `` New Hollywood '' or the `` Hollywood Renaissance '' , grittier films influenced by French and Italian realist pictures of the post-war period . Since , directors such as Steven Spielberg , George Lucas and James Cameron have gained renown for their blockbuster films , often characterized by high production costs , and in return , high earnings at the box office , with Cameron 's Avatar ( 2009 ) earning more than $2 billion . Notable films topping the American Film Institute 's AFI 100 list include Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) , which is frequently cited as the greatest film of all time , Casablanca ( 1942 ) , The Godfather ( 1972 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , Lawrence of Arabia ( 1962 ) , The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) , The Graduate ( 1967 ) , On the Waterfront ( 1954 ) , Schindler 's List ( 1993 ) , Singin ' in the Rain ( 1952 ) , It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) and Sunset Boulevard ( 1950 ) . The Academy Awards , popularly known as the Oscars , have been held annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929 , and the Golden Globe Awards have been held annually since January 1944 . Sports Main article : Sports in the United States All cities in the U.S. and Canada with at least one team in the MLB , MLS , NBA , NFL or NHL , 2018 American football is by several measures the most popular spectator sport ; the National Football League ( NFL ) has the highest average attendance of any sports league in the world , and the Super Bowl is watched by millions globally . Baseball has been regarded as the U.S. national sport since the late 19th century , with Major League Baseball ( MLB ) being the top league . Basketball and ice hockey are the country 's next two leading professional team sports , with the top leagues being the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) and the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . These four major sports , when played professionally , each occupy a season at different but overlapping , times of the year . College football and basketball attract large audiences . In soccer , the country hosted the 1994 FIFA World Cup , the men 's national soccer team qualified for ten World Cups and the women 's team has won the FIFA Women 's World Cup three times ; Major League Soccer is the sport 's highest league in the United States ( featuring 19 American and 3 Canadian teams ) . The market for professional sports in the United States is roughly $69 billion , roughly 50 % larger than that of all of Europe , the Middle East , and Africa combined . The most popular American sports are American football , baseball , basketball and ice hockey Eight Olympic Games have taken place in the United States ( 2028 Summer Olympics will mark the ninth time ) . As of 2017 , the United States has won 2,522 medals at the Summer Olympic Games , more than any other country , and 305 in the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices , basketball , volleyball , skateboarding , and snowboarding are American inventions , some of which have become popular worldwide . Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate Western contact . The most watched individual sports are golf and auto racing , particularly NASCAR . Rugby union is considered the fastest growing sport in the U.S. , with registered players , numbered at 115,000 + and a further 1.2 million participants . Mass Media Main article : Media of the United States The corporate headquarters of the American Broadcasting Company in New York City The four major broadcasters in the U.S. are the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) , Columbia Broadcasting System ( CBS ) , the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , and Fox . The four major broadcast television networks are all commercial entities . Cable television offers hundreds of channels catering to a variety of niches . Americans listen to radio programming , also largely commercial , on average just over two - and - a-half hours a day . In 1998 , the number of U.S. commercial radio stations had grown to 4,793 AM stations and 5,662 FM stations . In addition , there are 1,460 public radio stations . Most of these stations are run by universities and public authorities for educational purposes and are financed by public or private funds , subscriptions , and corporate underwriting . Much public - radio broadcasting is supplied by NPR ( formerly National Public Radio ) . NPR was incorporated in February 1970 under the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 ; its television counterpart , PBS , was also created by the same legislation . ( NPR and PBS are operated separately from each other . ) As of September 30 , 2014 , there are 15,433 licensed full - power radio stations in the U.S. according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) . Well - known newspapers include The Wall Street Journal , The New York Times , and USA Today . Although the cost of publishing has increased over the years , the price of newspapers has generally remained low , forcing newspapers to rely more on advertising revenue and on articles provided by a major wire service , such as the Associated Press or Reuters , for their national and world coverage . With very few exceptions , all the newspapers in the U.S. are privately owned , either by large chains such as Gannett or McClatchy , which own dozens or even hundreds of newspapers ; by small chains that own a handful of papers ; or in a situation that is increasingly rare , by individuals or families . Major cities often have `` alternative weeklies '' to complement the mainstream daily papers , for example , New York City 's The Village Voice or Los Angeles ' LA Weekly , to name two of the best - known . Major cities may also support a local business journal , trade papers relating to local industries , and papers for local ethnic and social groups . Early versions of the American newspaper comic strip and the American comic book began appearing in the 19th century . In 1938 , Superman , the comic book superhero of DC Comics , developed into an American icon . Aside from web portals and search engines , the most popular websites are Facebook , YouTube , Wikipedia , Yahoo ! , eBay , Amazon , and Twitter . More than 800 publications are produced in Spanish , the second most commonly used language in the United States behind English . See also United States portal American cuisine portal Book : United States Index of United States - related articles Lists of U.S. state topics Outline of the United States Notes Jump up ^ 36 U.S.C. § 302 Jump up ^ English is the official language of 32 states ; English and Hawaiian are both official languages in Hawaii , and English and 20 Indigenous languages are official in Alaska . Algonquian , Cherokee , and Sioux are among many other official languages in Native - controlled lands throughout the country . French is a de facto , but unofficial , language in Maine and Louisiana , while New Mexico law grants Spanish a special status . Jump up ^ In five territories , English as well as one or more indigenous languages are official : Spanish in Puerto Rico , Samoan in American Samoa , Chamorro in both Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . Carolinian is also an official language in the Northern Mariana Islands . Jump up ^ See Time in the United States for details about laws governing time zones in the United States . Jump up ^ Except the U.S. Virgin Islands . Jump up ^ The five major territories are American Samoa , Guam , the Northern Mariana Islands , Puerto Rico , and the United States Virgin Islands . There are eleven smaller island areas without permanent populations : Baker Island , Howland Island , Jarvis Island , Johnston Atoll , Kingman Reef , Midway Atoll , and Palmyra Atoll . U.S. sovereignty over Bajo Nuevo Bank , Navassa Island , Serranilla Bank , and Wake Island is disputed . ^ Jump up to : The Encyclopædia Britannica lists China as the world 's third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with a total area of 9,572,900 sq km , and the United States as fourth - largest at 9,526,468 sq km . The figure for the United States is less than in the CIA World Factbook because it excludes coastal and territorial waters . The CIA World Factbook lists the United States as the third - largest country ( after Russia and Canada ) with total area of 9,833,517 sq km , and China as fourth - largest at 9,596,960 sq km . This figure for the United States is greater than in the Encyclopædia Britannica because it includes coastal and territorial waters . Jump up ^ Spain sent several expeditions to Alaska to assert its long - held claim over the Pacific Northwest , which dated back to the 16th century . During the decade 1785 -- 1795 British merchants , encouraged by Sir Joseph Banks and supported by their government , made a sustained attempt to develop this trade despite Spain 's claims and navigation rights . The endeavors of these merchants did not last long in the face of Spain 's opposition . The challenge was also opposed by a Japan holding obdurately to national seclusion . Jump up ^ His previous arrival coincided with the Makahiki , a festival celebrating the Hawaiian deity Lono . After HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery had left the islands , the season for battle and war had begun under the worship and rituals for Kūka ʻilimoku , the Hawaiian deity of war . Jump up ^ On the evening of February 13 , while anchored in Kealakekua Bay after their return , one of only two long boats was stolen . The Hawaiians had begun to openly challenge the foreigners . In retaliation , Cook tried to take the aliʻi nui of the island of Hawaii , Kalaniʻōpuʻu as ransom for the boats . The following morning of February 14 , 1779 Cook and his men went directly to Kalaniʻōpuʻu 's enclosure where the monarch was still sleeping . One of ruler 's wives , Kānekapōlei pleaded with them to stop . Cook 's men and the Marines were confronted on the beach by thousands of Native Hawaiians . Cook tried to move the elderly man but he refused . As the townspeople began to surrounding them , Cook and his men raised their guns . Two chiefs and the monarch 's wife shielded Kalaniʻōpuʻu as Cook tried to force him to his feet . The crowd became hostile and Kanaʻina ( one of the monarch 's attendants ) approached Cook , who reacted by striking him with the broad side of his sword . Kanaʻina instantly grabbed Cook and lifted him off his feet . Kanaʻina released Cook , who fell to the ground as another attendant , Nuaa fatally stabbed Cook to death . Jump up ^ Fertility is also a factor ; in 2010 the average Hispanic woman gave birth to 2.35 children in her lifetime , compared to 1.97 for non-Hispanic black women and 1.79 for non-Hispanic white women ( both below the replacement rate of 2.1 ) . Minorities ( as defined by the Census Bureau as all those beside non-Hispanic , non-multiracial whites ) constituted 36.3 % of the population in 2010 ( this is nearly 40 % in 2015 ) , and over 50 % of children under age one , and are projected to constitute the majority by 2042 . This contradicts the report by the National Vital Statistics Reports , based on the U.S. census data , which concludes that 54 % ( 2,162,406 out of 3,999,386 in 2010 ) of births were non-Hispanic white . The Hispanic birth rate plummeted 25 % between 2006 and 2013 while the rate for non-Hispanics decreased just 5 % . Jump up ^ Source : 2015 American Community Survey , U.S. Census Bureau . Most respondents who speak a language other than English at home also report speaking English `` well '' or `` very well '' For the language groups listed above , the strongest English - language proficiency is among speakers of German ( 96 % report that they speak English `` well '' or `` very well '' ) , followed by speakers of French ( 93.5 % ) , Tagalog ( 92.8 % ) , Spanish ( 74.1 % ) , Korean ( 71.5 % ) , Chinese ( 70.4 % ) , and Vietnamese ( 66.9 % ) . Jump up ^ In January 2015 , U.S. federal government debt held by the public was approximately $13 trillion , or about 72 % of U.S. GDP . Intra-governmental holdings stood at $5 trillion , giving a combined total debt of $18.080 trillion . By 2012 , total federal debt had surpassed 100 % of U.S. GDP . The U.S. has a credit rating of AA+ from Standard & Poor 's , AAA from Fitch , and AAA from Moody 's . Jump up ^ The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute , SIPRI , found that the United States ' arms industry was the world 's biggest exporter of major weapons from 2005 to 2009 , and remained the largest exporter of major weapons during a period between 2010 and 2014 , followed by Russia , China ( PRC ) , and Germany . Jump up ^ Droughts are likely to particularly affect the 66 percent of Americans whose communities depend on surface water . As for drinking water quality , there are concerns about disinfection by - products , lead , perchlorates and pharmaceutical substances , but generally drinking water quality in the U.S. is good . References Jump up ^ George McKenna 2007 , p. 280 . Jump up ^ Kidder & Oppenheim 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ `` uscode.house.gov '' . Public Law 105 - 225 . uscode.house.gov . August 12 , 1999 . pp. 112 Stat. 1263 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Section 304 . `` The composition by John Philip Sousa entitled `` The Stars and Stripes Forever '' is the national march . '' Jump up ^ Cobarrubias 1983 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ García 2011 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts selected : United States '' . QuickFacts . U.S. Department of Commerce . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Inc. , Gallup , . `` Five Key Findings on Religion in the U.S. '' Gallup.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Areas of the 50 states and the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico nor ( other ) island territories per State Area Measurements and Internal Point Coordinates , U.S. Census Bureau , August 2010 , retrieved November 17 , 2017 , reflect base feature updates made in the MAF / TIGER database through August , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population estimates , July 1 , 2017 , ( V2017 ) '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . The 2016 estimate is as of July 1 , 2016 . The 2010 census is as of April 1 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook Database , April 2018 -- Report for Selected Countries and Subjects '' . International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` OECD Income Distribution Database : Gini , poverty , income , Methods and Concepts '' . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Human Development Report '' . United Nations Development Programme. 2018 . Retrieved September 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ U.S. State Department , Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights , December 30 , 2011 , Item 22 , 27 , 80 . And U.S. General Accounting Office Report , U.S. Insular Areas : application of the U.S. Constitution , November 1997 , pp. 1 , 6 , 39n . Both viewed April 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` China '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` United States '' . CIA World Factbook . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` China '' . CIA World Factbook . CIA . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre . `` Megadiverse Countries definition '' . Biodiversity A − Z . UN WCMC . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . 17 countries which have been identified as the most biodiversity - rich countries of the world , with a particular focus on endemic biodiversity . Jump up ^ Erlandson , Rick & Vellanoweth 2008 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Greene , Jack P. , Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . pp. 352 -- 361 . Bender , Thomas ( 2006 ) . A Nation Among Nations : America 's Place in World History . New York : Hill & Wang . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 7235 - 4 . `` Overview of the Early National Period '' . Digital History . University of Houston . 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Carlisle , Rodney P. ; Golson , J. Geoffrey ( 2007 ) . Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America . Turning Points in History Series . ABC - CLIO . p. 238 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 833 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Civil War and emancipation 1861 -- 1865 '' . Africans in America . Boston , Massachusetts : WGBH Educational Foundation . 1999 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 1999 . Jump up ^ Britannica Educational Publishing ( 2009 ) . Wallenfeldt , Jeffrey H. , ed . The American Civil War and Reconstruction : People , Politics , and Power . America at War . Rosen Publishing Group . p. 264 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61530 - 045 - 7 . Jump up ^ White , Donald W. ( 1996 ) . `` 1 : The Frontiers '' . The American Century . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 05721 - 8 . Retrieved March 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Work in the Late 19th Century '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tony Judt ; Denis Lacorne ( 2005 ) . With Us Or Against Us : Studies in Global Anti-Americanism . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 8085 - 4 . Richard J. Samuels ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of United States National Security . SAGE Publications . p. 666 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4522 - 6535 - 3 . Paul R. Pillar ( 2001 ) . Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy . Brookings Institution Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8157 - 0004 - 3 . Gabe T. Wang ( 2006 ) . China and the Taiwan Issue : Impending War at Taiwan Strait . University Press of America . p. 179 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7618 - 3434 - 2 . Understanding the `` Victory Disease , '' From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond . Diane Publishing . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4289 - 1052 - 2 . Akis Kalaitzidis ; Gregory W. Streich ( 2011 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy : A Documentary and Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 313 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38375 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Scheb , John M. ; Scheb , John M. II ( 2002 ) . An Introduction to the American Legal System . Florence , KY : Delmar , p. 6 . ISBN 0 - 7668 - 2759 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database , April 2015 '' . Jump up ^ `` Manufacturing , value added ( current US $ ) '' . World Bank Open Data . World Bank . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . www.cia.gov . Central Intelligence Agency . Jump up ^ `` The World Factbook '' . www.cia.gov . Central Intelligence Agency . ^ Jump up to : `` Population Clock '' . U.S. and World Population Clock . U.S. Department of Commerce . July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 11 , 2017 . The United States population on July 4 , 2017 was : 325,365,189 Jump up ^ `` Credit Suisse Publikationen '' . publications.credit-suisse.com . Jump up ^ `` Average annual wages , 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices '' . OECD . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Workers World 's Most Productive '' . CBS News . February 11 , 2009 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Trends in world military expenditure , 2013 '' . Stockholm International Peace Research Institute . April 2014 . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cohen , 2004 : History and the Hyperpower BBC , April 2008 : Country Profile : United States of America `` Geographical trends of research output '' . Research Trends . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . `` The top 20 countries for scientific output '' . Open Access Week . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . `` Granted patents '' . European Patent Office . Retrieved March 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Martone 2016 , p. 504 . Jump up ^ Sider 2007 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ DeLear , Byron ( July 4 , 2013 ) Who coined ' United States of America ' ? Mystery might have intriguing answer . `` Historians have long tried to pinpoint exactly when the name ' United States of America ' was first used and by whom ... This latest find comes in a letter that Stephen Moylan , Esq. , wrote to Col. Joseph Reed from the Continental Army Headquarters in Cambridge , Mass. , during the Siege of Boston . The two men lived with Washington in Cambridge , with Reed serving as Washington 's favorite military secretary and Moylan fulfilling the role during Reed 's absence . '' Christian Science Monitor ( Boston , MA ) . Jump up ^ Touba , Mariam ( November 5 , 2014 ) Who Coined the Phrase ' United States of America ' ? You May Never Guess `` Here , on January 2 , 1776 , seven months before the Declaration of Independence and a week before the publication of Paine 's Common Sense , Stephen Moylan , an acting secretary to General George Washington , spells it out , ' I should like vastly to go with full and ample powers from the United States of America to Spain ' to seek foreign assistance for the cause . '' New - York Historical Society Museum & Library Jump up ^ Fay , John ( July 15 , 2016 ) The forgotten Irishman who named the ' United States of America ' `` According to the NY Historical Society , Stephen Moylan was the man responsible for the earliest documented use of the phrase `` United States of America . '' But who was Stephen Moylan ? '' IrishCentral.com Jump up ^ `` '' To the inhabitants of Virginia , '' by A PLANTER . Dixon and Hunter 's . April 6 , 1776 , Williamsburg , Virginia . Letter is also included in Peter Force 's American Archives `` . 5 ( 1287 ) . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Safire 2003 , p. 199 . Jump up ^ Mostert 2005 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Doug Brokenshire ( 1996 ) . Washington State Place Names . Caxton Press . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87004 - 562 - 2 . Jump up ^ Greg 1892 , p. 276 . Jump up ^ G.H. Emerson , The Universalist Quarterly and General Review , Vol. 28 ( Jan. 1891 ) , p. 49 , quoted in Zimmer , Benjamin ( November 24 , 2005 ) . `` Life in These , Uh , This United States '' . University of Pennsylvania . Retrieved January 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Kenneth G. ( 1993 ) . The Columbia Guide to Standard American English . New York : Columbia University Press , pp. 27 -- 28 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 06989 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` The first people who populated the Americas '' . Jump up ^ Maugh II , Thomas H. ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Who was first ? New info on North America 's earliest residents '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles County , California : Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 25 , 2015 . `` What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America ? '' . Smithsonian Institution , National Museum of Natural History . June 2004 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Kudeba , Nicolas ( February 28 , 2014 ) . `` Chapter 1 -- The First Big Steppe -- Aboriginal Canadian History '' . The History of Canada Podcast . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2014 . Guy Gugliotta ( February 2013 ) . `` When Did Humans Come to the Americas ? '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fladmark , K.R. ( 1979 ) . `` Routes : alternate migration corridors for early man in North America '' . American Antiquity. 44 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 69 . doi : 10.2307 / 279189 . JSTOR 279189 . Jump up ^ Katz , Brigit ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Found : One of the Oldest North American Settlements '' . Smithsonian . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pinsker , Lisa ( February 2004 ) . `` The Ice - Free Corridor Revisited '' . Geotimes . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Redefining the Age of Clovis : Implications for the Peopling of the Americas '' . Science . 315 ( 5815 ) : 1122 -- 1126 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 315.1122 W . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1137166 . PMID 17322060 . Jump up ^ Flannery , T. ( 2001 ) . The Eternal Frontier : an ecological history of North America and its peoples . New York : Grove Press . pp. 173 -- 185 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 3888 - 0 . Jump up ^ Waters , Michael ; Stafford , Tom ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` The First Americans : A Review of the Evidence for the Late - Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas '' ( PDF ) . Paleoamerican Odyssey . Texas A&M University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 62349 - 192 - 5 . Retrieved November 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Craig Lockard ( 2010 ) . Societies , Networks , and Transitions , Volume B : From 600 to 1750 . University of Wisconsin . p. 315 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 79083 - 7 . Jump up ^ King , Adam ( 2002 ) . `` Mississippian Period : Overview '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Hodges , Glenn ( January 2011 ) . `` America 's Forgotten City '' . National Geographic Magazine . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hewit , `` Puebloan Culture '' Archived July 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , University of Northern Colorado Jump up ^ Greg Hilburn . `` A first for Louisiana : Poverty Point selected as World Heritage site '' . Monroe News - Star . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Johansen , Bruce ( 1995 ) . `` Dating the Iroquois Confederacy '' . Akwesasne Notes New Series . 1 ( 3 ) : 62 -- 63 . Retrieved December 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Dean R. Snow ( 1994 ) . The Iroquois . Blackwell Publishers , Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 938 - 8 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Richter , `` Ordeals of the Longhouse '' , in Richter and Merrill , eds. , Beyond the Covenant Chain , 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Pearce , Charles E.M. ; Pearce , F.M. ( June 17 , 2010 ) . Oceanic Migration : Paths , Sequence , Timing and Range of Prehistoric Migration in the Pacific and Indian Oceans . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 167 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 481 - 3826 - 5 . Jump up ^ Whittaker , Elvi W. ( January 1986 ) . The Mainland Haole : The White Experience in Hawaii . Columbia University Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 05316 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fish , Shirley ( 2011 ) . The Manila - Acapulco Galleons : The Treasure Ships of the Pacific : With An Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565 -- 1815 . AuthorHouse . pp. 360 -- . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4567 - 7543 - 8 . Jump up ^ Collingridge , Vanessa ( 2003 ) . Captain Cook : The Life , Death and Legacy of History 's Greatest Explorer . Ebury Press . p. 380 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 188898 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Augustine Florida , The Nation 's Oldest City '' . staugustine.com . Jump up ^ Remini 2007 , pp. 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Johnson 1997 , pp. 26 -- 30 Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , chapter 3 Jump up ^ Lemon , 1987 Jump up ^ Jackson , L.P. ( 1924 ) . `` Elizabethan Seamen and the African Slave Trade '' . The Journal of Negro History . 9 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 17 . JSTOR 2713432 . Jump up ^ Tadman , 2000 , p. 1534 Jump up ^ Schneider , 2007 , p. 484 Jump up ^ Lien , 1913 , p. 522 Jump up ^ Davis , 1996 , p. 7 Jump up ^ Quirk , 2011 , p. 195 Jump up ^ Bilhartz , Terry D. ; Elliott , Alan C. ( 2007 ) . Currents in American History : A Brief History of the United States . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 1817 - 7 . Jump up ^ Wood , Gordon S. ( 1998 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . UNC Press Books . p. 263 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4723 - 7 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , pp. 38 -- 39 Jump up ^ Foner , Eric . The Story of American Freedom , 1998 ISBN 0 - 393 - 04665 - 6 p. 4 - 5 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , p. 35 Jump up ^ Otis , James ( 1763 ) . `` The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved '' . Online Library of Liberty . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Pethick , Derek ( 1980 ) . The Nootka Connection : Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790 -- 1795 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88894 - 279 - 1 . Jump up ^ Pethick , Derek ( 1980 ) . The Nootka Connection : Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790 -- 1795 . Vancouver : Douglas & McIntyre . pp. 7 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88894 - 279 - 1 . Jump up ^ Robert J. King , `` ' The long wish 'd for object ' -- Opening the trade to Japan , 1785 -- 1795 '' , The Northern Mariner / le marin du nord , vol. XX , no. 1 , January 2010 , pp. 1 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Derek ( 1999 ) . Historical Atlas of the Pacific Northwest : Maps of exploration and Discovery . Sasquatch Books . pp. 42 -- 43 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57061 - 215 - 2 . Jump up ^ Alexander von Humboldt , Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain , translated by John Black , Vol. 2 , London , Longman , 1822 , translator 's note , p. 322 . Jump up ^ Paul Joseph ( October 11 , 2016 ) . The SAGE Encyclopedia of War : Social Science Perspectives . SAGE Publications . p. 590 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4833 - 5988 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology Archived February 8 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . '' . Arthur C. Aufderheide , Conrado Rodríguez - Martín , Odin Langsjoen ( 1998 ) . Cambridge University Press . p. 205 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 55203 - 6 Jump up ^ Bianchine , Russo , 1992 pp. 225 -- 232 Jump up ^ Thornton 1987 , p. 47 Jump up ^ Kessel , 2005 pp. 142 -- 143 Jump up ^ Mercer Country Historical Society , 2005 Jump up ^ Stannard , 1993 Jump up ^ Ripper , 2008 p. 6 Jump up ^ Ripper , 2008 p. 5 Jump up ^ Calloway , 1998 , p. 55 Jump up ^ Jeff Campbell ( September 15 , 2010 ) . Hawaii . Lonely Planet . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74220 - 344 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ruth M. Tabrah ( December 17 , 1984 ) . Hawaii : A History . W.W. Norton . pp. 19 -- 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 24369 - 7 . Jump up ^ Marshall Sahlins ( October 1 , 1996 ) . How `` Natives '' Think : About Captain Cook , For Example . University of Chicago Press . p. 3 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 73369 - 2 . Jump up ^ Melissa Meyer ( February 4 , 2014 ) . Thicker Than Water : The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual : The Origins of Blood as Symbol and Ritual . Routledge . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 135 - 34200 - 5 . Jump up ^ Jerry D. Moore ( May 24 , 2012 ) . Visions of Culture : An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists . Rowman Altamira . p. 336 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7591 - 2219 - 2 . Jump up ^ James Cook ( 1971 ) . The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific , as Told by Selections of His Own Journals , 1768 -- 1779 . Courier Corporation . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 22766 - 5 . Jump up ^ Book Notes : A Monthly Literary Magazine and Review of New Books . Siegel - Cooper . 1901 . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Daniel O'Sullivan ( March 30 , 2008 ) . In Search of Captain Cook : Exploring the Man Through His Own Words . I.B. Tauris . p. 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85771 - 350 - 6 . Jump up ^ John H. Chambers ( 2006 ) . Hawaii . Interlink Books . p. 55 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56656 - 615 - 5 . Jump up ^ Stephen R. Bown ( 2008 ) . Madness , Betrayal and the Lash : The Epic Voyage of Captain George Vancouver . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 30 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 339 - 4 . Jump up ^ Richard Tregaskis ( November 1973 ) . The warrior king : Hawaii 's Kamehameha the Great . Macmillan . p. 115 . Jump up ^ Glyndwr Williams ( 2008 ) . The Death of Captain Cook : A Hero Made and Unmade . Harvard University Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 03194 - 4 . Jump up ^ John Meares ( 1791 ) . Hawaiian Historical Society . Reprints ( 1787 , 1788 and 1789 ) . p. 76 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Carol Sue ( 2003 ) . The Revolutionary Era : Primary Documents on Events from 1776 To 1800 . Greenwood Publishing . pp. 8 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32083 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Fabian Young , Alfred ; Nash , Gary B. ; Raphael , Ray ( 2011 ) . Revolutionary Founders : Rebels , Radicals , and Reformers in the Making of the Nation . Random House Digital . pp. 4 -- 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27110 - 5 . Jump up ^ Samuel 1920 , p. 323 - 324 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , A Companion to the American Revolution p 357 . Jonathan R. Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1987 ) p. 161 . Lawrence S. Kaplan , `` The Treaty of Paris , 1783 : A Historiographical Challenge '' , International History Review , Sept 1983 , Vol. 5 Issue 3 , pp 431 -- 442 Jump up ^ Boyer , 2007 , pp. 192 -- 193 Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. ( 2008 ) . Thomas Jefferson : Reputation and Legacy . University of Virginia Press . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2733 - 6 . Jump up ^ Walton , 2009 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Gordon , 2004 , pp. 27 , 29 Jump up ^ Clark , Mary Ann ( May 2012 ) . Then We 'll Sing a New Song : African Influences on America 's Religious Landscape . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0881 - 0 . Jump up ^ Heinemann , Ronald L. , et al. , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : a history of Virginia 1607 -- 2007 , 2007 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2609 - 4 , p. 197 Jump up ^ Billington , Ray Allen ; Ridge , Martin ( 2001 ) . Westward Expansion : A History of the American Frontier . UNM Press . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 1981 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase '' ( PDF ) . National Park Services . Retrieved March 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wait , Eugene M. ( 1999 ) . America and the War of 1812 . Nova Publishers . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56072 - 644 - 9 . Jump up ^ Klose , Nelson ; Jones , Robert F. ( 1994 ) . United States History to 1877 . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8120 - 1834 - 9 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 198 , 216 , 251 , 253 Jump up ^ Morrison , Michael A. ( 1999 ) . Slavery and the American West : The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War . University of North Carolina Press . pp. 13 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4796 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kemp , Roger L. ( 2010 ) . Documents of American Democracy : A Collection of Essential Works . McFarland . p. 180 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 4210 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McIlwraith , Thomas F. ; Muller , Edward K. ( 2001 ) . North America : The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 0019 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rawls , James J. ( 1999 ) . A Golden State : Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California . University of California Press . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21771 - 3 . Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy ( 2011 ) . Fighting for America : The Struggle for Mastery in North America , 1519 -- 1871 . Indiana University Press . p. 275 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35660 - 4 . Jump up ^ Wishart , David J. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . University of Nebraska Press . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4787 - 1 . Jump up ^ Madley , Benjamin ( 2016 ) . An American Genocide : The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe , 1846 - 1873 . Yale University Press . ISBN 9780300230697 . Jump up ^ `` California Indians , Genocide of '' in Encyclopedia of American Indian History edited by Bruce E. Johansen , Barry M. Pritzk ( ABC - CLIO , 2007 ) , p. 226 - 231 Jump up ^ Lindsay , Brendan C. ( June 6 , 2012 ) . Murder State : California 's Native American Genocide , 1846 - 1873 . U of Nebraska Press . ISBN 080324021X . Jump up ^ Wolf , Jessica . `` Revealing the history of genocide against California 's Native Americans '' . UCLA Newsroom . Retrieved July 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stuart Murray ( 2004 ) . Atlas of American Military History . Infobase Publishing . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 3025 - 5 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Harold T. Lewis ( January 1 , 2001 ) . Christian Social Witness . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 53 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56101 - 188 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Karl O'Brien ( 2002 ) . Atlas of World History . Oxford University Press . p. 184 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 521921 - 0 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The free and independent state of Scott ( TN history ) '' . Because I Can . May 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Vinovskis , Maris ( 1990 ) . Toward A Social History of the American Civil War : Exploratory Essays . Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39559 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` 1860 Census '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved June 10 , 2007 . Page 7 lists a total slave population of 3,953,760 . Jump up ^ De Rosa , Marshall L. ( 1997 ) . The Politics of Dissolution : The Quest for a National Identity and the American Civil War . Edison , NJ : Transaction . p. 266 . ISBN 1 - 56000 - 349 - 9 . Jump up ^ Shearer Davis Bowman ( 1993 ) . Masters and Lords : Mid-19th - Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers . Oxford UP . p. 221 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 536394 - 4 . Jump up ^ Jason E. Pierce ( 2016 ) . Making the White Man 's West : Whiteness and the Creation of the American West . University Press of Colorado . p. 256 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60732 - 396 - 9 . Jump up ^ Marie Price ; Lisa Benton - Short ( 2008 ) . Migrants to the Metropolis : The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities . Syracuse University Press . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 3186 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Statue of Liberty '' . World Heritage . UNESCO . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John Powell ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of North American Immigration . Infobase Publishing . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1012 - 7 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 351 , 385 Jump up ^ `` Toward a Market Economy '' . CliffsNotes . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Purchase of Alaska , 1867 '' . Office of the Historian . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Spanish -- American War , 1898 '' . Office of the Historian . U.S. Department of State . Retrieved December 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ryden , George Herbert . The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa . New York : Octagon Books , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands History '' . Vinow.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Edward . Industry Comes of Age : Business , Labor , and Public Policy ( 1961 ed . ) . pp. 400 -- 405 . Jump up ^ Zinn , 2005 , pp. 321 -- 357 Jump up ^ Paige Meltzer , `` The Pulse and Conscience of America '' The General Federation and Women 's Citizenship , 1945 -- 1960 , '' Frontiers : A Journal of Women Studies ( 2009 ) , Vol. 30 Issue 3 , pp. 52 -- 76 . Jump up ^ James Timberlake , Prohibition and the Progressive Movement , 1900 -- 1920 ( Harvard UP , 1963 ) Jump up ^ George B. Tindall , `` Business Progressivism : Southern Politics in the Twenties , '' South Atlantic Quarterly 62 ( Winter 1963 ) : 92 -- 106 . Jump up ^ McDuffie , Jerome ; Piggrem , Gary Wayne ; Woodworth , Steven E. ( 2005 ) . U.S. History Super Review . Piscataway , NJ : Research & Education Association . p. 418 . ISBN 0 - 7386 - 0070 - 9 . Jump up ^ Voris , Jacqueline Van ( 1996 ) . Carrie Chapman Catt : A Public Life . Women and Peace Series . New York City : Feminist Press at CUNY . p. vii . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55861 - 139 - 9 . Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920 ... Catt was one of the best - known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women . Jump up ^ Winchester pp. 410 -- 411 Jump up ^ Axinn , June ; Stern , Mark J. ( 2007 ) . Social Welfare : A History of the American Response to Need ( 7th ed . ) . Boston : Allyn & Bacon . ISBN 978 - 0 - 205 - 52215 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lemann , Nicholas ( 1991 ) . The Promised Land : The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 56004 - 5 . Jump up ^ James Noble Gregory ( 1991 ) . American Exodus : The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507136 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . `` Mass Exodus From the Plains '' . American Experience . WGBH Educational Foundation . 2013 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Fanslow , Robin A. ( April 6 , 1998 ) . `` The Migrant Experience '' . American Folklore Center . Library of Congress . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . Walter J. Stein ( 1973 ) . California and the Dust Bowl Migration . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8371 - 6267 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Yamasaki , Mitch . `` Pearl Harbor and America 's Entry into World War II : A Documentary History '' ( PDF ) . World War II Internment in Hawaii . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Brian . `` The Four Policemen and . Postwar Planning , 1943 -- 1945 : The Collision of Realist and . Idealist Perspectives '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hoopes & Brinkley 1997 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Gaddis 1972 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Leland , Anne ; Oboroceanu , Mari -- Jana ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` American War and Military Operations Casualties : Lists and Statistics '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 18 , 2011 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Paul ( 1989 ) . The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers . New York : Vintage . p. 358 . ISBN 0 - 679 - 72019 - 7 Jump up ^ `` The United States and the Founding of the United Nations , August 1941 -- October 1945 '' . U.S. Dept. of State , Bureau of Public Affairs , Office of the Historian . October 2005 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2007 . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Why did Japan surrender in World War II ? The Japan Times '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pacific War Research Society ( 2006 ) . Japan 's Longest Day . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 4 - 7700 - 2887 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The National WWII Museum New Orleans : Learn : For Students : WWII at a Glance : Remembering V-J Day '' . www.nationalww2museum.org . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagg , Stephen ; Andrews , David ( September 10 , 2012 ) . East Plays West : Sport and the Cold War . Routledge . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 134 - 24167 - 5 . Jump up ^ Blakeley , 2009 , p. 92 ^ Jump up to : Collins , Michael ( 1988 ) . Liftoff : The Story of America 's Adventure in Space . New York : Grove Press . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 305 -- 308 Jump up ^ Blas , Elisheva . `` The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways '' ( PDF ) . societyforhistoryeducation.org . Society for History Education . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richard Lightner ( January 1 , 2004 ) . Hawaiian History : An Annotated Bibliography . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 141 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 28233 - 1 . Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( 2004 ) . Lyndon B. Johnson : Portrait of a President . Oxford University Press . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515920 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Our Documents -- Civil Rights Act ( 1964 ) '' . United States Department of Justice . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill , Liberty Island , New York '' . October 3 , 1965 . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security '' . ssa.gov . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Soss , 2010 , p. 277 Jump up ^ Fraser , 1989 Jump up ^ Ferguson , 1986 , pp. 43 -- 53 Jump up ^ Williams , pp. 325 -- 331 Jump up ^ Niskanen , William A. ( 1988 ) . Reaganomics : an insider 's account of the policies and the people . Oxford University Press . p. 363 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 505394 - 4 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Women in the Labor Force : A Databook '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics . 2013 . p. 11 . Retrieved March 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Howell , Buddy Wayne ( 2006 ) . The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy : Ronald Reagan and the U.S. - Soviet Summits , 1985 -- 1988 . Texas A&M University . p. 352 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 549 - 41658 - 6 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kissinger , Henry ( 2011 ) . Diplomacy . Simon & Schuster . pp. 781 -- 784 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 2631 - 8 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Mann , James ( 2009 ) . The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan : A History of the End of the Cold War . Penguin . p. 432 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4406 - 8639 - 9 . Jump up ^ Hayes , 2009 Jump up ^ USHistory.org , 2013 Jump up ^ Charles Krauthammer , `` The Unipolar Moment , '' Foreign Affairs , 70 / 1 , ( Winter 1990 / 1 ) , 23 -- 33 . Jump up ^ `` Persian Gulf War '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. 2016 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winchester , pp. 420 -- 423 Jump up ^ Dale , Reginald ( February 18 , 2000 ) . `` Did Clinton Do It , or Was He Lucky ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Mankiw , N. Gregory ( 2008 ) . Macroeconomics . Cengage Learning . p. 559 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 324 - 58999 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) United States Trade Representative '' . www.ustr.gov . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . Thakur ; Manab Thakur Gene E Burton BN Srivastava ( 1997 ) . International Management : Concepts and Cases . Tata McGraw - Hill Education . pp. 334 -- 335 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 463395 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Akis Kalaitzidis ; Gregory W. Streich ( September 13 , 2011 ) . U.S. Foreign Policy : A Documentary and Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 201 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 38376 - 2 . Jump up ^ Flashback 9 / 11 : As It Happened . Fox News . September 9 , 2011 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . `` America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later '' . CBS News . Associated Press . September 11 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . `` Day of Terror Video Archive '' . CNN . 2005 . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth T. ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` The ' War on Terror ' Is Critical to President George W. Bush 's Legacy '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved March 6 , 2013 . Atkins , Stephen E. ( 2011 ) . The 9 / 11 Encyclopedia : Second Edition . ABC - CLIO . p. 872 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 921 - 9 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wong , Edward ( February 15 , 2008 ) . `` Overview : The Iraq War '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Johnson , James Turner ( 2005 ) . The War to Oust Saddam Hussein : Just War and the New Face of Conflict . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 159 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 4956 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Durando , Jessica ; Green , Shannon Rae ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Timeline : Key moments in the Iraq War '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ George W. Bush ( January 10 , 2007 ) . `` Fact Sheet : The New Way Forward in Iraq '' . Office of the Press Secretary . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . After talking to some Afghan leaders , it was said that the Iran 's would be revolting if more troops were to be sent to Iran . Jump up ^ Feaver , Peter ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` Hillary Clinton and the Inconvenient Facts About the Rise of the Islamic State '' . Foreign Policy . ( T ) he Obama team itself , including Clinton , have repeatedly confirmed that they understand that the surge was successful . Clinton even conceded to former Defense Secretary Robert Gates : ' The surge worked . ' Jump up ^ `` Iraqi surge exceeded expectations , Obama says '' . NBC News . Associated Press . September 4 , 2008 . Obama said the surge of U.S. troops has ' succeeded beyond our wildest dreams . ' Jump up ^ Wallison , Peter ( 2015 ) . Hidden in Plain Sight : What Really Caused the World 's Worst Financial Crisis and Why It Could Happen Again . Encounter Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59403 - 770 - 2 . Jump up ^ Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission ( 2011 ) . Financial Crisis Inquiry Report ( PDF ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60796 - 348 - 6 . Jump up ^ Taylor , John B. ( January 2009 ) . `` The Financial Crisis and the Policy Responses : An Empirical Analysis of What Went Wrong '' ( PDF ) . Hoover Institution Economics Paper Series . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hilsenrath , Jon ; Ng , Serena ; Paletta , Damian ( September 18 , 2008 ) . `` Worst Crisis Since ' 30s , With No End Yet in Sight '' . The Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama elected as America 's first black president '' . History.com . A&E Television Networks , LLC . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Barack Obama : Face Of New Multiracial Movement ? '' . NPR . November 12 , 2008 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Washington , Jesse ; Rugaber , Chris ( September 9 , 2011 ) . `` African - American Economic Gains Reversed By Great Recession '' . Huffington Post . Associated Press . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What the Stimulus Accomplished '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . February 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Stimulus '' . IGM Polls . Initiative on Global Markets at the University of Chicago . February 15 , 2012 . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Impact of the Dodd - Frank Act on Financial Stability and Economic Growth '' ( PDF ) . Brookings . October 24 , 2014 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 ; Martin Neil Baily ; Aaron Klein ; Justin Schardin ( January 2017 ) . `` The Impact of the Dodd - Frank Act on Financial Stability and Economic Growth '' . The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences . 3 ( 1 ) : 20 . doi : 10.7758 / RSF. 2017.3. 1.02 . Jump up ^ `` Did Dodd - Frank really hurt the US economy ? '' . Financial Times . February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Subsidies for Health Insurance Coverage for People Under Age 65 : 2016 to 2026 '' . Congressional Budget Office . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Ryan : GOP will repeal , replace Obamacare at same time '' . CNN . Retrieved January 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobson , Gary C. ( March 2011 ) . `` The Republican Resurgence in 2010 '' . 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Is the United States Still the Land of the Free and Home to the Brave ? . Lulu.com . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 329 - 26112 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` What is the G8 ? '' . University of Toronto . Retrieved February 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kan , Shirley A. ( August 29 , 2014 ) . `` Taiwan : Major U.S. Arms Sales Since 1990 , '' ( PDF ) . Federation of American Scientist . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . `` Taiwan 's Force Modernization : The American Side '' . Defense Industry Daily . September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dumbrell , John ; Schäfer , Axel ( 2009 ) . America 's ' Special Relationships ' : Foreign and Domestic Aspects of the Politics of Alliance . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 87270 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ek , Carl & Ian F. Fergusson ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Canada -- U.S. Relations '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved August 28 , 2011 . 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Not compared with the rest of the developed world '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saez , Emmanuel ( June 30 , 2016 ) . `` Striking it Richer : The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States '' . University of California , Berkeley . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin Gilens & Benjamin I. Page ( 2014 ) . `` Testing Theories of American Politics : Elites , Interest Groups , and Average Citizens '' ( PDF ) . Perspectives on Politics . 12 ( 3 ) : 564 -- 581 . doi : 10.1017 / S1537592714001595 . Larry Bartels ( 2009 ) . Economic Inequality and Political Representation ( PDF ) . The Unsustainable American State . pp. 167 -- 196 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.172. 7597 . doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780195392135.003. 0007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 539213 - 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 4 , 2016 . Thomas J. Hayes ( 2012 ) . `` Responsiveness in an Era of Inequality : The Case of the U.S. Senate '' . Political Research Quarterly . 66 ( 3 ) : 585 -- 599 . doi : 10.1177 / 1065912912459567 . SSRN 1900856 . Dunsmuir , Lindsay ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` IMF calls for fiscal policies that tackle rising inequality '' . Reuters . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . While overall global inequality has fallen in recent decades because of the economic rise of countries such as China and India , inequality within countries has risen sharply , especially in large countries like the United States and China . The Fund warned that excessive inequality could lower economic growth as well as polarize politics . Jump up ^ Winship , Scott ( Spring 2013 ) . `` Overstating the Costs of Inequality '' ( PDF ) . National Affairs ( 15 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . `` Income Inequality in America : Fact and Fiction '' ( PDF ) . Manhattan Institute . May 2014 . Retrieved April 29 , 2015 . Brunner , Eric ; Ross , Stephen L ; Washington , Ebonya ( May 2013 ) . `` Does Less Income Mean Less Representation ? '' ( PDF ) . American Economic Journal : Economic Policy . 5 ( 2 ) : 53 -- 76 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.360. 9508 . doi : 10.1257 / pol. 5.2. 53 . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Feldstein , Martin ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Piketty 's Numbers Do n't Add Up : Ignoring dramatic changes in tax rules since 1980 creates the false impression that income inequality is rising '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Weston , Liz ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Americans Are Pissed -- This Chart Might Explain Why '' . nerdwallet.com . Jump up ^ Piketty , Thomas ( 2014 ) . Capital in the Twenty - First Century . Belknap Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 43000 - X p. 257 Jump up ^ Egan , Matt ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Record inequality : The top 1 % controls 38.6 % of America 's wealth '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . 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Speaking Culturally : Language Diversity in the United States . Thousand Oaks , Calif. , London , and New Delhi : Sage , p. 116 . ISBN 0 - 8039 - 5912 - 5 . Jump up ^ Richard Koch ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Is Individualism Good or Bad ? '' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Huntington , Samuel P. ( 2004 ) . `` Chapters 2 -- 4 '' . Who are We ? : The Challenges to America 's National Identity . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 87053 - 3 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . : also see American 's Creed , written by William Tyler Page and adopted by Congress in 1918 . Jump up ^ AP ( June 25 , 2007 ) . `` Americans give record $295 B to charity '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` International comparisons of charitable giving '' ( PDF ) . Charities Aid Foundation . November 2006 . Retrieved October 4 , 2013 . 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Newswise / Institute of Food Technologists . Retrieved June 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ H , D . `` The coffee insurgency '' . The Economist . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , 2004 , pp. 131 -- 132 Jump up ^ Levenstein , 2003 , pp. 154 -- 55 Jump up ^ Harvey A. Levenstein ( 1988 ) . Revolution at the Table : The Transformation of the American Diet . University of California Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 23439 - 0 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Jensen Wallach ( 2013 ) . How America Eats : A Social History of U.S. Food and Culture . Rowman & Littlefield . p. xi . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 0874 - 2 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Breadsley , Eleanor . `` Why McDonald 's in France Does n't Feel Like Fast Food '' . NPR . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When Was the First Drive - Thru Restaurant Created ? '' . Wisegeek.org . Retrieved January 15 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Brown , Milton W. ( 1988 1963 ) . The Story of the Armory Show . New York : Abbeville . ISBN 0 - 89659 - 795 - 4 . Jump up ^ Janson , Horst Woldemar ; Janson , Anthony F. ( 2003 ) . History of Art : The Western Tradition . Prentice Hall Professional . p. 955 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 182895 - 7 . Jump up ^ Davenport , Alma ( 1991 ) . The History of Photography : An Overview . UNM Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8263 - 2076 - 6 . Jump up ^ Ken Bloom ( 2004 ) . Broadway : Its History , People , and Places : an Encyclopedia . Taylor & Francis . pp. 322 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 93704 - 7 . Jump up ^ Moran , Eugene V. ( January 1 , 2002 ) . A People 's History of English and American Literature . Nova Publishers . p. 228 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59033 - 303 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Biddle , Julian ( 2001 ) . What Was Hot ! : Five Decades of Pop Culture in America . New York : Citadel , p. ix . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 2311 - 5 . 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Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . * `` Introducing the King of Hip - Hop '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Ben Westhoff . `` The enigma of Kanye West -- and how the world 's biggest pop star ended up being its most reviled , too '' . the Guardian . Jump up ^ `` Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world 's second - largest film producer '' ( Press release ) . United Nations . May 5 , 2009 . Retrieved February 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc . April 29 , 1944 . p. 68 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ `` John Landis Rails Against Studios : ' They 're Not in the Movie Business Anymore ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Krasniewicz , Louise ; Disney , Walt ( 2010 ) . Walt Disney : A Biography . ABC - CLIO . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 35830 - 2 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Charles ( June 3 , 2011 ) . `` Book explores Hollywood ' Golden Age ' of the 1960s - ' 70s '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Village Voice : 100 Best Films of the 20th century ( 2001 ) Archived March 31 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Filmsite . Jump up ^ `` Sight & Sound Top Ten Poll 2002 '' . British Film Institute . 2002 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Drowne , Kathleen Morgan ; Huber , Patrick ( January 1 , 2004 ) . The 1920 's . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 236 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32013 - 2 . Jump up ^ Kroon , Richard W. ( April 30 , 2014 ) . A / VA to Z : An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Media , Entertainment and Other Audiovisual Terms . McFarland . p. 338 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 5740 - 3 . Jump up ^ Krane , David K. ( October 30 , 2002 ) . `` Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation 's Favorite Sport '' . Harris Interactive . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved September 14 , 2007 . MacCambridge , Michael ( 2004 ) . America 's Game : The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 375 - 50454 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Passion for College Football Remains Robust '' . National Football Foundation . March 19 , 2013 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Global sports market to hit $141 billion in 2012 . Reuters . Retrieved on July 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 Most Popular Sports in America 2017 '' , Retrieved on June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chase , Chris ( February 7 , 2014 ) . `` The 10 most fascinating facts about the all - time Winter Olympics medal standings '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Loumena , Dan ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` With Sochi Olympics approaching , a history of Winter Olympic medals '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Liss , Howard . Lacrosse ( Funk & Wagnalls , 1970 ) pg 13 . Jump up ^ `` As American as Mom , Apple Pie and Football ? 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'' . MinnPost . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . `` 59e . The End of the Cold War '' . USHistory.org . Independence Hall Association . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . Levy , Peter B. ( 1996 ) . Encyclopedia of the Reagan - Bush Years . ABC - CLIO . p. 442 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29018 - 3 . `` U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts selected : UNITED STATES '' . QuickFacts . U.S. Census Bureau . 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Wallander , Celeste A. ( 2003 ) . `` Western Policy and the Demise of the Soviet Union '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . 5 ( 4 ) : 137 -- 177 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039703322483774 . External links Find more aboutUnited Statesat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity `` United States '' . The World Factbook . Central Intelligence Agency . 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-1443466274136680944	English society	English society - wikipedia English society Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series on the History of England Timeline ( show ) Prehistoric Britain Roman Britain Sub-Roman Britain Medieval period Economy in the Middle Ages Anglo - Saxon period English unification High Middle Ages Norman conquest Norman period Late Middle Ages Black Death in England Tudor period Tudor dynasty Elizabethan period English Renaissance Stuart period English Civil War Commonwealth Protectorate Restoration Glorious Revolution Georgian period Regency period Victorian period Edwardian period First World War Interwar period Second World War Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Topics ( show ) Social history of England History of education in England History of the economy of England History of the politics of England English overseas possessions History of the English language Polities ( show ) Kingdom of England Kingdom of Great Britain United Kingdom By county ( show ) Bedfordshire Berkshire City of Bristol Buckinghamshire Cambridgeshire Cheshire Cornwall Cumbria Derbyshire Devon Dorset Durham East Riding of Yorkshire East Sussex Essex Gloucestershire Greater London Greater Manchester Hampshire Herefordshire Hertfordshire Isle of Wight Kent Lancashire Leicestershire Lincolnshire City of London Merseyside Norfolk Northamptonshire Northumberland North Yorkshire Nottinghamshire Oxfordshire Rutland Shropshire Somerset South Yorkshire Staffordshire Suffolk Surrey Tyne and Wear Warwickshire West Midlands West Sussex West Yorkshire Wiltshire Worcestershire By city or town ( show ) Birmingham Bournemouth Brighton Bristol Chester Christchurch Colchester Coventry Dover Folkestone Leeds Liverpool London Maidstone Manchester Milton Keynes Newcastle Nottingham Plymouth Poole Portsmouth Reading Rochester Sheffield Shrewsbury Southampton St Albans Torquay Wetherby Worthing York England portal Periods in English history ( hide ) Prehistoric Britain until c. 43 Roman Britain c. 43 -- 410 Anglo - Saxon c. 500 -- 1066 Norman 1066 -- 1154 Plantagenet 1154 -- 1485 Tudor 1485 -- 1603 Elizabethan 1558 -- 1603 Stuart 1603 -- 1714 Jacobean 1603 -- 1625 Caroline 1625 -- 1649 ( Interregnum ) 1649 -- 1660 Restoration 1660 -- 1714 Georgian 1714 -- 1837 Regency 1811 -- 1820 Victorian 1837 -- 1901 Edwardian 1901 -- 1914 First World War 1914 -- 1918 Interwar Britain 1918 -- 1939 Second World War 1939 -- 1945 See also Political history ( 1945 -- present ) Social history ( 1945 -- present ) Timeline English society is the group behaviour of the English , how they organise themselves and make collective decisions . This article deals with the span from the emergence of the English nation to contemporary social questions in the country . The social history of England evidences many social changes over the centuries . These major social changes have both internally and in its relationship with other nations . The themes of social history include demographic history , labour history and the working class , women 's history , family history , the history of education in England , urban history and rural and agricultural history . The topic generally excludes politics , diplomacy and intellectual and constitutional studies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Prehistoric society 2 Romans 3 Early medieval society 4 Late medieval society 4.1 Church 4.2 Prosperity and population growth 4.3 Towns 4.4 Black Death and population decline 4.5 Chaucer 's vision 5 Tudor society 5.1 Food and agriculture 6 17th century 7 Georgian society 7.1 Agriculture 7.2 Industrial Revolution 7.3 Middle class and stability 7.4 Religion 7.5 Cultural history 8 Victorian era 8.1 Communications and travel 8.2 Women and the family 8.2. 1 Divorce 9 20th century 9.1 First World War 9.2 1920s 9.3 Great Depression 9.4 People 's War : 1939 -- 45 10 Since 1945 10.1 Austerity : 1945 -- 51 10.2 Prosperous 1950s 10.3 1960s 10.4 1980s 10.5 1990s and the new millennium 11 Historiography 12 See also 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 Medical 14.2 Historiography Prehistoric society ( edit ) The distant past does not offer us much information on the structures of society , however , major changes in human behaviour make it likely that society must have changed dramatically . In common with much of Europe , the switch from the hunter - gatherer lifestyle to farming around 4000 BC must have heralded an enormous shift in all aspects of human life . Nobody knows what changes may have occurred , and recent evidence of permanent buildings and habitation from 3,000 years ago means that these may still have been gradual shifts . One of the most obvious symbols of change in prehistoric society is Stonehenge . The building of such stone circles , burial mounds and monuments throughout the British Isles seems to have required a division of labour . Builders would have needed to dedicate themselves to the task of monument construction to acquire the required skills . Not having time to hunt and farm would make them rely on others to such an extent that specialised farmers would emerge who provided not only for themselves but also for the monument builders . There are many changes in culture seen in prehistoric and later times such as the Beaker people , the Celts , the Romans and the Anglo - Saxons . Romans ( edit ) See also : Roman Britain The arrival of the Romans in 54 BC probably did not alter society greatly at first , as it was simply a replacement of the ruling class , but numerous , at first minor , ideas would later gain footholds . Certainly , it would not have affected Ireland in the slightest . It is from the Romans , and particularly Tacitus , that we get the earliest detailed written records of Britain and its tribal society . We get fascinating glimpses of society in Britain before the Romans , although only briefly and disparagingly mentioned , particularly the importance of powerful women such as Cartimandua and Boudica . City dwelling was not new to pre-Roman Britain , but it was a lifestyle that the Romans preferred even though available to only a select few Romanised Britons . Romanisation was an important part of the Roman conquest strategy , and British rulers who willingly adopted Roman ways were rewarded as client kings ; a good example of this is Togidubnus and his ultramodern Roman - style house at Fishbourne . To subdue and control the country , the Romans built a major road network which not only was an important civil engineering project but formed the basis of the country 's communication links . The Romans brought many other innovations and ideas such as writing and plumbing , but how many of these things were the preserve of the rich or were even lost and re-appropriated at a later date is uncertain . Early medieval society ( edit ) See also : History of Anglo - Saxon England The collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century is thought to have brought general strife and anarchy to society , but the actual events are not well understood . Archaeology certainly shows a reduction in the expensive goods found before and the Roman cities began to be abandoned , but much of British society had never had such things . Certainly , numerous peoples took advantage of the absence of Roman power , but how they affected British society is far from clear . The hegemony of Roman rule gave way to a selection of splintered , often competing , societies , including later the heptarchy . Rather than think of themselves as a small part of a larger Roman empire , they reverted to smaller tribal allegiances . The Anglo - Saxons ' arrival is the most hotly disputed of events , and the extent to which they killed , displaced , or integrated with the existing society is still questioned . What is clear is that a separate Anglo - Saxon society , which would eventually become England with a more Germanic feel , was set up in the south east of the island . These new arrivals had not been conquered by the Romans but their society was perhaps similar to that of Britain . The main difference was their pagan religion , which the surviving northern areas of non-Saxon rule sought to convert to Christianity . During the 7th century these northern areas , particularly Northumbria , became important sites of learning , with monasteries acting like early schools and intellectuals such as Bede being influential . In the 9th century Alfred the Great worked to promote a literate , educated people and did much to promote the English language , even writing books himself . Alfred and his successors unified and brought stability to most of the south of Britain that would eventually become England . Late medieval society ( edit ) See also : England in the High Middle Ages and England in the Late Middle Ages The medieval English saw their economy as comprising three groups -- the clergy , who prayed ; the knights , who fought ; and the peasants , who worked the land . The monasteries and the nobility owned most of the land , but some rich peasants also owned land . After the Norman conquest of England in 1066 , society seemed fixed and unchanging for several centuries , but gradual and significant changes were still taking place , the exact nature of which would not be appreciated until much later . The Norman lords spoke Norman French , and in order to work for them or gain advantage , the English had to use the Anglo - Norman language that developed in England . This became a necessary administrative and literary language ( see Anglo - Norman literature ) , but despite this the English language was not supplanted , and after gaining much in grammar and vocabulary began in turn to replace the language of the rulers . At the same time the population of England more than doubled between Domesday and the end of the 13th century , and this growth was not checked by the almost continual foreign warfare , crusades and occasional civil anarchy . Feudalism , although historians debate the term , is often used to describe medieval society . Basically stated , a lord owns land or a fief which he allows vassals to work in return for their military service . The vast majority of the people were peasants who would work on the vassal 's fiefs . This or a similar system was the basis of later medieval society . It probably existed in some form in England before the Norman conquest , but the Normans did much to institute it , either replacing existing lords or by becoming ' overlords ' above now - demoted lords . A wealth of information on these social structures can be drawn from the best early surveys of its type , the Domesday Book . Church ( edit ) See also : Religion in Medieval England The crusades are one measure of the ever - increasing power of the church in medieval life , with some estimates suggesting that as many as 40,000 clergy were ordained during the 13th century . This is also shown by the spate of cathedral building , common throughout Europe , at the time . These great buildings would often take several generations to complete , spawning whole communities of artisans and craftsmen and offering them jobs for life . A quarter of the land was owned by the Church . Its monasteries owned large tracts of land farmed by peasants . Prosperity and population growth ( edit ) See also : Economy of England in the Middle Ages The two centuries from 1200 to 1400 ( when the plague hit ) were prosperous . The population grew rapidly , from about 2 million to about 5 million . England remained a mainly rural society , and many agricultural changes , such as crop rotation , kept the countryside profitable . Most people lived by farming , although there were wide variations in patterns of land ownership and the status of peasants . To meet the needs of the growing population more land had to be cultivated . Waste land was exploited and major incursions were made into forests , fen and marsh lands . `` High farming '' was increasingly practised , whereby the landowner took personal control of his land using hired hands rather than leasing it out . Treatises appeared on the best practices , but the growth of per - acre productivity was small . On good land one acre might produce 17 bushels of wheat ( compared to 73 bushels an acre in the 1960s ) , or 26 of barley or 22 of oats . After 1300 prosperity was more tenuous owing to a combination of over-population , land shortages and depleted soils . The loss of life in the Great Famine of 1315 -- 17 shook the English economy severely and population growth ceased . The first outbreak of the Black Death in 1348 then killed around half the English population , but left plenty of land for the survivors . The agricultural sector shrank , with higher wages , lower prices and shrinking profits leading to the final demise of the old demesne system and the advent of the modern farming system of cash rents for lands . Wat Tyler 's Peasants Revolt of 1381 shook the older feudal order and limited the levels of royal taxation considerably for a century to come . Towns ( edit ) The increase in population led not only to denser rural areas but also to more and larger towns . Many new towns appeared but most were small . Major cities such as Lincoln , Norwich and Thelford had 4000 -- 5000 population , while London grew from 10,000 to nearly 40,000 population ) while York approached 10,000 . The 13th century experienced a mini-industrial revolution , with the increased use of wind power and changes in the wool industry . Wool , always important to the British economy , was traditionally exported to be processed , but it was now frequently processed in England , creating a variety of extra jobs . The export of cloth continued to increase from the 14th century onwards , and after the closing of the port of Calais ( which consumed much of the raw wool ) by the Spanish in the late 16th century , cloth became the primary type of wool exported . Many people were finding different roles and responsibilities within English society too , with the growth of common law giving people greater access to the law and the `` commons '' starting to have a place in the Parliament during Edward I of England 's time . Black death and population decline ( edit ) The Black Death re-shaped society ; the `` dance of death '' was a favourite visual image ; no one knew who would die and who would live . After many years of growth and gradual change , there was one seismic event which changed British society dramatically . The Black Death in the middle of the 14th century almost halved the population . Whole villages were wiped out by the plague , but rather than destroying society it managed to reinvigorate it . Before the plague there was a large , probably excessive , workforce with not enough productive work available . Overpopulation meant that before the Black Death too many people were competing for scarce resources . Afterwards , the drop in population meant that labourers were in short supply and were paid better . Peasants who had once been confined to a landowner 's estate now had an incentive to travel to areas without workers . This social mobility was combined with the fact that peasants could charge much more for their services , and this began a switch from indentured labourer to wage earner which signalled the decline of the feudal system . The peasants ' new - found freedoms were very worrying to the authorities , who passed laws specifying the maximum that a peasant should be paid , but this had little effect on wages . The first of several sumptuary laws were also made , dictating exactly how people at every level of society should dress and what they could own , in an effort to enforce social distinctions . These new laws , plus a newly levied poll tax which had been calculated on pre-plague population figures , led directly to the Peasants ' Revolt . Although quickly put down , the revolt was an early popular reform movement -- a precursor to later , more successful uprisings . Chaucer 's vision ( edit ) Geofrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales give an illuminating picture of many of the different people who made up medieval society , although these portraits are limited mainly to the middle classes . The Wife of Bath is one particularly vibrant character within the Tales and a few years later a real - world equivalent , Margery Kempe , showed in her autobiography that women had an important part in medieval society . Tudor society ( edit ) See also : Tudor period and Elizabethan era In general terms , the Tudor dynasty period was seen as relatively stable compared to the previous years of almost constant warfare . However , the Reformation caused internal and external social conflict , with a considerable impact on social structure and personality . Before they were broken up and sold by Henry VIII , monasteries had been one of the important parts of social welfare , giving alms and looking after the destitute , and their disappearance meant that the state would have to adopt this role , which culminated in the Poor law of 1601 . The monasteries were decrepit -- they no longer were the major educational or economic establishments in the country ; after they had gone , many new grammar schools were founded and these , along with the earlier introduction of the printing press , helped to improve literacy . Food and agriculture ( edit ) The agricultural reforms which had begun in the 13th century accelerated in the 16th century , with enclosure altering the open field system and denying many of the poor access to land . Large areas of land which had once been common , and whose usage had been shared between many people , were now being enclosed by the wealthy mainly for extremely profitable sheep farming . England 's food supply was plentiful throughout most of the era ; there were no famines . Bad harvests caused distress , but they were usually localized . The most widespread came in 1555 -- 57 and 1596 -- 98 . In the towns the price of staples was fixed by law ; in hard times the size of the loaf of bread sold by the baker was smaller . The poor consumed a diet largely of bread , cheese , milk , and beer , with small portions of meat , fish and vegetables , and occasionally some fruit . Potatoes were just arriving at the end of the period , and became increasingly important . The typical poor farmer sold his best products on the market , keeping the cheap food for the family . Stale bread could be used to make bread puddings , and bread crumbs served to thicken soups , stews , and sauces . At a somewhat higher social level families ate an enormous variety of meats , especially beef , mutton , veal , lamb , and pork , as well as chickens , and ducks . The holiday goose was a special treat . Many rural folk and some townspeople tended a small garden which produced vegetables such as asparagus , cucumbers , spinach , lettuce , beans , cabbage , carrots , leeks , and peas , as well as medicinal and flavoring herbs . Some raised their own apricots , grapes , berries , apples , pears , plums , currants , and cherries . Families without a garden could trade with their neighbours to obtain vegetables and fruits at low cost . The people discovered new foods ( such as the potato and tomato imported from the Americas ) , and developed new tastes during the era . The more prosperous enjoyed a wide variety of food and drink , including exotic new drinks such as tea , coffee , and chocolate . French and Italian chefs appeared in the country houses and palaces bringing new standards of food preparation and taste . For example , the English developed a taste for acidic foods -- such as oranges for the upper class -- and started to use vinegar heavily . The gentry paid increasing attention to their gardens , with new fruits , vegetables and herbs ; pasta , pastries , and dried mustard balls first appeared on the table . The apricot was a special treat at fancy banquets . Roast beef remained a staple for those who could afford it . The rest ate a great deal of bread and fish . Every class had a taste for beer and rum . At the rich end of the scale the manor houses and palaces were awash with large , elaborately prepared meals , usually for many people and often accompanied by entertainment . Often they celebrated religious festivals , weddings , alliances and the whims of her majesty . 17th century ( edit ) See also : Stuart period and History of citizenship § Great Britain England was wracked by civil war over religious issues . Prosperity generally continued in both rural areas and the growing towns , as well as the great metropolis of London . The English civil war was far from just a conflict between two religious faiths , and indeed it had much more to do with divisions within the one Protestant religion . The austere , fundamentalist Puritanism on the one side was opposed to what it saw as the crypto - Catholic decadence of the Anglican church on the other . Divisions also formed along the lines of the common people and the gentry , and between the country and city dwellers . It was a conflict that was bound to disturb all parts of society , and a frequent slogan of the time was `` the world turned upside down '' . In 1660 the Restoration was a quick transition back to the high church Stuarts . Public opinion reacted against the puritanism of the Puritans , such as the banning of traditional pastimes of gambling , cockfights , the theatre and even Christmas celebrations . The arrival of Charles II -- The Merry Monarch -- brought a relief from the warlike and then strict society that people had lived in for several years . The theatre returned , along with expensive fashions such as the periwig and even more expensive commodities from overseas . The British Empire grew rapidly after 1600 , and along with wealth returning to the country , expensive luxury items were also appearing . Sugar and coffee from the East Indies , tea from India and slaves ( brought from Africa to the sugar colonies , along with some enslaved servants in England itself ) formed the backbone of imperial trade . One in nine Englishmen lived in London near the end of the Stuart period . However plagues were even more deadly in a crowded city -- the only remedy was to move to isolated rural areas , as Isaac Newton of Cambridge University did in 1664 -- 66 as the Great Plague of London killed as many as 100,000 Londoners . The fast - growing metropolis was the centre of politics , high society and business . As a major port and hub of trade , goods from all over were for sale . Coffee houses were becoming the centres of business and social life , and it has also been suggested that tea might have played its own part in making Britain powerful , as the antiseptic qualities of tea allowed people to live closer together , protecting them from germs , and making the Industrial Revolution possible . These products can be considered as beginning the consumer society which , while it promoted trade and brought development and riches to society . Newspapers were new and soon became important tools of social discourse and the diarists of the time such as Samuel Pepys and John Evelyn are some of the best sources we have of everyday life in Restoration England . Coffee houses grew numerous and were places for middle class men to meet , read the papers , look over new books and gossip and share opinions . Thomas Garway operated a coffee house in London from 1657 to 1722 . He sold tea , tobacco , snuff , and sandwiches . Businessmen met there informally ; the first furs from the Hudson 's Bay Company were auctioned there . The diet of the poor in the 1660 -- 1750 era was largely bread , cheese , milk , and beer , with small quantities of meat and vegetables . The more prosperous enjoyed a wide variety of food and drink , including tea , coffee , and chocolate . Georgian society ( edit ) `` Georgian society '' redirects here . For the conservation organisation , see Georgian Group . See also : Georgian era Urban - rural distribution , 1600 -- 1801 Year Urban Rural non-farm Farm 1600 8 % 22 % 70 % 1700 17 % 28 % 55 % 1801 28 % 36 % 36 % Source : E.A. Wrigley , People , Cities and Wealth ( 1987 ) p 170 Agriculture ( edit ) Major advances in farming made agriculture more productive and freed up people to work in industry . The British Agricultural Revolution included innovations in technology such as Jethro Tull 's seed drill which allowed greater yields , the process of enclosure , which had been altering rural society since the Middle Ages , became unstoppable . The new mechanisation needed much larger fields -- the layout of the British countryside with the patchwork of fields divided by hedgerows that we see today . Industrial Revolution ( edit ) Historians typically date the coming of the Industrial Revolution to Britain in the mid-18th century . Not only did existing cities grow but small market towns such as Manchester , Sheffield and Leeds became cities simply by weight of population. . Middle class and stability ( edit ) The middle class grew rapidly in the 18th century , especially in the cities . At the top of the scale , the legal profession succeeded first , establishing specialist training and associations , and was soon followed by the medical profession . The merchant class prospered with imperial trade . Wahrman ( 1992 ) argues that the new urban elites included two types : the gentlemanly capitalist , who participated in the national society , and the independent bourgeois , who was oriented toward the local community . By the 1790s a self - proclaimed middle class , with a particular sociocultural self - perception , had emerged . Thanks to increasing national wealth , upward mobility into the middle class , urbanisation , and civic stability , Britain was relatively calm and stable , certainly compared with the revolutions and wars which were convulsing the American colonies , France and other nations at the time . The politics of the French Revolution did not translate directly into British society to spark an equally seismic revolution , nor did the loss of the American Colonies dramatically weaken or disrupt Great Britain . Religion ( edit ) Historians have emphasized the importance of religion , including the domination of the Anglican establishment . The Act of Toleration 1689 granted rights of free religious worship to the non-conformist Protestant sects which had emerged during the Civil War . Baptists , Congregationalists , Methodists , and Quakers were all allowed to pray freely . These groups took the opportunity of the expanding empire and set up in the Thirteen Colonies , where they expanded rapidly after the First Great Awakening . In response to the religious and moral apathy of the common people , Methodist preachers set up societies divided into classes -- intimate meetings where individuals were encouraged to confess their sins to one another and to build each other up . They also took part in love feasts which allowed for the sharing of testimony and mutual surveillance of moral behavior . The success of Methodist revivals in reaching the poor and working classes concentrated their attention on spiritual goals rather than political grievances . Cultural history ( edit ) Scholars have recently been moving toward cultural history rather than social history . The language and self images of people are the chief targets of cultural studies . Of special importance is the concept of an emerging consumer society . Studies of middle - and upper - class manners , tastes , and fashions have proliferated , along with studies of gender , and national , and racial identities . Victorian era ( edit ) See also : Victorian era The social changes during the Victorian era were wide - ranging and fundamental , leaving their mark not only upon the United Kingdom but upon much of the world which was under Britain 's influence during the 19th century . It can even be argued that these changes eclipsed the massive shifts in society during the 20th century ; certainly many of the developments of the 20th century have their roots in the 19th . The technology of the Industrial Revolution had a great impact on society . Inventions not only introduced new industries for employment , but the products and services produced also altered society . The population of England almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901 . Scotland 's population also rose rapidly , from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901 . Ireland 's population decreased rapidly , from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901 , mostly due to the Great Famine . At the same time , around 15 million emigrants left the United Kingdom in the Victorian era and settled mostly in the United States , Canada , and Australia . Not only did the rapidly expanding British Empire attract immigrants , it also attracted temporary administrators , soldiers , missionaries and businessmen who on their return talked up the Empire as a part of greater Britain . Culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion , social values , and the arts . The era is popularly associated with the `` Victorian '' values of social and sexual restraint . The status of the poor is one area in which huge changes occurred . A good illustration of the differences between life in the Georgian and Victorian eras are the writings of two of England 's greatest authors , Jane Austen and Charles Dickens . Both writers held a fascination for people , society and the details of everyday life but in Austen the poor are almost absent , mainly because they were still the rural poor , remote and almost absent from the minds of the middle classes . For Dickens , only a few years later , the poor were his main subject , as he had partly suffered their fate . The poor now were an unavoidable part of urban society and their existence and plight could not be ignored . Industrialisation made large profits for the entrepreneurs of the times , and their success was in contrast not only to the farm workers who were in competition with imported produce but also to the aristocracy whose landowning wealth was now becoming less significant than business wealth . The British class system created an intricate hierarchy of people which contrasted the new and old rich , the skilled and unskilled , the rural and urban and many more . Some of the first attacks on industrialisation were the Luddites ' destruction of machines , but this had less to do with factory conditions and more to do with machines mass - producing linen much quicker and cheaper than the handmade products of skilled labourers . The army was called to the areas of Luddite activity such as Lancashire and Yorkshire and for a time there were more British soldiers controlling the Luddites than fighting Napoleon in Spain . The squalid , dangerous and oppressive conditions of many of the new Victorian factories and the surrounding communities which rose to service them became important issues of discontent , and the workers began to form trade unions to get their working conditions addressed . The first unions were feared and distrusted , and ways were devised to ban them . The most widely known case was that of the Tolpuddle Martyrs of 1834 , an early attempt at a union whose members were tried on a spurious charge , found guilty and transported to Australia . The sentence was challenged and they were released shortly afterwards , but unions were still threatened . It was not until the formation of the TUC in 1868 and the passing of the Trade Union Act 1871 that union membership became reasonably legitimate . Many pieces of legislation were passed to improve working conditions , including the Ten Hours Act 1847 to reduce working hours , and these culminated in the Factory Act 1901 . Many of these acts resulted from the blight of Britain 's agricultural depression . Beginning in 1873 and lasting until 1896 , many farmers and rural workers were hard - pressed for a stable income . With the decline in wheat prices and land productivity many countrymen were left looking for any hope of prosperity . Although the British parliament gave substantial aid to farmers and laborers , many still complained that rents were too high , wages too low , and the hours laborers were required to work were too long for their income . As a result , many workers turned to unions to have their concerns heard and , with the acts listed above as proof , were able to achieve some success . Environmental and health standards rose throughout the Victorian era ; improvements in nutrition may also have played a role , although the importance of this is debated . Sewage works were improved as was the quality of drinking water . With a healthier environment , diseases were caught less easily and did not spread as much . Technology was also improving because the population had more money to spend on medical technology ( for example , techniques to prevent death in childbirth so more women and children survived ) , which also led to a greater number of cures for diseases . However , a cholera epidemic took place in London in 1848 -- 49 killing 14,137 , and subsequently in 1853 killing 10,738 . This anomaly was attributed to the closure and replacement of cesspits by the modern sewerage systems . Communications and travel ( edit ) The railways changed communications and society dramatically Communication improved rapidly . Stage coaches , canal boats , steam ships and most notably the railways all speeded up the movement of people , goods and ideas . New communication methods were very fast if not instantaneous , including the telegraph , the telephone and the trans - oceanic cable . Trains opened up leisure destinations , especially seaside resorts . The Bank Holidays Act 1871 created a number of fixed holidays which the middle class could enjoy . Large numbers travelling to quiet fishing villages such as Worthing , Brighton , Morecambe and Scarborough began turning them into major tourist centres , and people like Thomas Cook saw arranging for domestic and foreign tourism as a viable business model . Steam ships such as the SS Great Britain and SS Great Western made international travel more common but also advanced trade , so that in Britain it was not just the luxury goods of earlier times that were imported into the country but essentials such as grain and meat from North America and Australia . One more important innovation in communications was the Penny Black , the first postage stamp , which standardised postage to a flat price regardless of distance sent . The Victorians were impressed by science and progress , and felt that they could improve society in the same way as they were improving technology . The model town of Saltaire was founded , along with others , as a planned environment with good sanitation and many civic , educational and recreational facilities , although it lacked a pub , which was regarded as a focus of dissent . Similar sanitation reforms , prompted by the Public Health Acts 1848 and 1869 , were made in the crowded , dirty streets of the existing cities , and soap was the main product shown in the relatively new phenomenon of advertising . Victorians also strove to improve society through many charities and relief organisations such as the Salvation Army , the RSPCA and the NSPCC , and at the same time there were many people such as Florence Nightingale trying to reform areas of public life . Another new institution was Robert Peel 's `` peelers '' , one of the earliest formal police forces . Women and the family ( edit ) Reformers organized many movements to obtain greater rights for women ; voting rights did not come until the next century . The Married Women 's Property Act 1882 meant that women did not lose their right to their own property when they got married and could divorce without fear of poverty , although divorce was frowned upon and very rare during the 19th century . It is too much to claim that the Victorians `` invented childhood , '' but they deemed it the most significant phase of life . The trend was towards smaller families , probably because of the rise of modern inner - directed families , coupled with lower infant mortality rates and longer life spans . Legislation reduced the working hours of children while raising the minimum working age , and the passing of the Education Act 1870 set the basis for universal primary education . In local government elections , single women ratepayers received the right to vote in the Municipal Franchise Act 1869 . This right was confirmed in the Local Government Act 1894 and extended to include some married women . Divorce ( edit ) In Britain before 1857 wives were under the economic and legal control of their husbands , and divorce was almost impossible . It required a very expensive private act of Parliament costing perhaps £ 200 , of the sort only the richest could possibly afford . It was very difficult to secure divorce on the grounds of adultery , desertion , or cruelty . The first key legislative victory came with the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 , which passed over the strenuous opposition of the highly traditional Church of England . The new law made divorce a civil affair of the courts , rather than a Church matter , with a new civil court in London handling all cases . The process was still quite expensive , at about £ 40 , but now became feasible for the middle class . A woman who obtained a judicial separation took the status of a feme sole , with full control of her own civil rights . Additional amendments came in 1878 , which allowed for separations handled by local justices of the peace . The Church of England blocked further reforms until the final breakthrough came with the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 . 20th century ( edit ) First world war ( edit ) See also : Home front during World War I § Britain Edwardian ideals were a bit more liberal 1901 - 1914 , but what really changed society was the Great War . The army was traditionally never a large employer in the nation , and the regular army stood at 247,000 at the start of the war . By 1918 there were about five million people in the army and the fledgling Royal Air Force , newly formed from the RNAS and the RFC , was about the same size of the pre-war army . The almost three million casualties were known as the `` lost generation '' , and such numbers inevitably left society scarred ; but even so , some people felt their sacrifice was little regarded in Britain , with poems like Siegfried Sassoon 's Blighters criticising the ill - informed jingoism of the home front . Conscription brought people of many different classes , and also people from all over the empire , together and this mixing was seen as a great leveller which would only accelerate social change after the war . 1920s ( edit ) See also : Interwar Britain and Roaring Twenties The social reforms of the previous century continued into the twentieth with the Labour Party being formed in 1900 , but this did not achieve major success until the 1922 general election . Lloyd George said after the World War that `` the nation was now in a molten state '' , and his Housing Act 1919 would lead to affordable council housing which allowed people to move out of Victorian inner - city slums . The slums , though , remained for several more years , with trams being electrified long before many houses . The Representation of the People Act 1918 gave women householders the vote , and in 1928 full equal suffrage was achieved . After the War , many new food products became available to the typical household , with branded foods advertised for their convenience . The shortage of servants was felt in the kitchen , but now instead of an experience cook spending hours on difficult custards and puddings the ordinary housewife working alone could purchase instant foods in jars , or powders that could be quickly mixed . Breakfast porridge from branded , more finely milled , oats could now be cooked in two minutes , not 20 . American - style dry cereals began to challenge the porridge and bacon and eggs of the middle classes , and the bread and margarine of the poor . Street vendors were fewer . Shops were upgraded ; the flies were gone as were the open barrels of biscuits and pickles . Groceries and butcher shops carried more bottled and canned goods as well as fresher meat , fish and vegetables . Whereas wartime shipping shortages had sharply narrowed choices , the 1920s saw many new kinds of foods -- especially fruits -- imported from around the world , along with better quality , packaging , and hygiene . Middle classes households now had ice boxes or electric refrigerators , which made for better storage and the convenience of buying in larger quantities . Great depression ( edit ) See also : Great Depression in the United Kingdom The relatively prosperous 1920s gave way by 1930 to a depression that was part of a worldwide crisis . Particularly hardest hit were the north of England and Wales , where unemployment reached 70 % in some areas . The General Strike was called during 1926 in support of the miners and their falling wages , but it failed . The strike marked the start of the slow decline of the British coal industry . In 1936 two hundred unemployed men walked from Jarrow to London in a bid to show the plight of the industrial poor , but the Jarrow March , had little impact and it was not until 1940 that industrial prospects improved . George Orwell 's book The Road to Wigan Pier gives a bleak overview of the hardships of the time . An ATS memorial at the National Memorial Arboretum . People 's war : 1939 -- 4.5 ( edit ) See also : Home front during World War II § Britain The war was a `` people 's war '' that enlisted every party , class and every region and every interest , with strikingly little dissent . It was started with a `` phony war '' with little fighting . Fear of bombing led to women and children were moved from London and other cities liable to air raids and evacuated to the country . Most returned some months later and remained in the cities until the end of the war . There were half the number of military casualties in this war than the last , but the improvements in aerial warfare meant that there were many more civilian casualties and a foreign war seemed much closer to home . The early years of the war in which Britain `` stood alone '' and the Blitz spirit which developed as Britain suffered under aerial bombardment helped pull the nation together after the divisions of the previous decade , and campaigns such as `` Dig for Victory '' helped give the nation a common purpose . The focus on agriculture to feed the nation gave some people their first introduction to the countryside , and women played an important part in the war effort as the Land Girls . A half a million women served in the armed forces , led by Princess Elizabeth , the future queen , who donned the ATS soldier 's uniform as a lorry driver . Since 1945 ( edit ) Main article : Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Austerity : 1945 -- 51 ( edit ) The Labour Party victory in 1945 represented pent - up frustrations . The strong sense that all Britons had joined in a `` People 's War '' and all deserved a reward animated voters . But the Treasury was near bankruptcy and Labour 's nationalization programs were expensive . Prewar levels of prosperity did not return until the 1950s . It was called the Age of Austerity . The most important reform was the founding of the National Health Service on July 5 , 1948 . It promised to give cradle to grave care for everyone in the country , regardless of income . Wartime rationing continued , and was extended to bread . In the war the government banned ice cream and rationed sweets , such as chocolates and confections ; sweets were rationed until 1954 . Most people grumbled , but for the poorest , rationing was beneficial , because their rationed diet was of greater nutritional value than their pre-war diet . Housewives organized to oppose the austerity . The Conservatives saw their opening and rebuilt their fortunes by attacking socialism , austerity , rationing , and economic controls , and were back in power by 1951 . Prosperous 1950s ( edit ) As prosperity returned after 1950 , Britons became more family centred . Leisure activities became more accessible to more people after the war . Holiday camps , which had first opened in the 1930s , became popular holiday destinations in the 1950s -- and people increasingly had money to pursue their personal hobbies . The BBC 's early television service was given a major boost in 1953 with the coronation of Elizabeth II , attracting an estimated audience of twenty million , proving an impetus for middle - class people to buy televisions . In 1950 1 % owned television sets ; by 1965 75 % did . As austerity receded after 1950 and consumer demand kept growing , the Labour Party hurt itself by shunning consumerism as the antithesis of the socialism it demanded . Small neighbourhood stores were increasingly replaced by chain stores and shopping centres , with their wide variety of goods , smart - advertising , and frequent sales . Cars were becoming a significant part of British life , with city - centre congestion and ribbon developments springing up along many of the major roads . These problems led to the idea of the green belt to protect the countryside , which was at risk from development of new housing units . 1960s ( edit ) The 1960s saw dramatic shifts in attitudes and values led by youth . It was a worldwide phenomenon , in which British rock musicians especially The Beatles played an international role . The generations divided sharply regarding the new sexual freedom demanded by youth who listened to bands like The Rolling Stones . Sexual morals changed . One notable event was the publication of D.H. Lawrence 's Lady Chatterley 's Lover by Penguin Books in 1960 . Although first printed in 1928 , the release in 1960 of an inexpensive mass - market paperback version prompted a court case . The prosecuting council 's question , `` Would you want your wife or servants to read this book ? '' highlighted how far society had changed , and how little some people had noticed . The book was seen as one of the first events in a general relaxation of sexual attitudes . Other elements of the sexual revolution included the development of The Pill , Mary Quant 's miniskirt and the 1967 legalisation of homosexuality . There was a rise in the incidence of divorce and abortion , and a resurgence of the women 's liberation movement , whose campaigning helped secure the Equal Pay Act and the Sex Discrimination Act in 1975 . The 1960s were a time of greater disregard for the establishment , with a satire boom led by people who were willing to attack their elders . Pop music became a dominant form of expression for the young , and bands like The Beatles and the Rolling Stones were seen as leaders of youth culture . Youth - based subcultures such as the mods , rockers , hippies and skinheads became more visible . Reforms in education led to the effective elimination of the grammar school . The rise of the comprehensive school was aimed at producing a more egalitarian educational system , and there were ever - increasing numbers of people going into higher education . In the 1950s and 1960s , immigration of people to the United Kingdom , mainly from former British colonies in the Caribbean , India and Pakistan , began to escalate , leading to racism . Dire predictions were made about the effect of these new arrivals on British society ( most famously Enoch Powell 's Rivers of Blood speech ) , and tension led to a few race riots . In the longer term , many people with differing cultures have successfully integrated into the country , and some have risen to high positions . 1980s ( edit ) One important change during the 1980s was the opportunity given to many to buy their council houses , which resulted in many more people becoming property owners in a stakeholder society . At the same time , Conservative Margaret Thatcher weakened her bitter enemy , the trade unions . The environmentalism movements of the 1980s reduced the emphasis on intensive farming , and promoted organic farming and conservation of the countryside . Religious observance declined notably in Britain during the second half of the 20th century , even with the growth of non-Christian religions due to immigration and travel ( see Islam in the UK ) . Church of England attendance has particularly dropped , although charismatic churches like Elim and AOG are growing . The movement to Keep Sunday Special seemed to have lost at the beginning of the 21st century . 1990s and the new millennium ( edit ) Following on from the resurgence of economic liberalism in the 1980s , the last decade of the 20th century was noted for a greater embrace of social liberalism within British society , largely attributed to the greater influence of the generation born in the socially transformative 1960s . In 1990 , 69 % of Britons surveyed believed homosexuality was morally wrong ; by the end of the decade this had fallen to below half , and the legal age of consent for homosexual sexual activity had been lowered to 16 , in line with heterosexual sex . The death of Diana , Princess of Wales in 1997 was also observed to have demonstrated the way in which social attitudes towards mourning had changed , with the unprecedented mass public outpourings of grief that characterised the days after her death being remarked upon as reflecting a change in the national psyche . Growing disparity in the relative affluence of those who have benefitted and those ' left behind ' from the deindustrialisation and globalisation of the economy was attributed as one of the primary factors behind the surprise victory of the ' leave ' campaign in the 2016 European Union membership referendum , and began wider discourse on the emergence of ' two countries ' within Britain that represented greatly differing social attitudes and outlooks . Historiography ( edit ) The social history of the medieval period was primarily developed by Eileen Power , H.S. Bennett , Ambrose Raftis , Rodney Hilton , and Sylvia Thrupp before the rise of the New Social History in the 1960s . Burchardt ( 2007 ) evaluates the state of English rural history and focuses on an `` orthodox '' school dealing chiefly with the economic history of agriculture . The orthodox historians made `` impressive progress '' in quantifying and explaining the growth of output and productivity since the agricultural revolution . A challenge came from a dissident tradition that looked chiefly at the negative social costs of agricultural progress , especially enclosure . In the late 20th century there arose a new school , associated with the journal Rural History . Led by Alun Howkins , it links rural Britain to a wider social history . Burchardt calls for a new countryside history , paying more attention to the cultural and representational aspects that shaped 20th - century rural life . See also ( edit ) English people Economic history of the United Kingdom , after 1700 History of women in the United Kingdom Political history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) Social history of the United Kingdom ( 1945 -- present ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Bradley , The Prehistory of Britain and Ireland ( Cambridge World Archaeology ) ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ D.J. Mattingly , An Imperial Possession : Britain in the Roman Empire , 54 BC - AD 409 ( Penguin History of Britain ) ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Margaret Timmy , Anglo - Saxons ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Richard P. Abels , Alfred the Great : War , Culture and Kingship in Anglo - Saxon England ( 1998 ) Jump up ^ George Garnett , The Norman Conquest : A Very Short Introduction ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ S.F.C. Milsom , The Legal Framework of English Feudalism ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ H.C. 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Thesing , A companion to the Victorian novel ( 2002 ) p. 354 Jump up ^ Heater , Derek ( 2006 ) . Citizenship in Britain : A History . Edinburgh University Press . p. 136 . ISBN 9780748626724 . Jump up ^ `` Which Act Gave Women the Right to Vote in Britain ? '' . Synonym . Retrieved 11 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lawrence Stone . Road to Divorce : England 1530 - 1987 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ Elie Halévy , History of the English People : The Rule of Democracy ( 1905 - 1914 ) ( 1932 ) pp Jump up ^ Alison Ravetz , Council housing and culture : the history of a social experiment ( Routledge , 2003 ) . Jump up ^ Martin Pugh , Women 's suffrage in Britain , 1867 - 1928 ( 1980 ) . Jump up ^ Robert Graves and Alan Hodge , The Long Week - End : A social history of Great Britain 1918 - 1939 ( 1940 ) pp. 175 -- 176 . Jump up ^ Juliet Gardiner , The Thirties : An Intimate History of Britain ( HarperCollins UK , 2011 ) . 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'' Industrial & Labor Relations Review 42.2 ( 1989 ) : 163 - 188 . Jump up ^ Graham Stewart , Bang ! A History of Britain in the 1980s ( 2013 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Peter Dauvergne ( 2009 ) . The A to Z of Environmentalism . Scarecrow Press . pp. 83 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Christie Davis ( 2006 ) . The strange death of moral Britain . Transaction Publishers . p. 265 . Jump up ^ `` Nice change '' . The Economist . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Belinda ( 2017 - 05 - 31 ) . `` Prince William says Diana 's death changed Britain 's reaction to grief for the better '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Brexit and the left behind : a tale of two countries '' . LSE BREXIT. 2016 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Alun Howkins , Death of Rural England : A Social History of the Countryside since 1900 ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Burchardt , `` Agricultural History , Rural History , or Countryside History ? '' Historical Journal 2007 50 ( 2 ) : 465 - 481 Further reading ( edit ) Bédarida , François ( fr ) . A social history of England , 1851 -- 1990 , Routledge , 1991 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 01614 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 01614 - 8 Bolton , J.L. Mediaeval English Economy , 1150 -- 1500 ( 2nd ed. 1985 ) 416 pp Briggs , Asa ( 1983 ) . A Social History of England . London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 78074 - 3 . Britnell , R.H. Britain and Ireland 1050 -- 1530 : Economy and Society ( 2004 ) Crick , Julia ; Elisabeth van Houts ( 2011 ) . A Social History of England , 900 - 1200 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 13950 - 085 - 2 . Daunton , M.J. Progress and Poverty : An Economic and Social History of Britain 1700 -- 1850 ( 1995 ) online edition Devine , T.M. and Rosalind Mitchison . People and Society in Scotland : A Social History of Modern Scotland : 1760 -- 1830 ( 1988 ) Glynn , Sean , and Alan Booth . Modern Britain : An Economic and Social History ( Routledge , 1996 ) online edition Harrison , Brian . Seeking a Role : The United Kingdom 1951 -- 1970 ( 2009 , paperback with revisions 2011 ) ; online Finding a Role ? The United Kingdom 1970 -- 1990 ( 2010 , paperback with revisions 2011 ) . online ; major scholarly survey Hobsbawm , Eric , and George Rudé . Captain Swing ( 1969 ) Horrox , Rosemary , and W. Mark Ormrod , A Social History of England , 1200 -- 1500 ( Cambridge UP , 2006 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 78345 - 3 McKibbin , Ross . Classes and Cultures : England 1918 - 1951 ( 1998 ) online , 576pp Mathias , Peter . The transformation of England : essays in the economic and social history of England in the eighteenth century ( Taylor & Francis , 1979 ) , ISBN 0 - 416 - 73120 - 1 Platt ; Colin . Medieval England : A Social History and Archaeology from the Conquest to 1600 A.D ( 1994 ) online edition Porter , Roy . English Society in the Eighteenth Century ( 2nd ed. 1990 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14022 - 099 - 5 Royle , Edward . Modern Britain : A Social History 1750 -- 1997 ( 2nd ed. 1997 ) , with detailed bibliography pp 406 -- 444 Sharpe , J.A. Early Modern England : A Social History 1550 -- 1760 ( 2009 ) Stearns , Peter , ed . Encyclopedia of Social History ( 1994 ) 856 pp . Stearns , Peter , ed . Encyclopedia of European Social History from 1350 to 2000 ( 5 vol 2000 ) , 209 essays by leading scholars in 3000 pp . Thompson , E.P. The Making of the English Working Class ( 1963 ) Thompson , F.M.L. , ed . The Cambridge Social History of Britain , 1750 -- 1950 . Vol. 1 : Regions and Communities . Vol. 2 : People and Their Environment ; Vol. 3 : Social Agencies and Institutions ( 1990 ) . 492 pp . Trevelyan , G.M. ( 1942 ) . English Social History : A Survey of Six Centuries from Chaucer to Queen Victoria . Youings , Joyce A . The Social History of Britain in the 16th Century ( 1991 ) Medical ( edit ) Berridge , Virginia . `` Health and Medicine '' in F M.L. Thompson , ed. , The Cambridge Social History of Britain , 1750 -- 1950 , vol. 3 , Social Agencies and Institutions , ( 1990 ) . pp 171 -- 242 . Cherry , Stephen . Medical Services and the Hospital in Britain , 1860 -- 1939 ( 1996 ) excerpt and text search Howe G.M. People , Environment , Death and Disease : A Medical Geography of Britain Through the Ages ( U of Wales Press , 1997 ) . Kirby , Peter . Child Workers and Industrial Health in Britain , 1780 - 1850 ( 2013 ) . Miller , Ian . A Modern History of the Stomach : Gastric Illness , Medicine and British Society , 1800 -- 1950 ( Routledge , 2015 ) . Nagy D. Popular Medicine in Seventeenth - Century England ( Bowling Green State UP , 1988 ) . Porter , Roy . Bodies politic : disease , death , and doctors in Britain , 1650 - 1900 ( Cornell UP , 2001 ) . online review Porter , Roy , and Dorothy Porter . In Sickness and in Health : The British Experience , 1650 -- 1850 ( 1988 ) . Porter , Roy . Mind forg 'd manacles : madness and psychiatry in England from restoration to regency ( 1987 ) . Riley , James C. Sick not dead : the health of British workingmen during the mortality decline ( Johns Hopkins UP , 1997 ) . Sweet , Helen . `` Establishing Connections , Restoring Relationships : Exploring the Historiography of Nursing in Britain , '' Gender & History ( 2007 ) 19 # 3 pp 565 -- 580 . DOI : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0424.2007. 00490. x Wall , Rosemary . Bacteria in Britain , 1880 -- 1939 ( Routledge , 2015 ) . excerpt Wohl , Anthony S. Endangered Lives : Public Health in Victorian Britain ( 1983 ) . Historiography ( edit ) Burchardt , Jeremy . `` Agricultural History , Rural History , or Countryside History ? '' Historical Journal 2007 50 ( 2 ) : 465 - 481 . ISSN 0018 - 246X Hawke , Gary . `` Reinterpretations of the Industrial Revolution '' in Patrick O'Brien and Roland Quinault , eds . The Industrial Revolution and British Society ( 1993 ) pp 54 -- 78 . Kanner , Barbara . Women in English Social History , 1800 -- 1914 : A Guide to Research ( 2 vol 1988 -- 1990 ) . 871 pp . Navickas , Katrina . `` What happened to class ? New histories of labour and collective action in Britain , '' Social History , May 2011 , Vol. 36 Issue 2 , pp 192 -- 204 Thompson , E.P. The Essential E.P. Thompson ( 2001 ) . 512 pp. highly influential essays on 19th century working class Wilson , Adrian , ed . Rethinking Social History : English Society , 1570 -- 1920 and Its Interpretation ( 1993 ) . 342 pp . 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-4911259116087083187	Owen Hunt	Owen Hunt - wikipedia Owen Hunt Owen Hunt , Major , USA ( ret ) Grey 's Anatomy character The season nine promotional photograph of Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt First appearance `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' ( 5.01 ) September 25 , 2008 ( as recurring cast ) `` Beat Your Heart Out '' ( 5.14 ) February 5 , 2009 ( as series regular ) Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Kevin McKidd Information Occupation Attending Trauma Surgeon Chief of Surgery ( former ) Title Chief of Trauma Surgery M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Megan Hunt ( sister ) Evelyn Hunt ( mother ) Leo ( foster son ) Spouse ( s ) Cristina Yang ( divorced ) Amelia Shepherd ( divorced ) Significant other ( s ) Emma Marling Beth Whitman ( ex-fiancée ) Carina Deluca Teddy Altman Relatives Derek Shepherd ( ex brother - in - law ) ( deceased ) Nathan Riggs ( brother - in - law ) Farouk Shami ( nephew ) Owen Hunt , M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey 's Anatomy , which airs on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States . The character was created by series ' producer Shonda Rhimes , and is portrayed by actor Kevin McKidd . He was introduced in season five as a U.S. Army trauma surgeon who served in war - torn Iraq , and subsequently joins the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital to teach medicine as a surgical attending , head of trauma surgery , and eventual chief of surgery , sometimes with unorthodox methods . Originally contracted to appear for a multi-episode story arc , he was upgraded to a series ' regular at the conclusion of his first appearance . The fictional character served as a love interest for surgical fellow Cristina Yang , and had an unstable personality when first introduced , suffering from PTSD . McKidd 's connection with fellow actress Sandra Oh ( Cristina Yang ) has been acclaimed amongst critics , with Matt Roush of TV Guide calling the `` instant sparks '' between McKidd and Oh `` electrifying . '' McKidd was nominated for two awards for his work on the show , winning one of them . Chris Monfette of IGN has praised the addition of `` fresh , new characters '' such as Owen Hunt . Contents ( hide ) 1 Storylines 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storylines ( edit ) Before his regular appearances on the show , Owen Hunt was a United States Army surgeon , specializing in trauma surgery . The character makes a dramatic first appearance when he performs a tracheotomy on a man with a pen , winning the admiration of resident Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) . He is offered a job by former chief of surgery Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) , but declines , explaining that he has not completed his tour in Iraq . His appointment as the new head of trauma surgery at Seattle Grace Hospital was not well - received initially . By his first week he manages to irk both Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) and Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , head of neurosurgery and plastic surgery , respectively , who view his treatment of some of the patients as crude , and also rebuffed by resident Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) when he stabs a set of pigs and then orders the residents and interns to save their lives , in order to teach them medicine on `` live tissue . '' Hunt eventually embarks on a relationship with Yang , but it comes to a sudden close when his PTSD gets the best of him , and he unconsciously strangles her . Soon after the breakup , he begins therapy with the hospital psychiatrist , Dr. Wyatt . Some time later , a soldier visits the hospital for treatment , and his presence influences Owen to contemplate returning to the US Army . When he shares this with Cristina , she disagrees with his decision , stating that she does n't want him to die , and the two eventually rekindle their relationship . Owen brings in Teddy Altman ( Kim Raver ) , his best friend and colleague from when he was in the army , as the new head of cardiothoracic surgery . When it is revealed that Hunt and Altman may be potential lovers , Hunt and Yang 's relationship is challenged , and eventually concluded by Yang . During a hospital shooting , Owen is shot and injured , attracting the sympathy of Cristina , who subsequently restores their relationship . Due to the emotional reverberations of the shooting crisis , Owen and Cristina decide to wed one another shortly after their reconciliation , not wanting to risk separation . When Cristina discovers she is pregnant , Owen is displeased with her desire to abort the baby , and the two separate from each other . In the fallout of resident Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) 's tampering with Derek Shepherd 's Alzheimer 's trial , Owen is promoted to Chief of Surgery after Webber steps down . After substantial thought , Owen reluctantly decides to accompany Cristina to the abortion , uniting the two . Owen 's friendship with Teddy ends when Owen lies to Teddy about her husband 's sudden death , due to Owen wanting her to finish a surgery she was currently performing and Teddy blaming Owen for her husband 's death . Feeling abandoned and disconcerted after an altercation with Cristina , Owen has a one - night stand with a patient 's friend . Cristina consequently finds out , terminates their relationship , and their marriage is tested . After Cristina passed her medical boards , she reconciles with Owen , but reveals to him that she is leaving Seattle to go to Mayo Clinic . Teddy and Owen eventually became friends again . She had been offered a position at the United States Army Medical Command but chose to stay at Seattle Grace Mercy West out of loyalty . After Teddy 's husband Henry dies she wallows in her grief and it affects her colleagues and residents , causing Owen to `` fire '' her so that she can have a fresh start elsewhere . He also fires April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) because the hospital can not afford to keep her due to her not being a Board certified . Months later , Hunt visits Kepner and rehires her as he realized he made a mistake . In season 9 Cristina and Owen 's marriage is again very strained . Cristina is working at Mayo Clinic and Owen in Seattle but she returns . Owen asks for a divorce . He later shows that he is still in love with her and only asked for a divorce so Cristina and the others involved in the plane crash get the money . Cristina and Owen reconcile in episode 9 before Bailey 's wedding . In season 10 , Cristina decides to accept a job to run a state of the art clinic in Switzerland . Owen supports her decision as he realizes no good could come from him asking her to stay , but requests her not to leave him until she has to leave him for good , following which , they both spend two weeks leading to her permanent departure together . While saying her farewell to her colleagues of the last seven years , there is a possible act of terrorism in Seattle , which later turns out to be just a gas main explosion . Cristina has a quick but emotional goodbye hug with Derek , Bailey , and Webber , leaves her shares of the hospital to Alex , and dances it out with Meredith one last time to an old favorite song . Owen , however , is busy saving a patient in the O.R. , so they share a silent goodbye through the gallery 's glass . In Season 11 , Owen develops a relationship with Amelia Shepherd . This is off and on throughout Season 11 and 12 until the end of Season 12 where he and Amelia get married . In Season 14 , after going through a series of martial issues , Owen and Amelia decide to get divorced . Despite this , they continue sleeping together until she points out that he 's always been in love with Teddy . As a result , he flies to Germany to be with Teddy , but , after they spend the night together , she breaks it off with him because she does n't believe he really wants her . Owen returns to Grey Sloan and begins fostering Leo , a baby who was given up by his teenage mother . When Amelia finds Leo 's mother , Betty , homeless and addicted to drugs , Amelia takes Betty in , and , together , Owen and Amelia take care of Leo and Betty at Owen 's home . Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) McKidd had to postpone his appointment with series ' creator Shonda Rhimes due to it being his son 's birthday . Shonda Rhimes , series ' creator , says that the character was envisioned `` an old - fashioned tortured hero '' and likens him to Heathcliff . Originally set to appear in a multi-episode story arc , Kevin McKidd 's contract was extended , securing him a slot as a series ' regular of Grey 's Anatomy . In July 2008 , Entertainment Weekly announced the possibility of McKidd becoming a series ' regular , with this possibility eventually being confirmed by People . When asked of how he got involved with the show , McKidd offered the insight : `` I was doing a movie off and on for three months , and it was my son 's birthday , so I managed to land back in LA . around 2 p.m. Then I got a call from my agent , saying , `` You have to turn back around because Shonda wants to meet you for this role on Grey 's . '' I was like , `` I 'd love to meet her , but I ca n't . Can we do tomorrow ? '' And they 're family - friendly , so they were really understanding . As soon as I heard the pitch for the character , I was sold on it . It 's a different energy and a different viewpoint . I thought it was an important story to tell , especially on a prime - time TV show . To get in there and get your hands dirty and explore what trauma surgery is like in war zones and what it 's like to rehabilitate yourself to civilian life . It 's not just a new doctor showing up . It 's exploring how hard it is to reintegrate yourself back into the real world after being in the war zone for three tours . '' McKidd told BuddyTV , `` It 's been really great . I was nervous when I started because every job I 've ever done before this , I have been in the job right from day one when everybody 's new and getting to know each other . So I was nervous because I had never done this before . And I feel really grateful to the Grey 's cast and crew and everyone there , really , because they 've been so nice to me and gracious and accepting of me joining the show . The transition was much easier than I thought it might be , which I 'm very grateful for . '' McKidd has told People that he thinks Grey 's Anatomy is a great show and he feels lucky to be on it . Shonda Rhimes , the series ' creator , said of his addition , `` I am excited to have Kevin McKidd joining us for the season , he 's been a delight to collaborate with and brings incredible passion , talent and creativity to his work . Plus , he 's already got the ' Mc ' built into his name so we had to keep him . '' Characterization ( edit ) McKidd and Oh 's characters ' relationship and connection has been a major aspect of Owen 's characterization The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) characterized Hunt as `` confident '' , `` innovative '' , `` intelligent '' , while he also can be `` aggressive '' , `` brazen '' , `` presumptuous '' , `` hasty and rash '' . McKidd said of his character : `` ( ... ) He 's not an easy character to connect to , I think . There 's some darkness to him and there 's some danger to him that I think is really interesting and exciting to play . ( ... ) '' Additionally , McKidd describes Hunt as `` very instinctive , and follows his gut , and he 's very impulsive , and very immediate . He immediately assesses a situation . And he 's very honest , sometimes painfully honest , with himself and with others . He wants to make himself better . He wants to improve himself as a person . He 's a decent guy , a sort of a guy I 'd like to go out and have a beer with . '' Hunt 's unorthodox teaching methods have been the subject of controversy . McKidd said of this : `` You know , I think , at the end of the day , ( Owen ) 's basically a good man who has some pretty extreme teaching techniques that he learned in the army . And all these things that are in the show are actually the way trauma surgeons are taught . But I think probably beyond that , he very much just calls a spade a spade and looks at each scenario . He 's not trying to be difficult . He just looks at each scenario and each case and each patient and knows what is needed and when to cut to the chase , and does n't want to mess about with the periphery of it . And sometimes that gets him into trouble , and sometimes that is for the best . So , it 'd be interesting and kind of exciting to see where he goes . '' -- Kevin McKidd , BuddyTV The look of Owen has been described as hardcore and the antithesis of the other males on the show . McKidd says it 's not just the look of Owen , but the fact that in his profession , he is dealing with life and death everyday . The one distinction he finds between his character and the others is that Owen does not care what other people think of him . When McKidd returned from his first appearance , his character appeared to have been changed . McKidd told TV Guide : `` Yes , that was who he really is in the premiere , but now we 're seeing what can happen to a good man , a good soldier and good surgeon ( because of war ) . '' There 's a great debate there for what the dynamic is , with what Cristina has done to this marriage and her choice and what Owen 's choice is and his behavior . There 's a really interesting conversation to be had because of those choices : How do you move on ? How does that change the dynamic of the relationship ? If you can really dive into that -- there 's two betrayals , very big ones . I do n't know how they sustain that relationship . I do n't know how you come back from that kind of betrayal . Certainly if you 're married , the notion of the next step would be to have children and if that 's been taken away , I would find it very hard for Owen to stay in that relationship . `` '' -- Patrick Dempsey ( Derek Shepherd ) on Owen and Cristina 's relationship , involving Cristina 's no desire to bear children . The character of Owen Hunt had an almost instant attraction to Cristina Yang since his first appearance at Seattle Grace , illustrated by the passionate kiss they share soon after they meet . Owen 's story and connection with fellow character Cristina has been a topic of discussion . McKidd said : `` Between him ( Owen ) and her ( Cristina ) , it 's going to get really complex and kind of tense and explosive . '' Owen and Cristina have experienced roadblocks in their fictional relationship , and continue to . McKidd offered this insight on his character 's relationship with Cristina : `` It 's not going to be easy for them . What I read when I read the season premiere , and this is just my take on it , is that it was very much two very analytical people , Owen and Cristina . They 're very similar in a way , I think , as people . Two analytical people see each other over a crowded ER room and their eyes meet . It 's almost more complicated , but on a really simplistic level , it 's almost a love at first sight scenario that happened on the season premiere . And then , what we 're seeing is the road to connect that back , because obviously the season premiere was before he went back to Iraq and this event has happened to him that 's changed him . And so , they 're trying to get that feeling back because there 's obviously something really true and meant to be between these two people . But it 's complicated right now because she 's damaged because of what 's happened to her , and he is certainly struggling with himself and the people around him and the world in general , and trying to keep himself together after what 's happened to him . So , I think , it 's exciting to see what happens with these two guys because , in a way , they 're the two people you 'd least expect to have a love affair , but it 's happening to them and they ca n't stop it . '' McKidd has referred to his character and the character of Cristina Yang as `` soulmates . '' Speaking of Owen 's PTSD storyline , McKidd stated : `` What 's exciting about telling this story with this character is that it 's quite brave of ABC and Shonda ( Rhimes ) , on a prime - time network TV show , to address a tough subject , and one that people do n't necessarily want to hear about . But so far the writing room is handling it beautifully . They 're not banging people over the head with it but exploring it in a sensitive and interesting way . '' Owen and Cristina have struggled with their fictional relationship in season eight , leading to Owen having a sexual affair . Directly before the episode involving the affair aired , McKidd said to Entertainment Weekly : `` The thing about Owen is that he tries to do things perfectly , and obviously , he messes up as the chief because you have to make these odd black - and - white decisions and sometimes you make the wrong decision . There 's a lot of stress in his life at the moment , so he 's trying not to let that affect his efficiency as chief . '' Although the characters ' marriage is tested , McKidd reported to The Hollywood Reporter : `` I think they 're meant for each other . I hold out faith in Cristina and Owen , even though they go to the darkest places out of all the couples on the show . It 's going to get worse but it 's going to get better soon . '' Reception ( edit ) The character has received generally positive feedback from television critics . Weeks after Hunt 's first appearance on the show , Matt Roush of TV Guide commented that `` Hunt / McKidd is the most encouraging thing to happen to Grey 's Anatomy in quite a while . '' He also added : `` The instant sparks between him ( Hunt ) and Yang were electrifying . '' On the other hand , Robert Rorke of the New York Post states that McKidd was brought in as Hunt to `` boost the sagging fortunes '' of the show 's ratings . Kelley L. Carter of USA Today , describes Hunt as `` hardcore '' and `` the antithesis of the other males on the show . '' Chris Monfette of IGN said that the fifth season of Grey 's Anatomy was an improvement on the previous two seasons , attributing this in part to the introduction of `` fresh , new characters '' , Owen and Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) . He also referred to McKidd as `` the season ( five ) 's best , most effective addition '' , adding : `` Not only is McKidd an immediately likeable and engaging actor , his struggle with PTSD throughout the season -- and especially how it impacted his burgeoning relationship with Cristina -- proved both relevant and dramatically gripping . His interactions with Cristina were perfectly balanced for optimum drama , never together and never apart for so long that the back - and - forth became frustrating . Viewers could clearly see a softening of the typically hard - edged Cristina , a pleasant change for what had become something of a one - note character , as well as relate to Owen 's internal struggles , shared by many a real - life war vet . '' Margaret Lyons of New York Magazine judged Hunt `` too sad '' for the first part of the ninth season . In 2010 , Kevin McKidd was nominated for the Prism Award for Best Performance in a Drama Series ' Multi-Episode Storyline , and won the award . In 2011 , McKidd was nominated for the Prism Award for Best Performance in a Drama Series , for his work on Grey 's Anatomy . McKidd was nominated , along with the rest of the Grey 's Anatomy cast , for Best Drama Series at the 21st GLAAD Media Awards , in 2010 . Also in 2010 , McKidd , and the rest of the cast , were nominated for Outstanding Drama Series , at the NAACP Image Awards . The same nomination was received at the 2011 NAACP Image Awards , with the cast winning the award . At the 43rd NAACP Image Awards , in 2012 , McKidd and the cast were nominated yet again for Outstanding Drama Series . References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` Dream a Little Dream of Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . September 25 , 2008 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Life During Wartime '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . October 30 , 2008 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` An Honest Mistake '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . February 19 , 2009 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Now or Never '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . May 14 , 2009 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` New History '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . November 12 , 2009 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Sanctuary '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . May 20 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Death and All His Friends '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 6 . May 20 , 2010 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` With You I 'm Born Again '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . September 23 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Unaccompanied Minor '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . May 19 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Free Falling '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . September 22 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` She 's Gone '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . September 22 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Dark Was the Night '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . November 10 , 2011 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Suddenly '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . January 5 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` One Step Too Far '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . March 15 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Support System '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . April 12 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Flight '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 8 . May 17 , 2012 . American Broadcasting Company . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Carter , Kelley . `` Kevin McKidd plays military doctor on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . MarineTimes . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin McKidd Joins ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Cast As Series Regular '' . Access Hollywood . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' : Kevin McKidd in talks to join the show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kevin McKidd Joins the Cast of Grey 's Anatomy '' . People . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exclusive Interview : Kevin McKidd of ' Grey 's Anatomy '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . first1 = missing last1 = in Authors list ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) Bio '' . Grey 's Anatomy . American Broadcasting Company . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kevin McKidd . Ask Grey 's Anatomy , Part 3 ( Adobe Flash Player ) . ABC.com . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt . `` Grey 's Anatomy 's Kevin McKidd : Love and War Haunt Hunt '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' Postmortem : Kevin McKidd Warns of Tougher Times Ahead for Cristina '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Rorke , Robert ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` No Kidding '' . New York Post . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Sandra . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' star Kevin McKidd previews Owen 's struggles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carter , Kelley L. ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Meet McKidd , new dreamboat doc on ' Grey 's Anatomy ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Monfette , Chris ( May 29 , 2009 ) . `` Grey 's Anatomy : Season 5 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 23 , 2013 ) . `` Now That Private Practice Is Over , Addison Should Go Back to Grey 's Anatomy '' . New York . Retrieved June 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ T , Buddy ( April 27 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 PRISM Awards Winners Announced '' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tomasi , Rollo ( February 19 , 2011 ) . `` Prism Awards 2011 : Nominations '' . FilmBook . Retrieved June 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards -- English Language Nominees '' . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. 2010 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The 41st NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 43rd NAACP Image Awards '' . NAACP . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . General `` Grey 's Anatomy : Episode Recap Guide '' . ABC . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey 's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Owen Hunt at ABC.com hide Grey 's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Callie Torres Mark Sloan Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Spin - offs Private Practice Station 19 Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Owen_Hunt&oldid=846271020 '' Categories : Grey 's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional majors Fictional characters introduced in 2008 Fictional United States Army personnel Fictional Iraq War veterans Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 errors : missing author or editor Good articles Pages using deprecated image syntax Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 17 June 2018 , at 16 : 06 . 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About Wikipedia	when does owen hunt start working at seattle grace	[ "\n\nOwen Hunt, Major, USA (ret)\n\n\nGrey's Anatomy character\n\n\n\nThe season nine promotional photograph of Kevin McKidd as Dr. Owen Hunt\n\n\n\nFirst appearance\n\n\"Dream a Little Dream of Me\" (5.01)\nSeptember 25, 2008\n(as recurring cast)\n\"Beat Your Heart Out\" (5.14)\nFebruary 5, 2009\n(as series regular)\n\n\nCreated by\nShonda Rhimes\n\n\nPortrayed by\nKevin McKidd\n\n\nInformation\n\n\nOccupation\nAttending Trauma Surgeon\nChief of Surgery (former)\n\n\nTitle\nChief of Trauma Surgery\nM.D.\nF.A.C.S.\n\n\nFamily\nMegan Hunt (sister)\nEvelyn Hunt (mother)\nLeo (foster son)\n\n\nSpouse(s)\nCristina Yang (divorced)\nAmelia Shepherd (divorced)\n\n\nSignificant other(s)\nEmma Marling\nBeth Whitman (ex-fiancée)\nCarina Deluca\nTeddy Altman\n\n\nRelatives\nDerek Shepherd (ex brother-in-law) (deceased)\nNathan Riggs (brother-in-law)\nFarouk Shami (nephew)\n\n" ]	[ "Dream a Little Dream of Me" ]
-8628029727816027926	Girlfriends' Guide to Divorce	Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce - wikipedia Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom ( season 3 ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Bossing Up ( season 4 ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Ever After ( season 5 ) Based on Girlfriends ' Guides series by Vicki Iovine Developed by Marti Noxon Starring Lisa Edelstein Beau Garrett Necar Zadegan Paul Adelstein Janeane Garofalo Alanna Ubach Retta Composer ( s ) Robert Duncan Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 45 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Marti Noxon Vicki Iovine Meryl Poster Robert Duncan McNeill Liz Kruger Craig Shapiro Camera setup Single - camera Running time 45 minutes Production company ( s ) Tiny Pyro Productions Universal Cable Productions Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Bravo Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) -- July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) External links Official website Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ( also known as Girlfriends ' Guide to Freedom in season 3 , Girlfriends ' Guide to Bossing Up in season 4 , and Girlfriends ' Guide to Ever After in season 5 ) is an American comedy - drama television series developed by Marti Noxon for the American cable network Bravo . Based on the Girlfriends ' Guides book series by Vicki Iovine , the series revolves around Abby McCarthy , a self - help author who finds solace in new friends and adventures as she faces an impending divorce . Lisa Edelstein portrays the main character Abby . Beau Garrett , Necar Zadegan and Paul Adelstein co-star . Janeane Garofalo was part of the main cast for the first seven episodes of season 1 before departing the cast . She was replaced in episode 8 with Alanna Ubach . Retta recurred during the show 's second season before being promoted to the main cast at the start of season 3 . Produced by Universal Cable Productions , it is the first original scripted series for Bravo . A 13 - episode first season was ordered by the network , which premiered on December 2 , 2014 . The show debuted to 1.04 million viewers . Critical reception for the series has initially been generally positive , with particular praise towards Edelstein 's performance and the series ' quality over the reality series on Bravo . The show was eventually renewed for a second season , which premiered on December 1 , 2015 . On April 13 , 2016 , it was announced that Bravo had renewed the show for a third , fourth and fifth season . On August 5 , 2016 , it was announced that the fifth season would be the show 's last . Contents 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 1.3 Guest 2 Episodes 3 Reception 3.1 Critical response 3.2 Ratings 4 Broadcast 4.1 Home media and streaming 5 References 6 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Lisa Edelstein as Abby McCarthy , a self - help book author in her early 40s in Los Angeles . Her marriage has recently ended , throwing both her personal and professional lives into serious disarray . Beau Garrett as Phoebe Conte , a recent divorcée and former model . Up until now she has been a typical free spirit but she is now seeking a more stable life . Necar Zadegan as Delia Banai , a divorce attorney who represents Abby in her divorce . She struggles with career and personal life balance . Paul Adelstein as Jake Novak , Abby 's husband from whom she is recently separated . He is a director with a limited amount of success and has up until now lived in Abby 's shadow . ( seasons 1 -- 2 ; recurring seasons 3 & 5 ) Janeane Garofalo as Lyla Straley , Abby 's friend , a divorcée and entertainment lawyer . A bitter custody battle with her ex causes her to flee California for Portland in the middle of season 1 . season 1 , episodes 1 -- 7 ) Alanna Ubach as Jo Hernandez - Frumpkis , Abby 's best friend from college who comes to live with her in LA . She is recently separated from her husband after finding out he had a second family . ( season 1 , episode 8 -- season 5 ) Retta as Barbara Sawyer , Abby 's co-worker at SheShe , who later becomes her business partner . ( seasons 3 -- 5 ; recurring season 2 ) Recurring ( edit ) Julianna Guill as Becca Riley , Jake 's new girlfriend and a successful actress on a CW show Patrick Heusinger as Max McCarthy , Abby 's brother J. August Richards as Ford , husband to Abby 's brother Warren Christie as Will , Abby 's new boyfriend Brian Markinson as Albert , Delia 's boss and long - time fling . Delia has an affair with him while engaged to Gordon Matthew Glave as Gordon Beech , Delia 's client with whom she starts an affair Brandon Jay McLaren as Marco , Phoebe 's love interest Aaron Staton as JD , Phoebe 's love interest Jean Smart as Katherine Miller , Abby 's editor Mark Valley as Dr. Harris , Abby 's love interest Maury Sterling as Rob Frumpkis , Jo 's ex-husband Will Kemp as Scott , the vegan confectioner at Jo 's bakery Megan Hilty as Charlene , Frumpkis ' new girlfriend Charles Mesure as Ralf , Phoebe 's ex-husband James Lesure as Mike Brady , Charlie 's baseball coach Daisy Betts as Gemma Guest ( edit ) Carrie Fisher as Cat Suke Kaiser as Kori Wingo , Phoebe 's former boss Bernadette Peters as Annie Laverne Cox as Adele Northrop Victor Webster as Carl , a male escort who Abby spends the night talking to Barry Bostwick as George , Abby 's dad Lesley Ann Warren as Dina , Abby 's mom Malcolm Jamal Warner as Darrell Kathie Lee Gifford as herself Hoda Kotb as herself Kyle Richards as herself Jessica Clark as Merete Denise Richards as Temple Hampton , Will 's new girlfriend Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 December 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 02 ) February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 13 December 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 01 ) February 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 23 ) 7 January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) 6 August 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 17 ) September 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 21 ) 5 6 June 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) July 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 19 ) Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Edelstein and Garofalo 's performances were praised by the critics . Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce was met with generally positive reviews from television critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from critics , the series received an average score of 69 , based on 21 reviews . Lori Rackl of Chicago Sun - Times gave the episode a 4 star rating ( out of 4 stars ) , calling it `` a sometimes hilarious , sometimes heartbreaking story about an L.A. - based self - help author '' and added that the first two episodes `` reveal a much more nuanced , poignant tale , punctuated by some genuinely funny scenes . '' LaToya Ferguson of The A.V. Club gave the series a grade of `` A - '' , calling it `` a very solid drama '' that should be on HBO or Showtime . Ferguson also praised the characters and the series 's messiness , writing `` Visually , it 's almost flawless ( there 's one obvious green - screen moment in the pilot , but it 's not Ringer level ) , but every character here is deeply flawed . '' Los Angeles Times 's Mary McNamara lauded the series ' cast 's portrayal of the characters and deemed the series `` smartly acted , crisply written and willing to address all manner of issues -- marriage , betrayal , family economics , friendship , even the pitfalls of public domesticity -- in gratifyingly complex ways . '' Brian Lowry , writing for Variety , applauded the series ' cast and material , noting how it sticks to the network 's demographic while maintaining a level of quality . Gail Pennington of St. Louis Post-Dispatch called the series `` a smart , solid examination of just how messy relationships are and how hard it is to make them work . '' Slate 's Willa Paskin highlighted Edelstein 's portrayal of the lead character , describing her as `` very well cast , both commanding and nurturing enough to seem like the ideal advice - giver '' and noted that the series has `` a satisfying and complex take on social dynamics in friendship and romance . '' Alessandra Stanley of The New York Times praised Edelstein and Garofalo as `` one reason '' the show is entertaining and found the comic side of the series `` a lot more fun . '' Time 's writer James Poniewozik praised the writing and Edelstein 's `` sympathetic '' performance , noting that the latter `` grounds a show that often otherwise plays like young - adult fiction for actual adults . '' However , Poniewozik opined that `` there 's one lesson Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce has ( over ) learned from its Bravo peers : that there 's no reality so compelling that it ca n't be sweetened with a little Photoshop . '' David Hinckley , writing for the New York Daily News , highlighted the series ' best moments as those showing the messy side of marital discourse while heralding Edelstein 's performance as `` memorably moving . '' Margaret Lyons of Vulture was critical of the several aspects of the series , including the characters Abby and Lyla 's attitude on giving their spouses child support , but found the series to be its best `` at its nastiest . '' Ratings ( edit ) No. in Episode title Air date Time slot ( EST ) 18 -- 49 demo rating Viewership ( millions ) Ref series season Rule No. 23 : Never Lie to the Kids December 2 , 2014 Tuesdays 10 : 00 P.M. 0.5 1.04 Rule No. 174 : Never Trust Anyone Who Charges By the Hour December 9 , 2014 0.4 0.85 Rule No. 47 : Always Take Advantage of `` Me '' Time December 16 , 2014 0.3 0.70 Rule No. 426 : Fantasyland : A Great Place to Visit December 23 , 2014 0.3 0.77 5 5 Rule No. 21 : Leave Childishness to Children December 30 , 2014 0.4 0.87 6 6 Rule No 33 : When in Doubt , Run Away January 6 , 2015 0.4 0.87 7 7 Rule No. 67 : Do n't Kill the Princess January 13 , 2015 0.4 0.77 8 8 Rule No. 17 : Ask the Answer Lady January 20 , 2015 0.3 0.69 9 9 Rule No. 32 : F - You , Rob Frumpkis January 27 , 2015 0.4 0.91 10 10 Rule No. 3 : Do n't Stand in the Doorway February 3 , 2015 0.3 0.74 11 11 Rule No. 46 : Keep the Holidays Low Key February 10 , 2015 0.4 0.83 12 12 Rule No. 92 : Do n't Do the Crime If You Ca n't Do the Time February 17 , 2015 0.4 0.74 13 13 Rule No. 101 : Know When It 's Time to Move On February 24 , 2015 0.3 0.79 Broadcast ( edit ) Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce premiered in the United States on Bravo on December 2 , 2014 , in Canada on Slice on January 9 , 2015 , and in the United Kingdom on Lifetime UK on September 15 , 2015 . Home Media and streaming ( edit ) The first season was released on DVD in region 1 on October 13 , 2015 . On November 1 , 2015 season 1 of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce became available to stream in the US for Netflix subscribers . The show is also available from electronic sell - through platforms such as iTunes , Amazon Instant Video , and Vudu . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Orders 13 Episodes of Scripted Drama ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' Starring Lisa Edelstein '' . Zap2it . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 19 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo Picks Up Marti Noxon 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' As First Scripted Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` ' Million Dollar Listing New York ' Renewed for Season Four + Bravo Greenlights Three New Series '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2015 . Retrieved July 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Season 2 of Bravo 's Scripted Series ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' To Premiere December 1 '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Tribune Digital Ventures . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' gets 3 - season renewal at Bravo '' . TV By The Numbers by zap2it.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' to End After Season 5 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 2016 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriend 's Guide To Divorce ' Adds ' Rake 's Necar Zadegan As New Regular '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alanna Ubach Joins Bravo 's ' Girlfriends Guide To Divorce ' , Matthew Glave & Virginia Williams To Recur '' . Deadline Hollywood . August 13 , 2014 . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Promotes Retta to Series Regular in Season 3 '' . TV Line . TVLine Media , LLC . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' to End After Season 5 ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` GIRLFRIENDS ' GUIDE TO DIVORCE ( BRAVO ) '' . The Futun Critic . Retrieved June 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rackl , Lori ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` Bravo found a keeper with great new series ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Chicago : Tim Knight . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on 31 January 2015 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , LaToya ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce is Bravo 's beautifully messy introduction to scripted drama '' . The A.V. Club . Chicago : The Onion , Inc . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Review ' Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce ' marries Bravo to good TV '' . Los Angeles Times . Los Angeles : Austin Beutner . Tribune Publishing . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian ( November 30 , 2014 ) . `` TV Review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' '' . Variety . Los Angeles . Penske Business Media . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Gail ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` TV review : Bravo 's ' Girlfriends ' Guide ' is surprisingly good '' . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . St. Louis : Ray Farris. Lee Enterprises . Retrieved 8 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Paskin , Willa ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Lowbrow and Delectable '' . Slate . The Slate Group . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Divvying Up Perks , Pity , Scorn and Snark '' . The New York Times . New York City : Dean Baquet . The New York Times Company . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Review : The Image - Conscious Uncoupling of Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce '' . Time . New York City : Time Inc . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday TV : One for the Family ( Toy Story ) and One for Adults ( Girlfriends ' Guide ) '' . TV Guide . Radnor : CBS Interactive . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( December 2 , 2014 ) . `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Bravo 's First Scripted Series , Is At Its Best When It 's At Its Nastiest '' . New York . New York City : New York Media , LLC . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.2. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 23 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Anarchy Afterword ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Benched ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Ink Master ' Tops Night + ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' , ' The Curse of Oak Island ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 24 , 2014 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 12.23. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 24 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : College Football Tops Night + ' Moonshiners ' The Little Couple ' , ' Ground Floor ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Wins Night ' ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Switched at Birth ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' The Real World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : `` Pawn Stars '' Tops Heated Race `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ The Futon Critic Staff ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : History 's `` Pawn Stars '' Holds Onto Crown `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 28 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' Tops Night + ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Sons of Liberty ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Being Mary Jane ' Wins Night , ' Moonshiners ' , ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Justified ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 11 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Haves and the Have Nots ' Tops Night + ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Real Housewives of Beverly Hills ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' 19 Kids and Counting ' Wins Night , ' Being Mary Jane ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Cougar Town ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Tribune Media Services . Retrieved 24 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` SHOWBUZZDAILY 's Top 25 Tuesday Cable Originals ( & Network Update ) : 2.24. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved 27 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce to premiere on Slice in Canada '' . The TV Watercooler . http://google.com/+JeevanBrar . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lifetime UK Acquires ' Girlfriends ' Guide To Divorce ' , Sets September Premiere - TVWise '' . TVWise . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce : Season 1 , 2015 - 10 - 13 , retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 Jump up ^ Armstrong , Olivia ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) . `` What 's New On Netflix This Weekend : ' Manson Family Vacation ' , November Titles , And More '' . Decider Where To Stream Movies & Shows on Netflix , Hulu , Amazon Instant , HBO Go . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce , Season 1 on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Girlfriends ' Guide to Divorce Season 1 Episode - Amazon Video '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` VUDU - Watch Movies '' . www.vudu.com . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 10 . 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-2229981644055526483	The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time	The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time - wikipedia The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time Jump to : navigation , search For the stage adaptation of the book , see The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( play ) . The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time Front cover of first edition ( quote from Ian McEwan ) Author Mark Haddon Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Mystery novel Publisher Jonathan Cape ( UK ) Doubleday ( US ) Anchor Canada ( Canada ) Publication date May 2003 Media type Print ( hardback and paperback ) Pages 226 ISBN 0 - 09 - 945025 - 9 OCLC 59267481 The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time is a 2003 mystery novel by British writer Mark Haddon . Its title quotes the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes in Arthur Conan Doyle 's 1892 short story `` The Adventure of Silver Blaze '' . Haddon and The Curious Incident won the Whitbread Book Awards for Best Novel and Book of the Year , the Commonwealth Writers ' Prize for Best First Book , and the Guardian Children 's Fiction Prize . Unusually , it was published simultaneously in separate editions for adults and children . The novel is narrated in the first - person perspective by Christopher John Francis Boone , a 15 - year - old boy who describes himself as `` a mathematician with some behavioural difficulties '' living in Swindon , Wiltshire . Although Christopher 's condition is not stated , the book 's blurb refers to Asperger syndrome , high - functioning autism , or savant syndrome . In July 2009 , Haddon wrote on his blog that `` Curious Incident is not a book about Asperger 's ... if anything it 's a novel about difference , about being an outsider , about seeing the world in a surprising and revealing way . The book is not specifically about any specific disorder , '' and that he , Haddon , is not an expert on autism spectrum disorder or Asperger syndrome . The book uses prime numbers to number the chapters , rather than the conventional successive numbers . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Characters 3 Themes 3.1 Social disability 3.2 Metaphor 4 Reception 4.1 Awards 4.2 Critical reaction 4.3 Medical professionals ' reviews 4.4 Texas community reactions 5 Adaptations 5.1 Stage 5.2 Film 6 References 7 External links Plot Christopher , a fifteen - year - old boy with an autism spectrum condition , lives with his father , who has told him that his mother , Judy , died two years ago . The boy discovers the dead body of the neighbour 's dog , Wellington , speared by a garden fork . Mrs Shears , the dog 's owner , calls the police , and Christopher comes under suspicion . When a policeman touches him , he hits the policeman , and is arrested , then released with a police caution . He decides to investigate the dog 's death , despite his father 's orders to stay out of other people 's business . He is severely limited by his fears and difficulties when interpreting the world around him . Throughout his adventures , Christopher records his experiences in a book , which he calls a `` murder mystery novel '' . During his investigation , Christopher meets people whom he has never before encountered , even though they live on the same street , including the elderly Mrs Alexander , who informs Christopher that his mother had an affair with Mr Shears and had been with him for a long time . Christopher 's father , Ed , discovers the book and confiscates it after a brief fight with the boy . While searching for the confiscated book , Christopher uncovers a trove of letters which his mother wrote to him , dated after her supposed death , which his father has also hidden . He is so shocked by his father lying about his mother 's death that he is unable to move , curls up on the bed , vomits and groans for several hours until his father returns home . Ed realizes that Christopher has read the letters and cleans him up . He then confesses that he had indeed lied about Judy 's death and also that it was he who killed Wellington , stating that it was a mistake resulting from his anger after a heated argument with Mrs Shears . Christopher , having lost all trust in his father and fearing that Ed might try to kill him since he had already killed the dog , decides to live with his mother and runs away . He remembers his mother 's address from the letters and embarks on an adventurous trip to London , where his mother lives with Mr Shears . After a long and event - filled journey , evading policemen and feeling ill from the overwhelmingly large amount of information and stimuli from the trains and crowds around him , he finally finds his way to his mother and Mr Shears 's home , and waits outside until they arrive . Judy is delighted that Christopher has come to her ; she is upset that Ed told Christopher that she was dead . Mr Shears does not want Christopher living with them and never did . Very soon after arriving , Christopher wants to return to Swindon in order to take his mathematics A-level . His mother leaves Mr Shears , their relationship having broken down because of their conflict about Christopher and Mr Shears 's rejection of Christopher . Judy then moves into a rented room in Swindon . After an argument with Ed , she agrees to let Ed meet Christopher for daily brief visits . Christopher remains terrified of his father and makes repeated attempts to prevent him from talking . He hopes Ed will be imprisoned for killing Wellington , although his mother explains that for this to happen , Mrs Shears would have to press charges . The story ends with Ed getting Christopher a Golden Retriever puppy , whom Christopher gets to name , and promising that he will rebuild trust with Christopher slowly , `` no matter how long it takes '' . Christopher asserts that he will take further A-level exams and attend university . He completes his mathematics A-level with top grades despite having eaten and slept very little . Earlier in the story he talks about wanting to become an astronaut , but at the end he declares that his goal is to become a scientist . The book ends with Christopher optimistic about his future , having solved the mystery of the murdered dog , gone to London on his own , found his mother , written a book about his adventures , and achieved an A in his A-level maths exam . Characters Christopher John Francis Boone The 15 - year - old protagonist and narrator of the novel , who investigates the murder of Mrs Shears ' large black poodle . Ed Boone Christopher 's father , a boiler engineer . Prior to the beginning of the story , he has been living with Christopher as a single parent for two years . Judy Boone Christopher 's mother . Early in the book , Christopher writes that she died of a heart attack two years before the book 's events . Siobhan Christopher 's paraprofessional and mentor at school . She teaches him how society works and how to behave within its complex guidelines . Roger Shears One of the neighbours who lived near the Boones , but who has left his wife before the story begins . Eileen Shears Mr Shears 's wife , who attempts to console Ed for a time after Christopher learns of his mother 's death . Mrs Alexander An old lady , who is one of Christopher 's neighbours , who offers information to help Christopher 's investigation regarding his parents and Mr and Mrs Shears . Rhodri Ed Boone 's employee . Toby Christopher 's pet rat . Wellington Mrs Shears ' large black poodle , which Christopher finds dead in her garden , with a garden fork sticking out of him . Themes Social disability In a June 2003 interview with NPR 's Terry Gross on her program Fresh Air , Haddon said about Christopher , `` If he were diagnosed , he would be diagnosed as having Asperger 's syndrome , which is a form of autism . I suppose you 'd call it high - function autism in that he can function on , you know , a day - to - day basis , in a kind of rudimentary way . But he has a serious difficulty with life in that he really does n't empathize with other human beings . He ca n't read their faces . He ca n't put himself in their shoes . And he ca n't understand anything more than the literal meaning of whatever 's said to him , although I 'm very careful in the book not to actually use the word ' Asperger 's ' or ' autism . ' ... Because I do n't want him to be labelled , and because , as with most people who have a disability , I do n't think it 's necessarily the most important thing about him ... And as a good friend of mine said after reading the book , a friend who is himself a mathematician , it 's not a novel about a boy who has Asperger 's syndrome ; it 's a novel about a young mathematician who has some strange behavioural problems . And I think that 's right . '' Haddon added , in the conversation with Terry Gross , `` I have to say honestly that I did more research about the London Underground and the inside of Swindon Railway Station , where some of the novel takes place , than I did about Asperger 's syndrome . I gave him kind of nine or 10 rules that he would live his life by , and then I did n't read any more about Asperger 's because I think there is no typical person who has Asperger 's syndrome , and they 're as large and diverse a group of people as any other group in society . And the important thing is that I did a lot of imagining , that I did a lot of putting myself into his shoes in trying to make him come alive as a human being rather than getting him right , whatever that might mean . '' Haddon states on his website that , although he had read `` a handful of newspaper and magazine articles about , or by , people with Asperger 's and autism '' in preparation for writing the book , he knows `` very little '' about Asperger 's syndrome and that Christopher Boone is inspired by two different people . According to Haddon , none of these people can be labelled as having a disability . Haddon added that he `` slightly regret ( s ) '' that the term Asperger 's syndrome appeared on the cover of his novel . In 2010 , in an interview with The Independent , he was described as `` now thoroughly irritated that the word Asperger 's appeared on subsequent editions of the novel , because now everyone imagines that he is an expert and he keeps getting phone calls asking him to appear at lectures . '' In a critical essay on the novel , Vivienne Muller quotes some praise by experts on disability theory : `` In its presentation of Christopher 's everyday experiences of the society in which he lives , the narrative offers a rich canvas of experiences for an ethnographic study of this particular cognitive condition , and one which places a positive spin on the syndrome . The reader in this instance acts as ethnographer , invited to see what Mark Osteen claims is a ' quality in autistic lives that is valuable in and of itself ' ( cited in ( S . ) Adams 2005 , p. 1 ) . Along similar lines , ( Alex ) McClimens writes that Haddon 's novel is ' an ethnographic delight ' and that ' Haddon 's achievement is to have written a novel that turns on the central character 's difference without making that difference a stigmatising characteristic ' ( 2005 , p. 24 ) . '' Muller adds that the novel `` works with a strong sense of the disabled speaking subject , drawing readers into Christopher 's cognitive / corporeal space through an incremental layering of his perspectives and reactions ... The narrative also bristles with diagrams , maps , drawings , stories , texts that inform Christopher 's lexicon for mapping meaning in a world of bewildering signs and sounds . '' She also admires such elements as `` the digressive stream - of - connectedness - and - disconnectedness way in which Christopher writes and thinks ; the obsessive focus on minutiae ; his musings about why animals behave the way they do ; his quasi philosophizing on death and life and the afterlife ; his ambition to be an astronaut ... '' In a survey of children 's books which `` teach about emotional life , '' Laura Jana wrote , `` On the one hand , this is a story of how an undeniably quirky teenage boy clings to order , deals with a family crisis , and tries to make sense of the world as he sees it . But it also provides profound insight into a disorder -- autism -- that leaves those who have it struggling to perceive even the most basic of human emotions . In so doing , The Curious Incident leaves its readers with a greater appreciation of their own ability to feel , express , and interpret emotions . This mainstream literary success made its way to the top of the New York Times bestseller list for fiction at the same time it was being touted by experts in Asperger 's syndrome and autism - spectrum disorder as an unrivaled fictional depiction of the inner workings of an autistic teenage boy . '' Metaphor Christopher often comments on his inability to appreciate some metaphors and similes . He gives as an example a quote that he found in `` a proper novel '' : `` I am veined with iron , with silver and with streaks of common mud . I can not contract into the firm fist which those clench who do not depend on stimulus . '' Haddon told Terry Gross , `` Funnily enough , it 's actually a quote from Virginia Woolf . It 's Virginia Woolf on an off day , in the middle , I think , of The Waves . An author whom I love actually , but who sometimes got a little too carried away . '' Reception Awards The book was joint winner of the 2004 Boeke Prize , won the 2003 Whitbread Book of the Year award and sold more than two million copies . Haddon also was one of the winners of the 2004 Alex Awards , which `` honor the 10 top adult books with appeal for adolescents . '' As well as winning the Guardian Children 's Fiction Prize , Haddon earned the Book Trust teenage fiction award . The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time was also long - listed for the Man Booker Prize , and `` many observers were surprised that it did not advance to the shortlist . '' John Carey , chairman of the Booker panel of judges , told The Guardian , `` We have several clashes of opinion among the judges but I found Haddon 's book about a boy with Asperger 's syndrome breathtaking . '' Critical Reaction A survey in Great Britain , conducted by the BBC 's literacy campaign for World Book Day , found Curious Incident to be among `` the top five happy endings , as voted on by readers '' in novels ( the others were Pride and Prejudice , To Kill a Mockingbird , Jane Eyre and Rebecca , the last of which Curious outranked ) . School Library Journal praised it as a `` rich and poignant novel . '' The San Jose Mercury News said , `` Haddon does something audacious here , and he does it superbly . He shows us the way consciousness orders the world , even when the world does n't want to be ordered , '' adding that `` the great achievement of this novel is that it transcends its obvious cleverness . It 's more than an exercise in narrative ingenuity . Filled with humor and pain , it verges on profundity in its examination of those things -- customs , habits , language , symbols , daily routines , etc. -- that simultaneously unite and separate human beings . '' A reviewer for The Christian Century described it as `` an absorbing , plausible book '' : `` The reader becomes absorbed not only in the mystery of a murdered dog and a missing mom , but also in the mysterious world of an autistic child . '' A reviewer for The Atlanta Journal - Constitution wrote that the story is `` a touching evolution , one that Haddon scripts with tenderness and care ... a unique window into the mind of a boy who thinks a little differently , but like many kids his age , does n't quite know how to feel . '' Professor Roger Soder called it `` visceral '' and a `` delightful story , '' declaring , `` All of us in our Spokane Book Club are special education professionals and so have considerable experience with kids with this disability , and we found the story believable . '' Medical professionals ' reviews Dr. Alex McClimens , whom Muller quoted above , also wrote , `` This magnificent essay in communication is compulsory reading for anyone with the slightest interest in autistic spectrum disorders . This book is also required reading for those who simply enjoy a fascinating story ... we are offered a first person narrative to match anything by contemporary writers . Mark Haddon has created a true literary character and his handling of the teenage Asperger 's heroic adventure is brilliantly crafted . He uses the literal mind - set of his hero to mask the true direction of the plot . '' Reviewer Paul Moorehead calls the book `` a fairly ripping adventure story '' and writes , `` It 's also quite a feat of writing . The actual use of language is somewhat austere -- an unavoidable consequence of having a boy with autism as a narrator -- but it has its own beauty , and it works . So persuasive and so effective is the construction of Christopher , not only is he a character you 're rooting for , he 's also the character in the story you understand the best . It 's startling how believably and comfortably this story puts you into what you might have thought were likely to be some pretty alien shoes . '' Reviewer David Ellis , naming Curious Incident an `` ambitious and innovative novel , '' wrote that Haddon `` manages to avoid the opposing pitfalls of either offending people with autism and their families or turning Christopher into an object of pity . Instead of becoming the focus of the plot , the autism enhances it . The unemotional descriptions amplify many moments of observational comedy , and misfortunes are made extremely poignantly . '' He concludes that Christopher 's story is `` far more enjoyable and likely to stay with you for far longer than any medical textbook . '' Texas community reactions The novel was selected as a recommended book for the 2006 Galveston Reads program , a literacy encouragement program in Galveston County , Texas . Kimball Brizendine , the Mayor of Friendswood , issued a proclamation declaring `` Galveston County Reads Day '' and encouraging `` all citizens , teens to seniors '' to read the novel . Five days later , he retracted the statement , declaring that it was `` not ( his ) intention to endorse this readership ( sic ) for our younger readers . '' The journal American Libraries reported , `` City Council member Chris Peden went a step further , asserting to the January 28 Galveston County Daily News that while he had n't read Curious Incident in its entirety , he had noted that the ' F word ' appeared on page four and that ' later in the book , the ( lead character ) says there is no God and there is no life after death . Clearly , these are not ideas we should promote to kids ' . '' In August , 2007 , some parents in Bryan , Texas , `` were appalled to see what their kids were reading '' and protested the inclusion of the book in high school libraries , with one parent claiming that Curious Incident and another book ( Catalyst by Laurie Halse Anderson ) were `` unsuitable for not just some but all high school students . '' Adaptations Stage Main article : The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( play ) A stage adaptation , by Simon Stephens and directed by Marianne Elliott , premiered at the National Theatre on 2 August 2012 . It starred Luke Treadaway as Christopher , Nicola Walker as his mother Judy , Paul Ritter as his father Ed , Una Stubbs as Mrs Alexander and Niamh Cusack as Siobhan . The production , which ran until late October 2012 , was broadcast live to cinemas worldwide on 6 September 2012 through the National Theatre Live programme . The show transferred to the Apollo Theatre in Shaftesbury Avenue , London , from March 2013 . On 19 December 2013 , during a performance of The Curious Incident at the Apollo , parts of the ceiling fell down injuring around 80 of the over 700 patrons inside . The production re-opened at the Gielgud Theatre on 24 June 2014 . The new West End cast was led by Sion Daniel Young as Christopher Boone , with Rebecca Lacey as Siobhan , Nicolas Tennant as Ed , Mary Stockley as Judy , Jacqueline Clarke as Mrs Alexander , Indra Ové as Mrs Shears , Stephen Beckett as Roger Shears , Matthew Trevannion as Mr Thompson , Pearl Mackie as No. 40 / Punk Girl , Sean McKenzie as Reverend Peters and Kaffe Keating plays alternate Christopher . They were joined by Mark Rawlings , Penelope McGhie , Naomi Said and Simon Victor . An adaptation and translation into Spanish by María Renée Prudencio played at the Teatro de los Insurgentes in Mexico City in June 2014 . The character of Christopher was played by Luis Gerardo Méndez and by Alfonso Dosal on alternate days . An Israeli adaptation ( translation into Hebrew by Daniel Efrat ) has been staged at the Beit Lessin Theater in Tel Aviv since March 2014 , starring Nadav Netz as Christopher . Netz won the Best Actor category at the 2015 Israeli Theater Awards for the role . Film The film rights for the novel were optioned by Brad Grey and Brad Pitt for Warner Brothers . In 2011 Steve Kloves was attached to write and direct the project , but as of 2017 it has not yet been produced . References Jump up ^ `` Ethan Frome '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 October 2007 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Commonwealth Writers Prize Awarded '' . State Library of Victoria . 15 May 2004 . Archived from the original on 27 March 2011 . Retrieved 28 May 2013 . Jump up ^ The Guardian Children 's Fiction Prize 2003 ( top page ) . guardian.co.uk. 6 August 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ezard , John ( 13 November 2003 ) . `` Curious incident of writer 's literary hat trick : Whitbread list means Haddon could be three time winner '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian News and Media . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Asperger 's & Autism '' . Mark Haddon . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Terry ( 26 June 2003 ) . `` Interview : Mark Haddon Talks About His New Book , The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . NPR . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Haddon : The Curious Incident of the Novelist Turned Playwright '' . The Independent . UK . 31 March 2010 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Muller , Vivienne ( December 2006 ) . `` Constituting Christopher : Disability Theory and Mark Haddon 's The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - time '' . Papers : Explorations into Children 's Literature. 16 ( 2 ) : 118 + . Jump up ^ Jana , Laura A. ( February 2005 ) . `` Feelings 101 : Teaching about Emotional Life through Literature '' . Contemporary Pediatrics. 22 ( 2 ) : 87 . Jump up ^ `` Adult Books that Appeal to Teens '' . Reading Today . Newark , Delaware : International Reading Association . 22 ( 1 ) : 7 . August -- September 2004 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Sarvas , Mark ( 27 January 2004 ) . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . The Modern Word . Archived from the original on 2 April 2013 . Retrieved 21 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Happy Endings '' . Reading Today . Newark , Delaware : International Reading Association . 23 ( 5 ) : 4 . April -- May 2006 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Haddon , Mark . The Curious Incident of the Dog on Night - Time '' . School Library Journal . 50 ( 4 ) : S64. April 2004 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Matthews , Charles ( 22 June 2003 ) . `` Narrator is Autistic -- Reasoning is Artistic '' . San Jose Mercury News . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . The Christian Century . 122 ( 25 ) : 23 . 13 December 2005 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Freeman , John ( 29 June 2003 ) . `` BOOKS : Whodunit Unveils Autistic Boy 's Mind '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Jump up ^ Soder , Roger ( June 2005 ) . `` Books for Summer Reading '' . Phi Delta Kappan . Phi Delta Kappa. 86 ( 10 ) : 777 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ McClimens , Alex ( May 2005 ) . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time ( Adult version ) '' . Learning Disability Practice . Royal College of Nursing. 8 ( 4 ) : 24 . Jump up ^ Moorehead , Paul ( 25 April 2006 ) . `` Comfortable in Alien Shoes '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . Canadian Medical Association . 174 ( 9 ) : 1307 . doi : 10.1503 / cmaj. 060083 . PMC 1435967 . Jump up ^ Ellis , David S.J. ( February 2004 ) . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - time '' . Student BMJ . British Medical Association . 12 : 84 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Curious Incident Triggers Curious Reaction in Texas '' . American Libraries . American Library Association . 37 ( 3 ) : 19 . March 2006 . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Roggenkamp , Karen . `` Challenges to The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime '' . Commerce , TX : Texas A&M University . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time -- Cast & Creative '' . NationalTheatre.org.uk . Jump up ^ `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . NationalTheatre.org.uk . Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Geoghegan , Kev ( 5 August 2012 ) . `` National Theatre adapts Mark Haddon 's Curious Incident '' . BBC News Online . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Live Homepage '' . National Theatre . Retrieved 15 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` London 's Apollo Theatre 's roof collapses '' . BBC News . 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 8 January 2016 . Jump up ^ https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/97103/curious-incident-dog-night-time/ at Gielgud Theatre 2013 , London Theatre 1 , 23 June 2015 Jump up ^ https://www.londontheatre1.com/news/108677/production-images-for-the-curious-incident-of-the-dog-in-the-night-time/ Production photographs June 2015 , London Theatre 1 , 23 June 2015 Jump up ^ Beit Lessin Theater play page ( Hebrew ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Bill ( 26 June 2003 ) . `` Actress shows off her knack for comedy '' . The Post and Courier . Charleston , South Carolina . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Connelly , Brendon ( 24 April 2011 ) . `` Wonderful Novel The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time Being Adapted into a Film by Harry Potter Writer '' . Bleeding Cool . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra . `` The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night - Time '' . Movies.nytimes.com . Archived from the original on 2 March 2012 . Retrieved 21 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Guardian and Observer Film Season 2010 's Power 100 : David Heyman '' . Guardian.co.uk. 24 September 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . External links Powell 's interview with author Mark Haddon Works by Mark Haddon Youth titles Gilbert 's Gobstopper Mikie Joy Toni and the Tomato Soup A Narrow Escape for Princess Sharon Agent Z Meets the Masked Crusader Titch Johnson , Almost World Champion Agent Z Goes Wild At Home At Playgroup In the Garden On Holiday The Real Porky Phillips Agent Z and the Penguin from Mars The Sea of Tranquility Secret Agent Handbook Agent Z and the Killer Bananas Ocean Star Express The Ice Bear 's Cave Gridzbi Spudvetch ! Footprints on the Moon Boom ! 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Caribbean Countries / Territories Antigua & Barbuda Anguilla Aruba Barbados Belize British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Dominican Republic Grenada Guyana Haiti Montserrat St. Lucia St. Kitts & Nevis St. Vincent & the Grenadines Turks and Caicos U.S. Virgin Islands DirecTV Middle East and North Africa Countries Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti Egypt Iraq Jordan Kuwait Libya Mauritania Oman Palestinian Authority Qatar Saudi Arabia Somalia South Sudan Sudan Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen beIN Sports Oceania Countries / Territories Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Micronesia Nauru Palau Samoa Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Sky Pacific Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Botswana Burundi Cape Verde Central African Republic DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Guinea - Bissau Lesotho Liberia Malawi Sierra Leone Swaziland Zimbabwe Kwesé Sports , SuperSport , StarTimes , Canal+ Radio ( edit ) Nation / Territory Broadcaster Ref Albania RTSH Australia SBS , ABC Austria ORF Belarus BTRC Belgium VRT , RTBF Bosnia and Herzegovina BHRT Brazil Rádio Bandeirantes , Rádio Gaúcha , Rádio Itatiaia , Rádio Jovem Pan , Rádio Verdes Mares , Radio Sagres 730 , Sistema Globo de Rádio , Super Rádio Tupi Bulgaria BNR Chile ADN Radio , Radio Bío - Bío , Radio Cooperativa , UCV Radio Colombia Blu Radio , Caracol Radio , RCN Radio Costa Rica Radio Columbia , Radio Monumental , Teletica Radio Croatia HRT Cyprus CyBC Denmark DR Ecuador RTS Estonia ERR France Europe 1 , RTL , Radio France , RMC Finland Yle Georgia GPB Germany ARD , RTL Radio , Radio Hamburg , Radio NRW , Hitradio RTL Sachsen , Hitradio FFH , Antenne Bayern , 89.0 RTL Guatemala Emisoras Unidas , La Red Deportes 106.1 Hong Kong RTHK Iceland RÚV Indonesia RRI Iran IRIB Ireland RTÉ Israel KAN Italy RAI , Mediaset Jamaica RJR 94 FM Kosovo RTK Liechtenstein SRG SSR Lithuania LT Macau TDM Macedonia MRT Moldova TeleRadio - Moldova Monaco RMC Sport Montenegro RTCG Morocco SNRT , Radio Mars Netherlands NOS Norway NRK Peru RPP Portugal RTP , TSF , Rádio Renascença Portuguese - speaking Africa Countries Cape Verde Guinea - Bissau Mozambique São Tomé and Príncipe RTP Russia VGTRK Serbia RTS Slovenia RTVSLO South Africa SABC South Korea SBS Spain RTVE , Cadena COPE , Cadena SER , Onda Cero , Radio Marca Sub-Saharan Africa Countries Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Congo Côte d'Ivoire DR Congo Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe France Médias Monde Sweden SR Switzerland SRG SSR Turkey TRT United Kingdom Home Nations / Territories England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Gibraltar Channel Islands Isle of Man BBC , Talksport United States and territories American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Baker Island Howland Island Jarvis Island Johnston Atoll Kingman Reef Midway Islands Navassa Island Palmyra Atoll Wake Island Fox Sports Radio ( simulcast of television audio ) , Fútbol de Primera Uruguay 770 AM Oriental , 810 AM El Espectador , 850 AM Carve , 890 AM Sarandí Sport , 930 AM Monte Carlo , 970 AM Radio Universal , 1090 AM Radio Imparcial , 1410 AM Radio LaCatorce10 , 99.5 FM Del Sol Vietnam VOV References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia Media Rights Licensees '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com. 20 June 2018 . Retrieved 22 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2018 FIFA World Cup '' ( PDF ) . Infront . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Hassett , Sebastian ( 28 October 2011 ) . `` SBS locks in two more World Cups '' . Brisbane Times . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA awards further TV rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . FIFA. 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SBS strike EPL deal with Optus '' . SBS.com.au . SBS . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Independent , The . `` Three TVs to broadcast FIFA WC matches live '' . Three TVs to broadcast FIFA WC matches live theindependentbd.com . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Globo buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA. 28 February 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports fecha acordo para transmitir Copa do Mundo da Rússia '' . Folha de São Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . 21 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Band fecha acordo para transmissão da Copa da Rússia '' . UOL. 19 October 2017 . Retrieved 13 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bell Media lands deal for FIFA soccer from 2015 through 2022 '' . The Sports Network . 27 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CCTV pockets Fifa media rights until 2022 '' . SportsProMedia. 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Youku acquires World Cup streaming rights in China '' . SportsProMedia. 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Movistar Costa Rica ( 13 June 2017 ) , Mirá La Copa FIFA Confederaciones en Movistar Play , retrieved 15 June 2017 Jump up ^ `` Antena 7 y Antena 21 transmitirán el Mundial de Fútbol para la República Dominicana '' . www.diariolibre.com ( in Spanish ) . Diario Libre . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Rasila , Tanja ( 11 June 2017 ) . `` Ylelle mittava jalkapallosopimus -- seuraavat MM - kisat ja FIFA Confederations Cup näkyvät Ylellä '' . yle.fi ( in Finnish ) . Yleisradio . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . Sopimukseen kuuluvat miesten jalkapallon MM - kisat kesällä 2018 , naisten jalkapallon MM - kisat 2019 ja tänä kesänä maanosaliittojen Confederations Cup sekä naisten EM - lopputurnaus . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Executive Committee agrees major governance reforms & Ethics structure '' . FIFA. 30 March 2012 . Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cushnan , David ( 8 June 2014 ) . `` BBC , ITV , ARD and ZDF sign World Cup TV deals '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 2 April 2012 ) . `` ARD and ZDF get rights to 2018 World Cup '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena . `` Sky Deutschland gets ultra HD rights for 2018 Fifa World Cup '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 5 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Holmes , Elena ( 18 May 2018 ) . `` DAZN lands Fifa World Cup highlights in Germany '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Now TV ‧ ViuTV 獨家播 2018 世界盃 '' ( in Chinese ) . Now TV . 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Now TV 與 ViuTV 獨家播放俄羅斯 2018 FIFA 世界盃 '' ( in Chinese ) . ViuTV. 30 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA World Cup 2018 live broadcasters in India '' . Financial Express . Jump up ^ `` Transmedia Jadi Pemegang Hak Siar Piala Dunia 2018 '' ( in Indonesian ) . CNN Indonesia . 15 December 2017 . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Bolasport.com . `` K - Vision Pegang Hak Siar Piala Dunia 2018 untuk Televisi Kabel '' . bolasport.com ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Superpass Jadi Penyedia Siaran Piala Dunia 2018 via TV Kabel '' . FMA dan SuperPass Resmi Bekerjasama dalam Menyiarkan Piala Dunia ( in Indonesian ) . JawaPos.com . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IndiHome Sajikan Siaran Langsung Piala Dunia 2018 Goal.com '' ( in Indonesian ) . Retrieved 19 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` تدارک صداوسیما برای جام‌جهانی 2018 '' ( in Persian ) . Jameja Online . 10 June 2018 . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Staff , Annahar ( 30 May 2018 ) . `` Télé Liban to broadcast World Cup for free in Lebanon '' . Annahar . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Darrous , Sabine ( 6 June 2018 ) . `` World Cup to be broadcast live for free on Télé Liban '' . The Daily Star . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Connoly , Eoin ( 24 April 2012 ) . `` SRG secures Swiss World Cup rights until 2022 '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 澳廣視《 2018 FIFA 俄羅斯世界盃》 64 場全程直播 '' ( in Chinese ) . TDM. 27 March 2018 . Retrieved 27 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guan Eng : RM30mil sponsorship secured for World Cup on RTM '' . The Star . 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Malaysia 's World Cup broadcasts all covered by sponsors , says finance minister '' . Channel NewsAsia. 3 June 2018 . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Emmanuel Santa Maria Chin ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Maxis main sponsor for RTM 's World Cup 2018 telecast , Gobind reveals '' . The Malay Mail . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Russie 2018 : La SNRT a obtenu les droits de retransmission des matches '' . Medias24 - Site d'information ( in French ) . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ SNRT will broascast 22 matches of the competition in DTT and Eutelsat 21B satellite . Jump up ^ `` Sky Sports signs eight - year deal with FIFA '' . New Zealand Herald . Retrieved 7 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ABS - CBN S + A , Liga to broadcast the 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia '' . ABS - CBN Sports . 5 June 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTP e Seleção Nacional até 2018 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . 10 April 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Lopes , Maria . `` RTP partilha direitos do Mundial 2018 com SIC '' . Público.pt ( in Portuguese ) . Público . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sport TV garante emissão da totalidade dos jogos do Mundial 2018 '' . Infocul ( in Portuguese ) . Infocul . Retrieved 7 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifa awards media rights in Russia for 2018 World Cup '' . Sportspromedia.com . SportsPro . Retrieved 2 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mediacorp , Singtel , StarHub to broadcast 2018 World Cup '' . Channel NewsAsia. 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards 2017 - 2018 media rights for sub-Saharan Africa '' . FIFA.com . FIFA . Retrieved 2 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 世足 6 月登場華視加入轉播行列 '' ( in Chinese ) . Chinese Television System . 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 1 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TrueVisions picked to broadcast World Cup '' . The Nation. 28 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Elena Holmes ( 30 April 2018 ) . `` Fifa World Cup rights deals agreed in Thailand '' . SportsPro Media . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Wassana Nanuam ; Nanat Suchiva ( 1 May 2018 ) . `` World Cup to be live streamed free , in full '' . Bangkok Post . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Інтер транслюватиме усі матчі ЧС - 2018 , -- голова редакції спортпрограм телеканалу '' . Football24.ua ( in Ukrainian ) . Retrieved 31 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 22 October 2011 ) . `` Fox and Telemundo Win U.S. Rights to World Cups '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards US TV Rights for 2015 -- 2022 '' . FIFA.com ( Press release ) . FIFA. 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UZREPORT приобрел права трансляции Чемпионата мира по футболу 2018 '' ( in Uzbek ) . uzreport. news . 14 April 2018 . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Ha Do ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` Vietnam strikes eleventh hour World Cup 2018 deal '' . VnExpress . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Nguyên Hà ( 9 June 2018 ) . `` Tiết lộ : Viettel và Vingroup giúp VTV mua bản quyền World Cup 2018 '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Voice of Vietnam . Retrieved 9 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Cushnan , David ( 18 December 2014 ) . `` DirecTV picks up Fifa rights package in Caribbean '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 18 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jazeera Sport buys broadcast rights to 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA. 26 January 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Connolly , Eoin ( 26 January 2011 ) . `` Al Jazeera secures first 2018 / 2022 rights package '' . SportsPro . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Jazeera Sport rebranded beIN SPORTS '' . Al Arabiya. 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA awards 2017 - 2018 media rights for sub-Saharan Africa '' . FIFA. 30 March 2017 . Retrieved 8 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 世界盃. 多星道 ( 版權所限 , 本節目不設網上收聽及重溫 ) '' . RTHK . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RRI Mendapat Lisensi Radio Siaran Sepakbola Piala Dunia 2018 '' . RRI . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mondiale Russia 2018 in diretta anche su Radio 105 '' . Calcio Casteddu ( in Italian ) . Calcio Casteddu . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` RTP É MUNDIAL '' ( PDF ) . Rádio e Televisão de Portugal . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Futbol de Primera Awarded the Exclusive U.S. Spanish - Language Radio Rights to the Mexican National Team '' . FDP Radio . Retrieved 16 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Theo dõi World Cup 2018 trên các kênh của Đài Tiếng Nói Việt Nam '' ( in Vietnamese ) . Voice of Vietnam . 13 June 2018 . Retrieved 13 June 2018 . FIFA World Cup Tournaments Uruguay 1930 Italy 1934 France 1938 Brazil 1950 Switzerland 1954 Sweden 1958 Chile 1962 England 1966 Mexico 1970 West Germany 1974 Argentina 1978 Spain 1982 Mexico 1986 Italy 1990 United States 1994 France 1998 South Korea -- Japan 2002 Germany 2006 South Africa 2010 Brazil 2014 Russia 2018 Qatar 2022 Canada -- Mexico -- United States 2026 2030 2034 Qualification 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Finals 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Squads 1930 1934 1938 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Seedings 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Broadcasters 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Bids 2014 2018 and 2022 2026 2030 Statistics 2002 2006 2014 2018 Disciplinary record 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Team appearances AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Teams with no appearances Overall records All - time table Goalscorers top goalscorers finals goalscorers hat - tricks own goals Penalty shoot - outs Player appearances Red cards Referees Winners Miscellaneous Openings Stadiums Awards Balls Economics Final draw History Hosts Mascots Official films Official anthems & songs Organisers Trophy Video games Notes : There was no qualification for the 1930 World Cup as places were given by invitation only . In 1950 , there was no final ; the article is about the decisive match of the final group stage . 2018 FIFA World Cup Stages Group stage Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Group F Group G Group H Knockout stage Final General information Qualification Bids Broadcasting rights Controversies Discipline Officials Opening ceremony Seeding Squads Statistics Official symbols Adidas Telstar 18 ( ball ) `` Live It Up '' ( song ) Zabivaka ( mascot ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_FIFA_World_Cup_broadcasting_rights&oldid=855820248 '' Categories : 2018 FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup broadcasting rights Hidden categories : CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) CS1 Persian - language sources ( fa ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) CS1 Uzbek - language sources ( uz ) CS1 Vietnamese - language sources ( vi ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Use dmy dates from June 2018 Talk About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Español 한국어 Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 August 2018 , at 02 : 15 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	who has the broadcast rights to the world cup	[]	[]
3953369478851020535	The Challenge (TV series)	The Challenge ( TV series ) - wikipedia The Challenge ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent season , see The Challenge : Vendettas . For the current season of the special mini-series , see The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( season 3 ) . The Challenge Logo for the current season Genre Reality game show Created by Mary - Ellis Bunim Jonathan Murray Presented by Various hosts ( 1998 -- 2005 ) T.J. Lavin ( 2005 -- present ) Starring Various alumni of : Real World Road Rules The Challenge Are You the One ? Big Brother ( U.S. ) Ex on the Beach ( UK ) Ex on the Beach ( US ) Geordie Shore Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 31 Production Running time 30 minutes ( 1998 - 2007 ) 1 hour ( 2008 - present ) Production company ( s ) Bunim / Murray Productions Distributor Viacom Media Networks Release Original network MTV Original release June 1 , 1998 -- present Chronology Preceded by Real World Road Rules Related shows Are You the One ? External links Website Production website The Challenge ( originally known as Road Rules : All Stars , followed by Real World / Road Rules Challenge ) is a reality game show on MTV that is spun off from the network 's two reality shows , Real World and Road Rules . It features alumni from these two shows , in addition to rookies and alumni from The Challenge , and alumni from Are You the One ? , Big Brother ( US ) , Ex on the Beach ( UK and US ) , and Geordie Shore competing against one another for a cash prize . The Challenge is currently hosted by T.J. Lavin . The series premiered on June 1 , 1998 . The title of the show was originally Road Rules : All Stars before it was renamed Real World / Road Rules Challenge by the show 's 2nd season , then later abridged to simply The Challenge by the show 's 19th season . The series initially used no hosts but instead a former cast member who had been kicked off his or her season , providing assignments as `` Mr . '' or `` Ms. Big '' ( David `` Puck '' Rainey , David Edwards , and Gladys Sanabria served this role ) . Later on , however , the series began using hosts : Eric Nies and Mark Long co-hosted a season , and Jonny Moseley and Dave Mirra hosted various seasons before T.J. Lavin became the show 's regular host by the 11th season . Since the 4th season , each season has supplied the show with a unique subtitle , such as Rivals . Each season consists of a format and theme whereby the subtitle is derived . The most recent season , Vendettas , premiered on January 2 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Overview 1.2 Theme and format by season title 2 TV show 's conception 3 External episodes 4 The Challenge lingo 4.1 Veterans and rookies 4.2 Alliance 5 Specials 5.1 Spring Break Challenge 5.2 The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars 5.2. 1 The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros ( season 1 ) 5.2. 2 The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( season 2 ) 5.2. 3 The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( season 3 ) 6 Seasons 7 5 Timers Club 8 Cast members 8.1 Players with the most final challenge prize money 8.2 Challenge records 9 Locations 10 References 11 External links Structure ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) The Challenge casts are season specific as the cast varies from season to season . The casts are made up of contestants originating from one of The Challenge 's related TV programs and contestants originating from one of the few Challenge seasons that have allowed previously unknown contestants . These shows and seasons are : Real World , Road Rules , Are You the One ? , The Challenge ( from Fresh Meat , Fresh Meat II , Spring Break Challenge and Battle of the Bloodlines . Most recently alumni from Big Brother ( U.S. ) , Ex on the Beach , and Geordie Shore have joined the show . A season 's typical multitude of cast members are usually divided up into separate teams according to a certain criteria , which varies from season to season . The criteria that teams have been arranged by over the show 's history have ranged all across the board , from gender of the contestants and original show of contestants to bad guy / good guy status of contestants and ex-romantic partners of contestants . Each of the opposing teams compete in numerous missions in order to win prizes and advance in the overall game . Following each mission , a team or a cast member is voted into an elimination round to take on the least successful team from the previous mission . In elimination rounds , they must compete against one another to determine which one is eliminated from the season . Each season has its own , very distinct elimination round , distinguished from those of other seasons in title , design , and general atmosphere . Determining which two teams or two cast members are sent into the episode 's elimination round frequently leads to drama and contestants playing the game dirty ; this is due to the show 's contestants being in charge of who is thrown into elimination rounds . Like that of The Real World , sporadically throughout the course of each episode , various contestants are seen privately expressing themselves through reality TV confessionals about the events taking place on the show . Some seasons , however , have used entirely different formats from the typical : The Island is one Challenge in particular that adopted many features atypical to Real World / Road Rules Challenge , instead taking concepts like that of another reality television game show Survivor ; as another example , the first season ( Road Rules : All Stars ) ironically only included contestants from The Real World and consisted of a much smaller cast before the show was completely reconstructed by its second season . Except for season one , a monetary prize has always been the award for winning the final mission . Theme and format by season title ( edit ) Each distinct season title has indicated the general gameplay format used : Original Real World / Road Rules Challenge ( including RW / RR Challenge 2000 and RW / RR Extreme Challenge ) : Real World vs. Road Rules groupings , six players per team , no eliminations , missions in number of previous challenges ( though the original Gauntlet and Inferno were Real World vs. Road Rules ) . Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) and Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) : On the first Battle of the Seasons , players were separated into teams of Real World and Road Rules , each cast member is paired off with a castmate from their original season . Each mission gave points based on finish . After each mission , the players with the most points cumulative from each team became the `` Inner Circle '' and voted off whichever pair they wanted . The individual winning pair of each challenge would earn an `` additional prize . '' After five pairs from each team were voted off , the final three Real World teams and final three Road Rules teams would compete against each other in a series of challenges before the final race . The 2012 Battle of the Seasons had a completely different format from the original . Each team consists of two men and two women from select seasons . After each challenge , there is a winning team and a losing team . The losing team is automatically sent to `` The Arena , '' and faces possible elimination . The winning team become the Power Team , and selects one team to battle against the last - place team in the Arena . The teams entering the Arena must select one player of each gender from their own team to compete in the elimination . If the teams entering the Arena can not decide which players will compete in the elimination , the Power Team chooses for them . The winning pair in the elimination rounds return to their season and stay in the game , while the losing pair is eliminated , reducing their season to two players . Battle of the Sexes and Battle of the Sexes 2 : As the title implies , players are divided by gender . Each mission gave points based on finish , either with a partner or individually . After each mission , the players with the most points cumulative from each team became the `` Inner Circle '' and voted off whoever they wanted to . The winner of each challenge would earn a `` lifesaver '' which could be given to a member of either team ; the recipient of the `` lifesaver '' would enjoy total immunity from being voted out , which created many interesting situations . No life - shields were used in the second installment . The final three players of each gender would compete against each other in a final race . Inferno , Inferno II and Inferno 3 : The first Inferno consisted of Team Real World vs. Team Road Rules . The 2nd and 3rd installment consisted of Team Bad Asses vs. Team Good Guys . Teams nominate two of their own players for each elimination round and vote one of the opponents ' two nominations into the `` Inferno '' round . The players going into the `` Inferno '' then have the opportunity to save themselves from going in by winning a `` life saver '' in the challenge before the `` Inferno . '' Gauntlet , Gauntlet 2 and Gauntlet III : The first gauntlet consisted of Team Real World vs. Team Road Rules . The 2nd and 3rd installment consisted of Team Veterans vs. Team Rookies . In the 2nd and 3rd particular installment , `` Veterans '' are considered players who have participated in a minimum of two challenges , while `` Rookies '' had either participated in one challenge or none at all . In the first two installments , team captains are assigned on a pre-challenge mission . The losing team 's captains would alternate between male and female to go into the `` Gauntlet , '' in which they would face off against someone from their own team as voted by the remaining team members . In the third installment , no team captains are assigned , and the winning team also protects one player from the losing team from being chosen for the Gauntlet , but can not protect the same player on two consecutive opportunities . Fresh Meat and Fresh Meat II : These seasons introduce new people to Challenges without appearing on The Real World or Road Rules . These new players are `` drafted '' by `` alumni '' of the opposite gender ( those who come from RW , RR , or previous ' FM ' , some of whom have not been on a Challenge before ) to create pairings which are the teams for these Challenges . The winning team chooses one team for an elimination round called an `` Exile , '' while the other team is selected by a vote . The Duel and The Duel II : Promoted as `` every man for himself '' as there are no permanent teams ( though some individual challenges require teams to be formed ) . All players compete individually , leading to just one champion of each gender . The Island : A challenge with no missions , just elimination rounds where the competitors are put on an island with limited supplies . In each episode , the competitors select three people ( not necessarily by gender ) to go into an elimination round to win safety and a key to the prize money chest at the final challenge . The two non-winning players have a chance to plead their case to all the other competitors at the vote - off , where one player wins a key and the other is eliminated . The Ruins : Two teams of `` Challengers '' and `` Champions '' based on whether players have won a previous season 's final challenge . Prior to each challenge , each team nominates a group of three players of each gender within the team for elimination ; after that challenge , the winning team 's nominated group picks the match - ups for the `` Ruins , '' which consist of a male Challenger against a male Champion , and a female Challenger against a female Champion . Cutthroat : Teams are not initially set . There is a race in the beginning , and while the top three players are announced , the bottom three are named as captains of the three teams ; the three teams are then drafted by the captains ( while maintaining equal numbers of players of each gender ) . Each challenge involves all three teams ; the winning team is safe from the elimination round -- the `` Gulag , '' while the losing teams go against each other in the Gulag . Voting is done within one 's own team by secret ballot to choose one player of each gender to go into the Gulag . Rivals , Rivals II and Rivals III : The first two installments feature two - player teams of the same gender consist of players who are paired against their `` worst enemies , '' whom they have engaged in bitter feuds , fights and rivalries with in previous Real World and / or Challenge seasons . The challenge winner is safe from elimination -- `` The Jungle , '' while the last - place finisher and a non-winning team of the same gender battle it out in `` The Jungle . '' Each challenge alternates between a male and a female Jungle elimination in the first two installments . The third installment features male / female pairs . The third installment also has 3 teams going into the elimination ; the losing team , and 2 teams picked by the winning team . At the Jungle , the 2 teams picked for elimination by the winning team go back and forth picking skulls out of a box . There are 3 white skulls and 1 black skull . Whoever picks the black skull , them and their partner go into the Jungle against the last place team , and the other team is safe from the Jungle . Also , in the finale , teammates would go head to head in challenges , whoever finishes first the most in the challenges would decide if they would keep the money they earned for their respective placing , or split it with their partner . If the cast member chose to keep it for themselves , then their teammate would leave empty handed . Battle of the Exes and Battle of the Exes II : Thirteen teams of ex couples compete in a challenge where the winner is safe from elimination and will be known as `` The Power Couple , '' and they are responsible for choosing one team to go into the elimination round called `` The Dome , '' along with the team that came in last - place in the challenge . A twist was added on Battle of the Exes II : Eliminated teams would compete in `` Battle of the Ex-iled , '' which no one in the house knows about . The eliminated team will compete against the last `` Ex-ile '' winner and the loser would be permanently eliminated . This lasts until only four teams remain in the house , and the last team standing from Ex-ile will go back to the house for two more challenges before the final , which they are eligible for as long as they are not eliminated again . Free Agents : Each challenge is declared as either an individual , pair , or team challenge . For pair and team challenges , names are drawn out of a bag -- one of each gender , or more for multi-team or pair challenges -- that will be designated as captains . For team challenges , the captains will select players that will be split evenly amongst gender . For pair challenges , the captains will either select players of the opposite gender for challenges that are designated as male / female pairs , or the same gender for challenges that are designated as same - gender pairs . The winning team / pair / players are safe from elimination , and choose one player of each gender for elimination . The remaining non-winning players then participate in `` The Draw , '' where the one player of each gender that draws a `` kill card '' faces the previously voted players in the elimination round . Battle of the Bloodlines : The season starts with 14 pairs of two , each consisting of a The Real World , The Challenge or Are You The One ? alumni and their relatives . The winning pair of the mission sends in one pair to face the losing team of the mission into The Pit , depending on gender . However , after the second elimination , pairs are separated into two teams , each consisting of 12 . The losing team has to send one player from the losing team into The Pit , while the winning team has to send another player from the losing team into The Pit . If a player loses in The Pit , that player is not only eliminated , but so is their bloodline . The final five teams reverted to their pairs of two . The Pit consisted of both teammates competing instead of one representative competing for both teams for one elimination , then reverted to one representative for each team for the last elimination . Invasion of the Champions : The game started off with 18 Underdogs ( players who have yet to win a challenge ) who get dropped off a boat and onto a beach , where they were living in `` The Shelter . '' They compete individually in challenges , followed by an elimination round . The male and female winners of the challenge would be safe from elimination , and earn their ticket to `` The Oasis '' -- the season house . The last - place male and female finishers automatically went straight into elimination for the first challenge . In the second challenge , the challenge winners will choose a player of the opposite gender to go into the elimination . The rest of the house then voted in who goes against them for the first and second challenge . The males voted for the females , and vice versa . For the third challenge , and the last chance to earn a ticket to the Oasis , the winners will be safe from elimination , and the two remaining players of each gender will compete . In the elimination , each gender will compete . The winners of the elimination round would return to the game , and earn a ticket to The Oasis . The losers of the elimination round go home . Players could not go into The Oasis until every ticket has been earned . Players who earned their ticket to the Oasis will be exempt from elimination and will not compete in challenges until the Champions enter the game . Beginning with the fourth challenge , ss the season twist , eight Champions of past seasons of the show will enter the game , and the Underdogs will form a team against them . Each challenge will be designated for an Underdog or a Champion elimination -- entitled `` The Fortress . '' The winning team will earn $10,000 in their team bank account . The best performing guy and girl of the team designated for the Fortress will then choose one guy and one girl to go into the elimination . The rest of the house will then vote in the players who will go against them . The winners return to the game , and the losers go home . XXX : Dirty 30 : Similar to Free Agents , each challenge is either an individual , teams , or pairs challenge . The winning individual , pair , or teams would than nominate 1 player from each gender to go into the Presidio . The remaining non-winning players then participate in `` The Double Cross Draw '' where the one player of each gender that draws `` The Double Cross '' ( XX ) chooses a player from their own gender , who also participated in the draw , to join the previously nominated player into the Presidio to face elimination . In a twist , the eliminated players are sent into the Redemption House to compete for a spot back into the game . Vendettas : Each challenger in this season has at least one `` vendetta '' with someone in the game . Similar to both Free Agents and Dirty 30 , each challenge is either an individual , teams or pairs challenge . Each competitor has their own individual bank accounts . The top three winners from each challenge , no matter the gender , form the `` Troika '' . The loser of the challenge automatically goes into elimination . Depending on whether it 's a male or female elimination , the Troika nominates three players to go into `` The Ring '' . Later , the three nominees sit with the Troika in `` The Inquisition , '' to give their case as to why they should stay in the game and why one ( or both ) of the other nominees should go in . In The Ring , the Troika votes for one of the three players from The Inquisition to go against the last place finisher in the challenge . The winner of The Ring stays in the game as also receives a grenade . The winner chooses between three grenades , each grenade earning them a special power to change the game . For example , at the end of the first elimination , Nelson took the Money Grab grenade , which allowed him to take $5,000 from another competitor . TV show 's conception ( edit ) During the filming of The Real World : Boston and Road Rules : Islands , the two casts met while the Real World cast was vacationing in San Juan , Puerto Rico . Producers set up a face - off where both teams would compete for a cash prize . The intensely competitive challenge brought in high ratings and this set ideas in motion to produce yet another spin - off series . After another face - off called AquaGames , hosted by Kit Hoover and Mark Long , between The Real World : Seattle and Road Rules : Down Under in 1997 , the Challenge series was born in 1998 with Road Rules : All Stars , and featured cast members from five different seasons of The Real World . After All Stars , producers decided to include former castmembers of Road Rules in the series as well . In the next season , two six - member teams were sent around the world in a competition to see which show could best the other in head - to - head competition . The series followed the format for three years and brought in hugely successful ratings . Following the hugely successful boom of reality television in the new millennium , producers decided to add new elements to the series . In 2001 , production began on Battle of the Seasons . This season , the first to depart from the previous six - member structure , brought in a large group of former cast members to compete in one location . Beginning with the first Battle of the Seasons , MTV added a fantasy challenge game to their website . Players `` draft '' cast members , a la fantasy baseball and cast members are given points for performing certain tasks , such as cursing or `` hooking up . '' After switching to the `` vote off '' format , the series would alternate between `` Battle '' seasons , including two seasons of Battle of the Sexes and themed Challenges which included the Gauntlet and Inferno seasons . Both the Gauntlet and Inferno seasons contained `` showdown '' matches between members of the two opposing teams . The cast member who lost the showdown would be sent home . The Gauntlet seasons featured an intra-cast dynamic as teams were forced to vote off cast members within their own groups into the showdown , while the Inferno seasons featured an inter-cast dynamic as teams were forced to vote off cast members from the other group into the showdown . In 2005 , Bunim - Murray Productions decided to invite new people to the Challenges who were never a part of either Real World or Road Rules and called them ' Fresh Meat . ' This decision was forced , in part , because of the status of Road Rules at the time . While Road Rules had stopped production until further notice after its thirteenth season , Real World had just finished wrapping its sixteenth season in Austin , Texas . Road Rules had a fourteenth , and final , season in 2007 . One additional ' Fresh Meat ' season has followed with cast also being integrated in The Challenge from the 2010 Spring Break Challenge miniseries , Are You the One ? , and the Battle of the Bloodlines season of cast relatives . Beginning in 2018 cast members from other reality shows have been brought onto the challenge , including MTV UK 's Ex on the Beach and Geordie Shore and CBS 's Big Brother . External episodes ( edit ) While internal episodes are the usual and feature an original mission , voting process , elimination round , and surrounding social lives between the season 's contestants , external episodes feature the season 's contestants reviewing themselves in internal episodes and adding feedback . This is typically combined with video clips from the internal episodes in question . The Challenge has three types of these external episodes , an aftershow that takes place sporadically in the form of a series throughout the entire season , a post-show reunion of notable cast members from that season , and a bonus footage special . The Challenge lingo ( edit ) Veterans and rookies ( edit ) Two commonly used terms on the show are `` veterans '' ( or vets ) and `` rookies . '' Veterans are particularly thought of as players that have won at least one Challenge season , but the term has also been applied to players who have appeared on several seasons of the show , or have appeared in the final stages of a challenge . Rookies are thought of as players that have done none of the above . The most vulnerable rookies are those who have just recently completed their season on The Real World , Road Rules or Are You the One ? and are participating in the game for their very first time ; often they are the first to be singled out and targeted by everyone else due to their lack of bonds with existing cast . However , at least one rookie has reached the final challenge on almost every season . Exceptions include The Island , Fresh Meat II and Battle of the Exes . Alliance ( edit ) Another commonly used term on the show is `` alliance . '' The term is used to refer to challengers working together . These contestants have colluded together so as to increase their overall chances of winning the season game . But for safety in numbers offered by the collusion , the show 's contestants would run the risk of victimization to the game 's politics and popularity factors . Politics plays a role due to the show 's formats in which options of who is thrown into elimination rounds and other determining factors are left up to challengers themselves . Alliances are typically formed through pacts and negotiations made among certain contestants early on in the game . Alliance operations can range from saving alliance members , throwing missions for the purposes of advancing the alliance , picking and choosing based upon alliance involvement as opposed to levels of performance , etc . In early seasons of the show , alliances were heavily frowned upon by most of the contestants . As such , alliances used to be carried out with much more secrecy , craft , and deviousness . In fact , many of the earliest alliances on the show were formed to sabotage members of one 's own team who were perceived as weak . Once exposed , alliances typically came as offensive and shocking to those not involved . Since the later seasons , however , alliances have become a norm among the show 's contestants , so much so that most contestants are expected to join an alliance upon beginning out a season . Despite its use among most , there are still a minority of contestants who elect to play the game straightforwardly , feeling as though alliance tactics are a sign of weakness and a lack of competitive spirit . Those who reject alliances , however , are seen as not playing the game strategically . Although the widespread and overt practice of alliance construction has expelled its original devious reputation , its effectiveness and capacity to surprise attack has waned . Specials ( edit ) Spring Break Challenge ( edit ) Main article : Spring Break Challenge In March 2010 , prior to the airing of the 19th season , MTV aired a special spring break spin - off of The Challenge in Acapulco , Mexico . Challenge alum coached teams of college - aged friends in various challenges of old and new , while Fresh Meat alumnus Evan Starkman and The Real World : Key West alumna Paula Meronek served as broadcasters , with T.J. Lavin as the host . Camila Nakagawa , a contestant of the winning team , went on to appear on future challenges , with her debut Challenge being Cutthroat . To date , Camila is the only player to appear on the challenges . The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( edit ) The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( originally known as The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros ) is a special recurring mini-series of The Challenge . In each multi-week event , alumni from The Challenge compete against celebrities to win money for charity . The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros ( season 1 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros In a six - episode event entitled The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros , ten Challenge greats competed against ten pros . The series premiered on May 16 , 2017 , and was hosted by NFL wide receiver Victor Cruz . The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( season 2 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( season 2 ) The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars is a special eight - week mini-series in which ten Challenge greats compete against ten celebrities . The series premiered on November 21 , 2017 , with Mike `` The Miz '' Mizanin as the host . The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( season 3 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( season 3 ) Cast was spotted filming in Los Angeles on February 2 , 2018 . Mike `` The Miz '' Mizanin returns as the host . The third season will premiere on April 17 , 2018 . Seasons ( edit ) Order Title Host Format Original Release Location of the residence Winners All Stars David `` Puck '' Rainey 1 team of 5 June 1 , 1998 - June 29 , 1998 Road trip : Montreal → Lake Placid → Wellington → Auckland → Los Angeles Cynthia Roberts , Eric Nies , Jon Brennan , Rachel Campos & Sean Duffy Real World vs. Road Rules David Edwards 2 teams of 6 November 9 , 1999 - December 14 , 1999 Road trip : San Francisco → Los Angeles → Las Vegas → Los Angeles Road Rules ( Anne Wharton , Kalle Dedolph , Kefla Hare , Mark Long , Noah Rickun & Roni Martin ) Challenge 2000 Gladys Sanabria 2 teams of 6 January 17 , 2000 - April 3 , 2000 Road trip : Las Vegas → Nashville → Miami Road Rules ( Carlos Jackson , Dan Setzler , Holly Shand , Piggy Thomas , Veronica Portillo & Yes Duffy ) Extreme Challenge none 2 teams of 6 January 9 , 2001 - May 22 , 2001 Road trip : Portland , ME → Montreal → Boston → London → Hamburg → Prague → London → New York → Los Angeles Real World ( Dan Renzi , Jamie Murray , Julie Stoffer , Kameelah Phillips , Rebecca Lord & Syrus Yarbrough ) 5 Battle of the Seasons Eric Nies & Mark Long 2 teams of 8 pairs of 2 January 28 , 2002 - May 27 , 2002 Cabo San Lucas , Mexico Real World ( Mike Mizanin & Coral Smith , Sean Duffy & Elka Walker , Danny Roberts & Kelley Limp ) 6 Battle of the Sexes Jonny Moseley 2 teams of 18 December 30 , 2002 - May 12 , 2003 Montego Bay , Jamaica Guys ( Mark Long , Colin Mortensen , Jamie Murray ) 7 The Gauntlet 2 teams of 14 September 29 , 2003 - January 26 , 2004 Telluride , Colorado Road Rules ( Adam Larson , Cara Zavaleta , Darrell Taylor , Dave Giuntolli , Rachel Robinson , Roni Martin , Sarah Greyson , Theo Vonkurnatowski & Veronica Portillo ) 8 The Inferno Dave Mirra 2 teams of 10 February 2 , 2004 - May 31 , 2004 Acapulco , Mexico Road Rules ( Abram Boise , Christena Pyle , Darrell Taylor , Holly Shand , Katie Doyle , Kendal Sheppard , Timmy Beggy & Veronica Portillo ) 9 Battle of the Sexes 2 Jonny Moseley 2 teams of 18 October 4 , 2004 - January 31 , 2005 Santa Fe , New Mexico Guys ( Dan Setzler , Eric Nies & Theo Vonkurnatowski ) 10 The Inferno II Dave Mirra 2 teams of 10 March 7 , 2005 - June 20 , 2005 Manzanillo , Mexico Good Guys ( Darrell Taylor , Jamie Chung , Landon Lueck & Mike Mizanin ) 11 The Gauntlet 2 T.J. Lavin 2 teams of 16 December 5 , 2005 - March 27 , 2006 Tobago , Trinidad and Tobago Rookies ( Alton Williams , Ibis Nieves , Jamie Murray , Jodi Weatherton , Kina Dean , Landon Lueck , MJ Garrett , Randy Barry & Susie Meister ) 12 Fresh Meat 12 pairs of 2 ( m / f ) May 29 , 2006 - September 11 , 2006 Myocum , Australia Darrell Taylor & Aviv Melmed 13 The Duel Individual October 12 , 2006 - January 18 , 2007 Armação dos Búzios , Brazil Wes Bergmann Jodi Weatherton 14 The Inferno 3 2 teams of 10 April 10 , 2007 - July 3 , 2007 Somerset West , South Africa Bad Asses ( Abram Boise , Derrick Kosinski , Evelyn Smith , Janelle Casanave , Kenny Santucci & Tonya Cooley ) 15 The Gauntlet III 2 teams of 16 January 23 , 2008 - March 26 , 2008 Riviera Nayarit , Mexico Rookies ( Frank Roessler , Jillian Zoboroski , Johanna Botta , Nehemiah Clark , Rachel Moyal & Tori ( Hall ) Fiorenza ) 16 The Island Individual → 2 teams of 4 September 10 , 2008 - October 29 , 2008 Colón Island , Panama Red Boat ( Derrick Kosinski , Evelyn Smith , Johnny Devenanzio & Kenny Santucci ) 17 The Duel II Individual April 8 , 2009 - June 17 , 2009 Queenstown , New Zealand Evan Starkman Rachel Robinson 18 The Ruins 2 teams of 14 September 30 , 2009 - December 23 , 2009 Phuket , Thailand Champions ( Derrick Kosinski , Evan Starkman , Johnny Devenanzio , Kenny Santucci & Susie Meister ) 19 Fresh Meat II 13 pairs of 2 ( m / f ) April 7 , 2010 - June 9 , 2010 Whistler , British Columbia , Canada Landon Lueck & Carley Johnson 20 Cutthroat 3 teams of 10 October 6 , 2010 - December 22 , 2010 Prague , Czech Republic Red Team ( Brad Fiorenza , Dunbar Merrill , Tori ( Hall ) Fiorenza & Tyler Duckworth ) 21 Rivals 14 pairs of 2 ( same gender ) June 22 , 2011 - September 7 , 2011 Dominical , Costa Rica → Buenos Aires & Bariloche , Argentina Johnny Devenanzio & Tyler Duckworth Evelyn Smith & Paula Meronek 22 Battle of the Exes 13 pairs of 2 ( 12 m / f ; 1 f / f ) January 25 , 2012 - April 4 , 2012 Sosúa , Dominican Republic → Reykjavík , Iceland Johnny Devenanzio & Camila Nakagawa 23 Battle of the Seasons 8 teams of 4 September 19 , 2012 - December 19 , 2012 Bodrum , Turkey → Swakopmund , Namibia Team San Diego ( Ashley Kelsey , Frank Sweeney , Sam McGinn & Zach Nichols ) 24 Rivals II 16 pairs of 2 ( same gender ) July 10 , 2013 - September 25 , 2013 Phuket , Thailand Chris `` CT '' Tamburello & Wes Bergmann Emily Schromm & Paula Meronek 25 Free Agents Individual Pairs Teams April 10 , 2014 - June 26 , 2014 Punta del Este , Uruguay → Pucón , Chile 03 Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 24 Laurel Stucky 26 Battle of the Exes II 13 pairs of 2 ( m / f ) January 6 , 2015 - March 24 , 2015 Pedasí , Panama → Ørsta , Norway Jordan Wiseley & Sarah ( Rice ) Patterson 27 Battle of the Bloodlines 14 pairs of 2 → 2 teams of 12 → 5 pairs of 2 December 2 , 2015 - February 17 , 2016 Bodrum , Turkey → Berlin , Germany Cara Maria Sorbello & Jamie Banks 28 Rivals III 13 pairs of 2 ( m / f ) May 4 , 2016 - August 3 , 2016 Huatulco , Mexico → Mendoza , Argentina Johnny `` Bananas '' Devananzio & Sarah ( Rice ) Patterson 29 Invasion of the Champions Individual → 2 teams → Individual February 7 , 2017 - May 16 , 2017 Krabi , Thailand Chris `` CT '' Tamburello Ashley Mitchell 30 XXX : Dirty 30 Individual Pairs Teams July 18 , 2017 - November 28 , 2017 Cartagena , Colombia → Salta , Argentina Jordan Wiseley Camila Nakagawa 31 Vendettas Individual Teams January 2 , 2018 - April 17 , 2018 Gibraltar , BOT , Marbella , Spain , Prague , Czech Republic Cara Maria Sorbello 32 Final Reckoning 17 teams of 2 Summer 2018 TBD TBD 5 timers club ( edit ) ( show ) As of Vendettas # Cast member Original season Challenge seasons Challenge seasons won # of challenge wins Total Money Made 17 Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio RW : Key West The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Ruins , Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas Final Reckoning The Island , The Ruins , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Free Agents , Rivals III 6 $685,543 14 Chris `` CT '' Tamburello RW : Paris The Inferno , The Inferno II , The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 Final Reckoning Rivals II , Invasion of the Champions $265,000 12 Aneesa Ferreira RW : Chicago Battle of the Sexes , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Gauntlet 2 , The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Duel II , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Bloodlines , XXX : Dirty 30 0 $23,571 12 Cara Maria Sorbello Fresh Meat II Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Bloodlines , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas Final Reckoning Battle of the Bloodlines , Vendettas $604,051 10 Camila Nakagawa Spring Break Challenge Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 Battle of the Exes , XXX : Dirty 30 $561,250 10 Derrick Kosinski RR : X-Treme Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Gauntlet 2 , Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Island , The Ruins , Cutthroat , XXX : Dirty 30 The Inferno 3 , The Island , The Ruins $211,293 10 Paula Meronek RW : Key West The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Duel II , Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II Rivals , Rivals II $126,000 11 Veronica Portillo RR : Semester at Sea Challenge 2000 , Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) , Battle of the Sexes , The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Ruins , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas Final Reckoning Challenge 2000 , The Gauntlet , The Inferno $79,309 10 Wes Bergmann RW : Austin Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Battle of the Exes II , Rivals III The Duel , Rivals II $248,000 9 Abram Boise RR : South Pacific The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Inferno 3 , The Island , Cutthroat , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Bloodlines The Inferno , The Inferno 3 $102,500 9 Brad Fiorenza RW : San Diego Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Gauntlet 2 , The Duel , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , The Ruins , Cutthroat , Vendettas Final Reckoning Cutthroat $75,000 9 Katie Doyle RR : The Quest The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Gauntlet 2 , Fresh Meat , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , The Ruins , Cutthroat The Inferno $41,071 9 Leroy Garrett RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas 0 $36,500 9 Robin Hibbard RW : San Diego Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Gauntlet 2 , The Duel , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Duel II , Rivals , Battle of the Exes 0 $8,571 9 Sarah ( Rice ) Patterson RW : Brooklyn The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Battle of the Exes II , Rivals III Battle of the Exes II , Rivals III $173,739 8 Darrell Taylor RR : Campus Crawl The Gauntlet , The Inferno , The Inferno II , Fresh Meat , The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 The Gauntlet , The Inferno , The Inferno II , Fresh Meat $240,555 8 Diem Brown Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , The Ruins , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II , Battle of the Exes II 0 $55,000 8 Kenny Santucci Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Rivals The Inferno 3 , The Island , The Ruins $236,293 8 Tonya Cooley RW : Chicago Battle of the Sexes , The Gauntlet , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , Fresh Meat , The Inferno 3 , The Island , The Ruins The Inferno 3 $50,000 7 Beth Stolarczyk RW : Los Angeles RW / RR Challenge , Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) , Battle of the Sexes , The Inferno II , The Gauntlet 2 , The Duel , The Gauntlet III 0 $2,206 7 Evelyn Smith Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Rivals The Inferno 3 , The Island , Rivals $167,000 7 Rachel Robinson RR : Campus Crawl Battle of the Sexes , The Gauntlet , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , The Island , The Duel 2 , Battle of the Exes The Gauntlet , The Duel II $135,555 6 Adam King RW : Paris Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Gauntlet 2 , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , The Ruins , Rivals 0 $1,000 6 Coral Smith RW : Back to New York Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) , The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , Fresh Meat , The Gauntlet III Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) $72,000 6 Danny Jamieson RW : Austin Fresh Meat , The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Ruins , Fresh Meat II , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) 0 $0 6 Dunbar Flinn RW : Sydney The Island , The Duel II , The Ruins , Cutthroat , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II Cutthroat $40,000 6 Eric Banks Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , Cutthroat , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) 0 $0 6 Evan Starkman Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Duel , The Gauntlet III , The Duel II , The Ruins , Rivals The Duel II , The Ruins $151,293 6 Jemmye Carroll RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas Final Reckoning 0 $7,500 6 Jenn Grijalva RW : Denver The Inferno 3 , The Island , The Duel II , Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals 0 $20,000 6 Mark Long RR : First Adventure RW / RR Challenge , Battle of the Sexes , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Gauntlet 2 , The Duel II , Battle of the Exes RW / RR Challenge , Battle of the Sexes $80,184 6 Nany González RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III 0 $35,000 6 Shane Landrum RR : Campus Crawl Battle of the Sexes , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , Fresh Meat , Invasion of the Champions , Vendettas Final Reckoning 0 $0 6 Theresa González Fresh Meat II Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II 0 $35,500 6 Tyrie Ballard RW : Denver The Inferno 3 , The Gauntlet III , The Island , Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Rivals II 0 $0 6 Zach Nichols RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II , Invasion of the Champions , Vendettas Final Reckoning Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) $150,376 5 Brandon Nelson Fresh Meat II Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Free Agents 0 $0 5 Cory Wharton RW : Ex-Plosion Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas Final Reckoning 0 $63,750 5 Jasmine Reynaud RW : Cancun Rivals , Battle of the Exes , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents 0 $500 5 Jenna Compono RW : Ex-Plosion Battle of the Exes II , Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 Final Reckoning 0 $37,500 5 Jonna Mannion RW : Cancun Rivals , Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) , Rivals II , Free Agents , Battle of the Exes II 0 $0 5 Julie Stoffer RW : New Orleans Extreme Challenge , Battle of the Sexes , The Inferno , The Inferno II , The Gauntlet 2 Extreme Challenge $27,904 5 Laurel Stucky Fresh Meat II Fresh Meat II , Cutthroat , Rivals , Free Agents , Invasion of the Champions Free Agents $201,000 5 Mike Mizanin RW : Back to New York Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) , The Gauntlet , The Inferno , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) , The Inferno II $104,500 5 Ryan Kehoe Fresh Meat Fresh Meat , The Gauntlet III , The Island , The Duel II , Fresh Meat II 0 $0 5 Syrus Yarbrough RW : Boston Extreme Challenge , Battle of the Sexes , The Inferno , The Gauntlet 2 , The Ruins Extreme Challenge $28,333 5 Tina Barta RR : South Pacific The Gauntlet , Battle of the Sexes 2 , The Inferno II , Fresh Meat , The Duel 0 $25,000 5 Tony Raines RW : Skeletons Battle of the Bloodlines , Rivals III , Invasion of the Champions , XXX : Dirty 30 , Vendettas Final Reckoning 0 $0 Note : Challenge names in bold indicate those that the cast member competed in the final challenge . Cast members ( edit ) Main article : List of The Challenge ( TV series ) contestants Players with the most final Challenge prize money ( edit ) Note : This list includes players who have won a minimum of $ 100,000 , and is updated as of Vendettas . Place Cast member Original season Challenge wins / # of Challenges Total money won Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio RW : Key West 6 / 16 $682,793 Cara Maria Sorbello Fresh Meat II 2 / 11 $603,625 Jordan Wiseley RW : Portland 2 / 4 $583,000 Camila Nakagawa Spring Break Challenge 2 / 10 $561,250 5 Chris `` CT '' Tamburello RW : Paris 2 / 13 $264,750 6 Wes Bergmann RW : Austin 2 / 10 $248,000 7 Darrell Taylor RR : Campus Crawl 4 / 8 $240,555 8 Kenny Santucci Fresh Meat 3 / 8 $236,293 9 Derrick Kosinski RR : X-Treme 3 / 10 $211,293 10 Laurel Stucky Fresh Meat II 1 / 5 $201,000 11 Landon Lueck RW : Philadelphia 3 / 4 $184,166 12 Jodi Weatherton RR : X-Treme 2 / 3 $176,666 13 Sarah ( Rice ) Patterson RW : Brooklyn 2 / 9 $173,739 14 Evelyn Smith Fresh Meat 3 / 7 $167,000 15 Evan Starkman Fresh Meat 2 / 6 $151,293 16 Zach Nichols RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) 1 / 6 $150,376 17 Rachel Robinson RR : Campus Crawl 2 / 7 $135,555 18 Mike Mizanin RW : Back to New York 2 / 5 $129,500 19 Paula Meronek RW : Key West 2 / 10 $126,000 20 Aviv Melmed Fresh Meat 1 / 1 $125,000 21 Jamie Banks Battle of the Bloodlines 1 / 2 $125,000 22 Ashley Mitchell RW : Ex-Plosion 1 / 3 $121,250 23 Emily Schromm RW : DC 1 / 3 $104,000 24 Abram Boise RR : South Pacific 2 / 9 $102,500 25 Susie Meister RR : Down Under 2 / 4 $100,173 26 Carley Johnson Fresh Meat II 1 / 1 $100,000 ( show ) Every cast member who has competed on The Challenge . Cast Member Original Season Seasons ( W = Winner ; F = Finalist ; C = Cameo ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Abram Boise RR : South Pacific Ace Amerson RW : Paris Adam King RW : Paris Adam Kuhn AYTO ? 1 Adam Larson RR : The Quest Adam Royer RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Alex Smith RW : Denver Alicia Wright AYTO ? 5 Alton Williams RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Amanda Garcia AYTO ? 3 Amaya Brecher RW : Hawaii Anastasia Miller RW : Portland Aneesa Ferreira RW : Chicago Angel Turlington RR : Viewers ' Revenge Angela Trimbur RR : X-Treme Anika Rashaun RW Seattle : Bad Blood Anne Wharton RR : Northern Trail Anthony Bartolotte AYTO ? 2 Anthony Cuomo Battle of the Bloodlines Antoine de Bouverie RR : Europe Arissa Hill RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Ashley Kelsey RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Ashley Mitchell RW : Ex-Plosion Ashli Robson RW : Sydney Averey Tressler RW : Portland Aviv Melmed Fresh Meat Ayanna Mackins RR : Semester at Sea Ayiiia Elizarraras RW : Cancun Becky Blasband RW : New York Belou Den Tex RR : Europe Beth Stolarcyk RW : Los Angeles Blair Herter RR : The Quest Brad Fiorenza RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Brandon Nelson Fresh Meat II Brandon Swift RW : St. Thomas Brandon Tindel AYTO ? 2 Briana LaCuesta AYTO ? 2 Brianna Julig Battle of the Bloodlines Brianna Taylor RW : Hollywood Britni Thornton AYTO ? 3 Brittany Baldassari AYTO ? 1 Brittini Sherrod RW : Hollywood Brooke LaBarbera RW : Denver Bruno Bettencourt RW : Skeletons Cameran Eubanks RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Camila Nakagawa Spring Break Challenge Candice Fowler Battle of the Bloodlines Cara Zavaleta RR : South Pacific Cara Maria Sorbello Fresh Meat II Carley Johnson Fresh Meat II Carlos Jackson RR : USA 1 Casey Cooper Fresh Meat Chadwick Pelletier RR : Down Under Chanda Sneed Fresh Meat Chet Cannon RW : Brooklyn Cheyenne Floyd AYTO ? 3 Chris Graebe RR : South Pacific Chris Melling RR : Europe Chris `` CT '' Tamburello RW : Paris Christian Breivik RR : USA 2 Chris `` Ammo '' Ammon Hall RW : Go Big or Go Home CJ Koegel RW : Cancun Christina LeBlanc AYTO ? 2 Christina Pazsitzky RR : Down Under Christena Pyle RR : South Pacific Cohutta Grindstaff RW : Sydney Colie Edison RW : Denver Colin Mortensen RW : Hawaii Coral Smith RW : Back to New York Cory Wharton RW : Ex-Plosion Cynthia Roberts RW : Miami Dan Renzi RW : Miami Dan Setzler RR : Northern Trail Dan Walsh RR : Viewers ' Revenge Danny Dias RR : X-Treme Danny Jamieson RW : Austin Danny Roberts RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) Dario Medrano AYTO ? 2 Darrell Taylor RR : Campus Crawl Dave Giuntoli RR : South Pacific David `` Puck '' Rainey RW : San Francisco David Broom RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) David Burns RW : Seattle David Edwards RW : Los Angeles David Malinosky RW : Hollywood Davis Mallory RW : Denver Derek Chavez RW : Cancun Derek McCray RR : Viewers ' Revenge Derrick Henry AYTO ? 5 Derrick Kosinski RR : X-Treme Devin Walker - Molaghan AYTO ? 3 Devyn Simone RW : Brooklyn Diem Brown Fresh Meat Dunbar Flinn RW : Sydney Dustin Zito RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Edward `` Eddie '' Williams AYTO ? 5 Elka Walker RW : Boston Ellen Cho RR : The Quest Emilee Fitzpatrick RW : Cancun Emily Baily RR : USA 2 Emily Reese Battle of the Bloodlines Emily Schromm RW : DC Eric Banks Fresh Meat Eric Jones RR : Campus Crawl Eric Nies RW : New York Evan Starkman Fresh Meat Evelyn Smith Fresh Meat Flora Alekseyeun RW : Miami Frank Roessler RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Frank Sweeney RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Genesis Moss RW : Boston Gladys Sanabria RR : Latin America Hailey Chivers RW : Ex-Plosion Heather Cooke RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Heather Gardner RW : New York Heather Marter RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Holly Brentson RR : Maximum Velocity Tour Holly Shand RR : Latin America Hunter Barfield AYTO ? 3 Ibis Nieves RR : X-Treme Irulan Wilson RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Isaac Stout RW : Sydney Jacquese Smith RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Jake Bronstein RR : Islands James Orlando RR : Maximum Velocity Tour Jamie Banks Battle of the Bloodlines Jamie Chung RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Jamie Murray RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) Janelle Casanave RW : Key West Janet Choi RW : Seattle Jasmine Reynaud RW : Cancun Jason Cornwell RW : Boston Jay Mitchell RW : Ex-Plosion JD Ordoñez RW : Brooklyn Jeff Barr Fresh Meat II Jemmye Carroll RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Jenn Grijalva RW : Denver Jenna Compono RW : Ex-Plosion Jeremy Blossom RR : South Pacific Jesse Stark Fresh Meat Jessica McCain RW : Portland Jill Tuttle Battle of the Bloodlines Jillian Zoboroski RR : X-Treme Jisela Delgado RR : The Quest Jo Rhodes RW : San Francisco Jodi Weatherton RR : X-Treme Johanna Botta RW : Austin John `` JJ '' Jacobs AYTO ? 1 Johnnie McBride Fresh Meat Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio RW : Key West Johnny Reilly RW : Portland Jon Brennan RW : Los Angeles Jonna Mannion RW : Cancun Jordan Wiseley RW : Portland Josh Florence RR : Latin America Joss Mooney Ex on the Beach UK Julie Stoffer RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) Kailah Casillas RW : Go Big or Go Home Kalle Dedolph RR : Islands Kam Williams AYTO ? 5 Kameelah Phillips RW : Boston Karamo Brown RW : Philadelphia Kat Ogden RW : London Katelynn Cusanelli RW : Brooklyn Katie Doyle RR : The Quest Kayleigh Morris Ex on the Beach UK Kefla Hare RR : Down Under Kelley Limp RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) KellyAnne Judd RW : Sydney Kendal Sheppard RR : Campus Crawl Kenny Santucci Fresh Meat Kimberly Alexander RW : Hollywood Kina Dean RR : X-Treme Kyle Christie Geordie Shore Lacey Buehler RW : Austin Landon Lueck RW : Philadelphia Larissa Nakagawa Battle of the Bloodlines Laterian Wallace RR : Maximum Velocity Tour LaToya Jackson RW : St. Thomas Laura Waller RW : St. Thomas Laurel Stucky Fresh Meat II Leah Gillingwater RW : Paris Leroy Garrett RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Lindsay Brien RW : Seattle Linette Gallo Fresh Meat Lori Trespicio RW : Back to New York Luke Wolfe Fresh Meat II McKenzie Coburn RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Mallory Snyder RW : Paris Mandi Moyer Fresh Meat II Marie Roda RW : St. Thomas Mark Long RR : USA 1 Marlon Williams RW : Portland Matt Smith RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) Melinda Stolp RW : Austin Melissa Howard RW : New Orleans ( 2000 ) Melissa Reeves Ex on the Beach UK Michael Ross RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Michelle Parma RR : Europe Mike Boise Battle of the Bloodlines Mike Johnson RW : London Mike Lambert RW : Miami Mike Mizanin RW : Back to New York Mitch Reid Battle of the Bloodlines MJ Garrett RW : Philadelphia Montana McGlynn RW : Boston Naomi Defensor RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Nany González RW : Las Vegas ( 2011 ) Natalie Negrotti Big Brother 18 Nate Stodghill RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Nathan Blackburn RW : Seattle Nathan `` Nate '' Siebenmark AYTO ? 2 Nehemiah Clark RW : Austin Neil Forrester RW : London Nelson Thomas AYTO ? 3 Nia Moore RW : Portland Nick Brown RW : Hollywood Nick Haggart RR : X-Treme Nicole Ramos Battle of the Bloodlines Nicole Zanatta RW : Skeletons Noah Rickun RR : Northern Trail Noor Jehangir Fresh Meat II Norman Korpi RW : New York Paula Meronek RW : Key West Pete Connolly Fresh Meat II Piggy Thomas RR : Down Under Preston Charles RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Priscilla Mendez RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Rachel Braband RW : Back to New York Rachel Campos RW : San Francisco Rachel Moyal RW : Austin Rachel Robinson RR : Campus Crawl Randy Barry RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Raphy Medrano Battle of the Bloodlines Rebecca Lord RW : Seattle Rianna Polin Battle of the Bloodlines Robb Schreiber RW : St. Thomas Robin Hibbard RW : San Diego ( 2004 ) Rogan O'Connor Ex on the Beach UK Roni Martin RR : Northern Trail Ruthie Alcaide RW : Hawaii Ryan Kehoe Fresh Meat Ryan Knight RW : New Orleans ( 2010 ) Sam McGinn RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Sandy Kang Fresh Meat II Sarah Greyson RR : Campus Crawl Sarah ( Rice ) Patterson RW : Brooklyn Sean Duffy RW : Boston Shane Landrum RR : Campus Crawl Shane Raines Battle of the Bloodlines Sharon Gitau RW : London Shauvon Torres RW : Sydney Shavonda Bilingslea RW : Philadelphia Shawn Sealy RR : Semester at Sea Simone Kelly AYTO ? 1 Sophia Pasquis RR : The Quest Stephen Buell Battle of the Bloodlines Stephen Williams RW : Seattle Steve Meinke RR : The Quest Steven Hill RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Susie Meister RR : Down Under Svetlana Shusterman RW : Key West Sydney Walker Fresh Meat II Sylvia Elsrode RW : Skeletons Syrus Yarbrough RW : Boston Tara McDaniel RR : Northern Trail Teck Holmes RW : Hawaii Theo Bradley RW Seattle : Bad Blood Theo Gantt RW : Chicago Theo von Kurnatowski RR : Maximum Velocity Tour Theresa González Fresh Meat II Thomas Buell RW : Ex-Plosion Timmy Beggy RR : USA 2 Tina Barta RR : South Pacific Tony Raines RW : Skeletons Tonya Cooley RW : Chicago Tori Deal AYTO ? 4 Tori ( Hall ) Fiorenza RR : Viewers ' Revenge Trey Weatherholtz RW : St. Thomas Trishelle Cannatella RW : Las Vegas ( 2002 ) Ty Ruff RW : DC Tyler Duckworth RW : Key West Tyrie Ballard RW : Denver Veronica Portillo RR : Semester at Sea Victor Arroyo Big Brother 18 Vince Gliatta Battle of the Bloodlines Vinny Foti Fresh Meat II Wes Bergmann RW : Austin Yes Duffy RR : Semester at Sea Zach Mann RW : Key West Zach Nichols RW : San Diego ( 2011 ) Challenge records ( edit ) ( show ) Feat Male Cast Members Record Record Most Season Appearances Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 17 Aneesa Ferreira Cara Maria Sorbello 12 Most Seasons Won Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 6 Evelyn Smith Veronica Portillo Most Consecutive Seasons Won Darrell Taylor Jodi Weatherton Roni Martin Sarah Rice Veronica Portillo Most Consecutive Seasons Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 8 Cara Maria Sorbello Sarah Rice 7 Most Seasons Between Challenges Shane Landrum 16 Trishelle Cannatella 14 Longest Span of Seasons Shane Landrum 26 Veronica Portillo 29 Multiple Wins in the Same Format Abram Boise Inferno / Inferno III Paula Meronek Rivals / Rivals II Darrell Taylor Inferno / Inferno II Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio Rivals / Rivals III Most Seasons Before Winning Chris `` CT '' Tamburello 9 Cara Maria Sorbello Paula Meronek Sarah Rice 8 Most Appearances in a Final Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 8 Cara Maria Sorbello 6 Most Consecutive Appearances in a Final Kenny Santucci 6 Coral Smith Laurel Stucky Susie Meister Most Appearances in a Final Without Winning One Leroy Garrett Jenn Grijalva Most Challenges Without Appearing in a Final Danny Jamieson Shane Landrum Tyrie Ballard 6 Jasmine Reynaud Jonna Mannion 5 Most Challenges Without Winning a Final Leroy Garrett 9 Aneesa Ferreira 12 Most Seasons Without Ever Being Sent Home Jamie Murray Dan Setzler Susie Meister Most Elimination Wins in a Single Season Wes Bergmann 5 Casey Cooper Sarah Greyson 5 Most Consecutive Eliminations in a Single Season Wes Bergmann Casey Cooper Most Elimination Rounds in a Single Season Derrick Kosinski Wes Bergmann 5 Casey Cooper Sarah Greyson 5 Most Elimination Wins Wes Bergmann 13 Cara Maria Sorbello 12 Most Elimination Rounds Wes Bergmann 19 Cara Maria Sorbello Aneesa Ferreira 17 Most Consecutive Elimination Wins Wes Bergmann 8 Laurel Stucky 9 Most Elimination Losses Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio 9 Aneesa Ferreira 8 Most Challenges Without Winning an Elimination Round Danny Jamieson Tyrie Ballard 6 Melinda Stolp Most Finals Without Participating in an Elimination Round Chris `` CT '' Tamburello 5 Rachel Robinson Most Seasons Sent Home Without Formally Losing an Elimination Round Chris `` CT '' Tamburello Camila Nakagawa Most Money Won From a Single Season Jordan Wiseley $450,000 Camila Nakagawa $450,000 Most Money Won Johnny `` Bananas '' Devenanzio $680,793 Cara Maria Sorbello $604,051 Note : All feats are updated as of Vendettas . Locations ( edit ) The Challenge has been shot in many different countries around the world , as well as some taking place in North America . During seasons 1 , 4 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 30 and 31 , the cast traveled between several different countries . Rank Location Seasons visited United States 6 ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 , 9 ) Mexico 5 ( 5 , 8 , 10 , 15 , 28 ) Canada 3 ( 1 , 4 , 19 ) Thailand 3 ( 18 , 24 , 29 ) Argentina 3 ( 21 , 28 , 30 ) Czech Republic 3 ( 4 , 20 , 31 ) 6 New Zealand 2 ( 1 , 17 ) Panama 2 ( 16 , 26 ) Turkey 2 ( 23 , 27 ) Germany 2 ( 4 , 27 ) 11 United Kingdom 1 ( 4 ) Jamaica 1 ( 6 ) Trinidad and Tobago 1 ( 11 ) Australia 1 ( 12 ) Brazil 1 ( 13 ) South Africa 1 ( 14 , 32 ) Costa Rica 1 ( 21 ) Dominican Republic 1 ( 22 ) Iceland 1 ( 22 ) Namibia 1 ( 23 ) Uruguay 1 ( 25 ) Chile 1 ( 25 ) Norway 1 ( 26 ) Colombia 1 ( 30 ) Spain 1 ( 31 ) Gibraltar 1 ( 31 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MTV . `` The Challenge : Battle of the Exes 2 ( TV Series ) MTV '' . Challenge.mtv.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Remodeling TV Talent : Participation and Performance in MTV 's Real World ... - Hugh Phillips Curnutt - Google Books . Books.google.com . ISBN 9780549747185 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Real World / Road Rules : The Island -- TJ Lavin is Developing an Attitude Problem '' ( blog ) . wordpress . October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ MTV . `` The Challenge : Battle of the Exes 2 ( TV Series ) MTV '' . Challenge.mtv.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` MTV Spring Break 2010 '' . Mtv.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://people.com/tv/the-challenge-champs-vs-stars-cast-reveal/ Jump up ^ `` Daniel Booby Gibson And Hennessy Carolina Competing In MTV 's The Challenge Champs Vs Stars -- VH1 News '' . Vh1.com . November 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Preview of MTV series The Challenge : Champs vs. Pros '' . espn.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Champs vs Pros : Beloved Challenge Victors Set to Battle Top Athletes '' . Mtv.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Russian , Ale ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) . `` Cast Revealed ! Josh Murray , Shawn Johnson and More Stars to Compete in MTV 's The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Champs vs Stars filming '' . 2018 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Longeretta , Emily ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ' 2018 Cast and Promo Revealed '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Donnelly , Matthew Scott ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Underdogs Will Have Their Day When The Challenge Returns For Season 29 '' . MTV . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) MTV 's Official The Challenge website MTV. ca 's Official The Challenge website TV.com series reference page TVGuide.com series reference page The Challenge at TV.com Real World , Road Rules , and The Challenge Real World seasons New York Los Angeles San Francisco London Miami Boston Seattle Hawaii New Orleans Back to New York Chicago Las Vegas Paris San Diego Philadelphia Austin Key West Denver Reunited : Las Vegas Sydney Hollywood Brooklyn Cancun D.C. New Orleans ( 2010 ) Las Vegas ( 2011 ) San Diego ( 2011 ) St. Thomas Portland Ex-Plosion Skeletons Go Big or Go Home Seattle : Bad Blood Road Rules seasons USA -- The First Adventure USA -- The Second Adventure Europe Islands Northern Trail Down Under Latin America Semester at Sea Maximum Velocity Tour The Quest Campus Crawl South Pacific X-Treme Viewers ' Revenge The Challenge seasons Road Rules : All Stars Real World / Road Rules Challenge Challenge 2000 Extreme Challenge Battle of the Seasons ( 2002 ) Battle of the Sexes The Gauntlet The Inferno Battle of the Sexes 2 The Inferno II The Gauntlet 2 Fresh Meat The Duel The Inferno 3 The Gauntlet III The Island The Duel II The Ruins Spring Break Challenge Fresh Meat II Cutthroat Rivals Battle of the Exes Battle of the Seasons ( 2012 ) Rivals II Free Agents Battle of the Exes II Battle of the Bloodlines Rivals III Invasion of the Champions Champs vs. Pros XXX : Dirty 30 Champs vs. Stars ( season 2 ) Vendettas Champs vs. Stars ( season 3 ) Final Reckoning Related Bunim / Murray Productions Mary - Ellis Bunim Jonathan Murray MTV The Real World Movie : The Lost Season T.J. Lavin Diem Brown Pedro Real World Presents : Return to Duty List of Real World cast members List of The Challenge contestants Are You the One ? The Real World : Stockholm The Real World : Visby Big Brother ( U.S. ) Ex on the Beach Geordie Shore Ex on the Beach ( U.S. ) MTV original programming Current Music series MTV Unplugged ( since 1989 ) Total Request Live ( 1998 - 2008 ; since 2017 ) News True Life ( since 1998 ) Reality Catfish : The TV Show ( since 2012 ) MTV Cribs ( since 2000 ) ( now on MTV 's Snapchat Discover content ) Ex on the Beach ( upcoming 2018 ) Floribama Shore ( since 2017 ) Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ( since 2018 ) My Super Sweet 16 ( since 2005 ) Real World ( since 1992 ) Ridiculousness ( since 2011 ) Siesta Key ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom OG ( since 2009 ) Teen Mom 2 ( since 2011 ) Teen Mum ( since 2017 ) Teen Mom : Young and Pregnant ( since 2018 ) Competitive Are You the One ? 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( 2008 ) Rock the Cradle ( 2008 ) The Paper ( 2008 ) A Shot at Love II with Tila Tequila ( 2008 ) Legally Blonde : The Musical -- The Search for Elle Woods ( 2008 ) FNMTV ( 2008 ) From G 's to Gents ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Buzzin ' ( 2008 ) MTV 's Top Pop Group ( 2008 ) Paris Hilton 's My New BFF ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 50 Cent : The Money and the Power ( 2008 -- 2009 ) A Double Shot at Love ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Bromance ( 2008 -- 2009 ) The City ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Daddy 's Girls ( 2009 ) How 's Your News ? ( 2009 ) Rob Dyrdek 's Fantasy Factory ( 2009 -- 2015 ) The CollegeHumor Show ( 2009 ) T.I. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first episode of the challenge	[ "The Challenge (originally known as Road Rules: All Stars, followed by Real World/Road Rules Challenge) is a reality game show on MTV that is spun off from the network's two reality shows, Real World and Road Rules. It features alumni from these two shows, in addition to rookies and alumni from The Challenge, and alumni from Are You the One?, Big Brother (US), Ex on the Beach (UK and US), and Geordie Shore competing against one another for a cash prize.[1][2] The Challenge is currently hosted by T. J. Lavin. The series premiered on June 1, 1998. The title of the show was originally Road Rules: All Stars before it was renamed Real World/Road Rules Challenge by the show's 2nd season, then later abridged to simply The Challenge by the show's 19th season. The series initially used no hosts but instead a former cast member who had been kicked off his or her season, providing assignments as \"Mr.\" or \"Ms. Big\" (David \"Puck\" Rainey, David Edwards, and Gladys Sanabria served this role). Later on, however, the series began using hosts: Eric Nies and Mark Long co-hosted a season, and Jonny Moseley and Dave Mirra hosted various seasons before T. J. Lavin became the show's regular host by the 11th season." ]	[ "on June 1, 1998" ]
5617681120440447619	List of India One Day International cricket records	List of India One Day International cricket records - Wikipedia List of India One Day International cricket records Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of Indian Cricket team 's One - Day International Cricket Records , that is records of team and individual performances in ODI cricket . Records for Test cricket are to be found at List of Test cricket records . This list is based on the List of One - Day International cricket records . Contents ( hide ) 1 Listing Criteria 2 Listing Notation 3 Team records 3.1 Team wins , losses , and ties 3.1. 1 Matches played ( total ) 3.1. 2 Matches played ( by country ) 3.1. 3 First bilateral ODI series wins 3.2 Team scoring records 3.2. 1 Highest innings totals 3.2. 2 Highest match aggregate 3.2. 3 Highest runs in successful chasing 3.2. 4 Lowest innings totals 3.3 Highest win margins ( by runs ) 3.4 Lowest win margin ( by runs ) 4 Individual records 4.1 Individual records ( batting ) 4.1. 1 Most career runs 4.1. 2 Most runs in each batting position 4.1. 3 Highest career average 4.1. 4 Highest career strike rate 4.1. 5 Most career centuries 4.1. 6 Most career half - centuries 4.1. 7 Most career sixes 4.1. 8 Highest individual score 4.2 Individual records ( bowling ) 4.2. 1 Most career wickets 4.2. 2 Best bowling figures 4.2. 3 Best career averages 4.2. 4 Best career economy rate 4.2. 5 Best career strike rate 4.3 Individual records ( fielding ) 4.3. 1 Most catches in career 4.3. 2 Most runs in a calendar year 4.4 Individual records ( wicket - keeping ) 4.4. 1 Most dismissals in career 4.5 Individual records ( other ) 4.5. 1 Most matches played in career 4.5. 2 Most matches played as captain 4.5. 3 Most matches won as captain 5 Partnership records 5.1 Highest partnerships ( by runs ) 5.2 Highest partnerships ( by wicket ) 6 See also 7 References Listing Criteria ( edit ) Here are the records : for India Listing notation ( edit ) Team Notation ( 300 - 3 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs for three wickets and the innings was closed , either due to a successful run chase or if no overs remained ( or are able ) to be bowled . ( 300 ) indicates that a team scored 300 runs and was all out , either by losing all ten wickets or by having one or more batsmen unable to bat and losing the remaining wickets . Batting Notation ( 100 ) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was out . ( 100 * ) indicates that a batsman scored 100 runs and was not out . Bowling Notation ( 5 - 25 ) indicates that a bowler has captured 5 wickets while giving away 25 runs . Currently playing Record holders who are currently playing ODIs ( i.e. their record details listed could change ) are shown in bold . Team records ( edit ) Team wins , losses , and ties ( edit ) Matches played ( total ) ( edit ) Team Matches Won Lost Tied No Result % Won India 939 483 409 7 40 54.06 Note : Win percentage excludes no result matches and counts ties as half wins i.e. ( won ÷ ( matches - noresult ) × 100 ) . Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 8 February 2018 . Matches played ( by country ) ( edit ) Opponent Matches Won Lost Tied No Result % Won First Last ICC Full Members Afghanistan 0 0 0 100.00 2014 2014 Australia 128 45 73 0 10 38.13 1980 2017 Bangladesh 33 27 5 0 84.37 1988 2017 England 96 52 39 56.98 2017 Ireland 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2015 New Zealand 101 51 44 5 53.64 2017 Pakistan 129 52 73 0 41.60 1978 2017 South Africa 83 34 46 0 42.50 1988 2018 Sri Lanka 158 90 56 11 61.56 1979 2017 West Indies 121 56 61 47.88 1979 2017 Zimbabwe 63 51 10 0 82.53 2016 Others Bermuda 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007 East Africa 0 0 0 100.00 Hong Kong 0 0 0 100.00 2008 2008 Kenya 13 11 0 0 84.61 Namibia 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2003 Netherlands 0 0 0 100.00 2003 2011 Scotland 0 0 0 100.00 2007 2007 United Arab Emirates 0 0 0 100.00 1994 2015 Total 939 483 409 7 40 54.11 2018 Statistics are correct as of India v South Africa at SuperSport Park , Centurion , 16 February 2018 . First bilateral ODI series wins ( edit ) Opponent Year of first Home win Year of first Away win Australia 1986 -- Bangladesh -- England 2006 New Zealand 1988 2009 Pakistan South Africa 1991 2018 Sri Lanka 1982 2008 West Indies 1994 2002 Zimbabwe Team scoring records ( edit ) Highest innings totals ( edit ) Rank Score Opponent Venue Date Scorecard 418 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) West Indies Indore 8 December 2011 Scorecard 414 -- 7 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka Rajkot 15 December 2009 Scorecard 413 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) Bermuda Port of Spain 19 March 2007 Scorecard 404 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka Kolkata 13 November 2014 Scorecard 5 401 -- 3 ( 50 overs ) South Africa Gwalior 24 February 2010 Scorecard 6 392 -- 4 ( 50 overs ) New Zealand Christchurch 6 March 2009 Scorecard 7 392 -- 4 ( 50 overs ) Sri Lanka Mohali 13 December 2017 Scorecard 8 387 -- 5 ( 50 overs ) England Rajkot 14 November 2008 Scorecard 9 383 -- 6 ( 50 overs ) Australia Bengaluru 2 November 2013 Scorecard 10 381 -- 6 ( 50 overs ) England Cuttack 9 January 2017 Scorecard Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 12 January 2018 . Highest match aggregate ( edit ) Score Teams Venue Date Score card 825 - 15 ( 100 overs ) India ( 414 - 7 ) v Sri Lanka ( 411 - 8 ) Rajkot 15 December 2009 Scorecard 747 - 14 ( 100 overs ) India ( 381 - 6 ) v England ( 366 - 8 ) Cuttack 19 January 2017 Scorecard 726 - 14 ( 95.1 overs ) New Zealand ( 334 - 10 ) v India ( 392 - 4 ) Christchurch 8 March 2009 Scorecard 721 - 6 ( 93.3 overs ) India ( 362 - 1 ) v Australia ( 359 - 5 ) Jaipur 16 October 2013 Scorecard 709 - 16 ( 95.1 overs ) India ( 383 - 6 ) v Australia ( 326 - 10 ) Bengaluru 2 November 2013 Scorecard Note : teams are shown in batting order . Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 9 July 2017 Highest runs in successful chasing ( edit ) Score Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 362 - 1 ( 43.3 overs ) Australia Jaipur 16 October 2013 Scorecard 356 - 7 ( 48.1 overs ) England Pune 15 January 2017 Scorecard 351 - 4 ( 49.3 overs ) Australia Nagpur 30 October 2013 Scorecard 331 - 4 ( 49.4 overs ) Australia Sydney 23 January 2016 Scorecard 330 - 4 ( 47.5 overs ) Pakistan Dhaka 18 March 2012 Scorecard Source : Cricinfo.com . Last updated : 9 July 2017 Lowest innings totals ( edit ) Score Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 54 ( 26.3 overs ) Sri Lanka Sharjah 29 October 2000 Scorecard 63 ( 25.5 overs ) Australia Sydney 8 January 1981 Scorecard 78 ( 24.1 overs ) Sri Lanka Kanpur 24 December 1986 Scorecard 79 ( 34.2 overs ) Pakistan Sialkot 13 October 1978 Scorecard 88 ( 29.3 overs ) New Zealand Dambulla 10 August 2010 Scorecard Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 9 July 2017 Highest win margins ( by runs ) ( edit ) Margin Target Opposition Ground Match date 257 runs 414 v Bermuda Port of Spain 19 Mar 2007 256 runs 375 v Hong Kong Karachi 25 Jun 2008 200 runs 277 v Bangladesh Dhaka 11 Apr 2003 190 runs 270 v New Zealand Visakhapatnam 29 Oct 2016 186 runs 352 v Kenya Paarl 24 Oct 2001 Lowest win margin ( by runs ) ( edit ) Margin Target Opposition Ground Match date 1 run 222 v New Zealand Wellington 6 Mar 1990 1 run 213 v Sri Lanka Colombo ( RPS ) 25 Jul 1993 1 run 299 v South Africa Jaipur 21 Feb 2010 1 run 191 v South Africa Johannesburg 15 Jan 2011 Individual records ( edit ) Individual records ( batting ) ( edit ) Most career runs ( edit ) Runs Batsman Matches Innings Not Out Average ODI Career Span 18,426 Sachin Tendulkar 463 452 41 44.83 1989 -- 2012 11,221 Sourav Ganguly 308 297 23 40.95 1992 -- 2007 10,768 Rahul Dravid 340 314 39 39.15 1996 -- 2011 9,793 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 314 269 77 51.00 2004 -- present 9,588 Virat Kohli 206 198 35 58.11 2008 -- present 9,378 Mohammad Azharuddin 334 308 54 36.92 1985 -- 2000 8,609 Yuvraj Singh 301 275 39 36.47 2000 -- 2017 7,995 Virender Sehwag 241 235 9 35.37 1999 -- 2013 6,424 Rohit Sharma 174 168 26 45.23 2007 -- present 5,568 Suresh Raina 223 192 35 35.46 2005 -- present Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 10 January 2018 . Most runs in each batting position ( edit ) Batting Position Batsman Innings Runs Average ODI Career Span Opener Sachin Tendulkar 340 15,310 48.30 1989 -- 2012 Number 3 Virat Kohli 142 6,937 58.29 2008 -- present Number 4 Mohammad Azharuddin 137 4,605 40.39 1985 -- 2000 Number 5 Yuvraj Singh 92 3,040 39.48 2000 -- present Number 6 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 121 3,931 46.80 2004 -- present Number 7 Kapil Dev 75 1,499 24.18 1978 -- 1994 Number 8 Ajit Agarkar 59 679 14.76 1998 -- 2007 Number 9 Harbhajan Singh 36 468 17.33 1998 -- present Number 10 Zaheer Khan 44 416 15.41 2000 -- 2012 Number 11 Venkatesh Prasad 42 121 5.76 1994 -- 2001 Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 13 December 2017 Highest career average ( edit ) Batting Average Batsman Innings Career Runs ODI Career Span 58.14 Virat Kohli 198 9,588 2008 -- present 51.58 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 265 9,724 2004 -- present 50.23 Ambati Rayudu 30 1,055 2013 -- present 45.86 Shikhar Dhawan 100 4,309 2010 -- present 45.23 Rohit Sharma 168 6,424 2007 -- present 44.83 Sachin Tendulkar 452 18,426 1989 -- 2012 41.94 Kedar Jadhav 26 797 2014 -- present 40.95 Sourav Ganguly 297 11,221 1992 -- 2007 39.68 Gautam Gambhir 143 5,238 2003 -- present 39.15 Rahul Dravid 314 10,768 1996 -- 2011 Qualification : Minimum of 20 innings . Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 10 January 2018 Highest career strike rate ( edit ) Strike Rate Batsman Career Runs Balls Faced ODI Career Span 118.73 Hardik Pandya 602 507 2016 -- present 113.60 Yusuf Pathan 810 713 2008 -- 2012 109.32 Kedar Jadhav 797 729 2014 -- present 104.44 Virender Sehwag 7,995 7,655 1999 -- 2013 95.07 Kapil Dev 3,783 3,979 1978 -- 1994 Qualification : 500 balls faced . Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 13 December 2017 . Most career centuries ( edit ) Centuries Batsman Innings Career Runs ODI Career Span 49 Sachin Tendulkar 452 18,426 1989 -- 2012 35 Virat Kohli 198 9,588 2008 -- present 22 Sourav Ganguly 297 11,221 1992 -- 2007 17 Rohit Sharma 167 6,417 2007 -- present 15 Virender Sehwag 235 7,995 1999 -- 2013 14 Yuvraj Singh 275 8,609 2000 -- present 12 Shikhar Dhawan 95 4,038 2010 -- present Rahul Dravid 314 10,768 1996 -- 2011 11 Gautam Gambhir 143 5,238 2003 -- present 9 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 269 9,793 2004 -- present 7 Mohammad Azharuddin 308 9,378 1985 -- 2000 Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 12 January 2018 Most career half - centuries ( edit ) Half Centuries Batsman Innings Career Runs ODI Career Span 96 Sachin Tendulkar 452 18,426 1989 -- 2012 82 Rahul Dravid 314 10,768 1996 -- 2011 71 Sourav Ganguly 297 11,221 1992 -- 2007 67 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 265 9,724 2004 -- present 58 Mohammad Azharuddin 308 9,378 1985 -- 2000 52 Yuvraj Singh 275 8,609 2000 -- present 46 Virat Kohli 194 9345 2008 -- present 37 Virender Sehwag 235 7,995 1999 -- 2013 36 Suresh Raina 192 5,568 2005 -- present Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 13 December 2017 . Most career sixes ( edit ) Sixes Batsman Innings Career Runs ODI Career Span 209 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 265 9,724 2004 -- present 195 Sachin Tendulkar 452 18,426 1989 -- 2012 189 Sourav Ganguly 297 11,221 1992 -- 2007 163 Rohit Sharma 168 6,424 2007 -- present 153 Yuvraj Singh 275 8,609 2000 -- present Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 17 December 2017 . Highest individual score ( edit ) Runs Batsman Balls Faced Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 264 Rohit Sharma 173 Sri Lanka Kolkata 13 November 2014 Scorecard 219 Virender Sehwag 149 West Indies Indore 8 December 2011 Scorecard 209 Rohit Sharma 158 Australia Bengaluru 2 November 2013 Scorecard 208 * Rohit Sharma 153 Sri Lanka Mohali 13 December 2017 Scorecard 200 * Sachin Tendulkar 147 South Africa Gwalior 24 February 2010 Scorecard Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 13 December 2017 Individual records ( bowling ) ( edit ) Most career wickets ( edit ) Wickets Bowler Matches Bowling Average ODI Career Span 334 Anil Kumble 269 30.83 1990 -- 2007 315 Javagal Srinath 229 28.08 1991 -- 2003 288 Ajit Agarkar 191 27.85 1998 -- 2007 269 Zaheer Khan 194 30.11 2000 -- 2012 265 Harbhajan Singh 234 33.47 1998 -- 2015 Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 3 July 2017 . Best bowling figures ( edit ) Figures Bowler Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 6 / 4 ( 4.4 overs ) Stuart Binny Bangladesh Dhaka 17 June 2014 Scorecard 6 / 12 ( 6.1 overs ) Anil Kumble West Indies Kolkata 27 November 1993 Scorecard 6 / 23 ( 10.0 overs ) Ashish Nehra England Durban 26 February 2003 Scorecard 6 / 27 ( 10.0 overs ) Murali Kartik Australia Mumbai 17 October 2007 Scorecard 6 / 42 ( 9.3 overs ) Ajit Agarkar Australia Melbourne 9 January 2004 Scorecard Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 3 July 2017 . Best career averages ( edit ) Average Bowler Matches Wickets ODI Career Span 25.37 Mohammed Shami 50 91 2013 -- present 27.45 Kapil Dev 225 253 1978 -- 1994 27.85 Ajit Agarkar 191 288 1998 -- 2007 28.08 Javagal Srinath 229 315 1991 -- 2003 28.87 Manoj Prabhakar 130 157 1984 -- 1996 Qualification : 2000 balls bowled . Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 1 October 2017 . Best career economy rate ( edit ) Economy rate Bowler Matches Balls Bowled ODI career span 3.71 Kapil Dev 225 11,202 1978 -- 1994 3.95 Maninder Singh 59 3,133 1983 -- 1993 4.05 Madan Lal 67 3,164 1974 -- 1987 4.21 Ravi Shastri 150 6,613 1981 -- 1992 4.27 Manoj Prabhakar 130 6,360 1984 -- 1996 Qualification : 2000 balls bowled . Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 3 July 2017 . Best career strike rate ( edit ) Strike rate Bowler Matches Wickets ODI Career Span 27.7 Mohammed Shami 50 91 2013 -- present 32.4 Ishant Sharma 80 115 2007 -- 2016 32.5 Umesh Yadav 71 102 2010 -- present 32.9 Ajit Agarkar 191 288 1998 -- 2007 33.0 Shanthakumaran Sreesanth 53 75 2005 -- 2011 Qualification : 2000 balls bowled . Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 1 October 2017 . Individual records ( fielding ) ( edit ) Most catches in career ( edit ) Catches Fielder Matches ODI Career Span 156 Mohammad Azharuddin 334 1985 -- 2000 140 Sachin Tendulkar 463 1989 -- 2012 124 Rahul Dravid 340 1996 -- 2011 100 Suresh Raina 223 2005 -- present 100 Virat Kohli 208 2008 - present Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 3 July 2017 . Most runs in a calendar year ( edit ) Runs Innings Player Year 1894 33 Sachin Tendulkar 1998 1767 41 Sourav Ganguly 1999 1761 43 Rahul Dravid 1999 1611 32 Sachin Tendulkar 1579 32 Sourav Ganguly 2000 Last updated : 15 February 2016 Individual records ( wicket - keeping ) ( edit ) Most dismissals in career ( edit ) Dismissals Wicket - Keeper Catches Stumpings Innings ODI Career Span 397 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 293 104 314 2004 -- present 154 Nayan Mongia 110 44 139 1994 -- 2000 90 Kiran More 63 27 93 1984 -- 1993 86 Rahul Dravid 72 14 72 1996 -- 2011 39 Parthiv Patel 30 9 25 2003 -- 2012 Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 8 February 2018 . Individual records ( other ) ( edit ) Most matches played in career ( edit ) Matches Player Runs Wickets ODI Career Span 463 Sachin Tendulkar 18,426 154 1989 -- 2012 340 Rahul Dravid 10,768 1996 -- 2011 334 Mohammad Azharuddin 9,378 12 1985 -- 2000 314 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 9,793 2004 -- present 308 Sourav Ganguly 11,221 100 1992 -- 2007 Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 17 December 2017 . Most matches played as captain ( edit ) Matches Player Won Lost Tied No Result Win Percentage Captaincy Period 199 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 110 74 11 59.57 2007 -- 2016 174 Mohammad Azharuddin 90 76 6 54.16 1990 -- 1999 146 Sourav Ganguly 76 65 0 5 53.90 1999 -- 2005 79 Rahul Dravid 42 33 0 56.00 2000 -- 2007 74 Kapil Dev 39 33 0 54.16 1982 -- 1987 Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 3 July 2017 . Most matches won as captain ( edit ) Won Player Match Lost Tied No Result Win / Loss Ratio Captaincy Period 110 Mahendra Singh Dhoni 199 74 11 1.486 2007 -- 2017 90 Mohammad Azharuddin 174 76 6 1.184 1990 -- 1999 76 Sourav Ganguly 146 65 0 5 1.169 1999 -- 2005 42 Rahul Dravid 79 33 0 1.272 2000 -- 2007 39 Kapil Dev 74 33 0 1.181 1982 -- 1987 Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 20 August 2017 . Partnership records ( edit ) Highest partnerships ( by runs ) ( edit ) Runs Partnership Players Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 331 2nd wicket Sachin Tendulkar & Rahul Dravid New Zealand Hyderabad 8 November 1999 Scorecard 318 2nd wicket Sourav Ganguly & Rahul Dravid Sri Lanka Taunton 26 May 1999 Scorecard 275 * 4th wicket Mohammad Azharuddin & Ajay Jadeja Zimbabwe Cuttack 9 April 1998 Scorecard 258 1st wicket Sourav Ganguly & Sachin Tendulkar Kenya Paarl 24 October 2001 Scorecard 256 4th wicket Yuvraj Singh & Mahendra Singh Dhoni England Cuttack 19 January 2017 Scorecard Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 3 July 2017 . Highest partnerships ( by wicket ) ( edit ) Partnership Runs Players Opposition Venue Date Scorecard 1st wicket 258 Sourav Ganguly & Sachin Tendulkar Kenya Paarl 24 October 2001 Scorecard 2nd wicket 331 Sachin Tendulkar & Rahul Dravid New Zealand Hyderabad 8 November 1999 Scorecard 3rd wicket 237 * Rahul Dravid & Sachin Tendulkar Kenya Bristol 23 May 1999 Scorecard 4th wicket 275 * Mohammad Azharuddin & Ajay Jadeja Zimbabwe Cuttack 9 April 1998 Scorecard 5th wicket 223 Mohammad Azharuddin & Ajay Jadeja Sri Lanka Colombo 17 August 1997 Scorecard 6th wicket 160 Ambati Rayudu & Stuart Binny Zimbabwe Harare 10 July 2015 Scorecard 7th wicket 125 * Mahendra Singh Dhoni & Ravichandran Ashwin Pakistan Chennai 30 December 2012 Scorecard 8th wicket 100 * Mahendra Singh Dhoni & Bhuvneshwar Kumar Sri Lanka Pallekele 24 August 2017 Scorecard 9th wicket 126 * Kapil Dev & Syed Kirmani Zimbabwe Tunbridge Wells 18 June 1983 Scorecard 10th wicket 64 Harbhajan Singh & Lakshmipathy Balaji England London 3 September 2004 Scorecard Source : Cricinfo . Last updated : 24 August 2017 . See also ( edit ) Cricket portal List of One Day International cricket records List of India Test cricket records List of India Twenty20 International records References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Records / India / One - Day Internationals / Result summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records / One - Day Internationals / Team records / Results summary '' . ESPNcricinfo . Retrieved 11 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Records -- One - Day Internationals -- Team records -- Most runs in a calendar year '' . Cricinfo . ESPN . Retrieved 4 January 2013 . Cricket records Test records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Ireland New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Triple centuries Centuries in both innings Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Five - wicket hauls on debut Double five - wicket hauls on debut Hat - tricks ODI records By team Australia Bangladesh England India New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Most career runs Highest individual scores Double centuries Centuries on debut Bowling Most career wickets Hat - tricks Five - wicket haul on debut T20I records By team Australia Bangladesh England India Nepal New Zealand Pakistan Sri Lanka South Africa West Indies Zimbabwe Batting Centuries Bowling Five - wicket hauls Hat - tricks Miscellaneous records International Centuries Career Five Wicket Hauls 100 wickets in a season Wicket with first ball World Cup records First - class records Batsmen with 100 FC centuries FC quadruple centuries Ranji Trophy List - A records Centuries by ground Five - wicket hauls by ground Twenty20 records Under - 19 records Women 's cricket Test records ODI records T20I records Test centuries ODI centuries T20I centuries Hat - tricks Cricket in India Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) National teams India India A U-19 Women Blind Zonal teams Central East North South West State teams Andhra Assam Baroda Bengal Chhattisgarh Delhi Gujarat Goa Haryana Himachal Pradesh Hyderabad Jammu & Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mumbai Odisha Punjab Railways Rajasthan Saurashtra Services ( M ) Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Vidarbha Tournaments First - class Ranji Trophy Duleep Trophy Irani Cup Senior women 's cricket inter zonal three day game One Day Vijay Hazare Trophy Deodhar Trophy BCCI Corporate Trophy Senior women 's challenger trophy Senior women 's one day league NKP Salve Challenger Trophy ( defunct ) Twenty20 Indian Premier League Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy Senior women 's T20 league Other Rohinton Baria Trophy Cooch Behar Trophy Celebrity Cricket League Indian Cricket League ( defunct ) BCCI Presidents Members Selectors Awards Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi Memorial Lecture National Cricket Academy Lists Captains Test wicket - keepers ODI wicket - keepers International grounds Test records ODI records T20I records Others History India -- Pakistan cricket rivalry Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_India_One_Day_International_cricket_records&oldid=843163529 '' Categories : One Day International cricket records Lists of Indian cricket records and statistics Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Use Indian English from July 2013 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 09 : 17 . About Wikipedia	list of fastest half century in odi by indian	[]	[]
-7861182118577476880	List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants/country: L-M-N-O	List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants / country : l-m-n-o - wikipedia List of towns and cities with 100,000 or more inhabitants / country : l-m-n-o This is a list of towns and cities in the world in alphabetical order beginning with letters L , M , N and O , by country believed to have 100,000 or more inhabitants . Unless otherwise noted , populations are based on 2006 United Nations estimates . Contents 1 Laos 2 Latvia 3 Lebanon 4 Lesotho 5 Liberia 6 Libya 7 Lithuania 8 Luxembourg 9 Macedonia 10 Madagascar 11 Malawi 12 Malaysia 13 Mali 14 Martinique 15 Mauritania 16 Mauritius 17 Mexico 18 Republic of Moldova 19 Mongolia 20 Montenegro 21 Morocco 22 Mozambique 23 Namibia 24 Nepal 25 Netherlands 26 New Zealand 27 Nicaragua 28 Niger 29 Nigeria 30 North Korea 31 Norway 32 Oman 33 See also 34 References Index By country name : A-B C D-E-F G-H-I-J-K L-M-N-O P-Q-R-S T-U-V-W X-Y-Z By city name : A B C - Ç D E F G H I - İ J K L M N O - Ö P Q R S - Ş T U-Ü V W X Y Z Laos ( edit ) Rank City Region Population ( 2015 ) 1 Vientiane Nakhon Luang Viengchan 620,157 Latvia ( edit ) Rank City Region Population 1 Riga Riga 641,423 Lebanon ( edit ) Beirut Tripoli , Lebanon Lesotho ( edit ) Maseru Liberia ( edit ) Monrovia Libya ( edit ) Ajdabiya Benghazi Khoms Misrata Sabha Tripoli Zawiya Lithuania ( edit ) Kaunas Klaipėda Šiauliai Vilnius Luxembourg ( edit ) Luxembourg Macedonia ( edit ) Skopje Madagascar ( edit ) Antananarivo Malawi ( edit ) Blantyre - Limbe Lilongwe Malaysia ( edit ) Alor Setar Batu Pahat George Town , Penang Ipoh Johor Bahru Kajang Klang Kluang Kota Bharu Kota Kinabalu Kuala Lumpur Kuala Terengganu Kuantan Kuching Kulai Malacca City Petaling Jaya Sandakan Selayang Baru Seremban Shah Alam Sibu Sungai Petani Taiping Mali ( edit ) Bamako Martinique ( edit ) Fort - de-France Mauritania ( edit ) Nouakchott Mauritius ( edit ) Beau Bassin Port Louis Mexico ( edit ) Main article : List of cities in Mexico Acapulco Aguascalientes Apodaca Buenavista Campeche Cancún Celaya Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias Chetumal Chicoloapan de Juárez Chihuahua Chilpancingo Chimalhuacán Ciudad Acuña Ciudad Cuauhtémoc Ciudad del Carmen Juárez Ciudad López Mateos Ciudad Madero Nezahualcóyotl Ciudad Nicolás Romero Ciudad Obregón Ciudad Valles Ciudad Victoria Coacalco de Berriozábal Coatzacoalcos Colima Córdoba Cuautitlán Izcalli Cuautitlán Cuautla Cuernavaca Culiacán Delicias Durango Ecatepec Ensenada Fresnillo General Escobedo Gómez Palacio Guadalajara Guadalupe Guadalupe Guaymas Hermosillo Iguala Irapuato Ixtapaluca Jiutepec Ciudad Benito Juárez La Paz León Los Mochis Manzanillo Matamoros Mazatlán Mérida Mexicali Mexico City Minatitlán Miramar Monclova Monterrey Morelia Naucalpan Navojoa Nogales Nuevo Laredo Oaxaca Ojo de Agua Orizaba Pachuca Hidalgo del Parral Piedras Negras Playa del Carmen Poza Rica Puebla Puerto Vallarta Querétaro Reynosa Salamanca Saltillo San Cristóbal de las Casas San Juan Bautista Tuxtepec San Juan del Río San Luis Potosí San Luis Río Colorado San Nicolás de los Garza San Pablo de las Salinas San Pedro Garza García Santa Catarina Soledad de Graciano Sánchez Tampico Tapachula Tehuacán Tepexpan Tepic Texcoco Tijuana Tlalnepantla Tlaquepaque Toluca Tonalá Torreón Tulancingo Tuxtla Gutiérrez Uruapan Veracruz Ciudad de Villa de Álvarez Villahermosa Xalapa Xico Zacatecas Zamora Zapopan Republic of Moldova ( edit ) Bălți 102,000 Chișinău 493,000 Tiraspol 129,000 Mongolia ( edit ) Ulaanbaatar Montenegro ( edit ) Podgorica Morocco ( edit ) Agadir Beni Mellal Casablanca El Jadida Fes Khouribga Kenitra Marrakech Meknes Mohammedia Nador Oujda Rabat Safi Salé Tangier Tétouan Mozambique ( edit ) Beira Cuamba Chimoio Gurúè Lichinga Maputo Matola Maxixe Nacala Nampula Pemba Quelimane Tete Xai - Xai Namibia ( edit ) Windhoek Nepal ( edit ) Bharatpur Bheemdatta Birendranagar Birgunj Biratnagar Budhanilkantha Butwal Dhangadhi Dharan Ghorahi Gokarneshwor Hetauda Itahari Janakpur Jeetpur - Simara Kalaiya Kathmandu Lalitpur Mechinagar Nepalgunj Pokhara - Lekhnath Tilottama Tulsipur Netherlands ( edit ) Alkmaar Almere Amersfoort Amsterdam Apeldoorn Arnhem Breda Dordrecht Eindhoven Emmen Enschede Haarlem Heerlen Groningen The Hague Leeuwarden Leiden Maastricht Nijmegen Rotterdam Tilburg Utrecht Zaanstad Zoetermeer Zwolle ' s - Hertogenbosch New Zealand ( edit ) Auckland Christchurch Dunedin Hamilton Tauranga Wellington Nicaragua ( edit ) Chinandega Granada , Nicaragua León Managua Masaya Niger ( edit ) Maradi Niamey Zinder Tillabery Agadez Diffa Tahoua Dosso Nigeria ( edit ) Abia Abeokuta Abuja Ado Ekiti Akure Awka Benin City Bida Calabar Enugu Gusau Harcourt Ibadan Ife Iighom Ijebu Ode Ikare Ikorodu Ilesha Ilorin Iseyin Iwo Jos Kaduna Kano Katsina Kumo Lafia Lagos Maiduguri Makurdi Minna Offa Ogbomosho Ondo Onitsha Orlu Oshogbo Owo Oyo Sapele Shagamu Shaki Sokoto Warri Zaria North Korea ( edit ) Chongjin Haeju Hamhung Hyesan Kaesong Kanggye Nampho Pyongsong Pyongyang Sariwon Sinuiju Wonsan Norway ( edit ) Rank City Region Population ( 2017 ) 1 Oslo Oslo 666,759 2 Bergen Hordaland 278,556 3 Trondheim Sør - Trøndelag 190,464 4 Stavanger Rogaland 132,729 5 Bærum Akershus 124,008 Oman ( edit ) Muscat See also ( edit ) World largest cities References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Government of Mexico ( in Spanish ) 2014 United Nations Demographic Yearbook ( Table 8 : Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants : latest available year , 1995 - 2014 ) United Nations Statistics Division , accessed 15 November 2016 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_towns_and_cities_with_100,000_or_more_inhabitants/country:_L-M-N-O&oldid=835990044 '' Categories : Geography - related lists Lists of cities by demography Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Lietuvių Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 00 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	all cities in the world in alphabetical order	[]	[]
-3607964270258696462	A League of Their Own	A League of Their Own - Wikipedia A League of Their Own Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1992 film . For other uses , see A League of Their Own ( disambiguation ) . A League of Their Own Theatrical release poster Directed by Penny Marshall Produced by Elliot Abbott Robert Greenhut Screenplay by Lowell Ganz Babaloo Mandel Story by Kelly Candaele Kim Wilson Starring Tom Hanks Geena Davis Madonna Lori Petty Jon Lovitz David Strathairn Garry Marshall Bill Pullman Music by Hans Zimmer Cinematography Miroslav Ondricek Edited by George Bowers Production company Parkway Productions Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date July 1 , 1992 ( 1992 - 07 - 01 ) Running time 128 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $40 million Box office $132.4 million A League of Their Own is a 1992 American sports comedy - drama film that tells a fictionalized account of the real - life All - American Girls Professional Baseball League ( AAGPBL ) . Directed by Penny Marshall , the film stars Geena Davis , Tom Hanks , Madonna , and Lori Petty . The screenplay was written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel from a story by Kelly Candaele and Kim Wilson . In 2012 , A League of Their Own was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Rockford Peaches 2.2 Others 3 Production 4 Reception 5 Soundtrack 6 20th anniversary 7 Television series 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1988 , Dottie Hinson ( Geena Davis ) attends the opening of the new All - American Girls Professional Baseball League ( AAGPBL ) exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame . She sees many of her former teammates and friends , prompting a flashback to 1943 . When World War II threatens to shut down Major League Baseball , candy magnate and Cubs owner Walter Harvey ( Garry Marshall ) persuades his fellow owners to bankroll a women 's league . Ira Lowenstein ( David Strathairn ) is put in charge , and Ernie Capadino ( Jon Lovitz ) is sent out to recruit players . Capadino attends an industrial - league softball game in rural Oregon and likes what he sees in Dottie , the catcher for a local dairy 's team . Dottie turns down Capadino 's offer , happy with her simple farm life while waiting for her husband Bob ( Bill Pullman ) to come back from the war . Her sister and teammate , Kit ( Lori Petty ) , however , is desperate to get away and make something of herself . Capadino is not impressed by Kit 's hitting performance , but agrees to take her along if she can change Dottie 's mind . Dottie agrees , but only for her sister 's sake . Dottie and Kit head out to Harvey Field in Chicago for the tryout . There they meet a pair of New Yorkers , taxi dancer `` All the Way '' Mae Mordabito ( Madonna ) and her best friend , bouncer Doris Murphy ( Rosie O'Donnell ) , along with soft - spoken right fielder Evelyn Gardner ( Bitty Schram ) , illiterate , shy left fielder Shirley Baker ( Ann Cusack ) , pitcher / shortstop and former Miss Georgia beauty queen Ellen Sue Gotlander ( Freddie Simpson ) , gentle left field / relief pitcher Betty `` Spaghetti '' Horn ( Tracy Reiner ) , homely second baseman Marla Hooch ( Megan Cavanagh ) , who was scouted by Ernie , Dottie and Kit in Fort Collins , Colorado , first baseman Helen Haley ( Anne Ramsay ) , and Saskatchewan native Alice `` Skeeter '' Gaspers ( Renée Coleman ) . They and eight others are selected to form the Rockford Peaches , while 48 others are split among the Racine Belles , Kenosha Comets , and South Bend Blue Sox . The Peaches are managed by Jimmy Dugan ( Tom Hanks ) , a former marquee Cubs slugger who initially treats the whole thing as a joke . The league attracts little interest at first . With a Life magazine photographer in the stands , Lowenstein begs the players to do something spectacular . Dottie obliges when a ball is popped up behind home plate , catching it while doing a split . The resulting photograph makes the magazine cover . A publicity campaign draws more people to the ballgames , but the owners remain unconvinced . Due to Kit 's and Dottie 's sibling rivalry , Kit is traded to the Peaches ' rival , the Racine Belles . The Peaches end the season qualifying for the league 's World Series . In the locker room , Jimmy gives Betty a telegram that informs her her husband was killed in action in the Pacific Theater . The grief - stricken Betty leaves the team . Later that evening , Dottie receives a surprise when Bob , who was serving in Italy , shows up , having been discharged from the Army . The following morning , Jimmy discovers that Dottie is going home with Bob . Unable to persuade her to at least play in the World Series , he tells her she will regret her decision . The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series , which reaches a seventh and deciding game . Dottie , having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon , is the catcher for the Peaches , while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles . With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth , Dottie drives in the go - ahead run . Kit is the final batter . Under immense pressure , she gets a hit and , ignoring the third base coach 's sign to stop , scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie 's hand . The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners ' support . After the game , the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves . Back in the present , Dottie is reunited with several other players , including Kit , whom she has not seen in several years . The fates of several of the characters are revealed : Jimmy , Bob , and Evelyn have died , while Marla has been married to Nelson , a man she met in a bar , for over 40 years . The original Peaches sing a team song composed by Evelyn and pose for a group photo . Cast ( edit ) Rockford Peaches ( edit ) Geena Davis as Dorothy `` Dottie '' Hinson ( # 8 , catcher / assistant manager ) Lynn Cartwright as Older Dottie Tom Hanks as Jimmy Dugan ( manager ) Madonna as `` All the Way '' Mae Mordabito ( # 5 , center field ) Eunice Anderson as Older Mae Lori Petty as Kit Keller ( # 23 , pitcher ) Kathleen Butler as Older Kit Rosie O'Donnell as Doris Murphy ( # 22 , third base ) Vera Johnson as Older Doris Anne Ramsay as Helen Haley ( # 15 , first base ) Barbara Pilavin as Older Helen Megan Cavanagh as Marla Hooch ( # 32 , second base ) Patricia Wilson as Older Marla Freddie Simpson as Ellen Sue Gotlander ( # 1 , shortstop / pitcher ) Eugenia McLin as Older Ellen Sue Tracy Reiner as Betty `` Spaghetti '' Horn ( # 7 , left field / relief pitcher ) Betty Miller as Older Betty Bitty Schram as Evelyn Gardner ( # 17 , right field ) Renée Coleman ( credited as Renee Coleman ) -- Alice `` Skeeter '' Gaspers ( # 18 , left field / center field / catcher ) Shirley Burkovich as Older Alice Ann Cusack as Shirley Baker ( # 11 , left field ) Barbara Erwin as Older Shirley Robin Knight as Linda `` Beans '' Babbitt ( shortstop ) Patti Pelton as Marbleann Wilkinson ( second base ) Kelli Simpkins as Beverly Dixon ( # 4 , outfield ) Connie Pounds - Taylor as Connie Calhoun ( Outfield ) On MLB Network 's Costas at the Movies in 2013 , director Penny Marshall talked about her initial interest in Demi Moore for the part of Dottie Hinson , saying : `` Demi Moore , I liked , but by the time we came around , she was pregnant . '' Others ( edit ) Jon Lovitz as Ernie Capadino , AAGPBL scout David Strathairn as Ira Lowenstein , AAGPBL general manager Marvin Einhorn as Older Ira Garry Marshall as Walter Harvey , candy bar mogul and AAGPBL founder Julie Croteau as Helen Haley ( baseball double for Anne Ramsay ) Bill Pullman as Bob Hinson , Dottie 's husband Janet Jones as Racine pitcher Téa Leoni as Racine first baseman Don S. Davis as Charlie Collins , Racine coach Eddie Jones as Dave Hooch , Marla 's father Justin Scheller as Stillwell Gardner , Evelyn 's son Mark Holton as Older Stillwell . He attends the Peaches ' reunion at the Baseball Hall of Fame on behalf of his mother who had died . Pauline Brailsford as Miss Cuthburt , Rockford chaperone Production ( edit ) Discussing the skirts they wore playing baseball in the film , Geena Davis said on MLB Network 's Costas at the Movies in 2013 , `` Some of our real cast , from sliding into home , had ripped the skin off their legs . It was nutty . '' Reception ( edit ) The film was released on July 1 , 1992 , and was # 1 by its second weekend ( July 10 -- 12 ) . It was a commercial success , making $107 million in the United States ( and an additional $25 million worldwide ) on a $40 million budget , and was well received by critics . The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2005 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Jimmy Dugan : `` There 's no crying in baseball ! '' -- # 54 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers -- Nominated 2008 : AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Nominated Sports Film On December 19 , 2012 , it was announced that the film would be preserved as part of the United States National Film Registry . Soundtrack ( edit ) A League of Their Own : Music From The Motion Picture Soundtrack album by various artists Released June 30 , 1992 Genre Soundtrack Length 43 : 44 Label Columbia Records Producer Various Singles from A League of Their Own `` This Used to Be My Playground '' Released : June 16 , 1992 `` Now and Forever '' Released : July 1992 A League of Their Own soundtrack was released on CD and cassette tape by Columbia Records on June 30 , 1992 . The album peaked at # 159 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart on July 25 , 1992 . Although Madonna contributed `` This Used to Be My Playground '' to the film , featured over the closing credits , her recording was not included on the soundtrack album for contractual reasons . Track listing `` Now and Forever '' -- Performed by Carole King `` Choo Choo Ch'Boogie '' -- Performed by The Manhattan Transfer `` It 's Only a Paper Moon '' -- Performed by James Taylor `` In a Sentimental Mood '' -- Performed by Billy Joel `` Two Sleepy People '' -- Performed by Art Garfunkel `` I Did n't Know What Time It Was '' -- Performed by James Taylor `` On the Sunny Side of the Street '' -- Performed by The Manhattan Transfer `` Flying Home '' -- Performed by Doc 's Rhythm Cats `` Life Goes On '' -- Performed by Hans Zimmer `` The Final Game '' -- Performed by Hans Zimmer `` The All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Song '' -- Performed by The Rockford Peaches 20th Anniversary ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) With 2012 marking the 20th year since the film 's release , A League of Their Own was released as a 20th Anniversary Edition Blu - ray on October 16 , 2012 . Forty - seven former players of the AAGPBL reunited in New York to celebrate the film and the real women who inspired it . Events included a trip to Cooperstown for a special program at the National Baseball Hall of Fame , reminiscent of the film 's final scene depicting members of the AAGPBL and family coming together to witness the honoring of the Women 's Professional Baseball League . The reunion wrapped up with a game of softball held at Alliance Bank Stadium in nearby Syracuse . Former players also made an appearance at Bosse Field in Evansville , Indiana , on June 6 , 2012 , where many of the film 's game scenes were filmed . The event included an outdoor screening of the film as well as a scene - setting display of cars featured in the film . In addition to Bosse Field , the production used Huntingburg , Indiana 's League Stadium , another Southwestern Indiana field older than Bosse that was renovated for the film . Television Series ( edit ) A short - lived series of the same title based on the film aired on CBS in April 1993 , with Garry Marshall , Megan Cavanagh , Tracy Reiner , and Jon Lovitz reprising their roles . Only five of the six episodes made were broadcast . References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . September 29 , 1992 . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ King , Susan . `` National Film Registry selects 25 films for preservation '' Los Angeles Times ( December 19 , 2012 ) Jump up ^ `` Penny Marshall '' . Costas at the Movies . MLB Network . January 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Demi Moore in ' A League of Their Own ? ' Almost happened '' . Newsday. 2010 - 03 - 07 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Kronke , David ( July 2 , 1992 ) . `` Penny Marshall pitches ' League of Their Own ' agenda '' . The Dispatch . Lexington , NC . Los Angeles Daily News . p. 4C . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Sue ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` ' A League of Their Own ' brings former ballplayer to the Riverside Saginaw Film Festival '' . MLive . MLive Media Group . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sidewater , Nancy ( April 23 , 2004 ) . `` DVD Q&A -- Penny Marshall '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly Inc. ( 761 ) . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A League of Their Own '' . Fort - Worth Star - Telegram . June 30 , 1992 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Rachlin , Jill ( February 12 , 1993 ) . `` A League of Their Own Review Reviews and News '' . Entertainment Weekly . Entertainment Weekly , Inc. ( 157 ) . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's added to film archive '' . BBC News . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ A League of Their Own soundtrack - The Billboard 200 , retrieved June 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Madonna : A League of Their Own soundtrack , retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kekis , John ( September 23 , 2013 ) . `` Women Remain in League of Their Own '' . The Chronicle Herald . Retrieved October 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Prell , Jon ( June 12 , 2012 ) . `` A League Of Their Own Comes Home To Bosse Field On June 22 '' . Evansville Courier & Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Baseball portal Film portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : A League of Their Own A League of Their Own on IMDb A League of Their Own at Rotten Tomatoes A League of Their Own at the TCM Movie Database A League of Their Own at AllMovie A League of Their Own at the American Film Institute Catalog A League of Their Own at Box Office Mojo ESPN.com -- Page 2 -- Reel Life : ' A League of Their Own ' Movie stills Films directed by Penny Marshall Jumpin ' Jack Flash ( 1986 ) Big ( 1988 ) Awakenings ( 1990 ) A League of Their Own ( 1992 ) Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) The Preacher 's Wife ( 1996 ) Riding in Cars with Boys ( 2001 ) All - American Girls Professional Baseball League Teams Battle Creek Belles Chicago Colleens Fort Wayne Daisies Grand Rapids Chicks Kalamazoo Lassies Kenosha Comets Milwaukee Chicks Minneapolis Millerettes Muskegon Belles Muskegon Lassies Peoria Redwings Racine Belles Rockford Peaches South Bend Blue Sox Springfield Sallies Seasons 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 Awards and recognition All - Star Team Player of the Year Batting records Fielding records Pitching records Related articles List of managers List of players Rules of play A League of Their Own ( film ) A League of Their Own ( TV series ) Arthur Meyerhoff Philip K. 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wins in a league of their own	[ "The Peaches and Belles meet in the World Series, which reaches a seventh and deciding game. Dottie, having reconsidered during the drive back to Oregon, is the catcher for the Peaches, while Kit is the starting pitcher for the Belles. With the Belles leading by a run in the top of the ninth, Dottie drives in the go-ahead run. Kit is the final batter. Under immense pressure, she gets a hit and, ignoring the third base coach's sign to stop, scores the winning run by knocking her sister over at the plate and dislodging the ball from Dottie's hand. The sellout crowd convinces Harvey to give Lowenstein the owners' support. After the game, the sisters reconcile before Dottie leaves." ]	[ "the Belles" ]
-6139400345181408238	Heartbeats (song)	Heartbeats ( song ) - wikipedia Heartbeats ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Heartbeatz . `` Heartbeats '' Single by The Knife from the album Deep Cuts Released 27 December 2002 ( original release ) 4 October 2004 ( re-release ) Format CD , 12 '' Recorded 2002 Genre Synthpop , electropop , alternative dance Length 3 : 51 Label Rabid , V2 Songwriter ( s ) Karin Dreijer Andersson , Olof Dreijer The Knife singles chronology `` Nedsvärtning '' ( 2002 ) `` Heartbeats '' ( 2002 ) `` You Take My Breath Away '' ( 2003 ) `` Nedsvärtning '' ( 2002 ) `` Heartbeats '' ( 2002 ) `` You Take My Breath Away '' ( 2003 ) `` Heartbeats '' is a song by Swedish electronic music duo The Knife . It was released in Sweden on 27 December 2002 as the lead single from their second studio album Deep Cuts ( 2003 ) and re-released on 4 October 2004 . The song was listed at # 15 on Pitchfork Media 's top 500 songs of the 2000s and at # 87 on Rolling Stone 's top 100 songs of the 2000s . In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 95 on its list `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . Adjectives used to describe the music were `` haunting '' and `` electro '' . In Robert Dimery 's book 1000 Songs : You Must Hear Before You Die , it was said : `` The Stockholm siblings ' love of synth pop , minimal beats and electronica create together a moving masterpiece . Singer Karin Dreijer Andersson 's hypnotic vocals recall both Björk and Siouxsie Sioux with her icy delivery of magical lines '' . The song was covered by many acts such as José González , Scala & Kolacny Brothers and Ellie Goulding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Track listings 3 Personnel 4 Charts 5 José González version 5.1 Usage in media 5.2 Charts 5.3 Certifications 6 References Critical reception ( edit ) The song has received critical acclaim since its release . MusicOMH said that the song 's `` emotive lyrics merge with forward thinking production to create one of the most exciting electronica releases of the year '' , and Contactmusic.com stated the song had `` clever synth beats and Björkesque vocals '' with the ability to `` instil some fun and nostalgia into music . '' Gigwise.com said that the song was `` perhaps one of the most hypnotic and haunting electronic songs of recent times , ( ... ) innately infectious from the outset . '' Several reviews commented that the song had an 1980s feel . The remix by Rex the Dog was described by MusicOMH as `` a masterful reworking that fits it up nicely for the dancefloor '' . Track listings ( edit ) UK CD `` Heartbeats '' ( original ) -- 3 : 53 `` Heartbeats ( Rex the Dog Remix ) '' -- 6 : 12 `` Heartbeats ( The Knife Techno Remix ) '' -- 2 : 47 `` Afraid of You '' -- 3 : 48 UK 12 - inch vinyl `` Heartbeats '' ( original ) -- 3 : 53 `` Heartbeats ( Style of Eye Remix ) '' -- `` Heartbeats ( Rex the Dog Remix ) '' -- 6 : 12 `` Heartbeats ( The Knife Techno Remix ) '' -- 2 : 47 Personnel ( edit ) Christoffer Berg -- mixing Rex the Dog -- re-mixing , producer Linus Eklow -- re-mixing Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2004 - 2010 ) Peak position Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 26 UK Singles Chart 119 José González version ( edit ) `` Heartbeats '' Single by José González from the album Veneer Released January 2006 Format CD , digital download Recorded 2003 Genre Acoustic , indie folk Length 2 : 40 Label Imperial Songwriter ( s ) Karin Dreijer Andersson , Olof Dreijer José González singles chronology `` Heartbeats '' ( 2006 ) `` Crosses '' ( 2006 ) `` Heartbeats '' ( 2006 ) `` Crosses '' ( 2006 ) The song was covered by Argentinian - Swedish singer - songwriter José González for his debut studio album Veneer ( 2003 ) and released as its lead single in January 2006 . In contrast to the electronic , synth - based original , González 's cover features only an acoustic guitar . The song peaked at number 9 on the UK Singles Chart . Usage in Media ( edit ) González 's version was used in a Sony Bravia advertisement and also in several TV shows . The song appears on the third soundtrack of One Tree Hill `` The Road Mix '' and it was also used in the show 's season 4 episode `` Some You Give Away '' , in Bones in `` The Salt in the Wounds '' , in an episode of Scrubs called `` My Hard Labor '' , in Brothers & Sisters , in Covert Affairs , and in 90210 . It is also a soundtrack of the British horror film Donkey Punch ( 2008 ) . It was also recently used on an episode of `` The Blackllist '' and in the movie `` Everything , Everything . '' Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2006 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 45 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 20 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 13 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 56 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 9 UK Indie ( Official Charts Company ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 sales + streaming figures based on certification alone References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . Nme.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : The Knife Heartbearts. 1000 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die . Cassell Illustrated . 19 September 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Kutchinsky , Serena . `` The Knife - Heartbeats ( Rabid ) '' . MusicOMH . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Tomlinson , Katherine . `` The Knife - Heartbeats - Single Review '' . Contactmusic.com . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` The Knife - Heartbeats ( Live ) '' . Gigwise.com. 2007 - 06 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- The Knife -- Heartbeats '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Log UK : Alex K -- Kyuss '' . Zobbel . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Sony Bravia commercial '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- José González -- Heartbeats '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- José González -- Heartbeats '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- José González -- Heartbeats '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- José González -- Heartbeats '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2006 - 01 - 15 '' UK Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2006 - 01 - 15 '' UK Indie Chart . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- José González -- Heartbeats '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Heartbeats in the search field and then press Enter . The Knife Karin Dreijer Andersson Olof Dreijer Studio albums The Knife Deep Cuts Silent Shout Tomorrow , in a Year ( with Mt . Sims and Planningtorock ) Shaking the Habitual Soundtrack albums Hannah med H Video albums Silent Shout : An Audio Visual Experience Remix albums Shaken - Up Versions Singles `` N.Y. Hotel '' `` Heartbeats '' `` You Take My Breath Away '' `` Pass This On '' `` Silent Shout '' `` Like a Pen '' `` Marble House '' `` We Share Our Mothers ' Health '' Related articles Discography Rabid Records Fever Ray Oni Ayhun José González Albums Veneer In Our Nature Vestiges & Claws EPs Crosses EP Remain EP Stay in the Shade EP Australian Tour EP Singles `` Heartbeats '' `` Down the Line '' `` Killing for Love '' `` Teardrop '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heartbeats_(song)&oldid=800921256 '' Categories : 2002 songs 2002 singles 2004 singles The Knife songs Songs written by Karin Dreijer Andersson Songs written by Olof Dreijer V2 Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UKindie Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 15 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	meaning of the song heartbeats by jose gonzalez	[]	[]
1281885384200063457	NCT (band)	NCT ( band ) - Wikipedia NCT ( band ) South Korean boy band NCT NCT in April 2018 Background information Origin Seoul , South Korea Genres K - pop hip hop teen pop Years active 2016 -- present Labels SM Entertainment Avex Trax Associated acts SM Town SM Rookies NCT 2018 NCT U NCT 127 NCT Dream Website nct.smtown.com Members see Members NCT ( Hangul : 엔시 티 ) is a South Korean boy group formed by SM Entertainment . Their name stands for the Hallyu localization project Neo Culture Technology , a term coined by SM Entertainment founder Lee Soo - man to describe the group 's concept of having an unlimited number of members divided into multiple sub-units based in various cities worldwide . The group 's first unit , NCT U , made their debut on April 9 , 2016 , with the digital singles `` The 7th Sense '' and `` Without You '' . The second unit , NCT 127 , based in Seoul , made their debut on July 7 , 2016 , with the mini album NCT # 127 . The third unit , NCT Dream , made their debut on August 24 , 2016 , with the digital single `` Chewing Gum '' . It was reported that subsequent units were to debut based in China , Japan , Thailand , Vietnam and Indonesia . As of February 2018 , the group consists of 18 members : Taeil , Johnny , Taeyong , Yuta , Kun , Doyoung , Ten , Jaehyun , Winwin , Jungwoo , Lucas , Mark , Renjun , Jeno , Haechan , Jaemin , Chenle , and Jisung , creating NCT 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Pre-debut 1.2 2016 : Debuts of NCT U , NCT 127 , and NCT Dream 1.3 2017 : Comebacks of NCT 127 and NCT Dream 1.4 2018 -- present : New members , large - scale projects and NCT 2018 Empathy 2 Members 2.1 Sub-units 3 Discography 4 Filmography 5 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) Pre-debut ( edit ) All the members of NCT except for Renjun and Chenle were formerly part of SM Rookies , a pre-debut group of SM Entertainment trainees . Prior to being members of the said team , the members were cast through various auditions , with Johnny , Yuta , Ten , Mark , and Renjun coming from the SM Global Auditions , and the remaining members through street casting , recommendations , and community entertainment shows . In January 2016 , SM Entertainment founder Lee Soo - man gave a presentation at the SM Coex Artium titled `` SMTOWN : Neo Culture Technology 2016 '' , speaking about the agency 's plans for a new boy group in line with their `` culture contents '' strategy that would be debuting different teams based in different countries around the world . 2016 : debuts of NCT U , NCT 127 , and NCT Dream ( edit ) On April 4 , 2016 , SM Entertainment announced NCT 's first unit , NCT U ( U stands for United ) , consisting of six members : Taeil , Taeyong , Doyoung , Ten , Jaehyun and Mark . NCT U released double digital singles `` The 7th Sense '' on April 9 and `` Without You '' on April 10 in two versions ( a Korean version sung by Taeil , Doyoung , and Jaehyun , and a Chinese version with the addition of SM Rookies ' Kun ) . On April 9 , 2016 , NCT U made their first broadcast appearance with NCT On Air on Naver V - app , hosted by Super Junior 's Kim Hee - chul . The same day , they had their first live performance in China at the 16th Music Feng Yun Bang Awards along with two other Chinese members , Kun and WinWin . The group made their debut in Korea on music program KBS 's Music Bank on April 15 and have subsequently appeared in three seasons of their reality series NCT Life , featuring other SM Rookies . On July 1 , SM Entertainment announced NCT 's second unit , NCT 127 . NCT 127 is based in Seoul , with the number `` 127 '' representing the longitude coordinate of Seoul . The unit consists of nine members : Taeil , Taeyong , Yuta , Jaehyun , WinWin , Mark , Johnny , Doyoung and Haechan ( formerly known as Donghyuck ) . On July 7 , they had their official debut stage on the music program M Countdown , performing their title track `` Fire Truck '' and `` Once Again '' from their album . Their debut EP NCT # 127 was released digitally on July 10 and physically on July 11 . On July 29 , the unit released the single `` Taste the Feeling '' for the project SM Station in collaboration with Coca - Cola . On August 18 , SM Entertainment announced that NCT 's third unit would be called NCT Dream . The unit consists of seven members : Mark , Renjun , Jeno , Haechan , Jaemin , Chenle , and Jisung . Their first single `` Chewing Gum '' was released on August 24 and the unit had their debut stage on M Countdown on August 25 . On December 6 , 5 members of NCT 127 ( Yuta , Taeyong , Jaehyun , Mark and Winwin ) released a special dance music video titled `` Good Thing '' in collaboration with W Korea . The single was eventually released on NCT 127 's second mini album , Limitless . On December 20 , the music video for `` Switch '' was released . The single was previously released as a bonus track on NCT 127 's mini album NCT # 127 , and features SR15B . 2017 : comebacks of NCT 127 and NCT Dream ( edit ) On December 27 , NCT 127 announced that they would be making a comeback with the addition of two members , new member Johnny and NCT U 's Doyoung . On January 5 , 2017 , the music videos of `` Limitless '' was released and the unit had their comeback stage on M Countdown . Their second mini album Limitless was released digitally on January 6 , 2017 and physically on January 9 , 2017 . Limitless debuted at the number one spot on Billboard 's World Albums Chart . `` Limitless '' was named by Dazed Digital as one of the top 20 best K - Pop songs of 2017 . On February 1 , 2017 , NCT Dream announced that they would be releasing their first single album The First on February 9 . SM Entertainment announced that Jaemin would not be participating in this comeback due to health problems . The unit had their comeback stage on M Countdown , performing the title track `` My First and Last '' and the B - side track `` Dunk Shot '' . On February 14 , NCT Dream was revealed to have won 1st place on the 100th episode of SBS MTV 's The Show . This marked the first music show win for a NCT unit . NCT Dream was also unveiled as the official ambassador for the 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup Korea . They released the official theme song , `` Trigger the Fever '' on March 15 . On March 8 , 2017 , NCT 127 members Johnny and Jaehyun was announced as the new DJs for SBS Power FM new program , NCT 's Night Night . The radio program started to air on March 20 . On June 14 , 2017 , NCT 127 released their third mini album , Cherry Bomb . They had their first comeback stage on M Countdown , performing their title track `` Cherry Bomb '' and `` 0 Mile '' from their album . `` Cherry Bomb '' was chosen by Billboard and Idolator as one of the best K - pop Songs of 2017 . On August 17 , 2017 , NCT Dream released their 1st mini album We Young . The unit had their first comeback stage on M Countdown , performing the title track of the same name . In December 2017 , NCT Dream released their first Christmas song , `` Joy '' . 2018 -- present : new members , large - scale projects and NCT 2018 Empathy ( edit ) In January 2018 , NCT U ( Taeil , Doyoung , and Jaehyun ) released the single `` Timeless '' as part of the SM Station project . In mid-January 2018 , NCT unveiled NCT 2018 , a project involving all 18 members of NCT . On January 30 , 2018 , SM Entertainment released a video titled `` NCT 2018 Yearbook # 1 , '' which features existing members and introduced new members Kun , Lucas and Jungwoo . In February , NCT released a series of online documentary videos titled NCTmentary as part of NCT 2018 . Later , on February 13 , SM Entertainment announced the first part of the NCT 2018 series with the comeback of the rotational unit NCT U , comprising of existing unit members Taeyong , Doyoung , Jaehyun , Winwin and Mark , and new members Lucas and Jungwoo . On March 14 , 2018 , NCT released its first full - length album NCT 2018 Empathy . As part of NCT 2018 , the group has promoted and released a series of music videos for principal tracks from Empathy , including : `` Boss '' ( performed by NCT U ) , `` Baby Do n't Stop '' ( performed by Taeyong and Ten as part of NCT U ) , `` Go '' ( performed by NCT Dream ) , `` Touch '' ( performed by NCT 127 ) and `` Yestoday '' ( performed by Taeyong , Mark , Doyoung and Lucas of NCT U ) . The final track `` Black on Black '' includes all 18 members of NCT . On May 2 , 2018 , NCT has become the top emerging musical act in the U.S. and marked the first time that a K - Pop act has led the list , reported by Billboard . Members ( edit ) NCT U - `` The 7th Sense '' ( From left : Doyoung , Mark , Ten , Jaehyun , Taeyong ) NCT Dream at a filming of Music Bank ( From left : Mark , Renjun , Jeno , Jisung , Jaemin , Chenle , Haechan ) NCT 127 Fan Meeting in Bangkok ( From upper left : Johnny , Mark , Jaehyun , Yuta , Doyoung . From bottom left : Haechan , Winwin , Taeyong , Taeil ) Taeil ( 태일 ) Johnny ( 쟈니 ) Taeyong ( 태용 ) Yuta ( 유타 ) Kun ( 쿤 ) Doyoung ( 도영 ) Ten ( 텐 ) Jaehyun ( 재현 ) Winwin ( 윈윈 ) Jungwoo ( 정우 ) Lucas ( 루카스 ) Mark ( 마크 ) Renjun ( 런쥔 ) Jeno ( 제노 ) Haechan ( 해찬 ) Jaemin ( 재민 ) Chenle ( 천러 ) Jisung ( 지성 ) Sub-units ( edit ) NCT U - Rotational unit depending on which members fit the concept , currently consisting of Taeyong , Taeil , Kun , Doyoung , Ten , Jaehyun , Winwin , Jungwoo , Lucas , and Mark NCT 127 - Fixed unit based in Seoul , consisting of Taeyong , Taeil , Johnny , Yuta , Doyoung , Jaehyun , Winwin , Mark , Haechan NCT Dream - Graduation unit based on age ( once past the age of 20 they are no longer in the group ) , currently consisting of Mark , Renjun , Jeno , Haechan , Jaemin , Chenle , and Jisung NCT 2018 - Project name for 2018 this project has all the members including the new members and released an album as whole NCT 2018 . It is also said to change each year ( e.g. NCT 2019 , NCT 2020 etc ) . Discography ( edit ) Main article : NCT discography NCT 2018 Empathy ( 2018 ) Filmography ( edit ) TV Show Exo 90 : 2014 ( Mnet ) Mickey Mouse Club ( Disney Channel Korea ) NCT Life ( Naver TV Cast , Oksusu , KBS Joy ) Radio Show NCT night night ( SBS ) ( Johnny and Jaehyun 's radio show , sometimes featuring other artists they invite to appear on their show and sometimes Doyoung participates ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by NCT Apple Music named NCT 127 as a `` New Artist of the Week '' after the release of their album Cherry Bomb . NCT 127 also received `` Best Newcomer '' awards from the Mnet Asian Music Awards , Golden Disk Awards and Seoul Music Awards . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://nct-jp.net/news/detail.php?id=1054889 Jump up ^ Kim , Dong - Joo . `` SM Entertainment reveals new boy band , NCT '' . StarN . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Young Jin ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` 엑소 이을 특급 신인 떴다 '' NCT U , SM 서 4 년만 에 선보인 보이 그룹 . Asia Today ( in Korean ) . Retrieved May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Julie ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` SM founder talks new boy band , future localization strategy '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SM Entertainment 's next boy band to have ' unlimited ' members '' . Kpop Herald . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` S. Korea firm unveils K - pop band with limitless members '' . Yahoo . Retrieved May 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` SM Entertainment continues expansion with New Culture Technology '' . Kpop Herald . February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Examining NCT and Its Various K - Pop Units '' . Billboard . January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCT 127 Discuss the Group 's Unique Concept , Breaking Into U.S. & More '' . Billboard . June 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ( 단독 ) 샤이니 레드 벨벳 , `` 폭염 속 새 앨범 준비 한창 '' `` . Naver ( in Korean ) . August 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SM Rookies '' . SM Rookies . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SM Global Auditions '' . SMTOWN . Retrieved June 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kim , Jena ( April 9 , 2016 ) . NCT , SM 의 파격 실험 1 + 1 . YTN ( in Korean ) . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SM 's neo-boy band ' NCT U ' to launch this week '' . Yonhap. April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Son , Ji - hyoung ( April 6 , 2016 ) . `` NCT U confirms lineup , set to unveil singles ' The 7th Sense , ' ' Without You ' '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bae , Jung Yun ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` NCT U ′ s Debut Performance to be Showcased in Korea and China '' . Mwave . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kim , Dong - Joo ( April 10 , 2016 ) . `` SJ 's Kim Hee Chul introduces SM Entertainment 's new boy band , NCT '' . Yahoo ! Celebrity . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jung , Min - kyung ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Super Junior 's Heechul roots for NCT U '' . Kpop Herald . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bae , Jung Yun ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` NCT U to Perform Its Debut Stage in Chinese Awards Ceremony '' . Yahoo ! Celebrity . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCT U Makes Debut at Chinese Awards Ceremony '' . Mwave. April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SM 신인 NCT , 드디어 데뷔 ... 유닛 싱글 9 일 공개 . Osen ( in Korean ) . April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ' 뮤뱅 ' NCT U , 베일 벗은 데뷔 무대 ... ' 몽환 + 강렬 ' . The Chosun Ilbo ( in Korean ) . Osen. April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCT launches its first reality show '' . Kpop Herald . April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 원더걸스 비스트 , 오늘 ( 7 일 ) ' 엠카'서 컴백 무대 최초 공개 '' . Nate ( in Korean ) . News1 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' 엠카 ' 씨스 타 , EXID 꺾고 1 위 ' 여름 걸 그룹 강자 ' '' . Nate ( in Korean ) . My Daily . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCT 127 전곡 음원 공개 , 보너스 트랙 까지 총 7 곡 수록 '' . Herald Corporation ( in Korean ) . July 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeon , Su Mi ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` NCT Knows How to ′ Taste The Feeling ′ with Coca - Cola '' . Mwave . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCT DREAM , 데뷔 곡 ' 츄잉 검 ' 25 일 ' 엠카'서 첫선 '' . Naver ( in Korean ) . Star Money . August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCT Dream releases new music video '' . The Korea Herald . August 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` GOOD THING '' . W Korea ( in Korean ) . December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCT 127 drop surprise ' Switch ' MV '' . SBS . December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCT 127 to Make Comeback as 9 Member Group '' . Mwave . December 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCT 127 to Make Comeback Through Two Music Videos '' . Mwave . December 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCT 127 to Perform Comeback Stage on ′ M COUNTDOWN ′ '' . Mwave . January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCT 127 Scores No. 1 Spot on World Albums Chart With ' Limitless ' '' . Billboard . January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 20 best K - Pop songs of 2017 '' . Dazed Digital . December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCT Dream Charm With Funk and Pop in ' My First & Last ' Video : Watch '' . Billboard . February 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SM releases statement regarding NCT Dream 's Jaemin '' . SBS . February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` SF9 and NCT DREAM Perform Comeback Stages on ′ M COUNTDOWN ′ '' . Mwave . February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCT Dream get first ever win with ' My First and Last ' '' . SBS . February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCT 드림 , ' FIFA U-20 월드컵 ' 오피셜 송 가창 ... 오늘 ( 15 일 ) 공개 '' . Herald Corporation ( in Korean ) . March 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 문완식 ; Moon Wansik ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` NCT 재현 X 쟈니 , SBS ' NCT 의 night night ! ' DJ 발탁 '' . Star News ( in Korean ) . Retrieved August 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dam - young , Hong ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Rising K - pop rookie NCT 127 drops powerful ' Cherry Bomb ' '' . The Korea Herald . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` T - ara , NCT 127 and Pentagon to Perform Comeback Stages on ′ M COUNTDOWN ′ '' . Mwave . June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Best K - pop Songs of 2017 : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . December 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From BTS To HyunA , The Best K - Pop Songs Of 2017 '' . Idolator . December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCT DREAM , 17 일 첫 미니 앨범 컴백 ... 청량함 듬뿍 담았다 '' . Herald Corporation ( in Korean ) . August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCT Dream to Release 1st Mini Album ′ We Young ′ '' . Mwave . August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NCT Dream and SONAMOO to Perform Comeback Stage Through ′ M COUNTDOWN ′ '' . Mwave . August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCT Dream Releases Christmas - Themed ' Joy ' : Watch '' . Billboard . December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCT U Returns With ' Timeless ' Video '' . Billboard . January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( 단독 ) NCT , 新 대형 프로젝트 컴백 시동 ... 신곡 뮤비 위해 출국 '' . Xports News ( in Korean ) . January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Three NCT Teams Debut on World Digital Song Sales Chart : Your Guide to Each One '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` NCT Unveils 3 New Members ; JUNGWOO , KUN and LUCAS ! '' . SBS News . January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NCT to share its ' worldview ' with fans via documentary '' . Kpop Herald . February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NCT Dream Show Their Rebellious Side With ' Go ' Music Video : Watch '' . Billboard . March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ SMTOWN ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) , NCT 2018 엔시 티 2018 ' Black on Black ' MV ( Performance Ver . ) , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 24 Jump up ^ `` NCT Is First K - Pop Act to Hit No. 1 on Emerging Artists Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` NCT 127 Invited to ′ Today at Apple ′ '' . Mwave . June 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( 2016 MAMA ) I.O.I and NCT 127 Win Best New Artist Awards '' . Mwave . December 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EXO , Twice grab top honors at Golden Disc awards '' . Kpop Herald . January 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXO sweeps music awards '' . The Korea Herald . January 20 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Official website NCT 's channel on YouTube Wikimedia Commons has media related to NCT ( musical group ) . NCT Taeil Johnny Taeyong Yuta Kun Doyoung Ten Jaehyun WinWin Jungwoo Lucas Mark Renjun Jeno Haechan Jaemin Chenle Jisung Studio Albums NCT NCT 2018 Empathy EPs NCT 127 NCT # 127 Limitless Cherry Bomb Chain NCT Dream We Young Singles NCT U `` The 7th Sense '' `` Without You '' `` Boss '' `` Baby Do n't Stop '' NCT 127 `` Fire Truck '' `` Limitless '' `` Cherry Bomb '' `` Touch '' NCT Dream `` Chewing Gum '' `` The First '' `` We Young '' `` Go '' Other songs NCT 127 `` Taste the Feeling '' NCT Dream `` Trigger The Fever '' Reality shows NCT Life Related topics SM Town S.M. Entertainment SM Rookies Discography Awards and nominations SM Town Artists Groups S.E.S. TVXQ TraxX The Grace Super Junior Girls ' Generation Shinee f ( x ) Exo Red Velvet NCT Soloists BoA Kangta J - Min Dana Sunday Taemin Zhou Mi Kyuhyun Amber Taeyeon Ryeowook Yesung Luna Lay Hyoyeon Subgroups EXO - K EXO - M Exo - CBX Girls ' Generation - TTS The Grace - Dana & Sunday Super Junior - H Super Junior - K.R.Y. Super Junior - M Super Junior - T Super Junior - D&E Project groups SM the Ballad SM The Performance Younique Unit M&D Actors Kim Min - jong Lee Yeon - hee Sulli Producers Yoo Young - jin Young - hu Kim Kenzie Song Kwang - sik Misfit Studio albums 2011 Winter SM Town -- The Warmest Gift Documentary films I AM . Concert tours and music festivals SM Town Live ' 10 World Tour SM Town Live World Tour III SM Town Live World Tour IV SM Town Live World Tour V SM Town Live World Tour VI Former artists Hyun Jin - young H.O.T. Shinhwa Fly to the Sky Jang Na - ra M.I.L.K. Sugar Black Beat Isak N Jiyeon Ahyoomee Hero Jaejoong Micky Yoochun Xiah Junsu No Min - woo Han Geng Chu Ga - yeoul Kris Luhan Tao Jessica Kibum Stephanie Ara Zhang Liyin Sooyoung Tiffany Seohyun Jonghyun Henry Related topics SM Entertainment Label SJ Lee Soo - man SM Rookies SM Station discography Golden Disk Awards for New Artist of the Year 1990s S.E.S , Fin. K.L , Taishi Ci , Baby V.O.X. , Shinhwa ( 1998 ) Lee Jung - hyun , 1TYM ( 1999 ) 2000s Chakra ( 2000 ) Lee Joon - gi , Jang Na - ra ( 2001 ) Rain , Wheesung ( 2002 ) Haven 3 , Big Mama ( 2003 ) Ivy , Eru , Gavy NJ ( 2004 ) SG Wannabe , Tei , TVXQ ( 2005 ) Super Junior , SeeYa , SS501 ( 2006 ) F.T. Island , Girls ' Generation ( 2007 ) SHINee , Davichi ( 2008 ) 4Minute , T - ara ( 2009 ) 2010s Beast , Sistar , Secret ( 2010 ) Apink , B1A4 , Dal Shabet , Boyfriend , Huh Gak ( 2012 ) Exo , Juniel , B.A.P , Ailee , Lee Hi ( 2013 ) BTS , Roy Kim , Lim Kim , Crayon Pop ( 2014 ) Got7 , Winner , Red Velvet ( 2015 ) GFriend , iKon , Seventeen , Twice ( 2016 ) Black Pink , Bolbbalgan4 , NCT 127 , I.O.I ( 2017 ) Wanna One ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCT_(band)&oldid=850415038 '' Categories : NCT ( band ) South Korean boy bands SM Town SM Entertainment artists 2016 establishments in South Korea South Korean dance music groups South Korean pop music groups South Korean male dancers South Korean hip hop groups Musical groups established in 2016 Musical groups established in 2018 Hidden categories : CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Articles with short description Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Монгол 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 18 : 28 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is the difference between nct u nct 127 and nct dream	[]	[]
-1140273028640368013	Egypt	Egypt - wikipedia Egypt Coordinates : 26 ° N 30 ° E / 26 ° N 30 ° E / 26 ; 30 Arab Republic of Egypt جمهورية مصر العربية ( show ) Arabic : Jumhūrīyat Miṣr al - ʻArabīyah Egyptian : Gomhoreyyet Maṣr el - ʿArabeyya Flag Coat of arms Anthem : `` Bilady , Bilady , Bilady '' `` بلادي ، بلادي ، بلادي '' `` My country , my country , my country '' Capital and largest city Cairo 30 ° 2 ′ N 31 ° 13 ′ E / 30.033 ° N 31.217 ° E / 30.033 ; 31.217 Official languages Arabic National language Egyptian Arabic Religion See Religion in Egypt Demonym Egyptian Government Unitary semi-presidential republic President Abdel Fattah el - Sisi Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouly House Speaker Ali Abdel Aal Legislature House of Representatives Establishment Unification of Upper and Lower Egypt c. 3150 BC Muhammad Ali dynasty inaugurated 9 July 1805 Independence from United Kingdom 28 February 1922 Revolution Day 23 July 1952 Republic declared 18 June 1953 Current constitution 18 January 2014 Area Total 1,010,408 km ( 390,121 sq mi ) ( 29th ) Water ( % ) 0.632 Population 2017 census 94,798,827 Density 96 / km ( 248.6 / sq mi ) ( 118th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2019 estimate Total $1.393 trillion ( 21st ) Per capita $14,045 ( 100th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $237.073 billion ( 49th ) Per capita $2,501 ( 113th ) Gini ( 2015 ) 31.8 medium HDI ( 2017 ) 0.696 medium 115th Currency Egyptian pound ( E £ ) ( EGP ) Time zone UTC + 2 ( EET ) Driving side right Calling code + 20 ISO 3166 code EG Internet TLD . eg مصر . ^ Literary Arabic is the sole official language . Egyptian Arabic is the national spoken language . Other dialects and minority languages are spoken regionally . `` Among the peoples of the ancient Near East , only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were , although they have changed their language once and their religion twice . In a sense , they constitute the world 's oldest nation '' . Arthur Goldschmidt Jr . ^ See Daylight saving time in Egypt . Egypt ( / ˈiːdʒɪpt / ( listen ) EE - jipt ; Arabic : مِصر ‎ Miṣr , Egyptian Arabic : مَصر ‎ Maṣr , Coptic : Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ K ēmi ) , officially the Arab Republic of Egypt , is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula . Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast , the Gulf of Aqaba to the east , the Red Sea to the east and south , Sudan to the south , and Libya to the west . Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan , and across from the Sinai Peninsula lies Saudi Arabia , although Jordan and Saudi Arabia do not share a land border with Egypt . Egypt has one of the longest histories of any country , tracing its heritage back to the 6th -- 4th millennia BCE . Considered a cradle of civilisation , Ancient Egypt saw some of the earliest developments of writing , agriculture , urbanisation , organised religion and central government . Iconic monuments such as the Giza Necropolis and its Great Sphinx , as well the ruins of Memphis , Thebes , Karnak , and the Valley of the Kings , reflect this legacy and remain a significant focus of scientific and popular interest . Egypt 's long and rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its national identity , which has endured , and often assimilated , various foreign influences , including Greek , Persian , Roman , Arab , Ottoman , and Nubian . Egypt was an early and important centre of Christianity , but was largely Islamised in the seventh century and remains a predominantly Muslim country , albeit with a significant Christian minority . From the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century , Egypt was ruled by foreign imperial powers : The Ottoman Empire and the British Empire . Modern Egypt dates back to 1922 , when it gained nominal independence from the British Empire as a monarchy . However , British military occupation of Egypt continued , and many Egyptians believed that the monarchy was an instrument of British colonialism . Following the 1952 revolution , Egypt expelled British soldiers and bureaucrats and ended British occupation , nationalized the British - held Suez Canal , exiled King Farouk and his family , and declared itself a republic . In 1958 it merged with Syria to form the United Arab Republic , which dissolved in 1961 . Throughout the second half of the 20th century , Egypt endured social and religious strife and political instability , fighting several armed conflicts with Israel in 1948 , 1956 , 1967 and 1973 , and occupying the Gaza Strip intermittently until 1967 . In 1980 , Egypt signed the Camp David Accords , withdrawing from the Gaza Strip and recognising Israel . The country continues to face challenges , from political unrest , including the recent 2011 revolution and its aftermath , to terrorism and economic underdevelopment . Egypt 's current government is a presidential republic headed by President Abdel Fattah el - Sisi , and was described by a number of watchdogs as authoritarian . Islam is the official religion of Egypt and Arabic is its official language . With over 95 million inhabitants , Egypt is the most populous country in North Africa , the Middle East , and the Arab world , the third-most populous in Africa ( after Nigeria and Ethiopia ) , and the fifteenth-most populous in the world . The great majority of its people live near the banks of the Nile River , an area of about 40,000 square kilometres ( 15,000 sq mi ) , where the only arable land is found . The large regions of the Sahara desert , which constitute most of Egypt 's territory , are sparsely inhabited . About half of Egypt 's residents live in urban areas , with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo , Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta . The sovereign state of Egypt is a transcontinental country considered to be a regional power in North Africa , the Middle East and the Muslim world , and a middle power worldwide . Egypt 's economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East , and is projected to become one of the largest in the 21st century . In 2016 , Egypt overtook South Africa and became Africa 's second largest economy ( after Nigeria ) . Egypt is a founding member of the United Nations , Non-Aligned Movement , Arab League , African Union , and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation . Contents 1 Names 2 History 2.1 Prehistory and Ancient Egypt 2.1. 1 Achaemenid Egypt 2.2 Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt 2.3 Middle Ages ( 7th century -- 1517 ) 2.4 Abbasid period 2.4. 1 The Fatimid Caliphate and the Mamluks 2.5 Early modern : Ottoman Egypt ( 1517 -- 1867 ) 2.5. 1 The Muhammad Ali dynasty 2.6 The European intrusion ( 1867 -- 1914 ) 2.7 British protectorate ( 1882 -- 1952 ) 2.8 Republic ( 1953 -- present ) 2.8. 1 Tenure of President Nasser ( 1956 -- 1970 ) 2.8. 2 Tenure of President Sadat ( 1970 -- 1981 ) 2.8. 3 Tenure of President Mubarak ( 1981 -- 2011 ) 2.8. 4 Revolution and aftermath ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Biodiversity 4 Government 4.1 Law 4.1. 1 Human rights 4.1. 2 Freedom of the press 4.2 Military and foreign relations 4.3 Administrative divisions 5 Economy 5.1 Tourism 5.2 Energy 5.3 Transport 5.3. 1 Suez Canal 5.4 Water supply and sanitation 5.5 Irrigated land and crops 6 Demographics 6.1 Ethnic groups 6.2 Languages 6.3 Religion 6.4 Largest cities 7 Culture 7.1 Arts 7.2 Literature 7.3 Media 7.4 Cinema 7.5 Music 7.6 Dances 7.7 Museums 7.8 Festivals 7.9 Cuisine 7.10 Sports 8 Telecommunication 8.1 Post 8.2 Social Media 9 Education 10 Health 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Names The English name Egypt is derived from the Ancient Greek Aígyptos ( Αἴγυπτος ) , via Middle French Egypte and Latin Aegyptus . It is reflected in early Greek Linear B tablets as a-ku - pi - ti - yo . The adjective aigýpti - , aigýptios was borrowed into Coptic as gyptios , and from there into Arabic as qubṭī , back formed into قبط qubṭ , whence English Copt . The Greek forms were borrowed from Late Egyptian ( Amarna ) Hikuptah `` Memphis '' , a corruption of the earlier Egyptian name ( ⟨ ḥwt - kȝ - ptḥ ⟩ ) , meaning `` home of the ka ( soul ) of Ptah '' , the name of a temple to the god Ptah at Memphis . Miṣr ( Arabic pronunciation : ( mesʕɾ ) ; مِصر ) is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern official name of Egypt , while Maṣr ( Egyptian Arabic pronunciation : ( mɑsʕɾ ) ; مَصر ) is the local pronunciation in Egyptian Arabic . The name is of Semitic origin , directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם ‬ ( Mitzráyim ) . The oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian mi - iṣ - ru miṣru , related to miṣru / miṣirru / miṣaru , meaning `` border '' or `` frontier '' . The ancient Egyptian name of the country was km. t , which means black land , likely referring to the fertile black soils of the Nile flood plains , distinct from the deshret ( ⟨ dšṛt ⟩ ) , or `` red land '' of the desert . This name is commonly vocalised as Kemet , but was probably pronounced ( kuːmat ) in ancient Egyptian . The name is realised as kēme and kēmə in the Coptic stage of the Egyptian language , and appeared in early Greek as Χημία ( Khēmía ) . Another name was ⟨ tꜣ - mry ⟩ `` land of the riverbank '' . The names of Upper and Lower Egypt were Ta - Sheme'aw ( ⟨ tꜣ - šmꜥw ⟩ ) `` sedgeland '' and Ta - Mehew ( ⟨ tꜣ mḥw ⟩ ) `` northland '' , respectively . History Main article : History of Egypt Prehistory and ancient Egypt Main articles : Prehistoric Egypt and Ancient Egypt Temple of Derr ruins in 1960 There is evidence of rock carvings along the Nile terraces and in desert oases . In the 10th millennium BC , a culture of hunter - gatherers and fishers was replaced by a grain - grinding culture . Climate changes or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt , forming the Sahara . Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralised society . By about 6000 BC , a Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley . During the Neolithic era , several predynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt . The Badarian culture and the successor Naqada series are generally regarded as precursors to dynastic Egypt . The earliest known Lower Egyptian site , Merimda , predates the Badarian by about seven hundred years . Contemporaneous Lower Egyptian communities coexisted with their southern counterparts for more than two thousand years , remaining culturally distinct , but maintaining frequent contact through trade . The earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared during the predynastic period on Naqada III pottery vessels , dated to about 3200 BC . The Giza Necropolis is the oldest of the ancient Wonders and the only one still in existence . A unified kingdom was founded c. 3150 BC by King Menes , leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next three millennia . Egyptian culture flourished during this long period and remained distinctively Egyptian in its religion , arts , language and customs . The first two ruling dynasties of a unified Egypt set the stage for the Old Kingdom period , c. 2700 -- 2200 BC. , which constructed many pyramids , most notably the Third Dynasty pyramid of Djoser and the Fourth Dynasty Giza pyramids . The First Intermediate Period ushered in a time of political upheaval for about 150 years . Stronger Nile floods and stabilisation of government , however , brought back renewed prosperity for the country in the Middle Kingdom c. 2040 BC , reaching a peak during the reign of Pharaoh Amenemhat III . A second period of disunity heralded the arrival of the first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt , that of the Semitic Hyksos . The Hyksos invaders took over much of Lower Egypt around 1650 BC and founded a new capital at Avaris . They were driven out by an Upper Egyptian force led by Ahmose I , who founded the Eighteenth Dynasty and relocated the capital from Memphis to Thebes . The Weighing of the Heart from the Book of the Dead of Ani The New Kingdom c. 1550 -- 1070 BC began with the Eighteenth Dynasty , marking the rise of Egypt as an international power that expanded during its greatest extension to an empire as far south as Tombos in Nubia , and included parts of the Levant in the east . This period is noted for some of the most well known Pharaohs , including Hatshepsut , Thutmose III , Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti , Tutankhamun and Ramesses II . The first historically attested expression of monotheism came during this period as Atenism . Frequent contacts with other nations brought new ideas to the New Kingdom . The country was later invaded and conquered by Libyans , Nubians and Assyrians , but native Egyptians eventually drove them out and regained control of their country . Achaemenid Egypt Egyptian soldier of the Achaemenid army , circa 480 BCE . Xerxes I tomb relief . In 525 BC , the powerful Achaemenid Persians , led by Cambyses II , began their conquest of Egypt , eventually capturing the pharaoh Psamtik III at the battle of Pelusium . Cambyses II then assumed the formal title of pharaoh , but ruled Egypt from his home of Susa in Persia ( modern Iran ) , leaving Egypt under the control of a satrapy . The entire Twenty - seventh Dynasty of Egypt , from 525 BC to 402 BC , save for Petubastis III , was an entirely Persian ruled period , with the Achaemenid Emperors all being granted the title of pharaoh . A few temporarily successful revolts against the Persians marked the fifth century BC , but Egypt was never able to permanently overthrow the Persians . The Thirtieth Dynasty was the last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch . It fell to the Persians again in 343 BC after the last native Pharaoh , King Nectanebo II , was defeated in battle . This Thirty - first Dynasty of Egypt , however , did not last long , for the Persians were toppled several decades later by Alexander the Great . The Macedonian Greek general of Alexander , Ptolemy I Soter , founded the Ptolemaic dynasty . Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt Main articles : Ptolemaic Kingdom and Egypt ( Roman province ) The Ptolemaic Queen Cleopatra VII and her son by Julius Caesar , Caesarion , at the Temple of Dendera . The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a powerful Hellenistic state , extending from southern Syria in the east , to Cyrene to the west , and south to the frontier with Nubia . Alexandria became the capital city and a centre of Greek culture and trade . To gain recognition by the native Egyptian populace , they named themselves as the successors to the Pharaohs . The later Ptolemies took on Egyptian traditions , had themselves portrayed on public monuments in Egyptian style and dress , and participated in Egyptian religious life . The last ruler from the Ptolemaic line was Cleopatra VII , who committed suicide following the burial of her lover Mark Antony who had died in her arms ( from a self - inflicted stab wound ) , after Octavian had captured Alexandria and her mercenary forces had fled . The Ptolemies faced rebellions of native Egyptians often caused by an unwanted regime and were involved in foreign and civil wars that led to the decline of the kingdom and its annexation by Rome . Nevertheless , Hellenistic culture continued to thrive in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest . Christianity was brought to Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist in the 1st century . Diocletian 's reign ( from 284 to 305 AD ) marked the transition from the Roman to the Byzantine era in Egypt , when a great number of Egyptian Christians were persecuted . The New Testament had by then been translated into Egyptian . After the Council of Chalcedon in AD 451 , a distinct Egyptian Coptic Church was firmly established . Middle ages ( 7th century -- 1517 ) Main article : Egypt in the Middle Ages The Amr ibn al - As mosque in Cairo , recognized as the oldest in Africa The Byzantines were able to regain control of the country after a brief Sasanian Persian invasion early in the 7th century amidst the Byzantine -- Sasanian War of 602 -- 628 during which they established a new short - lived province for ten years known as Sasanian Egypt , until 639 -- 42 , when Egypt was invaded and conquered by the Islamic Empire by the Muslim Arabs . When they defeated the Byzantine armies in Egypt , the Arabs brought Sunni Islam to the country . Early in this period , Egyptians began to blend their new faith with indigenous beliefs and practices , leading to various Sufi orders that have flourished to this day . These earlier rites had survived the period of Coptic Christianity . In 639 an army of some 4,000 men were sent against Egypt by the second caliph , Umar , under the command of Amr ibn al - As . This army was joined by another 5,000 men in 640 and defeated a Byzantine army at the battle of Heliopolis . Amr next proceeded in the direction of Alexandria , which was surrendered to him by a treaty signed on November 8 , 641 . Alexandria was regained for the Byzantine Empire in 645 but was retaken by Amr in 646 . In 654 an invasion fleet sent by Constans II was repulsed . From that time no serious effort was made by the Byzantines to regain possession of the country . The Arabs founded the capital of Egypt called Fustat , which was later burned down during the Crusades . Cairo was later built in the year 986 to grow to become the largest and richest city in the Arab Empire , and one of the biggest and richest in the world . Abbasid period The Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo , of Ahmad Ibn Tulun The Abbasid period was marked by new taxations , and the Copts revolted again in the fourth year of Abbasid rule . At the beginning of the 9th century the practice of ruling Egypt through a governor was resumed under Abdallah ibn Tahir , who decided to reside at Baghdad , sending a deputy to Egypt to govern for him . In 828 another Egyptian revolt broke out , and in 831 the Copts joined with native Muslims against the government . Eventually the power loss of the Abbasids in Baghdad has led for general upon general to take over rule of Egypt , yet being under Abbasid allegiance , the Ikhshids and the Tulunids dynasties were among the most successful to defy the Abbasid Caliph . The Fatimid Caliphate and the Mamluks See also : Fatimid Caliphate and Mamluk Sultanate ( Cairo ) The Al - Hakim Mosque in Cairo , of Al - Hakim bi-Amr Allah , the sixth caliph , as renovated by Dawoodi Bohra Muslim rulers nominated by the Caliphate remained in control of Egypt for the next six centuries , with Cairo as the seat of the Fatimid Caliphate . With the end of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty , the Mamluks , a Turco - Circassian military caste , took control about 1250 . By the late 13th century , Egypt linked the Red Sea , India , Malaya , and East Indies . The mid-14th - century Black Death killed about 40 % of the country 's population . Early modern : Ottoman Egypt ( 1517 -- 1867 ) Main article : Egypt Eyalet Egypt was conquered by the Ottoman Turks in 1517 , after which it became a province of the Ottoman Empire . The defensive militarisation damaged its civil society and economic institutions . The weakening of the economic system combined with the effects of plague left Egypt vulnerable to foreign invasion . Portuguese traders took over their trade . Between 1687 and 1731 , Egypt experienced six famines . The 1784 famine cost it roughly one - sixth of its population . Egypt was always a difficult province for the Ottoman Sultans to control , due in part to the continuing power and influence of the Mamluks , the Egyptian military caste who had ruled the country for centuries . Napoleon defeated the Mamluk troops in the Battle of the Pyramids , 21 July 1798 , painted by Lejeune . Egypt remained semi-autonomous under the Mamluks until it was invaded by the French forces of Napoleon Bonaparte 1798 ( see French campaign in Egypt and Syria ) . After the French were defeated by the British , a power vacuum was created in Egypt , and a three - way power struggle ensued between the Ottoman Turks , Egyptian Mamluks who had ruled Egypt for centuries , and Albanian mercenaries in the service of the Ottomans . The Muhammad Ali dynasty Main article : History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty Egypt under Muhammad Ali dynasty Muhammad Ali was the founder of the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the first Khedive of Egypt and Sudan . After the French were expelled , power was seized in 1805 by Muhammad Ali Pasha , an Albanian military commander of the Ottoman army in Egypt . While he carried the title of viceroy of Egypt , his subordination to the Ottoman porte was merely nominal . Muhammad Ali massacred the Mamluks and established a dynasty that was to rule Egypt until the revolution of 1952 . The introduction in 1820 of long - staple cotton transformed its agriculture into a cash - crop monoculture before the end of the century , concentrating land ownership and shifting production towards international markets . Muhammad Ali annexed Northern Sudan ( 1820 -- 1824 ) , Syria ( 1833 ) , and parts of Arabia and Anatolia ; but in 1841 the European powers , fearful lest he topple the Ottoman Empire itself , forced him to return most of his conquests to the Ottomans . His military ambition required him to modernise the country : he built industries , a system of canals for irrigation and transport , and reformed the civil service . He constructed a military state with around four percent of the populace serving the army to raise Egypt to a powerful positioning in the Ottoman Empire in a way showing various similarities to the Soviet strategies ( without communism ) conducted in the 20th century . Muhammad Ali Pasha evolved the military from one that convened under the tradition of the corvée to a great modernised army . He introduced conscription of the male peasantry in 19th century Egypt , and took a novel approach to create his great army , strengthening it with numbers and in skill . Education and training of the new soldiers was not an option ; the new concepts were furthermore enforced by isolation . The men were held in barracks to avoid distraction of their growth as a military unit to be reckoned with . The resentment for the military way of life eventually faded from the men and a new ideology took hold , one of nationalism and pride . It was with the help of this newly reborn martial unit that Muhammad Ali imposed his rule over Egypt . The policy that Mohammad Ali Pasha followed during his reign explains partly why the numeracy in Egypt compared to other North - African and Middle - Eastern countries increased only at a remarkably small rate , as investment in further education only took place in the military and industrial sector . Muhammad Ali was succeeded briefly by his son Ibrahim ( in September 1848 ) , then by a grandson Abbas I ( in November 1848 ) , then by Said ( in 1854 ) , and Isma'il ( in 1863 ) who encouraged science and agriculture and banned slavery in Egypt . The European intrusion ( 1867 -- 1914 ) Main article : Khedivate of Egypt The battle of Tel el - Kebir in 1882 during the Anglo - Egyptian War Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty remained nominally an Ottoman province . It was granted the status of an autonomous vassal state or Khedivate in 1867 , a legal status which was to remain in place until 1914 although the Ottomans had no power or presence . The Suez Canal , built in partnership with the French , was completed in 1869 . Its construction was financed by European banks . Large sums also went to patronage and corruption . New taxes caused popular discontent . In 1875 Ismail avoided bankruptcy by selling all Egypt 's shares in the canal to the British government . Within three years this led to the imposition of British and French controllers who sat in the Egyptian cabinet , and , `` with the financial power of the bondholders behind them , were the real power in the Government . '' Other circumstances like epidemic diseases ( cattle disease in the 1880s ) , floods and wars drove the economic downturn and increased Egypt 's dependency on foreign debt even further . In later years , the dynasty became a British puppet . Isma'il and Tewfik Pasha governed Egypt as a quasi-independent state under Ottoman suzerainty until the British occupation of 1882 . Female nationalists demonstrating in Cairo , 1919 Local dissatisfaction with Ismail and with European intrusion led to the formation of the first nationalist groupings in 1879 , with Ahmad Urabi a prominent figure . Fearing a reduction of their control , the UK and France intervened militarily , bombarding Alexandria and crushing the Egyptian army at the battle of Tel El Kebir . They reinstalled Ismail 's son Tewfik as figurehead of a de facto British protectorate . In 1906 , the Dinshaway Incident prompted many neutral Egyptians to join the nationalist movement . British protectorate ( 1882 -- 1952 ) Main article : History of Egypt under the British The Khedivate of Egypt remained a de jure Ottoman province until 5 November 1914 , when it was declared a British protectorate in reaction to the decision of the Young Turks of the Ottoman Empire to join World War I on the side of the Central Powers . In 1914 , the Protectorate was made official , and the title of the head of state was changed to sultan , to repudiate the vestigial suzerainty of the Ottoman sultan , who was backing the Central powers in World War I. Abbas II was deposed as khedive and replaced by his uncle , Hussein Kamel , as sultan . After World War I , Saad Zaghlul and the Wafd Party led the Egyptian nationalist movement to a majority at the local Legislative Assembly . When the British exiled Zaghlul and his associates to Malta on 8 March 1919 , the country arose in its first modern revolution . The revolt led the UK government to issue a unilateral declaration of Egypt 's independence on 22 February 1922 . British infantry near El Alamein , 17 July 1942 The new government drafted and implemented a constitution in 1923 based on a parliamentary system . Saad Zaghlul was popularly elected as Prime Minister of Egypt in 1924 . In 1936 , the Anglo - Egyptian Treaty was concluded . Continued instability due to remaining British influence and increasing political involvement by the king led to the dissolution of the parliament in a military coup d'état known as the 1952 Revolution . The Free Officers Movement forced King Farouk to abdicate in support of his son Fuad . British military presence in Egypt lasted until 1954 . Republic ( 1953 -- Present ) Main article : History of the Republic of Egypt Following the 1952 Revolution by the Free Officers Movement , the rule of Egypt passed to military hands . On 18 June 1953 , the Egyptian Republic was declared , with General Muhammad Naguib as the first President of the Republic , serving in that capacity for a little under one and a half years . Tenure of President Nasser ( 1956 -- 1970 ) Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser in Mansoura , 1960 Naguib was forced to resign in 1954 by Gamal Abdel Nasser -- a Pan-Arabist and the real architect of the 1952 movement -- and was later put under house arrest . After Naguib 's resignation , the position of President was vacant until the election of Gamal Abdel Nasser in 1956 . Nasser assumed power as President in June 1956 . British forces completed their withdrawal from the occupied Suez Canal Zone on 13 June 1956 . He nationalised the Suez Canal on 26 July 1956 , prompting the 1956 Suez Crisis . In 1958 , Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic . The union was short - lived , ending in 1961 when Syria seceded , thus ending the union . During most of its existence , the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen ( or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen ) , known as the United Arab States . In 1959 , the All - Palestine Government of the Gaza Strip , an Egyptian client state , was absorbed into the United Arab Republic under the pretext of Arab union , and was never restored . In the early 1960s , Egypt became fully involved in the North Yemen Civil War . The Egyptian President , Gamal Abdel Nasser , supported the Yemeni republicans with as many as 70,000 Egyptian troops and chemical weapons . Despite several military moves and peace conferences , the war sank into a stalemate . Egyptian commitment in Yemen was greatly undermined later . In mid May 1967 , the Soviet Union issued warnings to Nasser of an impending Israeli attack on Syria . Although the chief of staff Mohamed Fawzi verified them as `` baseless '' , Nasser took three successive steps that made the war virtually inevitable : On 14 May he deployed his troops in Sinai near the border with Israel , on 19 May he expelled the UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula border with Israel , and on 23 May he closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping . On 26 May Nasser declared , `` The battle will be a general one and our basic objective will be to destroy Israel '' . Israel re-iterated that the Straits of Tiran closure was a Casus belli . In the 1967 Six - Day War , Israel attacked Egypt , and occupied Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip , which Egypt had occupied since the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . During the 1967 war , an Emergency Law was enacted , and remained in effect until 2012 , with the exception of an 18 - month break in 1980 / 81 . Under this law , police powers were extended , constitutional rights suspended and censorship legalised . At the time of the fall of the Egyptian monarchy in the early 1950s , less than half a million Egyptians were considered upper class and rich , four million middle class and 17 million lower class and poor . Fewer than half of all primary - school - age children attended school , most of them being boys . Nasser 's policies changed this . Land reform and distribution , the dramatic growth in university education , and government support to national industries greatly improved social mobility and flattened the social curve . From academic year 1953 -- 54 through 1965 -- 66 , overall public school enrolments more than doubled . Millions of previously poor Egyptians , through education and jobs in the public sector , joined the middle class . Doctors , engineers , teachers , lawyers , journalists , constituted the bulk of the swelling middle class in Egypt under Nasser . During the 1960s , the Egyptian economy went from sluggish to the verge of collapse , the society became less free , and Nasser 's appeal waned considerably . Tenure of President Sadat ( 1970 -- 1981 ) Egyptian tanks advancing in the Sinai desert during the Yom Kippur War , 1973 In 1970 , President Nasser died and was succeeded by Anwar Sadat . Sadat switched Egypt 's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States , expelling Soviet advisors in 1972 . He launched the Infitah economic reform policy , while clamping down on religious and secular opposition . In 1973 , Egypt , along with Syria , launched the October War , a surprise attack to regain part of the Sinai territory Israel had captured 6 years earlier . It presented Sadat with a victory that allowed him to regain the Sinai later in return for peace with Israel . Celebrating the signing of the 1978 Camp David Accords : Menachem Begin , Jimmy Carter , Anwar Sadat In 1975 , Sadat shifted Nasser 's economic policies and sought to use his popularity to reduce government regulations and encourage foreign investment through his program of Infitah . Through this policy , incentives such as reduced taxes and import tariffs attracted some investors , but investments were mainly directed at low risk and profitable ventures like tourism and construction , abandoning Egypt 's infant industries . Even though Sadat 's policy was intended to modernise Egypt and assist the middle class , it mainly benefited the higher class , and , because of the elimination of subsidies on basic foodstuffs , led to the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots . Sadat made a historic visit to Israel in 1977 , which led to the 1979 peace treaty in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai . Sadat 's initiative sparked enormous controversy in the Arab world and led to Egypt 's expulsion from the Arab League , but it was supported by most Egyptians . Sadat was assassinated by an Islamic extremist in October 1981 . Tenure of President Mubarak ( 1981 -- 2011 ) Hosni Mubarak came to power after the assassination of Sadat in a referendum in which he was the only candidate . Hosni Mubarak reaffirmed Egypt 's relationship with Israel yet eased the tensions with Egypt 's Arab neighbours . Domestically , Mubarak faced serious problems . Even though farm and industry output expanded , the economy could not keep pace with the population boom . Mass poverty and unemployment led rural families to stream into cities like Cairo where they ended up in crowded slums , barely managing to survive . In the 1980s , 1990s , and 2000s , terrorist attacks in Egypt became numerous and severe , and began to target Christian Copts , foreign tourists and government officials . In the 1990s an Islamist group , Al - Gama'a al - Islamiyya , engaged in an extended campaign of violence , from the murders and attempted murders of prominent writers and intellectuals , to the repeated targeting of tourists and foreigners . Serious damage was done to the largest sector of Egypt 's economy -- tourism -- and in turn to the government , but it also devastated the livelihoods of many of the people on whom the group depended for support . During Mubarak 's reign , the political scene was dominated by the National Democratic Party , which was created by Sadat in 1978 . It passed the 1993 Syndicates Law , 1995 Press Law , and 1999 Nongovernmental Associations Law which hampered freedoms of association and expression by imposing new regulations and draconian penalties on violations . As a result , by the late 1990s parliamentary politics had become virtually irrelevant and alternative avenues for political expression were curtailed as well . Cairo grew into a metropolitan area with a population of over 20 million On 17 November 1997 , 62 people , mostly tourists , were massacred near Luxor . In late February 2005 , Mubarak announced a reform of the presidential election law , paving the way for multi-candidate polls for the first time since the 1952 movement . However , the new law placed restrictions on the candidates , and led to Mubarak 's easy re-election victory . Voter turnout was less than 25 % . Election observers also alleged government interference in the election process . After the election , Mubarak imprisoned Ayman Nour , the runner - up . Human Rights Watch 's 2006 report on Egypt detailed serious human rights violations , including routine torture , arbitrary detentions and trials before military and state security courts . In 2007 , Amnesty International released a report alleging that Egypt had become an international centre for torture , where other nations send suspects for interrogation , often as part of the War on Terror . Egypt 's foreign ministry quickly issued a rebuttal to this report . Constitutional changes voted on 19 March 2007 prohibited parties from using religion as a basis for political activity , allowed the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law , authorised broad police powers of arrest and surveillance , and gave the president power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring . In 2009 , Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki , Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party ( NDP ) , described Egypt as a `` pharaonic '' political system , and democracy as a `` long - term goal '' . Dessouki also stated that `` the real center of power in Egypt is the military '' . Revolution and aftermath ( 2011 -- 2014 ) Main article : Egyptian Crisis ( 2011 -- 14 ) Top : Celebrations in Tahrir Square after the announcement of Hosni Mubarak 's resignation ; Bottom : Protests in Tahrir Square against President Morsi on 27 November 2012 . On 25 January 2011 , widespread protests began against Mubarak 's government . On 11 February 2011 , Mubarak resigned and fled Cairo . Jubilant celebrations broke out in Cairo 's Tahrir Square at the news . The Egyptian military then assumed the power to govern . Mohamed Hussein Tantawi , chairman of the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces , became the de facto interim head of state . On 13 February 2011 , the military dissolved the parliament and suspended the constitution . A constitutional referendum was held on 19 March 2011 . On 28 November 2011 , Egypt held its first parliamentary election since the previous regime had been in power . Turnout was high and there were no reports of major irregularities or violence . Mohamed Morsi was elected president on 24 June 2012 . On 2 August 2012 , Egypt 's Prime Minister Hisham Qandil announced his 35 - member cabinet comprising 28 newcomers including four from the Muslim Brotherhood . Liberal and secular groups walked out of the constituent assembly because they believed that it would impose strict Islamic practices , while Muslim Brotherhood backers threw their support behind Morsi . On 22 November 2012 , President Morsi issued a temporary declaration immunising his decrees from challenge and seeking to protect the work of the constituent assembly . The move led to massive protests and violent action throughout Egypt . On 5 December 2012 , tens of thousands of supporters and opponents of President Morsi clashed , in what was described as the largest violent battle between Islamists and their foes since the country 's revolution . Mohamed Morsi offered a `` national dialogue '' with opposition leaders but refused to cancel the December 2012 constitutional referendum . On 3 July 2013 , after a wave of public discontent with autocratic excesses of Morsi 's Muslim Brotherhood government , the military removed President Morsi from power in a coup d'état and installed an interim government . On 4 July 2013 , 68 - year - old Chief Justice of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt Adly Mansour was sworn in as acting president over the new government following the removal of Morsi . The military - backed Egyptian authorities cracked down on the Muslim Brotherhood and its supporters , jailing thousands and killing hundreds of street protesters . Many of the Muslim Brotherhood leaders and activists have either been sentenced to death or life imprisonment in a series of mass trials . On 18 January 2014 , the interim government instituted a new constitution following a referendum in which 98.1 % of voters were supportive . 38.6 % of registered voters participated in the referendum a higher number than the 33 % who voted in a referendum during Morsi 's tenure . On 26 March 2014 Abdel Fattah el - Sisi the head of the Egyptian Armed Forces , who at this time was in control of the country , resigned from the military , announcing he would stand as a candidate in the 2014 presidential election . The poll , held between 26 and 28 May 2014 , resulted in a landslide victory for el - Sisi . Sisi was sworn into office as President of Egypt on 8 June 2014 . The Muslim Brotherhood and some liberal and secular activist groups boycotted the vote . Even though the military - backed authorities extended voting to a third day , the 46 % turnout was lower than the 52 % turnout in the 2012 election . Geography Main article : Geography of Egypt Nile valley near Luxor . Rocky landscape in Marsa Alam . Egypt lies primarily between latitudes 22 ° and 32 ° N , and longitudes 25 ° and 35 ° E. At 1,001,450 square kilometres ( 386,660 sq mi ) , it is the world 's 30th - largest country . Due to the extreme aridity of Egypt 's climate , population centres are concentrated along the narrow Nile Valley and Delta , meaning that about 99 % of the population uses about 5.5 % of the total land area . 98 % of Egyptians live on 3 % of the territory . Egypt is bordered by Libya to the west , the Sudan to the south , and the Gaza Strip and Israel to the east . Egypt 's important role in geopolitics stems from its strategic position : a transcontinental nation , it possesses a land bridge ( the Isthmus of Suez ) between Africa and Asia , traversed by a navigable waterway ( the Suez Canal ) that connects the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian Ocean by way of the Red Sea . Apart from the Nile Valley , the majority of Egypt 's landscape is desert , with a few oases scattered about . Winds create prolific sand dunes that peak at more than 100 feet ( 30 m ) high . Egypt includes parts of the Sahara desert and of the Libyan Desert . These deserts protected the Kingdom of the Pharaohs from western threats and were referred to as the `` red land '' in ancient Egypt . Towns and cities include Alexandria , the second largest city ; Aswan ; Asyut ; Cairo , the modern Egyptian capital and largest city ; El Mahalla El Kubra ; Giza , the site of the Pyramid of Khufu ; Hurghada ; Luxor ; Kom Ombo ; Port Safaga ; Port Said ; Sharm El Sheikh ; Suez , where the south end of the Suez Canal is located ; Zagazig ; and Minya . Oases include Bahariya , Dakhla , Farafra , Kharga and Siwa . Protectorates include Ras Mohamed National Park , Zaranik Protectorate and Siwa . On 13 March 2015 , plans for a proposed new capital of Egypt were announced . Climate Main article : Climate of Egypt Saint Catherine in southern Sinai , on a snowy winter morning . Most of Egypt 's rain falls in the winter months . South of Cairo , rainfall averages only around 2 to 5 mm ( 0.1 to 0.2 in ) per year and at intervals of many years . On a very thin strip of the northern coast the rainfall can be as high as 410 mm ( 16.1 in ) , mostly between October and March . Snow falls on Sinai 's mountains and some of the north coastal cities such as Damietta , Baltim and Sidi Barrani , and rarely in Alexandria . A very small amount of snow fell on Cairo on 13 December 2013 , the first time in many decades . Frost is also known in mid-Sinai and mid-Egypt . Egypt is the driest and the sunniest country in the world , and most of its land surface is desert . The Qattara Depression in Egypt 's north west . Egypt has an unusually hot , sunny and dry climate . Average high temperatures are high in the north but very to extremely high in the rest of the country during summer . The cooler Mediterranean winds consistently blow over the northern sea coast , which helps to get more moderated temperatures , especially at the height of the summertime . The Khamaseen is a hot , dry wind that originates from the vast deserts in the south and blows in the spring or in the early summer . It bringing scorching sand and dust particles , and usually brings daytime temperatures over 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) and sometimes over 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) more in the interior , while the relative humidity can drop to 5 % or even less . The absolute highest temperatures in Egypt occur when the Khamaseen blows . The weather is always sunny and clear in Egypt , especially in cities such as Aswan , Luxor and Asyut . It is one of the least cloudy and least rainy regions on Earth . Prior to the construction of the Aswan Dam , the Nile flooded annually ( colloquially The Gift of the Nile ) replenishing Egypt 's soil . This gave Egypt a consistent harvest throughout the years . The potential rise in sea levels due to global warming could threaten Egypt 's densely populated coastal strip and have grave consequences for the country 's economy , agriculture and industry . Combined with growing demographic pressures , a significant rise in sea levels could turn millions of Egyptians into environmental refugees by the end of the 21st century , according to some climate experts . Biodiversity Main article : Wildlife of Egypt Egypt signed the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity on 9 June 1992 , and became a party to the convention on 2 June 1994 . It has subsequently produced a National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan , which was received by the convention on 31 July 1998 . Where many CBD National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans neglect biological kingdoms apart from animals and plants , Egypt 's plan was unusual in providing balanced information about all forms of life . The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt : algae ( 1483 species ) , animals ( about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects ) , fungi ( more than 627 species ) , monera ( 319 species ) , plants ( 2426 species ) , protozoans ( 371 species ) . For some major groups , for example lichen - forming fungi and nematode worms , the number was not known . Apart from small and well - studied groups like amphibians , birds , fish , mammals and reptiles , the many of those numbers are likely to increase as further species are recorded from Egypt . For the fungi , including lichen - forming species , for example , subsequent work has shown that over 2200 species have been recorded from Egypt , and the final figure of all fungi actually occurring in the country is expected to be much higher . For the grasses , 284 native and naturalised species have been identified and recorded in Egypt . Government Main article : Politics of Egypt Abdel Fattah el - Sisi is the current President of Egypt . The House of Representatives , whose members are elected to serve five - year terms , specialises in legislation . Elections were last held between November 2011 and January 2012 which was later dissolved . The next parliamentary election was announced to be held within 6 months of the constitution 's ratification on 18 January 2014 , and were held in two phases , from 17 October to 2 December 2015 . Originally , the parliament was to be formed before the president was elected , but interim president Adly Mansour pushed the date . The Egyptian presidential election , 2014 , took place on 26 -- 28 May 2014 . Official figures showed a turnout of 25,578,233 or 47.5 % , with Abdel Fattah el - Sisi winning with 23.78 million votes , or 96.91 % compared to 757,511 ( 3.09 % ) for Hamdeen Sabahi . After a wave of public discontent with autocratic excesses of the Muslim Brotherhood government of President Mohamed Morsi , on 3 July 2013 then - General Abdel Fattah el - Sisi announced the removal of Morsi from office and the suspension of the constitution . A 50 - member constitution committee was formed for modifying the constitution which was later published for public voting and was adopted on 18 January 2014 . In 2013 , Freedom House rated political rights in Egypt at 5 ( with 1 representing the most free and 7 the least ) , and civil liberties at 5 , which gave it the freedom rating of `` Partly Free '' . Egyptian nationalism predates its Arab counterpart by many decades , having roots in the 19th century and becoming the dominant mode of expression of Egyptian anti-colonial activists and intellectuals until the early 20th century . The ideology espoused by Islamists such as the Muslim Brotherhood is mostly supported by the lower - middle strata of Egyptian society . Egypt has the oldest continuous parliamentary tradition in the Arab world . The first popular assembly was established in 1866 . It was disbanded as a result of the British occupation of 1882 , and the British allowed only a consultative body to sit . In 1923 , however , after the country 's independence was declared , a new constitution provided for a parliamentary monarchy . Law Main article : Egyptian Civil Code The High Court of Justice in Downtown Cairo . The legal system is based on Islamic and civil law ( particularly Napoleonic codes ) ; and judicial review by a Supreme Court , which accepts compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction only with reservations . Islamic jurisprudence is the principal source of legislation . Sharia courts and qadis are run and licensed by the Ministry of Justice . The personal status law that regulates matters such as marriage , divorce and child custody is governed by Sharia . In a family court , a woman 's testimony is worth half of a man 's testimony . On 26 December 2012 , the Muslim Brotherhood attempted to institutionalise a controversial new constitution . It was approved by the public in a referendum held 15 -- 22 December 2012 with 64 % support , but with only 33 % electorate participation . It replaced the 2011 Provisional Constitution of Egypt , adopted following the revolution . The Penal code was unique as it contains a `` Blasphemy Law . '' The present court system allows a death penalty including against an absent individual tried in absentia . Several Americans and Canadians were sentenced to death in 2012 . On 18 January 2014 , the interim government successfully institutionalised a more secular constitution . The president is elected to a four - year term and may serve 2 terms . The parliament may impeach the president . Under the constitution , there is a guarantee of gender equality and absolute freedom of thought . The military retains the ability to appoint the national Minister of Defence for the next two full presidential terms since the constitution took effect . Under the constitution , political parties may not be based on `` religion , race , gender or geography '' . Human Rights Main article : Human rights in Egypt See also : Sudanese refugees in Egypt , August 2013 Rabaa massacre , and Persecution of Copts The Egyptian Organization for Human Rights is one of the longest - standing bodies for the defence of human rights in Egypt . In 2003 , the government established the National Council for Human Rights . Shortly after its foundation , the council came under heavy criticism by local activists , who contend it was a propaganda tool for the government to excuse its own violations and to give legitimacy to repressive laws such as the Emergency Law . Protesters from the Third Square movement , which supports neither the Morsi government nor the Armed Forces , 31 July 2013 The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life ranks Egypt as the fifth worst country in the world for religious freedom . The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom , a bipartisan independent agency of the US government , has placed Egypt on its watch list of countries that require close monitoring due to the nature and extent of violations of religious freedom engaged in or tolerated by the government . According to a 2010 Pew Global Attitudes survey , 84 % of Egyptians polled supported the death penalty for those who leave Islam ; 77 % supported whippings and cutting off of hands for theft and robbery ; and 82 % support stoning a person who commits adultery . In February 2016 Giulio Regeni , an Italian Ph. D student from the University of Cambridge studying trade unions and worker 's rights in the country , was found brutally murdered in Cairo after he went missing in January of the same year . Subsequently , Italy withdrew its ambassador to Egypt . Egyptian law enforcement produced conflicting information on the fate of the Italian citizen , which was unacceptable to Italian investigators . As a result , the Italian press and foreign ministry pointed at the systematic human right violations in Egypt , and threatened with political sanctions unless police leadership and practices undergo significant revisions . Coptic Christians face discrimination at multiple levels of the government , ranging from disproportionate representation in government ministries to laws that limit their ability to build or repair churches . Intolerance of Bahá'ís and non-orthodox Muslim sects , such as Sufis , Shi'a and Ahmadis , also remains a problem . When the government moved to computerise identification cards , members of religious minorities , such as Bahá'ís , could not obtain identification documents . An Egyptian court ruled in early 2008 that members of other faiths may obtain identity cards without listing their faiths , and without becoming officially recognised . Muslim Brotherhood - affiliated pro-Morsi protesters holding the Rabia sign in a protest in September 2013 . Clashes continued between police and supporters of former President Mohamed Morsi , at least 595 civilians were killed in Cairo on 14 August 2013 , the worst mass killing in Egypt 's modern history . Egypt actively practices capital punishment . Egypt 's authorities do not release figures on death sentences and executions , despite repeated requests over the years by human rights organisations . The United Nations human rights office and various NGOs expressed `` deep alarm '' after an Egyptian Minya Criminal Court sentenced 529 people to death in a single hearing on 25 March 2014 . Sentenced supporters of former President Mohamed Morsi will be executed for their alleged role in violence following his ousting in July 2013 . The judgment was condemned as a violation of international law . By May 2014 , approximately 16,000 people ( and as high as more than 40,000 by one independent count ) , mostly Brotherhood members or supporters , have been imprisoned after the coup after the Muslim Brotherhood was labelled as terrorist organisation by the post-coup interim Egyptian government . After Morsi was ousted by the military , the judiciary system aligned itself with the new government , actively supporting the repression of Muslim Brotherhood members . This resulted in a sharp increase in mass death sentences that arose criticism from then - U.S. President Barack Obama and the General Secretary of the UN , Ban Ki Moon . Homosexuality is illegal in Egypt According to 2013 survey by the Pew Research Center , 95 % of Egyptians believe that homosexuality should not be accepted by society . In 2017 Cairo was voted the most dangerous megacity for women with more than 10 million inhabitants in a poll by Thomson Reuters Foundation . Sexual harassment was described as occurring on a daily basis . Freedom of the Press Reporters Without Borders ranked Egypt in their 2017 World Press Freedom Index at no . 160 out of 180 nations . At least 18 journalists were imprisoned in Egypt , as of August 2015 . A new anti-terror law was enacted in August 2015 that threatens members of the media with fines ranging from about US $25,000 to $60,000 for the distribution of wrong information on acts of terror inside the country `` that differ from official declarations of the Egyptian Department of Defense '' . Military and foreign relations Main articles : Egyptian Armed Forces and Foreign relations of Egypt Egyptian honor guard soldiers during a visit of U.S. Navy Adm. Mike Mullen The military is influential in the political and economic life of Egypt and exempts itself from laws that apply to other sectors . It enjoys considerable power , prestige and independence within the state and has been widely considered part of the Egyptian `` deep state '' . According to the former chair of Israel 's Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee , Yuval Steinitz , the Egyptian Air Force has roughly the same number of modern warplanes as the Israeli Air Force and far more Western tanks , artillery , anti-aircraft batteries and warships than the IDF . Egypt is speculated by Israel to be the second country in the region with a spy satellite , EgyptSat 1 in addition to EgyptSat 2 launched on 16 April 2014 . Top : Former President Hosni Mubarak with former US President George W. Bush at Camp David in 2002 ; Bottom : President Abdel Fattah el - Sisi and Russian President Vladimir Putin in Sochi , August 2014 . The United States provides Egypt with annual military assistance , which in 2015 amounted to US $1.3 billion . In 1989 , Egypt was designated as a major non-NATO ally of the United States . Nevertheless , ties between the two countries have partially soured since the July 2013 overthrow of Islamist president Mohamed Morsi , with the Obama administration denouncing Egypt over its crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood , and cancelling future military exercises involving the two countries . There have been recent attempts , however , to normalise relations between the two , with both governments frequently calling for mutual support in the fight against regional and international terrorism . However , following the election of Republican Donald Trump as the President of the United States , the two countries are looking to improve the Egyptian - American relations . al - Sisi and Trump had met during the opening of the seventy - first session of the United Nations General Assembly in September 2016 . The absence of Egypt in President Trump 's travel ban towards seven Muslim countries was noted in Washington although the Congress has voiced human rights concerns over the handling of dissidents . On 22 March 2017 it was reported that al - Sisi would be traveling to Washington to meet with Trump on 3 April 2017 . The Egyptian military has dozens of factories manufacturing weapons as well as consumer goods . The Armed Forces ' inventory includes equipment from different countries around the world . Equipment from the former Soviet Union is being progressively replaced by more modern US , French , and British equipment , a significant portion of which is built under license in Egypt , such as the M1 Abrams tank . Relations with Russia have improved significantly following Mohamed Morsi 's removal and both countries have worked since then to strengthen military and trade ties among other aspects of bilateral co-operation . Relations with China have also improved considerably . In 2014 , Egypt and China established a bilateral `` comprehensive strategic partnership '' . The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the body 's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian . This position is currently held by former foreign minister Ahmed Aboul Gheit . The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to Tunis in 1978 to protest the Egypt -- Israel Peace Treaty , but it later returned to Cairo in 1989 . Gulf monarchies , including the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia , have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome its economic difficulties since the July 2013 coup . President el - Sisi with US President Donald Trump , 21 May 2017 Following the 1973 war and the subsequent peace treaty , Egypt became the first Arab nation to establish diplomatic relations with Israel . Despite that , Israel is still widely considered as a hostile state by the majority of Egyptians . Egypt has played a historical role as a mediator in resolving various disputes in the Middle East , most notably its handling of the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict and the peace process . Egypt 's ceasefire and truce brokering efforts in Gaza have hardly been challenged following Israel 's evacuation of its settlements from the strip in 2005 , despite increasing animosity towards the Hamas government in Gaza following the ouster of Mohamed Morsi , and despite recent attempts by countries like Turkey and Qatar to take over this role . Ties between Egypt and other non-Arab Middle Eastern nations , including Iran and Turkey , have often been strained . Tensions with Iran are mostly due to Egypt 's peace treaty with Israel and Iran 's rivalry with traditional Egyptian allies in the Gulf . Turkey 's recent support for the now - banned Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and its alleged involvement in Libya also made of both countries bitter regional rivals . Egypt is a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations . It is also a member of the Organisation internationale de la francophonie , since 1983 . Former Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister Boutros Boutros - Ghali served as Secretary - General of the United Nations from 1991 to 1996 . In 2008 , Egypt was estimated to have two million African refugees , including over 20,000 Sudanese nationals registered with UNHCR as refugees fleeing armed conflict or asylum seekers . Egypt adopted `` harsh , sometimes lethal '' methods of border control . Administrative divisions Main articles : Governorates of Egypt and Subdivisions of Egypt Egypt is divided into 27 governorates . The governorates are further divided into regions . The regions contain towns and villages . Each governorate has a capital , sometimes carrying the same name as the governorate . Governorates of Egypt 1 . Matrouh 2 . Alexandria 3 . Beheira 4 . Kafr El Sheikh 5 . Dakahlia 6 . Damietta 7 . Port Said 8 . North Sinai 9 . Gharbia 10 . Monufia 11 . Qalyubia 12 . Sharqia 13 . Ismailia 14 . Giza 15 . Faiyum 16 . Cairo 17 . Suez 18 . South Sinai 19 . Beni Suef 20 . Minya 21 . New Valley 22 . Asyut 23 . Red Sea 24 . Sohag 25 . Qena 26 . Luxor 27 . Aswan Economy Main article : Economy of Egypt Share of world GDP ( PPP ) Year Share 1980 0.69 % 1990 0.83 % 2000 0.86 % 0.96 % 2017 0.95 % Egypt Exports by Product ( 2014 ) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity Egypt 's economy depends mainly on agriculture , media , petroleum imports , natural gas , and tourism ; there are also more than three million Egyptians working abroad , mainly in Libya , Saudi Arabia , the Persian Gulf and Europe . The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1970 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time - honoured place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt . A rapidly growing population , limited arable land , and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress the economy . The government has invested in communications and physical infrastructure . Egypt has received United States foreign aid since 1979 ( an average of $2.2 billion per year ) and is the third - largest recipient of such funds from the United States following the Iraq war . Egypt 's economy mainly relies on these sources of income : tourism , remittances from Egyptians working abroad and revenues from the Suez Canal . Egypt has a developed energy market based on coal , oil , natural gas , and hydro power . Substantial coal deposits in the northeast Sinai are mined at the rate of about 600,000 tonnes ( 590,000 long tons ; 660,000 short tons ) per year . Oil and gas are produced in the western desert regions , the Gulf of Suez , and the Nile Delta . Egypt has huge reserves of gas , estimated at 2,180 cubic kilometres ( 520 cu mi ) , and LNG up to 2012 exported to many countries . In 2013 , the Egyptian General Petroleum Co ( EGPC ) said the country will cut exports of natural gas and tell major industries to slow output this summer to avoid an energy crisis and stave off political unrest , Reuters has reported . Egypt is counting on top liquid natural gas ( LNG ) exporter Qatar to obtain additional gas volumes in summer , while encouraging factories to plan their annual maintenance for those months of peak demand , said EGPC chairman , Tarek El Barkatawy . Egypt produces its own energy , but has been a net oil importer since 2008 and is rapidly becoming a net importer of natural gas . San Stefano Grand Plaza in Alexandria ( left ) and view from Cairo . Economic conditions have started to improve considerably , after a period of stagnation , due to the adoption of more liberal economic policies by the government as well as increased revenues from tourism and a booming stock market . In its annual report , the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) has rated Egypt as one of the top countries in the world undertaking economic reforms . Some major economic reforms undertaken by the government since 2003 include a dramatic slashing of customs and tariffs . A new taxation law implemented in 2005 decreased corporate taxes from 40 % to the current 20 % , resulting in a stated 100 % increase in tax revenue by the year 2006 . Smart Village , a business district in 6th of October established in 2001 to facilitate the growth of high - tech businesses . Foreign direct investment ( FDI ) in Egypt increased considerably before the removal of Hosni Mubarak , exceeding $6 billion in 2006 , due to economic liberalisation and privatisation measures taken by minister of investment Mahmoud Mohieddin . Since the fall of Hosni Mubarak in 2011 , Egypt has experienced a drastic fall in both foreign investment and tourism revenues , followed by a 60 % drop in foreign exchange reserves , a 3 % drop in growth , and a rapid devaluation of the Egyptian pound . Although one of the main obstacles still facing the Egyptian economy is the limited trickle down of wealth to the average population , many Egyptians criticise their government for higher prices of basic goods while their standards of living or purchasing power remains relatively stagnant . Corruption is often cited by Egyptians as the main impediment to further economic growth . The government promised major reconstruction of the country 's infrastructure , using money paid for the newly acquired third mobile license ( $3 billion ) by Etisalat in 2006 . In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2013 , Egypt was ranked 114 out of 177 . The Suez Canal . Egypt 's most prominent multinational companies are the Orascom Group and Raya Contact Center . The information technology ( IT ) sector has expanded rapidly in the past few years , with many start - ups selling outsourcing services to North America and Europe , operating with companies such as Microsoft , Oracle and other major corporations , as well as many small and medium size enterprises . Some of these companies are the Xceed Contact Center , Raya , E Group Connections and C3 . The IT sector has been stimulated by new Egyptian entrepreneurs with government encouragement . An estimated 2.7 million Egyptians abroad contribute actively to the development of their country through remittances ( US $7.8 billion in 2009 ) , as well as circulation of human and social capital and investment . Remittances , money earned by Egyptians living abroad and sent home , reached a record US $21 billion in 2012 , according to the World Bank . Egyptian society is moderately unequal in terms of income distribution , with an estimated 35 -- 40 % of Egypt 's population earning less than the equivalent of $2 a day , while only around 2 -- 3 % may be considered wealthy . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Egypt Muizz Street . Old Cairo has the greatest concentration of medieval architectural treasures in the Islamic world . Tourism is one of the most important sectors in Egypt 's economy . More than 12.8 million tourists visited Egypt in 2008 , providing revenues of nearly $11 billion . The tourism sector employs about 12 % of Egypt 's workforce . Tourism Minister Hisham Zaazou told industry professionals and reporters that tourism generated some $9.4 billion in 2012 , a slight increase over the $9 billion seen in 2011 . Sahl Hasheesh , a resort town near Hurghada . The Giza Necropolis is one of Egypt 's best - known tourist attractions ; it is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence . Egypt 's beaches on the Mediterranean and the Red Sea , which extend to over 3,000 kilometres ( 1,900 miles ) , are also popular tourist destinations ; the Gulf of Aqaba beaches , Safaga , Sharm el - Sheikh , Hurghada , Luxor , Dahab , Ras Sidr and Marsa Alam are popular sites . Energy Main article : Energy in Egypt An offshore platform in the Darfeel Gas Field . Egypt produced 691,000 bbl / d of oil and 2,141.05 Tcf of natural gas in 2013 , making the country the largest non-OPEC producer of oil and the second - largest dry natural gas producer in Africa . In 2013 , Egypt was the largest consumer of oil and natural gas in Africa , as more than 20 % of total oil consumption and more than 40 % of total dry natural gas consumption in Africa . Also , Egypt possesses the largest oil refinery capacity in Africa 726,000 bbl / d ( in 2012 ) . Egypt is currently planning to build its first nuclear power plant in El Dabaa , in the northern part of the country , with $25 billion in Russian financing . Transport Main article : Transport in Egypt Transport in Egypt is centred around Cairo and largely follows the pattern of settlement along the Nile . The main line of the nation 's 40,800 - kilometre ( 25,400 mi ) railway network runs from Alexandria to Aswan and is operated by Egyptian National Railways . The vehicle road network has expanded rapidly to over 21,000 miles , consisting of 28 line , 796 stations , 1800 train covering the Nile Valley and Nile Delta , the Mediterranean and Red Sea coasts , the Sinai , and the Western oases . The Cairo Metro ( line 2 ) The Cairo Metro in Egypt is the first of only two full - fledged metro systems in Africa and the Arab World . It is considered one of the most important recent projects in Egypt which cost around 12 billion Egyptian pounds . The system consists of three operational lines with a fourth line expected in the future . EgyptAir , which is now the country 's flag carrier and largest airline , was founded in 1932 by Egyptian industrialist Talaat Harb , today owned by the Egyptian government . The airline is based at Cairo International Airport , its main hub , operating scheduled passenger and freight services to more than 75 destinations in the Middle East , Europe , Africa , Asia , and the Americas . The Current EgyptAir fleet includes 80 aeroplanes . Suez Canal Main article : Suez Canal The Suez Canal Bridge . The Suez Canal is an artificial sea - level waterway in Egypt considered the most important centre of the maritime transport in the Middle East , connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea . Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work , it allows ship transport between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa . The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfiq at the city of Suez . Ismailia lies on its west bank , 3 kilometres ( 1.9 miles ) from the half - way point . The canal is 193.30 kilometres ( 120.11 miles ) long , 24 metres ( 79 feet ) deep and 205 metres ( 673 feet ) wide as of 2010 . It consists of the northern access channel of 22 kilometres ( 14 miles ) ( 14 mi ) , the canal itself of 162.25 kilometres ( 100.82 miles ) and the southern access channel of 9 kilometres ( 5.6 miles ) . The canal is a single lane with passing places in the Ballah By - Pass and the Great Bitter Lake . It contains no locks ; seawater flows freely through the canal . In general , the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer . The current south of the lakes changes with the tide at Suez . On 26 August 2014 a proposal was made for opening a New Suez Canal . Work on the New Suez Canal was completed in July 2015 . The channel was officially inaugurated with a ceremony attended by foreign leaders and featuring military flyovers on 6 August 2015 , in accordance with the budgets laid out for the project . Water supply and sanitation Main article : Water supply and sanitation in Egypt The piped water supply in Egypt increased between 1990 and 2010 from 89 % to 100 % in urban areas and from 39 % to 93 % in rural areas despite rapid population growth . Over that period , Egypt achieved the elimination of open defecation in rural areas and invested in infrastructure . Access to an improved water source in Egypt is now practically universal with a rate of 99 % . About one half of the population is connected to sanitary sewers . Partly because of low sanitation coverage about 17,000 children die each year because of diarrhoea . Another challenge is low cost recovery due to water tariffs that are among the lowest in the world . This in turn requires government subsidies even for operating costs , a situation that has been aggravated by salary increases without tariff increases after the Arab Spring . Poor operation of facilities , such as water and wastewater treatment plants , as well as limited government accountability and transparency , are also issues . Green irrigated land along the Nile amidst the desert and in the delta Irrigated land and crops Due to the absence of appreciable rainfall , Egypt 's agriculture depends entirely on irrigation . The main source of irrigation water is the river Nile of which the flow is controlled by the high dam at Aswan . It releases , on average , 55 cubic kilometres ( 45,000,000 acre ft ) water per year , of which some 46 cubic kilometres ( 37,000,000 acre ft ) are diverted into the irrigation canals . In the Nile valley and delta , almost 33,600 square kilometres ( 13,000 sq mi ) of land benefit from these irrigation waters producing on average 1.8 crops per year . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Egypt and Egyptians Egypt 's population density ( people per km ) . Historical populations in thousands Year Pop . ± % p.a. 1882 6,712 -- 1897 9,669 + 2.46 % 1907 11,190 + 1.47 % 1917 12,718 + 1.29 % 1927 14,178 + 1.09 % 1937 15,921 + 1.17 % 1947 18,967 + 1.77 % 1960 26,085 + 2.48 % 1966 30,076 + 2.40 % 1976 36,626 + 1.99 % 1986 48,254 + 2.80 % 59,312 + 2.08 % 2006 72,798 + 2.07 % 2013 84,314 + 2.12 % 2017 94,798 + 2.97 % Source : Population in Egypt Egypt is the most populated country in the Middle East , and the third most populous on the African continent , with about 95 million inhabitants as of 2017 . Its population grew rapidly from 1970 to 2010 due to medical advances and increases in agricultural productivity enabled by the Green Revolution . Egypt 's population was estimated at 3 million when Napoleon invaded the country in 1798 . Egypt 's people are highly urbanised , being concentrated along the Nile ( notably Cairo and Alexandria ) , in the Delta and near the Suez Canal . Egyptians are divided demographically into those who live in the major urban centres and the fellahin , or farmers , that reside in rural villages . The total inhabited area constitutes only 77,041 km2 , putting the physiological density at over 1,200 people per km , similar to Bangladesh . While emigration was restricted under Nasser , thousands of Egyptian professionals were dispatched abroad in the context of the Arab Cold War . Egyptian emigration was liberalised in 1971 , under President Sadat , reaching record numbers after the 1973 oil crisis . An estimated 2.7 million Egyptians live abroad . Approximately 70 % of Egyptian migrants live in Arab countries ( 923,600 in Saudi Arabia , 332,600 in Libya , 226,850 in Jordan , 190,550 in Kuwait with the rest elsewhere in the region ) and the remaining 30 % reside mostly in Europe and North America ( 318,000 in the United States , 110,000 in Canada and 90,000 in Italy ) . The process of emigrating to non-Arab states has been ongoing since the 1950s . Ethnic groups Ethnic Egyptians are by far the largest ethnic group in the country , constituting 91 % of the total population . Ethnic minorities include the Abazas , Turks , Greeks , Bedouin Arab tribes living in the eastern deserts and the Sinai Peninsula , the Berber - speaking Siwis ( Amazigh ) of the Siwa Oasis , and the Nubian communities clustered along the Nile . There are also tribal Beja communities concentrated in the south - eastern-most corner of the country , and a number of Dom clans mostly in the Nile Delta and Faiyum who are progressively becoming assimilated as urbanisation increases . Some 5 million immigrants live in Egypt , mostly Sudanese , `` some of whom have lived in Egypt for generations . '' Smaller numbers of immigrants come from Iraq , Ethiopia , Somalia , South Sudan , and Eritrea . The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that the total number of `` people of concern '' ( refugees , asylum seekers , and stateless people ) was about 250,000 . In 2015 , the number of registered Syrian refugees in Egypt was 117,000 , a decrease from the previous year . Egyptian government claims that a half - million Syrian refugees live in Egypt are thought to be exaggerated . There are 28,000 registered Sudanese refugees in Egypt . The once - vibrant and ancient Greek and Jewish communities in Egypt have almost disappeared , with only a small number remaining in the country , but many Egyptian Jews visit on religious or other occasions and tourism . Several important Jewish archaeological and historical sites are found in Cairo , Alexandria and other cities . Languages Main article : Languages of Egypt The official language of the Republic is Arabic . The spoken languages are : Egyptian Arabic ( 68 % ) , Sa'idi Arabic ( 29 % ) , Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic ( 1.6 % ) , Sudanese Arabic ( 0.6 % ) , Domari ( 0.3 % ) , Nobiin ( 0.3 % ) , Beja ( 0.1 % ) , Siwi and others . Additionally , Greek , Armenian and Italian , and more recently , African languages like Amharic and Tigrigna are the main languages of immigrants . The main foreign languages taught in schools , by order of popularity , are English , French , German and Italian . Historically Egyptian was spoken , of which the latest stage is Coptic Egyptian . Spoken Coptic was mostly extinct by the 17th century but may have survived in isolated pockets in Upper Egypt as late as the 19th century . It remains in use as the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria . It forms a separate branch among the family of Afroasiatic languages . Religion Main article : Religion in Egypt Egypt is a predominantly Sunni Muslim country with Islam as its state religion . The percentage of adherents of various religions is a controversial topic in Egypt . An estimated 85 - 90 % are identified as Muslim , 10 - 15 % as Coptic Christians , and 1 % as other Christian denominations , although without a census the numbers can not be known . Other estimates put the Christian population as high as 15 - 20 % Non-denominational Muslims form roughly 12 % of the population . Egypt was a Christian country before the 7th century , and after Islam arrived , the country was gradually Islamised into a majority - Muslim country . It is not known when Muslims reached a majority variously estimated from ca . 1000 A.D. to as late as the 14th century . Egypt emerged as a centre of politics and culture in the Muslim world . Under Anwar Sadat , Islam became the official state religion and Sharia the main source of law . It is estimated that 15 million Egyptians follow Native Sufi orders , with the Sufi leadership asserting that the numbers are much greater as many Egyptian Sufis are not officially registered with a Sufi order . At least 305 people were killed during a November 2017 attack on a Sufi mosque in Sinai . There is also a Shi'a minority . The Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs estimates the Shia population at 1 to 2.2 million and could measure as much as 3 million . The Ahmadiyya population is estimated at less than 50,000 , whereas the Salafi ( ultra-conservative ) population is estimated at five to six million . Cairo is famous for its numerous mosque minarets and has been dubbed `` The City of 1,000 Minarets '' . St. Mark Coptic Cathedral in Alexandria Of the Christian population in Egypt over 90 % belong to the native Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria , an Oriental Orthodox Christian Church . Other native Egyptian Christians are adherents of the Coptic Catholic Church , the Evangelical Church of Egypt and various other Protestant denominations . Non-native Christian communities are largely found in the urban regions of Cairo and Alexandria , such as the Syro - Lebanese , who belong to Greek Catholic , Greek Orthodox , and Maronite Catholic denominations . Ethnic Greeks also made up a large Greek Orthodox population in the past . Likewise , Armenians made up the then larger Armenian Orthodox and Catholic communities . Egypt also used to have a large Roman Catholic community , largely made up of Italians and Maltese . These non-native communities were much larger in Egypt before the Nasser regime and the nationalisation that took place . Egypt hosts the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria . It was founded back in the first century , considered to be the largest Church in the Middle East and North Africa . Egypt is also the home of Al - Azhar University ( founded in 969 CE , began teaching in 975 CE ) , which is today the world 's `` most influential voice of establishment Sunni Islam '' and is , by some measures , the second - oldest continuously operating university in world . Egypt recognises only three religions : Islam , Christianity , and Judaism . Other faiths and minority Muslim sects practised by Egyptians , such as the small Bahá'í and Ahmadi community , are not recognised by the state and face persecution by the government , which labels these groups a threat to Egypt 's national security . Individuals , particularly Baha'is and atheists , wishing to include their religion ( or lack thereof ) on their mandatory state issued identification cards are denied this ability ( see Egyptian identification card controversy ) , and are put in the position of either not obtaining required identification or lying about their faith . A 2008 court ruling allowed members of unrecognised faiths to obtain identification and leave the religion field blank . Largest cities See also : List of cities and towns in Egypt Largest cities or towns in Egypt 2017 Census - based Estimate Rank Name Governorate Pop . Rank Name Governorate Pop . Cairo Alexandria Cairo Cairo 9,153,135 11 Asyut Asyut 462,061 Giza Shubra El Kheima Alexandria Alexandria 5,039,975 12 Al - Khuṣūṣ Cairo 459,586 Giza Giza 4,146,340 13 Ismaïlia Ismaïlia 386,372 Shubra El Kheima Qalyubia 1,165,914 14 Zagazig Sharqia 383,703 5 Port Said Port Said 751,073 15 6th October City Giza 350,018 6 Suez Suez 660,592 16 Aswan Aswan 321,761 7 Mansoura Dakahlia 548,259 17 New Cairo Cairo 298,343 8 Mahalla el - Kubra Gharbia 522,799 18 Damietta Damietta 282,879 9 Ṭanṭā Gharbia 508,754 19 Damanhour Beheira 262,505 10 Fayoum Fayoum 475,139 20 Al - Minyā Al - Minyā 245,478 Culture Main article : Culture of Egypt Bibliotheca Alexandrina is a commemoration of the ancient Library of Alexandria Egypt is a recognised cultural trend - setter of the Arabic - speaking world . Contemporary Arabic and Middle - Eastern culture is heavily influenced by Egyptian literature , music , film and television . Egypt gained a regional leadership role during the 1950s and 1960s , giving a further enduring boost to the standing of Egyptian culture in the Arabic - speaking world . Al - Azhar Park is listed as one of the world 's sixty great public spaces by the Project for Public Spaces Egyptian identity evolved in the span of a long period of occupation to accommodate Islam , Christianity and Judaism ; and a new language , Arabic , and its spoken descendant , Egyptian Arabic which is also based on many Ancient Egyptian words . The work of early 19th - century scholar Rifa'a al - Tahtawi renewed interest in Egyptian antiquity and exposed Egyptian society to Enlightenment principles . Tahtawi co-founded with education reformer Ali Mubarak a native Egyptology school that looked for inspiration to medieval Egyptian scholars , such as Suyuti and Maqrizi , who themselves studied the history , language and antiquities of Egypt . Egypt 's renaissance peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the work of people like Muhammad Abduh , Ahmed Lutfi el - Sayed , Muhammad Loutfi Goumah , Tawfiq el - Hakim , Louis Awad , Qasim Amin , Salama Moussa , Taha Hussein and Mahmoud Mokhtar . They forged a liberal path for Egypt expressed as a commitment to personal freedom , secularism and faith in science to bring progress . Arts The weighing of the heart scene from the Book of the Dead . The Egyptians were one of the first major civilisations to codify design elements in art and architecture . Egyptian blue , also known as calcium copper silicate is a pigment used by Egyptians for thousands of years . It is considered to be the first synthetic pigment . The wall paintings done in the service of the Pharaohs followed a rigid code of visual rules and meanings . Egyptian civilisation is renowned for its colossal pyramids , temples and monumental tombs . Well - known examples are the Pyramid of Djoser designed by ancient architect and engineer Imhotep , the Sphinx , and the temple of Abu Simbel . Modern and contemporary Egyptian art can be as diverse as any works in the world art scene , from the vernacular architecture of Hassan Fathy and Ramses Wissa Wassef , to Mahmoud Mokhtar 's sculptures , to the distinctive Coptic iconography of Isaac Fanous . The Cairo Opera House serves as the main performing arts venue in the Egyptian capital . Literature Main article : Egyptian literature Naguib Mahfouz , the first Arabic - language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature . Egyptian literature traces its beginnings to ancient Egypt and is some of the earliest known literature . Indeed , the Egyptians were the first culture to develop literature as we know it today , that is , the book . It is an important cultural element in the life of Egypt . Egyptian novelists and poets were among the first to experiment with modern styles of Arabic literature , and the forms they developed have been widely imitated throughout the Middle East . The first modern Egyptian novel Zaynab by Muhammad Husayn Haykal was published in 1913 in the Egyptian vernacular . Egyptian novelist Naguib Mahfouz was the first Arabic - language writer to win the Nobel Prize in Literature . Egyptian women writers include Nawal El Saadawi , well known for her feminist activism , and Alifa Rifaat who also writes about women and tradition . Vernacular poetry is perhaps the most popular literary genre among Egyptians , represented by the works of Ahmed Fouad Negm ( Fagumi ) , Salah Jaheen and Abdel Rahman el - Abnudi . Media Main article : Media of Egypt Egyptian media are highly influential throughout the Arab World , attributed to large audiences and increasing freedom from government control . Freedom of the media is guaranteed in the constitution ; however , many laws still restrict this right . Cinema Main article : Cinema of Egypt Suad Husni , film star . Egyptian cinema became a regional force with the coming of sound . In 1936 , Studio Misr , financed by industrialist Talaat Harb , emerged as the leading Egyptian studio , a role the company retained for three decades . For over 100 years , more than 4000 films have been produced in Egypt , three quarters of the total Arab production . Egypt is considered the leading country in the field of cinema in the Middle East . Actors from all over the Arab World seek to appear in the Egyptian cinema for the sake of fame . The Cairo International Film Festival has been rated as one of 11 festivals with a top class rating worldwide by the International Federation of Film Producers ' Associations . Music Main article : Music of Egypt Egyptian music is a rich mixture of indigenous , Mediterranean , African and Western elements . It has been an integral part of Egyptian culture since antiquity . The ancient Egyptians credited one of their gods Hathor with the invention of music , which Osiris in turn used as part of his effort to civilise the world . Egyptians used music instruments since then . Contemporary Egyptian music traces its beginnings to the creative work of people such as Abdu al - Hamuli , Almaz and Mahmoud Osman , who influenced the later work of Sayed Darwish , Umm Kulthum , Mohammed Abdel Wahab and Abdel Halim Hafez whose age is considered the golden age of music in Egypt and the whole Middle East and North - Africa . Prominent contemporary Egyptian pop singers include Amr Diab and Mohamed Mounir . Dances Tanoura dancer performing in Wekalet El Ghoury , Cairo . Today , Egypt is often considered the home of belly dance . Egyptian belly dance has two main styles -- raqs baladi and raqs sharqi . There are also numerous folkloric and character dances that may be part of an Egyptian - style belly dancer 's repertoire , as well as the modern shaabi street dance which shares some elements with raqs baladi . Museums Main article : List of museums in Egypt The Egyptian Museum in Cairo . Egypt has one of the oldest civilisations in the world . It has been in contact with many other civilisations and nations and has been through so many eras , starting from prehistoric age to the modern age , passing through so many ages such as ; Pharonic , Roman , Greek , Islamic and many other ages . Because of this wide variation of ages , the continuous contact with other nations and the big number of conflicts Egypt had been through , at least 60 museums may be found in Egypt , mainly covering a wide area of these ages and conflicts . Tutankhamun 's burial mask is one of the major attractions of the Egyptian Museum . The three main museums in Egypt are The Egyptian Museum which has more than 120,000 items , the Egyptian National Military Museum and the 6th of October Panorama . The Grand Egyptian Museum ( GEM ) , also known as the Giza Museum , is an under construction museum that will house the largest collection of ancient Egyptian artifacts in the world , it has been described as the world 's largest archaeological museum . The museum was scheduled to open in 2015 and will be sited on 50 hectares ( 120 acres ) of land approximately two kilometres ( 1.2 miles ) from the Giza Necropolis and is part of a new master plan for the plateau . The Minister of Antiquities Mamdouh al - Damaty announced in May 2015 that the museum will be partially opened in May 2018 . Festivals Egypt celebrates many festivals and religious carnivals , also known as mulid . They are usually associated with a particular Coptic or Sufi saint , but are often celebrated by Egyptians irrespective of creed or religion . Ramadan has a special flavour in Egypt , celebrated with sounds , lights ( local lanterns known as fawanees ) and much flare that many Muslim tourists from the region flock to Egypt to witness during Ramadan . The ancient spring festival of Sham en Nisim ( Coptic : Ϭⲱⲙ'ⲛⲛⲓⲥⲓⲙ shom en nisim ) has been celebrated by Egyptians for thousands of years , typically between the Egyptian months of Paremoude ( April ) and Pashons ( May ) , following Easter Sunday . Cuisine Main article : Egyptian cuisine Kushari , one of Egypt 's national dishes . Egyptian cuisine is notably conducive to vegetarian diets , as it relies heavily on legume and vegetable dishes . Although food in Alexandria and the coast of Egypt tends to use a great deal of fish and other seafood , for the most part Egyptian cuisine is based on foods that grow out of the ground . Meat has been very expensive for most Egyptians throughout history , so a great number of vegetarian dishes have been developed . Some consider kushari ( a mixture of rice , lentils , and macaroni ) to be the national dish . Fried onions can be also added to kushari . In addition , ful medames ( mashed fava beans ) is one of the most popular dishes . Fava bean is also used in making falafel ( also known as `` ta'miya '' ) , which may have originated in Egypt and spread to other parts of the Middle East . Garlic fried with coriander is added to molokhiya , a popular green soup made from finely chopped jute leaves , sometimes with chicken or rabbit . Sports A crowd at Cairo Stadium to watch the Egypt national football team . Football is the most popular national sport of Egypt . The Cairo Derby is one of the fiercest derbies in Africa , and the BBC picked it as one of the 7 toughest derbies in the world . Al Ahly is the most successful club of the 20th century in the African continent according to CAF , closely followed by their rivals Zamalek SC . They 're known as the `` African Club of the Century '' . With twenty titles , Al Ahly is currently the world 's most successful club in terms of international trophies , surpassing Italy 's A.C. Milan and Argentina 's Boca Juniors , both having eighteen . The Egyptian national football team , known as the Pharaohs , won the African Cup of Nations seven times , including three times in a row in 2006 , 2008 , and 2010 . Considered the most successful African national team and one which has reached the top 10 of the FIFA world rankings , Egypt has qualified for the FIFA World Cup three times . Two goals from star player Mohamed Salah in their last qualifying game took Egypt through to the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The Egyptian Youth National team Young Pharaohs won the Bronze Medal of the 2001 FIFA youth world cup in Argentina . Egypt was 4th place in the football tournament in the 1928 and the 1964 Olympics . Squash and tennis are other popular sports in Egypt . The Egyptian squash team has been competitive in international championships since the 1930s . Amr Shabana and Ramy Ashour are Egypt 's best players and both were ranked tne world 's number one squash player . Egypt has won the Squash World Championships four times , with the last title being in 2017 . In 1999 , Egypt hosted the IHF World Men 's Handball Championship , and will host it again in 2021 . In 2001 , the national handball team achieved its best result in the tournament by reaching fourth place . Egypt has won in the African Men 's Handball Championship five times , being the best team in Africa . In addition to that , it also championed the Mediterranean Games in 2013 , the Beach Handball World Championships in 2004 and the Summer Youth Olympics in 2010 . Among all African nations , the Egypt national basketball team holds the record for best performance at the Basketball World Cup and at the Summer Olympics . Further , the team has won a record number of 16 medals at the African Championship . Egypt has taken part in the Summer Olympic Games since 1912 and hosted and Alexandria h the first Mediterranean Games in 1951 . Egypt has hosted several international competitions . The last one being the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup which took place between 24 September -- 16 October 2009 . On Friday 19 September 2014 , Guinness World Records announced that Egyptian scuba diver Ahmed Gabr is the new title holder for deepest salt water scuba dive , at 332.35 metres ( 1,090.4 feet ) . Ahmed set a new world record Friday when he reached a depth of more than 1,000 feet ( 300 metres ) . The 14 - hour feat took Gabr 1,066 feet ( 325 metres ) down into the abyss near the Egyptian town of Dahab in the Red Sea , where he works as a diving instructor . On 1 September 2015 Raneem El Weleily was ranked as the world number one woman squash player . Other female Egyptian squash players include Nour El Tayeb , Omneya Abdel Kawy , Nouran Gohar and Nour El Sherbini . Telecommunication Main article : Telecommunications in Egypt The wired and wireless telecommunication industry in Egypt started in 1854 with the launch of the country 's first telegram line connecting Cairo and Alexandria . The first telephone line between the two cities was installed in 1881 . In September 1999 a national project for a technological renaissance was announced reflecting the commitment of the Egyptian government to developing the country 's IT - sector . Post Main article : Egypt Post Egypt Post is the company responsible for postal service in Egypt . Established in 1865 , it is one of the oldest governmental institutions in the country . Egypt is one of 21 countries that contributed to the establishment of the Universal Postal Union , initially named the General Postal Union , as signatory of the Treaty of Bern . Social media In September 2018 , Egypt ratified the law granting authorities the right to monitor social media users in the country as part of tightening internet controls . Education Main article : Education in Egypt Cairo University . Egyptian literacy rate among the population aged 15 years and older by UNESCO Institute of Statistics The illiteracy rate has decreased since 1996 from 39.4 to 25.9 percent in 2013 . The adult literacy rate as of July 2014 was estimated at 73.9 % . The illiteracy rate is highest among those over 60 years of age being estimated at around 64.9 % , while illiteracy among youth between 15 and 24 years of age was listed at 8.6 percent . A European - style education system was first introduced in Egypt by the Ottomans in the early 19th century to nurture a class of loyal bureaucrats and army officers . Under British occupation investment in education was curbed drastically , and secular public schools , which had previously been free , began to charge fees . In the 1950s , President Nasser phased in free education for all Egyptians . The Egyptian curriculum influenced other Arab education systems , which often employed Egyptian - trained teachers . Demand soon outstripped the level of available state resources , causing the quality of public education to deteriorate . Today this trend has culminated in poor teacher -- student ratios ( often around one to fifty ) and persistent gender inequality . Basic education , which includes six years of primary and three years of preparatory school , is a right for Egyptian children from the age of six . After grade 9 , students are tracked into one of two strands of secondary education : general or technical schools . General secondary education prepares students for further education , and graduates of this track normally join higher education institutes based on the results of the Thanaweya Amma , the leaving exam . Technical secondary education has two strands , one lasting three years and a more advanced education lasting five . Graduates of these schools may have access to higher education based on their results on the final exam , but this is generally uncommon . Cairo University is ranked as 401 -- 500 according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities ( Shanghai Ranking ) and 551 -- 600 according to QS World University Rankings . American University in Cairo is ranked as 360 according to QS World University Rankings and Al - Azhar University , Alexandria University and Ain Shams University fall in the 701 + range . Egypt is currently opening new research institutes for the aim of modernising research in the nation , the most recent example of which is Zewail City of Science and Technology . Health Main article : Health in Egypt 57357 Hospital Egyptian life expectancy at birth was 73.20 years in 2011 , or 71.30 years for males and 75.20 years for females . Egypt spends 3.7 percent of its gross domestic product on health including treatment costs 22 percent incurred by citizens and the rest by the state . In 2010 , spending on healthcare accounted for 4.66 % of the country 's GDP . In 2009 , there were 16.04 physicians and 33.80 nurses per 10,000 inhabitants . As a result of modernisation efforts over the years , Egypt 's healthcare system has made great strides forward . Access to healthcare in both urban and rural areas greatly improved and immunisation programs are now able to cover 98 % of the population . Life expectancy increased from 44.8 years during the 1960s to 72.12 years in 2009 . There was a noticeable decline of the infant mortality rate ( during the 1970s to the 1980s the infant mortality rate was 101 - 132 / 1000 live births , in 2000 the rate was 50 - 60 / 1000 , and in 2008 it was 28 - 30 / 1000 ) . According to the World Health Organization in 2008 , an estimated 91.1 % of Egypt 's girls and women aged 15 to 49 have been subjected to genital mutilation , despite being illegal in the country . In 2016 the law was amended to impose tougher penalties on those convicted of performing the procedure , pegging the highest jail term at 15 years . Those who escort victims to the procedure can also face jail terms up to 3 years . The total number of Egyptians with health insurance reached 37 million in 2009 , of which 11 million are minors , providing an insurance coverage of approximately 52 percent of Egypt 's population . See also Egypt portal Middle East portal Index of Egypt - related articles Outline of ancient Egypt Outline of Egypt Notes Jump up ^ The population of Egypt is estimated as being 90 % Muslim , 9 % Coptic Christian and 1 % other Christian though estimates vary. by the US Department of State ( `` Background Note : Egypt '' . US Department of State . 10 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . ) ; the CIA World Factbook ( `` Egypt '' . CIA . 4 September 2008. ) and the United Kingdom 's Foreign and Commonwealth Office ( `` Egypt '' . UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office . 27 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 December 2012 . Retrieved 16 February 2016 . ) . Microsoft Encarta Online similarly estimates the Sunni population at 90 % of the total . ( Egypt . Microsoft Encarta Online . 30 September 2008 . Archived from the original on 21 October 2009 . ) . The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life gave a higher estimate of the Muslim population at 94.6 % ( `` Mapping The Global Muslim Population '' ( PDF ) . Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life . p. 8 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 October 2009 . Retrieved 25 July 2011. ) Then in 2017 government owned news Al Ahram estimated the percentage of Christians at 10 to 15 %. ( 1 ) References Jump up ^ Goldschmidt , Arthur ( 1988 ) . Modern Egypt : The Formation of a Nation - State . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86531 - 182 - 4 . Among the peoples of the ancient Near East , only the Egyptians have stayed where they were and remained what they were , although they have changed their language once and their religion twice . In a sense , they constitute the world 's oldest nation . For most of their history , Egypt has been a state , but only in recent years has it been truly a nation - state , with a government claiming the allegiance of its subjects on the basis of a common identity . Jump up ^ `` Background Note : Egypt '' . United States Department of State Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs . 10 November 2010 . Retrieved 5 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Pierre Crabitès ( 1935 ) . Ibrahim of Egypt . Routledge . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 81121 - 7 . Retrieved 10 February 2013 ... on July 9 , 1805 , Constantinople conferred upon Muhammad Ali the pashalik of Cairo ... Jump up ^ `` Total area km2 , pg. 15 '' ( PDF ) . Capmas.Gov -- Arab Republic of Egypt . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 8 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء '' ( PDF ) . www.capmas.gov.eg . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Egypt '' . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 3 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GINI index '' . World Bank . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Human Development Report '' . United Nations Development Programme. 2018 . Retrieved 14 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Constitutional Declaration : A New Stage in the History of the Great Egyptian People '' . Egypt State Information Service . 30 March 2011 . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . Jump up ^ name = `` USDept of State / Egypt '' Jump up ^ Arthur Goldschmidt ( 1988 ) . Modern Egypt : The Formation of a Nation - State . Westview Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86531 - 182 - 4 . Jump up ^ Midant - Reynes , Béatrix . The Prehistory of Egypt : From the First Egyptians to the First Kings . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers . Jump up ^ `` Constitution of The Arab Republic of Egypt 2014 '' ( PDF ) . sis.gov.eg . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons from / for BRICSAM about South - North Relations at the Start of the 21st Century : Economic Size Trumps All Else ? '' . International Studies Review . 9 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa just lost its spot as Africa 's second largest economy '' . Retrieved 11 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa 's Economy Falls To Third Behind Nigeria , Egypt '' . Retrieved 19 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffmeier , James K ( 1 October 2007 ) . `` Rameses of the Exodus narratives is the 13th B.C. Royal Ramesside Residence '' . Trinity Journal : 1 . Jump up ^ Z. , T. ( 1928 ) . `` Il - Belt ( Valletta ) '' ( PDF ) . Il - Malti ( in Maltese ) ( 2 ed . ) . Il - Ghaqda tal - Kittieba tal - Malti. 2 ( 1 ) : 35 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 April 2016 . Jump up ^ The ending of the Hebrew form is either a dual or an ending identical to the dual in form ( perhaps a locative ) , and this has sometimes been taken as referring to the two kingdoms of Upper and Lower Egypt . However , the application of the ( possibly ) `` dual '' ending to some toponyms and other words , a development peculiar to Hebrew , does not in fact imply any `` two - ness '' about the place . The ending is found , for example , in the Hebrew words for such single entities as `` water '' ( מַיִם ) , `` noon '' ( צָהֳרַיִם ) , `` sky / heaven '' ( שָׁמַיִם ) , and in the qere -- but not the original ketiv -- of `` Jerusalem '' ( ירושל ( י ) ם ) . It should also be noted that the dual ending -- which may or may not be what the - áyim in Mitzráyim actually represents -- was available to other Semitic languages , such as Arabic , but was not applied to Egypt . See inter alia Aaron Demsky ( `` Hebrew Names in the Dual Form and the Toponym Yerushalayim '' in Demsky ( ed . ) These Are the Names : Studies in Jewish Onomastics , Vol. 3 ( Ramat Gan , 2002 ) , pp. 11 -- 20 ) , Avi Hurvitz ( A Concise Lexicon of Late Biblical Hebrew : Linguistic Innovations in the Writings of the Second Temple Period ( Brill , 2014 ) , p. 128 ) and Nadav Na'aman ( `` Shaaraim -- The Gateway to the Kingdom of Judah '' in The Journal of Hebrew Scriptures , Vol. 8 ( 2008 ) , article no . 24 , pp. 2 -- 3 ) . Jump up ^ `` On the So - Called Ventive Morpheme in the Akkadian Texts of Amurru '' . www.academia.edu . p. 84 . Retrieved 18 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Black , Jeremy A. ; George , Andrew ; Postgate , J.N. ( 1 January 2000 ) . A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian . Otto Harrassowitz Verlag . ISBN 9783447042642 . Jump up ^ Rosalie , David ( 1997 ) . Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt : A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh 's Workforce . Routledge . p. 18 . Jump up ^ Muḥammad Jamāl al - Dīn Mukhtār . `` Ancient Civilizations of Africa '' . Books.google.co.za . p. 43 . Retrieved 28 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Antonio Loprieno , `` Egyptian and Coptic Phonology '' , in Phonologies of Asia and Africa ( including the Caucasus ) . Vol 1 of 2 . Ed : Alan S Kaye . Winona Lake , Indiana : Eisenbrauns , 1997 : p 449 Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Alchemy '' . UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL SCHOOL OF CHEMISTRY . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Breasted , James Henry ; Peter A. Piccione ( 2001 ) . Ancient Records of Egypt . University of Illinois Press . pp. 76 , 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06975 - 8 . Jump up ^ Midant - Reynes , Béatrix . The Prehistory of Egypt : From the First Egyptians to the First Kings . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers . Jump up ^ `` The Nile Valley 6000 -- 4000 BC Neolithic '' . The British Museum . 2005 . Archived from the original on 14 February 2009 . Retrieved 21 August 2008 . Jump up ^ Bard , Kathryn A. Ian Shaw , ed . The Oxford Illustrated History of Ancient Egypt . Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2000 . p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` The Fall of the Egyptian Old Kingdom '' . BBC . 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Kushite Conquest of Egypt '' . Ancientsudan.org . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Shaw ( 2002 ) p. 383 Jump up ^ Bowman , Alan K ( 1996 ) . Egypt after the Pharaohs 332 BC -- AD 642 ( 2nd ed . ) . Berkeley : University of California Press . pp. 25 -- 26 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 20531 - 6 . Jump up ^ Stanwick , Paul Edmond ( 2003 ) . Portraits of the Ptolemies : Greek kings as Egyptian pharaohs . Austin : University of Texas Press . ISBN 0 - 292 - 77772 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : `` Egypt '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . Archived from the original on 20 December 2011 . Retrieved 14 December 2011 . See drop - down essay on `` Islamic Conquest and the Ottoman Empire '' Jump up ^ Kamil , Jill . Coptic Egypt : History and Guide . Cairo : American University in Cairo , 1997 . p. 39 Jump up ^ El - Daly , Okasha ( 2005 ) . Egyptology : The Missing Millennium . London : UCL Press . p. 140 . ^ Jump up to : Abu - Lughod , Janet L. ( 1991 ) ( 1989 ) . `` The Mideast Heartland '' . Before European Hegemony : The World System A.D. 1250 -- 1350 . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 243 -- 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 506774 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Egypt -- Major Cities '' . Countrystudies.us . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Donald Quataert ( 11 August 2005 ) . The Ottoman Empire , 1700 -- 1922 . Cambridge University Press . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 139 - 44591 - 7 . Retrieved 21 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt , Study Shows '' . ScienceDaily. 22 November 2006 . Retrieved 8 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Izzeddin , Nejla M. Abu ( 1981 ) . Nasser of the Arabs : an Arab assessment . Third World Centre for Research and Publishing . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86199 - 012 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 217 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ Fahmy , Khaled ( 1997 ) . `` All the Pasha 's Men : Mehmed Ali , his army and the making of modern Egypt '' : 119 -- 47 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 220 , Figure 7.4 `` Numeracy in selected Middle Eastern countries '' , based on Prayon and Baten ( 2013 ) . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ Nejla M. Abu Izzeddin , Nasser of the Arabs , p 2 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 217 , p. 224 Figure 7.6 : `` Height development in the Middle East and the world ( male ) '' and p. 225 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ Anglo French motivation : Derek Hopwood , Egypt : Politics and Society 1945 -- 1981 . 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-4221540775652835114	Gizzard	Gizzard - wikipedia Gizzard Jump to : navigation , search For the open source sharding framework , see Gizzard ( Scala framework ) . Gizzard of a chicken The gizzard , also referred to as the ventriculus , gastric mill , and gigerium , is an organ found in the digestive tract of some animals , including archosaurs ( pterosaurs , crocodiles , alligators , and dinosaurs , including birds ) , earthworms , some gastropods , some fish , and some crustaceans . This specialized stomach constructed of thick muscular walls is used for grinding up food , often aided by particles of stone or grit . In certain insects and molluscs , the gizzard features chitinous plates or teeth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Structure 2.1 In birds 2.2 Gizzard stones 3 Animals with gizzards 3.1 Fish 3.2 Reptiles 3.3 Earthworms 3.4 Birds 3.5 Crustaceans 3.6 Non-avian dinosaurs 3.7 Pterosaurs 4 In cuisine 5 Generic meaning 6 References 6.1 Sources Etymology ( edit ) The word gizzard comes from the Middle English giser , which derives from a similar word in Old French , which itself evolved from the Latin gigeria , meaning giblets . Structure ( edit ) The gizzard ( serial 8 ) of a pigeon , seen at the right of the duodenum between the legs . In birds ( edit ) Birds swallow food and store it in their crop if necessary . Then the food passes into their glandular stomach , also called the proventriculus , which is also sometimes referred to as the true stomach . This is the secretory part of the stomach . Then the food passes into the gizzard ( also known as the muscular stomach or ventriculus ) . The gizzard can grind the food with previously swallowed stones and pass it back to the true stomach , and vice versa . In layman 's terms , the gizzard ' chews ' the food for the bird as it does not have teeth to chew food the way humans do . Bird gizzards are lined with a tough layer made of the carbohydrate - protein complex koilin , to protect the muscles in the gizzard . By comparison , while in birds the stomach occurs in the digestive tract prior to the gizzard , in grasshoppers the gizzard occurs prior to the stomach , while in earthworms there is only a gizzard , and no stomach . Gizzard stones ( edit ) Some animals that lack teeth will swallow stones or grit to aid in fragmenting hard foods . All birds have gizzards , but not all will swallow stones or grit . Those that do employ the following method of chewing : `` A bird swallows small bits of gravel that act as ' teeth ' in the gizzard , breaking down hard food such as seeds and thus helping digestion . '' ( Solomon et al. , 2002 ) . These stones are called gizzard stones or gastroliths and usually become round and smooth from the polishing action in the animal 's stomach . When too smooth to do their required work , they may be excreted or regurgitated . Animals with gizzards ( edit ) Fish ( edit ) The mullet ( Mugilidae ) found in estuarine waters worldwide , and the gizzard or mud shad , found in freshwater lakes and streams from New York to Mexico , have gizzards . The gillaroo ( Salmo stomachius ) , a richly colored species of trout found in Lough Melvin , a lake in the north of Ireland , has a gizzard which is used to aid the digestion of water snails , the main component of its diet . Reptiles ( edit ) Alligators and crocodiles also have gizzards . Earthworms ( edit ) Earthworms also have gizzards . Birds ( edit ) All birds have gizzards . The gizzards of emus , turkeys , chickens , parrots , and ducks are most notable in cuisine ( see below ) . Crustaceans ( edit ) Body structure of a typical crustacean -- krill Some crustaceans have a gizzard although this is usually referred to as a gastric mill . Non-avian dinosaurs ( edit ) Dinosaurs that are believed to have had gizzards based on the discovery of gizzard stones recovered near fossils include : Psittacosaurus Massospondylus Sellosaurus Omeisaurus Apatosaurus Barosaurus Dicraeosaurus Seismosaurus The belief that Claosaurus had a gizzard has been discredited on the grounds that the fossil remains this claim was based on were another species and the stones merely from a stream . Pterosaurs ( edit ) At least some pterosaurs seemingly had gizzards . The most notable cases are Pterodaustro ( inferred via gastroliths ) and Rhamphorhynchus ( directly preserved ) . In cuisine ( edit ) Fried gizzards and livers Poultry gizzards are a popular food throughout the world . Grilled chicken gizzards are sold as street food in Haiti and throughout Southeast Asia . In Indonesia , gizzard and liver are considered part of a complete fried poultry dish . In Mexico they are eaten with rice or with chicken soup . They are also served grilled and prepared scrambled with eggs , onions , garlic , and salsa ; and served with beans and tortillas for breakfast and other meals . Stewed gizzards are eaten as a snack in Portugal . In Hungary it is made with paprika . In Ghana , it is eaten in a variety of forms ( boiled , fried or grilled ) , but one of the most common is as a local khebab ( brochette / skewers ) , with spices and optional green peppers and onions In Nigeria gizzard is either grilled or fried and served with stew and fried plantain . Pickled turkey gizzards are a traditional food in some parts of the Midwestern United States . In Chicago , gizzard is battered , deep fried and served with french fries and sauce . The Chamber of Commerce in Potterville , Michigan has held a Gizzard Fest each June since 2000 ; a gizzard - eating contest is among the weekend 's events . In the Southern United States , the gizzard is typically served fried , sometimes eaten with hot sauce or honey mustard , or added to crawfish boil along with crawfish sauce , and it is also used in traditional New Orleans gumbo . Gizzard and mashed potato is a popular food in many European countries . In France , especially the Dordogne region , duck gizzards are eaten in the traditional Périgordian salad , along with walnuts , croutons and lettuce . In Iran some kebab restaurants mix chicken gizzards in their koobideh kebabs to increase the meat content . In Italy gizzards are often used mixed with other offal . In Japan , gizzard is called zuri or sunagimo ; usually it is cooked in yakitori ( Japanese style skewered barbecue ) . In Kyushu ( southern Japan ) , gizzard is fried into karaage . In Korea , chicken gizzard , called dak - ttongjip , is stir - fried and eaten as anju or yasik . The word Sangdana is commonly used to refer to chicken gizzards in Northern India and Pakistan . The word is derived from Persian ( Sang = stone and dana = grain ) . Another name for it is Pathri . It may be served cooked in a curry while barbecued skewered gizzards are also popular . In Nepal , gizzard is called jaatey or pangra . It is eaten most often with drinks . In Yiddish , gizzards are referred to as pipik'lach , literally meaning navels . The gizzards of kosher species of birds have a green or yellowish membrane lining the inside , which must be peeled off before cooking , as it lends a very bitter taste to the food . In traditional Eastern European Jewish cuisine , the gizzards , necks , and feet of chickens were often cooked together , although not the liver , which per Kosher law must be broiled . Kosher butchers often sell roasting chickens with the gizzard , neck , and feet butchered and left in the cavity to be used for making chicken soup . In Uganda , Cameroon and Nigeria , the gizzard of a cooked chicken is traditionally set aside for the oldest or most respected male at the table . Giblets consist of the heart , liver and gizzard of a bird , and are often eaten themselves or used as the basis for a soup or stock . In Taiwan , gizzards are often slow - cooked and served hot or cold in slices , with green onions and soy sauce . In Trinidad and Tobago , gizzards are curried and served with rice or roti bread , it can also be stewed . In Mainland China , duck gizzard is a common snack , eaten alongside other duck parts such as feet , neck , heart , tongue , or head . Areas famous for their gizzard are Sichuan and Hubei provinces . Wuhan city in Hubei is famous for its brand of spicy gizzard , called Jiujiuya ( Simplified Chinese : 久久鸭 ) . In Northern China , one can find barbecued duck gizzard . Generic meaning ( edit ) The term `` gizzard '' can also , by extension , refer to the general guts , innards or entrails of animals . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Gizzard '' . Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ K. Sakai ( 2004 ) . `` The diphyletic nature of the Infraorder Thalassinidea ( Decapoda , Pleocyemata ) as derived from the morphology of the gastric mill '' . Crustaceana. 77 ( 9 ) : 1117 -- 1129 . doi : 10.1163 / 1568540042900268 . JSTOR 20107419 . Jump up ^ Creisler , Benjamin S ( 2007 ) . Horns and Beaks : Ceratopsian and Ornithopod Dinosaurs . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . p. 199 . ISBN 978 - 0253348173 . Jump up ^ Codorniú et al. 2009 Jump up ^ Wilton , Mark P. ( 2013 ) . Pterosaurs : Natural History , Evolution , Anatomy . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0691150613 . Jump up ^ `` Gizzard Fest '' . Potterville Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 05 . Jump up ^ Victor Mair ( 2015 ) , Chinese words and characters for `` gizzard '' , Language Log , 7 January 2015 . Sources ( edit ) Solomon , E.P. , Berg L.P. , and Martin D.W. , 2002 . Biology Sixth Edition . Thomson Learning Inc. , Australia , Canada , Mexico , Singapore , Spain , United Kingdom , United States pp. 664 Dyce , Sack , Wensing , 2002 . Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy Third Edition , Saunders . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 8966 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gizzard&oldid=843168922 '' Categories : Animal anatomy Dinosaur anatomy Offal Bird anatomy Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Português Română Русский Sicilianu Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt Walon 粵語中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 May 2018 , at 10 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what part of the turkey is the gizzard	[]	[]
8534941384798422892	First Continental Congress	First Continental Congress - wikipedia First Continental Congress For the first seating of the United States Congress , see 1st United States Congress . The First Continental Congress Thirteen Colonies First Continental Congress 1774 Type Type Unicameral History Established September 5 , 1774 Disbanded October 26 , 1774 Preceded by Stamp Act Congress Succeeded by Second Continental Congress Leadership President of Congress Peyton Randolph Henry Middleton Secretary Charles Thomson Seats 56 from 12 colonies ( excluding Georgia ) Meeting place Carpenters ' Hall , Philadelphia This article is part of a series on the United States Continental Congress Predecessors Albany Congress 1754 Stamp Act Congress 1765 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves Continental Association Petition to the King 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Committee of Secret Correspondence Necessity of Taking Up Arms Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Model Treaty Articles of Confederation Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture Congress of the Confederation Bank of North America Land Ordinance of 1784 / of 1785 Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Members List of delegates Presidents of the Continental Congress Secretary of the Continental Congress United States portal The First Continental Congress was a meeting of delegates from twelve of the Thirteen Colonies who met from September 5 to October 26 , 1774 , at Carpenters ' Hall in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , early in the American Revolution . It was called in response to the Intolerable Acts passed by the British Parliament , which the British referred to as the Coercive Acts , with which the British intended to punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party . The Congress met briefly to consider options , including an economic boycott of British trade and drawing up a list of rights and grievances ; in the end , they petitioned King George III for redress of those grievances . The Congress also called for another Continental Congress in the event that their petition was unsuccessful in halting enforcement of the Intolerable Acts . Their appeal to the Crown had no effect , and so the Second Continental Congress was convened the following year to organize the defense of the colonies at the onset of the American Revolutionary War . The delegates also urged each colony to set up and train its own militia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Convention 2 Declaration and Resolves 3 Accomplishments 4 List of delegates 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Convention Carpenters ' Hall The Congress met from September 5 to October 26 , 1774 . Peyton Randolph presided over the proceedings ; Henry Middleton took over as President of the Congress from October 22 to 26 . Charles Thomson , leader of Philadelphia Committee of Correspondence , was selected to be Secretary of the Continental Congress . The delegates who attended were not of one mind concerning why they were there . Conservatives such as Joseph Galloway , John Dickinson , John Jay , and Edward Rutledge believed their task to be forging policies to pressure Parliament to rescind its unreasonable acts . Their ultimate goal was to develop a reasonable solution to the difficulties and bring about reconciliation between the Colonies and Great Britain . Others such as Patrick Henry , Roger Sherman , Samuel Adams , and John Adams believed their task to be developing a decisive statement of the rights and liberties of the Colonies . Their ultimate goal was to end what they felt to be the abuses of parliamentary authority , and to retain their rights which had been guaranteed under both Colonial charters and the English constitution . Roger Sherman denied the legislative authority of Parliament , and Patrick Henry believed that the Congress needed to develop a completely new system of government , independent from Great Britain , for the existing Colonial governments were already dissolved . In contrast to these ideas , Joseph Galloway put forward a `` Plan of Union '' which suggested that an American legislative body be formed with some authority , whose consent would be required for imperial measures . Declaration and Resolves In the end , the voices of compromise carried the day . Rather than calling for independence , the First Continental Congress passed and signed the Continental Association in its Declaration and Resolves , which called for a boycott of British goods to take effect in December 1774 . It requested that local Committees of Safety enforce the boycott and regulate local prices for goods . These resolutions adopted by the Congress did not endorse any legal power of Parliament to regulate trade , but consented , nonetheless , to the operation of acts for that purpose . Furthermore , they did not repudiate control by the royal prerogative , which was explicitly acknowledged in the Petition to the King a few days later . Accomplishments The Congress had two primary accomplishments . The first was a compact among the Colonies to boycott British goods beginning on December 1 , 1774 . The West Indies were threatened with a boycott unless the islands agreed to non-importation of British goods . Imports from Britain dropped by 97 percent in 1775 , compared with the previous year . Committees of observation and inspection were to be formed in each Colony to ensure compliance with the boycott . All of the Colonial Houses of Assembly approved the proceedings of the Congress , with the exception of New York . If the Intolerable Acts were not repealed , the Colonies would also cease exports to Britain after September 10 , 1775 . The boycott was successfully implemented , but its potential for altering British colonial policy was cut off by the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War . The second accomplishment of the Congress was to provide for a Second Continental Congress to meet on May 10 , 1775 . In addition to the Colonies which had sent delegates to the First Continental Congress , the Congress resolved on October 21 , 1774 , to send letters of invitation to Quebec , Saint John 's Island ( now Prince Edward Island ) , Nova Scotia , Georgia , East Florida , and West Florida . However , letters appear to have been sent only to Quebec ( three letters in all ) . None of these other colonies sent delegates to the opening of the Second Congress , though a delegation from Georgia arrived the following July . List of delegates This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) # Name Colony Notes Folsom , Nathaniel Nathaniel Folsom New Hampshire Sullivan , John John Sullivan New Hampshire 3rd and 5th Governor of New Hampshire ; general in the Continental Army Adams , John John Adams Massachusetts Lawyer , first Vice-President of the United States and second President Adams , Samuel Samuel Adams Massachusetts cousin of John Adams ; sometimes called `` Father of the American Revolution '' 5 Cushing , Thomas Thomas Cushing Massachusetts 6 Paine , Robert Treat Robert Treat Paine Massachusetts 7 Hopkins , Stephen Stephen Hopkins Rhode Island Authored pamphlet The Rights of the Colonies 8 Ward , Samuel Samuel Ward Rhode Island 9 Deane , Silas Silas Deane Connecticut 10 Dyer , Eliphalet Eliphalet Dyer Connecticut 11 Sherman , Roger Roger Sherman Connecticut Created the Great Compromise and Three - Fifths Compromise at the Constitutional Convention ; Congressman ; a member of the Committee of Five who presented the Declaration of Independence 12 Duane , James James Duane New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty - one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany , Duchess , and Westchester 13 Jay , John John Jay New York Lawyer ; First Chief Justice of the United States ; co-author of The Federalist Papers ; appointed by the Committee of Fifty - one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany , Duchess , and Westchester 14 Livingston , Philip Philip Livingston New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty - one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany , Duchess , and Westchester 15 Low , Isaac Isaac Low New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty - one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany , Duchess , and Westchester 16 Boerum , Simon Simon Boerum New York 17 Haring , John John Haring New York Appointed by the General Meeting of all the Committees of the County of Orange 18 Wisner , Henry Henry Wisner New York Appointed by the General Meeting of all the Committees of the County of Orange 19 Floyd , William William Floyd New York For Suffolk County 20 Alsop , John John Alsop New York Appointed by the Committee of Fifty - one of the City and County of New York and authorized by the counties of Albany , Duchess , and Westchester 21 Crane , Stephen Stephen Crane New Jersey 22 De Hart , John John De Hart New Jersey 23 Kinsey , James James Kinsey New Jersey 24 Livingston , William William Livingston New Jersey 25 Smith , Richard Richard Smith New Jersey 26 Biddle , Edward Edward Biddle Pennsylvania 27 Dickinson , John John Dickinson Pennsylvania author of Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 28 Galloway , Joseph Joseph Galloway Pennsylvania Originator of the Galloway Plan of Union 29 Humphreys , Charles Charles Humphreys Pennsylvania 30 Mifflin , Thomas Thomas Mifflin Pennsylvania Later served as the first governor of Pennsylvania ; Quartermaster general of the U.S. Army 31 Morton , John John Morton Pennsylvania 32 Rhoads , Samuel Samuel Rhoads Pennsylvania 33 Ross , George George Ross Pennsylvania 34 McKean , Thomas Thomas McKean Delaware 35 Read , George George Read Delaware 36 Rodney , Caesar Caesar Rodney Delaware 37 Chase , Samuel Samuel Chase Maryland Later served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court 38 Goldsborough , Robert Robert Goldsborough Maryland 39 Johnson , Thomas Thomas Johnson Maryland 40 Paca , William William Paca Maryland 41 Tilghman , Matthew Matthew Tilghman Maryland 42 Bland , Richard Richard Bland Virginia 43 Harrison , Benjamin Benjamin Harrison Virginia Later served as the fifth governor of Virginia ; father of President William Henry Harrison and great - grandfather of President Benjamin Harrison 44 Henry , Patrick Patrick Henry Virginia Creator of the Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions 45 Lee , Richard Henry Richard Henry Lee Virginia 46 Pendleton , Edmund Edmund Pendleton Virginia 47 Randolph , Peyton Peyton Randolph Virginia Served as President of this First Continental Congress 48 Washington , George George Washington Virginia Future commander of the Continental Army ; first President of the United States 49 Caswell , Richard Richard Caswell North Carolina 50 Hewes , Joseph Joseph Hewes North Carolina Secretary of Naval Affairs Committee in 1776 51 Hooper , William William Hooper North Carolina 52 Gadsden , Christopher Christopher Gadsden South Carolina 53 Lynch Jr. , Thomas Thomas Lynch Jr . South Carolina 54 Middleton , Henry Henry Middleton South Carolina 55 Rutledge , Edward Edward Rutledge South Carolina 56 Rutledge , John John Rutledge South Carolina Second Chief Justice ; Associate Justice ; first Governor of South Carolina See also List of delegates to the Continental and Confederation congresses Papers of the Continental Congress Timeline of United States revolutionary history ( 1760 -- 1789 ) Notes Jump up ^ Risjord , Norman K. ( 2002 ) . Jefferson 's America , 1760 - 1815 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 114 . Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Andrew C. ( 1936 ) . `` A constitutional History of the United States '' . New York , London : D. Appleton - Century Company . pp. 83 -- 90 . Retrieved August 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Greene , Evarts Boutell ( 1922 ) . The Foundations of American Nationality . American Book Company . p. 434 . Jump up ^ Miller , Marion Mills ( 1913 ) . Great Debates in American Hist : From the Debates in the British Parliament on the Colonial Stamp . Current Literature Pub. Co. p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Kramnick , Isaac ( ed ) ; Thomas Paine ( 1982 ) . Common Sense . Penguin Classics . p. 21 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Ketchum , p. 262 . Jump up ^ Launitz - Schurer p. 144 . Jump up ^ Worthington C. Ford , Library of Congress ( United States ) ; et al. , eds. ( 1774 ( printed 1901 ) ) . Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 - 1789 . p. 101 . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Worthington C. Ford ; et al. ( eds . ) . Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . pp. 2 : 192 -- 193 . References Bancroft , George . History of the United States of America , from the discovery of the American continent . ( 1854 -- 78 ) , vol 4 - 10 online edition Burnett , Edmund C. ( 1975 ) ( 1941 ) . The Continental Congress . Greenwood Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 8386 - 3 . Henderson , H. James ( 2002 ) ( 1974 ) . Party Politics in the Continental Congress . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 0 - 8191 - 6525 - 5 . Launitz - Schurer , Loyal Whigs and Revolutionaries , The making of the revolution in New York , 1765 - 1776 , 1980 , ISBN 0 - 8147 - 4994 - 1 Ketchum , Richard , Divided Loyalties , How the American Revolution came to New York , 2002 , ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6120 - 7 Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) online edition Puls , Mark , Samuel Adams , father of the American Revolution , 2006 , ISBN 1 - 4039 - 7582 - 5 Montross , Lynn ( 1970 ) ( 1950 ) . The Reluctant Rebels ; the Story of the Continental Congress , 1774 -- 1789 . Barnes & Noble . ISBN 0 - 389 - 03973 - X . Primary sources Peter Force , ed . American Archives , 9 vol 1837 - 1853 , major compilation of documents 1774 - 1776 . online edition External links Full text of Journals of the Continental Congress , 1774 - 1789 Papers of the Continental Congress ( Digitized Original Documents ) Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War 1774 First Continental Congress Articles of Association 1775 Independence Hall Second Continental Congress 1776 United States Declaration of Independence Pennsylvania Constitution Washington Crosses the Delaware 1777 Articles of Confederation Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of the Clouds Liberty Bell moved to Allentown Battle of Paoli Battle of Germantown Siege of Fort Mifflin Battle of White Marsh Battle of Matson 's Ford Valley Forge 1778 Battle of Crooked Billet Battle of Barren Hill British occupation of Philadelphia ends Wyoming Valley battle and massacre 1781 Congress of the Confederation Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line 1783 1783 Mutiny Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble and Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress Location of the capital of the United States and predecessors 1774 First Continental Congress Philadelphia 1775 -- 81 Second Continental Congress Philadelphia → Baltimore → Lancaster → York → Philadelphia 1781 -- 89 Congress of the Confederation Philadelphia → Princeton → Annapolis → Trenton → New York City 1789 -- present Federal government of the United States New York City → Philadelphia → Washington , D.C. Government of the United States under the Articles of Confederation Congresses 1st Continental Congress 2nd Continental Congress The US in Congress Assembled Delegates Committee of the States Congressional Officers President Secretary Civil Offices / Officers Postmaster General Superintendent of Finance / Agent of the Marine Secretary at War Secretary of Foreign Affairs Court of Appeals Military Board of War Continental Army Commander in Chief Continental Navy Continental Marines Preceded by Stamp Act Congress Legislature of the United States September 5 , 1774 , to October 26 , 1774 Succeeded by the Second Continental Congress Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Continental_Congress&oldid=843623524 '' Categories : 1774 in the Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress History of Philadelphia Pennsylvania in the American Revolution 1774 in Pennsylvania Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 errors : dates Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from April 2012 Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with hCards Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Íslenska Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Українська 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 10 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	in response to the coercive acts the first continental congress decided	[]	[]
-6489704880679077950	Reflection (song)	Reflection ( song ) - wikipedia Reflection ( song ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Disney song . For the Fifth Harmony song , see Reflection ( Fifth Harmony album ) . `` Reflection '' Song by Lea Salonga from the album Mulan : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack Released June 2 , 1998 Recorded Genre Soundtrack Length 2 : 27 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Matthew Wilder David Zippel Producer ( s ) Matthew Wilder Mulan : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack track listing `` Honor to Us All '' ( 1 ) `` Reflection '' ( 2 ) `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' ( 3 ) `` Reflection '' is a song written and produced by Matthew Wilder and David Zippel for the soundtrack of Disney 's 1998 animated film Mulan . In the film , the song is performed by Tony Award winner , Filipina singer and actress Lea Salonga as Fa Mulan . An accompanying music video for `` Reflection '' was included as a bonus to the Disney Gold Classic Collection DVD release of the film in 1998 . A single version of the song was recorded by American singer Christina Aguilera and became her debut single . She was 17 at the time it was released . The single 's commercial success funded Aguilera 's debut album from RCA , in addition to gaining her credibility amongst established writers and producers . Releases of the single were limited , which resulted in the track charting only on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart , at number one . An accompanying music video for the song was included on the DVD release of Mulan . Aguilera has performed the track on four televised performances , including at the CBS This Morning show , which saw her gain the attention of songwriter Diane Warren . Contents ( hide ) 1 Use in Mulan 2 Christina Aguilera single release 2.1 Reception 2.2 Live performances 2.3 Track listing 2.4 Charts 3 Other languages 4 Other versions 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Use in Mulan ( edit ) In the film Mulan , the song is recorded by Filipina singer and actress Lea Salonga as Fa Mulan . `` Reflection '' , which lasts for 2 : 27 ( two minutes and twenty seven seconds ) , was written and produced by Matthew Wilder and David Zippel , in the key of A major . The track begins with the lyrics `` Look at me , I will never pass for a perfect bride , or a perfect daughter '' , with Salonga 's vocal range spanning from the low - note of G ♯ to the high - note of D in a moderately slow tempo of 92 beats per minute . Irving Tan from Sputnikmusic labelled `` Reflection '' a `` decent '' song . The song is performed after Mulan returns home following a humiliating and failed attempt to impress her matchmaker . The lyrical content expresses the way Mulan feels about wanting to show the world who she really is instead of pretending to be who she is not , but is afraid to disappoint her family by doing so . This scene takes place at Mulan 's home in its surrounding gardens and ends in her family temple , where she removes her makeup to reveal her true appearance Christina Aguilera single release ( edit ) `` Reflection '' Single by Christina Aguilera from the album Mulan : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack , Christina Aguilera and Disneymania Released June 15 , 1998 Format CD single Recorded February 1998 Genre Pop R&B Length 3 : 33 Label Hollywood RCA Songwriter ( s ) Matthew Wilder David Zippel Producer ( s ) Matthew Wilder Christina Aguilera singles chronology `` Reflection '' ( 1998 ) `` Genie in a Bottle '' ( 1999 ) `` Reflection '' ( 1998 ) `` Genie in a Bottle '' ( 1999 ) `` Reflection '' A sample of `` Reflection '' , featuring Aguilera singing the last chorus over a pop background . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Aguilera approached record label RCA , then having financial difficulties , and was told to contact Disney . After being given the opportunity to record `` Reflection '' , it was reported she had gained a record deal with RCA Records . After she was asked to hit High E above Middle C required for `` Reflection '' , she thought that the song could be the gateway into an album deal . Aguilera spent hours recording a cover of Whitney Houston 's `` Run to You '' , which included the note she was asked to hit . After successfully hitting the note , which she called `` the note that changed my life '' , she was given the opportunity to record the song . Due to the success around the recording of `` Reflection '' , RCA wished for Aguilera to record and release an album by September 1998 to maintain the `` hype '' surrounding her at that time . The label laid the foundation for the album immediately and started presenting Aguilera with tracks for her debut album , which they later decided would have a January 1999 release . Aguilera 's version of `` Reflection '' was released to adult contemporary radio on June 15 , 1998 . The song was released as a CD single in Japan on September 18 , 1999 . In 2000 , Aguilera recorded the Spanish version of `` Reflection '' titled `` Mi Reflejo '' which was adapted by Rudy Pérez for the album of the same name . Reception ( edit ) Beth Johnson of Entertainment Weekly noted Aguilera has a `` who - am - I musings '' persona in the song , while Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic commented that the `` Matthew Wilder and David Zippel 's full - fledged songs ( on Mulan ) are flat and unmemorable . '' `` Reflection '' peaked at number 19 on the Adult Contemporary chart . After the success of the track , Aguilera 's record label RCA decided to fund her debut album ( costing over one million dollars ) , and eventually funded more than they had predicted initially . Live performances ( edit ) Aguilera performed the song on television four times , first on the CBS This Morning , and then on the Donny & Marie show ; neither of these performances were directed at her demographic of teen viewers . Whilst watching the show on This Morning , Aguilera gained the attention of songwriter Diane Warren , who was astonished by such a young performer being as `` polished '' as she was . Warren later stated that she had seen the potential in Aguilera . The singer also performed `` Reflection '' on MuchMusic 's Intimate and Interactive on May 17 , 2000 . An ABC special in 2000 , featuring a performance of the song , was recorded and released in a DVD titled My Reflection . Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` Reflection '' -- 3 : 34 Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 19 Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position South Korean International Singles ( Gaon ) 86 Other languages ( edit ) Edyta Górniak recorded a Polish version of the song titled Lustro ( Mirror ) to promote the movie . Anabela Pires , European Portuguese singing voice of Mulan , along with the whole European Portuguese movie cast , won a prize for the best foreign version , while Yè Bēi ( cmn ) , who provided Mulan 's singing voice in the Mainland Mandarin Chinese version , was hailed as one of the `` 10 best versions of the world '' by Disney director of production . Since its first release , some local TV stations and studios have been dubbing the movie in their local languages , creating some unofficial dubs . Namely : Arabic ( TV dub ) , Armenian , Karachay - Balkar and Tagalog . ( show ) `` Reflection '' in other languages Language Performer ( s ) Title Translation Arabic جاكلين رفيق ( Jacqueline Rafiq ) `` صورتي '' ( `` Sourti '' ) `` Image '' Brazilian Portuguese Kacau Gomes ( movie ) and Sandy ( credits ) `` Imagem '' `` Image '' Bulgarian Йорданка Илова ( Yordanka Ilova ) ( bg ) `` Различна '' ( `` Razlichna '' ) `` Different '' Canadian French Martine Chevrier ( fr ) `` Reflet '' `` Reflection '' Cantonese 陳慧琳 ( `` Wai Lam Chan '' ; Kelly Chen ) ( movie and credits ) `` 倒影 '' ( `` Dou jing '' ) ( movie ) and `` 影中我 '' ( `` ? '' ) ( credits ) `` Inverted reflection '' ( movie ) and `` ? '' ( credits ) Castilian Spanish María Caneda ( movie ) and Malú ( credits ) `` Reflejo '' `` Reflection '' Catalan Ángela Aloy `` Reflex '' `` Reflection '' Chinese Mandarin 叶蓓 ( Yè Bèi ) ( cmn ) `` 沉思 '' ( `` Chén sī '' ) `` Meditation '' Czech Jana Mařasová ( cs ) `` Odraz '' `` Reflection '' Danish Pernille Højgaard `` Spejlbilledet '' `` The reflection '' Dutch Linda Wagenmakers `` Spiegelbeeld '' `` Reflection '' European French Marie Galey ( fr ) ( movie ) and Mélanie Cohl ( credits ) `` Réflexion '' `` Reflection '' European Portuguese Anabela Pires `` Reflexo '' `` Reflection '' Finnish Heidi Kyrö ( fi ) `` Heijastus '' `` Reflection '' Flemish Karina Mertens ( nl ) `` Spiegelbeeld '' `` Reflection '' German Caroline Vasicek - Pfeifer `` Wer bin ich ? '' `` Who am I ? '' Greek Δέσποινα Βανδή ( Déspina Vandí ) `` Ποιά είμαι '' ( `` Piá íme '' ) `` Who am I ? '' Hebrew רינת גבאי ( Rinat Gabay ) ( he ) `` השתקפות '' ( `` Hishtakfut '' ) `` Reflection '' Hindi Unknown `` परछाई '' ( `` Parchhayi '' ) `` Reflection '' Hungarian Auth Csilla ( hu ) `` Bár mindenki láthatná '' `` I wish everyone would see it '' Icelandic Valgerður Guðnadóttir ( fr ) `` Spegilmynd '' `` Reflection '' Indonesian Beatrix Renita Purwiastanti `` Cermin diri '' `` Self reflection '' Italian Marianna Cataldi ( movie ) and Syria ( credits ) `` Riflesso '' `` Reflection '' Japanese 伊東恵理 ( Itō Eri ) `` リフレクション '' ( `` Rifurekushon '' ) `` Reflection '' Korean 이소정 ( Lee So - Jung ) ( movie ) and 박정현 ( Lena Park ) ( credits ) `` 숨겨진 내 모습 '' ( `` Sumgyeojin nae moseup '' ) ( movie ) and `` 내 안의 나를 '' ( `` Nae ane nareul '' ) ( credits ) `` My hidden reflection '' ( movie ) and `` My inner self '' ( credits ) Latin American Spanish Analí ( movie ) and Lucero ( credits ) `` Reflejo '' `` Reflection '' Malaysian Dina Nadzir `` Réflexion '' `` Reflection '' Norwegian Sissel Heibek `` Speilbildet '' `` The reflection '' Polish Katarzyna Pysiak ( movie ) and Edyta Górniak ( credits ) `` Lustro '' `` Mirror '' Romanian Mediana Vlad `` Chip oglindit '' `` Reflection '' Russian Наталья Улейская ( Natalia Uleyskaya ) `` Oтражение '' ( `` Otrazheniye '' ) `` Reflection '' Slovak Daniela Kopálová `` Obraz '' `` Reflection '' Swedish Divina Sarkany ( sv ) `` En spegelbild '' `` A reflection '' Taiwanese Mandarin 李玟 ( `` Lǐ Wén '' ; Coco Lee ) ( movie and credits ) `` 真情的自我 '' ( `` Zhēnqíng de zìwǒ '' ) ( movie ) and `` 自己 '' ( `` Zìjǐ '' ) ( credits ) `` The real me '' ( movie ) and `` Myself '' ( credits ) Thai นฤมล จิ วัง กู ร ( Naruemon Chiwangkun ) ( movie ) and อั ย ย์ พรรณี วี รา นุ กุล ( Ai Phanni Wiranukun ) ( credits ) `` เงา '' ( `` Ngao '' ) `` Reflection '' Turkish Tuğba Önal `` Karşımda Bekleyen '' `` The one who waits in front of me '' Other versions ( edit ) The group Mannheim Steamroller covered the song on their 1999 album , Mannheim Steamroller Meets the Mouse . Michael Crawford covered this song in The Disney Album . His rendition replaces the word `` girl '' with `` man '' in order to avoid gender confusion . Singer and American Idol winner Jordin Sparks performed the song on the Dedication Week of the sixth season of the show , with the performance she moved forward to the next round . Jackie Evancho also covered the song on her fourth studio album , Songs from the Silver Screen . In La Voz ... Argentina ( the Argentinian version of The Voice ) , the Spanish version of the song was covered by Sofia Rangone . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thomas Erlewine , Stephen . `` Mulan : Original Soundtrack '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Sheet Music -- Lea Salonga Reflection ( from ' Mulan ' ) '' . Walt Disney Publishing Company . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Tan , Irving . `` Review : Soundtrack ( Disney ) - Mulan '' . Sputnikmusic . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Dominguez 2003 , p. 43 Jump up ^ Dominguez 2003 , p. 38 ^ Jump up to : Dominguez 2003 , p. 44 Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Mulan : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 110 ( 19 ) : 20 . May 9 , 1998 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` リフレクション '' ( Reflection ) ( in Japanese ) . Oricon . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stepehn . `` Mi Reflejo : Overview '' . Allmusic . Rovi . Retrieved August 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Beth ( August 20 , 1999 ) . `` Christina Aguilera ( 1999 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Warner . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas ( June 2 , 1998 ) . `` Mulan Soundtrack Review '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Dominguez 2003 , p. 45 ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2007 ) . Top Adult Songs 1961 - 2006 . Record Research , Inc. p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 169 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Dominguez 2003 , p. 46 Jump up ^ `` Christina Aguilera Live '' . Intimate and Interactive . 2000 - 05 - 17 . Event occurs at 60 . MuchMusic . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Christina Aguilera -- My Reflection : Christina Aguilera , Dr. John , Brian McKnight , Bow Wow , Lawrence Jordan ( II ) , Paul Hunter : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . June 5 , 2001 . Retrieved October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Reflection ( CD single liner notes ) . Christina Aguilera . Hollywood Records . 1998 . 03MS32900 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Singles Chart ( International ) '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved April 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mulan '' . Charguigou . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 02 . Jump up ^ RobodL96 ( 2014 - 06 - 20 ) , Reflection ( Arabic TV ) , retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 Jump up ^ Robodl96 ( 2016 - 10 - 22 ) , Reflection ( Armenian ) , retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 Jump up ^ Robodl96 ( 2015 - 08 - 16 ) , Reflection ( Karachay - Balkar ) , retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 Jump up ^ `` Tagalog '' . Charguigou . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 '' . American Idol ( television show ) . Jordin Sparks. 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Songs from the Silver Screen '' . Target Corporation . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Termino Una etapa en ' La Voz Argentina ' '' . Diario Show ( in Spanish ) . August 12 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2012 . References ( edit ) Dominguez , Pier ( 2003 ) . Christina Aguilera : A Star is Made : The Unauthorized Biography . Amber Communications Group , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9702224 - 5 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Disney Sing - Along on YouTube ( on Disney 's official channel ) Lyrics of Lea Salonga 's version at MetroLyrics Lyrics of Christina Aguilera 's version at MetroLyrics Lyrics of Christina Aguilera 's Mi Reflejo at MetroLyrics Disney 's Mulan Films Mulan ( 1998 ) Mulan II ( 2004 ) Characters Mulan Other characters Attractions and musicals Mulan Jr . Video games Disney 's Mulan Disney 's Animated Storybook : Mulan Music `` Honor to Us All '' `` Reflection '' `` I 'll Make a Man Out of You '' `` A Girl Worth Fighting For '' Christina Aguilera songs Discography Christina Aguilera `` Genie in a Bottle '' `` What a Girl Wants '' `` I Turn to You '' `` Come On Over Baby ( All I Want Is You ) '' `` Reflection '' Mi Reflejo `` Genio Atrapado '' `` Falsas Esperanzas '' `` Pero Me Acuerdo de Ti '' `` Ven Conmigo ( Solamente Tú ) '' `` Si No Te Hubiera Conocido '' `` Contigo en la Distancia '' `` Por Siempre Tú '' `` Una Mujer '' `` Mi Reflejo '' My Kind of Christmas `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' `` Angels We Have Heard on High '' `` This Christmas '' `` The Christmas Song '' Stripped `` Dirrty '' `` Beautiful '' `` Fighter '' `` Ca n't Hold Us Down '' `` The Voice Within '' `` Walk Away '' Back to Basics `` Ai n't No Other Man '' `` Hurt '' `` Candyman '' `` Oh Mother '' `` Slow Down Baby '' Keeps Gettin ' Better : A Decade of Hits `` Keeps Gettin ' Better '' `` Genie 2.0 '' `` You Are What You Are ( Beautiful ) '' Bionic `` Bionic '' `` Not Myself Tonight '' `` Woohoo '' `` Elastic Love '' `` Glam '' `` Lift Me Up '' `` You Lost Me '' `` I Hate Boys '' Burlesque `` Something 's Got a Hold on Me '' `` Express '' `` Show Me How You Burlesque '' `` The Beautiful People ( from Burlesque ) '' Lotus `` Lotus Intro '' `` Army of Me '' `` Red Hot Kinda Love '' `` Make the World Move '' `` Your Body '' `` Let There Be Love '' `` Sing for Me '' `` Blank Page '' `` Around the World '' `` Circles '' `` Just a Fool '' Collaborations `` Lady Marmalade '' `` Nobody Wants to Be Lonely '' `` What 's Going On '' `` El Ultimo Adios ( The Last Goodbye ) '' `` Car Wash '' `` Tilt Ya Head Back '' `` A Song for You '' `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' `` Tell Me '' `` Castle Walls '' `` Moves like Jagger '' `` Feel This Moment '' `` Hoy Tengo Ganas de Ti '' `` Say Something '' `` Do What U Want '' Other songs `` Miss Independent '' `` Falling in Love Again ( Ca n't Help It ) '' `` We Remain '' `` Shotgun '' `` You 've Got a Friend '' `` Change '' `` Telepathy '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reflection_(song)&oldid=831644586 '' Categories : 1998 singles 1998 songs Christina Aguilera songs Debut singles Songs from Mulan Pop ballads Songs written by Matthew Wilder Hollywood Records singles Songs written by Rudy Pérez Song recordings produced by Rudy Pérez Songs with lyrics by David Zippel 1990s ballads Contemporary R&B ballads Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Use mdy dates from October 2011 Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Interlanguage link template link number Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Español فارسی Հայերեն עברית Polski Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 15 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the album mi reflejo was a hit for which singer	[]	[]
-4228172236197253790	List of countries by GDP (nominal)	List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) - wikipedia List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) For countries by GDP based on purchasing power parity , see List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) . Largest economies by nominal GDP in 2018 , not counting the economies of the European Union as one , according to International Monetary Fund estimates . Gross domestic product ( GDP ) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year . Countries are sorted by nominal GDP estimates from financial and statistical institutions , which are calculated at market or government official exchange rates . Nominal GDP does not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries , and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country 's currency . Such fluctuations may change a country 's ranking from one year to the next , even though they often make little or no difference in the standard of living of its population . Comparisons of national wealth are also frequently made on the basis of purchasing power parity ( PPP ) , to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries . PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem , but has its own drawbacks ; it does not reflect the value of economic output in international trade , and it also requires more estimation than nominal GDP . On the whole , PPP per capita figures are less spread than nominal GDP per capita figures . The United States is the world 's largest economy with a GDP of approximately $18.56 trillion , notably due to high average incomes , a large population , capital investment , moderate unemployment , high consumer spending , a relatively young population , and technological innovation . Tuvalu is the world 's smallest national economy with a GDP of about $32 million because of its very small population , a lack of natural resources , reliance on foreign aid , negligible capital investment , demographic problems , and low average incomes . Although the rankings of national economies have changed considerably over time , the United States has maintained its top position since the Gilded Age , a time period in which its economy saw rapid expansion , surpassing the British Empire and Qing dynasty in aggregate output . Since China 's transition to a market - based economy through privatisation and deregulation , the country has seen its ranking increase from ninth in 1978 to second to only the United States in 2016 as economic growth accelerated and its share of global nominal GDP surged from 2 % in 1980 to 15 % in 2016 . India has also experienced a similar economic boom since the implementation of economic liberalisation in the early 1990s . When supranational entities are included , the European Union is the second largest economy in the world . It was the largest from 2004 , when ten countries joined the union , to 2014 , after which it was surpassed by the United States . The first list includes estimates compiled by the International Monetary Fund 's World Economic Outlook , the second list shows the World Bank 's data , and the third list includes data compiled by the United Nations Statistics Division . The IMF definitive data for the past year and estimates for the current year are published twice a year in April and October . Several economies which are not considered to be countries ( the world , the European Union , and some dependent territories ) are included in the lists because they appear in the sources as distinct economies . These economies are italicized and not ranked in the charts , but are listed where applicable . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lists 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References Lists Per the International Monetary Fund ( 2018 ) Per the World Bank ( 2016 ) Per the United Nations ( 2016 ) Rank Country GDP ( US $ MM ) World 79,865,481 United States 20,412,870 -- European Union 19,669,743 China 14,092,514 Japan 5,167,051 Germany 4,211,635 5 United Kingdom 2,936,286 6 France 2,925,096 7 India 2,848,231 8 Italy 2,181,970 9 Brazil 2,138,918 10 Canada 1,798,512 11 Russia 1,719,000 12 South Korea 1,693,246 13 Spain 1,506,439 14 Australia 1,500,256 15 Mexico 1,212,831 16 Indonesia 1,074,966 17 Netherlands 945,327 18 Turkey 909,885 19 Saudi Arabia 748,003 20 Switzerland 741,688 21 Argentina 625,921 22 Poland 614,190 23 Taiwan 613,295 24 Sweden 600,771 25 Belgium 562,229 26 Thailand 483,739 27 Austria 477,672 28 Norway 443,252 29 Iran 418,875 30 United Arab Emirates 411,827 31 Nigeria 408,612 32 Ireland 385,142 33 Israel 373,751 34 South Africa 370,887 35 Denmark 369,760 36 Malaysia 364,919 37 Hong Kong 364,782 38 Singapore 332,449 39 Colombia 327,978 40 Philippines 313,419 41 Pakistan 303,993 42 Finland 289,557 43 Bangladesh 285,817 44 Chile 280,269 45 Czech Republic 251,577 46 Portugal 248,891 47 Romania 245,590 48 Vietnam 240,779 49 Egypt 237,073 50 Peru 231,567 51 Greece 226,774 52 Iraq 223,258 53 New Zealand 220,888 54 Algeria 197,629 55 Qatar 183,807 56 Kazakhstan 179,250 57 Hungary 163,541 58 Kuwait 135,305 59 Morocco 120,997 60 Angola 119,428 61 Ukraine 119,134 62 Slovakia 111,483 63 Ecuador 106,621 64 Venezuela 100,845 65 Puerto Rico 97,353 66 Sri Lanka 93,454 67 Kenya 88,271 68 Ethiopia 85,664 69 Oman 82,620 70 Guatemala 82,356 71 Dominican Republic 80,413 -- Syria 77,460 / Na 72 Luxembourg 72,461 73 Myanmar 70,715 74 Uruguay 63,370 75 Panama 66,711 76 Bulgaria 64,781 77 Costa Rica 61,287 78 Croatia 61,056 79 Belarus 59,246 80 Slovenia 56,933 81 Tanzania 56,664 82 Lithuania 54,352 83 Macau 53,754 84 Lebanon 53,620 85 Ghana 51,619 86 Serbia 48,279 87 Côte d'Ivoire 48,142 88 Azerbaijan 45,483 99 Libya 43,636 90 Democratic Republic of the Congo 42,644 91 Jordan 42,553 92 Turkmenistan 42,353 93 Sudan 41,676 94 Bolivia 40,737 95 Tunisia 40,298 96 Uzbekistan 40,259 97 Cameroon 39,074 98 Bahrain 37,841 99 Latvia 35,915 100 Paraguay 32,291 101 Estonia 30,821 102 El Salvador 29,407 103 Iceland 29,109 104 Uganda 27,616 105 Nepal 27,278 106 Papua New Guinea 26,312 107 Zambia 26,228 108 Cyprus 24,620 109 Cambodia 24,360 110 Honduras 24,021 111 Trinidad and Tobago 22,158 112 Afghanistan 21,657 113 Bosnia and Herzegovina 20,340 114 Senegal 19,722 115 Zimbabwe 19,395 116 Botswana 18,620 117 Laos 18,337 118 Mali 17,907 119 Gabon 17,461 120 Georgia 16,142 121 Albania 15,289 122 Jamaica 15,256 123 Malta 14,873 124 Burkina Faso 14,607 125 Nicaragua 14,532 126 Brunei 14,438 127 Mozambique 14,321 128 Yemen 13,840 129 Namibia 13,298 130 Mauritius 13,297 131 Macedonia 13,085 132 Madagascar 12,611 133 Mongolia 12,511 134 Bahamas 12,318 135 Armenia 12,031 136 Equatorial Guinea 11,544 137 Chad 11,486 138 Benin 11,039 139 Guinea 10,854 140 Republic of Congo 10,471 141 Rwanda 9,944 142 Niger 9,869 143 Haiti 9,417 144 Moldova 9,202 145 Kosovo 8,359 146 Tajikistan 7,659 147 Kyrgyzstan 7,588 148 Malawi 6,746 149 Eritrea 6,721 150 Togo 5,590 151 Montenegro 5,547 152 Fiji 5,440 153 Mauritania 5,435 154 Barbados 5,317 155 Maldives 4,825 156 Swaziland 4,572 157 Suriname 3,857 158 Sierra Leone 3,824 159 Burundi 3,805 160 Guyana 3,747 161 Liberia 3,332 162 South Sudan 3,194 163 Lesotho 2,920 164 Timor - Leste 2,740 165 Bhutan 2,547 166 Djibouti 2,187 167 Central African Republic 2,164 168 Cape Verde 1,978 169 Belize 1,912 170 San Marino 1,809 171 St. Lucia 1,755 172 Antigua and Barbuda 1,612 173 Guinea - Bissau 1,582 174 Seychelles 1,569 175 Solomon Islands 1,377 176 Grenada 1,180 177 The Gambia 1,085 178 St. Kitts and Nevis 972 179 Vanuatu 957 180 Samoa 881 181 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 835 182 Comoros 738 183 Dominica 476 184 São Tomé and Príncipe 443 185 Tonga 433 186 Federated States of Micronesia 335 187 Palau 321 188 Kiribati 211 189 Marshall Islands 205 190 Tuvalu 43 191 Vatican City Rank Country GDP ( US $ MM ) World 7007755435430000000 ♠ 75,543,543 United States 7007186244750000000 ♠ 18,624,475 -- European Union 7007163979800000000 ♠ 16,397,980 China 7007111991450000000 ♠ 11,199,145 Japan 7006494015800000000 ♠ 4,940,158 Germany 7006347779600000000 ♠ 3,477,796 5 United Kingdom 7006264789800000000 ♠ 2,647,898 6 France 7006246545300000000 ♠ 2,465,453 7 India 7006226379200000000 ♠ 2,263,792 8 Italy 7006185891300000000 ♠ 1,858,913 9 Brazil 7006179618600000000 ♠ 1,796,186 10 Canada 7006152976000000000 ♠ 1,529,760 11 South Korea 7006141124600000000 ♠ 1,411,246 12 Russia 7006128316200000000 ♠ 1,283,162 13 Spain 7006123725500000000 ♠ 1,237,255 14 Australia 7006120461600000000 ♠ 1,204,616 15 Mexico 7006104692200000000 ♠ 1,046,922 16 Indonesia 7005932259000000000 ♠ 932,259 17 Turkey 7005857711000000000 ♠ 857,711 18 Netherlands 7005777227000000000 ♠ 777,227 19 Switzerland 7005668851000000000 ♠ 668,851 20 Saudi Arabia 7005646438000000000 ♠ 646,438 21 Argentina 7005545866000000000 ♠ 545,866 22 Sweden 7005511000000000000 ♠ 511,000 23 Poland 7005469509000000000 ♠ 469,509 24 Belgium 7005466366000000000 ♠ 466,366 25 Iran 7005425326000000000 ♠ 425,326 26 Thailand 7005406840000000000 ♠ 406,840 27 Nigeria 7005405083000000000 ♠ 405,083 28 Austria 7005386428000000000 ♠ 386,428 29 Venezuela 7005371337000000000 ♠ 371,337 30 Norway 7005370557000000000 ♠ 370,557 31 United Arab Emirates 7005348743000000000 ♠ 348,743 32 Egypt 7005336297000000000 ♠ 336,297 33 Hong Kong 7005320912000000000 ♠ 320,912 34 Israel 7005318744000000000 ♠ 318,744 35 Denmark 7005306143000000000 ♠ 306,143 36 Philippines 7005304905000000000 ♠ 304,905 37 Singapore 7005296966000000000 ♠ 296,966 38 Malaysia 7005296359000000000 ♠ 296,359 39 South Africa 7005294841000000000 ♠ 294,841 40 Ireland 7005294054000000000 ♠ 294,054 41 Pakistan 7005283660000000000 ♠ 283,660 42 Colombia 7005282463000000000 ♠ 282,463 43 Chile 7005247028000000000 ♠ 247,028 44 Finland 7005236785000000000 ♠ 236,785 45 Bangladesh 7005221415000000000 ♠ 221,415 46 Portugal 7005204565000000000 ♠ 204,565 47 Vietnam 7005202616000000000 ♠ 202,616 48 Greece 7005194559000000000 ♠ 194,559 49 Czech Republic 7005192925000000000 ♠ 192,925 50 Peru 7005192094000000000 ♠ 192,094 51 Romania 7005186691000000000 ♠ 186,691 52 New Zealand 7005185017000000000 ♠ 185,017 53 Iraq 7005171489000000000 ♠ 171,489 54 Algeria 7005156080000000000 ♠ 156,080 55 Qatar 7005152469000000000 ♠ 152,469 56 Kazakhstan 7005133657000000000 ♠ 133,657 57 Hungary 7005124343000000000 ♠ 124,343 58 Kuwait 7005112812000000000 ♠ 112,812 59 Puerto Rico 7005103135000000000 ♠ 103,135 60 Morocco 7005101445000000000 ♠ 101,445 61 Ecuador 7004978020000000000 ♠ 97,802 62 Sudan 7004955840000000000 ♠ 95,584 63 Ukraine 7004932700000000000 ♠ 93,270 64 Angola 7004896330000000000 ♠ 89,633 65 Slovakia 7004895520000000000 ♠ 89,552 66 Sri Lanka 7004813220000000000 ♠ 81,322 67 Ethiopia 7004723740000000000 ♠ 72,374 68 Dominican Republic 7004715840000000000 ♠ 71,584 69 Kenya 7004705290000000000 ♠ 70,529 70 Guatemala 7004687630000000000 ♠ 68,763 71 Myanmar 7004674300000000000 ♠ 67,430 72 Uzbekistan 7004672200000000000 ♠ 67,220 73 Oman 7004662930000000000 ♠ 66,293 74 Luxembourg 7004599480000000000 ♠ 59,948 75 Costa Rica 7004574360000000000 ♠ 57,436 76 Panama 7004551880000000000 ♠ 55,188 77 Uruguay 7004524200000000000 ♠ 52,420 78 Bulgaria 7004523950000000000 ♠ 52,395 79 Croatia 7004504250000000000 ♠ 50,425 80 Lebanon 7004475370000000000 ♠ 47,537 81 Belarus 7004474330000000000 ♠ 47,433 82 Tanzania 7004474310000000000 ♠ 47,431 83 Macau 7004448030000000000 ♠ 44,803 84 Slovenia 7004439910000000000 ♠ 43,991 85 Lithuania 7004427390000000000 ♠ 42,739 86 Ghana 7004426900000000000 ♠ 42,690 87 Tunisia 7004420630000000000 ♠ 42,063 88 Jordan 7004386550000000000 ♠ 38,655 89 Azerbaijan 7004378480000000000 ♠ 37,848 90 Serbia 7004377450000000000 ♠ 37,745 91 Turkmenistan 7004361800000000000 ♠ 36,180 92 Cote d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire 7004361650000000000 ♠ 36,165 93 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7004349990000000000 ♠ 34,999 94 Bolivia 7004338060000000000 ♠ 33,806 95 Bahrain 7004318590000000000 ♠ 31,859 96 Libya 7004291530000000000 ♠ 29,153 97 Latvia 7004276770000000000 ♠ 27,677 98 Paraguay 7004274410000000000 ♠ 27,441 99 Yemen 7004273180000000000 ♠ 27,318 100 El Salvador 7004267970000000000 ♠ 26,797 101 Uganda 7004255280000000000 ♠ 25,528 102 Cameroon 7004242040000000000 ♠ 24,204 103 Estonia 7004231370000000000 ♠ 23,137 104 Honduras 7004215170000000000 ♠ 21,517 105 Nepal 7004211440000000000 ♠ 21,144 106 Trinidad and Tobago 7004209890000000000 ♠ 20,989 107 Iceland 7004200470000000000 ♠ 20,047 108 Cambodia 7004200170000000000 ♠ 20,017 109 Cyprus 7004198020000000000 ♠ 19,802 110 Zambia 7004195510000000000 ♠ 19,551 111 Afghanistan 7004194690000000000 ♠ 19,469 112 Papua New Guinea 7004169290000000000 ♠ 16,929 113 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7004165600000000000 ♠ 16,560 114 Zimbabwe 7004162890000000000 ♠ 16,289 115 Laos 7004159030000000000 ♠ 15,903 116 Botswana 7004152750000000000 ♠ 15,275 117 Senegal 7004147650000000000 ♠ 14,765 118 Georgia 7004143330000000000 ♠ 14,333 119 Gabon 7004142140000000000 ♠ 14,214 120 Mali 7004140450000000000 ♠ 14,045 121 Jamaica 7004140270000000000 ♠ 14,027 122 South Sudan 7004132820000000000 ♠ 13,282 123 Nicaragua 7004132310000000000 ♠ 13,231 124 Mauritius 7004121640000000000 ♠ 12,164 125 Burkina Faso 7004121150000000000 ♠ 12,115 126 Albania 7004119270000000000 ♠ 11,927 127 Brunei 7004114000000000000 ♠ 11,400 128 Mongolia 7004111600000000000 ♠ 11,160 129 Mozambique 7004110150000000000 ♠ 11,015 130 Malta 7004109490000000000 ♠ 10,949 131 Macedonia 7004109000000000000 ♠ 10,900 132 Armenia 7004105470000000000 ♠ 10,547 133 Namibia 7004102670000000000 ♠ 10,267 134 Equatorial Guinea 7004101790000000000 ♠ 10,179 135 Madagascar 7003999100000000000 ♠ 9,991 136 Chad 7003960100000000000 ♠ 9,601 137 The Bahamas 7003904700000000000 ♠ 9,047 138 Benin 7003858300000000000 ♠ 8,583 139 Rwanda 7003837600000000000 ♠ 8,376 140 Haiti 7003802300000000000 ♠ 8,023 141 Republic of the Congo 7003783400000000000 ♠ 7,834 142 Niger 7003750900000000000 ♠ 7,509 143 Kosovo 7003704700000000000 ♠ 7,047 144 Tajikistan 7003695200000000000 ♠ 6,952 145 Moldova 7003675000000000000 ♠ 6,750 146 Kyrgyzstan 7003655100000000000 ♠ 6,551 147 Guinea 7003629900000000000 ♠ 6,299 148 Somalia 7003621700000000000 ♠ 6,217 149 Bermuda 7003557400000000000 ♠ 5,574 150 Liechtenstein 7003548800000000000 ♠ 5,488 151 Malawi 7003544200000000000 ♠ 5,442 152 Mauritania 7003463500000000000 ♠ 4,635 153 Fiji 7003463200000000000 ♠ 4,632 154 Barbados 7003458800000000000 ♠ 4,588 155 Togo 7003440000000000000 ♠ 4,400 156 Montenegro 7003417300000000000 ♠ 4,173 157 Swaziland 7003372700000000000 ♠ 3,727 158 Sierra Leone 7003366900000000000 ♠ 3,669 159 Suriname 7003362100000000000 ♠ 3,621 160 Maldives 7003359100000000000 ♠ 3,591 161 Guyana 7003344600000000000 ♠ 3,446 162 Andorra 7003324900000000000 ♠ 3,249 163 Burundi 7003300700000000000 ♠ 3,007 164 Faroe Islands 7003261300000000000 ♠ 2,613 165 Greenland 7003244100000000000 ♠ 2,441 166 Bhutan 7003223700000000000 ♠ 2,237 167 Lesotho 7003220000000000000 ♠ 2,200 168 Liberia 7003210100000000000 ♠ 2,101 169 Belize 7003176500000000000 ♠ 1,765 170 Central African Republic 7003175600000000000 ♠ 1,756 171 Cape Verde 7003161700000000000 ♠ 1,617 172 Djibouti 7003158900000000000 ♠ 1,589 173 Antigua and Barbuda 7003144900000000000 ♠ 1,449 174 Seychelles 7003142700000000000 ♠ 1,427 175 Timor - Leste 7003141700000000000 ♠ 1,417 176 Saint Lucia 7003137900000000000 ♠ 1,379 177 Solomon Islands 7003120200000000000 ♠ 1,202 178 Guinea - Bissau 7003112600000000000 ♠ 1,126 179 Grenada 7003101600000000000 ♠ 1,016 180 The Gambia 7002965000000000000 ♠ 965 181 Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002917000000000000 ♠ 917 182 Samoa 7002786000000000000 ♠ 786 183 Vanuatu 7002774000000000000 ♠ 774 184 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002771000000000000 ♠ 771 185 Comoros 7002617000000000000 ♠ 617 186 Dominica 7002525000000000000 ♠ 525 187 Tonga 7002395000000000000 ♠ 395 188 Sao Tome and Principe São Tomé and Príncipe 7002351000000000000 ♠ 351 189 Federated States of Micronesia 7002322000000000000 ♠ 322 190 Palau 7002293000000000000 ♠ 293 191 Marshall Islands 7002183000000000000 ♠ 183 192 Kiribati 7002166000000000000 ♠ 166 193 Nauru 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 194 Tuvalu 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 Rank Country GDP ( US $ MM ) World 7007756484480000000 ♠ 75,648,448 United States 7007186244750000000 ♠ 18,624,475 -- European Union 7007163326310000000 ♠ 16,332,631 China 7007112182810000000 ♠ 11,218,281 Japan 7006493621100000000 ♠ 4,936,211 Germany 7006347779600000000 ♠ 3,477,796 5 United Kingdom 7006264789800000000 ♠ 2,647,898 6 France 7006246545300000000 ♠ 2,465,453 7 India 7006225964200000000 ♠ 2,259,642 8 Italy 7006185891300000000 ♠ 1,858,913 9 Brazil 7006179592500000000 ♠ 1,795,925 10 Canada 7006152976000000000 ♠ 1,529,760 11 South Korea 7006141124500000000 ♠ 1,411,245 12 Australia 7006130446300000000 ♠ 1,304,463 13 Russia 7006124601500000000 ♠ 1,246,015 14 Spain 7006123725500000000 ♠ 1,237,255 15 Mexico 7006107691400000000 ♠ 1,076,914 16 Indonesia 7005932259000000000 ♠ 932,259 17 Turkey 7005863711000000000 ♠ 863,711 18 Netherlands 7005777227000000000 ♠ 777,227 19 Switzerland 7005668851000000000 ♠ 668,851 20 Saudi Arabia 7005639617000000000 ♠ 639,617 21 Argentina 7005545866000000000 ♠ 545,866 22 Sweden 7005514475000000000 ♠ 514,475 23 Poland 7005471402000000000 ♠ 471,402 24 Belgium 7005467955000000000 ♠ 467,955 25 Iran 7005425402000000000 ♠ 425,402 26 Thailand 7005407026000000000 ♠ 407,026 27 Nigeria 7005404649000000000 ♠ 404,649 28 Austria 7005390799000000000 ♠ 390,799 29 Norway 7005371068000000000 ♠ 371,068 30 United Arab Emirates 7005399451000000000 ♠ 399,451 31 Colombia 7005377740000000000 ♠ 377,740 32 South Africa 7005349819000000000 ♠ 349,819 33 Denmark 7005346119000000000 ♠ 346,119 34 Malaysia 7005326933000000000 ♠ 326,933 35 Singapore 7005307872000000000 ♠ 307,872 36 Israel 7005305673000000000 ♠ 305,673 37 Venezuela 7005291376000000000 ♠ 291,376 38 Philippines 7005290896000000000 ♠ 290,896 39 Egypt 7005282242000000000 ♠ 282,242 40 Hong Kong 7005274027000000000 ♠ 274,027 41 Finland 7005272217000000000 ♠ 272,217 42 Chile 7005258062000000000 ♠ 258,062 43 Pakistan 7005251255000000000 ♠ 251,255 44 Ireland 7005250814000000000 ♠ 250,814 45 Greece 7005235574000000000 ♠ 235,574 46 Portugal 7005230117000000000 ♠ 230,117 47 Iraq 7005225422000000000 ♠ 225,422 48 Kazakhstan 7005216036000000000 ♠ 216,036 49 Algeria 7005213518000000000 ♠ 213,518 50 Qatar 7005211817000000000 ♠ 211,817 51 Czech Republic 7005205270000000000 ♠ 205,270 52 Peru 7005201809000000000 ♠ 201,809 53 Romania 7005199045000000000 ♠ 199,045 54 New Zealand 7005198652000000000 ♠ 198,652 55 Vietnam 7005186205000000000 ♠ 186,205 56 Bangladesh 7005173062000000000 ♠ 173,062 57 Kuwait 7005163637000000000 ♠ 163,637 58 Angola 7005146676000000000 ♠ 146,676 59 Hungary 7005138347000000000 ♠ 138,347 60 Ukraine 7005131806000000000 ♠ 131,806 61 Morocco 7005110009000000000 ♠ 110,009 62 Puerto Rico 7005103676000000000 ♠ 103,676 63 Ecuador 7005100917000000000 ♠ 100,917 64 Slovakia 7005100249000000000 ♠ 100,249 65 Cuba 7004896890000000000 ♠ 89,689 66 Sudan 7004818940000000000 ♠ 81,894 67 Oman 7004817970000000000 ♠ 81,797 68 Belarus 7004761390000000000 ♠ 76,139 69 Azerbaijan 7004751930000000000 ♠ 75,193 70 Sri Lanka 7004749410000000000 ♠ 74,941 71 Myanmar 7004664780000000000 ♠ 66,478 72 Luxembourg 7004648740000000000 ♠ 64,874 73 Dominican Republic 7004639690000000000 ♠ 63,969 74 Uzbekistan 7004630300000000000 ♠ 63,030 75 Kenya 7004609360000000000 ♠ 60,936 76 Guatemala 7004588270000000000 ♠ 58,827 77 Uruguay 7004574710000000000 ♠ 57,471 78 Croatia 7004571370000000000 ♠ 57,137 79 Bulgaria 7004567180000000000 ♠ 56,718 80 Macau 7004555020000000000 ♠ 55,502 81 Ethiopia 7004536380000000000 ♠ 53,638 82 Lebanon 7004496310000000000 ♠ 49,631 83 Costa Rica 7004495530000000000 ♠ 49,553 84 Slovenia 7004494910000000000 ♠ 49,491 85 Panama 7004491660000000000 ♠ 49,166 86 Lithuania 7004483920000000000 ♠ 48,392 87 Tanzania 7004480300000000000 ♠ 48,030 88 Turkmenistan 7004479320000000000 ♠ 47,932 89 Tunisia 7004474230000000000 ♠ 47,423 90 Serbia 7004438660000000000 ♠ 43,866 91 Libya 7004413190000000000 ♠ 41,319 92 Ghana 7004371770000000000 ♠ 37,177 93 Yemen 7004371310000000000 ♠ 37,131 94 Democratic Republic of the Congo 7004359090000000000 ♠ 35,909 95 Jordan 7004358270000000000 ♠ 35,827 96 Cote d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire 7004342540000000000 ♠ 34,254 97 Bahrain 7004338500000000000 ♠ 33,850 98 Bolivia 7004329960000000000 ♠ 32,996 99 Cameroon 7004320510000000000 ♠ 32,051 100 Latvia 7004312860000000000 ♠ 31,286 101 Paraguay 7004309850000000000 ♠ 30,985 102 Trinidad and Tobago 7004280690000000000 ♠ 28,069 103 Uganda 7004274650000000000 ♠ 27,465 104 Zambia 7004269630000000000 ♠ 26,963 105 Estonia 7004264850000000000 ♠ 26,485 106 El Salvador 7004251640000000000 ♠ 25,164 107 Cyprus 7004230770000000000 ♠ 23,077 108 Afghanistan 7004211220000000000 ♠ 21,122 109 Honduras 7004194970000000000 ♠ 19,497 110 Nepal 7004194890000000000 ♠ 19,489 111 Bosnia and Herzegovina 7004184910000000000 ♠ 18,491 112 Gabon 7004174120000000000 ♠ 17,412 113 North Korea 7004173960000000000 ♠ 17,396 114 Brunei 7004171040000000000 ♠ 17,104 115 Mozambique 7004170810000000000 ♠ 17,081 116 Iceland 7004170360000000000 ♠ 17,036 117 Cambodia 7004167780000000000 ♠ 16,778 118 Equatorial Guinea 7004167310000000000 ♠ 16,731 119 Papua New Guinea 7004165760000000000 ♠ 16,576 120 Georgia 7004165300000000000 ♠ 16,530 121 Botswana 7004158130000000000 ♠ 15,813 122 Senegal 7004156580000000000 ♠ 15,658 123 Zimbabwe 7004147190000000000 ♠ 14,719 124 Congo , Republic of the 7004140770000000000 ♠ 14,077 125 Jamaica 7004139270000000000 ♠ 13,927 126 Namibia 7004134290000000000 ♠ 13,429 127 Albania 7004134130000000000 ♠ 13,413 128 Chad 7004127910000000000 ♠ 12,791 129 Arab Palestinian areas 7004127660000000000 ♠ 12,766 130 Burkina Faso 7004127560000000000 ♠ 12,756 131 Mauritius 7004126160000000000 ♠ 12,616 132 Mongolia 7004120670000000000 ♠ 12,067 133 Mali 7004119790000000000 ♠ 11,979 134 Nicaragua 7004118060000000000 ♠ 11,806 135 Laos 7004117490000000000 ♠ 11,749 136 Macedonia 7004113190000000000 ♠ 11,319 137 South Sudan 7004110070000000000 ♠ 11,007 138 Armenia 7004108890000000000 ♠ 10,889 139 Madagascar 7004106740000000000 ♠ 10,674 140 Malta 7004105360000000000 ♠ 10,536 141 New Caledonia 7004102340000000000 ♠ 10,234 142 Benin 7003957500000000000 ♠ 9,575 143 Tajikistan 7003924200000000000 ♠ 9,242 144 Haiti 7003859900000000000 ♠ 8,599 145 The Bahamas 7003851000000000000 ♠ 8,510 146 Niger 7003816900000000000 ♠ 8,169 147 Moldova 7003794400000000000 ♠ 7,944 148 Rwanda 7003790300000000000 ♠ 7,903 149 Kyrgyzstan 7003740400000000000 ♠ 7,404 150 Kosovo 7003738700000000000 ♠ 7,387 151 Monaco 7003706000000000000 ♠ 7,060 152 Guinea 7003657900000000000 ♠ 6,579 153 Liechtenstein 7003585500000000000 ♠ 5,855 154 Malawi 7003572000000000000 ♠ 5,720 155 French Polynesia 7003562300000000000 ♠ 5,623 156 Bermuda 7003560100000000000 ♠ 5,601 157 Suriname 7003521000000000000 ♠ 5,210 158 Mauritania 7003509200000000000 ♠ 5,092 159 Timor - Leste 7003497000000000000 ♠ 4,970 160 Sierra Leone 7003489300000000000 ♠ 4,893 161 Montenegro 7003458800000000000 ♠ 4,588 162 Togo 7003457600000000000 ♠ 4,576 163 Fiji 7003453200000000000 ♠ 4,532 164 Swaziland 7003448200000000000 ♠ 4,482 165 Barbados 7003435300000000000 ♠ 4,353 166 Eritrea 7003385800000000000 ♠ 3,858 167 Cayman Islands 7003348000000000000 ♠ 3,480 168 Andorra 7003327800000000000 ♠ 3,278 169 Curaçao 7003315900000000000 ♠ 3,159 170 Guyana 7003308600000000000 ♠ 3,086 171 Maldives 7003303200000000000 ♠ 3,032 172 Burundi 7003286900000000000 ♠ 2,869 173 Aruba 7003266400000000000 ♠ 2,664 174 Greenland 7003244100000000000 ♠ 2,441 175 Liberia 7003212200000000000 ♠ 2,122 176 Lesotho 7003208100000000000 ♠ 2,081 177 Bhutan 7003196500000000000 ♠ 1,965 178 Cape Verde 7003185500000000000 ♠ 1,855 179 San Marino 7003184500000000000 ♠ 1,845 180 Central African Republic 7003183800000000000 ♠ 1,838 181 Belize 7003169900000000000 ♠ 1,699 182 Djibouti 7003158900000000000 ♠ 1,589 183 Seychelles 7003151100000000000 ♠ 1,511 184 Saint Lucia 7003140600000000000 ♠ 1,406 185 Somalia 7003137500000000000 ♠ 1,375 186 Zanzibar 7003128900000000000 ♠ 1,289 187 Antigua and Barbuda 7003124800000000000 ♠ 1,248 188 Guinea - Bissau 7003120900000000000 ♠ 1,209 189 Solomon Islands 7003110300000000000 ♠ 1,103 190 Sint Maarten 7003105900000000000 ♠ 1,059 191 British Virgin Islands 7002902000000000000 ♠ 902 192 Grenada 7002884000000000000 ♠ 884 193 Saint Kitts and Nevis 7002852000000000000 ♠ 852 194 The Gambia 7002851000000000000 ♠ 851 195 Samoa 7002824000000000000 ♠ 824 196 Vanuatu 7002812000000000000 ♠ 812 197 Turks and Caicos Islands 7002797000000000000 ♠ 797 198 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7002729000000000000 ♠ 729 199 Comoros 7002648000000000000 ♠ 648 200 Dominica 7002533000000000000 ♠ 533 201 Tonga 7002435000000000000 ♠ 435 202 Sao Tome and Principe São Tomé and Príncipe 7002337000000000000 ♠ 337 203 Federated States of Micronesia 7002308000000000000 ♠ 308 204 Cook Islands 7002311000000000000 ♠ 311 205 Anguilla 7002311000000000000 ♠ 311 206 Palau 7002234000000000000 ♠ 234 207 Marshall Islands 7002209000000000000 ♠ 209 208 Nauru 7002182000000000000 ♠ 182 209 Kiribati 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 210 Montserrat 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 211 Tuvalu 7001380000000000000 ♠ 38 See also Business and economics portal Contents / Lists portal List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) List of countries by GDP ( nominal ) per capita List of countries by GDP ( PPP ) per capita Notes ^ Jump up to : The European Union ( EU ) is an economic and political union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe . Jump up ^ Figures exclude Taiwan , and special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . ^ Jump up to : Figures exclude Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol . Jump up ^ Data for Syria 's 2014 GDP is from the September 2011 WEO Database , the latest available from the IMF . ^ Jump up to : Figures exclude special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau . Jump up ^ Includes Western Sahara . Jump up ^ Covers mainland Tanzania only . Jump up ^ Data are for the area controlled by the Government of the Republic of Cyprus . Jump up ^ Excludes Abkhazia and South Ossetia . Jump up ^ Excludes data for Transnistria . References ^ Jump up to : `` World Economic Outlook Database '' . International Monetary Fund . 7 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` What is GDP and why is it so important ? '' . Investopedia . IAC / InterActiveCorp. 26 February 2009 . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Moffatt , Mike . `` A Beginner 's Guide to Purchasing Power Parity Theory '' . About.com . IAC / InterActiveCorp . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Ito , Takatoshi ; Isard , Peter ; Symansky , Steven ( January 1999 ) . `` Economic Growth and Real Exchange Rate : An Overview of the Balassa - Samuelson Hypothesis in Asia '' ( PDF ) . Changes in Exchange Rates in Rapidly Development Countries : Theory , Practice , and Policy Issues . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Callen , Tim ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` Purchasing Power Parity : Weights Matter '' . Finance & Development . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Callen , Tim ( 28 March 2012 ) . `` Gross Domestic Product : An Economy 's All '' . Finance & Development . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Vo , Lam Thuy ( 30 May 2012 ) . `` The World 's Richest Countries and Biggest Economies , In 2 Graphics '' . Planet Money . National Public Radio . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Burgen , Emily et . al. ( 5 April 2012 ) . `` An Elusive Relation Between Unemployment and GDP Growth : Okun 's Law '' . Economic Trends . Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland . Retrieved 3 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Vitez , Osmond . `` The Importance of Consumer Spending '' . Houston Chronicle . Hearst Corporation . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Koesterich , Russ ( 16 May 2014 ) . `` America The Youthful ? Yes , On a Relative Basis '' . BlackRock . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Landefeld , J. Steven ( 11 February 2008 ) . `` The Multi-Factor Productivity Residual '' ( PDF ) . Measuring Innovation 's Role in GDP & Productivity Growth . Bureau of Economic Analysis . Retrieved 4 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tuvalu '' . Europa . European Commission . 17 February 2012 . Retrieved 2 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthews , Chris ( 5 October 2014 ) . `` 5 Most Powerful Economic Empires of All Time '' . Fortune . Time , Inc . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kroeber , Arthur R. ( 2016 ) . China 's Economy : What Everyone Needs to Know . New York , United States : Oxford University Press . Jump up ^ Kau , Michael Ying - mao ( 30 September 1993 ) . `` China in the Era of Deng Xiaoping : A Decade of Reform '' . Studies on Contemporary China . Taylor & Francis . Retrieved 23 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Hu , Zuliu ; Khan , Mohsin S. ( April 1997 ) . `` Why Is China Growing So Fast ? '' ( PDF ) . Economic Issues . International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodrik , Dani ; et al. ( March 2004 ) . `` From `` Hindu Growth '' to Productivity Surge : The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition '' ( PDF ) . National Bureau of Economic Research . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The economics of enlargement '' . Europa . European Commission . 30 October 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Report for Selected Country Groups and Subjects '' . World Economic Outlook . International Monetary Fund . April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` GDP ( current US $ ) '' . World Development Indicators . World Bank . Retrieved 1 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` GDP and its breakdown at current prices in US Dollars '' . United Nations Statistics Division . December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` United Nations Statistics Division - National Accounts '' . unstats.un.org . Jump up ^ `` EU GDP ( current US $ ) '' . World Development Indicators . World Bank . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All countries and regions / subregions ( totals ) for all years - sorted by region / subregion '' . United Nations . United Nations . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` All countries for all years - sorted alphabetically '' . United Nations . United Nations . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . hide Lists of countries by GDP rankings Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) Per capita Past per capita Past and projected per capita Private consumption per capita Per hour Per person employed Ten largest historically 19th century Nominal Per capita Past and projected per capita Sector composition Growth rate African countries Asian states European Union member states European countries Latin American and Caribbean countries Oceanian countries Per capita 1980 -- 2010 growth Industrial growth Gross national income ( GNI ) PPP Nominal Countries by region Africa PPP nominal Commonwealth of Nations nominal Latin America & Caribbean PPP nominal North America PPP nominal nominal per capita South America PPP Arab League nominal and per capita PPP and per capita ASEAN Asia Asia & Pacific PPP Former Soviet Republics Europe PPP PPP per capita nominal nominal per capita Oceania PPP PPP per capita nominal nominal per capita Subnational divisions Argentina Australia Brazil Canada Chile per capita China per capita Colombia Croatia France Germany nominal nominal per capita Greece India per capita Indonesia Italy Japan Malaysia Mexico Pakistan Poland ( per capita ) Russia per capita South Africa South Korea Spain United States PPP nominal nominal per capita Thailand OECD Top country subdivisions by GDP nominal Lists of countries by financial rankings List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Lists of countries by financial rankings Trade Account balance % of GDP Exports net per capita Imports Leading trade partners Investment FDI received past FDI abroad GFI Funds Forex reserves Forex reserves ( ex . gold ) Gold reserves Sovereign wealth funds Pension funds Creditor nations Debtor nations Budget and debt Government budget PPP % of GDP Credit rating External debt Public debt future Income and taxes Tax rates Tax revenue Wage average median minimum Bank rates Central bank interest rate Commercial bank prime lending rate Currency Exchange rates to US $ Inflation rate Other Financial Development Index Corporate governance Development aid Ease of doing business Employment / Unemployment External assets Wealth Lists of countries by GDP rankings List of international rankings List of top international rankings by country Lists by country Economic classification of countries Developed country Developing country Least Developed Countries World Bank high - income economy Newly industrialized country Heavily indebted poor countries Three - World Model First World Second World Third World Fourth World Gross domestic product ( GDP ) Nominal By country past and projected per capita per capita Purchasing power parity ( PPP ) By country future estimates per capita per capita per hour worked per person employed Gross national income ( GNI ) ( Nominal , Atlas method ) per capita ( PPP ) per capita Wages Average wage Europe by monthly average wage Employee compensation ( per hour ) List of countries by median wage Minimum wages Canada Europe United States Wealth Wealth per adult Other national accounts Gross National Happiness Net material product Research and development spending Human development Human Development Index by country inequality - adjusted Human Poverty Index Percentage living in poverty Social Progress Index Digital divide ICT Development Index Number of broadband Internet subscriptions Number of Internet users Smartphone penetration Net international investment position ( NIIP ) Per capita Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)&oldid=846335977 '' Categories : Lists of countries by GDP Lists of countries by economic indicator Gross domestic product Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2016 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская भोजपुरी Български Català Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی پښتو Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 吴语中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 June 2018 , at 02 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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6160191489364413405	Bangalore	Bangalore - Wikipedia Bangalore Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Bangalore ( disambiguation ) . Not to be confused with Mangalore . Bangalore Metropolis Bengaluru Clockwise from top : UB City , Infosys , Glass house at Lal Bagh , Vidhana Soudha , Shiva statue , Bagmane Tech Park Nickname ( s ) : Silicon Valley of India , Garden City Bangalore Bangalore Show map of Karnataka Show map of India Show all Location in Karnataka Coordinates : 12 ° 58 ′ N 77 ° 34 ′ E / 12.967 ° N 77.567 ° E / 12.967 ; 77.567 Coordinates : 12 ° 58 ′ N 77 ° 34 ′ E / 12.967 ° N 77.567 ° E / 12.967 ; 77.567 Country India State Karnataka Region Bayaluseemé District Bangalore Urban Established 1537 Founded by Kempegowda I Government Type Mayor -- Council Body BBMP Mayor Padmavathi G Commissioner G Kumar Nayak Area Metropolis 709 km ( 274 sq mi ) Elevation 920 m ( 3,020 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) Metropolis 8,443,675 Rank 3rd Density 12,000 / km ( 31,000 / sq mi ) Metro 8,728,906 Rank 5th Demonym ( s ) Bangalorean Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) Pincode ( s ) 560 xxx Area code ( s ) + 91 - ( 0 ) 80 Vehicle registration KA - 01 , 02 , 03 , 04 , 05 , 41 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 Metro GDP $45 to $83 billion ( PPP ) Official language Kannada Website www.bbmp.gov.in Bangalore ( / bæŋɡəˈlɔːr / ) , officially known as Bengaluru ( ( ˈbeŋɡəɭuːɾu ) ( listen ) ) , is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka . It has a population of about 8.42 million and a metropolitan population of about 8.52 million , making it the third most populous city and fifth most populous urban agglomeration in India . It is located in southern India on the Deccan Plateau . Its elevation is over 900 m ( 3,000 ft ) above sea level , the highest of India 's major cities . A succession of South Indian dynasties , the Western Gangas , the Cholas and the Hoysalas , ruled the present region of Bangalore until in 1537 CE , Kempé Gowdā -- a feudal ruler under the Vijayanagara Empire -- established a mud fort considered to be the foundation of modern Bangalore . In 1638 , the Marāthās conquered and ruled Bangalore for almost 50 years , after which the Mughals captured and sold the city to the Mysore Kingdom of the Wadiyar dynasty . It was captured by the British after victory in the Fourth Anglo - Mysore War ( 1799 ) , who returned administrative control of the city to the Maharaja of Mysore . The old city developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore and was made capital of the Princely State of Mysore , which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj . In 1809 , the British shifted their cantonment to Bangalore , outside the old city , and a town grew up around it , which was governed as part of British India . Following India 's independence in 1947 , Bangalore became the capital of Mysore State , and remained capital when the new Indian state of Karnataka was formed in 1956 . The two urban settlements of Bangalore -- city and cantonment -- which had developed as independent entities merged into a single urban centre in 1949 . The existing Kannada name , Bengalūru , was declared the official name of the city in 2006 . Bangalore is sometimes referred to as the `` Silicon Valley of India '' ( or `` IT capital of India '' ) because of its role as the nation 's leading information technology ( IT ) exporter . Indian technological organisations ISRO , Infosys , Wipro and HAL are headquartered in the city . A demographically diverse city , Bangalore is the second fastest - growing major metropolis in India . It is home to many educational and research institutions in India , such as Indian Institute of Science ( IISc ) , Indian Institute of Management ( Bangalore ) ( IIMB ) , National Institute of Fashion Technology , Bangalore , National Institute of Design , Bangalore ( NID R&D Campus ) , National Law School of India University ( NLSIU ) and National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences ( NIMHANS ) . Numerous state - owned aerospace and defence organisations , such as Bharat Electronics , Hindustan Aeronautics and National Aerospace Laboratories are located in the city . The city also houses the Kannada film industry . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early and medieval history 2.2 Foundation and early modern history 2.3 Later modern and contemporary history 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Demographics 5 Civic administration 5.1 Pollution control 5.2 Slums 5.3 Waste management 6 Economy 7 Transport 7.1 Air 7.2 Rail 7.3 Road 8 Culture 8.1 Art and literature 8.2 Indian Cartoon Gallery 8.3 Theatre , music , and dance 9 Education 10 Media 11 Sports 12 Sister cities 13 See also 14 References 15 Further reading 16 External links Etymology The name `` Bangalore '' represents an anglicised version of the Kannada language name , `` Bengalūru '' ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು ( ˈbeŋɡəɭuːru ) ( listen ) . It is the name of a village near kodegehalli and was copied by Kempegowda to the city of Bangalore . Bangalore was built on a venue earlier called as Shivanasamudram in the 16th century . The earliest reference to the name `` Bengalūru '' was found in a ninth - century Western Ganga Dynasty stone inscription on a `` vīra gallu '' ( ವೀರಗಲ್ಲು ) ( literally , `` hero stone '' , a rock edict extolling the virtues of a warrior ) . In this inscription found in Begur , `` Bengalūrū '' is referred to as a place in which a battle was fought in 890 CE . It states that the place was part of the Ganga Kingdom until 1004 and was known as `` Bengaval - uru '' , the `` City of Guards '' in Halegannada ( Old Kannada ) . An apocryphal story recounts that the 12th century Hoysala king Veera Ballala II , while on a hunting expedition , lost his way in the forest . Tired and hungry , he came across a poor old woman who served him boiled beans . The grateful king named the place `` benda - kaal - uru '' ( literally , `` town of boiled beans '' ) , which eventually evolved into `` Bengalūru '' . Suryanath Kamath has put forward an explanation of a possible floral origin of the name , being derived from benga , the Kannada term for Pterocarpus marsupium ( also known as the Indian Kino Tree ) , a species of dry and moist deciduous trees , that grew abundantly in the region . On 11 December 2005 , the Government of Karnataka announced that it had accepted a proposal by Jnanpith Award winner U.R. Ananthamurthy to rename Bangalore to Bengalūru . On 27 September 2006 , the Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike ( BBMP ) passed a resolution to implement the proposed name change . The government of Karnataka accepted the proposal , and it was decided to officially implement the name change from 1 November 2006 . The Union government have approved ( along with other 12 cities ) this request in October 2014 and Bangalore was renamed to `` Bengaluru '' on 1 November 2014 . History Main article : History of Bangalore Early and medieval History The Begur Nageshwara Temple was built in Bangalore around c. 860 , during the reign of the Western Ganga Dynasty . Someshwara Temple dates from the Chola era A discovery of Stone Age artefacts during the 2001 census of India at Jalahalli , Sidhapura and Jadigenahalli , all of which are located on Bangalore 's outskirts today , suggest probable human settlement around 4,000 BCE . Around 1,000 BCE ( Iron Age ) , burial grounds were established at Koramangala and Chikkajala on the outskirts of Bangalore . Coins of the Roman emperors Augustus , Tiberius , and Claudius found at Yeswanthpur and HAL indicate that Bangalore was involved in trans - oceanic trade with ancient civilisations in 27 BCE . The region of modern - day Bangalore was part of several successive South Indian kingdoms . Between the fourth and the tenth centuries , the Bangalore region was ruled by the Western Ganga Dynasty of Karnataka , the first dynasty to set up effective control over the region . According to Edgar Thurston there were twenty eight kings who ruled Gangavadi from the start of the Christian era till its conquest by the Cholas . These kings belonged to two distinct dynasties : the earlier line of the Solar race which had a succession of seven kings of the Ratti or Reddi tribe , and the later line of the Ganga race . The Western Gangas ruled the region initially as a sovereign power ( 350 -- 550 ) , and later as feudatories of the Chalukyas of Badami , followed by the Rashtrakutas till the tenth century . The Begur Nageshwara Temple was commissioned around 860 , during the reign of the Western Ganga King Ereganga Nitimarga I and extended by his successor Nitimarga II . Around 1004 , during the reign of Raja Raja Chola I , the Cholas defeated the Western Gangas under the command of the crown prince Rajendra Chola I , and captured Bangalore . During this period , the Bangalore region witnessed the migration of many groups -- warriors , administrators , traders , artisans , pastorals , cultivators , and religious personnel from Tamil Nadu and other Kannada speaking regions . The Chokkanathaswamy temple at Domlur , the Aigandapura complex near Hesaraghatta , Mukthi Natheshwara Temple at Binnamangala , Choleshwara Temple at Begur , Someshwara Temple at Madiwala , date from the Chola era . In 1117 , the Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana defeated the Cholas in the Battle of Talakad in south Karnataka , and extended its rule over the region . Vishnuvardhana expelled the Cholas from all parts of Mysore state . By the end of the 13th century , Bangalore became a source of contention between two warring cousins , the Hoysala ruler Veera Ballala III of Halebidu and Ramanatha , who administered from the Hoysala held territory in Tamil Nadu . Veera Ballala III had appointed a civic head at Hudi ( now within Bangalore Municipal Corporation limits ) , thus promoting the village to the status of a town . After Veera Ballala III 's death in 1343 , the next empire to rule the region was the Vijayanagara Empire , which itself saw the rise of four dynasties , the Sangamas ( 1336 -- 1485 ) , the Saluvas ( 1485 -- 1491 ) , the Tuluvas ( 1491 -- 1565 ) , and the Aravidu ( 1565 -- 1646 ) . During the reign of the Vijayanagara Empire , Achyuta Deva Raya of the Tuluva Dynasty raised the Shivasamudra Dam across the Arkavati river at Hesaraghatta , whose reservoir is the present city 's supply of regular piped water . Foundation and early modern History Bangalore Fort in 1860 showing fortifications and barracks . The fort was originally built by Kempe Gowda I as a mud fort in 1537 . Bangalore Palace , built in 1887 in Tudor architectural style was modelled on the Windsor Castle in England . Modern Bangalore was begun in 1537 by a vassal of the Vijayanagara Empire , Kempe Gowda I , who aligned with the Vijayanagara empire to campaign against Gangaraja ( whom he defeated and expelled to Kanchi ) , and who built a mud - brick fort for the people at the site that would become the central part of modern Bangalore . Kempe Gowda was restricted by rules made by Achuta Deva Raya , who feared the potential power of Kempe Gowda and did not allow a formidable stone fort . Kempe Gowda referred to the new town as his `` gandubhūmi '' or `` Land of Heroes '' . Within the fort , the town was divided into smaller divisions -- each called a `` pete '' ( Kannada pronunciation : ( peːteː ) ) . The town had two main streets -- Chikkapeté Street , which ran east - west , and Doddapeté Street , which ran north - south . Their intersection formed the Doddapeté Square -- the heart of Bangalore . Kempe Gowda I 's successor , Kempe Gowda II , built four towers that marked Bangalore 's boundary . During the Vijayanagara rule , many saints and poets referred to Bangalore as `` Devarāyanagara '' and `` Kalyānapura '' or `` Kalyānapuri '' ( `` Auspicious City '' ) . After the fall of the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 in the Battle of Talikota , Bangalore 's rule changed hands several times . Kempe Gowda declared independence , then in 1638 , a large Adil Shahi Bijapur army led by Ranadulla Khan and accompanied by his second in command Shāhji Bhōnslé defeated Kempe Gowda III , and Bangalore was given to Shāhji as a jagir ( feudal estate ) . In 1687 , the Mughal general Kasim Khan , under orders from Aurangzeb , defeated Ekoji I , son of Shāhji , and sold Bangalore to Chikkadevaraja Wodeyar ( 1673 -- 1704 ) , the then ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore for three lakh rupees . After the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II in 1759 , Hyder Ali , Commander - in - Chief of the Mysore Army , proclaimed himself the de facto ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore . Hyder Ali is credited with building the Delhi and Mysore gates at the northern and southern ends of the city in 1760 . The kingdom later passed to Hyder Ali 's son Tipu Sultan . Hyder and Tipu contributed towards the beautification of the city by building Lal Bagh Botanical Gardens in 1760 . Under them , Bangalore developed into a commercial and military centre of strategic importance . The Bangalore fort was captured by the British armies under Lord Cornwallis on 21 March 1791 during the Third Anglo - Mysore War and formed a centre for British resistance against Tipu Sultan . Following Tipu 's death in the Fourth Anglo - Mysore War ( 1799 ) , the British returned administrative control of the Bangalore `` pētē '' to the Maharaja of Mysore and was incorporated into the Princely State of Mysore , which existed as a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj . The old city ( `` pētē '' ) developed in the dominions of the Maharaja of Mysore . The Residency of Mysore State was first established in Mysore City in 1799 and later shifted to Bangalore in 1804 . It was abolished in 1843 only to be revived in 1881 at Bangalore and to be closed down permanently in 1947 , with Indian independence . The British found Bangalore to be a pleasant and appropriate place to station their garrison and therefore moved their cantonment to Bangalore from Seringapatam in 1809 near Halsur , about 6 kilometres ( 4 mi ) north - east of the city . A town grew up around the cantonment , by absorbing several villages in the area . The new centre had its own municipal and administrative apparatus , though technically it was a British enclave within the territory of the Wodeyar Kings of the Princely State of Mysore . Two important developments which contributed to the rapid growth of the city , include the introduction of telegraph connections to all major Indian cities in 1853 and a rail connection to Madras , in 1864 . Later modern and contemporary History A view of Bangalore Pete during the 1890s A view of Bangalore Cantonment ( c. 1895 ) Map of the city and environs , ca 1914 . The Bangalore torpedo was invented in Bangalore in 1922 . In the 19th century , Bangalore essentially became a twin city , with the `` pētē '' , whose residents were predominantly Kannadigas and the cantonment created by the British . Throughout the 19th century , the Cantonment gradually expanded and acquired a distinct cultural and political salience as it was governed directly by the British and was known as the Civil and Military Station of Bangalore . While it remained in the princely territory of Mysore , Cantonment had a large military presence and a cosmopolitan civilian population that came from outside the princely state of Mysore , including British and Anglo - Indians army officers . Bangalore was hit by a plague epidemic in 1898 that claimed nearly 3,500 lives . The crisis caused by the outbreak catalysed the city 's sanitation process . Telephone lines were laid to help co-ordinate anti-plague operations . Regulations for building new houses with proper sanitation facilities came into effect . A health officer was appointed and the city divided into four wards for better co-ordination . Victoria Hospital was inaugurated in 1900 by Lord Curzon , the then Governor - General of British India . New extensions in Malleswaram and Basavanagudi were developed in the north and south of the pētē . In 1903 , motor vehicles came to be introduced in Bangalore . In 1906 , Bangalore became one of the first cities in India to have electricity from hydro power , powered by the hydroelectric plant situated in Shivanasamudra . The Indian Institute of Science was established in 1909 , which subsequently played a major role in developing the city as a science research hub . In 1912 , the Bangalore torpedo , a defensive explosive weapon widely used in World War I and World War II , was devised in Bangalore by British army officer Captain McClintock of the Madras Sappers and Miners . Bangalore 's reputation as the `` Garden City of India '' began in 1927 with the Silver Jubilee celebrations of the rule of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV . Several projects such as the construction of parks , public buildings and hospitals were instituted to improve the city . Bangalore played an important role during the Indian independence movement . Mahatma Gandhi visited the city in 1927 and 1934 and addressed public meetings here . In 1926 , the labour unrest in Binny Mills due to demand by textile workers for payment of bonus resulted in lathi charging and police firing , resulting in the death of four workers , and several injuries . In July 1928 , there were notable communal disturbances in Bangalore , when a Ganesh idol was removed from a school compound in the Sultanpet area of Bangalore . In 1940 , the first flight between Bangalore and Bombay took off , which placed the city on India 's urban map . After India 's independence in August 1947 , Bangalore remained in the newly carved Mysore State of which the Maharaja of Mysore was the Rajapramukh ( appointed governor ) . The `` City Improvement Trust '' was formed in 1945 , and in 1949 , the `` City '' and the `` Cantonment '' merged to form the Bangalore City Corporation . The Government of Karnataka later constituted the Bangalore Development Authority in 1976 to co-ordinate the activities of these two bodies . Public sector employment and education provided opportunities for Kannadigas from the rest of the state to migrate to the city . Bangalore experienced rapid growth in the decades 1941 -- 51 and 1971 -- 81 , which saw the arrival of many immigrants from northern Karnataka . By 1961 , Bangalore had become the sixth largest city in India , with a population of 1,207,000 . In the decades that followed , Bangalore 's manufacturing base continued to expand with the establishment of private companies such as MICO ( Motor Industries Company ) , which set up its manufacturing plant in the city . By the 1980s , it was clear that urbanisation had spilled over the current boundaries , and in 1986 , the Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority , was established to co-ordinate the development of the entire region as a single unit . On 8 February 1981 , a major fire broke out at Venus Circus in Bangalore , where more than 92 lives were lost , the majority of them being children . Bangalore experienced a growth in its real estate market in the 1980s and 1990s , spurred by capital investors from other parts of the country who converted Bangalore 's large plots and colonial bungalows into multi-storied apartments . In 1985 , Texas Instruments became the first multinational corporation to set up base in Bangalore . Other information technology companies followed suit and by the end of the 20th century , Bangalore had established itself as the Silicon Valley of India . Today , Bangalore is India 's third most populous city . During the 21st century , Bangalore has suffered terrorist attacks in 2008 , 2010 , and 2013 . Geography Main article : Bangalore geography and environment The Hesaraghatta Lake in Bangalore Bangalore lies in the southeast of the South Indian state of Karnataka . It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau ( a region of the larger Precambrian Deccan Plateau ) at an average elevation of 900 m ( 2,953 ft ) . It is located at 12 ° 58 ′ N 77 ° 34 ′ E / 12.97 ° N 77.56 ° E / 12.97 ; 77.56 and covers an area of 741 km ( 286 sq mi ) . The majority of the city of Bangalore lies in the Bangalore Urban district of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the Bangalore Rural district . The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of Ramanagara from the old Bangalore Rural district . The topology of Bangalore is generally flat , though the western parts of the city are hilly . The highest point is Vidyaranyapura Doddabettahalli , which is 962 metres ( 3,156 feet ) and is situated to the north - west of the city . No major rivers run through the city , although the Arkavathi and South Pennar cross paths at the Nandi Hills , 60 kilometres ( 37 miles ) to the north . River Vrishabhavathi , a minor tributary of the Arkavathi , arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city . The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore 's sewage . A sewerage system , constructed in 1922 , covers 215 km ( 83 sq mi ) of the city and connects with five sewage treatment centres located in the periphery of Bangalore . In the 16th century , Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet the town 's water requirements . The Kempambudhi Kere , since overrun by modern development , was prominent among those lakes . In the earlier half of 20th century , the Nandi Hills waterworks was commissioned by Sir Mirza Ismail ( Diwan of Mysore , 1926 -- 41 CE ) to provide a water supply to the city . Currently , the river Kaveri provides around 80 % of the total water supply to the city with the remaining 20 % being obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta reservoirs of the Arkavathi river . Bangalore receives 800 million litres ( 211 million US gallons ) of water a day , more than any other Indian city . However , Bangalore sometimes does face water shortages , especially during summer - more so in the years of low rainfall . A random sampling study of the Air Quality Index ( AQI ) of twenty stations within the city indicated scores that ranged from 76 to 314 , suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of traffic concentration . Bangalore has a handful of freshwater lakes and water tanks , the largest of which are Madivala tank , Hebbal lake , Ulsoor lake , Yediyur Lake and Sankey Tank . Groundwater occurs in silty to sandy layers of the alluvial sediments . The Peninsular Gneissic Complex ( PGC ) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes granites , gneisses and migmatites , while the soils of Bangalore consist of red laterite and red , fine loamy to clayey soils . Vegetation in the city is primarily in the form of large deciduous canopy and minority coconut trees . Though Bangalore has been classified as a part of the seismic zone II ( a stable zone ) , it has experienced quakes of magnitude as high as 4.5 . Climate Bangalore has a tropical savanna climate ( Köppen climate classification Aw ) with distinct wet and dry seasons . Due to its high elevation , Bangalore usually enjoys a more moderate climate throughout the year , although occasional heat waves can make summer somewhat uncomfortable . The coolest month is January with an average low temperature of 15.1 ° C ( 59.2 ° F ) and the hottest month is April with an average high temperature of 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) . The highest temperature ever recorded in Bangalore is 39.2 ° C ( 103 ° F ) ( recorded on 24 April 2016 ) as there was a strong El Nino in 2016 There were also unofficial records of 41 ° C ( 106 ° F ) on that day . The lowest ever recorded is 7.8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) in January 1884 . Winter temperatures rarely drop below 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) , and summer temperatures seldom exceed 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) . Bangalore receives rainfall from both the northeast and the southwest monsoons and the wettest months are September , October and August , in that order . The summer heat is moderated by fairly frequent thunderstorms , which occasionally cause power outages and local flooding . Most of the rainfall occurs during late afternoon / evening or night and rain before noon is infrequent . November 2015 ( 290.4 mm ) was recorded as one of the wettest months in Bangalore with heavy rains causing severe flooding in some areas , and closure of a number of organisations for over a couple of days . The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24 - hour period is 179 millimetres ( 7 in ) recorded on 1 October 1997 . ( hide ) Climate data for Bangalore Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 32.8 ( 91 ) 35.9 ( 96.6 ) 37.3 ( 99.1 ) 39.2 ( 102.6 ) 38.9 ( 102 ) 38.1 ( 100.6 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 32.4 ( 90.3 ) 31.7 ( 89.1 ) 31.1 ( 88 ) 39.2 ( 102.6 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 27.9 ( 82.2 ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 33.1 ( 91.6 ) 34.0 ( 93.2 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 29.6 ( 85.3 ) 28.3 ( 82.9 ) 27.8 ( 82 ) 28.6 ( 83.5 ) 28.2 ( 82.8 ) 27.2 ( 81 ) 26.5 ( 79.7 ) 29.6 ( 85.3 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 15.8 ( 60.4 ) 17.5 ( 63.5 ) 20.0 ( 68 ) 22.0 ( 71.6 ) 21.7 ( 71.1 ) 20.4 ( 68.7 ) 19.9 ( 67.8 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 19.6 ( 67.3 ) 18.0 ( 64.4 ) 16.2 ( 61.2 ) 19.2 ( 66.6 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 7.8 ( 46 ) 9.4 ( 48.9 ) 11.1 ( 52 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 16.1 ( 61 ) 14.4 ( 57.9 ) 15.0 ( 59 ) 13.2 ( 55.8 ) 9.6 ( 49.3 ) 8.9 ( 48 ) 7.8 ( 46 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 1.9 ( 0.075 ) 5.4 ( 0.213 ) 18.5 ( 0.728 ) 41.5 ( 1.634 ) 107.4 ( 4.228 ) 106.5 ( 4.193 ) 112.9 ( 4.445 ) 147.0 ( 5.787 ) 212.8 ( 8.378 ) 168.3 ( 6.626 ) 48.9 ( 1.925 ) 15.7 ( 0.618 ) 986.8 ( 38.85 ) Average rainy days 0.2 0.4 3.1 6.7 6.2 7.2 9.9 9.8 8.3 3.8 1.4 58.1 Average relative humidity ( % ) 60 52 30 43 60 72 76 79 76 73 70 68 63.3 Mean monthly sunshine hours 262.3 247.6 271.4 257.0 241.1 136.8 111.8 114.3 143.6 173.1 190.2 211.7 2,360.9 Source # 1 : Indian Meteorological Department Source # 2 : NOAA ( humidity and sun : 1971 -- 1990 ) Demographics See also : Housing in Bangalore St. Francis Xavier Cathedral is the mother church of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bangalore ( hide ) Population Growth Census Pop . % ± 1941 406,760 -- 1951 778,977 91.5 % 1961 1,207,000 54.9 % 1971 1,654,000 37.0 % 1981 2,922,000 76.7 % 1991 4,130,000 41.3 % 5,101,000 23.5 % 2011 8,425,970 65.2 % Source : Census of India Religion in Bangalore ( 2011 ) Religion Percent Hinduism 78.87 % Islam 13.90 % Christianity 5.61 % Jainism 0.97 % Others † 0.65 % Distribution of religions † Includes Sikhism ( 0.15 % ) , Buddhism ( 0.06 % ) . With an estimated population of 8.5 million in 2011 , Bangalore is the fifth most populous city in India and the 18th most populous city in the world . Bangalore was the fastest - growing Indian metropolis after New Delhi between 1991 and 2001 , with a growth rate of 38 % during the decade . Residents of Bangalore are referred to as `` Bangaloreans '' in English and Bengaloorinavaru or Bengaloorigaru in Kannada . People from other states have migrated to Bangalore . According to the 2011 census of India , 78.9 % of Bangalore 's population is Hindu , a little less than the national average . Muslims comprise 13.9 % of the population , roughly the same as their national average . Christians and Jains account for 5.6 % and 1.0 % of the population , respectively , double that of their national averages . The city has a literacy rate of 89 % . Roughly 10 % of Bangalore 's population lives in slums. -- a relatively low proportion when compared to other cities in the developing world such as Mumbai ( 50 % ) and Nairobi ( 60 % ) . The 2008 National Crime Records Bureau statistics indicate that Bangalore accounts for 8.5 % of the total crimes reported from 35 major cities in India which is an increase in the crime rate when compared to the number of crimes fifteen years ago . Bangalore suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast - growing cities in developing countries : rapidly escalating social inequality , mass displacement and dispossession , proliferation of slum settlements , and epidemic public health crisis due to severe water shortage and sewage problems in poor and working - class neighbourhoods . The language that is spoken in Bangalore is its native language Kannada . Other languages such as English , Tamil , Telugu , Urdu , and Hindi are also spoken in a few places mostly by the migrants from northern India and neighbouring states . The Kannada language spoken in Bangalore is a form of Kannada called as ' Old Mysuru Kannada ' which is also used in most of the southern part of Karnataka state . A vernacular dialect of this , known as Bangalore Kannada , is spoken among the youth in Bangalore and the adjoining Mysore regions . English ( as an Indian dialect ) is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the professional and business class . The major communities of Bangalore who share a long history in the city other than the Kannadigas are the Tamilians and Telugus , who migrated to Bangalore in search of a better livelihood . Already in the 16th century , Bangalore had speakers of Tamil , Kannada and Telugu , who spoke Kannada to carry out low profile jobs . However the Telugu Speaking Morasu Vokkaligas are the Native people of Bangalore Telugu - speaking people initially came to Bangalore on invitation by the Mysore royalty ( a few of them have lineage dating back to Krishnadevaraya ) . Other native communities are the Tuluvas and the Konkanis of coastal Karnataka , the Kodavas of the Kodagu district of Karnataka . The migrant communities are Maharashtrians , Punjabis , Rajasthanis , Gujaratis , Tamilians , Telugus , Sindhis , and Bengalis . Bangalore once had a large Anglo - Indian population , the second largest after Calcutta . Today , there are around 10,000 Anglo - Indians in Bangalore . Christians form a sizeable section of Bangalorean society , with migrant Tamil Christians forming the majority of the Christian population , while Kannada Catholics , Mangalorean Catholics , Syro - Malabar Nasranis and others form the rest of the population . Muslims form a very diverse population , consisting of Dakhini and Urdu - speaking Muslims , Kutchi Memons , Labbay and Mappilas . Civic administration See also : Infrastructure in Bangalore Bangalore City Important officials Municipal Commissioner : G Kumar Nayak IAS Principal Chief Commissioner of Income Tax : Nutan Wodeyar IRS Mayor : Mrs. S. Shantakumari Police Commissioner : NS Megharik IPS The Karnataka High Court is the supreme judicial body in Karnataka and is located in Bangalore . The Vikasa Soudha , situated adjacent to the Vidhana Soudha , houses many state ministries . A typical traffic speed interceptor used by the Bangalore City Traffic Police The Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike ( BBMP , Greater Bangalore Municipal Corporation ) is in charge of the civic administration of the city . It was formed in 2007 by merging 100 wards of the erstwhile Bangalore Mahanagara Palike , with seven neighbouring City Municipal Councils , one Town Municipal Council and 110 villages around Bangalore . The number of wards increased to 198 in 2009 . The BBMP is run by a city council composed of 250 members , including 198 corporators representing each of the wards of the city and 52 other elected representatives , consisting of members of Parliament and the state legislature . Elections to the council are held once every five years , with results being decided by popular vote . Members contesting elections to the council usually represent one or more of the state 's political parties . A mayor and deputy mayor are also elected from among the elected members of the council . Elections to the BBMP were held on 28 March 2010 , after a gap of three and a half years since the expiry of the previous elected body 's term , and the Bharatiya Janata Party was voted into power -- the first time it had ever won a civic poll in the city . Bangalore 's rapid growth has created several problems relating to traffic congestion and infrastructural obsolescence that the Bangalore Mahanagara Palike has found challenging to address . The unplanned nature of growth in the city resulted in massive traffic gridlocks that the municipality attempted to ease by constructing a flyover system and by imposing one - way traffic systems . Some of the flyovers and one - ways mitigated the traffic situation moderately but were unable to adequately address the disproportionate growth of city traffic . A 2003 Battelle Environmental Evaluation System ( BEES ) evaluation of Bangalore 's physical , biological and socioeconomic parameters indicated that Bangalore 's water quality and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were close to ideal , while the city 's socioeconomic parameters ( traffic , quality of life ) aire quality and noise pollution scored poorly . The BBMP works in conjunction with the Bangalore Development Authority ( BDA ) and the Agenda for Bangalore 's Infrastructure and Development Task Force ( ABIDe ) to design and implement civic and infrastructural projects . The Bangalore City Police ( BCP ) has seven geographic zones , includes the Traffic Police , the City Armed Reserve , the Central Crime Branch and the City Crime Record Bureau and runs 86 police stations , including two all - women police stations . As capital of the state of Karnataka , Bangalore houses important state government facilities such as the Karnataka High Court , the Vidhana Soudha ( the home of the Karnataka state legislature ) and Raj Bhavan ( the residence of the Governor of Karnataka ) . Bangalore contributes four members to the lower house of the Indian Parliament , the Lok Sabha , from its four constituencies : Bangalore Rural , Bangalore Central , Bangalore North , and Bangalore South , and 28 members to the Karnataka Legislative Assembly . Electricity in Bangalore is regulated through the Bangalore Electricity Supply Company ( BESCOM ) , while water supply and sanitation facilities are provided by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board ( BWSSB ) . The city has offices of the Consulate General of Germany , France , Japan Israel , British Deputy High Commission , along with honorary consulates of Ireland , Finland , Switzerland , Maldives , Mongolia , Sri Lanka and Peru . It also has a trade office of Canada and a virtual Consulate of the United States . Pollution control Bangalore generates about 3,000 tonnes of solid waste per day , of which about 1,139 tonnes are collected and sent to composting units such as the Karnataka Composting Development Corporation . The remaining solid waste collected by the municipality is dumped in open spaces or on roadsides outside the city . In 2008 , Bangalore produced around 2,500 metric tonnes of solid waste , and increased to 5000 metric tonnes in 2012 , which is transported from collection units located near Hesaraghatta Lake , to the garbage dumping sites . The city suffers significantly with dust pollution , hazardous waste disposal , and disorganised , unscientific waste retrievals . The IT hub , Whitefield region is the most polluted area in Bangalore . Recently a study found that over 36 % of diesel vehicles in the city exceed the national limit for emissions . Slums According to a 2012 report submitted to the World Bank by Karnataka Slum Clearance Board , Bangalore has 862 slums from total of around 2000 slums in Karnataka . The families living in the slum are not ready to move into the temporary shelters . 42 % of the households migrated from different parts of India like Chennai , Hyderabad and most of North India , and 43 % of the households had remained in the slums for over 10 years . The Karnataka Municipality , works to shift 300 families annually to newly constructed buildings . One third of these slum clearance projects lack basic service connections , 60 % of slum dwellers lack complete water supply lines and share BWSSB water supply . Waste Management Ιn 2012 Bangalore generated 2.1 million tonnes of Municipal Solid Waste ( 195.4 kg / cap / yr ) . The waste management scenario in the state of Karnataka is regulated by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board ( KSPCB ) under the aegis of the Central Pollution Control Board ( CPCB ) which is a Central Government entity . As part of their Waste Management Guidelines the Government of Karnataka through the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board ( KSPCB ) has authorised a few well - established companies to manage the bio-medical waste and hazardous waste in the state of Karnataka . Economy Main article : Economy of Bangalore Bangalore city skyline showing UB City to the left and Richmond Town area to the right HAL : IJT prototype in its hangar . Wonderla water park , Bangalore The headquarters of Infosys , India 's second largest IT company , is located in Bangalore Recent estimates of the economy of Bangalore 's metropolitan area have ranged from $45 to $83 billion ( PPP GDP ) , and have ranked it either fourth - or fifth-most productive metro area of India . The value of city 's exports totalling ₹ 432 billion ( US $6.7 billion ) in 2004 -- 05 . With an economic growth of 10.3 % , Bangalore is the second fastest - growing major metropolis in India , and is also the country 's fourth largest fast - moving consumer goods ( FMCG ) market . Forbes considers Bangalore one of `` The Next Decade 's Fastest - Growing Cities '' . The city is the third largest hub for high - net - worth individuals and is home to over 10,000 - dollar millionaires and about 60,000 super-rich people who have an investment surplus of ₹ 45 million ( US $701,681 ) and ₹ 5 million ( US $78,000 ) respectively . The headquarters of several public sector undertakings such as Bharat Electronics Limited ( BEL ) , Hindustan Aeronautics Limited ( HAL ) , National Aerospace Laboratories ( NAL ) , Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited ( BHEL ) , Bharat Earth Movers Limited ( BEML ) , Central Manufacturing Technology Institute ( CMTI ) and HMT ( formerly Hindustan Machine Tools ) are located in Bangalore . In June 1972 the Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) was established under the Department of Space and headquartered in the city . Bangalore also houses several research and development centres for many firms such as ABB , Airbus , Bosch , Boeing , GE , GM , Google , Microsoft , Mercedes - Benz , Nokia , Oracle , Philips , Shell , Toyota and Tyco . Bangalore is called as the Silicon Valley of India because of the large number of information technology companies located in the city which contributed 33 % of India 's ₹ 1,442 billion ( US $22 billion ) IT exports in 2006 -- 07 . Bangalore 's IT industry is divided into three main clusters -- Software Technology Parks of India ( STPI ) ; International Tech Park , Bangalore ( ITPB ) ; and Electronics City . UB City , the headquarters of the United Breweries Group , is a high - end commercial zone . Infosys and Wipro , India 's third and fourth largest software companies are headquartered in Bangalore , as are many of the global SEI - CMM Level 5 Companies . The growth of IT has presented the city with unique challenges . Ideological clashes sometimes occur between the city 's IT moguls , who demand an improvement in the city 's infrastructure , and the state government , whose electoral base is primarily the people in rural Karnataka . The encouragement of high - tech industry in Bangalore , for example , has not favoured local employment development , but has instead increased land values and forced out small enterprise . The state has also resisted the massive investments required to reverse the rapid decline in city transport which has already begun to drive new and expanding businesses to other centres across India . Bangalore is a hub for biotechnology related industry in India and in the year 2005 , around 47 % of the 265 biotechnology companies in India were located here ; including Biocon , India 's largest biotechnology company . Transport Air The new Kempegowda International Airport is located in Devanahalli . Bangalore is served by Kempegowda International Airport ( IATA : BLR , ICAO : VOBL ) , located at Devanahalli , about 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) from the city centre . It was formerly called Bengaluru International Airport . The airport started operations from 24 May 2008 and is a private airport managed by a consortium led by the GVK Group . The city was earlier served by the HAL Airport at Vimanapura , a residential locality in the eastern part of the city . The airport is third busiest in India after Delhi and Mumbai in terms of passenger traffic and the number of air traffic movements ( ATMs ) . Taxis and air conditioned Volvo buses operated by BMTC connect the airport with the city . Rail A schematic map of Bangalore . Bangalore Metro Rail station at MG Road . A rapid transit system called the Namma Metro is being built . A 7 km ( 4.3 mi ) stretch from Bayappanahalli to MG Road was opened to public on 20 October 2011 , while another 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) stretch from Malleswaram to Peenya was opened on 1 March 2014 . Once completed , this will encompass a 42.3 km ( 26.3 mi ) elevated and underground rail network comprising 41 stations . It is expected to connect central locations in Bangalore to the airport near Devanahalli as well as the Chikballapur regions . This much delayed project is the city 's primary response to the worsening city transport infrastructure which has become a major deterrent to continued business growth . Bangalore is a divisional headquarters in the South Western Railway zone of the Indian Railways . There are four major railway stations in the city : Krantiveer Sangolli Rayanna Railway Station , Bangalore Cantonment railway station , Yeshwantapur junction and Krishnarajapuram railway station , with railway lines towards Jolarpettai in the east , Chikballapur in the north - east , Guntakal in the north , Tumkur in the northwest , Nelamangala in the west , Mysore in the southwest and Salem in the south . The Rail Wheel Factory is Asia 's second largest manufacturer of wheel and axle for railways and is headquartered in Yelahanka , Bangalore . Road BMTC 's Volvo buses are a popular mode of commuting within Bangalore . Buses operated by Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation ( BMTC ) are an important and reliable means of public transport available in the city . While commuters can buy tickets on boarding these buses , BMTC also provides an option of a bus pass to frequent users . BMTC runs air - conditioned luxury buses on major routes , and also operates shuttle services from various parts of the city to Kempegowda International Airport . The BMTC also has a mobile app that provides real - time location of a bus using the global positioning system of the user 's mobile device . The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation operates 6,918 buses on 6,352 schedules , connecting Bangalore with other parts of Karnataka as well as other neighbouring states . The main bus depots that KSRTC maintains are the Kempegowda Bus Station , locally known as `` Majestic bus stand '' , where most of the out station buses ply from . Some of the KSRTC buses to Tamil Nadu , Telangana and Andhra Pradesh ply from Shantinagar Bus Station , Satellite Bus Station at Mysore road and Baiyappanahalli satellite bus station . BMTC and KSRTC were the first operators in India to introduce Volvo city buses and intracity coaches in India . Lalbagh Park - Lakeview Three - wheeled , yellow and black or yellow and green auto - rickshaws , referred to as autos , are a popular form of transport . They are metered and can accommodate up to three passengers . Taxis , commonly called City Taxis , are usually available too , but they are only available on call or by online based services . Taxis are metered and are generally more expensive than auto - rickshaws . There are currently 1,250 vehicles being registered daily on an average in Bangalore RTOs . The total number of vehicles as on date are 44 lakh vehicles , with a road length of 11,000 kilometres ( 6,835 miles ) . Culture Main article : Culture of Bangalore Bangalore Karaga , one of the oldest and most important festivals in Bangalore Yakshagana -- a theatre art of coastal Karnataka is often played in town hall Bangalore is known as the `` Garden City of India '' because of its greenery , broad streets and the presence of many public parks , such as Lal Bagh and Cubbon Park . Bangalore is sometimes called as the `` Pub Capital of India '' and the `` Rock / Metal Capital of India '' because of its underground music scene and it is one of the premier places to hold international rock concerts . In May 2012 , Lonely Planet ranked Bangalore 3rd among the world 's top 10 cities to visit . Bangalore is also home to many vegan - friendly restaurants and vegan activism groups , and has been named as India 's most vegan - friendly city by PETA India . Biannual flower shows are held at the Lal Bagh Gardens during the week of Republic Day ( 26 January ) and Independence Day ( 15 August ) . Bangalore Karaga or `` Karaga Shaktyotsava '' is one of the most important and oldest festivals of Bangalore dedicated to the Hindu Goddess Draupadi . It is celebrated annually by the Thigala community , over a period of nine days in the month of March or April . The Someshwara Car festival is an annual procession of the idol of the Halasuru Someshwara Temple ( Ulsoor ) led by the Vokkaligas , a farming community in southern Karnataka , occurring in April . Karnataka Rajyotsava is widely celebrated on 1 November and is a public holiday in the city , to mark the formation of Karnataka state on 1 November 1956 . Other popular festivals in Bangalore are Ugadi , Ram Navami , Eid ul - Fitr , Ganesh Chaturthi , St. Mary 's feast , Dasara , Deepawali and Christmas . The diversity of cuisine is reflective of the social and economic diversity of Bangalore . Bangalore has a wide and varied mix of restaurant types and cuisines and Bangaloreans deem eating out as an intrinsic part of their culture . Roadside vendors , tea stalls , and South Indian , North Indian , Chinese and Western fast food are all very popular in the city . Udupi restaurants are very popular and serve predominantly vegetarian , regional cuisine . Art and literature Bangalore did not have an effective contemporary art representation , as compared to Delhi and Mumbai , until recently during the 1990s , several art galleries sprang up , notable being the government established National Gallery of Modern Art . Bangalore 's international art festival , Art Bangalore , was established in 2010 , and is South India 's only art festival . Kannada literature appears to have flourished in Bangalore even before Kempe Gowda laid the foundations of the city . During the 18th and 19th centuries , Kannada literature was enriched by the Vachanas ( a form of rhythmic writing ) composed by the heads of the Veerashaiva Mathas ( monastery ) in Bangalore . As a cosmopolitan city , Bangalore has also encouraged the growth of Telugu , Urdu , and English literatures . The headquarters of the Kannada Sahitya Parishat , a nonprofit organisation that promotes the Kannada language , is located in Bangalore . The city has its own literary festival , known as the `` Bangalore Literature Festival '' , which was inaugurated in 2012 . Indian cartoon gallery Indian Cartoon Gallery , Bangalore The cartoon gallery is located in the heart of Bangalore , dedicated to the art of cartooning , is the first of its kind in India . Every month the gallery is conducting fresh cartoon exhibition of various professional as well as amateur cartoonist . The gallery is been organised by the Indian Institute of Cartoonists based in Bangalore that serves to promote and preserve the work of eminent cartoonists in India . the Institute has organised more than one hundred exhibitions of cartoons . Theatre , music , and dance Bangalore is home to the Kannada film industry , which churns out about 80 Kannada movies each year . Bangalore also has a very active and vibrant theatre culture with popular theatres being Ravindra Kalakshetra and the more recently opened Ranga Shankara The city has a vibrant English and foreign language theatre scene with places like Ranga Shankara and Chowdiah Memorial Hall leading the way in hosting performances leading to the establishment of the Amateur film industry . Kannada theatre is very popular in Bangalore , and consists mostly of political satire and light comedy . Plays are organised mostly by community organisations , but there are some amateur groups which stage plays in Kannada . Drama companies touring India under the auspicies of the British Council and Max Müller Bhavan also stage performances in the city frequently . The Alliance Française de Bangalore also hosts numerous plays through the year . Bangalore is also a major centre of Indian classical music and dance . The cultural scene is very diverse due to Bangalore 's mixed ethnic groups , which is reflected in its music concerts , dance performances and plays . Performances of Carnatic ( South Indian ) and Hindustani ( North Indian ) classical music , and dance forms like Bharat Natyam , Kuchipudi , Kathakali , Kathak , and Odissi are very popular . Yakshagana , a theatre art indigenous to coastal Karnataka is often played in town halls . The two main music seasons in Bangalore are in April -- May during the Ram Navami festival , and in September -- October during the Dusshera festival , when music activities by cultural organisations are at their peak . Though both classical and contemporary music are played in Bangalore , the dominant music genre in urban Bangalore is rock music . Bangalore has its own subgenre of music , `` Bangalore Rock '' , which is an amalgamation of classic rock , hard rock and heavy metal , with a bit of jazz and blues in it . Notable bands from Bangalore include Raghu Dixit Project , Kryptos , Inner Sanctum , Agam , All the fat children , and Swaratma . The city hosted the Miss World 1996 beauty pageant . Education Main article : Education in Bangalore See also : List of educational institutions in Bangalore Indian Institute of Science -- one of the premier institutes of science in India Indian Institute of Management Bangalore , one of the premier management institutes in India Christ University Until the early 19th century , education in Bangalore was mainly run by religious leaders and restricted to students of that religion . The western system of education was introduced during the rule of Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar . Subsequently , the British Wesleyan Mission established the first English school in 1842 , St. Joseph 's Indian Institutions . The Bangalore High School was started by the Mysore Government in 1858 and Bishop Cotton Boys ' School was started in 1865 . In 1945 when World War II came to an end , King George Royal Indian Military Colleges was started at Bangalore by King George VI ; the school is popularly known as Bangalore Military School National Law School of India University , a premier law university known as ' Harvard of the East ' In post-independent India , schools for young children ( 16 months -- 5 years ) are called nursery , kindergarten or play school which are broadly based on Montessori or multiple intelligence methodology of education . Primary and secondary education in Bangalore is offered by various schools which are affiliated to one of the boards of education , such as the Secondary School Leaving Certificate ( SSLC ) , Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ( ICSE ) , Central Board for Secondary Education ( CBSE ) , International Baccalaureate ( IB ) , International General Certificate of Secondary Education ( IGCSE ) and National Institute of Open Schooling ( NIOS ) . Schools in Bangalore are either government run or are private ( both aided and un-aided by the government ) . Bangalore has a significant number of international schools due to expats and IT crowd . After completing their secondary education , students either attend Pre University ( PUC ) or continue High School in one of three streams -- Arts , Commerce or Science . Alternatively , students may also enroll in Diploma courses . Upon completing the required coursework , students enroll in general or professional degrees in universities through lateral entry . Bangalore University , established in 1886 , provides affiliation to over 500 colleges , with a total student enrolment exceeding 300,000 . The university has two campuses within Bangalore -- Jnanabharathi and Central College . University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering was established in the year 1917 , by Bharat Ratna Sir M. Visvesvaraya , At present , the UVCE is the only engineering college under the Bangalore University . Bangalore also has many private Engineering Colleges affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University . Indian Institute of Science , which was established in 1909 in Bangalore , National Centre for Biological Sciences ( NCBS ) , Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research ( JNCASR ) , Indian Institute of Astrophysics , the Raman Research Institute , and International Centre for Theoretical Sciences are the premier institutes for scientific research and study in India . Nationally renowned professional institutes such as the University of Agricultural Sciences , Bangalore ( UASB ) , National Institute of Design ( NID ) , National Institute of Fashion Technology ( NIFT ) , National Law School of India University ( NLSIU ) , the Indian Institute of Management , Bangalore ( IIM - B ) , Institute of Wood Science and Technology , the ICAR - National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology ( NIANP ) , the Indian Statistical Institute and International Institute of Information Technology , Bangalore ( IIIT - B ) are located in Bangalore . The city is also home to the premier mental health institution in India National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences ( NIMHANS ) . Bangalore also has some of the best medical colleges in the country , like St. John 's Medical College ( SJMC ) and Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute ( BMCRI ) . The M.P. Birla Institute of Fundamental Research has a branch located in Bangalore . Media The first printing press in Bangalore was established in 1840 in Kannada by the Wesleyan Christian Mission . In 1859 , Bangalore Herald became the first English bi-weekly newspaper to be published in Bangalore and in 1860 , Mysore Vrittanta Bodhini became the first Kannada newspaper to be circulated in Bangalore . Currently , Vijaya Karnataka and The Times of India are the most widely circulated Kannada and English newspapers in Bangalore respectively , closely followed by the Prajavani and Deccan Herald both owned by the Printers ( Mysore ) Limited -- the largest print media house in Karnataka . Other circulated newspapers are Vijayvani , Vishwavani , Kannadaprabha , Sanjevani , Bangalore Mirror , Udayavani provide localised news updates . On the web , Explocity provides listings information in Bangalore . Bangalore got its first radio station when All India Radio , the official broadcaster for the Indian Government , started broadcasting from its Bangalore station on 2 November 1955 . The radio transmission was AM , until in 2001 , Radio City became the first private channel in India to start transmitting FM radio from Bangalore . In recent years , a number of FM channels have started broadcasting from Bangalore . The city probably has India 's oldest Amateur ( Ham ) Radio Club -- Bangalore Amateur Radio Club ( VU2ARC ) , which was established in 1959 . Bangalore got its first look at television when Doordarshan established a relay centre here and started relaying programs from 1 November 1981 . A production centre was established in the Doordarshan 's Bangalore office in 1983 , thereby allowing the introduction of a news program in Kannada on 19 November 1983 . Doordarshan also launched a Kannada satellite channel on 15 August 1991 which is now named DD Chandana . The advent of private satellite channels in Bangalore started in September 1991 when Star TV started to broadcast its channels . Though the number of satellite TV channels available for viewing in Bangalore has grown over the years , the cable operators play a major role in the availability of these channels , which has led to occasional conflicts . Direct To Home ( DTH ) services are also available in Bangalore now . The first Internet service provider in Bangalore was STPI , Bangalore which started offering internet services in early 1990s . This Internet service was , however , restricted to corporates until VSNL started offering dial - up internet services to the general public at the end of 1995 . Currently , Bangalore has the largest number of broadband Internet connections in India . Namma Wifi is a free municipal wireless network in Bangalore , the first free Wifi in India . It began operation on 24 January 2014 . Service is available at M.G. Road , Brigade Road , and other locations . The service is operated by D - VoiS and is paid for by the State Government . Bangalore was the first city in India to have the 4th Generation Network ( 4G ) for Mobile . Sports M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , Bangalore Cricket and Football are by far the most popular sports in the city . Bangalore has many parks and gardens that provide excellent pitches for impromptu games . A significant number of national cricketers have come from Bangalore , including former captains Rahul Dravid and Anil Kumble . Some of the other notable players from the city who have represented India include Gundappa Vishwanath , Syed Kirmani , E.A.S. Prasanna , B.S. Chandrasekhar , Roger Binny , Javagal Srinath , Venkatesh Prasad , Sunil Joshi , Robin Uthappa and Vinay Kumar . Bangalore 's international cricket stadium is the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium , which has a seating capacity of 55,000 and has hosted matches during the 1987 Cricket World Cup , 1996 Cricket World Cup and the 2011 Cricket World Cup . The Chinnaswamy Stadium is the home of India 's National Cricket Academy . The Indian Premier League franchise Royal Challengers Bangalore and the Indian Super League club Bengaluru FC are based in the city . The city hosted some games of the 2014 Unity World Cup . The city hosts the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) Bangalore Open tournament annually . Beginning September 2008 , Bangalore has also been hosting the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open ATP tournament annually . The city is home to the Bangalore rugby football club ( BRFC ) . Bangalore has a number of elite clubs , like Century Club , The Bangalore Golf Club , the Bowring Institute and the exclusive Bangalore Club , which counts among its previous members Winston Churchill and the Maharaja of Mysore . The Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC is based in Bangalore . India 's Davis Cup team members , Mahesh Bhupathi and Rohan Bopanna reside in Bangalore . Other sports personalities from Bangalore include national swimming champion Nisha Millet , world snooker champion Pankaj Advani and former All England Open badminton champion Prakash Padukone . Bangalore is home to Bengaluru Beast , 2017 vice champion of India 's top professional basketball division , the UBA Pro Basketball League . The city hast hosted some games of the 2014 Unity World Cup . City based professional clubs Club Sport League Stadium Span Bengaluru Beast Basketball UBA 2015 -- Bengaluru Blasters Badminton PBL Koramangala Indoor Stadium 2013 -- Bengaluru Bulls Kabaddi PKL Kanteerava Indoor Stadium 2014 -- Bengaluru FC Football Indian Super League Sree Kanteerava Stadium 2013 -- HAL Bangalore Football I - League Bangalore Football Stadium N / A Karnataka Bulldozers Cricket CCL M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 2011 -- Karnataka Bulls Volleyball IVL Kanteerava Indoor Stadium 2011 -- Karnataka Lions Field hockey WSH Bangalore Hockey Stadium 2011 -- Royal Challengers Bangalore Cricket IPL M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 2008 -- Bangalore Brigadiers Cricket KPL M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 2009 -- 2011 Provident Bangalore Cricket KPL M. Chinnaswamy Stadium 2009 -- 2011 Sister cities See also : List of twin towns and sister cities in India This article contains a list of miscellaneous information . Please relocate any relevant information into other sections or articles . ( July 2017 ) Minsk , Belarus ( 1973 ) Cleveland , Ohio , United States ( 1992 ) San Francisco , California , United States ( 2008 ) Chengdu , Sichuan , China ( 2013 ) See also Book : Bangalore India portal Karnataka portal Bangalore portal List of people from Bangalore List of neighbourhoods in Bangalore List of tallest buildings in Bangalore List of tourist attractions in Bangalore List of Chola temples in Bangalore References Jump up ^ `` G. Padmavathi elected Bengaluru mayor '' . The Hindu . ^ Jump up to : `` Commissioner `` . Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike . Archived from the original on 11 May 2015 . Retrieved 3 May 2015 . Jump up ^ K.V. Aditya Bharadwaj ( 28 July 2015 ) . `` Bengaluru is growing fast , but governed like a village '' . The Hindu . Bengaluru . Retrieved 20 August 2015 . Jump up ^ H.S. Sudhira ; T.V. Ramachandra ; M.H. Bala Subrahmanya ( 2007 ) . `` City Profile -- Bangalore '' ( PDF ) . Cities . 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Between Tongues : Translation And / of / in Performance in Asia ( illustrated , reprint , annotated ed . ) . NUS Press . p. 52 . ISBN 9789971693398 . ^ Jump up to : Prashanth , G N. `` A melting pot that welcomes all '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sarma , Deepika ( 4 October 2012 ) . `` Building blocks of one of the city 's largest communities '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Srinivas 2004 , pp. 100 -- 102 , The Settlement of Tamil - Speaking Groups in Bangalore Jump up ^ Srinivas 2004 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Srivatsa , Sharath S. ( 31 October 2007 ) . `` Bangalore calling : it all goes way back ... '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ M.V. Chandrasekhar ; Sahana Charan ( 23 December 2006 ) . `` They are now part of city 's unique social mix '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore included in Mandya ; new bishop named '' . Jump up ^ Christopher , Joseph ( 31 March 2014 ) . `` In the Indian rector 's murder , the ' why ' matters as much as the ' who ' '' . UCA News . Retrieved 1 May 2014 . Jump up ^ Gayer , Laurent ; Jaffrelot , Christophe ( 2012 ) . Muslims in Indian Cities : Trajectories of Marginalisation ( illustrated ed . ) . Hurst Publishers . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84904 - 176 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Law and order tops new chief Mirji 's list '' . The Times of India , Bangalore. 3 May 2011 . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mayor '' . Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike . Archived from the original on 9 May 2012 . Retrieved 4 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Prashanth , G.N. `` How BMP became Bruhat '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Afshan Yasmeen ( 18 January 2007 ) . `` Greater Bangalore , but higher tax ? '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Retrieved 17 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` BBMP election result by 2 pm '' . Deccan Herald . India . 4 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BJP wins Bangalore municipal elections for the first time '' . Daily News and Analysis . India . 5 April 2010 . Archived from the original on 8 April 2010 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Ramachandra , T.V. ; Pradeep P. Mujumdar . `` Urban Floods : Case Study of Bangalore '' . Indian Institute of Science . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Environmental Impact Analysis '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 March 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 20 . ( 362 KB ) . Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Corporation Limited . 2006 . Government of Karnataka. 2005 . ( pp. 30 -- 32 ) Jump up ^ `` The Bruhat Journey '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore City Police '' Archived 20 February 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Bangalore City Police . 2006 . Karnataka State Police . Jump up ^ `` Constituency Wise Detailed Results '' ( PDF ) . Election Commission of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 11 August 2014 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Rajendran , S. ( 19 April 2013 ) . `` Power of the city '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Official webpage of BESCOM . Archived from the original on 31 July 2008 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BESCOM Mission Statement '' . Archived from the original on 20 October 2012 . Retrieved 13 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` German consulate in Bangalore formally inaugurated '' . Deccan Herald . 21 November 2008 . Archived from the original on 11 December 2013 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nos coordonnées '' . Consulat général de France à Bangalore . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Consulate of Japan , Bangalore '' . Embassy of Japan , New Delhi . Archived from the original on 8 July 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Bose , Praveen ( 27 June 2012 ) . `` Israel to open consulate in Bangalore '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore Location and Access '' . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Department of Foreign Affairs '' . Embassy of Ireland , New Delhi . Archived from the original on 26 June 2012 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Contact Information : Finland _́ s Honorary Consulate , Bangalore ( India ) -- Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland : Diplomatic missions : Bangalore ( Honorary Consulate ) '' . Formin.fi. 3 March 2010 . Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 . Retrieved 25 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Missions List '' . Meaprotocol.nic.in . Archived from the original on 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 25 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Maldives Honorary Consuls in India '' . Maldives High Commission , New Delhi . Archived from the original on 1 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Embassy of Peru in India and Honorary Consulates '' . Government of Peru . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Trade Office of Canada in Bangalore '' . Government of Canada . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` United States Virtual Consulate Bangalore , India '' . Consulate General of the United States , Chennai . Archived from the original on 25 November 2011 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . Jump up ^ van Beukering , Sehker , et al. `` Analysing Urban Solid Waste ... '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on 4 March 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 02 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) International Institute for Environment and Development , 2006 . March 1999 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore : Pollution levels at all time high '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive ! 50 % of Bangalore 's air pollution caused due to dust -- Bangalore '' . Daily News and Analysis . 28 November 2011 . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whitefield is most polluted area in Bangalore '' . The Times of India . 23 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 36 % diesel vehicles exceed national limit for emissions : Study -- Times of India '' . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Teja , Bhanu . `` Slum dwellers rehoused Bangalore -- The SoftCopy '' . Iijnm.org . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Water India Slums '' . India Sanitation Portal . Archived from the original on 21 September 2013 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` By 2020 , Bangalore will be a full - fledged concrete jungle '' . Udupi News , Manipal News , Mangalore News . Archived from the original on 6 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Slum Dwellers Illegally Tap Board of Water Supply Bangalore 's Supply '' . Youthkiawaaz.com. 19 February 2011 . Retrieved 22 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Waste Atlas ( 2012 ) . City Data : LAHORE Jump up ^ `` The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025 '' . Foreign Policy . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . Jump up ^ M.R. Narayana ( July 2010 ) . `` ICT Sector , Globalisation and Urban Economic Growth : Evidence from Bangalore ( India ) '' ( PDF ) . Working Paper No. 2010 / 80 . WIDER . Retrieved 1 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Surat , fastest growing city . Rediff.com. 29 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore most affluent market '' . 2006 . Rediff.com. 23 August 2006 . Jump up ^ Kotkin , Joel ( 10 July 2010 ) . `` The World 's Fastest - Growing Cities '' . Forbes . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore third richest city in country ''. 2007 . The Times of India . Times of India . 1 April 2007 Jump up ^ Jairam Ramesh ( 30 September 2007 ) . `` IT in India : Big successes , large gaps to be filled '' . Business Standard . Archived from the original on 4 December 2007 . Retrieved 4 October 2007 . Jump up ^ John , Sujit ( 22 June 2006 ) . `` UB City is finally here '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 6 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Surendra Munshi ( 10 November 2005 ) . `` Poverty of Politics -- If politicians lack vision , the rate of change will remain slow '' . The Telegraph . Calcutta , India . Archived from the original on 23 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Opportunity and exploitation in urban labour markets '' ( PDF ) . Overseas Development Institute . November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore Helix to be a reality soon '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 23 April 2005 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 4 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Chatterjee , Sumeet ( 4 October 2007 ) . `` Biocon in drug development talks with Bayer '' . Reuters . Retrieved 4 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Airports Authority of India : Traffic statistics -- Passengers ( Intl + Domestic ) , Annexure IIIC '' . April 2006 . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Airports Authority of India : Traffic statistics -- Aircraft movements ( Intl + Domestic ) , Annexure IIC '' . April 2006 . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ R. Krishnakumar . `` Expressway for airport drive '' . Deccan Herald . India . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Passenger traffic tops 9.3 m at Bangalore airport '' . The Times of India . India . 14 December 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Namma metro opened for public '' . The Economic Times . India . 20 October 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Keith Barrow . `` Bangalore inaugurates metro Green Line '' . railjournal.com . Jump up ^ `` Karnataka News : Metro rail will extend to Chickaballapur : Moily '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 3 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BMRC newsletter , dated April 2009 '' ( PDF ) . Official webpage of Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 21 July 2011 . Retrieved 6 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rail Wheel Factory '' . Jump up ^ Sharmada Shastry ( 28 April 2010 ) . `` Bangaloreans begin to bond with the sleek Swedish behemoths '' . Deccan Herald . India . Archived from the original on 2 May 2010 . Retrieved 30 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to : S Praveen Dhaneshkar ( 20 June 2007 ) . `` Loyalty may pay for Volvo commuters ! '' . Deccan Herald . Archived from the original on 19 August 2007 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore-city.com , Bangalore Bus Information , City Buses , Volvo Buses , Tata Marcopolo Buses , Long Distance Buses '' . Bangalore-city.com . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` BMTC launches mobile app '' . mybmtc . Jump up ^ `` KSRTC 's Tamil Nadu - bound buses to ply from Shantinagar '' . Cityplus.jagran.com. 17 March 2011 . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stir leaves hundreds stranded '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 15 December 2006 . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vehicles in Bangalore '' . Jump up ^ Abram , David ; Edwards , Nick ( 2003 ) . South India ( illustrated ed . ) . Rough Guides . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84353 - 103 - 6 . Jump up ^ Richard Plunkett ( 2001 ) , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Richard I'Anson . `` Lonely Planet 's Best in Travel : top 10 cities for 2012 -- travel tips and articles '' . Lonely Planet . Retrieved 6 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore most ' vegan - friendly ' city '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore most vegan - friendly city in India '' . Times of India . Retrieved 30 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Bangalore -- Mysore , pp. 42 -- 45 Jump up ^ `` Bangalore Karaga '' . The Hindu , dated Monday , 2 April 2007 . Chennai , India . 2 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Explore the continent '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 11 June 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Anand , Swati ( 8 January 2008 ) . `` International cuisine pushes retailers ' margins '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Malhotra , Samil ( 16 June 2012 ) . `` Breakfast in Bangalore '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Narayan , Shobha ( 14 May 2012 ) . `` Bangalore rebooted '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore has a heart for art '' . The Times of India . 17 August 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Chandramouli , K. ( 26 September 2002 ) . `` Lyrical land '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` History , they wrote at Bangalore Literature fest '' . Deccan Chronicle. 12 August 2012 . Retrieved 7 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Doodle - Do ( Listing ) Bangalore Mirror , Bangalore , 31 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Exhibition of Cartoons by Shekhar Gurera Whatshapp Bangalore : January 5 , 2017 Jump up ^ Ravi Sharma ( 17 December 2004 ) . `` A chauvinistic turn '' . The Frontline , . Archived from the original on 10 December 2007 . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ravindra Kalakshetra '' . Bangalore Orbit . Archived from the original on 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Murali , Janaki ( 10 September 2007 ) . `` An experience called ' Ranga Shankara ' '' . Deccan Herald . Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Bangalore -- Mysore , p. 37 Jump up ^ Ravindran , Nirmala ( 27 August 2008 ) . `` Dance and Music is part of our culture '' . India Today . Retrieved 17 June 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bangalore -- Mysore , pp. 34 -- 35 Jump up ^ Sharma , Sharath M. ( 22 August 2010 ) . `` It 's Yakshagana season '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` You know music is in Bangalore 's DNA , bands tell why '' . DNA . 24 December 2011 . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Reuters ( 1996 - 11 - 24 ) . `` Miss World Crowned As Indians Protest '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ Rao 1929 , p. 494 Jump up ^ `` History '' . stjosephsindianinstitutions.com . 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Jump up ^ Ullas , Sruthy Susan ( 2 July 2013 ) . `` IT crowd , elite prefer international schools '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 1 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Students , parents throng PU colleges in city '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India : 2006 , The Hindu . 16 May 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 September 2007 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Diploma students have a chance in government engineering colleges '' . The Indian Express . 29 August 2013 . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Khongwir , Darinia ( 6 May 2009 ) . `` PUC is not the only option '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BU overloaded , wants to split '' . The Times of India . 9 January 2007 . Retrieved 16 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Parvathi Menon and Ravi Sharma ( 8 September 2006 ) . `` Hub of research '' . the Hindu , Volume 23 -- Issue 17 . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore , the education hub '' . The Times of India . 27 June 2011 . 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Jump up ^ `` Radio City goes on air in Mumbai '' . Business Line . 23 May 2002 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 7 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Radio gaga : 6 more FM stations '' . Deccan Herald . 8 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 4 December 2007 . Retrieved 7 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore Amateur Radio Club Fifty Golden Years 1959 -- 2009 '' . Barc.in . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` VU2ARC '' . QRZ , Callsign Database . Retrieved 17 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Doordarshan , Bangalore '' . the Press Information Bureau . Archived from the original on 11 October 2007 . Retrieved 7 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Sevanti Ninan ( 29 July 2001 ) . `` Tune in to quality '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Consolidated list of channels allowed to be carried by Cable operators / Multi system operators / DTH licensees in India '' . the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Government of India . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 4 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rage against cable operators '' . The Times of India . 17 July 2004 . Retrieved 8 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Going for the action '' . Business Line . 8 May 2007 . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Rakesh Basant . `` Bangalore Cluster : Evolution , Growth and Challengers '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 25 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A short recap on Internet developments in India '' . Archived from the original on 16 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A highly net - savvy city '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 29 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 8 October 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Free wifi on M.G. Road and Brigade Road from Friday '' . The Hindu . 23 January 2014 . Retrieved 6 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` First 4G Network for Mobile in India '' . Aitel 4G. 29 January 2014 . Retrieved 31 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Bangalore -- Mysore , pp. 29 Jump up ^ `` Cricinfo Page on Chinnaswamy Stadium '' . Content-usa.cricinfo.com . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Address from NCA Website '' . ncabcci.com . Retrieved 9 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Bangalore replaces Mumbai on ATP Tour circuit Archived 2 February 2013 at Archive.is . CBSSportsline.com . Jump up ^ `` Kicking up a storm '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 25 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Detailed Account on Bangalore Club '' . Oxford2oxford.co.uk . Retrieved 29 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Profile . CBSSports.com . CBS Interactive Jump up ^ `` Davis Cup -- Player profile -- Rohan BOPANNA ( IND ) '' . daviscup.com . International Tennis Federation . Jump up ^ `` Touch Play : The Prakash Padukone Story Badminton Mania '' . Badmintonmania.wordpress.com . Retrieved 10 June 2013 . Jump up ^ Bengaluru Beast captain Kaif Zia credits basketball for changing his life Ekta Katti ( sportskeeda ) , 16 July 2016 . Accessed 1 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities '' . The Minsk Herald . 1 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` US - India Sister City Relationships '' . Asia Matters for America . Retrieved 5 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore 's Chinese twin comes calling '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 25 February 2016 . Further reading De , Aditi ( 2008 ) . Multiple city : writings on Bangalore . Penguin Books India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 310025 - 6 . Sarma , I.K. ( 1992 ) . Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka . Archaeological Survey of India . ISBN 0 - 19 - 560686 - 8 . Srinivas , Smriti ( 2004 ) . Landscapes of Urban Memory : The Sacred and the Civic in India 's High - tech City ( revised ed . ) . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 9788125022541 . Government of Karnataka ( 1990 ) . Karnataka State Gazetteer : Bangalore District . Raman , A. ( 1994 ) . Bangalore -- Mysore ( illustrated ed . ) . Orient Blackswan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86311 - 431 - 1 . C. Hayavadana Rao ( 1929 ) . The Mysore State Gazetteer . Nair , Janaki ( 2005 ) . The Promise of the Metropolis : Bangalore 's Twentieth Century ( illustrated ed . ) . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 566725 - 7 . Pinto , Jerry ; Srivastava , Rahul ( 2008 ) . Talk of the Town . Penguin Books India . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 333013 - 4 . Rangachari , Edgar Thurston , K. ( 1993 ) . Castes and tribes of southern India . New Delhi : Asian Educational Services . ISBN 9788120602885 . Rice , B. Lewis ( 2001 ) . Mysore : a gazetteer compiled for government . New Delhi : Asian Educational Services . ISBN 8120609778 . Stein , Burton ( 1989 ) . The New Cambridge History of India . Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 26693 - 2 . Hasan , Fazlul . Bangalore Through The Centuries . Bangalore : Historical Publications , 1970 . Plunkett , Richard . South India . Lonely Planet , 2001 . ISBN 1 - 86450 - 161 - 8 Vagale , Uday Kumar . `` '' Public Space in Bangalore : Present and Future Projections `` '' ( PDF ) . ( 773 KB ) . Digital Libraries and Archives . 2006 . Virginia Tech. 27 April 2004 . Hunter , Cotton , Burn , Meyer . `` The Imperial Gazetteer of India '' , 2006 . Oxford , Clarendon Press . 1909 . `` Bangalore '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 3 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . p. 315 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bangalore . Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bangalore . Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike Official website of Bangalore Development Authority Bangalore at DMOZ Articles related to Bangalore Bangalore topics History Bangalore Cantonment Bangalore Fort Bengaluru Pete Chalukyas Hoysalas Kadambas Kempe Gowda Kingdom of Mysore Rashtrakutas Vijayanagara Western Gangas Tippu Sultan Geography Mysore Plateau Dodda Alada Mara Turahalli Forest Nandi Hills Lakes Agara Lake Arekere Lake Bellandur Lake Hebbal lake Hesaraghatta Lake Madivala tank Puttenahalli Lake ( JP Nagar ) Puttenahalli Lake ( Yelahanka ) Sankey Tank Sarakki lake Vibhutipura Lake Yediyur Lake Civic administration Bangalore Agenda Task Force Bangalore City Police Bangalore Development Authority Bangalore Metropolitan Region Development Authority Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike Mayor TRAI Bangalore Regional Office Buildings Bangalore Palace Bangalore Town Hall Central Prison Chinnaswamy Stadium Daly Memorial Hall Karnataka High Court K.R. 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Road Mysore Road ( SH 17 ) NICE Road Old Airport Road Outer Ring Road Tannery Road Places of worship Bull Temple Dodda Ganesha Temple Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple Halasuru Someshwara Temple ISKCON Kote Jalakantheshwara temple Kote Venkataramana Temple Naganatheshwara Temple Ragigudda Anjaneya Temple Ranganathaswamy Temple St. Mary 's Basilica Culture Periodic events Bangalore Fashion Week Bangalore International Film Festival Bangalore Karaga Japan Habba Cinemas Kannada films Sports Banga Beats Bangalore Raptors Bengaluru Bulls Bengaluru FC Hindustan Aeronautics Limited SC Royal Challengers Bangalore Others Bibliography of Bangalore Groups Bangalore Agenda Task Force Bangalore IT.in Linux User Group Birdwatchers ' Field Club Karnataka Quiz Association Parks Bannerghatta National Park Bugle Rock Cubbon Park Freedom Park Lal Bagh Localities North Bengaluru Banaswadi Chikkabanavara Cox Town Dasarahalli Fraser Town Ganganagar HBR Layout Hebbal Horamavu Jalahalli Kodigehalli Malleswaram Mathikere Palace Guttahalli Peenya R.T. 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6917512306414848241	Emily Bett Rickards	Emily Bett Rickards - wikipedia Emily Bett Rickards Jump to : navigation , search Emily Bett Rickards Rickards at the 2015 PaleyFest Emily Bett Rickards ( 1991 - 07 - 24 ) July 24 , 1991 ( age 26 ) Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada Occupation Actress Years active 2009 -- present Emily Bett Rickards ( born July 24 , 1991 ) is a Canadian actress , known for portraying Felicity Smoak on The CW television series Arrow as well as its spinoff series The Flash , Vixen , Legends of Tomorrow and related show Supergirl . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 3.3 Web 3.4 Music video 4 Awards and nominations 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Rickards was born and raised in British Columbia . Her mother is Dr. Diane Greig , a dream psychotherapist in Vancouver , BC . Beginning on her career path at a young age , she introduced herself to musical theatre and dance , with the hope of later introducing herself to more serious acting . She graduated from high school early and attended the Vancouver Film School , completing the Acting Essentials Program . After completing the program , she attended an open call audition , which gained her an agent . She studied at the Alida Vocal Studio in Vancouver . Career ( edit ) Rickards appeared in the video of the Nickelback single `` Never Gonna Be Alone '' in 2008 and , after some minor roles , was cast as Felicity Smoak in the TV series Arrow in 2012 . Originally signed as a one - episode guest star , positive reaction from her co-star and from Warner Brothers producer Peter Roth before the show aired , led to her being signed on as a recurring star for the rest of show 's first season . The success of the character , coupled with positive fan response , led to her being made a series regular from the second season onwards . The following year she landed the role of Lauren Phillips in the television movie Romeo Killer : The Chris Porco Story . In 2015 , she had a supporting role in the Oscar nominated film Brooklyn . In 2016 , Rickards was cast in the movie Slumber , alongside Darby Stanchfield and Meaghan Rath . In the same year she was also cast in Aisha Tyler 's directorial debut , Axis , which raised funds through a Kickstarter campaign . In the same year Rickards also co-starred , alongside Josh Dallas and Tom Cavanagh in the super-hero themed short film Sidekick , directed by Arrowverse alum Jeff Cassidy . In 2017 , she starred alongside Jana Winternitz and Matthew Glave in the Michael Gallagher directed comedy film Funny Story . The film premiered at the 2018 Slamdance Film Festival . Filmography ( edit ) Rickards at the 2013 Comic - Con Denotes films / television series that have not yet been released Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 Bacon and Eggs Dite Short film 2012 Flicka : Country Pride Mary Malone Direct - to - video 2012 Random Acts of Romance Young wife 2014 Cowgirls ' n Angels : Dakota 's Summer Kristen Rose 2015 Normal Doors Meg Short film 2015 Brooklyn Patty McGuire 2016 Sidekick Emma / The Princess Short film 2017 Axis Caitlin ( voice ) 2018 Slumber Stevens In post-production 2018 Funny Story Kim Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2012 -- present Arrow Felicity Smoak / Overwatch Recurring role ( season 1 ) Main role ( season 2 -- present ) 118 episodes 2013 Romeo Killer : The Chris Porco Story Lauren Phillps Television film 2014 -- present Flash , The The Flash Felicity Smoak / Overwatch 8 episodes 2016 -- 17 Legends of Tomorrow 4 episodes 2016 Comedy Bang ! Bang ! Becky Simmons Episode : `` Joe Jonas Wears a Maroon and Gold Letterman Jacket With White Sneakers '' 2016 Superhero Fight Club 2.0 Felicity Smoak / Overwatch Short promo video 2016 Whose Line Is It Anyway ? Herself Episode : `` Emily Bett Rickards '' 2017 Supergirl Felicity Smoak / Overwatch Episode : `` Crisis on Earth X , Part 1 '' Web ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2013 Soldiers of the Apocalypse Fourty Main role 8 episodes 2013 Arrow : Blood Rush Felicity Smoak Main role 6 episodes 2015 Very Mallory Herself ( voice ) Episode : `` Emily Bett Rickards '' 2015 -- 16 Vixen Felicity Smoak / Overwatch ( voice ) 2 episodes 2016 Paranormal Solutions Inc . Genevieve Kreme 8 episodes Music video ( edit ) Year Song title Artist 2009 `` Never Gonna Be Alone '' Nickelback Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominated work Result 2014 Leo Award Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Arrow Nominated Teen Choice Award Female Breakout Star Nominated 2015 Leo Award Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Nominated Teen Choice Award Choice TV Actress Fantasy / Sci - Fi Nominated MTV Fandom Awards : Ship Of The Year ( with Stephen Amell ) Won Leo Award Best Guest Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series The Flash Nominated 2016 MTV Fandom Awards : Ship Of The Year ( with Stephen Amell ) Arrow Won Leo Award Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Nominated 2017 Leo Award Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Action TV Actress Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Emily Bett Rickards in TVSA Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Richard C. `` 2017 IASD Conference Photos '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilkerson , Richard C. `` 2017 IASD Conference Photos '' . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rickards , Emily ( March 17 , 2014 ) . `` '' My mother is my most dedicated stalker . '' Tweet `` . Retrieved June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Testimonials '' . Alida Vocal Studio . Retrieved June 23 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Shiri Appleby Poised To Recur On NBC 's ' Chicago Fire ' & More TV Castings '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 Minutes with ' Arrow ' Star Emily Bett Rickards '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow : Stephen Amell and Greg Berlanti . Larry King Now '' `` Ora '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Peter Roth and Greg Berlanti in Conversation . Paley Fest Media Convention . '' `` youtube '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow at Paleyfest '' `` Deadline Hollywood '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Arrow ' Locks In A Fan Favorite '' `` Entertainment Tonight '' , Retrieved February 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Paleyfest 2013 '' `` Entertainment Weekly '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lifetime To Do Chris Porco Movie With Matt Barr , Eric McCormack & Lolita Davidovich '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Arrow ' star Emily Bett Rickards joins Saoirse Ronon in ' Brooklyn ' '' `` upandcoming.net '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Darby Stanchfield , Emily Bett Rickards and Meaghan Rath cast in sci - fi thriller ' Slumbler ' '' `` Variety '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Aisha Tyler to make feature directing debut on Kiickstarter - funded Axis . '' `` Variety '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sidekick : Emily Bett Rickards and Tom Cavanagh team for superhero short film '' `` Entertainment Weekly '' , Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Michael Gallagher ( @ TotallySketch ) ( June 11 , 2017 ) . `` 🎬 BIG ANNOUNCEMENT 🎬 I 'm directing the new movie `` FUNNY STORY '' starring @ EmilyBett @ janawinternitz ! Follow @ FunnyStoryMovie # funnystorymovie '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Funny Story '' . `` mjgproductions.com '' . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slamdance ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` SLAMDANCE 2018 ANNOUNCES , BEYOND FEATURES , AND SHORT FILM COMPETITIONS '' . `` Slamdance Film Festival '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emily Bett Rickards . Emily Bett Rickards on IMDb Byrne , Craig . `` Video : GreenArrowTV 's Interview With Emily Bett Rickards ( Felicity ) '' . Emily Bett Rickards on Twitter Emily Bett Rickards on Instagram Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emily_Bett_Rickards&oldid=825353997 '' Categories : 1991 births 21st - century Canadian actresses Actresses from Vancouver Canadian film actresses Canadian television actresses Canadian voice actresses Living people Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 February 2018 , at 22 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is the actress who plays felicity in arrow	[ "Emily Bett Rickards (born July 24, 1991) is a Canadian actress, known for portraying Felicity Smoak on The CW television series Arrow as well as its spinoff series The Flash, Vixen, Legends of Tomorrow and related show Supergirl." ]	[ "Emily Bett Rickards" ]
-1582830645981833794	Morgan dollar	Morgan dollar - wikipedia Morgan dollar This article is about the United States dollar coin . For the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series team formerly known as Morgan - Dollar Motorsports , see Randy Moss Motorsports . Morgan dollar Value 1 United States dollar Mass 26.73 g ( 4121⁄2 gr ) Diameter 38.1 mm ( 1.5 in ) Thickness 2.4 mm Edge Reeded Composition 90.0 % Silver 10.0 % Copper Years of minting 1878 - 1904 , 1921 Mint marks None ( Philadelphia ) CC ( Carson City ) S ( San Francisco ) O ( New Orleans ) D ( Denver ) Obverse Design Liberty Designer George T. Morgan Design date 1878 Reverse Design Eagle clasping arrows and olive branch Designer George T. Morgan Design date 1878 The Morgan dollar was a United States dollar coin minted from 1878 to 1904 , and again in 1921 . It was the first standard silver dollar minted since production of the previous design , the Seated Liberty dollar , ceased due to the passage of the Coinage Act of 1873 , which also ended the free coining of silver . The coin is named after its designer , United States Mint Assistant Engraver George T. Morgan . The obverse depicts a profile portrait representing Liberty , while the reverse depicts an eagle with wings outstretched . The dollar was authorized by the Bland -- Allison Act . Following the passage of the 1873 act , mining interests lobbied to restore free silver , which would require the Mint to accept all silver presented to it and return it , struck into coin . Instead , the Bland -- Allison Act was passed , which required the Treasury to purchase between two and four million dollars ' worth of silver at market value to be coined into dollars each month . In 1890 , the Bland -- Allison Act was repealed by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act , which required the Treasury to purchase 4,500,000 troy ounces ( 140,000 kg ) of silver each month , but only required further silver dollar production for one year . This act , once again , was repealed in 1893 . In 1898 , Congress approved a bill that required all remaining bullion purchased under the Sherman Silver Purchase Act to be coined into silver dollars . When those silver reserves were depleted in 1904 , the Mint ceased to strike the Morgan dollar . The Pittman Act , passed in 1918 , authorized the melting and recoining of millions of silver dollars . Pursuant to the act , Morgan dollars resumed mintage for one year in 1921 . The design was replaced by the Peace dollar later the same year . In the early 1960s , a large quantity of uncirculated Morgan dollars in their original bags were discovered in the Treasury vaults , including issues once thought rare . Individuals began purchasing large quantities of the pieces at face value , and eventually the Treasury ceased exchanging silver certificates for silver coin . Beginning in the 1970s , the Treasury conducted a sale of silver dollars minted at the Carson City Mint through the General Services Administration . In 2006 , Morgan 's reverse design was used on a silver dollar issued to commemorate the old San Francisco Mint building . Contents 1 Background 2 Design history 3 Production 4 Sherman Silver Purchase Act , Panic of 1893 5 Pittman Act 6 Carson City Mint Morgan dollars 7 San Francisco commemorative dollar 8 Mintage figures 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Background ( edit ) In 1876 , Richard P. Bland introduced a bill in the House to resume coinage of the standard silver dollar . William B. Allison added amendments to the bill in the Senate In 1873 , Congress enacted the Fourth Coinage Act , which effectively ended the bimetallic standard in the United States by demonetizing silver bullion . Prior to enactment of the Coinage Act , silver could be brought to the mints and coined into legal tender for a small fee . With such a system in place , bullion producers could have silver coined into dollars when the intrinsic value of a silver dollar was lower than the face value , thus making a profit , flooding the money supply and causing inflation . The act ended production of the standard silver dollar ( then the Seated Liberty dollar , as designed by Christian Gobrecht ) and provided for mintage of a silver trade dollar , which was intended to compete with Mexican dollars for use in the Orient . Under the act , bullion producers were allowed to bring bullion to the mints in order to be cast into bars or coined into the newly authorized trade dollars for a small fee . Trade dollars initially held legal tender status , but it was revoked in 1876 to prevent bullion producers from making a profit by coining silver into trade dollars when the value of the metal was low . The restrictions on free coinage laid out in the Coinage Act initially met little resistance from mining interests until the price of silver declined rapidly due to increased mining in the Western United States . Protests also came from bankers , manufacturers and farmers , who felt an increased money supply would have a positive impact . Groups were formed that demanded the free coinage of silver ( or `` free silver '' ) in order to inflate the dollar following the Panic of 1873 . Beginning in 1876 , several bills were introduced in the House of Representatives in an effort to resume the free coinage of silver . One such bill introduced into the House by Democratic Representative Richard P. Bland of Missouri was passed in the fall of 1876 . Republican senator William B. Allison of Iowa added important amendments to the bill in the Senate . The House bill allowed Free Silver ; one of Allison 's amendments struck that provision . This same amendment allowed for the issuance of silver certificates for the first time in United States history . The bill was vetoed by President Rutherford B. Hayes . The president 's veto was overridden on February 28 , 1878 . What came to be known as the Bland -- Allison Act required that the Treasury purchase between two and four million dollars ' worth of silver per month , to be coined into silver dollars at the former gold / silver value ratio of 16 : 1 , meaning that one ounce of gold would be valued the same as sixteen ounces of silver . Design history ( edit ) A pattern half dollar created by George T. Morgan A pattern for the standard silver dollar created by William Barber Anna Willess Williams , as depicted in an 1892 issue of Ladies ' Home Journal In 1876 , Director of the Mint Henry Linderman began efforts to redesign the nation 's silver coins . Linderman contacted C.W. Fremantle , Deputy Master of the Royal Mint in London , requesting him to `` find a first class die - sinker who would be willing to take the position of Assistant Engraver at the Mint at Philadelphia . '' In response to Linderman 's request , Fremantle wrote `` My inquiries as to an Assistant Engraver lead me very strongly to recommend for the post Mr. George Morgan , age 30 , who has made himself a considerable name , but for whom there is not much opening at present in this country . '' An agreement was reached between Linderman and Morgan for the engraver to work at the Philadelphia Mint under Chief Engraver William Barber on a six - month trial basis . Morgan arrived in Philadelphia on October 9 , 1876 . His earliest pattern coins designed during his tenure at the Philadelphia Mint were intended for the half dollar . In 1876 , Morgan enrolled as a student at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts to prepare to create a new Liberty head design . Morgan also obtained studies from nature of the bald eagle for preparation of the reverse design . For the representation of Liberty , Morgan sought to depict an American woman rather than the usual Greek -- style figures . Morgan 's friend , artist Thomas Eakins , suggested he use Anna Willess Williams of Philadelphia as a model . In total , Morgan had five sittings with Williams ; he declared her profile to be the most perfect he had seen . On October 18 , 1877 , Linderman requested Superintendent of the Philadelphia Mint James Pollock to `` instruct Mr. Morgan to prepare without delay , dies for a silver dollar , the designs , inscriptions , and arrangement thereof to be the same as the enclosed impression for the Half Dollar and numbered ' 2 ' substituting the words ' one dollar ' in place of ' half dollar ' '' . Linderman also ordered Pollock to `` instruct Mr. Barber to prepare a reverse die for a dollar with a representation of an eagle as well as the inscriptions required by law . He will select whichever of his Heads of Liberty he prefers for the obverse of the same . '' Linderman evidently preferred the designs of Morgan over those of the Chief Engraver ; he wrote Pollock on February 21 , 1878 , `` I have now to state for your information , that it is my intention , in the event of the silver bill now pending in Congress , becoming law , to request the approval by the Secretary of the Treasury , of the dies prepared by Mr. Morgan . '' Production ( edit ) Morgan 's design , struck as a half dollar pattern in 1877 A coinage press at the Philadelphia Mint Production of the coins did not commence until March 11 , more than a week after the passage of the Bland -- Allison Act . The first acceptable strike , after adjustments to the press , was coined at 3 : 17 p.m. at the Philadelphia Mint . This piece was given to President Hayes ; the second and third were given to Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman and Mint Director Henry Linderman . Linderman desired to involve the western mints of San Francisco and Carson City in production in order to help reach the monthly quota necessary under the Bland -- Allison Act . Pressure was so great at the Philadelphia Mint that it halted production of all other coins and began operating overtime . Use of the western mints was delayed , however , as all dies were prepared at the Philadelphia Mint , and it was believed that the Western mints did not have the proper equipment to prepare the dies for use . During the second week of production , Linderman pointed out what he called a `` slight imperfection '' in the dies for the dollar . The reason for the changes was to reduce the relief of the designs and to change the number of tail feathers on the eagle from eight to seven ; this was done because all prior United States coinage depicted the bald eagle as having an odd number of tail feathers . The high relief had caused the dies to have a shorter life . Dies were eventually sent to the Western mints , arriving in both San Francisco and Carson City on April 16 , 1878 . The New Orleans Mint began striking the new silver dollars in 1879 . The Denver Mint , established in 1906 , struck the coins for only one year , in 1921 . The mint marks appearing on the coins are none , representing Philadelphia , `` CC '' for Carson City , `` S '' for San Francisco , `` O '' for New Orleans and `` D '' for Denver . In order to conform to the Coinage Act of 1837 , the Morgan dollar contained ninety percent silver and ten percent copper , measured 38.1 millimetres ( 1.50 in ) in diameter and weighed 412.5 grains ( 26.73 g ) . Sherman silver Purchase Act , Panic of 1893 ( edit ) Main articles : Sherman Silver Purchase Act and Panic of 1893 Ohio senator John Sherman authored the Sherman Silver Purchase Act , forcing the Treasury to purchase 4,500,000 troy ounces ( 140,000 kg ) each month . Mintage of the Morgan dollar remained relatively steady until the passage of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act on July 14 , 1890 . The act , authored by Ohio senator and former Treasury secretary John Sherman , forced the Treasury to increase the amount of silver purchased to 4,500,000 troy ounces ( 140,000 kg ) each month . Supporters of the act believed that an increase in the amount of silver purchased would result in inflation , helping to relieve the nation 's farmers . The act also received support from mining interests because such large purchases would cause the price of silver to rise and increase their profits . Despite the Act 's requiring large purchases of silver indefinitely , it provided that the Mint must coin 2,000,000 silver dollars each month only until 1891 . Since the Treasury already had a surplus of silver dollars , minting of dollars dropped sharply beginning in 1892 . The silver that remained after mintage of the dollars was used to mint dimes , quarters and half dollars . Beginning early in 1893 , a number of industrial firms , including the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad and the National Cordage Company went bankrupt . The resulting bank runs and failures became known as the Panic of 1893 . In June of that year , President Grover Cleveland , who believed that the Panic was caused by the inflation generated by the Sherman Silver Purchase Act , called a special session of Congress in order to repeal it . The act was repealed on November 1 , 1893 . On June 13 , 1898 , Congress ordered the coining of all the remaining bullion purchased under the Sherman Silver Purchase Act into silver dollars . Silver dollar production rose again , until the bullion was exhausted in 1904 , when it ceased . Pittman Act ( edit ) Main article : Pittman Act Senator Key Pittman was responsible for the act that called for the melting of up to 350,000,000 silver dollars . The German government began a propaganda campaign during World War I to discredit the United Kingdom 's currency in India . The Germans convinced Indian citizens that British banknotes in that country could not be redeemed for silver . This led to a run on the British supply of silver . In response , United States Democratic senator Key Pittman of Nevada introduced legislation in 1918 that was intended to offer financial relief to the British government . The bill , passed on April 22 , 1918 , stated that `` sales of silver bullion under authority of this act may be made for the purpose of conserving the existing stock of gold in the United States , of providing silver for subsidiary coinage and for commercial use , and of assisting foreign governments at war with the enemies of the United States '' . The Pittman Act authorized the U.S. to melt up to 350,000,000 silver dollars , and this commenced immediately after the Act 's passage . The U.S. eventually melted a total of 270,232,722 silver dollars . Of that amount , 259,121,554 were sold to the United Kingdom at the cost of one dollar per troy ounce . The U.S. only minted the Morgan dollar again during 1921 , the only year in which Morgan dollars were struck at the Denver mint . Since the Treasury had destroyed the obsolete Morgan dollar dies in 1910 , Morgan had to create an entirely new master die . Another provision of the Pittman Act authorized the U.S. to mint a replacement coin for every silver dollar melted . During the same year , the Peace dollar was first issued to commemorate the end of World War I . The Peace dollar was supposedly minted to replace the Morgan dollar under the terms of the Pittman Act but without congressional authorization , despite the fact that the Act did not describe the coin design . The change in design was actually authorized under an 1890 act of Congress , which stated : But no change in the design or die of any coin shall be made oftener than once in twenty - five years from and including the year of the first adoption of the design , model , die , or hub for the same coin : Provided , That no change be made in the diameter of any coin : And provided further , That nothing in this section shall prevent the adoption of new designs or models for devices or emblems already authorized for the standard silver dollar and the five - cent nickel piece as soon as practicable after the passage of this act . Carson City Mint Morgan dollars ( edit ) Until 1964 , U.S. citizens could redeem paper money known as silver certificates for silver dollars at a U.S. Treasury mint on demand . In 1962 , an individual redeemed a silver certificate and received a rare and valuable Morgan dollar in exchange . The coin was from a bag of silver dollars in the vault of the Philadelphia Mint . This incident triggered huge interest , and between November 1962 and March 1964 , millions of Morgan and Peace dollars were sold to the general public . The demand to exchange silver certificates for silver dollars was so great that lines formed outside of the Treasury Building in Washington , D.C. Some people in line were pushing wheelbarrows . The U.S. Treasury discovered previously unknown mint bags of Carson City dollars in its vaults containing slightly more than 2.8 million Carson City silver dollars in the Treasury vaults . Treasury officials decided to hold them back because the total number of coins minted at the Carson City mint were generally lower than others . On May 12 , 1969 , the Joint Commission on Coinage held a meeting in order to determine the best way to sell the Carson City - minted dollars earlier held back by Treasury officials . They recommended a mail bid sale . Legislation was passed on December 31 , 1970 directing the Treasury to transfer the silver dollars to the Administrator of General Services who was given the responsibility for marketing and selling the coins . The legislation also stated that all proceeds from the sale were to be `` covered into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts . '' Congress supplied the General Services Administration with $10 million to market the dollar coins . Advertising consisted of posters and brochures distributed to post offices , banks and various financial institutions , as well as television documentaries . The coins were sorted and mounted in small plastic display cases . The GSA conducted a total of seven mail bid sales between 1972 and 1980 . In total , the sales generated $107 million in revenue . San Francisco Commemorative dollar ( edit ) 2006 commemorative silver dollar , bearing Morgan 's reverse design with modifications On June 15 , 2006 , legislation was approved that provided for the minting of a silver dollar and a five dollar gold coin in `` commemoration of the Old Mint at San Francisco , '' with surcharges to be given to the San Francisco Museum and Historical Society in an effort to rehabilitate the Old Mint . In total , 100,000 gold and 500,000 silver commemorative coins were authorized . Authorization came at the behest of several hobby publications , who enlisted readers to contact their local congressmen and persuade them to pass necessary legislation . The designs approved for the silver dollar bear a left - frontal view of the Old Mint building and a copy of Morgan 's eagle design on the obverse and reverse , respectively . Mint artist Joseph Menna made a new model for the reverse , employing a 1904 San Francisco - minted dollar as his model . Mintage figures ( edit ) The dollars were produced every year between 1878 and 1904 at a total of 4 different mints . Each mint , with the exception of Philadelphia , has its own mint mark . In 1921 production was resumed for one year only , with this year being the only one where the Denver mint was used . Year Philadelphia New Orleans San Francisco Carson City Denver 1878 10,500,000 9,774,000 2,212,000 1879 14,806,000 2,887,000 9,110,000 756,000 1880 12,600,000 5,305,000 8,900,000 591,000 1881 9,162,991 5,708,000 12,760,000 296,000 1882 11,100,000 6,090,000 9,250,000 1,133,000 1883 12,290,000 8,725,000 6,250,000 1,204,000 1884 14,070,000 9,730,000 3,200,000 1,136,000 1885 17,787,000 9,185,000 1,497,000 228,000 1886 19,963,000 10,710,000 750,000 1887 20,290,000 11,550,000 1,771,000 1888 19,183,000 12,150,000 657,000 1889 21,726,000 11,875,000 700,000 350,000 1890 16,802,000 10,701,100 8,230,373 2,309,041 1891 8,693,556 7,954,529 5,296,000 1,618,000 1892 1,036,000 2,744,000 1,200,000 1,352,000 1893 378,000 300,000 100,000 677,000 1894 110,000 1,723,000 1,260,000 1895 12,000 450,000 400,000 1896 9,976,000 4,900,000 5,000,000 1897 2,822,000 4,004,000 5,825,000 1898 5,884,000 4,400,000 4,102,000 1899 330,000 12,290,000 2,562,000 1900 8,830,000 12,590,000 3,540,000 1901 6,962,000 13,320,000 2,284,000 1902 7,994,000 8,636,000 1,530,000 1903 4,652,000 4,450,000 1,241,000 1904 2,788,000 3,720,000 2,304,000 1921 44,690,000 21,695,000 20,345,000 Total 305,437,547 186,097,629 131,188,373 13,862,041 20,345,000 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 21 . ^ Jump up to : Fite , p. 428 . ^ Jump up to : Fite , p. 429 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 18 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Harness , George ; Senate Library ( February 1992 ) . `` Rutherford B. Hayes '' ( PDF ) . Presidential Vetoes , 1789 -- 1988 ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . S. Pub. 102 - 12 . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 74 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 75 . Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 83 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 86 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 88 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 87 . Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 219 . ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Yeoman , p. 218 . ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Fite , p. 446 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 29 . ^ Jump up to : Brothers , Eric ( January 2011 ) . `` The Great Panic of 1893 and its Aftermath '' . The Numismatist : 48 -- 52 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 30 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 95 . ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , p. 222 . Jump up ^ Van Allen & Mallis , p. 409 . Jump up ^ Richardson , William Allen , ed. ( 1891 ) . Supplement to the revised statutes of the United States . 1 . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . pp. 806 -- 807 . 26 Stat L. 484 , amendment to R.S. § 3510 ^ Jump up to : Yeoman , pp. 27 -- 28 . ^ Jump up to : `` United States Mint Branch at Carson City , Nevada '' . Retrieved 4 September 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Van Allen & Mallis , pp. 397 -- 402 . ^ Jump up to : Department of the Treasury , Bureau of the Mint ( 1972 ) . Domestic and Foreign Coins Manufactured by Mints of the United States 1793 -- 1970 . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . pp. 137 -- 138 . ^ Jump up to : 109th Congress ( June 15 , 2006 ) . `` San Francisco Old Mint Commemorative Coin Act , Pub . L. no . 109 - 230 , 120 Stat 391 '' ( PDF ) . US Govt . Printing Office . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Julian , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Julian , p. 263 . Jump up ^ `` San Francisco Old Mint Commemorative Coin Program '' . United States Mint . Retrieved February 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ron Guth . `` Morgan Silver Dollars '' . Coinfacts.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . Bibliography ( edit ) Fite , Emerson David ( 1919 ) . History of the United States ( second ed . ) . New York City : Henry Holt & Co . Julian , R.W. ( 1993 ) . Bowers , Q. David , ed . Silver Dollars & Trade Dollars of the United States . Wolfeboro , New Hampshire : Bowers and Merena Galleries . ISBN 0 - 943161 - 48 - 7 . Van Allen , Leroy C. ; Mallis , A. George ( 1991 ) . Comprehensive Catalog and Encyclopedia of Morgan & Peace Dollars . Virginia Beach , Virginia : DLRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880731 - 11 - 6 . Yeoman , R.S. ( 2010 ) . A Guide Book of United States Coins ( 63rd ed . ) . Atlanta , Georgia : Whitman Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7948 - 2767 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Morgan dollar . The National Silver Dollar Round Table Preceded by Seated Liberty dollar Dollar coin of the United States ( 1878 -- 1904 , 1921 ) Concurrent with : Trade dollar ( 1878 -- 1885 ) Large Head Indian Gold dollar -- Type III ( 1878 -- 1889 ) Peace dollar ( 1921 ) Succeeded by Peace dollar United States currency and coinage Topics Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Note U.S. dollar U.S. Mint Philadelphia San Francisco Denver West Point Bureau of Engraving and Printing Mutilated currency Current coinage Penny ( 1 ¢ ) Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Quarter ( 25 ¢ ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Dollar ( $1 ) Bullion coinage America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins American Buffalo American Gold Eagle American Platinum Eagle American Silver Eagle American Palladium Eagle Current paper money $1 $2 $5 $10 $20 $50 $100 See also Bicentennial coinage Commemoratives Early Commemoratives Modern Commemoratives Confederate dollar Large denominations Obsolete denominations Promotional fake denominations Counterfeit United States currency Mill Coin production In God We Trust E pluribus unum Annuit cœptis Nicknames Replacement banknote Sales tax token Coinage of the United States Cent ( 1 ¢ ) Fugio Cent ( 1787 ) Chain ( 1793 ) Wreath ( 1793 ) Liberty Cap ( 1793 -- 1796 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Classic Head ( 1808 -- 1814 ) Matron Head ( 1816 -- 1839 ) Large cent ( Braided Hair ) ( 1835 -- 57 ; 1868 ) Flying Eagle cent ( 1856 -- 1858 ) Indian Head ( 1859 -- 1909 ) Lincoln cent ( 1909 -- present ) 1943 steel cent 1955 doubled die cent 1974 aluminum cent Nickel ( 5 ¢ ) Half dime Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 97 , 1800 -- 1805 ) Capped Bust ( 1829 -- 1837 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 1873 ) Shield ( 1866 -- 1883 ) Liberty Head ( 1883 -- 1913 ) Buffalo ( 1913 -- 1938 ) Jefferson ( 1938 -- present ) Dime ( 10 ¢ ) Disme ( 1792 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1809 -- 1837 ) Seated Liberty ( 1837 -- 1891 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Mercury ( 1916 -- 1945 ) Roosevelt ( 1946 -- present ) Quarter dollar ( 25 ¢ ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1815 -- 1839 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 1891 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1916 ) Standing Liberty ( 1916 -- 1930 ) Washington ( 1932 -- 1998 ) 50 State Quarters ( 1999 -- 2008 ) District of Columbia and United States Territories Quarters ( 2009 ) America the Beautiful Quarters ( 2010 -- present ) Half dollar ( 50 ¢ ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1796 -- 1807 ) Capped Bust ( 1807 -- 1839 ) Seated Liberty ( 1839 -- 1891 ) Barber ( 1892 -- 1915 ) Walking Liberty ( 1916 -- 1947 ) Franklin ( 1948 -- 1963 ) Kennedy ( 1964 -- present ) Dollar ( $1 ) Flowing Hair ( 1794 -- 95 ) Draped Bust ( 1795 -- 1804 ) 1804 ( 1834 , c. 1858 -- 1860 ) Gobrecht ( 1836 -- 1839 ) Seated Liberty ( 1840 -- 1873 ) Gold ( 1849 -- 1889 ) Trade ( 1873 -- 1885 ) Morgan ( 1878 -- 1904 ; 1921 ) Peace ( 1921 -- 1935 ) Eisenhower ( 1971 -- 1978 ) Susan B. Anthony ( 1979 -- 1981 ; 1999 ) Silver Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Sacagawea ( 2000 -- present ) Presidential ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Gold Turban Head eagle ( 1795 -- 1804 ) Half eagle ( 1795 -- 1929 ) Eagle ( 1795 -- 1933 ) Quarter eagle ( 1796 -- 1929 ) Gold dollar ( 1849 -- 1889 ) Three - dollar piece ( 1854 -- 1889 ) Liberty Head double eagle ( 1849 -- 1907 ) Double eagle ( 1849 -- 1933 ) Saint - Gaudens double eagle ( 1907 -- 1933 ) 1933 double eagle Indian Head eagle ( 1907 -- 1933 ) Indian Head gold pieces ( 1908 -- 1929 ) Gold Eagle ( 1986 -- present ) Gold Buffalo ( 2006 -- present ) First Spouse gold bullion coins ( 2007 -- 2016 ) Commemorative Early ( 1892 -- 1954 ) Isabella quarter ( 1893 ) Panama -- Pacific commemorative coins ( 1915 ) United States Sesquicentennial coinage ( 1926 ) Half dollar Columbian ( 1892 -- 93 ) Illinois Centennial ( 1918 ) Maine Centennial ( 1920 ) Pilgrim Tercentenary ( 1920 -- 21 ) Missouri Centennial ( 1921 ) Alabama Centennial ( 1921 ) Monroe Doctrine Centennial ( 1923 ) Huguenot - Walloon ( 1924 ) Stone Mountain Memorial ( 1925 ) Lexington - Concord Sesquicentennial ( 1925 ) California Diamond Jubilee ( 1925 ) Fort Vancouver Centennial ( 1925 ) Oregon Trail Memorial ( 1926 -- 1939 ) Vermont Sesquicentennial ( 1927 ) Hawaii Sesquicentennial ( 1928 ) Maryland Tercentenary ( 1934 ) Texas Centennial ( 1934 -- 1938 ) Hudson Sesquicentennial ( 1935 ) Connecticut Tercentenary ( 1935 ) Old Spanish Trail ( 1935 ) California Pacific International Exposition ( 1935 -- 36 ) Rhode Island Tercentenary ( 1936 ) Cincinnati Musical Center ( 1936 ) Cleveland Centennial ( 1936 ) Bridgeport , Connecticut , Centennial ( 1936 ) Elgin , Illinois , Centennial ( 1936 ) Lynchburg Sesquicentennial ( 1936 ) Norfolk , Virginia , Bicentennial ( 1936 ) Dollar Lafayette ( 1900 ) Louisiana Purchase Exposition ( 1903 ) Lewis and Clark Exposition ( 1904 -- 05 ) McKinley Birthplace Memorial ( 1916 -- 17 ) Modern ( 1982 -- present ) Los Angeles XXIII Olympiad dollar ( 1984 ) Eisenhower commemorative dollar ( 1990 ) Library of Congress ten dollar coin ( 2000 ) John Marshall commemorative dollar ( 2005 ) Marine Corps 230th Anniversary silver dollar ( 2005 ) Boy Scouts of America centennial silver dollar ( 2010 ) Patterns Two - cent billon ( 1836 ) Three - cent bronze ( 1863 ) Stella ( 1879 -- 80 ) Half - union ( 1877 ) Other Half cent ( 1793 -- 1857 ) Two - cent piece ( 1864 -- 1873 ) Three - cent silver ( 1851 -- 1873 ) Three - cent nickel ( 1865 -- 1889 ) Twenty - cent piece ( 1875 -- 1878 ) United States Bicentennial coinage ( 1975 -- 76 ) Platinum Eagle ( 1997 -- present ) Palladium Eagle ( 2017 -- present ) America the Beautiful Silver Bullion Coins ( 2010 -- present ) Norse - American medal ( 1925 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morgan_dollar&oldid=850314259 '' Categories : 1878 introductions Goddess of Liberty on coins Silver coins United States dollar coins United States silver coins Birds on coins Hidden categories : Featured articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands Norsk Русский Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 02 : 41 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was the first morgan silver dollar made	[ "The Morgan dollar was a United States dollar coin minted from 1878 to 1904, and again in 1921. It was the first standard silver dollar minted since production of the previous design, the Seated Liberty dollar, ceased due to the passage of the Coinage Act of 1873, which also ended the free coining of silver. The coin is named after its designer, United States Mint Assistant Engraver George T. Morgan. The obverse depicts a profile portrait representing Liberty, while the reverse depicts an eagle with wings outstretched.\n" ]	[ "1878" ]
752622372820286955	Brownie points	Brownie points - wikipedia Brownie points Jump to : navigation , search Brownie points in modern usage are a hypothetical social currency , which can be acquired by doing good deeds or earning favor in the eyes of another , often one 's superior . Contents ( hide ) 1 Conjectures for etymology 1.1 Girlguiding 1.2 Brown stamps 1.3 George R. Brown 1.4 Curtis Publishing 1.5 Scatological 1.6 Earliest use 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Conjectures for etymology ( edit ) Girlguiding ( edit ) A popular etymology is an allusion to the merit badges or six points obtained by Brownies for carrying out good deeds . Brownies were named after a kind of mythological elf that does helpful things around the house . Brown stamps ( edit ) A popular marketing practice employed by many stores in post-World War II US was the distribution of stamps with each purchase . The number of stamps given out varied with the amount of the purchase . These stamps were collected by customers and later redeemed for household gifts . The earliest of these stamps were brown in color and known as `` brown stamps '' or `` brown points '' . The relationship between a purchase and the collection of these `` brown points '' equated with doing a good thing ( supporting the local vendor ) and getting a bonus ( the valuable stamps ) . Purportedly , the collection of these `` brownie points '' eventually evolved into the modern usage . The term Browniepoints is still used as a marketing practice in business today by a New Zealand power company and also used by a gift service . George R. brown ( edit ) Another proposed etymology is that the term derives from the name of a 19th - century American railroad superintendent , George R. Brown who , in 1886 , devised what was then an innovative system of merits and demerits for railroad employees on the Fall Brook Railway in New York state . Accounts of his system were published in railroad journals , and adopted by many leading U.S. railroads . American railroad employees soon began referring colloquially to `` brownie points '' , and at some point , the term entered the general vocabulary . Curtis Publishing ( edit ) In the 1930s , The Curtis Publishing Company , published several magazines , including the Saturday Evening Post and the Ladies Home Journal . These magazines were distributed to subscribers through a delivery network that used youths , primarily boys , to go around to the individual houses . The boys received a small commission but , in return for meeting certain sales targets , they could also receive company scrip , comprising green and brown vouchers . These vouchers were usually known as `` greenies '' and `` brownies '' . Five greenies equalled one brownie . The greenies and brownies could be redeemed against goods from the company 's catalogue . Scatological ( edit ) The Oxford English Dictionary conjectures that this expression could also have derived from U.S. military slang for sycophants , `` brown - nosers '' , while mentioning the popular etymology that derives it from the awards system of the Brownies of the Girl Guides or Girl Scouts . `` Brownie '' itself in the sense of `` brown - noser '' was in use in the 1940s . It has been suggested that the term was given impetus though its coincidence with related scatological slang . Earliest use ( edit ) The Oxford English Dictionary reports its first appearance in print as 1963 , though the origins of the phrase predate this . Its frequent appearance in newspapers in the 1950s date back to the earliest known usage in 1951 , where a man in the Los Angeles Times speaks of earning favor with his wife in terms of brownie points . See also ( edit ) Barnstar Egoboo wikt : kudos Whuffie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Brownie , n . 1 '' The Oxford English Dictionary . 2nd ed. 1989 . OED Online . Oxford University Press . Accessed 14 July 2005 . Jump up ^ Genesis Energy loyalty scheme Genesis Energy Limited Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Browniepoints gift service . Jump up ^ Browne , K.J. Norman , `` The Brown and Other Systems of Railway Discipline '' in Publications Received , Railway Gazette ( London ) December 7 , 1923 , page 715 Jump up ^ CPRR Museum Discussion Group ^ Jump up to : World Wide Words : Brownie points External links ( edit ) The dictionary definition of Brownie point at Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brownie_points&oldid=795965635 '' Categories : Ethics Fictional currencies Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017 , at 16 : 48 . About Wikipedia	what does it mean to get brownie points	[ "Brownie points in modern usage are a hypothetical social currency, which can be acquired by doing good deeds or earning favor in the eyes of another, often one's superior." ]	[ "a hypothetical social currency, which can be acquired by doing good deeds or earning favor in the eyes of another, often one's superior" ]
414510676320447444	Undead Nightmare	Undead Nightmare - Wikipedia Undead Nightmare Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare Developer ( s ) Rockstar San Diego Publisher ( s ) Rockstar Games Composer ( s ) Bill Elm Woody Jackson Series Red Dead Engine RAGE Platform ( s ) PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Release October 26 , 2010 Genre ( s ) Action - adventure Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare is a standalone expansion pack to the 2010 video game Red Dead Redemption . It adds a zombie horror - themed single - player campaign , two multiplayer modes , and cosmetic additions to the environments and characters of the open world Western action - adventure game . The alternate timeline story follows the returning protagonist and former outlaw John Marston as he seeks to find the cause and cure for a zombie plague that has infected his wife and son . Marston liberates towns overrun by the undead and assists other non-playable characters with quests along the way . Rockstar Games , the game 's publisher , had a long - standing interest in creating a zombie game . They found the Red Dead Redemption universe and its American countryside to fit the cinematic heritage of the horror film genre . Rockstar wanted their additional content to function outside rather than within the base game 's story , but draw on its characters and atmosphere . The company released Undead Nightmare as downloadable content for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 platforms on October 26 , 2010 , and as a retail disc bundle with other downloadable content packs in late November . Undead Nightmare received generally favorable reviews at its release , and the retail disc sold two million copies by 2011 . It was praised as a model for downloadable content and named among the best of the year , with top awards from the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards and Shacknews in this category . Critics praised its production values and handling of the zombie video game motif , and noted its lightheartedness compared to the main game , although some reviewers struggled with the game 's character movement controls and found the combat unvaried . It is retrospectively considered to be being among the best downloadable content packs on record . Through backward compatibility , the Xbox One supports Undead Nightmare . Contents 1 Gameplay 2 Development 3 Reception 4 Legacy 5 References 6 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Undead Nightmare is a modified expansion of the 2010 video game Red Dead Redemption , an open world Western action - adventure in which the former outlaw John Marston is coerced by the federal government to capture former members of his gang in exchange for his family 's freedom . Undead Nightmare is an alternate timeline expansion that adds a new full - length story in a zombie horror theme and reworks the base game 's environment to appear dark and spooky . As corpses begin to rise from the dead to become flesh - eating zombies , some of the living go into hiding and others become hostile . Marston seeks to find the plague 's cause and its cure for his wife and son . The game 's story lasts about six hours and includes new cutscenes , voice acting , and music . It is accessed separately from the main game menu with its own save files . It does not share play progress and items from the main game , nor does it require the base game in any form . As in Red Dead Redemption , the player can diverge from the main story on side quests : requests from strangers , checklist challenges , and other digressions . These missions are similar in format to those of the original but their objectives are replaced to fit the zombie horror theme . For example , the player hunts for family members instead of fugitives or empties graveyards instead of gang hideouts . Marston is called to liberate towns overrun by the undead , which unlocks ammo , new places to stay , quests , and the assistance of the living townspeople . After Marston 's assistance , the towns remain free of zombies for several in - game days , but will eventually require the player 's assistance when zombies return once again . The player decides whether to share ammunition with the townsfolk : ammunition serves as a currency in the game since the shops have closed . The player has fewer correctives for immorality , such as helping or killing other survivors , given the dire circumstances . The game puts a greater emphasis on hyperbolic fun . The expansion 's zombie enemies are similar to that of other games . `` Walker '' zombies are slow from afar but run when they near the character . Fat zombies attempt to knock the player - character down and others spew green venom . Marston has new weapons , including holy water , bait for the undead , and a blunderbuss that uses zombie parts as ammunition . The player can use a combination of these skills to defeat hordes of reanimated humans , who stop only once their heads explode . For example , Marston can bait a group to an area to set off a bomb , use the time - slowing Dead Eye mode to shoot each in the head , or eliminate enemies from a roof because zombies can not climb . Other non-playable characters who contract the infection turn into the undead in real - time and are likely to attack the player . Undead Nightmare removes the traditional fast travel features of the base game , and this encourages the player to use settlements to store their caravan . Marston rides undead horses in Undead Nightmare , which he can summon by whistling . Four mythical horses -- the four horses of the apocalypse -- with faster abilities are scattered throughout the game for the player to find , tame , and ride . Other mythical creatures to hunt include Sasquatch , El Chupacabra , and a unicorn . Also included are two new outfits for Marston , other cosmetic options for weapons and player horses ( `` mounts '' ) , and achievements . Apart from the single - player story , Undead Nightmare adds two multiplayer modes : Undead Overrun and Land Grab . The former is a horde mode in which up to four players cooperatively fight off waves of zombies . Players must open coffins between waves to replenish a countdown timer , which discourages players from camping in the same location . It is also designed so as to encourage cooperation such that players can revive each other if nearby . The other mode , Land Grab , is an additional game mode within the main game 's multiplayer free roam and otherwise unconnected to the undead theme . In Land Grab , players attempt to secure seven areas across the game 's environment . While players with the base game can join in Land Grab games , only Undead Nightmare owners can initiate them . Development ( edit ) Following the 2010 release of the base game , Rockstar San Diego prepared and released a series of downloadable content packs , of which Undead Nightmare was one . The Red Dead Redemption world was designed to be not necessarily serious but within the Western genre without regressing to `` cheesy or camp '' pastiche . After finding success , Rockstar wanted to make more content in keeping with the game 's atmosphere . The team balanced the `` inherently ridiculous '' zombie concept with their horror aspects and some self - aware humor . They relied on the backstory of the universe 's characters and popular associations with the American countryside to build the narrative 's emotional content . In the game 's canon , the Undead Nightmare scenario fits in the time between when Marston returns home and the end of the base game , though the expansion 's events do not cross the main story in any way . Rockstar found a match in the Red Dead Redemption universe for their long - standing aim to create a zombie game . In lieu of making a new intellectual property for such a game , Rockstar instead wanted players to see how a zombie outbreak affected a world already familiar to them . The company thought that this would make the zombie trope more interesting . Rockstar also saw similar `` cinematic heritage '' between the Western and zombie horror genres . The team used the analogy of a 1970s film set to explain their ambitions -- that Undead Nightmare in the Red Dead Redemption universe would feel like its characters filming a `` serious , revisionist Western '' by day and a `` somewhat insane horror movie '' with the same cast and set by night . Following its experience with Grand Theft Auto IV 's downloadable content packs , Rockstar wanted its add - on packs to be a separate story with possible overlaps rather than a continuation of the main story . Rockstar vice president of creative Dan Houser described several reasons for not using the Grand Theft Auto universe for the zombie release : ( 1 ) that Red Dead 's shooting mechanics , including its slow - motion Dead Eye feature , were a better fit for zombie headshots , ( 2 ) that zombies were a better fit for the Great Plains landscape , more reminiscent of a 1970s horror film , and ( 3 ) that John Marston was a better fit for hunting zombies than the protagonists of Grand Theft Auto games . Houser said that reviews of the base game had little impact on the development of Undead Nightmare , though the team used the smaller downloadable content packs and patches to add features that others wanted in the main game . `` I do n't think we ever saw the phrase ' what this game is missing is the supernatural ' '' , Houser recollected on the team 's feedback and their interest in doing something that would not be expected by fans yet enjoyed nonetheless . `` And that is part of what attracted us . '' Rockstar released Undead Nightmare on October 26 , 2010 . Rockstar 's Dan Houser said that the team was satisfied with their results and how the Red Dead Redemption world and zombie theme supplemented each other 's context and depth . A standalone retail disc release of Undead Nightmare followed in late November 2010 . The release compiles the Undead Nightmare campaign with two smaller Red Dead Redemption download packs : `` Legends and Killers '' and `` Liars and Cheats '' . `` Legends and Killers '' adds more multiplayer features , such as challenges and maps . `` Liars and Cheats '' adds multiplayer versions of the tabletop bar games featured in the game 's single - player campaign . Since the base game and its expansion share the same multiplayer , Official Xbox Magazine described the standalone Undead Nightmare as the same as the original game save for having swapped its single - player campaign for a new one . Rockstar Games released an additional multiplayer download pack , `` Myths and Mavericks '' , in September 2011 , which included new multiplayer characters from the single - player story and new multiplayer locations . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 87 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Eurogamer 8 / 10 GameSpot 8 / 10 IGN 10 / 10 OXM ( UK ) 9 / 10 The Guardian Undead Nightmare received generally favorable reviews and was named among the best downloadable content of the year . It won the award for best downloadable content of the year at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards , and at Shacknews over other notable packs like Lair of the Shadow Broker ( Mass Effect 2 ) and Minerva 's Den ( BioShock 2 ) . IGN awarded the title a perfect score as a `` masterpiece '' and editor 's choice , while GameSpot wrote that , while fun , the game was not as much a masterpiece as the original . Dan Whitehead ( Eurogamer ) credited Undead Nightmare as proof that Marston is `` one of gaming 's great characters '' . As a continuation , `` Red Dead Redemption 's elegiac tone knits incredibly well with ( its expansion 's ) arch Gothic horror '' , wrote Dan Whitehead ( Eurogamer ) . Critics found the expansion 's story to be much more lighthearted in comparison to the main game , with a different overall feel . IGN marked the title 's exaggerated theatricality and overtones of horror B movie panache . At the time , zombies were a recurring motif in video games . Whitehead added that Rockstar 's ability to use the `` most played - out and over-exposed cultural meme '' in their `` epic Western '' without the product appearing silly or gimmicky was a testament to their design acumen . For instance , a talk with Sasquatch was both absurd and poignant . The expansion 's script , he wrote , understood the spirit of its characters and balanced sardonicism and honest pathos . Whitehead felt that its nuanced treatment of Marston made him `` one of gaming 's great characters '' . On the other hand , Whitehead considered the expansion 's mission design lackluster and complained of too many quests in which the player fetches items for other people and traveling between points only to initiate cutscenes . GameSpot praised the story 's humor but felt that it was less interesting and varied compared to the main game . Reviewers recommended finishing the base game before starting the downloadable content , not for spoilers but to make the most of the game 's references to the original story . Reviewers noted the amount of work Rockstar put into the expansion 's production . GameSpot said that the expansion added significantly new features and kept the main game 's best qualities in its presentation . Whitehead ( Eurogamer ) wrote that Rockstar 's effort appeared to challenge their constraints while other developers often aim for the bare minimum . The reviewer compared the game 's reinvigoration to that of the download content created for Rockstar 's Grand Theft Auto IV . He also appreciated the continuity of the `` apocalyptic '' and melancholic ambience in which the base game considered the metaphorical extinction of the cowboy west while the expansion considered the literal extinction of civilization . Critics noted ways in which Undead Nightmare borrowed zombie designs from the Left 4 Dead series . This disappointed Eurogamer 's reviewer in consideration of Rockstar 's reputation as a pioneer rather than an imitator . GameSpot 's highlights from the game included its multiplayer , imaginative weaponry , and mythical mounts , and eerie soundtrack . Critics reported that players rarely need to use Undead Nightmare 's new weapons . Whitehead ( Eurogamer ) said that Marston 's firearms are mostly indistinguishable apart from the blunderbuss , which is only useful when the player is overrun by zombies . GameSpot added that the game 's combat is repetitive and less fun in the expansion , as zombies barely pose a threat . The zombies , without guns , cover , horses , lack the complexities of cowboys and , apart from some of the special zombie types , are only a threat at short distances . The reviewer found little variation between weapons when firing at close range , which is more effective than aiming at a distance . The fun of the new guns quickly faded for the critic , who found little incentive to use traditional gunfight strategies . Whitehead ( Eurogamer ) too noted that the base game relied on its use of cover during gunfights , which the expansion jettisons altogether . Thus the player is forced into the technique of backtracking and turning to use the time - slowing Dead Eye mode to clear zombies with headshots . The reviewer also found the controls clumsy and often tripped on piles of zombie bodies or became stuck in doorways . While the idea of zombie animals scared Whitehead , he was both relieved and disappointed to find that bears and cougars , like the humans , died with a single bullet . Eurogamer noted the annoyance of returning to defend over 20 towns each with recurring zombie problems , but said that the game mechanic is never too bothersome and even appreciated its element of time management , similar to that of the Dead Rising game series . IGN thought that the lack of fast travel was an impediment . Reviewers also noted technical issues with moving Marston 's character , especially when climbing ladders and outrunning zombies . Critics praised Undead Nightmare as a model for downloadable content especially in its balance of content and price . Neil Davey ( The Guardian ) said that it was the best purchase of 2010 at its price range , but staff of the Official Xbox Magazine found the price slightly too high . Henry Gilbert of GamesRadar thought that the game 's concept sounded like a ploy to make easy money without much work , but admitted how wrong and surprised he was at the game 's depth . At the time of its 2010 release , the Official Xbox Magazine counted Undead Nightmare among the best downloadable content in existence . The standalone retail disc had sold two million units as of August 2011 . No sales figures were released regarding the download pack itself . Legacy ( edit ) Undead Nightmare has been heralded among the best expansion packs ever produced for a video game . Kotaku wrote of its originality , despite the trite zombie theme , and added that the expansion functioned best when Rockstar used the game 's pretense to exercise their sense of humor , with undead versions of normal animals , and new mythical creatures . The reviewer related the game 's level of entertainment to it being the first Rockstar release in years to `` wholeheartedly embrace the inherently madcap nature of open world games '' . Undead Nightmare took a good title and `` put it over the top '' , as USgamer put it . Hardcore Gamer cited the expansion as an example of downloadable content that would have never fit in the main game but instead let the developers explore other ideas . Microsoft added backward compatibility for the base game and its expansion on the company 's Xbox One , the successor to the Xbox 360 , in July 2016 . Red Dead Redemption had been one of the most requested titles for the feature . The game 's sales position on Amazon.com spiked following the announcement . The release runs at a smoother frame rate on the Xbox One . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Steimer , Kristine ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare Review '' . IGN . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bogenn , Tim ; Barba , Rick ( May 7 , 2010 ) . Red Dead Redemption Signature Series Strategy Guide . Brady Games . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7440 - 1030 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Whitehead , Dan ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare Pack '' . Eurogamer . p. 1 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Whitehead , Dan ( October 28 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare Pack '' . Eurogamer . p. 2 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : OXM Staff ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` Xbox Review : Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare '' . Official Xbox Magazine . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2011 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Calvert , Justin ( October 27 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare Pack Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare Social Club Multiplayer Events on PSN ( October 28th ) and Xbox LIVE ( October 29th ) '' . Rockstar . October 29 , 2010 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , Gamespot ( October 18 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Undead Nightmare Q&A '' . GameSpot . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cullen , Johnny ( October 26 , 2010 ) . `` RDR : Undead Nightmare disc SKU gets US and EU dates '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mastrapa , Gus ( July 8 , 2010 ) . `` Pricey Zombies Shamble Into Red Dead Redemption '' . Wired . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Free Red Dead Redemption Myths and Mavericks Bonus Pack DLC is coming in September '' . Rockstar Games . July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Myths and Mavericks '' . Rockstar Games . ^ Jump up to : `` Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare Pack Critic Reviews for Xbox 360 '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gilbert , Henry ( December 23 , 2010 ) . `` 2010 's best DLC and downloadable games '' . GamesRadar . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Staff , Shack ( December 29 , 2010 ) . `` Best of 2010 Awards : DLC Add - on '' . Shacknews . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Joe ( December 12 , 2010 ) . `` Spike VGA 2010 winners -- Red Dead Redemption scoops GOTY '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davey , Neil ( November 25 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare -- review '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( August 8 , 2011 ) . `` Take - Two sales sink 12 % in June quarter '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Lane , Rick ( December 23 , 2015 ) . `` The Ten Best Game Expansions '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steinlage , Tate ( September 27 , 2011 ) . `` More Red Dead Redemption DLC on the Way , Holiday XP Weekend '' . GameZone . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin , Garrett ( February 14 , 2014 ) . `` 5 Videogame DLC Expansions That Get It Right '' . Paste . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lavoy , Bill ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Best Zombie Themed Games '' . USgamer . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beaudette , Matt ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Why Is Most DLC Sub-Par ? '' . Hardcore Gamer . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2016 . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption will finally be backward compatible with Xbox One '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Sales Jump 6000 % After Xbox One Backwards Compatibility Announcement '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Frank , Allegra ( July 8 , 2016 ) . `` Is Red Dead Redemption any better on Xbox One ? '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Red Dead series Series Red Dead Revolver Red Dead Redemption Undead Nightmare Red Dead Redemption 2 Related Gun. Smoke Development of Red Dead Redemption Music of Red Dead Redemption Horror fiction portal Video games portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Undead_Nightmare&oldid=866510055 '' Categories : 2010 video games Action - adventure games Euphoria ( software ) games Multiplayer and single - player video games Open world video games PlayStation 3 games Red Dead Red Dead Redemption Rockstar Advanced Game Engine games Rockstar Games Video game expansion packs Video games developed in the United States Weird West Western ( genre ) video games Xbox 360 games Zombie video games Hidden categories : Use American English from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from July 2016 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 19 : 42 ( UTC ) . 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123284988080723208	List of Fantastic Four members	List of Fantastic Four members - wikipedia List of Fantastic Four members This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Voicebox64 ( talk contribs ) at 21 : 57 , 31 May 2017 ( → ‎ Close associates ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 21 : 57 , 31 May 2017 by Voicebox64 ( talk contribs ) ( → ‎ Close associates ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Fantastic Four is a team of comic book superheroes in the Marvel Comics universe . Although the name suggests the team only has four members , in reality a number of other characters have , at one point or another , been considered members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Fantastic Four 2 Close associates 3 New Fantastic Four 4 Fantastic Five 5 References Fantastic Four ( edit ) Character Nick Name Real name Joined in Notes For Character Original Fantastic Four Mister Fantastic Reed Richards Fantastic Four # 1 Former member . Husband of the Invisible Woman . Former Team leader . Invisible Woman ( formerly Invisible Girl ) Susan Storm Richards Former member . Older sister of the Human Torch . Wife of Mister Fantastic . Second - in - command . Served as team leader while Reed Richards was presumed dead ( due to the actions of Hyperstorm ) . Thing Benjamin Grimm Former member of both the FF and the New Avengers . Served as team leader during Reed and Susan Richards ' first joint leave of absence . Current member of the Guardians of the Galaxy . Human Torch Jonathan Storm Presumed deceased in Fantastic Four # 587 ; discovered alive in Fantastic Four # 600 . Younger brother of the Invisible Woman . Ex-husband of Lyja . Current ambassador of the Inhumans and member of the Avengers Unity Division . Later recruits Crystal Crystallia Amaquelin Fantastic Four # 81 Member of the Royal Family of the Inhumans . Younger sister of Medusa . Former girlfriend of the Human Torch . Marriage to Quicksilver was annulled . Served as a replacement for the Invisible Woman during her pregnancy with Franklin Richards and later when Reed and Susan Richards took a leave of absence from the team . Medusa Medusalith Amaquelin Fantastic Four # 132 Member of the Royal Family of the Inhumans . Older sister of Crystal . Wife of Black Bolt . She first appeared in Fantastic Four # 36 as an amnesiac member of the Frightful Four . She soon regained her memory , and years later served as a replacement for the Invisible Woman during a marital separation from Mr. Fantastic . Rejoins in Fantastic Four vol. 4 # 2 . Luke Cage ( formerly Power Man ) Carl Lucas ( at birth ) ; legally changed to Lucas Cage Fantastic Four # 168 Superhero for hire . Husband of Jessica Jones . He was hired by Mr. Fantastic to serve as a member of the Fantastic Four after the Thing briefly lost his powers . Human Torch ( later known as Nova ) Frankie Raye Fantastic Four # 239 Longtime ally of the team before joining . Stepdaughter of Phineas Horton , the creator of the original android Human Torch . She had powers similar to Johnny Storm ( whom she dated ) , and almost prompted the team to change its name to the Fantastic Five . She left Earth to become a herald of Galactus . Killed by Morg in Silver Surfer vol. 3 # 75 . She - Hulk Jennifer Walters Fantastic Four # 265 Former member of the Avengers . Cousin of Bruce Banner ( the Hulk ) . Marriage to John Jameson was annulled . She replaced the Thing on the Fantastic Four after the events of Secret Wars while he remained on Battleworld . Rejoins in Fantastic Four vol. 4 # 2 . Ms. Marvel ( also known as the She - Thing ) Sharon Ventura Fantastic Four # 306 Former love interest of the Thing . Joined the team after Reed and Susan Richards took a leave of absence , but remained for some time after their return . After being bombarded by cosmic rays , she came to resemble a female version of the Thing . Ant - Man Scott Lang Fantastic Four # 384 The Fantastic Four 's technical advisor while Reed Richards was presumed dead ( due to the actions of Hyperstorm ) . Killed by a zombified Jack of Hearts under the influence of the Scarlet Witch in Avengers # 500 ( September 2004 ) . Rescued moments before his death by the Young Avengers and brought several years into the future by the Scarlet Witch in Avengers : The Children 's Crusade # 5 ( June 2011 ) . Father of Cassandra Lang , who becomes the superheroine Stature . Rejoins in Fantastic Four vol. 4 # 2 . Namorita Namorita Prentiss Fantastic Four vol. 3 # 43 Cousin of Namor the Sub-Mariner . Former girlfriend of the Human Torch . Joined temporarily during a mission into the Negative Zone to rescue Reed , Sue and Ben . Died in Civil War # 1 , in the incident which precipitated the passage of the Superhuman Registration Act and the start of the superhero `` civil war '' . Later resurrected via time displacement in the pages of Nova . Storm Ororo Munroe Fantastic Four # 543 Queen of Wakanda . Member and former leader of the X-Men . Wife of the Black Panther . Storm and the Black Panther replaced Susan and Reed Richards after they decided to take a leave of absence in the aftermath of the events of Civil War . Black Panther T'Challa Hereditary monarch of Wakanda and former member of the Avengers . Former benefactor of Fantastic Force . Husband of Storm . The Black Panther and Storm replaced Reed and Susan Richards after they decided to take a leave of absence in the aftermath of the events of Civil War . Former team leader . Franklin Richards Franklin Richards Secret Invasion : Fantastic Four # 3 Son of Mister Fantastic and the Invisible Woman . Older brother of Valeria Richards . He has been a part of the Fantastic Four mythos since his birth . He is an Omega - level mutant possessing vast psionic powers ( although they are currently dormant ) . His abilities rival those of the Celestials , one of the most powerful races in the Marvel Universe . Valeria Richards Valeria Richards Daughter of Mister Fantastic and the Invisible Woman . Younger sister of Franklin Richards . She has been a part of the Fantastic Four mythos since her birth ( although originally she died during a miscarriage ) . Although still a toddler , she possesses an enormous intellect which even approaches that of her father , Reed Richards . Flux Dennis Sykes Heroic Age : One Month to Live # 3 The Fantastic Four asked for Dennis ' help stopping Ego the Living Planet from destroying the galaxy . While traveling toward Ego , Dennis was inducted into the Fantastic Four and was even given a Fantastic Four uniform . Sue gave him the codename Flux . Deceased . Spider - Man Peter Parker Amazing Spider - Man # 657 ; FF # 1 Old friend of the Human Torch ; Johnny left Spider - Man his place in the team in his will in recognition of his close friendship with the rest of the group and as thanks for his friendship over the years . However , the name of the team at this juncture is the `` Future Foundation '' ( the Fantastic Four name and costumes having been retired as a tribute to Johnny after his supposed death ) . Ms. Thing Darla Deering Fantastic Four vol. 4 # 2 A former model who dated Johnny Storm , the Human Torch of the Fantastic Four . When Mr. Fantastic planned a trip through space and time , he tasked each member of the team to find a suitable replacement just in case , as the travel was through time , they would return four minutes after they departed . Close associates ( edit ) A number of characters are closely affiliated with the team , share complex personal histories with one or more of its members but have never actually held an official membership . They include but are not limited to : Agatha Harkness : Agatha is initially hired by the Richards as a nanny for Franklin , and she is a witch from the Salem Witch Trials . She frequently appears as a supporting character to the Fantastic Four and their associates . Alicia Masters : Alicia is a blind sculptress , stepdaughter of the supervillain Puppet Master , and a longtime love interest of the Thing , as her blindness allows her to see the man inside rather than what he lookes like . She also has a close relationship with Silver Surfer and travels with him for some time , and she is a frequent caretaker of Franklin and Valeria . Doctor Doom : He and Mister Fantastic attended college together , and he blames Richards for an experiment gone wrong which scarred his face . As the monarch of Latveria , he is the team 's most deadly foe , although he sometimes helps them , such as when he aids in the birth of Valeria Richards . H.E.R.B.I.E. ( Humanoid Experimental Robot , B - type , Integrated Electronics ) : H.E.R.B.I.E. is a robotic ally who first appeared in the 1978 Fantastic Four animated television series before being introduced into regular Marvel Universe continuity . The original H.E.R.B.I.E. is destroyed fighting Doctor Sun . Reed Richards builds later generations of H.E.R.B.I.E.s to act as a nanny / guardian for Franklin and Valeria . Inhuman Royal Family : Despite an initial conflict due to a misunderstanding , the Inhuman Royal Family is closely associated with the Fantastic Four , particularly Medusa and Crystal , who have both been members of the team and have close personal relationships with its members . The other members of the family : Black Bolt , Gorgon , Karnak , Triton , Maximus , and the canine Lockjaw are all closely associated with the team as friends and allies as well . Kristoff Vernard : Kristoff is the former heir of Doctor Doom . While under the delusion that he was the real Doctor Doom , Kristoff destroys the original Baxter Building . Lyja : Lyja is a female Skrull trained as an espionage agent . She secretly replaces Alicia between the events of The Thing # 10 and Fantastic Four # 265 ( both April 1984 ) . She falls in love with the Human Torch , and they eventually marry . Her identity was revealed in Fantastic Four # 357 -- 358 ( October -- November 1991 ) , albeit as a retcon . Lyja helped the team recover the original Alicia to prove that she could be trusted . Her allegiances have since been divided between her native race and her new family , particularly her husband . Namor the Sub-Mariner : Initially cured of amnesia by the Human Torch , Namor has been both an ally and an enemy to the team . Namor and the Invisible Woman have occasionally been romantically attracted , though she eventually chooses to marry Mister Fantastic . Roberta : An android ( refers to herself as a `` mechanized human '' ) built by Reed Richards to function solely as the Fantastic Four 's receptionist . She has proven to be a reliable ally and has shown to be capable of turning away protruders by force . Silver Surfer : Silver Surfer was initially at odds with the Fantastic Four as a herald of Galactus when he comes to devour Earth . It is his encounter with the Fantastic Four that persuades him to rebel against his master and drive Galactus away from Earth . Since then , he is a friend and frequent ally of the team . Thundra : Thundra is a Femizon warrior who originates from a matriarchal technologically advanced society in an alternate reality 's 23rd century . She initially appears as a member of convenience of the Frightful Four , but her true purpose was to challenge the Thing as she believes he is the strongest male warrior in history . She goes on to become a frequent ally of the team and shows romantic interest in the Thing . Uatu the Watcher : Uatu is a member of the Watchers , an extraterrestrial race that monitors and records the activities of other planets , who are forbidden from interfering . Uatu has shown an affinity for humanity , particularly the Fantastic Four , and has occasionally broken this rule to assist them . Wyatt Wingfoot : Johnny Storm 's college friend , Native American sometime - adventurer , and one - time love interest of She - Hulk , Wyatt is the son of `` Big Will Wingfoot , '' one of Empire State University 's most legendary football players . New Fantastic Four ( edit ) In Fantastic Four ( 1st series ) # 347 -- 349 ( December 1990 -- February 1991 ) a female Skrull alien who was both a shape - shifter and a telepath managed to capture the team . Impersonating the Invisible Woman , she falsely reported the other members to be deceased and recruited four other heroes as a new Fantastic Four to avenge them , before dispatching them to try and steal a powerful weapon from the Mole Man . Members of this short - lived team included : The Hulk ( in his grey `` Mr. Fixit '' persona ) Spider - Man . He had actually once applied for membership in the team in The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1st series ) # 1 ( March 1963 ) , but quit upon realization that he would not be paid . He and the Human Torch remain longtime friends . Wolverine Ghost Rider ( Danny Ketch ) In Fantastic Four ( 1st series ) # 374 -- 375 ( March 1993 -- April 1993 ) , Dr. Strange brings this same team back together to arrest the Human Torch after he went nova and destroyed a whole quarter of the city . This story was the start for the Secret Defenders ongoing series . In Wolverine # 148 ( January 2000 ) the team comes back together during the Ages of Apocalypse reality to fight Arnim Zola , Blastaar and Annihilus with all four members wearing the popular blue FF costumes and the Hulk frequently switching between his various personalities . They also came together to battle a version of the Wendigo . An alternate version of this team was temporarily summoned to the Marvel Universe by Psycho - Man during the Fear Itself storyline to defeat the Fearsome Four of Howard the Duck , She - Hulk , Nighthawk , and Frankenstein 's Monster when Psycho - Man sought to turn Man - Thing into a fear bomb , but they were defeated by the use of Howard the Duck 's secret weapon . This team has also been shown in various What If tales and a Mini-Marvel one - shot . A second team has appeared in the new Venom series , the team 's first appearance is in the six - part mini-series Circle of Four which started in Venom ( Vol. 2 ) # 13 ( February 2012 ) , the members of this team include : Venom replacing Spider - Man . Red Hulk replacing the original Hulk . X-23 replacing Wolverine . Ghost Rider ( Alejandra Jones ) replacing Danny Ketch . Starting with Ghost Rider Vol. 8 # 1 , a group of heroes form resembling that of the new fantastic four line - up with the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. as backup . Silk parallels Spider - Man . Hulk ( Amadeus Cho ) parallels the original Hulk . Wolverine ( Laura Kinney ) parallels the original Wolverine . Ghost Rider ( Robbie Reyes ) parallels the Danny Ketch , Ghost Rider . Fantastic Five ( edit ) Main article : Fantastic Five In the MC2 alternate future , the team is known as the Fantastic Five and consists of the following members : Johnny Storm , the Human Torch Ben Grimm , the Thing Lyja Storm , Ms. Fantastic - Johnny 's wife , a member of the shape - shifting Skrull race . Franklin Richards , Psi - Lord - Son of Reed and Sue . Jacob Grimm , Grim - The son of Ben Grimm and Sharon Ventura , he is similar in appearance to his father , and also possesses his strength levels . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Fantastic Four # 94 ( January 1970 ) Jump up ^ Fantastic Four # 8 ( November 1962 ) Jump up ^ Silver Surfer # 126 - 146 ( March 1997 - November 1998 ) Jump up ^ Fantastic Four # 209 ( August 1979 ) Jump up ^ Fantastic Four # 45 ( December 1965 ) Jump up ^ Fantastic Four # 278 ( May 1985 ) Jump up ^ Fantastic Four # 300 ( March 1987 ) Jump up ^ Fantastic Four # 48 ( May 1962 ) Jump up ^ Fantastic Four # 239 ( February 1982 ) Jump up ^ Fantastic Four # 48 ( March 1966 ) Jump up ^ Fantastic Four # 50 ( May 1966 ) Jump up ^ Fantastic Four # 129 ( December 1972 ) Jump up ^ Fantastic Four # 48 ( March 1966 ) ( hide ) Fantastic Four Stan Lee Jack Kirby Original members Mister Fantastic Invisible Woman Human Torch Thing Supporting cast Agatha Harkness H.E.R.B.I.E. Inhumans Crystal Medusa Willie Lumpkin Lyja Alicia Masters Namor She - Hulk Ms. Marvel / She - Thing Silver Surfer Thundra Frankie Raye Nathaniel Richards Franklin Richards Valeria Richards Franklin Storm Uatu the Watcher Wyatt Wingfoot Yancy Street Gang Villains Annihilus Aron the Rogue Watcher Blastaar Brute Diablo Doctor Doom Doombots Dragon Man Firelord Frightful Four Galactus Impossible Man Klaw Kree Ronan the Accuser Mad Thinker Maker Maximus Mole Man Molecule Man Psycho - Man Puppet Master Red Ghost Skrulls Dorrek VII Paibok Super-Skrull Stardust Terrax Trapster Kristoff Vernard Wizard Locations Baxter Building Four Freedoms Plaza Latveria Negative Zone Publications Previous Fantastic Four Fantastic Force Fantastic Four FF Marvel Knights 4 Marvel Two - in - One Super-Villain Team - Up The Thing Limited Before the Fantastic Four : Ben Grimm and Logan Before the Fantastic Four : Reed Richards Before the Fantastic Four : The Storms Fantastic Four : 1234 Fantastic Four : The End Fantastic Four vs. the X-Men Spider - Man and the Fantastic Four Other continuities Doom 2099 Fantastic Five Fantastic Four : Unstable Molecules Fantastic Four 2099 Marvel 1602 : Fantastick Four Superman / Fantastic Four Ultimate Fantastic Four Storylines `` The Galactus Trilogy '' `` This Man ... 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3812916313474417654	Insulin	Insulin - wikipedia Insulin This article is about the insulin protein . For uses of insulin in treating diabetes , see insulin ( medication ) . Not to be confused with Inulin . INS Available structures PDB Ortholog search : PDBe RCSB show List of PDB id codes 1A7F , 1AI0 , 1AIY , 1B9E , 1BEN , 1EFE , 1EV3 , 1EV6 , 1EVR , 1FU2 , 1FUB , 1G7A , 1G7B , 1GUJ , 1HIQ , 1HIS , 1HIT , 1HLS , 1HTV , 1HUI , 1IOG , 1IOH , 1J73 , 1JCA , 1JCO , 1K3M , 1KMF , 1LKQ , 1LPH , 1MHI , 1MHJ , 1MSO , 1OS3 , 1OS4 , 1Q4V , 1QIY , 1QIZ , 1QJ0 , 1RWE , 1SF1 , 1SJT , 1SJU , 1T0C , 1T1K , 1T1P , 1T1Q , 1TRZ , 1TYL , 1TYM , 1UZ9 , 1VKT , 1W8P , 1XDA , 1XGL , 1XW7 , 1ZEG , 1ZEH , 1ZNJ , 2AIY , 2C8Q , 2C8R , 2CEU , 2G54 , 2G56 , 2H67 , 2HH4 , 2HHO , 2HIU , 2JMN , 2JUM , 2JUU , 2JUV , 2JV1 , 2JZQ , 2K91 , 2K9R , 2KJJ , 2KJU , 2KQP , 2KQQ , 2KXK , 2L1Y , 2L1Z , 2LGB , 2M1D , 2M1E , 2M2M , 2M2N , 2M2O , 2M2P , 2OLY , 2OLZ , 2OM0 , 2OM1 , 2OMG , 2OMH , 2OMI , 2QIU , 2R34 , 2R35 , 2R36 , 2RN5 , 2VJZ , 2VK0 , 2W44 , 2WBY , 2WC0 , 2WRU , 2WRV , 2WRW , 2WRX , 2WS0 , 2WS1 , 2WS4 , 2WS6 , 2WS7 , 3AIY , 3BXQ , 3E7Y , 3E7Z , 3EXX , 3FQ9 , 3HYD , 3I3Z , 3I40 , 3ILG , 3INC , 3IR0 , 3Q6E , 3ROV , 3TT8 , 3U4N , 3UTQ , 3UTS , 3UTT , 3V19 , 3V1G , 3W11 , 3W12 , 3W13 , 3W7Y , 3W7Z , 3W80 , 3ZI3 , 3ZQR , 3ZS2 , 3ZU1 , 4AIY , 4AJX , 4AJZ , 4AK0 , 4AKJ , 4EFX , 4EWW , 4EWX , 4EWZ , 4EX0 , 4EX1 , 4EXX , 4EY1 , 4EY9 , 4EYD , 4EYN , 4EYP , 4F0N , 4F0O , 4F1A , 4F1B , 4F1C , 4F1D , 4F1F , 4F1G , 4F4T , 4F4V , 4F51 , 4F8F , 4FG3 , 4FKA , 4GBC , 4GBI , 4GBK , 4GBL , 4GBN , 4IUZ , 5AIY , 2LWZ , 3JSD , 3KQ6 , 3P2X , 3P33 , 1JK8 , 2MLI , 2MPG , 2MPI , 2MVC , 2MVD , 2OMQ , 4CXL , 4CXN , 4CY7 , 4IYD , 4IYF , 4NIB , 4OGA , 4P65 , 4Q5Z , 4RXW , 4UNE , 4UNG , 4UNH , 4XC4 , 4WDI , 4Z76 , 4Z77 , 4Z78 , 2N2W , 5CO6 , 5ENA , 4Y19 , 5BQQ , 5BOQ , 2N2V , 5CNY , 5CO9 , 5EN9 , 4Y1A , 2N2X , 5BPO , 5CO2 , 5BTS , 5HYJ , 5C0D Identifiers Aliases INS , IDDM , IDDM1 , IDDM2 , ILPR , IRDN , MODY10 , insulin External IDs MGI : 96573 HomoloGene : 173 GeneCards : INS hide Gene location ( Human ) Chr . Chromosome 11 ( human ) Band 11p15. 5 Start 2,159,779 bp End 2,161,341 bp show Gene location ( Mouse ) Chr . Chromosome 7 ( mouse ) Band 7 F5 7 88.0 cM Start 142,678,656 bp End 142,743,381 bp hide RNA expression pattern More reference expression data show Gene ontology Molecular function insulin receptor binding identical protein binding protease binding insulin - like growth factor receptor binding protein binding hormone activity Cellular component endoplasmic reticulum lumen transport vesicle Golgi membrane secretory granule lumen Golgi lumen endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi intermediate compartment membrane endosome lumen extracellular region extracellular space Biological process negative regulation of NAD ( P ) H oxidase activity positive regulation of DNA replication positive regulation of MAPK cascade positive regulation of brown fat cell differentiation positive regulation of cell differentiation MAPK cascade positive regulation of respiratory burst positive regulation of cytokine secretion positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3 - kinase signaling negative regulation of protein oligomerization positive regulation of NF - kappaB transcription factor activity negative regulation of respiratory burst involved in inflammatory response cell - cell signaling positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process positive regulation of glycolytic process positive regulation of nitric - oxide synthase activity positive regulation of protein autophosphorylation activation of protein kinase B activity wound healing positive regulation of mitotic nuclear division negative regulation of feeding behavior cellular protein metabolic process positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion negative regulation of protein catabolic process positive regulation of cell migration acute - phase response regulation of protein secretion positive regulation of glycogen biosynthetic process positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling G - protein coupled receptor signaling pathway glucose transport regulation of cellular amino acid metabolic process negative regulation of oxidative stress - induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway ER to Golgi vesicle - mediated transport negative regulation of lipid catabolic process positive regulation of cell growth negative regulation of glycogen catabolic process positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway glucose metabolic process negative regulation of acute inflammatory response negative regulation of protein secretion positive regulation of peptidyl - tyrosine phosphorylation glucose homeostasis positive regulation of cell proliferation fatty acid homeostasis positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process regulation of transmembrane transporter activity negative regulation of gluconeogenesis negative regulation of fatty acid metabolic process regulation of protein localization regulation of transcription , DNA - templated positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process carbohydrate metabolic process negative regulation of proteolysis alpha - beta T cell activation positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus positive regulation of glucose import insulin receptor signaling pathway positive regulation of gene expression positive regulation of blood vessel diameter negative regulation of blood vessel diameter regulation of receptor activity response to L - arginine Sources : Amigo / QuickGO Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 3630 16334 Ensembl ENSG00000254647 ENSMUSG00000000215 UniProt P01308 P01326 RefSeq ( mRNA ) NM_000207 NM_001185097 NM_001185098 NM_001291897 NM_001185083 NM_001185084 NM_008387 RefSeq ( protein ) show NP_000198 NP_001172026 NP_001172027 NP_001278826 NP_000198. 1 NP_001172026. 1 NP_001172027. 1 NP_001278826. 1 NP_001172012 NP_001172013 NP_032413 Location ( UCSC ) Chr 11 : 2.16 -- 2.16 Mb Chr 7 : 142.68 -- 142.74 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View / Edit Human View / Edit Mouse Insulin ( from Latin insula , island ) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets ; it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body . It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates , fats and protein by promoting the absorption of , especially glucose from the blood into liver , fat and skeletal muscle cells . In these tissues the absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen via glycogenesis or fats ( triglycerides ) via lipogenesis , or , in the case of the liver , into both . Glucose production and secretion by the liver is strongly inhibited by high concentrations of insulin in the blood . Circulating insulin also affects the synthesis of proteins in a wide variety of tissues . It is therefore an anabolic hormone , promoting the conversion of small molecules in the blood into large molecules inside the cells . Low insulin levels in the blood have the opposite effect by promoting widespread catabolism , especially of reserve body fat . Beta cells are sensitive to glucose concentrations , also known as blood sugar levels . When the glucose level is high , the beta cells secrete insulin into the blood ; when glucose levels are low , secretion of insulin is inhibited . Their neighboring alpha cells , by taking their cues from the beta cells , secrete glucagon into the blood in the opposite manner : increased secretion when blood glucose is low , and decreased secretion when glucose concentrations are high . Glucagon , through stimulating the liver to release glucose by glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis , has the opposite effect of insulin . The secretion of insulin and glucagon into the blood in response to the blood glucose concentration is the primary mechanism of glucose homeostasis . If beta cells are destroyed by an autoimmune reaction , insulin can no longer be synthesized or be secreted into the blood . This results in type 1 diabetes mellitus , which is characterized by abnormally high blood glucose concentrations , and generalized body wasting . In type 2 diabetes mellitus the destruction of beta cells is less pronounced than in type 1 diabetes , and is not due to an autoimmune process . Instead there is an accumulation of amyloid in the pancreatic islets , which likely disrupts their anatomy and physiology . The pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes is not well understood but patients exhibit a reduced population of islet beta - cells , reduced secretory function of islet beta - cells that survive , and peripheral tissue insulin resistance . Type 2 diabetes is characterized by high rates of glucagon secretion into the blood which are unaffected by , and unresponsive to the concentration of glucose in the blood . Insulin is still secreted into the blood in response to the blood glucose . As a result , the insulin levels , even when the blood sugar level is normal , are much higher than they are in healthy persons . The human insulin protein is composed of 51 amino acids , and has a molecular mass of 5808 Da . It is a dimer of an A-chain and a B - chain , which are linked together by disulfide bonds . Insulin 's structure varies slightly between species of animals . Insulin from animal sources differs somewhat in effectiveness ( in carbohydrate metabolism effects ) from human insulin because of these variations . Porcine insulin is especially close to the human version , and was widely used to treat type 1 diabetics before human insulin could be produced in large quantities by recombinant DNA technologies . The crystal structure of insulin in the solid state was determined by Dorothy Hodgkin . It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines , the most important medications needed in a basic health system . Contents ( hide ) 1 Evolution and species distribution 2 Gene 2.1 Alleles 2.2 Regulation 3 Protein structure 4 Synthesis , physiological effects , and degradation 4.1 Synthesis 4.2 Release 4.3 Oscillations 4.4 Blood insulin level 4.5 Signal transduction 4.6 Physiological effects 4.7 Degradation 4.8 Regulator of endocannabinoid metabolism 5 Hypoglycemia 6 Diseases and syndromes 7 Medical uses 8 History of study 8.1 Discovery 8.2 Extraction and purification 8.3 Synthesis 8.4 Nobel Prizes 8.4. 1 Controversy 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Evolution and species distribution ( edit ) Insulin may have originated more than a billion years ago . The molecular origins of insulin go at least as far back as the simplest unicellular eukaryotes . Apart from animals , insulin - like proteins are also known to exist in the Fungi and Protista kingdoms . Insulin is produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets in most vertebrates and by the Brockmann body in some teleost fish . Cone snails Conus geographus and Conus tulipa , venomous sea snails that hunt small fish , use modified forms of insulin in their venom cocktails . The insulin toxin , closer in structure to fishes ' than to snails ' native insulin , slows down the prey fishes by lowering their blood glucose levels . Gene ( edit ) The preproinsulin precursor of insulin is encoded by the INS gene . Alleles ( edit ) A variety of mutant alleles with changes in the coding region have been identified . A read - through gene , INS - IGF2 , overlaps with this gene at the 5 ' region and with the IGF2 gene at the 3 ' region . Regulation ( edit ) Diagram of insulin regulation upon high blood glucose In the pancreatic β cells , glucose is the primary physiological stimulus for the regulation of insulin synthesis . Insulin is mainly regulated through the transcription factors PDX1 , NeuroD1 , and MafA . PDX1 ( Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox protein 1 ) is in the nuclear periphery upon low blood glucose levels interacting with corepressors HDAC1 and 2 which is downregulating the insulin secretion . An increase in blood glucose levels causes phosphorylation of PDX1 and it translocates centrally and binds the A3 element within the insulin promoter . Upon translocation it interacts with coactivators HAT p300 and acetyltransferase set 7 / 9 . PDX1 affects the histone modifications through acetylation and deacetylation as well as methylation . It is also said to suppress glucagon . NeuroD1 , also known as β2 , regulates insulin exocytosis in pancreatic β cells by directly inducing the expression of genes involved in exocytosis . It is localized in the cytosol , but in response to high glucose it becomes glycosylated by OGT and / or phosphorylated by ERK , which causes translocation to the nucleus . In the nucleus β2 heterodimerizes with E47 , binds to the E1 element of the insulin promoter and recruits co-activator p300 which acetylates β2 . It is able to interact with other transcription factors as well in activation of the insulin gene . MafA is degraded by proteasomes upon low blood glucose levels . Increased levels of glucose makes an unknown protein glycosylated . This protein works as a transcription factor for MafA in an unknown manner and MafA is transported out of the cell . MafA is then translocated back into the nucleus where it binds the C1 element of the insulin promoter . These transcription factors work synergistically and in a complex arrangement . Increased blood glucose can after a while destroy the binding capacities of these proteins , and therefore reduce the amount of insulin secreted , causing diabetes . The decreased binding activities can be mediated by glucose induced oxidative stress and antioxidants are said to prevent the decreased insulin secretion in glucotoxic pancreatic β cells . Stress signalling molecules and reactive oxygen species inhibits the insulin gene by interfering with the cofactors binding the transcription factors and the transcription factors it self . Several regulatory sequences in the promoter region of the human insulin gene bind to transcription factors . In general , the A-boxes bind to Pdx1 factors , E-boxes bind to NeuroD , C - boxes bind to MafA , and cAMP response elements to CREB . There are also silencers that inhibit transcription . Regulatory sequences and their transcription factors for the insulin gene . Regulatory sequence binding transcription factors ILPR Par1 A5 Pdx1 negative regulatory element ( NRE ) glucocorticoid receptor , Oct1 Z ( overlapping NRE and C2 ) ISF C2 Pax4 , MafA ( ? ) E2 USF1 / USF2 A3 Pdx1 CREB RE -- CREB RE CREB , CREM A2 -- CAAT enhancer binding ( CEB ) ( partly overlapping A2 and C1 ) -- C1 -- E1 E2A , NeuroD1 , HEB A1 Pdx1 G1 -- Protein structure ( edit ) See also : Insulin / IGF / Relaxin family and Insulin and its analog structure Within vertebrates , the amino acid sequence of insulin is strongly conserved . Bovine insulin differs from human in only three amino acid residues , and porcine insulin in one . Even insulin from some species of fish is similar enough to human to be clinically effective in humans . Insulin in some invertebrates is quite similar in sequence to human insulin , and has similar physiological effects . The strong homology seen in the insulin sequence of diverse species suggests that it has been conserved across much of animal evolutionary history . The C - peptide of proinsulin ( discussed later ) , however , differs much more among species ; it is also a hormone , but a secondary one . SS - linked insulin monomer The primary structure of bovine insulin was first determined by Frederick Sanger in 1951 . After that , this polypeptide was synthesized independently by several groups . The 3 - dimensional structure of insulin was determined by X-ray crystallography in Dorothy Hodgkin 's laboratory in 1969 ( PDB file 1ins ) . Insulin is produced and stored in the body as a hexamer ( a unit of six insulin molecules ) , while the active form is the monomer . The hexamer is an inactive form with long - term stability , which serves as a way to keep the highly reactive insulin protected , yet readily available . The hexamer - monomer conversion is one of the central aspects of insulin formulations for injection . The hexamer is far more stable than the monomer , which is desirable for practical reasons ; however , the monomer is a much faster - reacting drug because diffusion rate is inversely related to particle size . A fast - reacting drug means insulin injections do not have to precede mealtimes by hours , which in turn gives people with diabetes more flexibility in their daily schedules . Insulin can aggregate and form fibrillar interdigitated beta - sheets . This can cause injection amyloidosis , and prevents the storage of insulin for long periods . Synthesis , physiological effects , and degradation ( edit ) Synthesis ( edit ) Insulin is produced in the pancreas and the Brockmann body ( in some fish ) , and released when any of several stimuli are detected . These stimuli include ingested protein and glucose in the blood produced from digested food . Carbohydrates can be polymers of simple sugars or the simple sugars themselves . If the carbohydrates include glucose , then that glucose will be absorbed into the bloodstream and blood glucose level will begin to rise . In target cells , insulin initiates a signal transduction , which has the effect of increasing glucose uptake and storage . Finally , insulin is degraded , terminating the response . Insulin undergoes extensive posttranslational modification along the production pathway . Production and secretion are largely independent ; prepared insulin is stored awaiting secretion . Both C - peptide and mature insulin are biologically active . Cell components and proteins in this image are not to scale . In mammals , insulin is synthesized in the pancreas within the beta cells . One million to three million pancreatic islets form the endocrine part of the pancreas , which is primarily an exocrine gland . The endocrine portion accounts for only 2 % of the total mass of the pancreas . Within the pancreatic islets , beta cells constitute 65 -- 80 % of all the cells . Insulin consists of two polypeptide chains , the A - and B - chains , linked together by disulfide bonds . It is however first synthesized as a single polypeptide called preproinsulin in beta cells . Preproinsulin contains a 24 - residue signal peptide which directs the nascent polypeptide chain to the rough endoplasmic reticulum ( RER ) . The signal peptide is cleaved as the polypeptide is translocated into lumen of the RER , forming proinsulin . In the RER the proinsulin folds into the correct conformation and 3 disulfide bonds are formed . About 5 -- 10 min after its assembly in the endoplasmic reticulum , proinsulin is transported to the trans - Golgi network ( TGN ) where immature granules are formed . Transport to the TGN may take about 30 min . Proinsulin undergoes maturation into active insulin through the action of cellular endopeptidases known as prohormone convertases ( PC1 and PC2 ) , as well as the exoprotease carboxypeptidase E. The endopeptidases cleave at 2 positions , releasing a fragment called the C - peptide , and leaving 2 peptide chains , the B - and A - chains , linked by 2 disulfide bonds . The cleavage sites are each located after a pair of basic residues ( lysine - 64 and arginine - 65 , and arginine - 31 and − 32 ) . After cleavage of the C - peptide , these 2 pairs of basic residues are removed by the carboxypeptidase . The C - peptide is the central portion of proinsulin , and the primary sequence of proinsulin goes in the order `` B-C-A '' ( the B and A chains were identified on the basis of mass and the C - peptide was discovered later ) . The resulting mature insulin is packaged inside mature granules waiting for metabolic signals ( such as leucine , arginine , glucose and mannose ) and vagal nerve stimulation to be exocytosed from the cell into the circulation . The endogenous production of insulin is regulated in several steps along the synthesis pathway : At transcription from the insulin gene In mRNA stability At the mRNA translation In the posttranslational modifications Insulin and its related proteins have been shown to be produced inside the brain , and reduced levels of these proteins are linked to Alzheimer 's disease . Release ( edit ) See also : Blood glucose regulation Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans release insulin in two phases . The first - phase release is rapidly triggered in response to increased blood glucose levels , and lasts about 10 minutes . The second phase is a sustained , slow release of newly formed vesicles triggered independently of sugar , peaking in 2 to 3 hours . Reduced first - phase insulin release may be the earliest detectable beta cell defect predicting onset of type 2 diabetes . First - phase release and insulin sensitivity are independent predictors of diabetes . The description of first phase release is as follows : Glucose enters the β - cells through the glucose transporters , GLUT2 . These glucose transporters have a relatively low affinity for glucose , ensuring that the rate of glucose entry into the β - cells is proportional to the extracellular glucose concentration ( within the physiological range ) . At low blood sugar levels very little glucose enters the β - cells ; at high blood glucose concentrations large quantities of glucose enter these cells . The glucose that enters the β - cell is phosphorylated to glucose - 6 - phosphate ( G - 6 - P ) by glucokinase ( hexokinase IV ) which is not inhibited by G - 6 - P in the way that the hexokinases in other tissues ( hexokinase I -- III ) are affected by this product . This means that the intracellular G - 6 - P concentration remains proportional to the blood sugar concentration . Glucose - 6 - phosphate enters glycolytic pathway and then , via the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction , into the Krebs cycle , where multiple , high - energy ATP molecules are produced by the oxidation of acetyl CoA ( the Krebs cycle substrate ) , leading to a rise in the ATP : ADP ratio within the cell . An increased intracellular ATP : ADP ratio closes the ATP - sensitive SUR1 / Kir6. 2 potassium channel ( see sulfonylurea receptor ) . This prevents potassium ions ( K ) from leaving the cell by facilitated diffusion , leading to a buildup of intracellular potassium ions . As a result , the inside of the cell becomes less negative with respect to the outside , leading to the depolarization of the cell surface membrane . Upon depolarization , voltage - gated calcium ion ( Ca ) channels open , allowing calcium ions to move into the cell by facilitated diffusion . The cytosolic calcium ion concentration can also be increased by calcium release from intracellular stores via activation of ryanodine receptors . The calcium ion concentration in the cytosol of the beta cells can also , or additionally , be increased through the activation of phospholipase C resulting from the binding of an extracellular ligand ( hormone or neurotransmitter ) to a G protein - coupled membrane receptor . Phospholipase C cleaves the membrane phospholipid , phosphatidyl inositol 4 , 5 - bisphosphate , into inositol 1 , 4 , 5 - trisphosphate and diacylglycerol . Inositol 1 , 4 , 5 - trisphosphate ( IP3 ) then binds to receptor proteins in the plasma membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) . This allows the release of Ca ions from the ER via IP3 - gated channels , which raises the cytosolic concentration of calcium ions independently of the effects of a high blood glucose concentration . Parasympathetic stimulation of the pancreatic islets operates via this pathway to increase insulin secretion into the blood . The significantly increased amount of calcium ions in the cells ' cytoplasm causes the release into the blood of previously synthesized insulin , which has been stored in intracellular secretory vesicles . This is the primary mechanism for release of insulin . Other substances known to stimulate insulin release include the amino acids arginine and leucine , parasympathetic release of acetylcholine ( acting via the phospholipase C pathway ) , sulfonylurea , cholecystokinin ( CCK , also via phospholipase C ) , and the gastrointestinally derived incretins , such as glucagon - like peptide - 1 ( GLP - 1 ) and glucose - dependent insulinotropic peptide ( GIP ) . Release of insulin is strongly inhibited by norepinephrine ( noradrenaline ) , which leads to increased blood glucose levels during stress . It appears that release of catecholamines by the sympathetic nervous system has conflicting influences on insulin release by beta cells , because insulin release is inhibited by α - adrenergic receptors and stimulated by β - adrenergic receptors . The net effect of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves and epinephrine from adrenal glands on insulin release is inhibition due to dominance of the α - adrenergic receptors . When the glucose level comes down to the usual physiologic value , insulin release from the β - cells slows or stops . If the blood glucose level drops lower than this , especially to dangerously low levels , release of hyperglycemic hormones ( most prominently glucagon from islet of Langerhans alpha cells ) forces release of glucose into the blood from the liver glycogen stores , supplemented by gluconeogenesis if the glycogen stores become depleted . By increasing blood glucose , the hyperglycemic hormones prevent or correct life - threatening hypoglycemia . Evidence of impaired first - phase insulin release can be seen in the glucose tolerance test , demonstrated by a substantially elevated blood glucose level at 30 minutes after the ingestion of a glucose load ( 75 or 100 g of glucose ) , followed by a slow drop over the next 100 minutes , to remain above 120 mg / 100 ml after two hours after the start of the test . In a normal person the blood glucose level is corrected ( and may even be slightly over-corrected ) by the end of the test . Oscillations ( edit ) Main article : Insulin oscillations Insulin release from pancreas oscillates with a period of 3 -- 6 minutes . Even during digestion , in general , one or two hours following a meal , insulin release from the pancreas is not continuous , but oscillates with a period of 3 -- 6 minutes , changing from generating a blood insulin concentration more than about 800 p mol / l to less than 100 pmol / l . This is thought to avoid downregulation of insulin receptors in target cells , and to assist the liver in extracting insulin from the blood . This oscillation is important to consider when administering insulin - stimulating medication , since it is the oscillating blood concentration of insulin release , which should , ideally , be achieved , not a constant high concentration . This may be achieved by delivering insulin rhythmically to the portal vein or by islet cell transplantation to the liver . Blood insulin level ( edit ) Further information : Insulin index The idealized diagram shows the fluctuation of blood sugar ( red ) and the sugar - lowering hormone insulin ( blue ) in humans during the course of a day containing three meals . In addition , the effect of a sugar - rich versus a starch - rich meal is highlighted . The blood insulin level can be measured in international units , such as μIU / mL or in molar concentration , such as pmol / L , where 1 μIU / mL equals 6.945 pmol / L. A typical blood level between meals is 8 -- 11 μIU / mL ( 57 -- 79 pmol / L ) . Signal transduction ( edit ) The effects of insulin are initiated by its binding to a receptor present in the cell membrane . The receptor molecule contains an α - and β subunits . Two molecules are joined to form what is known as a homodimer . Insulin binds to the α - subunits of the homodimer , which faces the extracellular side of the cells . The β subunits have tyrosine kinase enzyme activity which is triggered by the insulin binding . This activity provokes the autophosphorylation of the β subunits and subsequently the phosphorylation of proteins inside the cell known as insulin receptor substrates ( IRS ) . The phosphorylation of the IRS activates a signal transduction cascade that leads to the activation of other kinases as well as transcription factors that mediate the intracellular effects of insulin . The cascade that leads to the insertion of GLUT4 glucose transporters into the cell membranes of muscle and fat cells , and to the synthesis of glycogen in liver and muscle tissue , as well as the conversion of glucose into triglycerides in liver , adipose , and lactating mammary gland tissue , operates via the activation , by IRS - 1 , of phosphoinositol 3 kinase ( PI3K ) . This enzyme converts a phospholipid in the cell membrane by the name of phosphatidylinositol 4 , 5 - bisphosphate ( PIP2 ) , into phosphatidylinositol 3 , 4 , 5 - triphosphate ( PIP3 ) , which , in turn , activates protein kinase B ( PKB ) . Activated PKB facilitates the fusion of GLUT4 containing endosomes with the cell membrane , resulting in an increase in GLUT4 transporters in the plasma membrane . PKB also phosphorylates glycogen synthase kinase ( GSK ) , thereby inactivating this enzyme . This means that its substrate , glycogen synthase ( GS ) , can not be phosphorylated , and remains dephosphorylated , and therefore active . The active enzyme , glycogen synthase ( GS ) , catalyzes the rate limiting step in the synthesis of glycogen from glucose . Similar dephosphorylations affect the enzymes controlling the rate of glycolysis leading to the synthesis of fats via malonyl - CoA in the tissues that can generate triglycerides , and also the enzymes that control the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver . The overall effect of these final enzyme dephosphorylations is that , in the tissues that can carry out these reactions , glycogen and fat synthesis from glucose are stimulated , and glucose production by the liver through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis are inhibited . The breakdown of triglycerides by adipose tissue into free fatty acids and glycerol is also inhibited . After the intracellular signal that resulted from the binding of insulin to its receptor has been produced , termination of signaling is then needed . As mentioned below in the section on degradation , endocytosis and degradation of the receptor bound to insulin is a main mechanism to end signaling . In addition , the signaling pathway is also terminated by dephosphorylation of the tyrosine residues in the various signaling pathways by tyrosine phosphatases . Serine / Threonine kinases are also known to reduce the activity of insulin . The structure of the insulin -- insulin receptor complex has been determined using the techniques of X-ray crystallography . Physiological effects ( edit ) Effect of insulin on glucose uptake and metabolism . Insulin binds to its receptor ( 1 ) , which starts many protein activation cascades ( 2 ) . These include translocation of Glut - 4 transporter to the plasma membrane and influx of glucose ( 3 ) , glycogen synthesis ( 4 ) , glycolysis ( 5 ) and triglyceride synthesis ( 6 ) . The insulin signal transduction pathway begins when insulin binds to the insulin receptor proteins . Once the transduction pathway is completed , the GLUT - 4 storage vesicles becomes one with the cellular membrane . As a result , the GLUT - 4 protein channels become embedded into the membrane , allowing glucose to be transported into the cell . The actions of insulin on the global human metabolism level include : Increase of cellular intake of certain substances , most prominently glucose in muscle and adipose tissue ( about two - thirds of body cells ) Increase of DNA replication and protein synthesis via control of amino acid uptake Modification of the activity of numerous enzymes . The actions of insulin ( indirect and direct ) on cells include : Stimulates the uptake of glucose -- Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration by inducing intake of glucose by the cells . This is possible because Insulin causes the insertion of the GLUT4 transporter in the cell membranes of muscle and fat tissues which allows glucose to enter the cell . Increased fat synthesis -- insulin forces fat cells to take in blood glucose , which is converted into triglycerides ; decrease of insulin causes the reverse . Increased esterification of fatty acids -- forces adipose tissue to make neutral fats ( i.e. , triglycerides ) from fatty acids ; decrease of insulin causes the reverse . Decreased lipolysis -- forces reduction in conversion of fat cell lipid stores into blood fatty acids and glycerol ; decrease of insulin causes the reverse . Induce glycogen synthesis -- When glucose levels are high , insulin induces the formation of glycogen by the activation of the hexokinase enzyme , which adds a phosphate group in glucose , thus resulting in a molecule that can not exit the cell . At the same time , insulin inhibits the enzyme glucose - 6 - phosphatase , which removes the phosphate group . These two enzymes are key for the formation of glycogen . Also , insulin activates the enzymes phosphofructokinase and glycogen synthase which are responsible for glycogen synthesis . Decreased gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis -- decreases production of glucose from noncarbohydrate substrates , primarily in the liver ( the vast majority of endogenous insulin arriving at the liver never leaves the liver ) ; increase of insulin causes glucose production by the liver from assorted substrates . Decreased proteolysis -- decreasing the breakdown of protein Decreased autophagy -- decreased level of degradation of damaged organelles . Postprandial levels inhibit autophagy completely . Increased amino acid uptake -- forces cells to absorb circulating amino acids ; decrease of insulin inhibits absorption . Arterial muscle tone -- forces arterial wall muscle to relax , increasing blood flow , especially in microarteries ; decrease of insulin reduces flow by allowing these muscles to contract . Increase in the secretion of hydrochloric acid by parietal cells in the stomach . Increased potassium uptake -- forces cells synthesizing glycogen ( a very spongy , `` wet '' substance , that increases the content of intracellular water , and its accompanying K ions ) to absorb potassium from the extracellular fluids ; lack of insulin inhibits absorption . Insulin 's increase in cellular potassium uptake lowers potassium levels in blood plasma . This possibly occurs via insulin - induced translocation of the Na+ / K+ - ATPase to the surface of skeletal muscle cells . Decreased renal sodium excretion . Insulin also influences other body functions , such as vascular compliance and cognition . Once insulin enters the human brain , it enhances learning and memory and benefits verbal memory in particular . Enhancing brain insulin signaling by means of intranasal insulin administration also enhances the acute thermoregulatory and glucoregulatory response to food intake , suggesting that central nervous insulin contributes to the co-ordination of a wide variety of homeostatic or regulatory processes in the human body . Insulin also has stimulatory effects on gonadotropin - releasing hormone from the hypothalamus , thus favoring fertility . Degradation ( edit ) Once an insulin molecule has docked onto the receptor and effected its action , it may be released back into the extracellular environment , or it may be degraded by the cell . The two primary sites for insulin clearance are the liver and the kidney . The liver clears most insulin during first - pass transit , whereas the kidney clears most of the insulin in systemic circulation . Degradation normally involves endocytosis of the insulin - receptor complex , followed by the action of insulin - degrading enzyme . An insulin molecule produced endogenously by the beta cells is estimated to be degraded within about one hour after its initial release into circulation ( insulin half - life ~ 4 -- 6 minutes ) . Regulator of endocannabinoid metabolism ( edit ) Insulin is a major regulator of endocannabinoid ( EC ) metabolism and insulin treatment has been shown to reduce intracellular ECs , the 2 - arachidonylglycerol ( 2 - AG ) and anandamide ( AEA ) , which correspond with insulin - sensitive expression changes in enzymes of EC metabolism . In insulin - resistant adipocytes , patterns of insulin - induced enzyme expression is disturbed in a manner consistent with elevated EC synthesis and reduced EC degradation . Findings suggest that insulin - resistant adipocytes fail to regulate EC metabolism and decrease intracellular EC levels in response to insulin stimulation , whereby obese insulin - resistant individuals exhibit increased concentrations of ECs . This dysregulation contributes to excessive visceral fat accumulation and reduced adiponectin release from abdominal adipose tissue , and further to the onset of several cardiometabolic risk factors that are associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes . Hypoglycemia ( edit ) Main article : Hypoglycemia Although other cells can use other fuels ( most prominently fatty acids ) , neurons depend on glucose as a source of energy , unless the person is in ketosis . They do not require insulin to absorb glucose , unlike muscle and adipose tissue , and they have very small internal stores of glycogen . Glycogen stored in liver cells ( unlike glycogen stored in muscle cells ) can be converted to glucose , and released into the blood , when glucose from digestion is low or absent , and the glycerol backbone in triglycerides can also be used to produce blood glucose . Sufficient lack of glucose and scarcity of these sources of glucose can dramatically make itself manifest in the impaired functioning of the central nervous system : dizziness , speech problems , and even loss of consciousness . Low blood glucose level is known as hypoglycemia or , in cases producing unconsciousness , `` hypoglycemic coma '' ( sometimes termed `` insulin shock '' from the most common causative agent ) . Endogenous causes of insulin excess ( such as an insulinoma ) are very rare , and the overwhelming majority of insulin excess - induced hypoglycemia cases are iatrogenic and usually accidental . A few cases of murder , attempted murder , or suicide using insulin overdoses have been reported , but most insulin shocks appear to be due to errors in dosage of insulin ( e.g. , 20 units instead of 2 ) or other unanticipated factors ( did not eat as much as anticipated , or exercised more than expected , or unpredicted kinetics of the subcutaneously injected insulin itself ) . Possible causes of hypoglycemia include : External insulin ( usually injected subcutaneously ) Oral hypoglycemic agents ( e.g. , any of the sulfonylureas , or similar drugs , which increase insulin release from β - cells in response to a particular blood glucose level ) Ingestion of low - carbohydrate sugar substitutes in people without diabetes or with type 2 diabetes . Animal studies show these can trigger insulin release , albeit in much smaller quantities than sugar , according to a report in Discover magazine , August 2004 , p 18 . ( This can never be a cause of hypoglycemia in patients with mature type 1 diabetes , since there is no endogenous insulin production to stimulate . It can occur during the honeymoon period , a period up to several years after a type 1 diabetes diagnosis during which endogenous insulin production still occurs . ) Diseases and syndromes ( edit ) There are several conditions in which insulin disturbance is pathologic : Diabetes mellitus -- general term referring to all states characterized by hyperglycemia Type 1 -- autoimmune - mediated destruction of insulin - producing β - cells in the pancreas , resulting in absolute insulin deficiency Type 2 -- either inadequate insulin production by the β - cells or insulin resistance or both because of reasons not completely understood . there is correlation with diet , with sedentary lifestyle , with obesity , with age and with metabolic syndrome . Causality has been demonstrated in multiple model organisms including mice and monkeys ; Importantly , non-obese people do get Type 2 diabetes due to diet , sedentary lifestyle and unknown risk factors . it is likely that there is genetic susceptibility to develop Type 2 diabetes under certain environmental conditions Other types of impaired glucose tolerance ( see the Diabetes ) Insulinoma -- a tumor of beta cells producing excess insulin or reactive hypoglycemia . Metabolic syndrome -- a poorly understood condition first called Syndrome X by Gerald Reaven . It is currently not clear whether the syndrome has a single , treatable cause , or is the result of body changes leading to type 2 diabetes . It is characterized by elevated blood pressure , dyslipidemia ( disturbances in blood cholesterol forms and other blood lipids ) , and increased waist circumference ( at least in populations in much of the developed world ) . The basic underlying cause may be the insulin resistance that precedes type 2 diabetes , which is a diminished capacity for insulin response in some tissues ( e.g. , muscle , fat ) . It is common for morbidities such as essential hypertension , obesity , type 2 diabetes , and cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) to develop . Polycystic ovary syndrome -- a complex syndrome in women in the reproductive years where anovulation and androgen excess are commonly displayed as hirsutism . In many cases of PCOS , insulin resistance is present . Medical uses ( edit ) Main article : Insulin ( medication ) A vial of insulin . It has been given a trade name , Actrapid , by the manufacturer . Biosynthetic human insulin ( insulin human rDNA , INN ) for clinical use is manufactured by recombinant DNA technology . Biosynthetic human insulin has increased purity when compared with extractive animal insulin , enhanced purity reducing antibody formation . Researchers have succeeded in introducing the gene for human insulin into plants as another method of producing insulin ( `` biopharming '' ) in safflower . This technique is anticipated to reduce production costs . Several analogs of human insulin are available . These insulin analogs are closely related to the human insulin structure , and were developed for specific aspects of glycemic control in terms of fast action ( prandial insulins ) and long action ( basal insulins ) . The first biosynthetic insulin analog was developed for clinical use at mealtime ( prandial insulin ) , Humalog ( insulin lispro ) , it is more rapidly absorbed after subcutaneous injection than regular insulin , with an effect 15 minutes after injection . Other rapid - acting analogues are NovoRapid and Apidra , with similar profiles . All are rapidly absorbed due to amino acid sequences that will reduce formation of dimers and hexamers ( monomeric insulins are more rapidly absorbed ) . Fast acting insulins do not require the injection - to - meal interval previously recommended for human insulin and animal insulins . The other type is long acting insulin ; the first of these was Lantus ( insulin glargine ) . These have a steady effect for an extended period from 18 to 24 hours . Likewise , another protracted insulin analogue ( Levemir ) is based on a fatty acid acylation approach . A myristic acid molecule is attached to this analogue , which associates the insulin molecule to the abundant serum albumin , which in turn extends the effect and reduces the risk of hypoglycemia . Both protracted analogues need to be taken only once daily , and are used for type 1 diabetics as the basal insulin . A combination of a rapid acting and a protracted insulin is also available , making it more likely for patients to achieve an insulin profile that mimics that of the body _́ s own insulin release . Insulin is usually taken as subcutaneous injections by single - use syringes with needles , via an insulin pump , or by repeated - use insulin pens with disposable needles . Inhaled insulin is also available in the U.S. market now . Synthetic insulin can trigger adverse effects , so some people with diabetes rely on animal - source insulin . Unlike many medicines , insulin currently can not be taken orally because , like nearly all other proteins introduced into the gastrointestinal tract , it is reduced to fragments , whereupon all activity is lost . There has been some research into ways to protect insulin from the digestive tract , so that it can be administered orally or sublingually . History of Study ( edit ) Discovery ( edit ) In 1869 , while studying the structure of the pancreas under a microscope , Paul Langerhans , a medical student in Berlin , identified some previously unnoticed tissue clumps scattered throughout the bulk of the pancreas . The function of the `` little heaps of cells '' , later known as the islets of Langerhans , initially remained unknown , but Edouard Laguesse later suggested they might produce secretions that play a regulatory role in digestion . Paul Langerhans ' son , Archibald , also helped to understand this regulatory role . The term `` insulin '' originates from insula , the Latin word for islet / island . In 1889 , the physician Oskar Minkowski , in collaboration with Joseph von Mering , removed the pancreas from a healthy dog to test its assumed role in digestion . On testing the urine , they found sugar , establishing for the first time a relationship between the pancreas and diabetes . In 1901 , another major step was taken by the American physician and scientist Eugene Lindsay Opie , when he isolated the role of the pancreas to the islets of Langerhans : `` Diabetes mellitus when the result of a lesion of the pancreas is caused by destruction of the islands of Langerhans and occurs only when these bodies are in part or wholly destroyed '' . The structure of insulin . The left side is a space - filling model of the insulin monomer , believed to be biologically active . Carbon is green , hydrogen white , oxygen red , and nitrogen blue . On the right side is a ribbon diagram of the insulin hexamer , believed to be the stored form . A monomer unit is highlighted with the A chain in blue and the B chain in cyan . Yellow denotes disulfide bonds , and magenta spheres are zinc ions . Over the next two decades researchers made several attempts to isolate the islets ' secretions . In 1906 George Ludwig Zuelzer achieved partial success in treating dogs with pancreatic extract , but he was unable to continue his work . Between 1911 and 1912 , E.L. Scott at the University of Chicago tried aqueous pancreatic extracts and noted `` a slight diminution of glycosuria '' , but was unable to convince his director of his work 's value ; it was shut down . Israel Kleiner demonstrated similar effects at Rockefeller University in 1915 , but World War I interrupted his work and he did not return to it . In 1916 , Nicolae Paulescu developed an aqueous pancreatic extract which , when injected into a diabetic dog , had a normalizing effect on blood - sugar levels . He had to interrupt his experiments because of World War I , and in 1921 he wrote four papers about his work carried out in Bucharest and his tests on a diabetic dog . Later that year , he published `` Research on the Role of the Pancreas in Food Assimilation '' . Extraction and purification ( edit ) In October 1920 , Canadian Frederick Banting concluded that the digestive secretions that Minkowski had originally studied were breaking down the islet secretion , thereby making it impossible to extract successfully . A surgeon by training , Banting knew certain arteries could be tied off that would lead most of the pancreas to atrophy , while leaving the islets of Langerhans intact . He reasoned that a relatively pure extract could be made from the islets once most of the rest of the pancreas was gone . He jotted a note to himself : `` Ligate pancreatic ducts of the dog . Keep dogs alive till acini degenerate leaving islets . Try to isolate internal secretion of these and relieve glycosuria . '' In the spring of 1921 , Banting traveled to Toronto to explain his idea to J.J.R. Macleod , Professor of Physiology at the University of Toronto . Macleod was initially skeptical , since Banting had no background in research and was not familiar with the latest literature , but he agreed to provide lab space for Banting to test out his ideas . Macleod also arranged for two undergraduates to be Banting 's lab assistants that summer , but Banting required only one lab assistant . Charles Best and Clark Noble flipped a coin ; Best won the coin toss and took the first shift . This proved unfortunate for Noble , as Banting keep Best for the entire summer and eventually shared half his Nobel Prize money and credit for the discovery with Best . On 30 July 1921 , Banting and Best successfully isolated an extract ( `` isleton '' ) from the islets of a duct - tied dog and injected it into a diabetic dog , finding that the extract reduced its blood sugar by 40 % in 1 hour . Banting and Best presented their results to Macleod on his return to Toronto in the fall of 1921 , but Macleod pointed out flaws with the experimental design , and suggested the experiments be repeated with more dogs and better equipment . He moved Banting and Best into a better laboratory and began paying Banting a salary from his research grants . Several weeks later , the second round of experiments was also a success , and Macleod helped publish their results privately in Toronto that November . Bottlenecked by the time - consuming task of duct - tying dogs and waiting several weeks to extract insulin , Banting hit upon the idea of extracting insulin from the fetal calf pancreas , which had not yet developed digestive glands . By December , they had also succeeded in extracting insulin from the adult cow pancreas . Macleod discontinued all other research in his laboratory to concentrate on the purification of insulin . He invited biochemist James Collip to help with this task , and the team felt ready for a clinical test within a month . On January 11 , 1922 , Leonard Thompson , a 14 - year - old diabetic who lay dying at the Toronto General Hospital , was given the first injection of insulin . However , the extract was so impure that Thompson suffered a severe allergic reaction , and further injections were canceled . Over the next 12 days , Collip worked day and night to improve the ox - pancreas extract . A second dose was injected on January 23 , completely eliminating the glycosuria that was typical of diabetes without causing any obvious side - effects . The first American patient was Elizabeth Hughes , the daughter of U.S. Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes . The first patient treated in the U.S. was future woodcut artist James D. Havens ; Dr. John Ralston Williams imported insulin from Toronto to Rochester , New York , to treat Havens . Banting and Best never worked well with Collip , regarding him as something of an interloper , and Collip left the project soon after . Over the spring of 1922 , Best managed to improve his techniques to the point where large quantities of insulin could be extracted on demand , but the preparation remained impure . The drug firm Eli Lilly and Company had offered assistance not long after the first publications in 1921 , and they took Lilly up on the offer in April . In November , Lilly 's head chemist , George B. Walden discovered isoelectric precipitation and was able to produce large quantities of highly refined insulin . Shortly thereafter , insulin was offered for sale to the general public . Synthesis ( edit ) Purified animal - sourced insulin was initially the only type of insulin available to diabetics . The amino acid structure of insulin was characterized in the early 1950s by Frederick Sanger , and the first synthetic insulin was produced simultaneously in the labs of Panayotis Katsoyannis at the University of Pittsburgh and Helmut Zahn at RWTH Aachen University in the early 1960s . Synthetic crystalline bovine insulin was achieved by Chinese researchers in 1965 . The first genetically engineered , synthetic `` human '' insulin was produced using E. coli in 1978 by Arthur Riggs and Keiichi Itakura at the Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope in collaboration with Herbert Boyer at Genentech . Genentech , founded by Swanson , Boyer and Eli Lilly and Company , went on in 1982 to sell the first commercially available biosynthetic human insulin under the brand name Humulin . The vast majority of insulin currently used worldwide is now biosynthetic recombinant `` human '' insulin or its analogues . Recombinant insulin is produced either in yeast ( usually Saccharomyces cerevisiae ) or E. coli . In yeast , insulin may be engineered as a single - chain protein with a KexII endoprotease ( a yeast homolog of PCI / PCII ) site that separates the insulin A chain from a c - terminally truncated insulin B chain . A chemically synthesized c - terminal tail is then grafted onto insulin by reverse proteolysis using the inexpensive protease trypsin ; typically the lysine on the c - terminal tail is protected with a chemical protecting group to prevent proteolysis . The ease of modular synthesis and the relative safety of modifications in that region accounts for common insulin analogs with c - terminal modifications ( e.g. lispro , aspart , glulisine ) . The Genentech synthesis and completely chemical synthesis such as that by Bruce Merrifield are not preferred because the efficiency of recombining the two insulin chains is low , primarily due to competition with the precipitation of insulin B chain . Nobel Prizes ( edit ) Frederick Banting joined by Charles Best in office , 1924 The Nobel Prize committee in 1923 credited the practical extraction of insulin to a team at the University of Toronto and awarded the Nobel Prize to two men : Frederick Banting and J.J.R. Macleod . They were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1923 for the discovery of insulin . Banting , insulted that Best was not mentioned , shared his prize with him , and Macleod immediately shared his with James Collip . The patent for insulin was sold to the University of Toronto for one half - dollar . Two other Nobel Prizes have been awarded for work on insulin . British molecular biologist Frederick Sanger determined the primary structure of insulin in 1955 , making it the first protein to be sequenced . Sanger was awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work . Rosalyn Sussman Yalow received the 1977 Nobel Prize in Medicine for the development of the radioimmunoassay for insulin . Several Nobel Prizes also have an indirect connection with insulin . George Minot , co-recipient of the 1934 Nobel Prize for the development of the first effective treatment for pernicious anemia , had diabetes mellitus . Dr. William Castle observed that the 1921 discovery of insulin , arriving in time to keep Minot alive , was therefore also responsible for the discovery of a cure for pernicious anemia . Dorothy Hodgkin was awarded a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 for the development of crystallography . In 1969 , after decades of work , Hopkins determined the spatial conformation of insulin , the so - called tertiary structure , by means of X-ray diffraction studies . Controversy ( edit ) Nicolae Paulescu The work published by Banting , Best , Collip and Macleod represented the preparation of purified insulin extract suitable for use on human patients . Although Paulescu discovered the principles of the treatment , his saline extract could not be used on humans ; he was not mentioned in the 1923 Nobel Prize . Professor Ian Murray was particularly active in working to correct `` the historical wrong '' against Nicolae Paulescu . Murray was a professor of physiology at the Anderson College of Medicine in Glasgow , Scotland , the head of the department of Metabolic Diseases at a leading Glasgow hospital , vice-president of the British Association of Diabetes , and a founding member of the International Diabetes Federation . Murray wrote : Insufficient recognition has been given to Paulescu , the distinguished Romanian scientist , who at the time when the Toronto team were commencing their research had already succeeded in extracting the antidiabetic hormone of the pancreas and proving its efficacy in reducing the hyperglycaemia in diabetic dogs . In a private communication , Professor Arne Tiselius , former head of the Nobel Institute , expressed his personal opinion that Paulescu was equally worthy of the award in 1923 . See also ( edit ) Insulin analog Anatomy and physiolology Pancreas Islets of Langerhans Endocrinology Leptin Forms of diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus Diabetes mellitus type 1 Diabetes mellitus type 2 Treatment Diabetic coma Insulin therapy Intensive insulinotherapy Insulin pump Conventional insulinotherapy Other medical / diagnostic uses Insulin tolerance test Triple bolus test Insulin Signal Transduction pathway Insulin signal transduction pathway and regulation of blood glucose Other uses Cone Snail venom References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : GRCh38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSG00000254647 - Ensembl , May 2017 ^ Jump up to : GRCm38 : Ensembl release 89 : ENSMUSG00000000215 - Ensembl , May 2017 Jump up ^ `` Human PubMed Reference : '' . Jump up ^ `` Mouse PubMed Reference : '' . ^ Jump up to : Voet D , Voet JG ( 2011 ) . Biochemistry ( 4th ed . ) . New York : Wiley . ^ Jump up to : Stryer L ( 1995 ) . Biochemistry ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Company . pp. 773 -- 74 . 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Jump up ^ Insulin analog Jump up ^ http://www.iddt.org/diabetic-commonsense/the-great-debate-natural-animal-or-artificial-human-insulin Jump up ^ Wong CY , Martinez J , Dass CR ( 2016 ) . `` Oral delivery of insulin for treatment of diabetes : status quo , challenges and opportunities '' . The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology . 68 ( 9 ) : 1093 -- 108 . doi : 10.1111 / jphp. 12607 . PMID 27364922 . Jump up ^ Shah RB , Patel M , Maahs DM , Shah VN ( 2016 ) . `` Insulin delivery methods : Past , present and future '' . International Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation . 6 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 9 . doi : 10.4103 / 2230 - 973X. 176456 . PMC 4787057 . PMID 27014614 . Jump up ^ Opie EL ( 1901 ) . `` Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Hyaline Degeneration of the islands of Langerhans of the Pancreas '' . Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital . 12 ( 125 ) : 263 -- 64 . 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Elizabeth Hughes was a cheerful , pretty little girl , five feet tall , with straight brown hair and a consuming interest in birds . On Dr. Allen 's diet her weight fell to 65 pounds , then 52 pounds , and then , after an episode of diarrhea that almost killed her in the spring of 1922 , 45 pounds . By then she had survived three years , far longer than expected . And then her mother heard the news : Insulin had finally been isolated in Canada . Jump up ^ Marcotte B ( November 22 , 2010 ) . `` Rochester 's John Williams a man of scientific talents '' . Democrat and Chronicle . Rochester , New York . Gannett Company . pp. 1B , 4B . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2010 . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stretton AO ( October 2002 ) . `` The first sequence . Fred Sanger and insulin '' . Genetics . 162 ( 2 ) : 527 -- 32 . PMC 1462286 . PMID 12399368 . Jump up ^ Costin GE ( January 2004 ) . `` What is the advantage of having melanin in parts of the central nervous system ( e.g. substantia nigra ) ? '' . IUBMB Life . Time Inc. 56 ( 1 ) : 47 -- 49 . doi : 10.1080 / 15216540310001659029 . PMID 14992380 . Jump up ^ Wollmer A , Dieken ML , Federwisch M , De Meyts P ( 2002 ) . Insulin & related proteins structure to function and pharmacology . Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0655 - 1 . Jump up ^ 邹承鲁 ( Chenglu Zou ) ( 2015 ) . `` 对人工合成结晶牛胰岛素的回忆 ( Memory on the research of synthesizing bovine insulin ) '' . 生命科学 ( Chinese Bulletin of Life Science ) ( in Simplified Chinese ) . 27 ( 6 ) : 777 -- 779 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ Kjeldsen T ( September 2000 ) . `` Yeast secretory expression of insulin precursors '' . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology . 54 ( 3 ) : 277 -- 86 . doi : 10.1007 / s002530000402 . PMID 11030562 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923 '' . The Nobel Foundation . Jump up ^ Castle WB ( 1962 ) . `` The Gordon Wilson Lecture . A Century of Curiosity About Pernicious Anemia '' . Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association . 73 : 54 -- 80 . PMC 2249021 . PMID 21408623 . Jump up ^ Banting FG , Best CH , Collip JB , Campbell WR , Fletcher AA ( March 1922 ) . `` Pancreatic Extracts in the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus '' . Canadian Medical Association Journal . 12 ( 3 ) : 141 -- 46 . PMC 1524425 . PMID 20314060 . Jump up ^ Drury MI ( July 1972 ) . `` The golden jubile of insulin '' . Journal of the Irish Medical Association . 65 ( 14 ) : 355 -- 63 . PMID 4560502 . Jump up ^ Murray I ( April 1971 ) . `` Paulesco and the isolation of insulin '' . Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences . 26 ( 2 ) : 150 -- 57 . doi : 10.1093 / jhmas / XXVI. 2.150 . PMID 4930788 . Further reading ( edit ) Laws GM , Reaven A ( 1999 ) . Insulin resistance : the metabolic syndrome X . Totowa , NJ : Humana Press . doi : 10.1226 / 0896035883 . ISBN 0 - 89603 - 588 - 3 . Leahy JL , Cefalu WT ( 2002 - 03 - 22 ) . Insulin Therapy ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Marcel Dekker . ISBN 0 - 8247 - 0711 - 7 . Kumar S , O'Rahilly S ( 2005 - 01 - 14 ) . Insulin Resistance : Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease . Chichester , England : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 470 - 85008 - 6 . Ehrlich A , Schroeder CL ( 2000 - 06 - 16 ) . Medical Terminology for Health Professions ( 4th ed . ) . Thomson Delmar Learning . ISBN 0 - 7668 - 1297 - 9 . Draznin B , LeRoith D ( September 1994 ) . Molecular Biology of Diabetes : Autoimmunity and Genetics ; Insulin Synthesis and Secretion . Totowa , New Jersey : Humana Press . doi : 10.1226 / 0896032868 . ISBN 0 - 89603 - 286 - 8 . Famous Canadian Physicians : Sir Frederick Banting at Library and Archives Canada McKeage K , Goa KL ( 2001 ) . `` Insulin glargine : a review of its therapeutic use as a long - acting agent for the management of type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus '' . Drugs . 61 ( 11 ) : 1599 -- 624 . doi : 10.2165 / 00003495 - 200161110 - 00007 . PMID 11577797 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Insulin . Insulin : entry from protein databank The History of Insulin CBC Digital Archives -- Banting , Best , Macleod , Collip : Chasing a Cure for Diabetes Discovery and Early Development of Insulin , 1920 -- 1925 Secretion of Insulin and Glucagon Insulin signaling pathway Animations of insulin 's action in the body at AboutKidsHealth.ca Types of Insulin for Diabetes Treatment at ApolloSugar.com PDB gallery 1ai0 : R6 HUMAN INSULIN HEXAMER ( NON-SYMMETRIC ) , NMR , 10 STRUCTURES 1aiy : R6 HUMAN INSULIN HEXAMER ( SYMMETRIC ) , NMR , 10 STRUCTURES 1aph : CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN CUBIC INSULIN CRYSTALS IN THE PH RANGE 7 - 11 1b17 : PH AFFECTS GLU B13 SWITCHING AND SULFATE BINDING IN CUBIC INSULIN CRYSTALS ( PH 5.00 COORDINATES ) 1b18 : PH AFFECTS GLU B13 SWITCHING AND SULFATE BINDING IN CUBIC INSULIN CRYSTALS ( PH 5.53 COORDINATES ) 1b19 : PH AFFECTS GLU B13 SWITCHING AND SULFATE BINDING IN CUBIC INSULIN CRYSTALS ( PH 5.80 COORDINATES ) 1b2a : PH AFFECTS GLU B13 SWITCHING AND SULFATE BINDING IN CUBIC INSULIN CRYSTALS ( PH 6.00 COORDINATES ) 1b2b : PH AFFECTS GLU B13 SWITCHING AND SULFATE BINDING IN CUBIC INSULIN CRYSTALS ( PH 6.16 COORDINATES ) 1b2c : PH AFFECTS GLU B13 SWITCHING AND SULFATE BINDING IN CUBIC INSULIN CRYSTALS ( PH 6.26 COORDINATES ) 1b2d : PH AFFECTS GLU B13 SWITCHING AND SULFATE BINDING IN CUBIC INSULIN CRYSTALS ( PH 6.35 COORDINATES ) 1b2e : PH AFFECTS GLU B13 SWITCHING AND SULFATE BINDING IN CUBIC INSULIN CRYSTALS ( PH 6.50 COORDINATES ) 1b2f : PH AFFECTS GLU B13 SWITCHING AND SULFATE BINDING IN CUBIC INSULIN CRYSTALS ( PH 6.98 COORDINATES ) 1b2g : PH AFFECTS GLU B13 SWITCHING AND SULFATE BINDING IN CUBIC INSULIN CRYSTALS ( PH 9.00 COORDINATES ) 1b9e : HUMAN INSULIN MUTANT SERB9GLU 1ben : INSULIN COMPLEXED WITH 4 - HYDROXYBENZAMIDE 1bph : CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN CUBIC INSULIN CRYSTALS IN THE PH RANGE 7 - 11 1cph : CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN CUBIC INSULIN CRYSTALS IN THE PH RANGE 7 - 11 1dph : CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN CUBIC INSULIN CRYSTALS IN THE PH RANGE 7 - 11 1ev3 : Structure of the rhombohedral form of the M - cresol / insulin R6 hexamer 1ev6 : Structure of the monoclinic form of the M - cresol / insulin R6 hexamer 1evr : The structure of the resorcinol / insulin R6 hexamer 1fu2 : FIRST PROTEIN STRUCTURE DETERMINED FROM X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION DATA 1fub : FIRST PROTEIN STRUCTURE DETERMINED FROM X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION DATA 1g7a : 1.2 A structure of T3R3 human insulin at 100 K 1g7b : 1.3 A STRUCTURE OF T3R3 HUMAN INSULIN AT 100 K 1guj : INSULIN AT PH 2 : STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONDITIONS PROMOTING INSULIN FIBRE FORMATION . 1hiq : PARADOXICAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN A MUTANT HUMAN INSULIN ASSOCIATED WITH DIABETES MELLITUS 1hit : RECEPTOR BINDING REDEFINED BY A STRUCTURAL SWITCH IN A MUTANT HUMAN INSULIN 1hls : NMR STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN INSULIN - HIS ( B16 ) 1htv : CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF DESTRIPEPTIDE ( B28 - B30 ) INSULIN 1iza : ROLE OF B13 GLU IN INSULIN ASSEMBLY : THE HEXAMER STRUCTURE OF RECOMBINANT MUTANT ( B13 GLU - > GLN ) INSULIN 1izb : ROLE OF B13 GLU IN INSULIN ASSEMBLY : THE HEXAMER STRUCTURE OF RECOMBINANT MUTANT ( B13 GLU - > GLN ) INSULIN 1j73 : Crystal structure of an unstable insulin analog with native activity . 1jca : Non-standard Design of Unstable Insulin Analogues with Enhanced Activity 1jco : Solution structure of the monomeric ( Thr ( B27 ) - > Pro , Pro ( B28 ) - > Thr ) insulin mutant ( PT insulin ) 1lph : LYS ( B28 ) PRO ( B29 ) - HUMAN INSULIN 1m5a : Crystal Structure of 2 - Co ( 2 + ) - Insulin at 1.2 A Resolution 1mhi : THREE - DIMENSIONAL SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF AN INSULIN DIMER . A STUDY OF THE B9 ( ASP ) MUTANT OF HUMAN INSULIN USING NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE DISTANCE GEOMETRY AND RESTRAINED MOLECULAR DYNAMICS 1mhj : SOLUTION STRUCTURE OF THE SUPERACTIVE MONOMERIC DES - ( PHE ( B25 ) ) HUMAN INSULIN MUTANT . ELUCIDATION OF THE STRUCTURAL BASIS FOR THE MONOMERIZATION OF THE DES - ( PHE ( B25 ) ) INSULIN AND THE DIMERIZATION OF NATIVE INSULIN 1mpj : X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON HEXAMERIC INSULINS IN THE PRESENCE OF HELIX - STABILIZING AGENTS , THIOCYANATE , METHYLPARABEN AND PHENOL 1mso : T6 Human Insulin at 1.0 A Resolution 1os3 : Dehydrated T6 human insulin at 100 K 1os4 : Dehydrated T6 human insulin at 295 K 1q4v : CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF ALLO - ILEA2 - INSULIN , AN INACTIVE CHIRAL ANALOGUE : IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MECHANISM OF RECEPTOR 1qiy : HUMAN INSULIN HEXAMERS WITH CHAIN B HIS MUTATED TO TYR COMPLEXED WITH PHENOL 1qiz : HUMAN INSULIN HEXAMERS WITH CHAIN B HIS MUTATED TO TYR COMPLEXED WITH RESORCINOL 1qj0 : HUMAN INSULIN HEXAMERS WITH CHAIN B HIS MUTATED TO TYR 1rwe : Enhancing the activity of insulin at receptor edge : crystal structure and photo - cross-linking of A8 analogues 1sf1 : NMR STRUCTURE OF HUMAN INSULIN under Amyloidogenic Condition , 15 STRUCTURES 1t0c : Solution Structure of Human Proinsulin C - Peptide 1trz : CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE FOR DUAL COORDINATION AROUND ZINC IN THE T3R3 HUMAN INSULIN HEXAMER 1tyl : THE STRUCTURE OF A COMPLEX OF HEXAMERIC INSULIN AND 4 ' - HYDROXYACETANILIDE 1tym : THE STRUCTURE OF A COMPLEX OF HEXAMERIC INSULIN AND 4 ' - HYDROXYACETANILIDE 1uz9 : CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC AND SOLUTION STUDIES OF N - LITHOCHOLYL INSULIN : A NEW GENERATION OF PROLONGED - ACTING INSULINS . 1w8p : STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES OF THE B25TYR - NME - B26PHE INSULIN MUTANT . 1wav : CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF FORM B MONOCLINIC CRYSTAL OF INSULIN 1xda : STRUCTURE OF INSULIN 1xgl : HUMAN INSULIN DISULFIDE ISOMER , NMR , 10 STRUCTURES 1xw7 : Diabetes - Associated Mutations in Human Insulin : Crystal Structure and Photo - Cross-Linking Studies of A-Chain Variant Insulin Wakayama 1zeg : STRUCTURE OF B28 ASP INSULIN IN COMPLEX WITH PHENOL 1zeh : STRUCTURE OF INSULIN 1zni : INSULIN 1znj : INSULIN , MONOCLINIC CRYSTAL FORM 2a3g : The structure of T6 bovine insulin 2aiy : R6 HUMAN INSULIN HEXAMER ( SYMMETRIC ) , NMR , 20 STRUCTURES 2bn1 : INSULIN AFTER A HIGH DOSE X-RAY BURN 2bn3 : INSULIN BEFORE A HIGH DOSE X-RAY BURN 2c8q : INSULINE ( 1SEC ) AND UV LASER EXCITED FLUORESCENCE 2c8r : INSULINE ( 60SEC ) AND UV LASER EXCITED FLUORESCENCE 2g4m : Insulin collected at 2.0 A wavelength 2g54 : Crystal structure of Zn - bound human insulin - degrading enzyme in complex with insulin B chain 2g56 : crystal structure of human insulin - degrading enzyme in complex with insulin B chain 2hiu : NMR STRUCTURE OF HUMAN INSULIN IN 20 % ACETIC ACID , ZINC - FREE , 10 STRUCTURES 2ins : THE STRUCTURE OF DES - PHE B1 BOVINE INSULIN 2omg : Structure of human insulin cocrystallized with protamine and urea 2omh : Structure of human insulin cocrystallized with ARG - 12 peptide in presence of urea 2omi : Structure of human insulin cocrystallized with protamine 2tci : X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON HEXAMERIC INSULINS IN THE PRESENCE OF HELIX - STABILIZING AGENTS , THIOCYANATE , METHYLPARABEN AND PHENOL 3aiy : R6 HUMAN INSULIN HEXAMER ( SYMMETRIC ) , NMR , REFINED AVERAGE STRUCTURE 3ins : STRUCTURE OF INSULIN . RESULTS OF JOINT NEUTRON AND X-RAY REFINEMENT 3mth : X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON HEXAMERIC INSULINS IN THE PRESENCE OF HELIX - STABILIZING AGENTS , THIOCYANATE , METHYLPARABEN AND PHENOL 4aiy : R6 HUMAN INSULIN HEXAMER ( SYMMETRIC ) , NMR , ' GREEN ' SUBSTATE , AVERAGE STRUCTURE 4ins : THE STRUCTURE OF 2ZN PIG INSULIN CRYSTALS AT 1.5 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION 5aiy : R6 HUMAN INSULIN HEXAMER ( SYMMETRIC ) , NMR , ' RED ' SUBSTATE , AVERAGE STRUCTURE 6ins : X-RAY ANALYSIS OF THE SINGLE CHAIN / B29 - A1 $ PEPTIDE - LINKED INSULIN MOLECULE . A COMPLETELY INACTIVE ANALOGUE 7ins : STRUCTURE OF PORCINE INSULIN COCRYSTALLIZED WITH CLUPEINE Z 9ins : MONOVALENT CATION BINDING IN CUBIC INSULIN CRYSTALS Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Cortisone DHEA DHEA - S Androstenedione Adrenal medulla Epinephrine Norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormones Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis Testosterone AMH Inhibin Ovary Estradiol Progesterone Activin Inhibin Relaxin GnSAF Placenta hCG HPL Estrogen Progesterone Pancreas Glucagon Insulin Amylin Somatostatin Pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland Melatonin N , N - Dimethyltryptamine 5 - Methoxy - N , N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach Gastrin Ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 Secretin Motilin VIP Ileum Enteroglucagon Peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue Leptin Adiponectin Resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney Renin EPO Calcitriol Prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Signaling peptide / protein receptor modulators Adiponectin AdipoR Agonists : Peptide : Adiponectin ADP - 355 ADP - 399 ; Non-peptide : AdipoRon ( -- ) - Arctigenin Arctiin Gramine Matairesinol Antagonists : Peptide : ADP - 400 AdipoR Agonists : Peptide : Adiponectin ADP - 355 ADP - 399 ; Non-peptide : AdipoRon Deoxyschizandrin Parthenolide Syringing Taxifoliol Antagonists : Peptide : ADP - 400 Angiotensin See here instead . Bradykinin Agonists : Bradykinin Kallidin Antagonists : FR - 173657 Icatibant LF22 - 0542 CGRP Agonists : Amylin CGRP Pramlintide Antagonists : Atogepant BI 44370 TA CGRP ( 8 - 37 ) MK - 3207 Olcegepant Rimegepant SB - 268262 Telcagepant Ubrogepant Antibodies : Eptinezumab Erenumab Fremanezumab Galcanezumab Cholecystokinin CCK Agonists : Cholecystokinin Antagonists : Amiglumide Asperlicin Devazepide Dexloxiglumide Lintitript Lorglumide Loxiglumide Pranazepide Proglumide Tarazepide Tomoglumide CCK Agonists : Cholecystokinin CCK - 4 Gastrin Pentagastrin ( CCK - 5 ) Antagonists : Ceclazepide CI - 988 ( PD - 134308 ) Itriglumide L - 365,360 Netazepide Proglumide Spiroglumide Unsorted Antagonists : Nastorazepide CRH CRF Agonists : Cortagine Corticorelin Corticotropin releasing hormone Sauvagine Stressin I Urocortin Antagonists : Antalarmin Astressin - B CP - 154,526 Emicerfont Hypericin LWH - 234 NBI - 27914 Pexacerfont R - 121919 TS - 041 Verucerfont CRF Agonists : Corticorelin Corticotropin releasing hormone Sauvagine Urocortin Antagonists : Astressin - B Cytokine See here instead . Endothelin Agonists : Endothelin 1 Endothelin 2 Endothelin 3 IRL - 1620 Antagonists : A-192621 ACT - 132577 Ambrisentan Aprocitentan Atrasentan Avosentan Bosentan BQ - 123 BQ - 788 Clazosentan Darusentan Edonentan Enrasentan Fandosentan Feloprentan Macitentan Nebentan Sitaxentan Sparsentan Tezosentan Zibotentan Galanin GAL Agonists : Galanin Galanin ( 1 - 15 ) Galanin - like peptide Galmic Galnon NAX 810 - 2 Antagonists : C7 Dithiepine - 1 , 1 , 4 , 4 - tetroxide Galantide ( M15 ) M32 M35 M40 SCH - 202596 GAL Agonists : Galanin Galanin ( 1 - 15 ) Galanin ( 2 - 11 ) Galanin - like peptide Galmic Galnon J18 NAX 810 - 2 Antagonists : C7 Galantide ( M15 ) M32 M35 M40 M871 GAL Agonists : Galanin Galanin ( 1 - 15 ) Galmic Galnon Antagonists : C7 Galantide ( M15 ) GalR3ant HT - 2157 M32 M35 M40 SNAP - 37889 SNAP - 398299 Ghrelin / GHS See here instead . GH See here instead . GHRH See here instead . GLP GLP - 1 Agonists : Albiglutide Beinaglutide Dulaglutide Efpeglenatide Exenatide GLP - 1 Langlenatide Liraglutide Lixisenatide Oxyntomodulin Pegapamodutide Semaglutide Taspoglutide GLP - 2 Agonists : Apraglutide Elsiglutide Glepaglutide GLP - 2 Teduglutide Others Propeptides : Preproglucagon Proglucagon Glucagon Agonists : Dasiglucagon Glucagon Oxyntomodulin Antagonists : Adomeglivant L - 168,049 LGD - 6972 Propeptides : Preproglucagon Proglucagon GnRH See here instead . Gonadotropin See here instead . Growth factor See here instead . Insulin Agonists : Chaetochromin ( 4548 - G05 ) Insulin - like growth factor 1 Insulin - like growth factor 2 Insulin Insulin aspart Insulin degludec Insulin detemir Insulin glargine Insulin glulisine Insulin lispro Mecasermin Mecasermin rinfabate Antagonists : BMS - 754807 S661 S961 Kinase inhibitors : Linsitinib Antibodies : Xentuzumab ( against IGF - 1 and IGF - 2 ) Kisspeptin Agonists : Kisspeptin Kisspeptin - 10 Antagonists : Kisspeptin - 234 Leptin Agonists : Leptin Metreleptin MCH MCH Agonists : Melanin concentrating hormone Antagonists : ATC - 0065 ATC - 0175 GW - 803430 NGD - 4715 SNAP - 7941 SNAP - 94847 MCH Agonists : Melanin concentrating hormone Melanocortin See here instead . Neuropeptide FF Agonists : Neuropeptide AF Neuropeptide FF Neuropeptide SF ( RFRP - 1 ) Neuropeptide VF ( RFRP - 3 ) Antagonists : BIBP - 3226 RF9 Neuropeptide S Agonists : Neuropeptide S Antagonists : ML - 154 SHA - 68 Neuropeptide Y Y Agonists : Neuropeptide Y Peptide YY Antagonists : BIBO - 3304 BIBP - 3226 BVD - 10 GR - 231118 PD - 160170 Y Agonists : 2 - Thiouridine 5 ' - triphosphate Neuropeptide Y Neuropeptide Y ( 13 - 36 ) Peptide YY Peptide YY ( 3 - 36 ) Antagonists : BIIE - 0246 JNJ - 5207787 SF - 11 Y Agonists : GR - 231118 Neuropeptide Y Pancreatic polypeptide Peptide YY Antagonists : UR - AK49 Y Agonists : BWX - 46 Neuropeptide Y Peptide YY Antagonists : CGP - 71683 FMS - 586 L - 152,804 Lu AA - 33810 MK - 0557 NTNCB Velneperit ( S - 2367 ) Neurotensin NTS Agonists : Neurotensin Neuromedin N Antagonists : Meclinertant SR - 142948 NTS Agonists : Neurotensin Antagonists : Levocabastine SR - 142948 Opioid See here instead . Orexin OX Agonists : Orexin ( A , B) Antagonists : ACT - 335827 ACT - 462206 Almorexant Filorexant Lemborexant Nemorexant RTIOX - 276 SB - 334867 SB - 408124 SB - 649868 Suvorexant TCS - 1102 OX Agonists : Orexin ( A , B) SB - 668875 Antagonists : ACT - 335827 ACT - 462206 Almorexant EMPA Filorexant JNJ - 10397049 Lemborexant MK - 1064 SB - 649868 Seltorexant Suvorexant TCS - 1102 TCS - OX2 - 29 Oxytocin See here instead . Prolactin Agonists : Growth hormone Human placental lactogen Placental growth hormone ( growth hormone variant ) Prolactin S179D - hPRL Somatotropin Antagonists : Δ1 -- 9 - G129R - hPRL Δ1 -- 14 - G129R - hPRL G120K - hGH G129R - hPRL Prolactin modulators : Prolactin inhibitors : D receptor agonists ( e.g. , bromocriptine , cabergoline ) ; Prolactin releasers : D receptor antagonists ( e.g. , domperidone , metoclopramide , risperidone ) Estrogens ( e.g. , estradiol ) Progestogens ( e.g. , progesterone ) PTH Agonists : Abaloparatide Parathyroid hormone Parathyroid hormone - related protein ( PTHrP ) Semparatide Teriparatide Relaxin Agonists : Insulin - like factor 3 Relaxin ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) Serelaxin Somatostatin See here instead . Tachykinin See here instead . TRH Agonists : Azetirelin Fertirelin Montirelin Orotirelin Posatirelin Protirelin Rovatirelin Taltirelin TRH ( TRF ) TSH Agonists : Thyrotropin alfa TSH ( thyrotropin ) Vasopressin See here instead . VIP / PACAP VIPR Agonists : Peptide : Bay 55 - 9837 LBT - 3393 PACAP VIP VIPR Agonists : Peptide : LBT - 3627 PACAP VIP PAC Agonists : PACAP PACAP ( 1 - 27 ) PACAP ( 1 - 38 ) Antagonists : PACAP ( 6 - 38 ) Unsorted PHI PHM PHV Others Endogenous : Adrenomedullin Apelin Asprosin Bombesin Calcitonin Carnosine CART CLIP DSIP Enteroglucagon Formyl peptide GALP GIP GRP Integrin ligands ( collagens , fibrinogen , fibronectin , laminins , ICAM - 1 , ICAM - 2 , osteopontin , VCAM - 1 , vitronectin ) Kininogens Motilin Natriuretic peptides ( ANP , BNP , CNP , urodilatin ) Nesfatin - 1 Neuromedin B Neuromedin N Neuromedin S Neuromedin U Obestatin Osteocalcin Resistin Secretin Thymopoietin Thymosins Thymulin Urotensin - II VGF Exogenous : Lifitegrast ( LFA - 1 antagonist ) See also Receptor / signaling modulators Growth factor receptor modulators Angiopoietin Agonists : Angiopoietin 1 Angiopoietin 4 Antagonists : Angiopoietin 2 Angiopoietin 3 Kinase inhibitors : Altiratinib CE - 245677 Rebastinib Antibodies : Evinacumab ( against angiopoietin 3 ) Nesvacumab ( against angiopoietin 2 ) CNTF Agonists : Axokine CNTF Dapiclermin EGF ( ErbB ) EGF ( ErbB1 / HER1 ) Agonists : Amphiregulin Betacellulin EGF ( urogastrone ) Epigen Epiregulin Heparin - binding EGF - like growth factor ( HB - EGF ) Murodermin Nepidermin Transforming growth factor alpha ( TGFα ) Kinase inhibitors : Afatinib AG - 490 Agerafenib Brigatinib Canertinib Dacomitinib Erlotinib Gefitinib Grandinin Icotinib Lapatinib Neratinib Osimertinib Vandetanib WHI - P 154 Antibodies : Cetuximab Depatuxizumab Depatuxizumab mafodotin Futuximab Imgatuzumab Matuzumab Necitumumab Nimotuzumab Panitumumab Zalutumumab ErbB2 / HER2 Agonists : Unknown / none Antibodies : Ertumaxomab Pertuzumab Trastuzumab Trastuzumab duocarmazine Trastuzumab emtansine Kinase inhibitors : Afatinib AG - 490 Lapatinib Mubritinib Neratinib ErbB3 / HER3 Agonists : Neuregulins ( heregulins ) ( 1 , 2 , 6 ( neuroglycan C ) ) Antibodies : Duligotumab Patritumab Seribantumab ErbB4 / HER4 Agonists : Betacellulin Epigen Heparin - binding EGF - like growth factor ( HB - EGF ) Neuregulins ( heregulins ) ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ( tomoregulin , TMEFF ) ) FGF FGFR1 Agonists : Ersofermin FGF ( 1 , 2 ( bFGF ) , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 10 ( KGF2 ) , 20 ) Repifermin Trafermin Velafermin FGFR2 Agonists : Ersofermin FGF ( 1 , 2 ( bFGF ) , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ( KGF ) , 8 , 9 , 10 ( KGF2 ) , 17 , 18 , 22 ) Palifermin Repifermin Sprifermin Trafermin Antibodies : Aprutumab Aprutumab ixadotin FGFR3 Agonists : Ersofermin FGF ( 1 , 2 ( bFGF ) , 4 , 8 , 9 , 18 , 23 ) Sprifermin Trafermin Antibodies : Burosumab ( against FGF23 ) FGFR4 Agonists : Ersofermin FGF ( 1 , 2 ( bFGF ) , 4 , 6 , 8 , 9 , 19 ) Trafermin Unsorted Agonists : FGF15 / 19 HGF ( c - Met ) Agonists : Hepatocyte growth factor Potentiators : Dihexa ( PNB - 0408 ) Kinase inhibitors : Altiratinib AM7 AMG - 458 Amuvatinib BMS - 777607 Cabozantinib Crizotinib Foretinib Golvatinib INCB28060 JNJ - 38877605 K252a MK - 2461 PF - 04217903 PF - 2341066 PHA - 665752 SU - 11274 Tivantinib Volitinib Antibodies : Emibetuzumab Ficlatuzumab Flanvotumab Onartuzumab Rilotumumab Telisotuzumab Telisotuzumab vedotin IGF IGF - 1 Agonists : des ( 1 - 3 ) IGF - 1 Insulin - like growth factor - 1 ( somatomedin C ) IGF - 1 LR3 Insulin - like growth factor - 2 ( somatomedin A ) Insulin Mecasermin Mecasermin rinfabate Kinase inhibitors : BMS - 754807 Linsitinib NVP - ADW742 NVP - AEW541 OSl - 906 Antibodies : AVE - 1642 Cixutumumab Dalotuzumab Figitumumab Ganitumab Robatumumab R1507 Teprotumumab Xentuzumab ( against IGF - 1 and IGF - 2 ) IGF - 2 Agonists : Insulin - like growth factor - 2 ( somatomedin A ) Antibodies : Dusigitumab Xentuzumab ( against IGF - 1 and IGF - 2 ) Others Binding proteins : IGFBP ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ) Cleavage products / derivatives with unknown target : Glypromate ( GPE , ( 1 - 3 ) IGF - 1 ) Trofinetide LNGF ( p75 ) Agonists : BDNF BNN - 20 BNN - 27 Cenegermin DHEA DHEA - S NGF NT - 3 NT - 4 Antagonists : ALE - 0540 Dexamethasone EVT - 901 ( SAR - 127963 ) Testosterone Antibodies : Against NGF : ABT - 110 ( PG110 ) ASP - 6294 Fasinumab Frunevetmab Fulranumab MEDI - 578 Ranevetmab Tanezumab Aptamers : Against NGF : RBM - 004 Decoy receptors : LEVI - 04 ( p75 - Fc ) PDGF Agonists : Becaplermin Platelet - derived growth factor ( A , B , C , D ) Kinase inhibitors : Agerafenib Axitinib Crenolanib Imatinib Lenvatinib Masitinib Motesanib Nintedanib Pazopanib Radotinib Quizartinib Sunitinib Sorafenib Toceranib Antibodies : Olaratumab Ramucirumab Tovetumab RET ( GFL ) GFRα1 Agonists : Glial cell line - derived neurotrophic factor ( GDNF ) Liatermin Kinase inhibitors : Vandetanib GFRα2 Agonists : Neurturin ( NRTN ) Kinase inhibitors : Vandetanib GFRα3 Agonists : Artemin ( ARTN ) Kinase inhibitors : Vandetanib GFRα4 Agonists : Persephin ( PSPN ) Kinase inhibitors : Vandetanib Unsorted Kinase inhibitors : Agerafenib SCF ( c - Kit ) Agonists : Ancestim Stem cell factor Kinase inhibitors : Agerafenib Axitinib Dasatinib Imatinib Masitinib Nilotinib Pazopanib Quizartinib Sorafenib Sunitinib Toceranib TGFβ See here instead . Trk TrkA Agonists : Amitriptyline BNN - 20 BNN - 27 Cenegermin DHEA DHEA - S Gambogic amide NGF Tavilermide Antagonists : ALE - 0540 Dexamethasone FX007 Testosterone Negative allosteric modulators : VM - 902A Kinase inhibitors : Altiratinib AZD - 6918 CE - 245677 CH - 7057288 DS - 6051 Entrectinib GZ - 389988 K252a Larotrectinib Lestaurtinib Milciclib ONO - 4474 ONO - 5390556 PLX - 7486 Rebastinib SNA - 120 ( pegylated K252a ) ) Antibodies : Against TrkA : GBR - 900 ; Against NGF : ABT - 110 ( PG110 ) ASP - 6294 Fasinumab Frunevetmab Fulranumab MEDI - 578 Ranevetmab Tanezumab Aptamers : Against NGF : RBM - 004 Decoy receptors : ReN - 1820 ( TrkAd5 ) TrkB Agonists : 3 , 7 - DHF 3 , 7 , 8 , 2 ' - THF 4 ' - DMA - 7 , 8 - DHF 7 , 3 ' - DHF 7 , 8 - DHF 7 , 8 , 2 ' - THF 7 , 8 , 3 ' - THF Amitriptyline BDNF BNN - 20 Deoxygedunin Deprenyl Diosmetin DMAQ - B1 HIOC LM22A - 4 N - Acetylserotonin NT - 3 NT - 4 Norwogonin ( 5 , 7 , 8 - THF ) R7 R13 TDP6 Antagonists : ANA - 12 Cyclotraxin B Gossypetin ( 3 , 5 , 7 , 8 , 3 ' , 4 ' - HHF ) Ligands : DHEA Kinase inhibitors : Altiratinib AZD - 6918 CE - 245677 CH - 7057288 DS - 6051 Entrectinib GZ - 389988 K252a Larotrectinib Lestaurtinib ONO - 4474 ONO - 5390556 PLX - 7486 TrkC Agonists : BNN - 20 DHEA NT - 3 Kinase inhibitors : Altiratinib AZD - 6918 CE - 245677 CH - 7057288 DS - 6051 Entrectinib GZ - 389988 K252a Larotrectinib Lestaurtinib ONO - 4474 ONO - 5390556 PLX - 7486 VEGF Agonists : Placental growth factor ( PGF ) Telbermin VEGF ( A , B , C , D ( FIGF ) ) Allosteric modulators : Cyclotraxin B Kinase inhibitors : Agerafenib Altiratinib Axitinib Cabozantinib Cediranib Lapatinib Lenvatinib Motesanib Nintedanib Pazopanib Pegaptanib Rebastinib Regorafenib Semaxanib Sorafenib Sunitinib Toceranib Tivozanib Vandetanib WHI - P 154 Antibodies : Alacizumab pegol Bevacizumab Icrucumab Ramucirumab Ranibizumab Decoy receptors : Aflibercept Others Additional growth factors : Adrenomedullin Colony - stimulating factors ( see here instead ) Connective tissue growth factor ( CTGF ) Ephrins ( A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 , A5 , B1 , B2 , B3 ) Erythropoietin ( see here instead ) Glucose - 6 - phosphate isomerase ( GPI ; PGI , PHI , AMF ) Glia maturation factor ( GMF ) Hepatoma - derived growth factor ( HDGF ) Interleukins / T - cell growth factors ( see here instead ) Leukemia inhibitory factor ( LIF ) Macrophage - stimulating protein ( MSP ; HLP , HGFLP ) Midkine ( NEGF2 ) Migration - stimulating factor ( MSF ; PRG4 ) Oncomodulin Pituitary adenylate cyclase - activating peptide ( PACAP ) Pleiotrophin Renalase Thrombopoietin ( see here instead ) Wnt signaling proteins Additional growth factor receptor modulators : Cerebrolysin ( neurotrophin mixture ) See also Receptor / signaling modulators Signaling peptide / protein receptor modulators Cytokine receptor modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insulin&oldid=848656972 '' Categories : Genes on human chromosome 11 Animal products Eli Lilly and Company Hormones of glucose metabolism Human hormones Insulin receptor agonists Insulin therapies Insulin - like growth factor receptor agonists Pancreatic hormones Peptide hormones Recombinant proteins Tumor markers World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances Hidden categories : CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty CS1 maint : Unrecognized language All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語中文 75 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 July 2018 , at 11 : 50 ( UTC ) . 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2108695236624605483	Gunsmoke	Gunsmoke - wikipedia Gunsmoke This article is about the radio and television series . For other uses , see Gun Smoke . Gunsmoke is an American radio and television Western drama series created by director Norman Macdonnell and writer John Meston . The stories take place in and around Dodge City , Kansas , during the settlement of the American West . The central character is lawman Marshal Matt Dillon , played by William Conrad on radio and James Arness on television . When aired in the UK , the television series was initially titled Gun Law , later reverting to Gunsmoke . The radio series ran from 1952 to 1961 . John Dunning wrote that among radio drama enthusiasts , `` Gunsmoke is routinely placed among the best shows of any kind and any time . '' The television series ran for 20 seasons from 1955 to 1975 , and lasted for 635 episodes . At the end of its run in 1975 , Los Angeles Times columnist Cecil Smith wrote : `` Gunsmoke was the dramatization of the American epic legend of the west . Our own Iliad and Odyssey , created from standard elements of the dime novel and the pulp Western as romanticized by ( Ned ) Buntline , ( Bret ) Harte , and ( Mark ) Twain . It was ever the stuff of legend . '' Contents 1 Radio series ( 1952 -- 1961 ) 1.1 Radio cast and character biographies 1.1. 1 Matt Dillon 1.1. 2 Chester 1.1. 3 Doc Adams 1.1. 4 Miss Kitty 1.2 Distinction from other radio westerns 1.3 Talk of adapting Gunsmoke to television 2 Television series ( 1955 -- 1975 ) 2.1 Longevity records 2.2 Character longevity 2.3 Transition to TV from radio 2.4 Additional casting 2.5 Character back stories 2.6 Radio and TV character differences 2.7 Format 2.8 Popularity 2.9 TV movies 2.10 Episodes 2.11 Primetime Emmy Award wins and nominations 2.11. 1 1955 ( presented March 17 , 1956 ) 2.11. 2 1956 ( presented March 16 , 1957 ) 2.11. 3 1957 ( presented April 15 , 1958 ) 2.11. 4 1958 ( presented May 6 , 1959 ) 2.11. 5 1965 -- 1966 ( presented May 22 , 1966 ) 2.11. 6 1967 -- 1968 ( presented May 19 , 1968 ) 2.11. 7 1969 -- 1970 ( presented by June 7 , 1970 ) 2.12 Syndication 2.13 Home media 2.14 Regular cast ; major characters 2.15 Cast 3 Awards 4 Miscellaneous 5 Notable guest stars 6 Spin - off 7 Notable directors 8 Music 9 Products 9.1 Comics 9.2 Books 10 Episodes 11 Reruns and syndication 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links Radio series ( 1952 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) Gunsmoke Publicity photo from Gunsmoke 's radio version ( photo from 1954 ) Genre Western Running time 30 minutes Country of origin United States Language ( s ) English TV adaptations Gunsmoke Starring William Conrad Parley Baer Howard McNear Georgia Ellis Created by Norman Macdonnell John Meston Produced by Norman Macdonnell Original release April 26 , 1952 -- June 18 , 1961 No. of series 9 No. of episodes 432 Audio format Monaural In the late 1940s , CBS chairman William S. Paley , a fan of the Philip Marlowe radio serial , asked his programming chief , Hubell Robinson , to develop a hardboiled Western series , a show about a `` Philip Marlowe of the Old West '' . Robinson instructed his West Coast CBS Vice President , Harry Ackerman , who had developed the Philip Marlowe series , to take on the task . Ackerman and his scriptwriters , Mort Fine and David Friedkin , created an audition script called `` Mark Dillon Goes to Gouge Eye '' based on one of their Michael Shayne radio scripts , `` The Crooked Wheel '' . Two auditions were created in 1949 . The first was very much like a hardboiled detective series and starred Michael Rye ( credited as Rye Billsbury ) as Dillon ; the second starred Straight Arrow actor Howard Culver in a more Western , lighter version of the same script . CBS liked the Culver version better , and Ackerman was told to proceed . A complication arose , though ; Culver 's contract as the star of Straight Arrow would not allow him to do another Western series . The project was shelved for three years , when producer Norman Macdonnell and writer John Meston discovered it while creating an adult Western series of their own . Macdonnell and Meston wanted to create a radio Western for adults , in contrast to the prevailing juvenile fare such as The Lone Ranger and The Cisco Kid . Gunsmoke was set in Dodge City , Kansas , during the thriving cattle days of the 1870s . Dunning notes , `` The show drew critical acclaim for unprecedented realism . '' Radio cast and character biographies ( edit ) The radio series first aired on CBS on April 26 , 1952 with the episode `` Billy the Kid '' , written by Walter Newman , and ended on June 18 , 1961 . The show stars William Conrad as Marshal Matt Dillon , Howard McNear as Doc Charles Adams , Georgia Ellis as Kitty Russell , and Parley Baer as Dillon 's assistant , Chester Wesley Proudfoot . Matt Dillon ( edit ) William Conrad in 1952 , when Matt Dillon was created on radio Matt Dillon was played on radio by William Conrad and on TV by James Arness . Two versions of the same pilot episode titled `` Mark Dillon Goes to Gouge Eye '' are in the archives with two different actors , Rye Billsbury and Howard Culver , playing Marshal `` Mark '' Dillon as the lead , not yet played by Conrad . Conrad was one of the last actors to audition for the role of Marshal Dillon . With a resonantly powerful and distinctive voice , Conrad was already one of radio 's busiest actors . Though Meston championed him , Macdonnell thought Conrad might be overexposed . During his audition , however , Conrad won over Macdonnell after reading only a few lines . Dillon as portrayed by Conrad was a lonely , isolated man , toughened by a hard life . Macdonnell later claimed , `` Much of Matt Dillon 's character grew out of Bill Conrad . '' Meston relished the upending of cherished Western fiction clichés and felt that few Westerns gave any inkling of how brutal the Old West was in reality . Many episodes were based on man 's cruelty to man and woman , inasmuch as the prairie woman 's life and the painful treatment of women as chattels were touched on well ahead of their time in most media . As originally pitched to CBS executives , this was to be an adult Western , not a grown - up Hopalong Cassidy . Dunning writes that Meston was especially disgusted by the archetypal Western hero and set out `` to destroy ( that type of ) character he loathed '' . In Meston 's view , `` Dillon was almost as scarred as the homicidal psychopaths who drifted into Dodge from all directions . '' Chester ( edit ) Chester was played by Parley Baer on radio , and by Dennis Weaver on television . Chester 's character had no surname until Baer ad libbed `` Proudfoot '' during an early rehearsal . Initial Gunsmoke scripts gave him no name at all ; his lines were simply slugged to be spoken by `` Townsman '' . Again , Conrad 's sense of what the program would be supervened , and Chester was born . Chester 's middle initial was given as `` W '' in the June 15 , 1958 episode `` Old Flame '' , and a few episodes later , on the July 7 , 1958 episode `` Marshal Proudfoot '' , it is revealed that his middle name , as are his 10 siblings , is Wesley . The amiable Waco expatriate was usually described as Dillon 's `` assistant '' , but in the December 13 , 1952 , episode `` Post Martin '' , Dillon described Chester as Dillon 's deputy . Contradicting this description , in the July 5 , 1954 , episode `` Hank Prine '' ( episode 116 , minute 3 : 02 ) Dillon corrects a prisoner who describes Chester as his `` deputy '' stating `` Chester is not my deputy '' , though they both agree Chester acts like he is . Whatever his title , Chester was Dillon 's foil , friend , partner , and in an episode in which Chester nearly dies ( `` Never Pester Chester '' ) , Dillon allows that Chester was the only person he could trust . The TV series changed the newly limping Chester 's last name from Proudfoot to Goode . Chester was played by Dennis Weaver who went on to star in the NBC Mystery Movie rotating TV series entry of a police drama with a comedic touch -- McCloud in the early 1970s . Weaver , himself an impressive 6'2 `` , often looked small alongside Arness ' height at 6'7 '' , this could be partly due to the character Chester having a limp . Season 2 , episode 25 tells us that Chester was in the army . He would not have had the limp then , so probably got injured in the Civil War . Not long ago but long enough that he would have learned to live with the limp and virtually forget it . Doc Adams ( edit ) Howard McNear starred as Dr. Charles Adams in the radio series , with Milburn Stone portraying Dr. Galen Adams in the television version . In the radio series , `` Doc '' Adams was initially a self - interested and somewhat dark character with a predilection for constantly attempting to increase his revenue through the procurement of autopsy fees . However , McNear 's performances steadily became more warm - hearted and sympathetic . Most notably , this transformation began during ( and progressed steadily following ) the July 1952 episode `` Never Pester Chester , '' in which a physician with a more compassionate and devoted temperament is essential to the plotline when Chester is near - fatally injured by two trouble - making Texas drovers . Doc Adams ' backstory evokes a varied and experienced life : In some episodes , he had educational ties to Philadelphia ; in others , he spent time as ship 's doctor aboard the gambling boats that plied the Mississippi River , which provided a background for his knowledge of New Orleans ( and acquaintance with Mark Twain ) . In the January 31 , 1953 , episode `` Cavalcade '' , a fuller history is offered , though subsequent programs kept close listeners ' heads spinning . In `` Cavalcade '' , his real name is Calvin Moore , educated in Boston , and he practiced as a doctor for a year in Richmond , Virginia , where he fell in love with a beautiful young woman who was also being courted by a wealthy young man named Roger Beauregard . Beauregard forced Doc into fighting a duel with him , resulting in Beauregard 's being shot and killed . Though it was a fair duel , because Doc was a Yankee and an outsider , he was forced to flee . The young woman fled after him and they were married in St. Louis , but two months later , she died of typhus . Doc wandered throughout the territories until he settled in Dodge City 17 years later under the name of `` Charles Adams '' . The Adams moniker was another Conrad invention , borrowing the surname from cartoonist Charles Addams as a testament to Doc 's initially ghoulish comportment . Miss Kitty ( edit ) Kitty was played by Georgia Ellis on radio , and by Amanda Blake on TV . Georgia Ellis first appeared in the radio episode `` Billy the Kid '' ( April 26 , 1952 ) as `` Francie Richards '' , a former girlfriend of Matt Dillon and the widow of a criminal . `` Miss Kitty '' did not appear until the May 10 , 1952 , episode `` Jaliscoe '' . Kitty 's profession was hinted at , but never explicit ; in a 1953 interview with Time , Macdonnell declared , `` Kitty is just someone Matt has to visit every once in a while . '' An out - take from the program makes this hilariously obvious . The television show first portrayed Kitty as a saloon employee ( dance - hall girl / prostitute ) then from season 3 as half owner of the Long Branch Saloon . Sometime in 1959 , Ellis was billed as Georgia Hawkins instead of Georgia Ellis . Distinction from other radio Westerns ( edit ) Photograph of the actual interior of the real - life Long Branch Saloon in Dodge City , Kansas , taken between 1870 and 1885 Gunsmoke was often a somber program , particularly in its early years . Dunning writes that Dillon `` played his hand and often lost . He arrived too late to prevent a lynching . He amputated a dying man 's leg and lost the patient anyway . He saved a girl from brutal rapists then found himself unable to offer her what she needed to stop her from moving into ... life as a prostitute . '' Some listeners , such as Dunning , argue the radio version was more realistic . Episodes were aimed at adults and featured some of the most explicit content of their time , including violent crimes , scalpings , massacres , and opium addicts . Many episodes ended on a somber note , and villains often got away with their crimes . Nonetheless , due to the subtle scripts and outstanding ensemble cast , over the years , the program evolved into a warm , often humorous celebration of human nature . Despite Gunsmoke 's realism in some areas , the show took liberties with accuracy in others . The program was set after the arrival of the railroad in Dodge City ( 1872 ) and Kansas had been a state since 1861 . A U.S. Marshal ( actually a deputy marshal , only the senior officer in the district holds the title `` marshal '' ) would not be based in Dodge City and would not be involved in local law enforcement . And any peace officer , then and now , would not approach an armed individual with his side - arm holstered and give the suspect a chance to draw . Apart from the doleful tone , Gunsmoke was distinct from other radio Westerns , as the dialogue was often slow and halting , and due to the outstanding sound effects , listeners had a nearly palpable sense of the prairie where the show was set . The effects were subtle but multilayered , giving the show a spacious feel . John Dunning wrote , `` The listener heard extraneous dialogue in the background , just above the muted shouts of kids playing in an alley . He heard noises from the next block , too , where the inevitable dog was barking . '' Gunsmoke was also unique from other Westerns in that it was unsponsored for the first few years of production . The program got its support from CBS for the first two years . Series producers felt that if the show were sponsored , they would have to `` clean the show up '' . The producers wanted to find a sponsor that would allow them to keep the show the way it was . Talk of adapting Gunsmoke to television ( edit ) Not long after the radio show began , talk began of adapting it to television . Privately , Macdonnell had a guarded interest in taking the show to television , but publicly , he declared , `` our show is perfect for radio , '' and he feared , as Dunning writes , `` Gunsmoke confined by a picture could not possibly be as authentic or attentive to detail . '' `` In the end '' , wrote Dunning , `` CBS simply took it away from Macdonnell and began preparing for the television version . '' Conrad and the others were given auditions , but they were little more than token efforts -- especially in Conrad 's case , due to his obesity . However , Meston was kept as the main writer . In the early years , a majority of the TV episodes were adapted from the radio scripts , often using identical scenes and dialogue . Dunning wrote , `` That radio fans considered the TV show a sham and its players impostors should surprise no one . That the TV show was not a sham is due in no small part to the continued strength of Meston 's scripts . '' Macdonnell and Meston continued the radio version of Gunsmoke until 1961 , making it one of the most enduring vintage radio dramas . Conrad directed two television episodes , in 1963 and 1971 , while McNear appeared on six , playing characters other than Doc , including three times as storekeeper Howard Rudd . Television series ( 1955 -- 1975 ) ( edit ) Gunsmoke Based on Gunsmoke created by John Meston Norman Macdonnell Developed by Charles Marquis Warren Starring James Arness Milburn Stone Amanda Blake Dennis Weaver Burt Reynolds Ken Curtis Roger Ewing Buck Taylor Theme music composer Rex Koury Glenn Spencer Country of origin United States No. of seasons 6 ( Marshal Dillon , syndication retitling of half - hour episodes ) 14 ( Gunsmoke ) , 20 ( total seasons ) No. of episodes 233 ( Marshal Dillon , syndication retitling of half - hour episodes ) , 402 ( Gunsmoke ) 635 ( total episodes ) ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 26 minutes ( 1955 -- 1961 ) , 50 minutes ( 1961 -- 1975 ) Production company ( s ) CBS Productions Filmaster Productions Arness and Company ( 1959 -- 1961 ) The Arness Production Company ( 1961 -- 1964 ) Distributor CBS Films ( 1964 - 1966 ) Viacom Enterprises ( 1975 -- 1976 ) CBS Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format Black and white ( 1955 -- 1966 ) Color ( 1966 -- 1975 ) Original release September 10 , 1955 ( 1955 - 09 - 10 ) -- March 31 , 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 31 ) The TV series ran from September 10 , 1955 , to March 31 , 1975 , on CBS , with 635 total episodes . It was the second Western television series written for adults , premiering on September 10 , 1955 , four days after The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp . The first 12 seasons aired Saturdays at 10 pm , seasons 13 through 16 aired Mondays at 7 : 30 pm , and the last four seasons aired Mondays at 8 pm . During its second season in 1956 , the program joined the list of the top ten television programs broadcast in the United States . It quickly moved to number one and stayed there until 1961 . It remained among the top 20 programs until 1964 . Longevity records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The television series remains the longest - running , primetime live - action series of the 20th century . As of 2017 , it has the highest number of scripted episodes for any U.S. primetime , commercial , live - action television series . On April 29 , 2018 , The Simpsons surpassed Gunsmoke for the most scripted episodes . Some TV fans question its position as having the longest run . Some foreign - made programs , i.e. produced outside the U.S. , have been broadcast in the U.S. and contend for the position as the longest - running series . As of 2016 , Gunsmoke is rated fourth globally , after Doctor Who ( 1963 -- 89 , 2005 -- present ) , Taggart ( 1983 -- 2010 ) , and The Bill ( 1984 -- 2010 ) . Character longevity ( edit ) James Arness and Milburn Stone portrayed their Gunsmoke characters for 20 consecutive years , a feat later matched by Kelsey Grammer as the character Frasier Crane , but over two half - hour sitcoms ( Cheers and Frasier ) . George Walsh , the announcer for Gunsmoke , began in 1952 on radio 's Gunsmoke and continued until television 's Gunsmoke was canceled in 1975 . The first seven seasons were jointly sponsored by L&M cigarettes and Remington shaving products . Transition to TV from radio ( edit ) When Gunsmoke was adapted for television in 1955 , in spite of a campaign to persuade the network , the network was not interested in bringing either Conrad or his radio costars to the television medium . Conrad 's weight was rumored to be a deciding factor . Denver Pyle was also considered for the leading role , as was Raymond Burr , who was ultimately also seen as too heavy for the part . Charles Warren , television Gunsmoke 's first director , said `` His voice was fine , but he was too big . When he stood up , his chair stood with him . '' According to Dennis Weaver 's comments on the 50th Anniversary DVD , Disc One , Episode `` Hack Prine '' , John Wayne was never considered for the role ; to have done so would have been preposterous since Wayne was a top movie leading man . The belief that Wayne was asked to star is disputed by Warren . Although he agrees Wayne encouraged Arness to take the role , Warren says , `` I hired Jim Arness on the strength of a picture he 's done for me ... I never thought for a moment of offering it to Wayne . '' According to Thomas `` Duke '' Miller , a TV / movie / celebrity expert , this story was told to him by legendary actor James Stewart : `` Jimmy said he was in the office with Charles Warren when Mr. Wayne came in . Mr. Warren asked Wayne if he knew James Arness , and Mr. Wayne said yes . Mr. Warren told Mr. Wayne about the transition of the show from radio to TV , and Mr. Wayne readily agreed that James Arness would be a terrific choice for the part of Matt Dillon . I have no reason to doubt the story , because Jimmy absolutely knew everybody . '' In the end , the primary roles were all recast , with Arness taking the lead role of Marshal Matt Dillon ( on the recommendation of Wayne , who also introduced the pilot ) ; Dennis Weaver playing Chester Goode ; Milburn Stone being cast as Dr. G. `` Doc '' Adams ( later Galen `` Doc '' Adams ) ; and Amanda Blake taking on the role of Miss Kitty Russell . Macdonnell became the associate producer of the TV show and later the producer . Meston was named head writer . Good evening . My name 's Wayne . Some of you may have seen me before ; I hope so . I 've been kicking around Hollywood a long time . I 've made a lot of pictures out here , all kinds , and some of them have been Westerns . And that 's what I 'm here to tell you about tonight : a Western -- a new television show called Gunsmoke . No , I 'm not in it . I wish I were , though , because I think it 's the best thing of its kind that 's come along , and I hope you 'll agree with me ; it 's honest , it 's adult , it 's realistic . When I first heard about the show Gunsmoke , I knew there was only one man to play in it : James Arness . He 's a young fellow , and maybe new to some of you , but I 've worked with him and I predict he 'll be a big star , so you might as well get used to him , like you 've had to get used to me ! And now I 'm proud to present my friend Jim Arness in Gunsmoke . -- John Wayne , first Gunsmoke TV episode , `` Matt Gets It '' . Additional Casting ( edit ) Ken Curtis as Festus and Arness as Dillon , 1968 Chester and Festus Haggen are perhaps Dillon 's most recognizable sidekicks , though others became acting deputies for 2 ⁄ - to 7 ⁄ - year stints : Quint Asper ( Burt Reynolds ) ( 1962 -- 65 ) , Thad Greenwood ( Roger Ewing ) ( 1966 -- 68 ) , and Newly O'Brien ( Buck Taylor ) ( 1967 -- 75 ) , who served as both back - up deputy and doctor - in - training , having some studies in medicine via his uncle , which then continued under Doc Adams . In 1962 , Burt Reynolds was added to the show 's lineup , as the `` halfbreed '' blacksmith Quint Asper , and performed that role eclipsing the years just before the departure of Chester Goode and just after the appearance of Festus Haggen . Three of the actors , who played Dodge deputies , Ken Curtis , Roger Ewing , and Buck Taylor , had previous guest roles . Curtis , a big band and Western singer ( Tommy Dorsey Orchestra , Shep Fields Band , Sons of the Pioneers ) , had five previous guest roles , including one in 1963 as a shady ladies ' man named Kyle Kelly ( `` Lover Boy , '' season 9 , show two ( episode 307 ) ) . Curtis first appeared in the 1959 episode `` Jayhawkers '' ( season four , episode 21 ( episode 138 ) ) , where he played Phil Jacks , a Texas cowboy , with Jack Elam as his boss during a cattle drive from Texas . The second was another 1959 episode entitled `` Change of Heart '' ( season four , episode 32 ( episode 149 ) ) , where he played Brisco . The third appearance is the 1960 episode `` The Ex-Urbanites '' ( season five , episode 30 ( episode 186 ) ) , where he plays Jesse . He also had a small role as an Indian named Scout in the episode `` Speak Me Fair '' ( season five , episode 34 ( episode 190 ) ) in 1960 . Curtis was reared in Las Animas , Colorado , and for a time was a son - in - law of director John Ford . In 1963 , Weaver left the series to pursue a broader acting career in TV series and films . In 1964 , Curtis was signed as a regular to play the stubbornly illiterate hillbilly Festus Haggen . The character , heretofore a comic feature , came to town in a 1962 episode titled `` Us Haggens , '' to avenge the death of his twin brother Fergus , and decided to stay in Dodge when the deed was done . Initially on the fringes of Dodge society , Festus was slowly phased in as a reliable sidekick / part - time deputy to Matt Dillon when Reynolds left in 1965 . In the episode `` Alias Festus Haggen , '' he is mistaken for a robber and killer whom he has to expose to free himself ( both parts played by Curtis ) . In a comic relief episode ( `` Mad Dog , '' another case of mistaken identity forces Festus to fight three sons of a man killed by his cousin . As a side note , only one episode has all three actors in it playing their respective roles . It is the 1964 episode entitled `` Prairie Wolfer '' ( season 9 , episode 16 ( episode 321 ) ) , with Dennis Weaver as Chester , Burt Reynolds as Quint , and Ken Curtis as Festus . The 1964 episode entitled `` Once a Haggen '' ( season 9 , episode 18 ( episode 323 ) ) is the second of only two occasions in which Chester and Festus appear in the same episode . When Milburn Stone left the series for heart bypass surgery in 1971 , Pat Hingle played his temporary replacement Dr. John Chapman for several episodes . His presence was at first roundly resisted by Festus , a bickersome but close friend of Doc Adams . Character back stories ( edit ) Clockwise from top : Ken Curtis ( Festus ) , James Arness ( Matt ) , Amanda Blake ( Kitty ) , and Milburn Stone ( Doc ) in 1968 The back stories of some of the main characters were largely left to the imagination of the viewer . Matt Dillon spent his early years in foster care , knew the Bible , was a wayward , brawling cowboy , and later mentored by a caring lawman . In a few episodes , he mentioned having spent some time in the army . Kitty Russell , was born in New Orleans and reared by a flashy foster mother ( who once visited Dodge ) , although her father visited Dodge on one occasion and wished to have her return to New Orleans . Barkeep Sam was said to be married , but no sightings of a wife were made ( In the episode `` Tafton , '' he is seen side - by - side with a woman in a church singing ) . Quint Asper 's white father was killed by white scavengers . Thad Greenwood 's father , a storekeeper , was harassed to death by a trio of loathsome ne'er - do - well thieves . Chester Goode was known to be one of many brothers raised by an aunt and uncle , and he mentions his mother on one occasion ; he referred to past service in the cavalry , and years as a cattle driver in Texas . The cause of Chester 's stiff right leg was never given , but it was shown as his own leg and not a prosthesis . No direct reference to his disability was ever made in the script , although some oblique moments painted the free - spirited , comic deputy with a darker tone . Newly O'Brien was named after a physician uncle who had ignited his interest in medicine . While Dillon and Miss Kitty clearly had a close personal relationship , the two never married . In a July 2 , 2002 , Associated Press interview with Bob Thomas , Arness explained , `` If they were man and wife , it would make a lot of difference . The people upstairs decided it was better to leave the show as it was , which I totally agreed with . '' In the episode `` Waste , '' featuring Johnny Whitaker as a boy with a prostitute mother , her madam questions Dillon as to why the law overlooks Miss Kitty 's enterprise . It appears that bordellos could exist `` at the law 's discretion , '' ( meaning the marshal 's ) . As an historical matter , prior to the First World War , few laws criminalized prostitution in the United States . The nearest that Matt and Miss Kitty have a romantic evening together is a when they try to have dinner over the Long Branch Saloon ( `` A Quiet Day In Dodge . '' 1973 ) Unfortunately , Marshal Dillon has been going over 30 hours without sleep , and when Kitty is distracted , Matt falls soundly asleep . Ironically the nearest Miss Kitty gets to being `` married '' is when she has to pretend to be married to Cavalry Sgt . Holly in order to save her from a robber gang ( `` Sergeant Holly , '' 1970 ) . By the time of the `` Gold Train '' episode Kitty remembers when she first met Matt -- 17 years before . Miss Kitty was written out in 1974 . The actress sought more free time and reportedly missed her late co-star , Glenn Strange , who played her Long Branch barkeep , Sam . When Blake decided not to return for the show 's 20th ( and final ) season , the character was said to have returned to New Orleans . She was replaced by the hoarse - voiced , matronly actress Fran Ryan ( known to many as the second Doris Ziffel on CBS 's Green Acres . ) For over a decade on television , a sign hung over Doc 's office that read `` Dr. G. Adams '' . Milburn Stone was given free rein to choose the character 's first name . The actor chose the name of an ancient Greek physician and medical researcher named Galen . He is first referred to in this manner by Theodore Bikel as `` Martin Kellums '' in the season - 10 episode , `` Song for Dying , '' aired February 13 , 1965 . Radio and TV character differences ( edit ) Dennis Weaver and Mariette Hartley , 1962 . Differences were noted between the characters on the radio and TV versions of Gunsmoke . In the radio series , Doc was acerbic , somewhat mercenary , and borderline alcoholic -- at least in the program 's early years . On radio 's Gunsmoke , Doc Adams 's real name was Dr. Calvin Moore . He came west and changed his name to escape a charge of murder . The television Doc , though still crusty , was in many ways softer and warmer . Nothing in the radio series suggested that Chester Proudfoot was disabled ; this merely visual feature was added to the Chester Goode character on television because of actor Dennis Weaver 's athletic build , to emphasize Chester 's role as a follower and not an independent agent . Miss Kitty , who after the radio series ended , was said by some to have engaged in prostitution , began in that role in the television series , working in the Long Branch Saloon . In an earlier 1956 episode ( `` How to Cure a Friend '' Season 2 , # 7 ) , the owner of the Long Branch was named Bill Pence ( a role played by at least three different actors over the years ) . A later episode ( `` Daddy O '' Season 2 , # 36 , filmed in 1956 and aired in 1957 ) begins with Chester pointing out to Matt ( who had been out of town ) a new sign under the Long Branch Saloon sign stating `` Russell & Pence , Proprietors '' . In that same episode , John Dehner portrayed a dubious New Orleans businessman claiming to be Kitty 's father , who tried to talk her into selling her half interest in the Long Branch and returning to New Orleans with him as a partner in his alleged freight business . In another 1956 episode ( involving a new saloon girl named `` Rena Decker '' who causes four deaths by provoking men into fighting over her ) , Miss Kitty identifies herself as half - owner of the Long Branch with Mr. Pence ( played by Judson Pratt ) . Subsequently , Miss Kitty transitioned to sole owner . Although early film episodes showed her descending from her second - floor rooms in the saloon with Matt , or showed her or one of her girls leading a cowboy up to those same rooms , these scenes disappeared later on , and viewers were guided to see Miss Kitty just as a kindhearted businesswoman . Format ( edit ) From 1955 to 1961 , Gunsmoke was a half - hour show ( retitled Marshal Dillon in syndication ) . It then went to an hour - long format . The series was retitled Gun Law in the UK . The Marshal Dillon syndicated rerun lasted from 1961 until 1964 on CBS , originally on Tuesday nights within its time in reruns . Popularity ( edit ) Gunsmoke was TV 's number one - ranked show from 1957 to 1961 before slipping into a decline after expanding to an hour . In 1967 , the show 's 12th season , CBS planned to cancel the series , but widespread viewer reaction ( including a mention in Congress and the behind - the - scenes pressure from the wife of CBS 's longtime president William S. Paley ) prevented its demise . On the Biography Channel 's Behind The Scenes : Gilligan 's Island ( 2002 ) ; Gilligan 's Island producer Sherwood Schwartz states that the wife of CBS 's president pressured her husband not to cancel Gunsmoke in 1967 , so the network cut Gilligan 's Island instead . The show continued in its new time slot at 8 pm on Mondays . This scheduling move led to a spike in ratings that had it once again rally to the top 10 in the Nielsen ratings until the 1973 -- 74 television season . In September 1975 , despite still ranking among the top 30 programs in the ratings , Gunsmoke was canceled after a 20 - year run ; it was replaced by Mary Tyler Moore spin - offs Rhoda and Phyllis ( though Rhoda actually debuted while Gunsmoke was still airing first - run ) . Thirty TV Westerns came and went during its 20 - year tenure , and Gunsmoke was the sole survivor , with Alias Smith and Jones and Bonanza both leaving the airwaves 2 - 1 / 2 years earlier in January 1973 . Arness and Stone remained with the show for its entire run , though Stone missed seven episodes in 1971 , due to illness . The entire cast was stunned by the cancellation , as they were unaware that CBS was considering it . According to Arness , `` We did n't do a final , wrap - up show . We finished the 20th year , we all expected to go on for another season , or two or three . The ( network ) never told anybody they were thinking of canceling . '' The cast and crew read the news in the trade papers . This seemed to have been a habit of CBS . Three other popular shows , Gilligan 's Island , Lost in Space and The Incredible Hulk met the same fate , in the same , abrupt manner . TV movies ( edit ) In 1987 , CBS commissioned a reunion movie entitled Gunsmoke : Return to Dodge . James Arness and Amanda Blake returned in their iconic roles of Matt Dillon and Miss Kitty , with Fran Ryan returning in her role as Kitty 's friend / saloon - owner Hannah and Buck Taylor returning as Newly O'Brian . Doc Adams and Festus Haggen were not featured in the film . Milburn Stone died 7 years earlier in 1980 and the role of Doc was not recast . Ken Curtis , meanwhile , balked at the salary offer he received and said that he should be paid based on Festus ' importance in the character hierarchy . The screenwriters responded to Curtis ' absence by making Newly the new Dodge City marshal . The film , shot in Alberta , featured a now - retired Marshal Dillon being attacked and a vengeful former rival returning to Dodge City to entrap him . In 1990 , the second telefilm , Gunsmoke : The Last Apache , premiered . Since Amanda Blake had died the year before , the writers decided to revisit a 1973 episode for the movie . The episode was based on `` Matt 's Love Story '' , which was noted for the marshal 's first overnight visit to a female 's lodgings . In the episode , Matt loses his memory and his heart , during a brief liaison with `` Mike '' Yardner ( played by Michael Learned ) . In the film , Learned returned and Mike reveals to Marshal Dillon that he is the father of their daughter Beth ( played by Amy Stock - Poynton ) and asks him for help in saving her . Dodge City was never again seen . Other films included Gunsmoke : To the Last Man ( 1992 ) , Gunsmoke IV : The Long Ride ( 1993 ) , and Gunsmoke : One Man 's Justice ( 1994 ) . Arness appeared in all five films . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Gunsmoke television episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Tied with 39 September 10 , 1955 ( 1955 - 09 - 10 ) August 25 , 1956 ( 1956 - 08 - 25 ) N / A N / A N / A 39 September 8 , 1956 ( 1956 - 09 - 08 ) June 29 , 1957 ( 1957 - 06 - 29 ) 7 32.7 I 've Got a Secret 39 September 14 , 1957 ( 1957 - 09 - 14 ) June 7 , 1958 ( 1958 - 06 - 07 ) 43.1 N / A 39 September 13 , 1958 ( 1958 - 09 - 13 ) June 13 , 1959 ( 1959 - 06 - 13 ) 39.6 N / A 5 39 September 5 , 1959 ( 1959 - 09 - 05 ) June 11 , 1960 ( 1960 - 06 - 11 ) 40.3 N / A 6 38 September 3 , 1960 ( 1960 - 09 - 03 ) June 17 , 1961 ( 1961 - 06 - 17 ) 37.3 N / A 7 34 September 30 , 1961 ( 1961 - 09 - 30 ) May 26 , 1962 ( 1962 - 05 - 26 ) 28.3 N / A 8 38 September 15 , 1962 ( 1962 - 09 - 15 ) June 1 , 1963 ( 1963 - 06 - 01 ) 10 27.0 N / A 9 36 September 28 , 1963 ( 1963 - 09 - 28 ) June 6 , 1964 ( 1964 - 06 - 06 ) 20 23.5 N / A 10 36 September 26 , 1964 ( 1964 - 09 - 26 ) May 29 , 1965 ( 1965 - 05 - 29 ) 27 22.6 N / A 11 32 September 18 , 1965 ( 1965 - 09 - 18 ) May 7 , 1966 ( 1966 - 05 - 07 ) 30 21.3 N / A 12 29 September 17 , 1966 ( 1966 - 09 - 17 ) April 15 , 1967 ( 1967 - 04 - 15 ) N / A N / A N / A 13 25 September 11 , 1967 ( 1967 - 09 - 11 ) March 4 , 1968 ( 1968 - 03 - 04 ) 25.5 Family Affair Bonanza 14 26 September 23 , 1968 ( 1968 - 09 - 23 ) March 24 , 1969 ( 1969 - 03 - 24 ) 6 24.9 N / A 15 26 September 22 , 1969 ( 1969 - 09 - 22 ) March 23 , 1970 ( 1970 - 03 - 23 ) 25.9 N / A 16 24 September 14 , 1970 ( 1970 - 09 - 14 ) March 8 , 1971 ( 1971 - 03 - 08 ) 5 25.5 N / A 17 24 September 13 , 1971 ( 1971 - 09 - 13 ) March 13 , 1972 ( 1972 - 03 - 13 ) 26.0 N / A 18 24 September 11 , 1972 ( 1972 - 09 - 11 ) March 5 , 1973 ( 1973 - 03 - 05 ) 7 23.6 The Mary Tyler Moore Show 19 24 September 10 , 1973 ( 1973 - 09 - 10 ) April 1 , 1974 ( 1974 - 04 - 01 ) 15 22.1 N / A 20 24 September 9 , 1974 ( 1974 - 09 - 09 ) March 31 , 1975 ( 1975 - 03 - 31 ) 28 20.5 N / A Primetime Emmy Award wins and nominations ( edit ) 1955 ( presented March 17 , 1956 ) ( edit ) Best Action or Adventure Series -- nominated ( winner : Disneyland ) 1956 ( presented March 16 , 1957 ) ( edit ) Best Continuing Performance by an Actor in a Dramatic Series : James Arness -- nominated ( winner : Robert Young for Father Knows Best ) 1957 ( presented April 15 , 1958 ) ( edit ) Best Continuing Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role in a Dramatic or Comedy Series : James Arness -- nominated ( winner : Robert Young for Father Knows Best ) Best Continuing Supporting Performance by an Actor in a Dramatic or Comedy Series : Dennis Weaver -- nominated ( winner : Carl Reiner for Caesar 's Hour ) Best Dramatic Series with Continuing Characters won Best Editing of a Film for Television : Mike Pozen for `` How to Kill a Woman '' -- won Best Teleplay Writing ( Half - Hour or Less ) : John Meston for `` Born to Hang '' -- nominated ( winner : Paul Monash for Schlitz Playhouse of Stars -- `` The Lonely Wizard '' ) 1958 ( presented May 6 , 1959 ) ( edit ) Best Actor in a Leading Role ( Continuing Character ) in a Dramatic Series : James Arness -- nominated ( winner : Raymond Burr for Perry Mason ) Best Supporting Actor ( Continuing Character ) in a Dramatic Series : Dennis Weaver -- won Best Supporting Actress ( Continuing Character ) in a Dramatic Series : Amanda Blake -- nominated ( winner : Barbara Hale for Perry Mason ) Best Western Series -- nominated ( winner : Maverick ) 1965 -- 1966 ( presented May 22 , 1966 ) ( edit ) Individual Achievements in Music - Composition : Morton Stevens for `` Seven Hours to Dawn '' -- nominated ( winner : Laurence Rosenthal for Michelangelo : The Last Giant ) 1967 -- 1968 ( presented May 19 , 1968 ) ( edit ) Outstanding Achievement in Musical Composition : Morton Stevens for `` Major Glory '' ( winner : Earle Hagen for I Spy -- `` Laya '' ) Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Drama : Milburn Stone -- won 1969 -- 1970 ( presented by June 7 , 1970 ) ( edit ) Outstanding Achievement in Film Sound Editing : Norman Karlin and Richard E. Raderman -- won ( tied with Alex Bamattre , Michael Colgan , Douglas H. Grindstaff , Joe Kavigan , Bill Lee , and Josef E. Von Stroheim for ABC Movie of the Week : The Immortal ) Syndication ( edit ) All 635 episodes of the television series , and almost all 480 episodes of the radio show , still exist . In syndication , the entire 20 - year run of Gunsmoke is separated into three packages by CBS Television Distribution : 1955 -- 61 half - hour episodes : These episodes are sometimes seen in their original format and sometimes in the Marshal Dillon format . When first - run , prime - time episodes of Gunsmoke expanded to an hour in fall 1961 , CBS - TV reran the half - hour episodes as Marshal Dillon on the network on Tuesday nights from 1961 through 1964 . These were later rerun in syndication . General syndication ended in the 1980s , but they do air occasionally on cable TV . Local stations would show the retitled Marshal Dillon version of the series , while the series under the original Gunsmoke title ( with some episodes under the Marshal Dillon retitling ) were seen in the late 1990s on TV Land and later Hallmark Channel . STARZ ! Westerns Channel aired this version under the Marshal Dillon title . RetroPlex also aired two half - hour episodes under the original Gunsmoke title , although the episodes are advertised as Marshal Dillon , on Saturday nights from 8 to 9 pm Eastern time . MeTV announced that it will begin the half - hour black - and - white episodes beginning on January 2 , 2017 . 1961 -- 66 one - hour black - and - white episodes : These episodes have not been widely seen in regular syndication since the 1980s , although selected episodes did air from the mid-1980s through the early 1990s on CBN Cable / The Family Channel , and later on Encore Westerns on a three - year contract that ended around 2006 . As of January 2010 , Encore Westerns was again airing the episodes . In October 2015 , MeTV announced that it would begin airing the one - hour black - and - white episodes on October 26 . 1966 -- 75 one - hour color episodes : The last nine seasons of the Western , the most widely syndicated episodes of the entire series ' run , are still aired on some local stations , as well as nationally on TV Land and MeTV . Home media ( edit ) In 2006 , as part of Gunsmoke 's 50th anniversary on TV , certain selected episodes were released on DVD in three different box sets . Twelve episodes , from 1955 to 1964 , were selected for the Gunsmoke : Volume I box set , and another twelve episodes , from 1964 to 1975 , were selected for the Gunsmoke : Volume II box set . Both sets are also available as a combined single `` Gift Box Set '' . A third unique DVD box set , known as Gunsmoke : The Directors Collection , was also released with 10 selected episodes from certain seasons throughout the series ' 20 - year history . All of these box sets are available on Region 1 DVD from Paramount Home Entertainment and CBS DVD . Additionally , Paramount Home Entertainment and CBS DVD have released the first 13 seasons ( seasons one to six are known as the `` half - hour years '' ) on DVD in Region 1 . All DVDs have been released with English audio and close captionning from season 1 to 5 and starting season 6 English SDH . DVD releases -- Seasons 1 - 13 DVD Name Ep # Release Date The First Season 39 July 17 , 2007 The Second Season , Volume 1 20 January 8 , 2008 The Second Season , Volume 2 19 May 27 , 2008 The Third Season , Volume 1 19 December 9 , 2008 The Third Season , Volume 2 20 May 26 , 2009 The Fourth Season , Volume 1 19 October 5 , 2010 The Fourth Season , Volume 2 20 December 14 , 2010 The Fifth Season , Volume 1 20 October 11 , 2011 The Fifth Season , Volume 2 19 December 13 , 2011 The Sixth Season , Volume 1 19 August 7 , 2012 The Sixth Season , Volume 2 19 October 16 , 2012 The Seventh Season , Volume 1 17 December 11 , 2012 The Seventh Season , Volume 2 17 February 5 , 2013 The Eighth Season , Volume 1 19 May 7 , 2013 The Eighth Season , Volume 2 19 May 7 , 2013 The Ninth Season , Volume 1 18 August 6 , 2013 The Ninth Season , Volume 2 18 August 6 , 2013 The Tenth Season , Volume 1 18 August 12 , 2014 The Tenth Season , Volume 2 18 August 12 , 2014 DVD Name Ep # Release Date The Eleventh Season , Volume 1 16 December 2 , 2014 The Eleventh Season , Volume 2 16 December 2 , 2014 The Twelfth Season , Volume 1 15 September 20 , 2016 The Twelfth Season , Volume 2 14 September 20 , 2016 The Thirteenth Season , Volume 1 15 May 22 , 2018 The Thirteenth Season , Volume 2 10 May 22 , 2018 Regular cast ; major characters ( edit ) U.S. Marshal Matt Dillon ( 1955 -- 75 ) : James Arness Dr. Galen `` Doc '' Adams , M.D. ( 1955 -- 75 ) : Milburn Stone Kathleen `` Kitty '' Russell ( 1955 -- 74 ) : Amanda Blake Chester B. Goode ( 1955 -- 64 ) : Dennis Weaver ; left series to star in unsuccessful series Kentucky Jones Festus Haggen ( 1964 -- 75 ) : Ken Curtis Matt Dillon , 1969 Chester , Doc , and Kitty , 1960 Kitty and Doc , 1958 Miss Kitty Russell , 1966 Chester Goode Festus Haggen and Doc Adams , 1974 Cast ( edit ) 1963 cast with Burt Reynolds Sam Noonan ( bartender ; 1955 -- 59 ) : Bert Rumsey Clem ( bartender ; 1959 -- 61 ) : Clem Fuller Sam Noonan ( bartender ; 1961 -- 73 ) : Glenn Strange Jim Buck ( stage driver ; 1957 - 1962 ) and Floyd ( bartender ; 1974 -- 75 ) : Robert Brubaker Quint Asper ( blacksmith ; 1962 -- 65 ) : Burt Reynolds Deputy Marshal Clayton Thaddeus `` Thad '' Greenwood ( 1965 -- 67 ) : Roger Ewing Newly O'Brian ( gunsmith / Deputy Marshal ; 1967 -- 75 ) : Buck Taylor Wilbur Jonas ( storekeeper , 1955 -- 63 ) : Dabbs Greer Howie Uzzell ( hotel clerk , 1955 -- 75 ) : Howard Culver Moss Grimmick ( stableman ; 1955 -- t63 ) : George Selk Bill Pence ( Long Branch owner / co-owner 1955 ? -- 56 -- ? ) : Judson Pratt Bill Pence , ( 1958 -- 61 ) : Barney Phillips Jim Buck ( stagecoach driver ; 1957 -- 62 ) : Robert Brubaker Louie Pheeters ( town drunk ; 1961 -- 70 ) : James Nusser Ma Smalley ( boardinghouse owner ; 1961 -- 72 ) : Sarah Selby Hank Miller ( stableman ; 1963 -- 75 ) : Hank Patterson Mr. Bodkin ( banker ; 1963 -- 70 ) : Roy Roberts Barney Danches ( telegraph agent ; 1965 -- 74 ) : Charles Seel Roy ( townsperson ; 1965 -- 69 ) : Roy Barcroft Halligan ( rancher ; 1966 -- 75 ) : Charles Wagenheim Mr. Lathrop ( storekeeper ; 1966 -- 75 ) : Woody Chambliss Nathan Burke ( freight agent ; 1966 -- 75 ) : Ted Jordan Percy Crump ( undertaker ; 1966 -- 72 ) : Kelton Garwood ( later credited as Jonathan Harper ) Ed O'Connor ( rancher ; 1968 -- 72 ) : Tom Brown Judge Brooker ( 1970 -- 75 ) : Herb Vigran Dr. John Chapman ( 1971 ) : Pat Hingle Miss Hannah ( saloon owner ; 1974 -- 75 ) : Fran Ryan Awards ( edit ) In TV Guide ′ s April 17 , 1993 , issue celebrating 40 years of television , the all - time - best - TV programs were chosen . `` No contest , this ( Gunsmoke ) was the TV western . '' Entertainment Weekly ( February 19 , 1999 , issue ) ranked the premiere of Gunsmoke as No. 47 in the `` 100 Greatest Moments in Television '' . Entertainment Weekly , in 1998 , ranked Gunsmoke as No. 16 in The 100 Greatest TV Shows of all time . In a 1998 TV Guide poll of 50,000 , Gunsmoke was ranked as CBS 's best western and James Arness was ranked as CBS 's best `` Gunslinger '' . James Arness ( Matt ) , Milburn Stone ( Doc ) , Ken Curtis ( Festus ) , Dennis Weaver ( Chester ) , and Amanda Blake ( Kitty ) are all inductees of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum . In 1997 , the episode `` The Jailer '' was ranked No. 28 on TV Guide 's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time . In 2002 , TV Guide ranked Gunsmoke as No. 40 in the 50 greatest television shows of all time . In 2013 , TV Guide ranked it as # 27 on their list of the 60 Best Series . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Dodge City 's Boot Hill Museum has a tribute to Gunsmoke , including furniture from the 1960s and an old television tuned to the show . Signed photographs from the show 's actors and other memorabilia are on display including a vest worn by Sam the Bartender ( actor Glenn Strange ) and a dress worn by Miss Kitty , ( actress Amanda Blake ) . Despite a rumor to the contrary , Albert Einstein never appeared on Gunsmoke . Albert Einstein died on April 18 , 1955 , 4 1 / 2 months before Gunsmoke aired . The fact checking website Snopes attributes the likely origin of the rumor to Stephen Hawking appearing in an episode of Star Trek : The Next Generation in 1993 . Actor Brent Spiner was quoted at the time as saying it was `` the most notable moment in television history since Albert Einstein guest - starred on Gunsmoke . '' Although Spiner 's remark was a joke , someone wrote to TV Guide in 1994 to ask if Einstein really had appeared on the show . The anime and manga Trigun , a western themed gunslinger tale , directly references the series by naming the planet on which it is set planet Gunsmoke . The graphic novel series HIGH MOON , a werewolf western tale , has numerous references to the series by naming characters -- like Doc McNear -- after Gunsmoke actors . Author David Gallaher often cites Gunsmoke as an influence . German - American political philosopher and Plato scholar Leo Strauss was a fervent fan of Gunsmoke . Strauss `` had one vice , or rather obsession . He would never miss a Saturday night TV program called Gunsmoke , a western about marshall Matt Dillon in Dodge City , Kansas , and his many exploits . Strauss once said that the situation in the Old West was an excellent representation , unintentional or not , of what Hobbes meant by the state of nature . '' The series was filmed at the present site of California Lutheran University ( CLU ) and nearby Wildwood Regional Park in Thousand Oaks , California . Preceding the series by nearly 2 years was a 1953 movie also titled Gunsmoke . It has been confused in the past as the basis for the series but has been proven since to have no connection with the show , or radio series , with the exception that all are westerns . Notable guest stars ( edit ) Main article : List of Gunsmoke cast members ( partial list , alphabetical ) : Amanda Blake and Jack Albertson , 1969 . Guest star Bette Davis , 1966 . Guest stars Anne Helm and John Drew Barrymore , 1964 . Arness as Dillon , 1955 Marshall Kent and Ben Gage in famous Maverick spoof `` Gun - Shy '' ( 1958 ) Willie Aames , Rico Alaniz , Jack Albertson , Mabel Albertson , Claude Akins , Chris Alcaide , John Anderson ( 12 times ) , Richard Anderson , Tige Andrews , R.G. Armstrong , Jean Arthur , John Astin Edward Asner , Val Avery , Lew Ayres , Jim Backus , Trevor Bardette , Patricia Barry , John Drew Barrymore , Richard Basehart , Ed Begley , Ralph Bellamy , James Best , Dan Blocker , Randy Boone , Bruce Boxleitner , Ray Boyle , Lane Bradbury ( 13 times ) , Scott Brady , Eric Braeden , Peter Breck , Beau Bridges , Morgan Brittany , William Boyett , Charles Bronson , James Brown , Joyce Bulifant , Michael Burns , Gary Busey , Sebastian Cabot , Frank Cady , David Canary , Harry Carey , Jr. , David Carradine , John Carradine , Conlan Carter , Jack Cassidy , Mary Castle , Peggie Castle , Lonny Chapman , Andy Clyde , Phyllis Coates , Lee J. Cobb , Michael Cole , Don Collier , Chuck Connors Mike Connors , Tim Considine , Pat Conway , Elisha Cook , Jr. , Ben Cooper , Glenn Corbett , Noreen Corcoran , Alex Cord , Robert L. Crawford , Jr. , Dennis Cross , Brandon Cruz , Robert Culp , Royal Dano ( 13 times ) , Kim Darby , Bette Davis Bette Davis , Jim Davis ( 11 times ) , Richard Deacon , Gloria DeHaven , John Dehner ( 12 times ) , Bruce Dern William Devane , Angie Dickinson , James Doohan , Richard Dreyfuss , Buddy Ebsen , Barbara Eden , Jack Elam , Sam Elliott , Jena Engstrom ( two episodes ) , Gene Evans ( ten episodes ) , Shug Fisher , Paul Fix Jay C. Flippen , Med Flory , Constance Ford , Harrison Ford , Jodie Foster , Ron Foster , Anne Francis , Dean Fredericks , Bert Freed , Victor French Beverly Garland , Leif Garrett , Sean Garrison , Lisa Gerritsen , Melissa Gilbert , Harold Gould , Karen Grassle , Virginia Gregg , James Gregory , Tom Greenway Kevin Hagen , Ron Hagerthy , Alan Hale , Jr. , Lynn Hamilton , Mariette Hartley , Ron Hayes , Anne Helm , Katherine Helmond , Earl Holliman , Ron Howard , Bo Hopkins , Dennis Hopper , Rodolfo Hoyos , Jr. , Marsha Hunt Josephine Hutchinson , Betty Hutton , Steve Ihnat , John Ireland , Richard Jaeckel , Vivi Janiss , Salome Jens , Arch Johnson , Brad Johnson , Ben Johnson , Chubby Johnson I. Stanford Jolley , L.Q. Jones , Robert Karnes , Don Keefer , DeForest Kelley , Jack Kelly , Ricky Kelman , Dan Kemp , Adam Kennedy , Douglas Kennedy , George Kennedy , Richard Kiley , Brett King , Wright King ( eight times ) , Werner Klemperer , Jack Klugman , Robert Knapp ( seven times ) Ted Knight , Diane Ladd , Martin Landau Allan Lane , Louise Latham , Harry Lauter , Anna Lee , June Lockhart , Jack Lord , Keye Luke , Dayton Lummis , Tyler MacDuff , Barton MacLane , George Macready , Rose Marie , Scott Marlowe , Nora Marlowe , Ross Martin Strother Martin , Darren McGavin , Peggy McCay , Howard McNear , Patrick McVey , Tyler McVey , Vera Miles , Denny Scott Miller , John Mitchum , Roger Mobley , Ricardo Montalbán , Erin Moran , Harry Morgan , Read Morgan ( 12 times ) Wayne Morris , Anna Karen Morrow , Richard Mulligan , Diana Muldaur , Burt Mustin , Gene Nelson , Leslie Nielsen , Leonard Nimoy , Jimmy Noel , Jeanette Nolan , Nick Nolte , Carroll O'Connor , Simon Oakland , Warren Oates , Susan Olsen , Cliff Osmond Manuel Padilla , Jr. , Gregg Palmer ( 20 times ) , Michael Parks , John Payne , Brock Peters , William Phipps , John Pickard ( 12 times ) , Slim Pickens , Suzanne Pleshette , Judson Pratt , Andrew Prine , Ainslie Pryor , Denver Pyle ( 14 times ) , Chips Rafferty ( Australian actor ) , Dack Rambo , Gilman Rankin Pernell Roberts , Wayne Rogers , Ruth Roman , Katharine Ross , Kurt Russell , Albert Salmi , John Saxon , Jacqueline Scott ( nine episodes ) , Johnny Seven , Karen Sharpe William Shatner , Dan Sheridan , Tom Simcox , Robert F. Simon , Tom Skerritt , Jeremy Slate , John Smith , Quintin Sondergaard , David Soul , Aaron Spelling , Loretta Swit , Harry Dean Stanton , Frank Sutton , Gloria Talbott , Russ Tamblyn , William Tannen , Vic Tayback Dub Taylor , Robert Totten ( also a director ) , Harry Townes ( seven times ) , Daniel J. Travanti , Forrest Tucker , Lurene Tuttle , Cicely Tyson , Robert Urich , Joan Van Ark , Lee Van Cleef , Warren Vanders ( 12 times ) , Mitch Vogel , Joyce Van Patten , Robert Vaughn , Jan - Michael Vincent , Gary Vinson Jon Voight , Lesley Ann Warren , Ruth Warrick , David Wayne , Adam West , James Westerfield , Jack Weston , Johnny Whitaker , James Whitmore , Robert J. Wilke , Elen Willard , Bill Williams , Chill Wills , Terry Wilson , William Windom , Morgan Woodward ( 19 times ) , Ian Wolfe , Dana Wynter , and Anthony Zerbe . Spin - off ( edit ) Gunsmoke had one spin - off series , Dirty Sally , a semi-comedy starring Jeanette Nolan as an old woman and Dack Rambo as a young gunfighter , leaving Dodge City for California in order to pan for gold . The program lasted thirteen weeks and aired in the first half of 1974 , a year before Gunsmoke ended . Notable directors ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andrew McLaglen Richard Whorf Arnold Laven Arthur Hiller Dennis Weaver Gene Nelson Irving J. Moore John Rich Leo Penn Marc Daniels Mark Rydell Peter Graves Philip Leacock Robert Totten Sam Peckinpah Sobey Martin Tay Garnett Victor French Vincent McEveety William Conrad Gunnar Hellström ( 23 episodes ) Music ( edit ) The Gunsmoke radio theme song and later TV theme was titled `` Old Trails '' , also known as `` Boothill '' . The Gunsmoke theme was composed by Rex Koury . The original radio version was conducted by Koury . The TV version was thought to have been first conducted by CBS west coast music director Lud Gluskin . The lyrics of the theme , never aired on the radio or television show , were recorded and released by Tex Ritter in 1955 . Ritter was backed on that Capitol record by Rex Koury and the radio Gunsmoke orchestra . William Lava composed the original theme music for television , as noted in the program credits . Other notable composers included : Elmer Bernstein Jerry Goldsmith Bernard Herrmann Jerome Moross Franz Waxman Products ( edit ) The Gunsmoke brand was used to endorse numerous products , from cottage cheese to cigarettes . Lowell Toy Manufacturing Corporation ( `` It 's a Lowell Game '' ) issued Gunsmoke as their game No. 822 . Other products include Gunsmoke puzzles , In 1985 , Capcom released a video game for the arcade ( and its corresponding game for the NES in 1988 ) with a Western theme , called Gun. Smoke . Other than the Western theme , the show and game have no relationship whatsoever . Comics ( edit ) Dell Comics published numerous issues of their Four Color comics series on Gunsmoke ( including issues # 679 , 720 , 769 , 797 , 844 and , in 1958 -- 62 , # 6 -- 27 ) . Gold Key Comics continued with issues # 1 -- 6 in 1969 -- 70 . A comic strip version of the series ran in British newspapers for several years under the show 's UK title , Gun Law . Hardcover comic BBC Gunsmoke Annuals were marketed in Great Britain under the authority of the BBC which had broadcasting rights there . Gunsmoke comics in Spanish were published under the title Aventura la ley del revolver ( Gun - Law Adventures ) . Books ( edit ) In 1957 , Ballantine Books published a collection of short stories . Each story is based on a half - hour Gunsmoke episode . Although a photo of James Arness and the CBS TV logo are on the book cover , in at least one story Matt introduces Chester as `` Chester Proudfoot '' , an indication that the stories are actually adapted from radio scripts . Whitman Books published Gunsmoke by Robert Turner in 1958 , and Gunsmoke : `` Showdown on Front Street '' by Paul S. Newman in 1969 ... In 1970 , Popular Library published the following paperback book written by Chris Stratton : Gunsmoke In 1974 , Award Books published the following paperback books written by Jackson Flynn based on the TV series : Gunsmoke # 1 : `` The Renegades '' Gunsmoke # 2 : `` Shootout '' Gunsmoke # 3 : `` Duel at Dodge City '' Gunsmoke # 4 : `` Cheyenne Vengeance '' In 1998 , Boulevard Books published the following paperbacks written by Gary McCarthy based on the TV series : 1 : Gunsmoke 2 : Gunsmoke : `` Dead Man 's Witness '' 3 : Gunsmoke : `` Marshal Festus '' A series of novels based upon the television series written by Joseph A. West with forewords by James Arness was published by Signet : Gunsmoke : `` Blood , Bullets and Buckskin '' , January 2005 ( ISBN 0 - 451 - 21348 - 3 ) Gunsmoke : `` The Last Dog Soldier '' , May 2005 ( ISBN 0 - 451 - 21491 - 9 ) Gunsmoke : `` Blizzard of Lead '' , September 2005 ( ISBN 0 - 451 - 21633 - 4 ) Gunsmoke : `` The Reckless Gun '' , May 2006 ( ISBN 0 - 451 - 21923 - 6 ) Gunsmoke : `` Dodge the Devil '' , October 2006 ( ISBN 0 - 451 - 21972 - 4 ) Gunsmoke : `` The Day of the Gunfighter '' , January 2007 ( ISBN 0 - 451 - 22015 - 3 ) `` Gunsmoke : An American Institution , Celebrating 50 Years of Television 's Best Western '' Written by Ben Costello , Foreword by Jim Byrnes , and Introduction by Jon Voight and published by Five Star Publications , Inc. ( now Story Monsters LLC ) Published 1 edition ( December 22 , 2012 ) , ISBN 978 - 1589852228 Independent E-book Gunsmoke : Battlefield Dodge , June 2015 , e-book , Amazon.com http://www.battlefielddodge.com Episodes ( edit ) Main articles : List of Gunsmoke radio episodes and List of Gunsmoke television episodes Reruns and syndication ( edit ) The program currently airs on three major venues : TV Land , which has carried the show since its inception in 1996 , Encore Westerns , and Weigel Broadcasting 's MeTV digital subchannel network . Individual stations such as KFWD in Dallas also carry the series in their markets . It has also been shown on satellite channel CBS Action in the UK , Ireland and Poland . The series also appears intermittently on MeTV 's themed sister network Decades , which CBS holds a partial interest in ; it appears on the schedule depending on the theme and year a particular day has . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Because the show was a `` primetime '' series , the competition does not include such long - lived shows as Captain Kangaroo ( 1955 -- 84 ) and many daytime serials . As a `` commercial '' series , it can not be compared to shows such as the PBS program Mister Rogers ' Neighborhood ( 1966 -- 2001 ) . As a `` live - action '' series , programs such as the adult animated series The Simpsons ( 1989 -- ) are not included , whose voice - over actors age off - screen . Some foreign countries have broadcast series over a longer duration , but these programs have employed an array of actors in their principal lead roles . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Nicholaus Mills ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` James Arness , symbol of power with restraint '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gunsmoke ( 1955 -- 1975 ) Release Info '' . IMDb . Retrieved October 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See Dunning . p. 305 . Jump up ^ Cecil Smith ( September 1975 ) . `` Gunsmoke '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Dunning , p. 303 . Jump up ^ `` Matt Dillon 's character grew out of Bill Conrad '' , GunsmokeNet.com . ^ Jump up to : Dunning , 304 . Jump up ^ `` Gunsmoke Rehearsals '' . Internet Archive . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ( Dunning , 304 ) ^ Jump up to : ( Dunning , 305 ) Jump up ^ ( Time , 1953 ) Jump up ^ `` Weeks of Prestige '' . Time . 1953 - 03 - 23 . p. 106 . Jump up ^ Burris , Joe ( May 10 , 2005 ) . `` The Eastern Earps '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved October 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gunsmoke on IMDb Jump up ^ Gunsmoke on IMDb Jump up ^ Gunsmoke Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` ' The Simpsons ' set to be the longest - running scripted TV show ever '' . wgntv.com . November 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taggart police drama axed by ITV '' . BBC News . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What do Frasier ( Kelsey Grammer ) , Matt Dillon ( James Arness ) and Doc Adams ( Milburn Stone ) have in common ? '' GunsmokeNet.com . ^ Jump up to : Bill O'Hallaren , `` When Chester Forgot to Limp and other fond recollections of 20 years on Gunsmoke '' , TV Guide , August 23 , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Raymond Burr auditioned for the role of television 's Matt Dillon '' , GunsmokeNet.com . Jump up ^ John Wayne 's introduction of television 's first Gunsmoke , September 10 , 1955 . YouTube.com Jump up ^ Morganalee ( November 16 , 2010 ) . `` '' Gunsmoke '' Lover Boy ( TV Episode 1963 ) `` . IMDb . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ dougdoepke ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` '' Gunsmoke '' Speak Me Fair ( TV Episode 1960 ) `` . IMDb . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gunsmoke ( TV Series 1955 -- 1975 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gunsmoke ( TV Series 1955 -- 1975 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grant , Melissa Gira ( February 18 , 2013 ) . `` When Prostitution Was n't a Crime : The Fascinating History of Sex Work in America '' -- via AlterNet . Jump up ^ `` '' Gunsmoke '' A Quiet Day in Dodge ( TV Episode 1973 ) '' -- via www.imdb.com . Jump up ^ List of Gunsmoke television episodes Jump up ^ `` On radio 's Gunsmoke , Doc Adams ' real name was Dr. Calvin Moore '' , GunsmokeNet.com . Jump up ^ `` ClassicTVHits.com : TV Ratings > 1970 's '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Associated Press , July 2 , 2002 , Bob Thomas . Jump up ^ Heldenfels , Rich ( July 23 , 2017 ) . `` Heldenfels ' Mailbag : ' The Little Couple , ' Jean Peters , game show prizes '' . Akron Beacon - Journal . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Tim ; Marsh , Earle ( 2007 ) . The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946 - Present ( Ninth Edition ) . Ballantine Books . p. 1681 - 1687 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 49773 - 4 . Jump up ^ Classic black and white episodes of Gunsmoke at MeTV.com Jump up ^ April 17 -- 23 , 1993 , issue of TV Guide that celebrated the 40th anniversary of television and the best television programs of all time . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Moments in Television '' , GunsmokeNet.com Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest TV Shows of All Time '' , GunsmokeNet.com . Jump up ^ `` CBS 's best western '' , GunsmokeNet.com . Jump up ^ `` The National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum '' , www.nationalcowboymuseum.org . Jump up ^ `` Special Collector 's Issue : 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time '' . TV Guide . June 28 -- July 4 , 1997 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names Top 50 Shows '' , TV Guide , May 4 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine 's 60 Best Series of All Time '' . tvguide.com . December 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Today 's Dodge City '' , GunsmokeNet.com . Jump up ^ `` Hopalong Einstein '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallaher , David ( January 10 , 2008 ) . `` The High Moon Rises : HIGH MOON : On the first night of the full moon '' . high-moon.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ Gallaher , David ( April 10 , 2008 ) . `` The High Moon Rises : HIGH MOON : Voice Casting '' . high-moon.blogspot.com . Jump up ^ `` Leo Strauss : Tributes And Reflections '' . Philosophy Now . Retrieved 31 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Stone , Robert ( 2011 ) . Day Hikes Around Ventura County . Day Hike Books . Page 216 . ISBN 9781573420624 . Jump up ^ Maulhardt , Jeffrey Wayne ( 2010 ) . Conejo Valley . Arcadia Publishing . Page 56 . ISBN 9780738580395 . Jump up ^ http://archive.vcstar.com/news/local/conejo-valley/locally-filmed-westerns-butch-cassidy-gunsmoke-part-of-conejo-film-fest-ep-1367023848-351101171.html Jump up ^ `` James Arness ' first wife , Virginia '' , GunsmokeNet.com . Jump up ^ `` The Gunsmoke Theme '' , GunsmokeNet.com . Jump up ^ `` Tex Ritter sings Gunsmoke '' , GunsmokeNet.com . Jump up ^ `` Gunsmoke was used to sell cottage cheese '' , GunsmokeNet.com . Jump up ^ `` Gunsmoke board games '' , GunsmokeNet.com . Jump up ^ `` Gunsmoke puzzles were popular in 1950s '' , GunsmokeNet.com . Jump up ^ `` Hardcore Gaming 101 : Gun. Smoke '' . www.hardcoregaming101.net . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` GunsmokeNet.com '' . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gunsmoke Dell Comic # 15 , June -- July 1959 , `` Masked Vigilantes '' . Jump up ^ Gunsmoke Gold Key Comic , February -- March 1970 , `` The Prophet '' `` The Guilty One '' Jump up ^ Gunsmoke Annual 1974 , Comic Collection . Jump up ^ Aventura la ley del revolver , Gunsmoke comic book in Spanish , December 1960 . Jump up ^ Don Ward , Gunsmoke -- Adventures of Marshal Matt Dillon , Ballantine Books , 1957 . ( Second edition released in 1960 . ) Jump up ^ S. Newman , Showdown on Front Street , Whitman Books , 1969 . Jump up ^ Jackson Flynn , The Renegades , Award Books , 1974 . Further reading ( edit ) John Dunning , On the Air : The Encyclopedia of Old - Time Radio , Oxford University Press , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507678 - 8 SuzAnn Barabas & Gabor Barabas , Gunsmoke : A Complete History and Analysis of the Legendary Broadcast Series , McFarland & Company , Inc. , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 89950 - 418 - 3 Bill Carter , `` NBC Will Bring Back All Three Law & Order Shows '' , The New York Times , May 14 , 2007 . Alfred Kentigern Siewers , `` What I Learned About American Culture by Binging on Gunsmoke and House of Cards , '' The Federalist , June 22 , 2017 . 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Law ( 1991 ) Northern Exposure ( 1992 ) Picket Fences ( 1993 ) Picket Fences ( 1994 ) NYPD Blue ( 1995 ) ER ( 1996 ) Law & Order ( 1997 ) The Practice ( 1998 ) The Practice ( 1999 ) The West Wing ( 2000 ) The West Wing ( 2001 ) The West Wing ( 2002 ) The West Wing ( 2003 ) The Sopranos ( 2004 ) Lost ( 2005 ) 24 ( 2006 ) The Sopranos ( 2007 ) Mad Men ( 2008 ) Mad Men ( 2009 ) Mad Men ( 2010 ) Mad Men ( 2011 ) Homeland ( 2012 ) Breaking Bad ( 2013 ) Breaking Bad ( 2014 ) Game of Thrones ( 2015 ) Game of Thrones ( 2016 ) The Handmaid 's Tale ( 2017 ) Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 -- 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 -- 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 -- 14 , 14 -- 15 , 15 -- 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football 17 -- 18 : The Big Bang Theory ( S11 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunsmoke&oldid=856415583 '' Categories : 1950s American television series 1955 American television series debuts 1950s American radio programs 1960s American radio programs 1960s American television series 1970s American television series 1975 American television series endings American radio dramas Black - and - white television programs CBS network shows CBS Radio programs Dell Comics titles Dodge City , Kansas English - language television programs Gold Key Comics titles Nielsen ratings winners Period radio series Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners Radio programs adapted into television programs Television programs adapted into comics Television series based on radio programs Television series by CBS Television Studios American television series revived after cancellation Television shows set in Kansas United States Marshals Service in fiction Western ( genre ) television series Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from July 2011 Pages using infobox radio show with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles needing additional references from August 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles needing additional references from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 01 : 25 ( UTC ) . 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8127611646621783164	The One That Got Away (Katy Perry song)	The One That Got Away ( Katy Perry song ) - wikipedia The One That Got Away ( Katy Perry song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` The One That Got Away '' Single by Katy Perry from the album Teenage Dream Released October 4 , 2011 Format CD single digital download Studio Conway Recording Studios , ( Hollywood , California ) Genre Pop Length 3 : 47 Label Capitol Songwriter ( s ) Katy Perry Lukasz Gottwald Max Martin Producer ( s ) Dr. Luke Max Martin Katy Perry singles chronology `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' ( 2011 ) `` The One That Got Away '' ( 2011 ) `` Part of Me '' ( 2012 ) `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' ( 2011 ) `` The One That Got Away '' ( 2011 ) `` Part of Me '' ( 2012 ) Music video `` The One That Got Away '' on YouTube `` The One That Got Away '' is a song by American singer Katy Perry for her third studio album , Teenage Dream ( 2010 ) . The song was produced by Dr. Luke and Max Martin , both of whom also co-wrote the song with Perry . The song is a mid-tempo pop ballad about a lost love . It features references to the rock band Radiohead as well as the relationship of Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash to express the strength of the relationship . The song was released in October 2011 by Capitol Records as the album 's sixth and final single . `` The One That Got Away '' peaked at number three on Billboard Hot 100 , with Teenage Dream becoming the seventh album in the 53 - year history of the Hot 100 to generate at least six top 10s . The single reached the top of the Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs , Adult Top 40 , and Mainstream Top 40 charts . The accompanying music video for the song was directed by Floria Sigismondi and premiered in November 2011 , featuring actor Diego Luna . An official remix featuring rapper B.o.B was released to digital retailers on December 20 , 2011 . An official acoustic rendition was released to digital retailers on January 16 , 2012 , this version was included in Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection edition . The song has been covered by several artists , including Richard Marx , Jordan Pruitt , and Selena Gomez & the Scene . Contents ( hide ) 1 Release and artwork 2 Composition and writing 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 5.1 Background 5.2 Synopsis 5.3 Extended version 5.4 Reception 5.5 The Sims 3 version 6 Live performances and other versions 7 Formats and track listings 8 Credits and personnel 9 Charts and certifications 9.1 Weekly charts 9.2 Year - end charts 9.3 Certifications 10 Release history 11 See also 12 References Release and artwork ( edit ) On September 13 , 2011 , at the New York City 's Irving Plaza , Capitol Records confirmed to Billboard that `` The One That Got Away '' would be the sixth single from Teenage Dream . Perry said in a statement from the label : `` I 'm so pleased to select ' The One That Got Away ' as my sixth single because this song shows a very different side of me that I have n't shown with my past singles on this record , I think that everyone can relate to this song . I wrote ( it ) about when you promise someone forever , but you end up not being able to follow through . It 's a bittersweet story . Hopefully , the listener learns from hearing it and never has to say they had ' The One ' get away . '' Capitol Records said that they are not specifically releasing the song in hopes of it reaching No. 1 and rewriting Hot 100 history ( since Perry was the first woman to obtain five No. 1s on the chart from one album ) , rather the decision came out of `` Perry 's fondness for the song , its ear - catching hook and her obvious track record of success at pop radio '' . EMI Music / Capitol Records EVP / marketing and promotion Greg Thompson told Billboard that , `` if it goes to No. 1 , that would be great , If not , we still have a Katy song on the radio in fourth quarter '' , presumably boosting sales for Teenage Dream in the Christmas season . `` The One That Got Away '' officially impacted U.S. radio on October 11 , 2011 . In late September 2011 , Perry wrote the following message on her Twitter account : `` The One That Got Away ... It 's happening ! ! ! '' , along with a picture of the official single artwork . The artwork shows a pink - haired Perry looking up at the sky while wearing a disc - shaped hat . The photo gives a whimsical nod to the 1970s , with its distinctively retro appearance . Composition and writing ( edit ) `` The One That Got Away '' A 32 - second sample of `` The One That Got Away '' , a pop ballad . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Originally titled `` In Another Life '' , the song was produced by Dr. Luke and Max Martin , both of whom co-wrote it with Perry . It is a midtempo pop song positioned on the piece of E major and has a tempo of 134 beats per minute . Joanna Holcombe from Yahoo ! Music noted that the song is about first loves . Leah Greenblatt from Entertainment Weekly , said that the song is `` a midtempo ode to a summer - after - high - school love with whom she recalls sharing Mustang makeout sessions to Radiohead ' '' . Michael Wood from Spin magazine said that the song is one of the album 's quieter cuts and that it recall ( s ) `` Perry 's singer - songwriter days at L.A. 's Hotel Café '' . The song follows the chord progression of E -- G ♯ m -- C ♯ m -- A , and Perry 's vocal range spans from B to E. Kitty Empire noticed that Perry 's vocal is wistful throughout the song and that the references to June and Johnny Cash were unexpected . Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone stated that when Perry sings , ' I was June , and you were my Johnny Cash , ' `` it 's understood that she 's thinking of the scrubbed - up Hollywood version of June and Johnny , from Walk the Line . '' In 2017 , the singer revealed that `` The One That Got Away '' was about Josh Groban . Critical reception ( edit ) Perry signing autographs for fans after performing the song on The X Factor . Kerri Mason from Billboard described the song as `` delectable '' , noting that it has more texture than anything on Perry 's previous album , One of the Boys . Mikael Wood from Spin Magazine said that although `` Perry delivers the gurl - gone - wild stuff with requisite sass '' , she actually `` sounds more engaged on ' Not Like the Movies , ' and ' The One That Got Away ' . Similarly , Kitty Empire from The Guardian praised the collaboration , stating that Perry and Luke are at their most appealing in the song . In a similar note , Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone , stated that Perry is more at home with the mall romance of `` The One That Got Away '' . The same opinion was echoed by Greg Kot from Chicago Tribune who felt that Perry sounds more invested in the more `` serious '' songs on the album , such as `` The One That Got Away '' . However , he added that it 's as if Perry is `` determined to balance the summer frothiness with a few shots of ' adult ' earnestness '' . Leah Greenblatt from Entertainment Weekly was not satisfied with the selection of the song as the sixth single , noting that there are better songs on the album that could have been chosen instead . Robert Copsey of the website Digital Spy awarded the song with four out of five stars and said : `` ' Summer after high school , when we first met / We make out in your Mustang , to Radiohead , ' Katy Perry reminisces on the opening of her latest , potentially record - breaking single . We 've always known that she had a penchant for the alt - rock , but we wonder if KP 's 18 - year - old self ever thought she 'd be substituting the sounds of Thom Yorke and co . for the sugar - coated melodies that have made her one of the best - known artists on the planet today ? ' Used to steal our parents ' liquor , and climb through the roof / Talk about our future , like we had a clue , ' she continues over a toe - tapping drum beat and delicate piano riff as she agonises over the loss of her one true love . ' In another life , I would be your girl / We 'd keep all our promises / Be us against the world , ' she mourns on a chorus as instantly satisfying as a mugful of Kenco . Word of advice Katy , we 'd keep this one well away from Russell if you want to avoid history repeating itself . '' Chart performance ( edit ) Perry performs `` The One That Got Away '' On the week ending October 16 , 2011 , the song debuted at number 94 on Billboard Hot 100 . In its sixth week it entered the top 10 making Teenage Dream one of only seven albums in Billboard 's 53 - year history to have six singles enter the top 10 . On December 24 , 2011 , The single later entered the top five , making Teenage Dream one of three albums to have six or more top - five singles from one album on the chart . On December 31 , 2011 , the single fell one position . On the charts dated January 7 , 2012 , helped by the release of the remix with B.o.B. , the single reached number three on the Hot 100 , and it topped the Hot Dance Club Songs chart , the seventh song on the album to do so setting a new record in the chart . On January 14 , 2012 , the single stayed in the same position as the previous week on the Hot 100 . On January 21 , 2012 , the single fell from number three to six , and faced the hurdle of breaking the record established by Michael Jackson . On week January 28 , 2012 , the song remained stable in the same position last week . On February 4 , 2012 , back to fifth position in the chart . On February 11 , 2012 , the single dropped to number nine , but stable in the top ten . On February 18 , 2012 , the single dropped to number 14 , leaving the top ten of the chart . Finally , the song fell down to 21 the next week , making it Perry 's only Teenage Dream single to fail to reach number one , peaking at three . As of January 2015 , the song has sold more than 2,750,000 copies in the United States alone . `` The One That Got Away '' debuted at number 87 in Australia on the week ending October 10 , 2011 . before peaking at number 27 . In New Zealand , the song debuted at number 40 and later peaked at number 12 . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) after selling 7,500 copies there . Music video ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Diego Luna is Perry 's love interest in the video . Perry started filming for the video on September 30 , 2011 . Filming ended on October 2 , 2011 . The video was shot at the Lima Residence , a contemporary home located in Calabasas , an affluent city in Los Angeles County , California . Mexican actor Diego Luna plays Perry 's boyfriend in the video . Photos from the set surfaced online , showing Perry wearing a conservative long - sleeved dress as well as sporting gray hair and prosthetic face wrinkles . The video was directed by Floria Sigismondi , who previously directed the video for `` ET '' The music video premiered on November 11 , 2011 . On November 4 , 2011 , a teaser for the video was released , narrated by Stevie Nicks . Nicks provides the elderly woman 's voice , speaking about the past and her desire to go back for one day . The video contains scenes of her and her past boyfriend ( Luna ) fighting , intertwined with scenes of them in love . She is later shown as a nostalgic , elderly woman dressed conservatively and standing by a fence looking into the distance . A seven - minute extended version of the video was shown on November 11 , 2011 , exclusively at select advance screenings of the motion picture My Week with Marilyn . As of August 2017 , the video has more than 600 million views on YouTube . Synopsis ( edit ) An aged Katy Perry in the music video for `` The One That Got Away '' . Released on November 11 , 2011 , the video begins with an elderly woman ( Perry ) in a white long - sleeved dress walking through a modernistic home . She blandly walks past her husband ( played by Herman Sinitzyn ) , hinting that the two are in a loveless marriage . While making herself a cup of coffee , the elderly woman , unhappy with her present situation , begins to think about her colorful past when the song begins : her younger self with her artist boyfriend ( Luna ) . As the song plays , the happy girl and the boyfriend paint portraits of each other , dress up wildly , dance at a party , and gives each other a makeshift tattoo . As the elderly woman sadly reminisces while sitting on her ( and the husband 's ) fancy bedroom alone in a silk nightgown , her younger self and the boyfriend get into an argument which culminates in her splashing red paint on one of his elaborate paintings after he did the same to one of hers and he leaves angrily then drives away . The woman 's younger self appears to her older self 's bedroom with each on the bed as they both sing . The younger version is also shown in her older self 's closet , crying and singing while the boyfriend is seen driving in a colt mustang to blow off steam from the fight . At the same time in the present , the older woman is shown driving out of her garage in a similar type of car the boyfriend is driving in the flashback . The boyfriend opens the sun visor above him while driving and finds the veil of the dress the younger version had worn while partying . He stares at the veil , hinting that he decides to make up with her . But he does not notice the large boulders on the road from a small rock slide . He swerves to avoid the rocks and accidentally drives off a cliff , dying in the subsequent crash without getting a chance to make up , while the woman 's younger self also ' dies ' at the same time ( possibly representing the death of her colorful personality ) . The song ends abruptly as the sounds of the car violently rolling are heard . While Johnny Cash 's cover of `` You Are My Sunshine '' plays quietly in the background , the woman 's older self now sports a dark conservative long - sleeved dress and is revealed to have driven to that same spot where the boyfriend had died . She walks up to the edge of the cliff and leans against a fence when the boyfriend ( either a ghost or a hallucination ) appears before her on the other side of the fence . The two hold hands , revealing matching tattoos on their hands . When the older woman snaps back to reality , the Johnny Cash music stops suddenly and the boyfriend vanishes . Saddened , the elderly woman turns back and silently walks away from the cliff as the screen fades to black . Extended version ( edit ) A seven - minute director 's cut version was shown exclusively at select advance screenings of the motion picture My Week with Marilyn on November 11 , 2011 . The extended version shows a more cinematic side to the plot of the original music video and includes never - before - seen footage , as well as extended dialogue between the characters . Reception ( edit ) Jillian Mapes of Billboard commented that the video was `` beautifully - shot '' and praised the interesting plot . A writer of Rolling Stone wrote : `` It 's a cute clip for a sweet song , but the heavy - handed aging makeup is hard to get over . '' Erin Strecker from Entertainment Weekly compared the video with Titanic ( 1997 ) and Rihanna 's video for `` We Found Love '' . Strecker also noted that the video was more `` tragic '' than he was expecting from Perry . Jocelyn Vena of MTV News said : `` Katy Perry 's moody , contemplative clip for ' The One That Got Away ' perfectly encapsulates both the joy of falling in love and the heartbreak of letting go . It travels through time and space and recalls the story of Perry 's one that got away . '' Consequence of Sound 's Chris Coplan called the video a `` little more somber '' than the videos Perry made for `` E.T. '' and `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' . The Sims 3 version ( edit ) On January 17 , 2012 , Electronic Arts announced that they would be teaming up with Perry to help promote their new expansion pack for The Sims game franchise called The Sims 3 : Showtime which sees the release of a limited collector 's edition that contains in - game content based on herself . An official music video for `` The One That Got Away '' featuring Perry as a Sim was uploaded on their official YouTube channel . The storyline shows a female sim and her love interest falling in love and getting married . One day , the male sim collapses in the bathroom floor , he is taken to the hospital and then dies . His wife is then seen mourning at his funeral . Suddenly , she is transported `` to another life '' , Katy 's Candyfornia featured in her California Gurls music video , where her love interest is still alive and well ; they reunite and kiss . It also features most of the in - game content that will be included for the collector 's edition of the Sims 3 : Showtime and in the stuff pack The Sims 3 : Katy Perry 's Sweet Treats . Live performances and other versions ( edit ) B.o.B was featured on the official remix of `` The One That Got Away '' . `` The One That Got Away '' was part of the setlist of Perry 's worldwide 2011 concert tour , California Dreams Tour . On October 16 , 2011 , Perry performed the song on the UK version of The X Factor . Perry performed the song at the American Music Awards on November 20 , 2011 . Her AMA 2011 performance was followed by a lengthy standing ovation , and presentation of a special award acknowledging Perry as the only female to have five number - one singles from the same album . Perry performed the song as part of a Live Lounge special for BBC Radio 1 's Fearne Cotton on March 19 , 2012 along with `` Part of Me '' , `` Firework '' , `` Thinking of You '' and a censored version of `` Niggas in Paris '' . A remix featuring American rapper B.o.B was released in December 2011 . B.o.B added two new verses , one at the beginning and another replacing the bridge of the album version of the song . The decision for Capitol Records to release a remix and reduce the price of the song to give Perry a sixth number - one song has been criticized by some , noting that this is not Perry 's first time adding a featured guest to her single releases . The hit single `` ET '' , was modified with verses from Kanye West , while `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' was given a remix featuring Missy Elliott . However , Billboard , which compiles the charts , have issued multiple columns defending Perry and Capitol , underlining that they are operating under chart rules and that numerous other acts , such as Rihanna and Britney Spears , used the same tactics for charting purposes over the years . An acoustic version of the song , produced by Jon Brion , was released to the iTunes Store on January 16 , 2012 , garnering more favorable reviews , with critics noting that `` The One That Got Away '' sounds very naturally as a ballad . Perry 's label , Capitol Records , sponsored a contest in January 2012 encouraging fans to record their own acoustic version of the song for a chance to have it featured on Perry 's Facebook wall . The song was also included in the setlist of The Prismatic World Tour , in which it is interpolated with Perry 's 2009 song `` Thinking of You '' . A violin cover of the song by music student Grace Youn , which Youn had uploaded to YouTube in 2011 , was used in the opening scene of Perry 's 2012 documentary , Katy Perry : Part of Me . Formats and track listings ( edit ) Digital download `` The One That Got Away '' -- 3 : 47 Promotional CD single `` The One That Got Away '' ( Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 49 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Instrumental ) -- 3 : 49 Digital download -- featuring B.o.B `` The One That Got Away '' ( featuring B.o.B ) -- 4 : 22 Digital download -- Acoustic version `` The One That Got Away '' ( Acoustic version ) -- 4 : 18 Digital download -- The Remixes EP `` The One That Got Away '' ( 7th Heaven Club Mix ) -- 8 : 03 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Mixin Marc & Tony Svejda Peak Hour Club Mix ) -- 5 : 44 `` The One That Got Away '' ( R3hab Club Mix ) -- 5 : 49 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Plastic Plates Club Mix ) -- 6 : 05 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Tommie Sunshine & Disco Fries Club Mix ) -- 6 : 22 Digital download -- Remix EP `` The One That Got Away '' ( 7th Heaven Club Mix ) -- 8 : 03 `` The One That Got Away '' ( 7th Heaven Dub Mix ) -- 6 : 04 `` The One That Got Away '' ( 7th Heaven Mixshow Edit ) -- 5 : 51 `` The One That Got Away '' ( 7th Heaven Radio Mix ) -- 4 : 27 `` The One That Got Away '' ( JRMX Club Mix ) -- 8 : 12 `` The One That Got Away '' ( JRMX Mixshow Edit ) -- 6 : 31 `` The One That Got Away '' ( JRMX Radio Edit ) -- 4 : 19 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Mixin Marc & Tony Svejda Peak Hour Club Mix ) -- 5 : 44 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Mixin Marc & Tony Svejda Mixshow Edit ) -- 4 : 43 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Mixin Marc & Tony Svejda Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 53 `` The One That Got Away '' ( Jon Dixon Radio Edit ) -- 3 : 45 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from Teenage Dream album liner notes . Katy Perry -- songwriting , lead vocals , guitar ( acoustic version ) Dr. Luke -- songwriting , producer , drums , keyboards , programming Max Martin -- songwriting , producer , drums , keyboards , programming Emily Wright -- engineer Sam Holland -- engineer Tatiana Gottwald -- assistant engineer Serban Ghenea -- mixing Jon Hanes -- mix engineer Tim Roberts -- assistant mix engineer Leon Pendarvis -- arrangement , conductor Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2011 -- 12 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 27 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 19 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 33 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 44 Brazil ( Billboard Brasil Hot 100 ) 27 Brazil Hot Pop Songs 10 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 47 France ( SNEP ) 30 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 34 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 13 Italy ( FIMI ) 39 Japan ( Japan Hot 100 ) 62 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 21 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 12 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 17 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 7 South Korea International Singles ( Gaon ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 42 Spain ( Airplay Chart ) 8 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 33 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 18 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 5 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 19 Venezuela Pop Rock ( Record Report ) 5 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2012 ) Position Canadian Hot 100 20 Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 56 US Adult Contemporary Songs ( Billboard ) 10 US Adult Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 15 US Billboard Hot 100 41 US Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 41 US Hot Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 21 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 14 US Radio Songs ( Billboard ) 20 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 2 × Platinum 160,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 15,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Gold 30,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 0 South Korea ( Gaon Music Chart ) 285,939 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Gold 400,000 United States ( RIAA ) 4 × Platinum 2,800,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Version Australia October 4 , 2011 CHR , Nights , AC airplay Album Version United States October 11 , 2011 Mainstream and Rhythmic airplay October 31 , 2011 Hot / Modern / AC airplay Worldwide December 2 , 2011 Digital Remixes EP United Kingdom December 4 , 2011 United States December 6 , 2011 United States December 15 , 2011 Top 40 / Mainstream and Rhythmic radio Remix featuring B.o.B Worldwide December 20 , 2011 Digital download January 16 , 2012 Digital Download Solo Acoustic version See also ( edit ) List of number - one dance singles of 2012 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : iTunes -- Music -- The One That Got Away ( feat . B.o.B ) -- Single by Katy Perry . iTunes Store.com ( 2011 - 12 - 20 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` The One That Got Away ( Acoustic ) '' . iTunes Music . Retrieved January 16 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry 's Sixth ' Teenage Dream ' Single Will Be ... '' . Billboard . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( September 14 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry 's Sixth ' Teenage Dream ' Single Starts at Radio '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry Reveals New Single Artwork '' . Capital FM . Global Radio UK . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry Reveals Cover Art For New Single '' . Gather . October 2 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The One That Got Away , Campo Pequeno , Lisbon '' . YouTube . Feb 22 , 2011 . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` '' Teenage Dream '' Official Tracks Revealed ! `` . KatyPerry.com . July 23 , 2010 . Retrieved October 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Serrano , Shea ( November 23 , 2011 ) . `` Why This Song Sucks : Katy Perry 's `` The One That Got Away '' `` . LA Weekly . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry The One That Got Away -- Digital Sheet Music '' . MusicNotes . EMI Music Publishing . Jump up ^ Holcombe , Joanna ( September 6 , 2010 ) . `` Review of Katy Perry 's ' Teenage Dream ' '' . Yahoo ! 7 Music . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Greenblatt , Leah ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Katy Perry announces new single , ' The One That Got Away ' -- would it be your pick , too ? `` . The Music Mix . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , Mikael . `` Katy Perry , ' Teenage Dream ' ( Capitol ) '' . Spin . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Empire , Kitty ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` Katy Perry : Teenage Dream '' . The Observer . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Sheffield , Rob ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` Teenage Dream Album Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7ZCF8s9FkUA Jump up ^ Mason , Kerri ( September 3 , 2010 ) . `` Katy Perry , ' Teenage Dream ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kot , Greg ( August 22 , 2010 ) . `` Turn It Up : Album review : Katy Perry , ' Teenage Dream ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Copsey , Robert ( November 24 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry : ' The One That Got Away ' -- Single review '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi Médias . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( October 19 , 2011 ) . `` Week Ending Oct. 16 , 2011 . Songs : Tale of 3 Divas '' . Yahoo ! Music . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 23 , 2011 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Love ' Still Leads Hot 100 , Katy Perry Back in Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2011 - 12 - 14 ) . `` Rihanna 's Everlasting ' Love ' Matches Her Longest Hot 100 Reign '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary . `` Katy Perry 's ' Teenage Dream ' Yields Sixth Hot 100 Top Five Hit '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs -- December 24 , 2011 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Hot 100 Week of December 31 , 2011 Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 26 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry Notches Record Seventh No . ' One ' From ' Teenage Dream ' On Dance / Club Play Songs '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` The One That Got Away -- Katy Perry '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2012 - 01 - 04 ) . `` LMFAO Still ' Sexy ' Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2012 - 01 - 11 ) . `` Rihanna Renews ' Love ' Affair Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul . ( 2012 - 01 - 10 ) Katy vs. MJ : Who 's Bad ? . Yahoo ! ! ! Music . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2012 - 01 - 18 ) . `` Rihanna 's ' Love ' Scores A Perfect 10 Atop Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2012 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Adele 's ' Fire ' Burns Path to Hot 100 Summit '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( 2012 - 02 - 01 ) . `` Adele Atop Hot 100 , But Kelly Clarkson Getting ' Stronger ' at No. 2 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 . Jump up ^ Hot 100 Week of February 18 , 2012 Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( January 25 , 2015 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Controversial Hits , Katy Perry 's Sales & Taylor Swift 's Radio Reign '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Chartifacts -- Week Commencing : 10th October 2011 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Australian-charts.com -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recording Industry Association of New Zealand . December 12 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Charts.org.nz -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Making of Katy Perry 's ' The One That Got Away ' '' . MTV . December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lima Residence '' . Abrahamsen Teiger Architects . Jump up ^ `` Diego Luna será novio de Katy Perry en videoclip '' . El Universal . October 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Corner , Lewis ( October 5 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry turns granny for new ' The One That Got Away ' music video ? - Music News '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb , Steven ( October 10 , 2011 ) . `` Video Static : Music Video News : IN PRODUCTION : Katy Perry -- Floria Sigismondi , dir '' . videostatic.com . Jump up ^ Perry , Katy ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` The One That Got Away ( Trailer ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stevie Nicks Provides Voiceover for New Video from Pop Star Katy Perry -- Music News '' . ABC News Radio . November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry , Diego Luna Break Up In ' One That Got Away ' Tease -- Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Will Debut ' The One That Got Away ' 11 / 11 / 11 + My Week With Marilyn Screening Details ! '' . Capitol Records . November 8 , 2011 . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Perry , Katy ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` The One That Got Away '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mapes , Jillian ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry As Old Lady : ' The One That Got Away ' Video Premieres '' . Billboard . New York . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Katy Perry -- ' The One That Got Away ' '' . Rolling Stone . November 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Strecker , Erin ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry 's ' The One That Got Away ' video : Old - age makeup , movie stars , and more -- watch it here ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry Recalls ' One That Got Away ' In New Video '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Coplan , Chris ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Video : Katy Perry -- `` The One That Got Away '' `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Sims 3 : Showtime Video Game , Katy Perry Announcement Trailer Video Clip Game Trailers & Videos . GameTrailers.com ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Share your rise to fame in The Sims 3 Showtime Katy Perry Collector 's Edition with unique Katy Perry themed in - game content and an exclusive poster '' . Electronic Arts . Retrieved 22 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Caroe , Laura ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry : Hot ' n ' Cold ? '' . The Sun . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kearney , Christine ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Adele leads American Music Awards nominations '' . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brooks Adickman , Erika . `` Katy Perry Performs `` Ni * * as in Paris '' For BBC 's Radio 1 Live Lounge `` . Idolator . Buzz Media . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ B.o.B Will Help Katy Perry Get That Sixth Number One Single . Popdust . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Are Chart Rule Changes Needed ? '' . Billboard . p. 1 and 3 . Retrieved January 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Download the Acoustic Version of `` The One That Got Away '' !. Katyperry.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Katy Perry Releases ' The One That Got Away ' Acoustic Version . Capital FM ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James . ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) Katy Perry releases another ' The One That Got Away ' remix : Will this finally push the song to No. 1 ? . Music-mix.ew.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Music Student to be Featured in a Movie '' . University of Puget Sound . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The One That Got Away -- Single '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The One That Got Away '' . danish charts . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The One That Got Away '' . australian - charts . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Teenage Dream ( CD booklet ) . Katy Perry . Capitol Records . 2010 . 50999 07410 2 9 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 15 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : BPP , ed . ( March 2012 ) . `` Billboard Brasil Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard Brasil ( 28 ) : 84 -- 89 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian Hot 100 : Week of January 07 , 2012 ( click in white area around song name for positions on other charts ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201149 into search . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Katy Perry Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Rádiós Top 40 játszási lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 49 , 2011 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` id '' : 1014 , `` s '' : `` 3 '' % 5d % 5d `` FIMI : Classifica settimanale WK 46 ( dal 2012 - 02 - 06 al 2011 - 02 - 12 ) '' . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved April 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry Album & Song Chart History : Japan Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 51 , 2011 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2011 - 10 - 29 '' . Scottish Singles Top 40 . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201202 into search . Jump up ^ `` South Korea Gaon International Chart ( Week : January 01 , 2012 to January 07 , 2012 ) '' . Gaon Chart . December 15 , 2012 . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Promusicae ( Week : January 1 , 2012 ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved July 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 2012 - 01 - 07 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot 100 for Katy Perry . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Contemporary for Katy Perry . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history '' Billboard Adult Pop Songs for Katy Perry . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history '' Billboard Hot Dance Club Songs for Katy Perry . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history '' Billboard Pop Songs for Katy Perry . Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry -- Chart history '' Billboard Rhythmic Songs for Katy Perry . Jump up ^ `` Pop Rock '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . 2011 - 03 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : Canadian Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard. 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` MAHASZ Rádiós TOP 100 2012 '' ( in Hungarian ) . Mahasz . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : Adult Contemporary Songs '' . Billboard. 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : Adult Pop Songs '' . Billboard. 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 -- Hot 100 Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : Digital Songs '' . Billboard. 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : Dance / Club Songs ( 41 -- 50 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 3 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2012 : Pop Songs '' . Billboard. 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` BEst of 2012 : Radio Songs '' . Billboard. 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved December 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved October 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones -- Katy Perry '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved 12 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 년 Download Chart '' . Gaon Chart . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . Enter The One That Got Away in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Katy Perry -- The One That Got Away '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 25 January 2015 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Ask Billboard : Katy Perry 's Career Song & Album Sales '' . Billboard . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` KATY PERRY -- The One That Got Away -- Issue 856 '' . The Music Network . Retrieved October 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases Mainstream Hit Songs Being Released and Their Release Dates : October 11 , 2011 '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Available for Airplay ( 10 / 11 ) '' . FMQB . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot / Modern / AC Future Releases Hot Adult Contemporary Rock Songs and Release Dates : October 31 , 2011 '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sources for The Remixes EP release in countries outside UK and US : Australia : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Austria : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' ( in German ) . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Belgium : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Finland : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Germany : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' ( in German ) . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Ireland : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Netherlands : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' ( in Dutch ) . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Norway : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Switzerland : `` The One That Got Away ( The Remixes ) '' ( in German ) . iTunes Store . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The One That Got Away ( Remix Bundle ) '' . HMV Digital . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The One That Got Away ( Remix Bundle ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 15 , 2011 ) . `` Katy Perry 's ' The One That Got Away ' Receives B.o.B - Assisted Remix '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ KATY PERRY / / Official Website / / `` The One That Got Away ( feat . B.o.B ) '' Now Available On iTunes ! . Katyperry.com . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 05 . Katy Perry songs Discography One of the Boys `` I Kissed a Girl '' `` Waking Up in Vegas '' `` Thinking of You '' `` Ur So Gay '' `` Hot n Cold '' Teenage Dream `` Teenage Dream '' `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' `` California Gurls '' `` Firework '' `` Peacock '' `` Circle the Drain '' `` The One That Got Away '' `` E.T. '' `` Hummingbird Heartbeat '' `` Not Like the Movies '' Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection `` Part of Me '' `` Wide Awake '' `` Dressin ' Up '' Prism `` Roar '' `` Birthday '' `` Walking on Air '' `` Unconditionally '' `` Dark Horse '' `` This Is How We Do '' `` By the Grace of God '' Witness `` Swish Swish '' `` Chained to the Rhythm '' `` Bon Appétit '' Tracks as a featured artist `` If We Ever Meet Again '' `` Starstrukk '' `` Who You Love '' `` Feels '' Other songs `` Every Day Is a Holiday '' `` Rise '' B.o.B singles Discography Production discography B.o.B Presents : The Adventures of Bobby Ray `` Nothin ' on You '' `` Do n't Let Me Fall '' `` Airplanes '' `` Bet I '' `` Magic '' `` I 'll Be in the Sky '' Strange Clouds `` Strange Clouds '' `` So Good '' `` So Hard to Breathe '' `` Both of Us '' `` Out of My Mind '' Underground Luxury `` We Still in This Bitch '' `` HeadBand '' `` Ready '' `` John Doe '' Psycadelik Thoughtz `` Back and Forth '' Other singles `` Play the Guitar '' `` Not for Long '' Featured singles `` Do n't Go There '' `` So High '' `` Price Tag '' `` The One That Got Away '' `` Am I a Psycho ? '' `` Memories Back Then '' `` Brokenhearted '' `` Up Down ( Do This All Day ) '' `` Paranoid '' `` Numb '' `` Secrets '' `` Hood Go Crazy '' Promotional singles `` Blow ( Remix ) '' `` Good Life ( Remix ) '' `` Body Party ( Remix ) '' Other songs `` Generation Lost '' `` I 'm On 2.0 '' `` Double or Nothing '' `` Flatline '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_One_That_Got_Away_(Katy_Perry_song)&oldid=800870404 '' Categories : 2011 singles Katy Perry songs Pop ballads 2010s ballads Song recordings produced by Dr. Luke Song recordings produced by Max Martin Songs written by Dr. Luke Songs written by Max Martin Songs written by Katy Perry Music videos directed by Floria Sigismondi Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Billboard Adult Top 40 number - one singles 2010 songs Capitol Records singles Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungary Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Pages using Certification Table Entry - Sales with missing information Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 16 September 2017 , at 05 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the one who got away katy perry	[ "Originally titled \"In Another Life\",[7] the song was produced by Dr. Luke and Max Martin, both of whom co-wrote it with Perry.[8] It is a midtempo pop song positioned on the piece of E major and has a tempo of 134 beats per minute.[9][10] Joanna Holcombe from Yahoo! Music noted that the song is about first loves.[11] Leah Greenblatt from Entertainment Weekly, said that the song is \"a midtempo ode to a summer-after-high-school love with whom she recalls sharing Mustang makeout sessions to Radiohead'\".[12] Michael Wood from Spin magazine said that the song is one of the album's quieter cuts and that it recall(s) \"Perry's singer-songwriter days at L.A.'s Hotel Café\".[13] The song follows the chord progression of E–G♯m–C♯m–A, and Perry's vocal range spans from B3 to E5.[10] Kitty Empire noticed that Perry's vocal is wistful throughout the song and that the references to June and Johnny Cash were unexpected.[14] Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone stated that when Perry sings, 'I was June, and you were my Johnny Cash,' \"it's understood that she's thinking of the scrubbed-up Hollywood version of June and Johnny, from Walk the Line.\"[15] In 2017, the singer revealed that \"The One That Got Away\" was about Josh Groban.[16]" ]	[ "Josh Groban" ]
-4812842160964913121	Commandant of the Marine Corps	Commandant of the Marine Corps - Wikipedia Commandant of the Marine Corps Commandant of the Marine Corps CMC Flag of the Commandant of the Marine Corps Incumbent General Robert Neller since 24 September 2015 Department of the Navy Member of Joint Chiefs of Staff Reports to Secretary of Defense Secretary of the Navy Seat The Pentagon , Arlington County , Virginia , U.S. Appointer The President with Senate advice and consent Term length 4 years Renewable once ( In time of war or during a national emergency declared by Congress ) Constituting instrument 10 U.S.C. § 5043 Formation 28 November 1775 , 12 July 1798 First holder Samuel Nicholas Deputy Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Website Official website The Commandant of the Marine Corps ( CMC ) is normally the highest - ranking officer in the United States Marine Corps and is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The CMC reports directly to the United States Secretary of the Navy and is responsible for ensuring the organization , policy , plans , and programs for the Marine Corps as well as advising the President , the Secretary of Defense , the National Security Council , the Homeland Security Council , and the Secretary of the Navy on matters involving the Marine Corps . Under the authority of the Secretary of the Navy , the CMC designates Marine personnel and resources to the commanders of Unified Combatant Commands . The Commandant performs all other functions prescribed in Section 5043 in Title 10 of the United States Code or delegates those duties and responsibilities to other officers in his administration in his name . As with the other joint chiefs , the Commandant is an administrative position and has no operational command authority over United States Marine Corps forces . The Commandant is nominated by the President for a four - year term of office and must be confirmed by the Senate . By statute , the Commandant is appointed as a four - star general while serving in office . `` The Commandant is directly responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for the total performance of the Marine Corps . This includes the administration , discipline , internal organization , training , requirements , efficiency , and readiness of the service . The Commandant is also responsible for the operation of the Marine Corps material support system . '' Since 1801 , the official residence of the Commandant has been located in the Marine Barracks in Washington , D.C. and his main offices are in Arlington County , Virginia . Contents 1 Responsibilities 2 List of commandants 2.1 Timeline 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Notes 4.2 General 5 External links Responsibilities ( edit ) The responsibilities of the Commandant are outlined in Title 10 , Section 5043 , the United States Code and the position is `` subject to the authority , direction , and control of the Secretary of the Navy . '' As stated in the U.S. Code , the Commandant `` shall preside over the Headquarters , Marine Corps , transmit the plans and recommendations of the Headquarters , Marine Corps , to the Secretary and advise the Secretary with regard to such plans and recommendations , after approval of the plans or recommendations of the Headquarters , Marine Corps , by the Secretary , act as the agent of the Secretary in carrying them into effect , exercise supervision , consistent with the authority assigned to commanders of unified or specified combatant commands under chapter 6 of this title , over such of the members and organizations of the Marine Corps and the Navy as the Secretary determines , perform the duties prescribed for him by section 171 of this title and other provisions of law and perform such other military duties , not otherwise assigned by law , as are assigned to him by the President , the Secretary of Defense , or the Secretary of the Navy . '' List of Commandants ( edit ) Thirty - seven men have served as the Commandant of the Marine Corps . The first Commandant was Samuel Nicholas , who took office as a captain , though there was no office titled `` Commandant '' at the time , and the Second Continental Congress had authorized that the senior-most Marine could take a rank up to Colonel . The longest - serving was Archibald Henderson , sometimes referred to as the `` Grand old man of the Marine Corps '' due to his thirty - nine - year tenure . In the history of the United States Marine Corps , only one Commandant has ever been fired from the job : Anthony Gale , as a result of a court - martial in 1820 . # Picture Name Rank Start of tenure End of tenure Notes Nicholas Samuel Nicholas O - 04 Major 28 November 1775 27 August 1783 The first de facto Commandant for his role as the senior-most officer of the Continental Marines . Burrows William W. Burrows O - 05 Lieutenant colonel 12 July 1798 6 March 1804 The first de jure Commandant , he started many important organizations within the Marine Corps , including the United States Marine Band 3.0 3 Wharton Franklin Wharton O - 05 Lieutenant colonel 7 March 1804 1 September 1818 The first Commandant to be court - martialed ( acquitted ) and the first to occupy the Commandant 's House at the Marine Barracks , Washington , D.C. 3.5 Henderson1 Archibald Henderson ( acting ) O - 05 Major September 16 , 1818 2 March 1819 Acting Commandant , would later serve as Commandant from 1820 to 1859 -- Gale Anthony Gale O - 05 Lieutenant Colonel 3 March 1819 8 October 1820 The second Commandant to be court - martialed and the only Commandant to be fired . Burial location is unknown and no photos have ever been located . 5 Henderson2 Archibald Henderson O - 07 Brevet Brigadier General 17 October 1820 6 January 1859 The longest - serving Commandant ; known as the `` Grand old man of the Marine Corps '' ; known for his role in expanding the Marine Corps ' mission to include expeditionary warfare and rapid deployment 6 Harris John Harris O - 06 Colonel 7 January 1859 1 May 1864 Commandant during most of the American Civil War 7 Zeilin Jacob Zeilin O - 07 Brigadier General 10 June 1864 31 October 1876 Became the Marine Corps ' first general officer , officially approved of the design of the Eagle , Globe , and Anchor as the emblem of the Marine Corps 8 McCawley Charles G. McCawley O - 06 Colonel 1 November 1876 29 January 1891 Chose `` Semper Fidelis '' , Latin for `` Always Faithful '' , as the official Marine Corps motto 9 Heywood Charles Heywood O - 08 Major General 30 June 1891 2 October 1903 Recipient of the Medal of Honor . Was the first Marine to hold the rank of Major General 10 Elliott George F. Elliott O - 08 Major General 3 October 1903 30 November 1910 Successfully resisted attempts to remove seagoing Marines from capital ships and to merge the Corps into the United States Army 11 Biddle William P. Biddle O - 08 Major General 3 February 1911 24 February 1914 Established the Advanced Base Force , forerunner of today 's Fleet Marine Force 12 Barnett George Barnett O - 08 Major General 25 February 1914 30 June 1920 Served as Commandant during World War I , which caused a huge increase in personnel during his term 13 Lejeune John A. Lejeune O - 08 Major General 1 July 1920 4 March 1929 Started the tradition of the birthday ball with Marine Corps Order 47 , still read annually . Commanded a US Army division ( the 2nd Infantry Division ) in combat during World War I . 14 Neville Wendell C. Neville O - 08 Major General 5 March 1929 8 July 1930 Recipient of the Medal of Honor and Marine Corps Brevet Medal 15 Fuller Ben H. Fuller O - 08 Major General 9 July 1930 28 February 1934 Consolidated the Fleet Marine Force concept 16 Russell John H. Russell , Jr . O - 08 Major General 1 March 1934 30 November 1936 The system of seniority promotions of officers was changed to advancement by selection , the 1st Marine Brigade was withdrawn from Haiti , and the number of ships carrying Marine detachments continued to increase . 17 Holcomb Thomas Holcomb O - 09 Lieutenant General 1 December 1936 31 December 1943 Expanded the Corps almost 20 times in size for World War II and integrated women into the Corps . The first Marine to be advanced ( after retirement ) to the rank of General 18 Vandegrift Alexander Vandegrift O - 09 General 1 January 1944 31 December 1947 Recipient of the Medal of Honor . Was the first active duty Marine to hold the rank of General , resisted attempts to merge the Corps with the Army 19 Cates Clifton B. Cates O - 10 General 1 January 1948 31 December 1951 Recipient of the Navy Cross . Commandant during early stage of the Korean War . 20 Shepherd Lemuel C. Shepherd , Jr . O - 10 General 1 January 1952 31 December 1955 Recipient of the Navy Cross and last World War I veteran to be Commandant . First Commandant to serve on the Joint Chiefs of Staff . Commandant during the Korean War . 21 Pate Randolph M. Pate O - 10 General 1 January 1956 31 December 1959 Commandant between U.S. involvement in the Korean War and Vietnam War . 22 Shoup David M. Shoup O - 10 General 1 January 1960 31 December 1963 Recipient of the Medal of Honor . Opposed U.S. involvement in South Vietnam based on strategy and undue influence of corporations and military officials in foreign policy . Historians consider Shoup 's criticisms to be among the most pointed and high - profile leveled by a veteran against the Vietnam War . 23 Greene Wallace M. Greene , Jr . O - 10 General 1 January 1964 31 December 1967 Oversaw the expansion of the Corps role in the Vietnam War 24 Chapman Leonard F. Chapman , Jr . O - 10 General 1 January 1968 31 December 1971 Was the Commandant during the final years of U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War . During his period in command , the III Marine Amphibious Force withdrew from Vietnam and the strength of the Corps dropped from a peak of 289,000 to 198,000 . 25 Cushman Robert E. Cushman , Jr . O - 10 General 1 January 1972 30 June 1975 Oversaw the withdrawal of the Marines from Vietnam and a decline in the Corps ' peacetime strength to 194,000 26 Wilson Louis H. Wilson , Jr . O - 10 General 1 July 1975 30 June 1979 Recipient of the Medal of Honor for capture of Guam 27 Barrow Robert H. Barrow O - 10 General 1 July 1979 30 June 1983 Last World War II veteran to be Commandant . Was the first Commandant to serve as a full member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , acquired approval of production of the American - modified Harrier aircraft , and several other improvements to enhance the effectiveness of the Marine Corps 28 Kelley Paul X. Kelley O - 10 General 1 July 1983 30 June 1987 Commandant when the Marine Barracks bombing occurred in Beirut during the 1982 - 84 multinational force peacekeeping mission under the Reagan Administration . In 2007 , General Kelley published in the Washington Post an opinion piece that had a negative opinion on the use of enhanced interrogation techniques 29 Gray Alfred M. Gray , Jr . O - 10 General 1 July 1987 30 June 1991 The Alfred M. Gray Research Center at Marine Corps Base Quantico houses the Marine Corps Archives and Special Collections , the Quantico Base Library , and the research library for the Marine Corps University . As a reminder that the primary role of every Marine is a rifleman , he had his official photograph taken in the Camouflage Utility Uniform , the only Commandant to have done so . 30 Mundy Carl E. Mundy , Jr . O - 10 General 1 July 1991 30 June 1995 After retirement , he served as president and CEO of the United Service Organizations ( USO ) , and was the chairman of the Marine Corps University Foundation . 31 Krulak Charles C. Krulak O - 10 General 1 July 1995 30 June 1999 Was the son of Marine Corps Lieutenant General Victor H. Krulak . Came up with the concept of the ' Strategic Corporal ' and the ' Three Block War ' . Introduced The Crucible , a final test of Marine recruits . 32 Jones James L. Jones O - 10 General 1 July 1999 12 January 2003 Oversaw the Marine Corps ' development of MARPAT camouflage uniforms and the adoption of the Marine Corps Martial Arts Program ; later became the first Marine officer to serve as Commander , U.S. European Command ( USEUCOM ) and NATO 's Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( SACEUR ) , then as National Security Advisor for the Obama Administration . 33 Hagee Michael W. Hagee O - 10 General January 13 , 2003 13 November 2006 Guided the Corps through the initial years of the Iraq War 34 Conway James T. Conway O - 10 General 13 November 2006 22 October 2010 Commanded Marines forces in the Iraq War and oversaw expansion of the Corps to 202,000 personnel . First Commandant in nearly 40 years to have not served in the Vietnam War . 35 Amos James F. Amos O - 10 General 22 October 2010 17 October 2014 First naval aviator to serve as Commandant . 36 Dunford Joseph Dunford O - 10 General 17 October 2014 24 September 2015 First Commandant and second Marine to be promoted to Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . 37 Neller Robert B. Neller O - 10 General 24 September 2015 Incumbent Timeline ( edit ) See also ( edit ) United States Marine Corps portal Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Military Secretary to the Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : 10 U.S.C. § 151 Joint Chiefs of Staff : composition ; functions . Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 165 Combatant commands : administration and support ^ Jump up to : 10 U.S.C. § 5043 Commandant of the Marine Corps Jump up ^ `` Appendix A : How the Marines Are Organized '' . Marine Corps Concepts and Programs 2006 ( PDF ) . United States Marine Corps . p. 252 . Retrieved 6 May 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Commandants of the U.S. Marine Corps '' . Historical Topics : Frequently Requested . Reference Branch , History Division , United States Marine Corps . Archived from the original on 19 December 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2007 . Jump up ^ Journal of the Continental Congress ( 10 November 1775 ) . `` Resolution Establishing the Continental Marines '' . United States Marine Corps History Division . Archived from the original on 7 October 2010 . Retrieved 2 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Col Jon T. ( 2002 ) . Marine Corps Association , ed . USMC : A Complete History . Beth L. Crumley ( illustration editor ) , Charles J. Ziga ( design ) , Col John Greenwood ( editor ) , James O. Muschett ( editor ) . Hugh Lauter Levin Associates . ISBN 0 - 88363 - 650 - 6 . Archived from the original on 4 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Krivdo , Michael E. ( 2009 ) . `` Harpers Ferry : Last Action of `` Henderson Era '' `` . Fortitudine . Quantico , VA : United States Marine Corps Historical Program . 34 ( 4 ) : 7 -- 11 . ISBN 0 - 16 - 010404 - 1 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Shea , Sgt Jimmy D. ( 22 October 2010 ) . `` Taking the Reins : Marine Corps Welcomes New Commandant '' . Headquarters Marine Corps . United States Marine Corps . Archived from the original on 26 October 2010 . Retrieved 22 October 2010 . General ( edit ) This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Marine Corps . Allan Reed Millett and Jack Shulimson , eds. ( 2004 ) . Commandants of the Marine Corps . Annapolis , Md. : Naval Institute Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87021 - 012 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Ulbrich , David J. ( 2011 ) . Preparing for Victory : Thomas Holcomb and the Making of the Modern Marine Corps , 1936 - 183 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781591149033 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Commandants of the United States Marine Corps . Official website Leadership of the United States Marine Corps Commandants Nicholas Burrows Wharton Gale Henderson Harris Zeilin McCawley Heywood Elliott Biddle Barnett Lejeune Neville Fuller Russell Holcomb Vandegrift Cates Shepherd Pate Shoup Greene Chapman Cushman Wilson Barrow Kelley Gray Mundy Krulak Jones Hagee Conway Amos Dunford Neller Assistant Commandants Cole Lejeune Long Neville Feland Williams Fuller Myers Russell McDougal Little H. Smith Vandegrift Barrett Keyser Schmidt Rockey Peck Turnage Shepherd O. Smith Silverthorn Thomas Pate Megee McCaul Munn Hayes Mangrum Chapman Walt McCutcheon R. Davis Anderson Jaskilka Barrow McLennan Kelley J. Davis Morgan Went J.R. Dailey Boomer Hearney Neal Dake Williams Nyland Magnus Amos Dunford Paxton Walters Sergeants Major Bestwick Rauber McHugh Sweet J.W. Daily Puckett Black Massaro Crawford Cleary Sommers Overstreet Lee McMichael Estrada Kent Barrett Green Secretary of the Navy ( navbox ) Four - star generals Headquarters Marine Corps Category United States Marine Corps Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Marine Corps generals United States Congress House Subcommittee on Seapower and Expeditionary Forces Senate Subcommittee on Seapower Major commands Organization of the Marine Corps Headquarters Marine Corps Marine Forces Command II Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Pacific I Marine Expeditionary Force III Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Reserve Fleet Marine Force Atlantic Pacific Marine Corps Combat Development Command Small Wars Center and Irregular Warfare Integration Division ( SWC / IWID ) Operations Analysis Directorate ( OAD ) Training & Education Command ( TECOM ) United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory Structure Marine Air - Ground Task Force Bases Battalions Regiments Brigades Divisions MEF / Corps Marine aviation Marine expeditionary unit Special Operations Marine Raiders Marine Raider Regiment Recon Force Division Personnel and training Personnel Personnel Rank insignia MOS Notable Marines Historical Marines Marine Astronauts Criminal Investigation Division Judge Advocate Division Chaplain of the Marine Corps Associated organizations Training Training Recruit Training School of Infantry Officer Candidates School The Basic School Martial Arts Program Uniforms and equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Weapons Vehicles and aircraft Individual equipment History and traditions History Culture Acronyms and terms Birthday Ball Eagle , Globe , and Anchor Flag Marine Band Drum and Bugle Corps Marine One Silent Drill Platoon White House Sentries Service Numbers Marine Corps War Memorial Marine Detachments Marines ' Hymn National Museum Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Rifleman 's Creed Semper Fidelis march History of Hispanics in the USMC History of women in the USMC Women 's Reserve Honorary Marine Toys for Tots Portal Category United States Joint Chiefs of Staff Dunford ( Chairman ) Selva ( Vice Chairman ) Milley ( Army ) Neller ( Marine Corps ) Richardson ( Navy ) Goldfein ( Air Force ) Lengyel ( National Guard ) Senior officials in the United States Department of Defense Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis Deputy Secretary of Defense Patrick M. Shanahan Chief Management Officer John H. Gibson Secretaries of the Military Departments Secretary of the Army : Mark Esper Secretary of the Navy : Richard V. Spencer Secretary of the Air Force : Heather Wilson Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen Joseph Dunford , USMC Under Secretaries of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment : Ellen Lord Research and Engineering : Michael D. Griffin Policy : John Rood Comptroller / Chief Financial Officer : David Norquist Personnel and Readiness : Vacant Intelligence : Joseph D. Kernan Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen Paul J. Selva , USAF Chiefs of the Military Services Chief of Staff of the Army : GEN Mark A. Milley Commandant of the Marine Corps : Gen Robert Neller Chief of Naval Operations : ADM John M. Richardson Chief of Staff of the Air Force : Gen David L. Goldfein Chief of the National Guard Bureau Gen Joseph L. Lengyel , USAF Unified Combatant Command Commanders Africa : Gen Thomas D. 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McDew , USAF - Acting United States Armed Forces Book Portal MC AF CG Category MC AF CG Navbox MC AF CG Leadership Commander - in - chief : President of the United States Secretary of Defense Deputy Secretary of Defense Secretary of Homeland Security Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security Joint Chiefs of Staff : Chairman Vice Chairman United States Congress : Committees on Armed Services : Senate House Active duty four - star officers United States military seniority National Security Act of 1947 Goldwater -- Nichols Act Organization Service departments Department of Defense ( Secretary ) : Army ( Secretary ) Navy ( Secretary ) Air Force ( Secretary ) Department of Homeland Security ( Secretary ) : Coast Guard Branches Army ( Chief of Staff ) Marine Corps ( Commandant ) Navy ( Chief of Naval Operations ) Air Force ( Chief of Staff ) Coast Guard ( Commandant ) Reserve components Reserves : A MC N AF CG National Guard : A AF Civilian auxiliaries Military Auxiliary Radio System Merchant Marine Civil Air Patrol Coast Guard Auxiliary Unified Combatant Command Africa Central European Indo - Pacific Northern Southern Cyber Special Operations Strategic Transportation Structure United States Code Title 10 Title 14 Title 32 Title 50 The Pentagon Installations Units : A MC N AF CG Logistics Media Unit mottoes Operations and history Current deployments Conflicts Wars Timeline History : A MC N AF CG Colonial World War II Civil affairs Officers ' clubs African Americans Asian Americans Buddhist Americans Jewish Americans Muslim Americans Pakistani Americans Sikh Americans Historiography : Army Center of Military History MC History Division Naval History and Heritage Command Air Force Historical Research Agency American official war artists : Army Art Program AF Art Program Personnel Training MEPS ASVAB Recruit training : A MC N AF CG Officer candidate school : A MC N AF Warrant : A MC Service academies : A ( prep ) N ( prep ) AF ( prep ) CG Merchant Marine ROTC A : ECP MC / N AF Medical Other education Uniforms Uniforms : A MC N AF CG Awards & decorations : Inter-service A MC / N AF CG Foreign International Devices Badges : Identification A MC N AF CG Ranks Enlisted : A MC N AF CG Warrant officers Officer : A MC N AF CG Other Oath : Enlistment Office Creeds & Codes : Code of Conduct NCO A MC N AF CG Service numbers : A MC N AF CG Military Occupational Specialty / Rating / Air Force Specialty Code Pay Uniform Code of Military Justice Judge Advocate General 's Corps Military Health System / TRICARE Separation Veterans Affairs Conscription Chiefs of Chaplains : A MC N AF CG Equipment MC : vehicles weapons other AF CG Land Individual weapons Crew - served weapons Vehicles ( active ) Sea All watercraft Ships : A N ( active ) AF CG MSC Weapons : N CG Reactors Air Aircraft World War I active Aircraft designation Missiles Helicopter arms Other Nuclear football Electronics ( designations ) Flags : A MC N AF CG Ensign Jack Guidons Food WMDs : Nuclear Biological Chemical Legend A = Army MC = Marine Corps N = Navy AF = Air Force CG = Coast Guard Highest military ranks General officer Flag officer Air officer Ancient Autokrator Beylerbey Constable of France Domestic of the Schools Dux bellorum Grand Domestic Imperator Ispahsalar Magister militum Megas doux Polemarch Rigsmarsk Sardar Shōgun Spahbed Voivode Modern Admiral of the Navy Da yuan shuai Dai - gensui Field marshal ( Serbia and Yugoslavia ) First marshal of the empire General of the Air Force General of the Armies Generalfeldmarschall Generalissimo Generalissimus of the Soviet Union Grand marshal Chom Thap Thai Hetman Jenderal besar Marshal Mareşal Marshal of Italy Marshal of the air force Marshal of the Russian Federation Marshal of the Soviet Union Marshal of Yugoslavia Mushir Reichsmarschall Serasker Supreme Allied Commander Taewonsu Wonsu Yuan shuai Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Commandant_of_the_Marine_Corps&oldid=853584419 '' Categories : Joint Chiefs of Staff United States Marine Corps Commandants United States Marine Corps leadership United States Marine Corps lists Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from August 2018 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Marine Corps CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu 日本語 Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2018 , at 20 : 03 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does the marine corps get a new commandant	[]	[]
5131505889969856140	Battle of the Atlantic	Battle of the Atlantic - wikipedia Battle of the Atlantic For the Atlantic naval campaign of World War I , see Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I . Battle of the Atlantic Part of the Second World War Officers on the bridge of an escorting British destroyer stand watch for enemy submarines , October 1941 Date September 3 , 1939 -- May 8 , 1945 ( 5 years , 8 months and 5 days ) Location Atlantic Ocean , Río de la Plata , North Sea , Irish Sea , Labrador Sea , Gulf of St. Lawrence , Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico , Outer Banks , Arctic Ocean Result Allied victory Belligerents United Kingdom Canada United States ( 1941 -- 45 ) France ( 1939 -- 40 ) Free France ( 1940 -- 45 ) Poland Brazil ( 1942 -- 45 ) Netherlands Norway Germany Italy ( 1940 -- 43 ) Commanders and leaders Martin E. Nasmith ( 1939 -- 41 ) Sir Percy Noble ( 1941 -- 42 ) Sir Max K. Horton ( 1943 -- 45 ) Frederick Bowhill ( 1939 -- 41 ) Philip de la Ferté ( 1941 -- 43 ) Sir John Slessor ( 1943 -- 45 ) Dudley Pound ( 1939 -- 43 ) Leonard W. Murray Ernest J. King Royal E. Ingersoll Erich Raeder Karl Dönitz Hans - Georg von Friedeburg Martin Harlinghausen Günther Lütjens † Angelo Parona Romolo Polacchini Casualties and losses 36,200 sailors killed 36,000 merchant seamen killed 3,500 merchant vessels 175 warships 741 RAF Coastal Command Aircraft lost in anti-submarine sorties ~ 30,000 U-boat sailors killed 783 submarines lost 47 other warships lost ~ 500 killed 17 submarines lost Atlantic Campaign America Northern Barrage Blockade of Germany Caribbean St. Lawrence Gibraltar Timeline River Plate 1st Happy Time HX 72 SC 7 HX 79 HX 84 HX 90 SC 19 Berlin HX 106 HG 53 OB 293 HX 112 4 April 1941 OB 318 HX 126 Denmark Strait Bismarck OG 69 OG 71 SC 42 HG 73 SC 48 HG 76 2nd Happy Time Torpedo Alley Neuland ON 67 27 March 1942 OG 82 6 June 1942 HG 84 SL 78 QS 15 SC 94 ON 122 QS 33 ON 127 Laconia SC 100 SC 104 HX 212 SL 125 SC 107 Casablanca ON 144 ON 154 TM 1 SG 19 SC 118 ON 166 UC 1 SC 121 HX 228 UGS 6 HX 229 / SC 122 Black May ONS 5 SC 129 SC 130 ONS 18 / ON 202 SC 143 ONS 20 / ON 206 Sept - Îles SL 138 / MKS 28 SL 139 / MKS 30 SL 140 / MKS 31 Stonewall Bay of Biscay Lyme Bay 26 April 1944 13 May 1944 Capture of U-505 HX 300 WEP 3 BX 141 Teardrop Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion The Battle of the Atlantic was the longest continuous military campaign in World War II , running from 1939 to the defeat of Germany in 1945 . It was a major part of the Naval history of World War II . At its core was the Allied naval blockade of Germany , announced the day after the declaration of war , and Germany 's subsequent counter-blockade . It was at its height from mid-1940 through to the end of 1943 . The Battle of the Atlantic pitted U-boats and other warships of the Kriegsmarine ( Navy ) and aircraft of the Luftwaffe ( Air Force ) against the Royal Canadian Navy , Royal Navy , United States Navy , and Allied merchant shipping . The convoys , coming mainly from North America and predominantly going to the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union , were protected for the most part by the British and Canadian navies and air forces . These forces were aided by ships and aircraft of the United States beginning September 13 , 1941 . The Germans were joined by submarines of the Italian Royal Navy ( Regia Marina ) after their Axis ally Italy entered the war on June 10 , 1940 . As an island nation , the United Kingdom was highly dependent on imported goods . Britain required more than a million tons of imported material per week in order to be able to survive and fight . In essence , the Battle of the Atlantic was a tonnage war : the Allied struggle to supply Britain and the Axis attempt to stem the flow of merchant shipping that enabled Britain to keep fighting . From 1942 onward , the Axis also sought to prevent the build - up of Allied supplies and equipment in the British Isles in preparation for the invasion of occupied Europe . The defeat of the U-boat threat was a prerequisite for pushing back the Axis . The outcome of the battle was a strategic victory for the Allies -- the German blockade failed -- but at great cost : 3,500 merchant ships and 175 warships were sunk in the Atlantic for the loss of 783 U-boats ( the majority being Type VII submarines ) and 47 German surface warships , including 4 battleships ( Scharnhorst , Bismarck , Gneisenau , and Tirpitz ) , 9 cruisers , 7 raiders , and 27 destroyers . Of the U-boats , 519 were sunk by British , Canadian , or other allied forces , while 175 were destroyed by American forces ; 15 were destroyed by Soviets and 73 were scuttled by their crews before the end of the war for various causes . The Battle of the Atlantic has been called the `` longest , largest , and most complex '' naval battle in history . The campaign started immediately after the European war began , during the so - called `` Phoney War '' , and lasted six years , until the German Surrender in May 1945 . It involved thousands of ships in more than 100 convoy battles and perhaps 1,000 single - ship encounters , in a theatre covering millions of square miles of ocean . The situation changed constantly , with one side or the other gaining advantage , as participating countries surrendered , joined and even changed sides in the war , and as new weapons , tactics , counter-measures and equipment were developed by both sides . The Allies gradually gained the upper hand , overcoming German surface raiders by the end of 1942 and defeating the U-boats by mid-1943 , though losses due to U-boats continued until war 's end . Contents ( hide ) 1 Name 2 Background 3 Early skirmishes ( September 1939 -- May 1940 ) 4 Submarine warfare 5 British situation 5.1 ' The Happy Time ' ( June 1940 -- February 1941 ) 5.2 Italian submarines in the Atlantic 5.3 ASDIC 6 Great surface raiders 7 Escort groups ( March -- May 1941 ) 8 The field of battle widens ( June -- December 1941 ) 8.1 Growing American activity 8.2 Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen 8.3 High - frequency direction - finding 8.4 Enigma cipher 9 Mediterranean diversion 10 Operation Drumbeat ( January -- June 1942 ) 11 Battle returns to the mid-Atlantic ( July 1942 -- February 1943 ) 11.1 Ahead - throwing weapons 11.1. 1 Hedgehog 11.1. 2 Squid 11.2 Leigh Light 11.3 Metox receiver 11.4 Enigma in 1942 11.5 German Command centre 12 Climax of the campaign ( March 1943 -- May 1943 , `` Black May '' ) 12.1 Convergence of technologies 13 South Atlantic ( May 1942 -- September 1943 ) 14 Final years ( June 1943 -- May 1945 ) 14.1 German tactical and technical changes 15 Last actions ( May 1945 ) 16 Outcomes 17 Merchant Navy 17.1 United Kingdom 17.2 United States 17.3 Canada 17.4 Norway 18 Assessment 19 Shipping and U-boat sinkings each month 20 In popular culture 20.1 Media adaptations 20.2 Miscellaneous 21 See also 22 References 22.1 Notes 22.2 Bibliography 23 Further reading 24 External links Name ( edit ) On 5 March 1941 , First Lord of the Admiralty A.V. Alexander asked Parliament for `` many more ships and great numbers of men '' to fight `` the Battle of the Atlantic '' , which he compared to the Battle of France , fought the previous summer . The first meeting of the Cabinet 's `` Battle of the Atlantic Committee '' was on March 19 . Churchill claimed to have coined the phrase `` Battle of the Atlantic '' shortly before Alexander 's speech , but there are several examples of earlier usage . Background ( edit ) Following the use of unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany in the First World War , countries tried to limit , even abolish , submarines . The effort failed . Instead , the London Naval Treaty required submarines to abide by `` cruiser rules '' , which demanded they surface , search and place ship crews in `` a place of safety '' ( for which lifeboats did not qualify , except under particular circumstances ) before sinking them , unless the ship in question showed `` persistent refusal to stop ... or active resistance to visit or search '' . These regulations did not prohibit arming merchantmen , but doing so , or having them report contact with submarines ( or raiders ) , made them de facto naval auxiliaries and removed the protection of the cruiser rules . This made restrictions on submarines effectively moot . Early skirmishes ( September 1939 -- May 1940 ) ( edit ) In 1939 , the Kriegsmarine lacked the strength to challenge the combined British Royal Navy and French Navy ( Marine Nationale ) for command of the sea . Instead , German naval strategy relied on commerce raiding using capital ships , armed merchant cruisers , submarines and aircraft . Many German warships were already at sea when war was declared , including most of the available U-boats and the `` pocket battleships '' ( Panzerschiffe ) Deutschland and Admiral Graf Spee which had sortied into the Atlantic in August . These ships immediately attacked British and French shipping . U-30 sank the ocean liner SS Athenia within hours of the declaration of war -- in breach of her orders not to sink passenger ships . The U-boat fleet , which was to dominate so much of the Battle of the Atlantic , was small at the beginning of the war ; many of the 57 available U-boats were the small and short - range Type IIs , useful primarily for minelaying and operations in British coastal waters . Much of the early German anti-shipping activity involved minelaying by destroyers , aircraft and U-boats off British ports . Admiral Graf Spee shortly after her scuttling With the outbreak of war , the British and French immediately began a blockade of Germany , although this had little immediate effect on German industry . The Royal Navy quickly introduced a convoy system for the protection of trade that gradually extended out from the British Isles , eventually reaching as far as Panama , Bombay and Singapore . Convoys allowed the Royal Navy to concentrate its escorts near the one place the U-boats were guaranteed to be found , the convoys . Each convoy consisted of between 30 and 70 mostly unarmed merchant ships . Some British naval officials , particularly the First Lord of the Admiralty , Winston Churchill , sought a more ' offensive ' strategy . The Royal Navy formed anti-submarine hunting groups based on aircraft carriers to patrol the shipping lanes in the Western Approaches and hunt for German U-boats . This strategy was deeply flawed because a U-boat , with its tiny silhouette , was always likely to spot the surface warships and submerge long before it was sighted . The carrier aircraft were little help ; although they could spot submarines on the surface , at this stage of the war they had no adequate weapons to attack them , and any submarine found by an aircraft was long gone by the time surface warships arrived . The hunting group strategy proved a disaster within days . On 14 September 1939 , Britain 's most modern carrier , HMS Ark Royal , narrowly avoided being sunk when three torpedoes from U-39 exploded prematurely . U-39 was forced to surface and scuttle by the escorting destroyers , becoming the first U-boat loss of the war . The British failed to learn the lesson from this encounter : another carrier , HMS Courageous , was sunk three days later by U-29 . Escort destroyers hunting for U-boats continued to be a prominent , but misguided , technique of British anti-submarine strategy for the first year of the war . U-boats nearly always proved elusive , and the convoys , denuded of cover , were put at even greater risk . German success in sinking Courageous was surpassed a month later when Günther Prien in U-47 penetrated the British base at Scapa Flow and sank the old battleship HMS Royal Oak at anchor , immediately becoming a hero in Germany . In the South Atlantic , British forces were stretched by the cruise of Admiral Graf Spee , which sank nine merchant ships of 50,000 GRT in the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean during the first three months of war . The British and French formed a series of hunting groups including three battlecruisers , three aircraft carriers , and 15 cruisers to seek the raider and her sister Deutschland , which was operating in the North Atlantic . These hunting groups had no success until Admiral Graf Spee was caught off the mouth of the River Plate between Argentina and Uruguay by an inferior British force . After suffering damage in the subsequent action , she took shelter in neutral Montevideo harbour and was scuttled on 17 December 1939 . After this initial burst of activity , the Atlantic campaign quieted down . Admiral Karl Dönitz , commander of the U-boat fleet , had planned a maximum submarine effort for the first month of the war , with almost all the available U-boats out on patrol in September . That level of deployment could not be sustained ; the boats needed to return to harbour to refuel , re-arm , re-stock supplies , and refit . The harsh winter of 1939 -- 40 , which froze over many of the Baltic ports , seriously hampered the German offensive by trapping several new U-boats in the ice . Hitler 's plans to invade Norway and Denmark in the spring of 1940 led to the withdrawal of the fleet 's surface warships and most of the ocean - going U-boats for fleet operations in Operation Weserübung . The resulting Norwegian campaign revealed serious flaws in the magnetic influence pistol ( firing mechanism ) of the U-boats ' principal weapon , the torpedo . Although the narrow fjords gave U-boats little room for manoeuvre , the concentration of British warships , troopships and supply ships provided countless opportunities for the U-boats to attack . Time and again , U-boat captains tracked British targets and fired , only to watch the ships sail on unharmed as the torpedoes exploded prematurely ( due to the influence pistol ) , or hit and failed to explode ( because of a faulty contact pistol ) , or ran beneath the target without exploding ( due to the influence feature or depth control not working correctly ) . Not a single British warship was sunk by a U-boat in more than 20 attacks . As the news spread through the U-boat fleet , it began to undermine morale . The director in charge of torpedo development continued to claim it was the crews ' fault . In early 1941 the problems were determined to be due to differences in the earth 's magnetic fields at high latitudes and a slow leakage of high - pressure air from the submarine into the torpedo 's depth regulation gear . These problems were solved by about March 1941 , making the torpedo a formidable weapon . Submarine warfare ( edit ) Early in the war , Dönitz submitted a memorandum to Grand Admiral Erich Raeder , the German navy 's Commander - in - Chief , in which he estimated effective submarine warfare could bring Britain to its knees because of the country 's dependence on overseas commerce . He advocated a system known as the Rudeltaktik ( the so - called `` wolf pack '' ) , in which U-boats would spread out in a long line across the projected course of a convoy . Upon sighting a target , they would come together to attack en masse and overwhelm any escorting warships . While escorts chased individual submarines , the rest of the `` pack '' would be able to attack the merchant ships with impunity . Dönitz calculated 300 of the latest Atlantic Boats ( the Type VII ) , would create enough havoc among Allied shipping that Britain would be knocked out of the war . This was in stark contrast to the traditional view of submarine deployment up until then , in which the submarine was seen as a lone ambusher , waiting outside an enemy port to attack ships entering and leaving . This had been a very successful tactic used by British submarines in the Baltic and Bosporus during World War I , but it could not be successful if port approaches were well patrolled . There had also been naval theorists who held submarines should be attached to a fleet and used like destroyers ; this had been tried by the Germans at Jutland with poor results , since underwater communications were in their infancy . ( Interwar exercises had proven the idea faulty . ) The Japanese also adhered to the idea of a fleet submarine , following the doctrine of Mahan , and never used their submarines either for close blockade or convoy interdiction . The submarine was still looked upon by much of the naval world as `` dishonourable '' , compared to the prestige attached to capital ships . This was true in the Kriegsmarine as well ; Raeder successfully lobbied for the money to be spent on capital ships instead . The Royal Navy 's main anti-submarine weapon before the war was the inshore patrol craft , which was fitted with hydrophones and armed with a small gun and depth charges . The Royal Navy , like most , had not considered anti-submarine warfare as a tactical subject during the 1920s and 1930s . Unrestricted submarine warfare had been outlawed by the London Naval Treaty ; anti-submarine warfare was seen as ' defensive ' rather than dashing ; many naval officers believed anti-submarine work was drudgery similar to mine sweeping ; and ASDIC was believed to have rendered submarines impotent . Although destroyers also carried depth charges , it was expected these ships would be used in fleet actions rather than coastal patrol , so they were not extensively trained in their use . The British , however , ignored the fact that arming merchantmen , as Britain did from the start of the war , removed them from the protection of the `` cruiser rules '' , and the fact that anti-submarine trials with ASDIC had been conducted in ideal conditions . British situation ( edit ) The German occupation of Norway in April 1940 , the rapid conquest of the Low Countries and France in May and June and the Italian entry into the war on the Axis side in June transformed the war at sea in general and the Atlantic campaign in particular in three main ways : The German submarine base in Lorient , Brittany Britain lost its biggest ally . In 1940 , the French Navy was the fourth largest in the world . Only a handful of French ships joined the Free French Forces and fought against Germany , though these were later joined by a few Canadian - built corvettes . With the French fleet removed from the campaign , the Royal Navy was stretched even further . Italy 's declaration of war meant that Britain also had to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet and establish a new group at Gibraltar , known as Force H , to replace the French fleet in the Western Mediterranean . The U-boats gained direct access to the Atlantic . Since the English Channel was relatively shallow , and was partially blocked with minefields by mid-1940 , U-boats were ordered not to negotiate it and instead travel around the British Isles to reach the most profitable hunting grounds . The German bases in France , at Brest , Lorient , and La Pallice ( near La Rochelle ) , were about 450 miles ( 720 km ) closer to the Atlantic than the bases on the North Sea . This greatly improved the situation for U-boats in the Atlantic , enabling them to attack convoys further west and letting them spend longer time on patrol , doubling the effective size of the U-boat force . The Germans later built huge fortified concrete submarine pens for the U-boats in the French Atlantic bases , which were impervious to Allied bombing until mid-1944 when the Tallboy bomb became available . From early July , U-boats returned to the new French bases when they had completed their Atlantic patrols . British destroyers were diverted from the Atlantic . The Norwegian Campaign and the German invasion of the Low Countries and France imposed a heavy strain on the Royal Navy 's destroyer flotillas . Many older destroyers were withdrawn from convoy routes to support the Norwegian campaign in April and May and then diverted to the English Channel to support the withdrawal from Dunkirk . By the summer of 1940 , Britain faced a serious threat of invasion . Many destroyers were held in the Channel , ready to repel a German invasion . They suffered heavily under air attack by the Luftwaffe 's Fliegerführer Atlantik . Seven destroyers were lost in the Norwegian campaign , another six in the Battle of Dunkirk and a further 10 in the Channel and North Sea between May and July , many to air attack because they lacked an adequate anti-aircraft armament . Dozens of others were damaged . The completion of Hitler 's campaign in Western Europe meant U-boats withdrawn from the Atlantic for the Norwegian campaign now returned to the war on trade . So at the very time the number of U-boats on patrol in the Atlantic began to increase , the number of escorts available for the convoys was greatly reduced . The only consolation for the British was that the large merchant fleets of occupied countries like Norway and the Netherlands came under British control . After the German occupation of Denmark and Norway , Britain occupied Iceland and the Faroe Islands , establishing bases there and preventing a German takeover . It was in these circumstances that Winston Churchill , who had become Prime Minister on 10 May 1940 , first wrote to President Franklin Roosevelt to request the loan of fifty obsolescent US Navy destroyers . This eventually led to the `` Destroyers for Bases Agreement '' ( effectively a sale but portrayed as a loan for political reasons ) , which operated in exchange for 99 - year leases on certain British bases in Newfoundland , Bermuda and the West Indies , a financially advantageous bargain for the United States but militarily beneficial for Britain , since it effectively freed up British military assets to return to Europe . A significant percentage of the US population opposed entering the war , and some American politicians ( including the US Ambassador to Britain , Joseph P. Kennedy ) considered Britain and its allies might actually lose . The first of these destroyers were only taken over by their British and Canadian crews in September and all needed to be rearmed and fitted with ASDIC . It was to be many months before these ships contributed to the campaign . ' The Happy time ' ( June 1940 -- February 1941 ) ( edit ) See also : First Happy Time A U-boat shells a merchant ship which has remained afloat after being torpedoed The early U-boat operations from the French bases were spectacularly successful . This was the heyday of the great U-boat aces like Günther Prien of U-47 , Otto Kretschmer ( U-99 ) , Joachim Schepke ( U-100 ) , Engelbert Endrass ( U-46 ) , Victor Oehrn ( U-37 ) and Heinrich Bleichrodt ( U-48 ) . U-boat crews became heroes in Germany . From June until October 1940 , over 270 Allied ships were sunk : this period was referred to by U-boat crews as `` the Happy Time '' ( `` Die Glückliche Zeit '' ) . Churchill would later write : `` ... the only thing that ever frightened me during the war was the U-boat peril '' . The biggest challenge for the U-boats was to find the convoys in the vastness of the ocean . The Germans had a handful of very long - range Focke - Wulf Fw 200 Condor aircraft based at Bordeaux and Stavanger which were used for reconnaissance . The Condor being a converted civilian airliner , this was a stop - gap solution for Fliegerführer Atlantik . Due to ongoing friction between the Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine , the primary source of convoy sightings was the U-boats themselves . Since a submarine 's bridge was very close to the water , their range of visual detection was quite limited . The best source proved to be the codebreakers of B - Dienst . In response , the British applied the techniques of operations research to the problem and came up with some counter-intuitive solutions to the problem of protecting convoys . It was realised the area of a convoy increased by the square of its perimeter , meaning the same number of ships , using the same number of escorts , was better protected in one convoy than in two . A large convoy was as difficult to locate as a small one . Moreover , reduced frequency ( fewer large convoys carry the same cargo , and large convoys take longer to assemble ) also reduced the chances of detection . Therefore , a few large convoys with apparently few escorts were safer than many small convoys with a higher ratio of escorts to merchantmen . Instead of attacking the Allied convoys singly , U-boats were directed to work in wolf packs ( Rudel ) coordinated by radio . German codebreaking efforts at B - Dienst had succeeded in deciphering the British Naval Cypher No. 3 , allowing the Germans to estimate where and when convoys could be expected . The boats spread out into a long patrol line that bisected the path of the Allied convoy routes . Once in position , the crew studied the horizon through binoculars looking for masts or smoke , or used hydrophones to pick up propeller noises . When one boat sighted a convoy , it would report the sighting to U-boat headquarters , shadowing and continuing to report as needed until other boats arrived , typically at night . Instead of being faced by single submarines , the convoy escorts then had to cope with groups of up to half a dozen U-boats attacking simultaneously . The most daring commanders , such as Kretschmer , penetrated the escort screen and attacked from within the columns of merchantmen . The escort vessels , which were too few in number and often lacking in endurance , had no answer to multiple submarines attacking on the surface at night as their ASDIC only worked well against underwater targets . Early British marine radar , working in the metric bands , lacked target discrimination and range . Moreover , corvettes were too slow to catch a surfaced U-boat . Pack tactics were first used successfully in September and October 1940 , to devastating effect , in a series of convoy battles . On September 21 , convoy HX 72 of 42 merchantmen was attacked by a pack of four U-boats , losing eleven ships sunk and two damaged over two nights . In October , the slow convoy SC 7 , with an escort of two sloops and two corvettes , was overwhelmed , losing 59 % of its ships . The battle for HX 79 in the following days was in many ways worse for the escorts than for SC 7 . The loss of a quarter of the convoy without any loss to the U-boats , despite very strong escort ( two destroyers , four corvettes , three trawlers , and a minesweeper ) demonstrated the effectiveness of the German tactics against the inadequate British anti-submarine methods . On 1 December , seven German and three Italian submarines caught HX 90 , sinking 10 ships and damaging three others . The success of pack tactics against these convoys encouraged Admiral Dönitz to adopt the wolf pack as his primary tactic . Nor were the U-boats the only threat . Following some early experience in support of the war at sea during Operation Weserübung , Fliegerführer Atlantik contributed small numbers of aircraft to the Battle of the Atlantic from 1940 onwards . These were primarily Fw 200 Condors and ( later ) Junkers Ju 290s , used for long - range reconnaissance . The Condors also bombed convoys that were beyond land - based fighter cover and thus defenceless . Initially , the Condors were very successful , claiming 365,000 tons of shipping in early 1941 . These aircraft were few in number , however , and directly under Luftwaffe control ; in addition , the pilots had little specialised training for anti-shipping warfare , limiting their effectiveness . Italian submarines in the Atlantic ( edit ) The Germans received help from their allies . From August 1940 , a flotilla of 27 Italian submarines operated from the BETASOM base in Bordeaux to attack Allied shipping in the Atlantic , initially under the command of Rear Admiral Angelo Parona , then of Rear Admiral Romolo Polacchini . The Italian submarines had been designed to operate in a different way than U-boats , and they had a number of flaws that needed to be corrected ( for example huge conning towers , slow speed when surfaced , lack of modern torpedo fire control ) , which meant that they were ill - suited for convoy attacks , and performed better when hunting down isolated merchantmen on distant seas , taking advantage of their superior range and living standards . While initial operation met with little success ( only 65,343 GRT sunk between August and December 1940 ) , the situation improved gradually over time , and up to August 1943 the 32 Italian submarines that operated there sank 109 ships of 593,864 tons , for 17 subs lost in return , giving them a subs - lost - to - tonnage sunk ratio similar to Germany 's in the same period , and higher overall . The Italians were also successful with their use of `` human torpedo '' chariots , disabling several British ships in Gibraltar . Despite these successes , the Italian intervention was not favourably regarded by Dönitz , who characterised Italians as `` inadequately disciplined '' and `` unable to remain calm in the face of the enemy '' . They were unable to co-operate in wolf pack tactics or even reliably report contacts or weather conditions and their area of operation was moved away from those of the Germans . Amongst the more successful Italian submarine commanders that operated in the Atlantic were Carlo Fecia di Cossato , commander of the submarine Enrico Tazzoli , and Gianfranco Gazzana - Priaroggia , commander of Archimede and then of Leonardo da Vinci . ASDIC ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ASDIC ( also known as SONAR ) was a central feature of the Battle of the Atlantic . One crucial development was the integration of ASDIC with a plotting table and weapons ( depth charges and later Hedgehog ) to make an anti-submarine warfare system . ASDIC produced an accurate range and bearing to the target , but could be fooled by thermoclines , currents or eddies , and schools of fish , so it needed experienced operators to be effective . ASDIC was effective only at low speeds . Above 15 knots ( 28 km / h ) or so , the noise of the ship going through the water drowned out the echoes . The early wartime Royal Navy procedure was to sweep the ASDIC in an arc from one side of the escort 's course to the other , stopping the transducer every few degrees to send out a signal . Several ships searching together would be used in a line , 1 -- 1.5 mi ( 1.6 -- 2.4 km ) apart . If an echo was detected , and if the operator identified it as a submarine , the escort would be pointed towards the target and would close at a moderate speed ; the submarine 's range and bearing would be plotted over time to determine course and speed as the attacker closed to within 1,000 yards ( 910 m ) . Once it was decided to attack , the escort would increase speed , using the target 's course and speed data to adjust her own course . The intention was to pass over the submarine , rolling depth charges from chutes at the stern at even intervals , while throwers fired further charges some 40 yd ( 37 m ) to either side . The intention was to lay a ' pattern ' like an elongated diamond , hopefully with the submarine somewhere inside it . To effectively disable a submarine , a depth charge had to explode within about 20 ft ( 6.1 m ) . Since early ASDIC equipment was poor at determining depth , it was usual to vary the depth settings on part of the pattern . There were disadvantages to the early versions of this system . Exercises in anti-submarine warfare had been restricted to one or two destroyers hunting a single submarine whose starting position was known , and working in daylight and calm weather . U-boats could dive far deeper than British or American submarines ( over 700 feet ( 210 m ) ) , well below the 350 - foot ( 110 m ) maximum depth charge setting of British depth charges . More importantly , early ASDIC sets could not look directly down , so the operator lost contact on the U-boat during the final stages of the attack , a time when the submarine would certainly be manoeuvring rapidly . The explosion of a depth charge also disturbed the water , so ASDIC contact was very difficult to regain if the first attack had failed . It enabled the U-boat to change position with impunity . The belief ASDIC had solved the submarine problem , the acute budgetary pressures of the Great Depression , and the pressing demands for many other types of rearmament meant little was spent on anti-submarine ships or weapons . Most British naval spending , and many of the best officers , went into the battlefleet . Critically , the British expected , as in the First World War , German submarines would be coastal craft and only threaten harbour approaches . As a result , the Royal Navy entered the Second World War in 1939 without enough long - range escorts to protect ocean - going shipping , and there were no officers with experience of long - range anti-submarine warfare . The situation in Royal Air Force Coastal Command was even more dire : patrol aircraft lacked the range to cover the North Atlantic and could typically only machine - gun the spot where they saw a submarine dive . Great surface raiders ( edit ) The battlecruiser HMS Hood steaming into battle minutes before she was sunk by the German battleship Bismarck on May 24 , 1941 . Despite their success , U-boats were still not recognised as the foremost threat to the North Atlantic convoys . With the exception of men like Dönitz , most naval officers on both sides regarded surface warships as the ultimate commerce destroyers . For the first half of 1940 , there were no German surface raiders in the Atlantic because the German Fleet had been concentrated for the invasion of Norway . The sole pocket battleship raider , Admiral Graf Spee , had been stopped at the Battle of the River Plate by an inferior and outgunned British squadron . From the summer of 1940 a small but steady stream of warships and armed merchant raiders set sail from Germany for the Atlantic . The power of a raider against a convoy was demonstrated by the fate of convoy HX 84 attacked by the pocket battleship Admiral Scheer on 5 November 1940 . Admiral Scheer quickly sank five ships and damaged several others as the convoy scattered . Only the sacrifice of the escorting armed merchant cruiser HMS Jervis Bay and failing light allowed the other merchantmen to escape . The British now suspended North Atlantic convoys and the Home Fleet put to sea to try to intercept Admiral Scheer . The search failed and Admiral Scheer disappeared into the South Atlantic . She reappeared in the Indian Ocean the following month . Other German surface raiders now began to make their presence felt . On Christmas Day 1940 , the cruiser Admiral Hipper attacked the troop convoy WS 5A , but was driven off by the escorting cruisers . Admiral Hipper had more success two months later , on 12 February 1941 , when she found the unescorted convoy SLS 64 of 19 ships and sank seven of them . In January 1941 , the formidable ( and fast ) battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , which outgunned any Allied ship that could catch them , put to sea from Germany to raid the shipping lanes in Operation Berlin . With so many German raiders at large in the Atlantic , the British were forced to provide battleship escorts to as many convoys as possible . This twice saved convoys from slaughter by the German battleships . In February , the old battleship HMS Ramillies deterred an attack on HX 106 . A month later , SL 67 was saved by the presence of HMS Malaya . In May , the Germans mounted the most ambitious raid of all : Operation Rheinübung . The new battleship Bismarck and the cruiser Prinz Eugen put to sea to attack convoys . A British fleet intercepted the raiders off Iceland . In the Battle of the Denmark Strait , the battlecruiser HMS Hood was blown up and sunk , but Bismarck was damaged and had to run to France . Bismarck nearly reached her destination , but was disabled by an airstrike from the carrier HMS Ark Royal , and then sunk by the Home Fleet the next day . Her sinking marked the end of the warship raids . The advent of long - range search aircraft , notably the unglamorous but versatile PBY Catalina , largely neutralised surface raiders . In February 1942 , Scharnhorst , Gneisenau and Prinz Eugen moved from Brest back to Germany in the `` Channel Dash '' . While this was an embarrassment for the British , it was the end of the German surface threat in the Atlantic . The loss of Bismarck , Arctic convoys and the perceived invasion threat to Norway had persuaded Hitler to withdraw . War had come too early for the German naval expansion project Plan Z . Battleships powerful enough to destroy any convoy escort , with escorts able to annihilate the convoy , were never achieved . Although the number of ships the raiders sank was relatively small compared with the losses to U-boats , mines , and aircraft , their raids severely disrupted the Allied convoy system , reduced British imports , and strained the Home Fleet . Escort groups ( March -- May 1941 ) ( edit ) A historical plaque at the Bedford Basin in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada , a major convoy collection area . The disastrous convoy battles of October 1940 forced a change in British tactics . The most important of these was the introduction of permanent escort groups to improve the co-ordination and effectiveness of ships and men in battle . British efforts were helped by a gradual increase in the number of escort vessels available as the old ex-American destroyers and the new British - and Canadian - built Flower - class corvettes were now coming into service in numbers . Many of these ships became part of the huge expansion of the Royal Canadian Navy , which grew from a handful of destroyers at the outbreak of war to take an increasing share of convoy escort duty . Others of the new ships were manned by Free French , Norwegian and Dutch crews , but these were a tiny minority of the total number , and directly under British command . By 1941 American public opinion had begun to swing against Germany , but the war was still essentially Great Britain and the Empire against Germany . Initially , the new escort groups consisted of two or three destroyers and half a dozen corvettes . Since two or three of the group would usually be in dock repairing weather or battle damage , the groups typically sailed with about six ships . The training of the escorts also improved as the realities of the battle became obvious . A new base was set up at Tobermory in the Hebrides to prepare the new escort ships and their crews for the demands of battle under the strict regime of Vice-Admiral Gilbert O. Stephenson . In February 1941 , the Admiralty moved the headquarters of Western Approaches Command from Plymouth to Liverpool , where much closer contact with , and control of , the Atlantic convoys was possible . Greater co-operation with supporting aircraft was also achieved . In April , the Admiralty took over operational control of Coastal Command aircraft . At a tactical level , new short - wave radar sets that could detect surfaced U-boats and were suitable for both small ships and aircraft began to arrive during 1941 . The impact of these changes first began to be felt in the battles during the spring of 1941 . In early March , Prien in U-47 failed to return from patrol . Two weeks later , in the battle of Convoy HX 112 , the newly formed 3rd Escort Group of five destroyers and two corvettes held off the U-boat pack . U-100 was detected by the primitive radar on the destroyer HMS Vanoc , rammed and sunk . Shortly afterwards U-99 was also caught and sunk , its crew captured . Dönitz had lost his three leading aces : Kretschmer , Prien , and Schepke . Dönitz now moved his wolf packs further west , in order to catch the convoys before the anti-submarine escort joined . This new strategy was rewarded at the beginning of April when the pack found Convoy SC 26 before its anti-submarine escort had joined . Ten ships were sunk , but another U-boat was lost . The field of Battle widens ( June -- December 1941 ) ( edit ) Growing American activity ( edit ) In June 1941 , the British decided to provide convoy escort for the full length of the North Atlantic crossing . To this end , the Admiralty asked the Royal Canadian Navy on May 23 , to assume the responsibility for protecting convoys in the western zone and to establish the base for its escort force at St. John 's , Newfoundland . On June 13 , 1941 Commodore Leonard Murray , Royal Canadian Navy , assumed his post as Commodore Commanding Newfoundland Escort Force , under the overall authority of the Commander - in - Chief , Western Approaches , at Liverpool . Six Canadian destroyers and 17 corvettes , reinforced by seven destroyers , three sloops , and five corvettes of the Royal Navy , were assembled for duty in the force , which escorted the convoys from Canadian ports to Newfoundland and then on to a meeting point south of Iceland , where the British escort groups took over . A SB2U Vindicator scout bomber from USS Ranger flies anti-submarine patrol over Convoy WS - 12 , en route to Cape Town , November 27 , 1941 . The convoy was one of many escorted by the US Navy on `` Neutrality Patrol '' , before the US officially entered the war . By 1941 , the United States was taking an increasing part in the war , despite its nominal neutrality . In April 1941 President Roosevelt extended the Pan-American Security Zone east almost as far as Iceland . British forces occupied Iceland when Denmark fell to the Germans in 1940 ; the US was persuaded to provide forces to relieve British troops on the island . American warships began escorting Allied convoys in the western Atlantic as far as Iceland , and had several hostile encounters with U-boats . A Mid-Ocean Escort Force of British , and Canadian , and American destroyers and corvettes was organised following the declaration of war by the United States . In June 1941 , the US realised the tropical Atlantic had become dangerous for unescorted American as well as British ships . On May 21 , SS Robin Moor , an American vessel carrying no military supplies , was stopped by U-69 750 nautical miles ( 1,390 km ) west of Freetown , Sierra Leone . After its passengers and crew were allowed thirty minutes to board lifeboats , U-69 torpedoed , shelled , and sank the ship . The survivors then drifted without rescue or detection for up to eighteen days . When news of the sinking reached the US , few shipping companies felt truly safe anywhere . As Time magazine noted in June 1941 , `` if such sinkings continue , U.S. ships bound for other places remote from fighting fronts , will be in danger . Henceforth the U.S. would either have to recall its ships from the ocean or enforce its right to the free use of the seas . '' At the same time , the British were working on a number of technical developments which would address the German submarine superiority . Though these were British inventions , the critical technologies were provided freely to the US , which then renamed and manufactured them . In many cases this has resulted in the misconception these were American developments . Likewise , the US provided the British with Catalina flying boats and Liberator bombers , that were important contributions to the war effort . Catapult aircraft merchantmen ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Aircraft ranges were constantly improving , but the Atlantic was far too large to be covered completely by land - based types . A stop - gap measure was instituted by fitting ramps to the front of some of the cargo ships known as Catapult Aircraft Merchantmen ( CAM ships ) , equipped with a lone expendable Hurricane fighter aircraft . When a German bomber approached , the fighter was fired off the end of the ramp with a large rocket to shoot down or drive off the German aircraft , the pilot then ditching in the water and ( hopefully ) being picked up by one of the escort ships if land was too far away . Nine combat launches were made , resulting in the destruction of eight Axis aircraft for the loss of one Allied pilot . Sea Hurricane Mk IA on the catapult of a CAM ship Although the results gained by the CAM ships and their Hurricanes were not great in enemy aircraft shot down , the aircraft shot down were mostly Fw 200 Condors that would often shadow the convoy out of range of the convoy 's guns , reporting back the convoy 's course and position so that U-boats could then be directed on to the convoy . The CAM ships and their Hurricanes thus justified the cost in fewer ship losses overall . High - frequency direction - finding ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : High - frequency direction finding One of the more important developments was ship - borne direction - finding radio equipment , known as HF / DF ( high - frequency direction - finding , or Huff - Duff ) , which was gradually fitted to the larger escorts . HF / DF let an operator determine the direction of a radio signal , regardless of whether the content could be read . Since the wolf pack relied on U-boats reporting convoy positions by radio , there was a steady stream of messages to intercept . A destroyer could then run in the direction of the signal and attack the U-boat , or at least force it to submerge ( causing it to lose contact ) , which might prevent an attack on the convoy . When two ships fitted with HF / DF accompanied a convoy , a fix on the transmitter 's position , not just direction , could be determined . The British also made extensive use of shore HF / DF stations , to keep convoys updated with positions of U-boats . The radio technology behind direction finding was simple and well understood by both sides , but the technology commonly used before the war used a manually - rotated aerial to fix the direction of the transmitter . This was delicate work , took quite a time to accomplish to any degree of accuracy , and since it only revealed the line along which the transmission originated a single set could not determine if the transmission was from the true direction or its reciprocal 180 degrees in the opposite direction . Two sets were required to fix the position . Believing this to still be the case , German U-boat radio operators considered themselves fairly safe if they kept messages short . The British , however , developed an oscilloscope - based indicator which instantly fixed the direction and its reciprocal the moment a radio operator touched his Morse key . It worked simply with a crossed pair of conventional and fixed directional aerials , the oscilloscope display showing the relative received strength from each aerial as an elongated ellipse showing the line relative to the ship . The innovation was a ' sense ' aerial which when switched in , suppressed the ellipse in the ' wrong ' direction leaving only the correct bearing . With this there was hardly any need to triangulate -- the escort could just run down the precise bearing provided and use radar for final positioning . Many U-boat attacks were suppressed and submarines sunk in this way -- a good example of the great difference apparently minor aspects of technology could make to the battle . Enigma cipher ( edit ) See also : German Navy 3 - rotor Enigma The way Dönitz conducted the U-boat campaign required relatively large volumes of radio traffic between U-boats and headquarters . This was thought to be safe as the radio messages were encrypted using the Enigma cipher machine , which the Germans considered unbreakable . In addition , the Kriegsmarine used much more secure operating procedures than the Heer ( army ) or Luftwaffe ( air force ) . The machine 's three rotors were chosen from a set of eight ( rather than the other services ' five ) . The rotors were changed every other day using a system of key sheets and the message settings were different for every message and determined from `` bigram tables '' that were issued to operators . In 1939 , it was generally believed at the British Government Code and Cypher School ( GC&CS ) at Bletchley Park that naval Enigma could not be broken . Only the head of the German Naval Section , Frank Birch , and the mathematician Alan Turing believed otherwise . Enigma rotors and spindle . The British codebreakers needed to know the wiring of the special naval Enigma rotors , and the destruction of U-33 by HMS Gleaner ( J83 ) in February 1940 provided this information . In early 1941 , the Royal Navy made a concerted effort to assist the codebreakers , and on May 9 crew members of the destroyer Bulldog boarded U-110 and recovered her cryptologic material , including bigram tables and current Enigma keys . The captured material allowed all U-boat traffic to be read for several weeks , until the keys ran out ; the familiarity codebreakers gained with the usual content of messages helped in breaking new keys . Throughout the summer and autumn of 1941 , Enigma intercepts ( combined with HF / DF ) enabled the British to plot the positions of U-boat patrol lines and route convoys around them . Merchant ship losses dropped by over two - thirds in July 1941 , and the losses remained low until November . This Allied advantage was offset by the growing numbers of U-boats coming into service . The Type VIIC began reaching the Atlantic in large numbers in 1941 ; by the end of 1945 , 568 had been commissioned . Although the Allies could protect their convoys in late 1941 , they were not sinking many U-boats . The Flower - class corvette escorts could detect and defend , but they were not fast enough to attack effectively . Mediterranean diversion ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In October 1941 , Hitler ordered Dönitz to move U-boats into the Mediterranean to support German operations in that theatre . The resulting concentration near Gibraltar resulted in a series of battles around the Gibraltar and Sierra Leone convoys . In December 1941 , Convoy HG 76 sailed , escorted by the 36th Escort Group of two sloops and six corvettes under Captain Frederic John Walker , reinforced by the first of the new escort carriers , HMS Audacity , and three destroyers from Gibraltar . The convoy was immediately intercepted by the waiting U-boat pack , resulting in a brutal battle . Walker was a tactical innovator , his ships ' crews were highly trained and the presence of an escort carrier meant U-boats were frequently sighted and forced to dive before they could get close to the convoy . Over the next five days , five U-boats were sunk ( four by Walker 's group ) , despite the loss of Audacity after two days . The British lost Audacity , a destroyer and only two merchant ships . The battle was the first clear Allied convoy victory . Through dogged effort , the Allies slowly gained the upper hand until the end of 1941 . Although Allied warships failed to sink U-boats in large numbers , most convoys evaded attack completely . Shipping losses were high , but manageable . Operation Drumbeat ( January -- June 1942 ) ( edit ) See also : Second Happy Time Allied tanker Dixie Arrow , torpedoed by U-71 , in 1942 An Allied convoy heads eastward across the Atlantic , bound for Casablanca , in November 1942 Depth charge being loaded aboard the corvette HMS Dianthus at Londonderry on August 14 , 1942 Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar mounted on the forecastle of the destroyer HMS Westcott The attack on Pearl Harbor and the subsequent German declaration of war on the United States had an immediate effect on the campaign . Dönitz promptly planned to attack shipping off the American East Coast . He had only 12 Type IX boats able to reach US waters ; half of them had been diverted by Hitler to the Mediterranean . One of the remainder was under repair , leaving only five boats for Operation Drumbeat ( Paukenschlag ) , sometimes called by the Germans the `` Second happy time . '' The US , having no direct experience of modern naval war on its own shores , did not employ a black - out . U-boats simply stood off shore at night and picked out ships silhouetted against city lights . Admiral Ernest King , Commander - in - Chief United States Fleet ( Cominch ) , who disliked the British , initially rejected Royal Navy calls for a coastal black - out or convoy system . King has been criticised for this decision , but his defenders argue the United States destroyer fleet was limited ( partly because of the sale of 50 old destroyers to Britain earlier in the war ) , and King claimed it was far more important that destroyers protect Allied troop transports than merchant shipping . His ships were also busy convoying Lend - Lease material to the Soviet Union , as well as fighting the Japanese in the Pacific . King could not require coastal black - outs - the Army had legal authority over all civil defence - and did not follow advice the Royal Navy ( or Royal Canadian Navy ) provided that even unescorted convoys would be safer than merchants sailing individually . No troop transports were lost , but merchant ships sailing in US waters were left exposed and suffered accordingly . Britain eventually had to build coastal escorts and provide them to the US in a `` reverse Lend Lease '' , since King was unable ( or unwilling ) to make any provision himself . The first U-boats reached US waters on January 13 , 1942 . By the time they withdrew on February 6 , they had sunk 156,939 tonnes of shipping without loss . The first batch of Type IXs was followed by more Type IXs and Type VIIs supported by Type XIV `` Milk Cow '' tankers which provided refuelling at sea . They sank 397 ships totalling over 2 million tons . ( As mentioned previously , not a single troop transport was lost . ) In 1943 , the United States launched over 11 million tons of merchant shipping ; that number declined in the later war years , as priorities moved elsewhere . In May , King ( by this time both Cominch and CNO ) finally scraped together enough ships to institute a convoy system . This quickly led to the loss of seven U-boats . The US did not have enough ships to cover all the gaps ; the U-boats continued to operate freely during the Battle of the Caribbean and throughout the Gulf of Mexico ( where they effectively closed several US ports ) until July , when the British - loaned escorts began arriving . These included 24 armed anti-submarine trawlers crewed by the Royal Naval Patrol Service ; many had previously been peace - time fishermen . On July 3 , 1942 , one of these trawlers , HMS Le Tigre proved her worth by picking up 31 survivors from the American merchant Alexander Macomb . Shortly after Le Tigre managed to hunt down the U-boat U-215 that had torpedoed the merchant ship , which was then sunk by HMS Veteran ; credit was awarded to Le Tigre . The institution of an interlocking convoy system on the American coast and in the Caribbean Sea in mid-1942 resulted in an immediate drop in attacks in those areas . As a result of the increased coastal convoy escort system , the U-boats ' attention was shifted back to the Atlantic convoys . For the Allies , the situation was serious but not critical throughout much of 1942 . Operation Drumbeat had one other effect . It was so successful that Dönitz 's policy of economic war was seen , even by Hitler , as the only effective use of the U-boat ; he was given complete freedom to use them as he saw fit . Meanwhile , Hitler sacked Raeder after the embarrassing Battle of the Barents Sea , in which two German heavy cruisers were beaten off by half a dozen British destroyers . Dönitz was eventually made Grand Admiral , and all building priorities turned to U-boats . Battle returns to the mid-Atlantic ( July 1942 -- February 1943 ) ( edit ) The tanker SS Pennsylvania Sun , torpedoed by U-571 on 15 July 1942 ( was saved and returned to service in 1943 ) With the US finally arranging convoys , ship losses to the U-boats quickly dropped , Dönitz realised his U-boats were better used elsewhere . On July 19 , 1942 , he ordered the last boats to withdraw from the United States Atlantic coast ; by the end of July 1942 he had shifted his attention back to the North Atlantic . Convoy SC 94 marked the return of the U-boats to the convoys from Canada to Britain . The command centre for the submarines operating in the West , including the Atlantic also changed , moving to a newly constructed command bunker at the Château de Pignerolle just east of Angers on the Loire river . The headquarters was commanded by Hans - Rudolf Rösing . There were enough U-boats spread across the Atlantic to allow several wolf packs to attack many different convoy routes . Often as many as 10 to 15 boats would attack in one or two waves , following convoys like SC 104 and SC 107 by day and attacking at night . Convoy losses quickly increased and in October 1942 , 56 ships of over 258,000 tonnes were sunk in the `` air gap '' between Greenland and Iceland . U-boat losses also climbed . In the first six months of 1942 , 21 were lost , less than one for every 40 merchant ships sunk . In August and September , 60 were sunk , one for every 10 merchant ships , almost as many as in the previous two years . On November 19 , 1942 , Admiral Noble was replaced as Commander - in - Chief of Western Approaches Command by Admiral Sir Max Horton . Horton used the growing number of escorts becoming available to organise `` support groups '' , to reinforce convoys that came under attack . Unlike the regular escort groups , support groups were not directly responsible for the safety of any particular convoy . This gave them much greater tactical flexibility , allowing them to detach ships to hunt submarines spotted by reconnaissance or picked up by HF / DF . Where regular escorts would have to break off and stay with their convoy , the support group ships could keep hunting a U-boat for many hours . One tactic introduced by Captain John Walker was the `` hold - down '' , where a group of ships would patrol over a submerged U-boat until its air ran out and it was forced to the surface ; this might take two or three days . Ahead - throwing weapons ( edit ) In response to the ineffectiveness of depth charges , the British developed ahead - throwing anti-submarine weapons , starting with Hedgehog . Hedgehog ( edit ) By late 1942 , warships started being fitted with the Hedgehog anti-submarine spigot mortar , which fired contact - fuzed bombs ahead of the firing ship while the target was still within the ASDIC beam . Unlike depth charges , which were launched behind and to the sides of the attacking ship and disturbed the water , making it hard to track the target because ASDIC lost contact , Hedgehog charges exploded on impact . Hedgehog allowed the attacking ship to change course and maintain contact as the target manoeuvred , as well as allowing a normal depth charge attack . Hedgehog solved one of the most pressing problems , keeping ASDIC contact at short ranges . As range shortened , so did the time taken for the sound pulse to reach , and then return from , the target . Eventually , the ASDIC operator received an echo almost simultaneously with the emitted pulse , a so - called ' instantaneous echo ' , making target tracking difficult . Hedgehog allowed the target to be attacked while within the usable range of the ASDIC equipment . Squid ( edit ) Squid was an improvement on ' Hedgehog ' introduced in late 1943 . A three - barreled mortar , it projected 100 lb ( 45 kg ) charges ahead or abeam ; the charges ' firing pistols were automatically set just prior to launch . Ahead - throwing weapons including Hedgehog and Squid raised the percentage of kills by British surface ships ( 1943 -- 45 ) from 85 kills in 5,174 attacks ( 1.6 % ) for depth charges to 47 in 268 attacks ( 17.5 % ) for Hedgehog , the success rates rising with time . Leigh Light ( edit ) Main article : Leigh Light Leigh Light fitted to a Royal Air Force Coastal Command Liberator , February 26 , 1944 Detection by radar - equipped aircraft could suppress U-boat activity over a wide area , but an aircraft attack could only be successful with good visibility . U-boats were relatively safe from aircraft at night for two reasons : 1 ) radar then in use could not detect them at less than 1 mile ; 2 ) flares deployed to illuminate any attack gave adequate warning for evasive manoeuvres . The introduction of the Leigh Light by the British in January 1942 solved the second problem , thereby becoming a significant factor in the Battle for the Atlantic . Developed by RAF officer H. Leigh , it was a powerful and controllable searchlight mounted primarily to Wellington bombers and B - 24 Liberators . These aircraft first made contact with enemy submarines using air - to - surface - vessel ( ASV ) radar . Then , about a mile from the target , the Leigh light would be switched on . It immediately and accurately illuminated the enemy , giving U-boat commanders less than 25 seconds to react before they were attacked with depth charges . The first confirmed kill using this technology was U-502 on July 5 , 1942 . The Leigh light enabled the British to attack enemy subs on the surface at night , forcing German and Italian commanders to remain underwater especially when coming into port at sub bases in the Bay of Biscay . U-boat commanders who survived such attacks reported a particular fear of this weapon system since aircraft could not be seen at night , and the noise of an approaching aircraft was inaudible above the din of the sub 's engines . Subsequently , the common practice of surfacing at night to recharge batteries and refresh air was mostly abandoned as it was safer to perform these tasks during daylight hours when enemy planes could be spotted . A drop in Allied shipping losses from 600,000 to 200,000 tons per month was attributed to this device . Metox receiver ( edit ) Depth charges detonate astern of the sloop HMS Starling . She participated in the sinking of 14 U-boats throughout the war By August 1942 , U-boats were being fitted with radar detectors to enable them to avoid sudden ambushes by radar - equipped aircraft or ships . The first such receiver , named Metox after its French manufacturer , was capable of picking up the metric radar bands used by the early radars . This not only enabled U-boats to avoid detection by Canadian escorts , which were equipped with obsolete radar sets , but allowed them to track convoys where these sets were in use . However , it also caused problems for the Germans , as it sometimes detected stray radar emissions from distant ships or planes , causing U-boats to submerge when they were not in actual danger , preventing them from recharging batteries or using their surfaced speed . Metox provided the U-boat commander with an advantage that had not been anticipated by the British . The Metox set beeped at the pulse rate of the hunting aircraft 's radar , approximately once per second . When the radar operator came within 9 miles of the U-boat , he changed the range of his radar . With the change of range , the radar doubled its pulse repetition frequency and as a result , the Metox beeping frequency also doubled , warning the commander that he had been detected . Enigma in 1942 ( edit ) See also : Cryptanalysis of the Enigma § M4 ( German Navy 4 - rotor Enigma ) On February 1 , 1942 , the Kriegsmarine switched the U-boats to a new Enigma network ( TRITON ) that used the new , four - rotor , Enigma machines . This new key could not be read by codebreakers ; the Allies no longer knew where the U-boat patrol lines were . This made it far more difficult to evade contact , and the wolf packs ravaged many convoys . This state persisted for ten months . To obtain information on submarine movements the Allies had to make do with HF / DF fixes and decrypts of Kriegsmarine messages encoded on earlier Enigma machines . These messages included signals from coastal forces about U-boat arrivals and departures at their bases in France , and the reports from the U-boat training command . From these clues , Commander Rodger Winn 's Admiralty Submarine Tracking Room supplied their best estimates of submarine movements , but this information was not enough . Then on October 30 , crewmen from HMS Petard salvaged Enigma material from German submarine U-559 as she foundered off Port Said . This allowed the codebreakers to break TRITON , a feat credited to Alan Turing . By December 1942 , Enigma decrypts were again disclosing U-boat patrol positions , and shipping losses declined dramatically once more . German command centre ( edit ) Following the St Nazaire Raid on 28 March 1942 the German Navy , the commander of the Kriegsmarine , Erich Raeder , decided the risk of further seaborne attack was high and relocated the western command centre for U-boats to the Château de Pignerolle near Angers , where a command bunker was built and from where all enigma radio messages between German command and Atlantic based operational U-boats were transmitted / received . In Jul 1942 Hans - Rudolf Rösing was appointed as FdU West ( Führer der Unterseeboote West ) . Pignerolle became his headquarters . Climax of the campaign ( March 1943 -- May 1943 , `` black May '' ) ( edit ) After Convoy ON 154 , winter weather provided a brief respite from the fighting in January before convoys SC 118 and ON 166 in February 1943 , but in the spring , convoy battles started up again with the same ferocity . There were so many U-boats on patrol in the North Atlantic , it was difficult for convoys to evade detection , resulting in a succession of vicious battles . On March 10th , 1943 , the Germans added a refinement to the U-boat Enigma key , which blinded the Allied codebreakers stationed on Bletchley Park for 9 days . That month saw the battles of convoys UGS 6 , HX 228 , SC 121 , SC 122 and HX 229 . One hundred and twenty ships were sunk worldwide , 82 ships of 476,000 tons in the Atlantic , while 12 U-boats were destroyed . The supply situation in Britain was such there was talk of being unable to continue the war , with supplies of fuel being particularly low . The situation was so bad that the British considered abandoning convoys entirely . The next two months saw a complete reversal of fortunes . In April , losses of U-boats increased while their kills fell significantly . Only 39 ships of 235,000 tons were sunk in the Atlantic , and 15 U-boats were destroyed . By May , wolf packs no longer had the advantage and that month became known as Black May in the U-boat Arm ( U-Bootwaffe ) . The turning point was the battle centred on slow convoy ONS 5 ( April -- May 1943 ) . Made up of 43 merchantmen escorted by 16 warships , it was attacked by a pack of 30 U-boats . Although 13 merchant ships were lost , six U-boats were sunk by the escorts or Allied aircraft . Despite a storm which scattered the convoy , the merchantmen reached the protection of land - based air cover , causing Dönitz to call off the attack . Two weeks later , SC 130 saw at least three U-boats destroyed and at least one U-boat damaged for no losses . Faced with disaster , Dönitz called off operations in the North Atlantic , saying , `` We had lost the Battle of the Atlantic '' . In all , 43 U-boats were destroyed in May , 34 in the Atlantic . This was 25 % of German U-boat arm ( U-Bootwaffe ) ( UBW ) 's total operational strength . The Allies lost 58 ships in the same period , 34 of these ( totalling 134,000 tons ) in the Atlantic . Convergence of technologies ( edit ) See also : RAF Coastal Command during World War II U-848 under attack by a US Navy Consolidated PB4Y - 1 Liberator in November 1943 The Battle of the Atlantic was won by the Allies in two months . There was no single reason for this ; what had changed was a sudden convergence of technologies , combined with an increase in Allied resources . The mid-Atlantic gap that had previously been unreachable by aircraft was closed by long - range Consolidated B - 24 Liberators . On 18 March 1943 Roosevelt ordered Admiral King to transfer 60 Liberators from the Pacific theatre to the Atlantic to combat German U-Boats ; one of only two direct orders he gave to his military commanders in WWII ( the other was re Operation Torch ) . At the May 1943 Trident conference , Admiral King requested General Henry H. Arnold to send a squadron of ASW - configured B - 24s to Newfoundland to strengthen the air escort of North Atlantic convoys . General Arnold ordered his squadron commander to engage only in `` offensive '' search and attack missions and not in the escort of convoys . In June , General Arnold suggested the Navy assume responsibility for ASW operations . Admiral King requested the Army 's ASW - configured B - 24s in exchange for an equal number of unmodified Navy B - 24s . Agreement was reached in July and the exchange was completed in September 1943 . Further air cover was provided by the introduction of merchant aircraft carriers ( MAC ships ) , and later the growing numbers of American - built escort carriers . Primarily flying Grumman F4F Wildcats and Grumman TBF Avengers , they sailed with the convoys and provided much - needed air cover and patrols all the way across the Atlantic . Larger numbers of escorts became available , both as a result of American building programmes and the release of escorts committed to the North African landings during November and December 1942 . In particular , destroyer escorts ( similar British ships were known as frigates ) were designed , which could be built more economically than expensive fleet destroyers and were more seaworthy than corvettes . Not only would there be sufficient numbers of escorts to securely protect convoys , they could also form hunter - killer groups ( often centred on escort carriers ) to aggressively hunt U-boats . By spring 1943 , the British had developed an effective sea - scanning radar small enough to be carried in patrol aircraft armed with airborne depth charges . Centimetric radar greatly improved interception and was undetectable by Metox . Fitted with it , RAF Coastal Command sank more U-boats than any other Allied service in the last three years of the war . During 1943 U-boat losses amounted to 258 to all causes . Of this total , 90 were sunk and 51 damaged by Coastal Command . Allied air forces developed tactics and technology to make the Bay of Biscay , the main route for France - based U-boats , very dangerous to submarines . The Leigh Light enabled attacks on U-boats recharging their batteries on the surface at night . Fliegerführer Atlantik responded by providing fighter cover for U-boats moving into and returning from the Atlantic and for returning blockade runners . Nevertheless , with intelligence coming from resistance personnel in the ports themselves , the last few miles to and from port proved hazardous to U-boats . Dönitz 's aim in this tonnage war was to sink Allied ships faster than they could be replaced ; as losses fell and production rose , particularly in the United States , this became impossible . South Atlantic ( May 1942 -- September 1943 ) ( edit ) Brazilian Navy on anti-submarine warfare in the South Atlantic , 1942 . Despite U-boat operations in the region ( centred in the Atlantic Narrows between Brazil and West Africa ) beginning autumn 1940 , only in the following year did these start to raise serious concern in Washington . This perceived threat caused the US to decide that the introduction of US forces along Brazil 's coast would be valuable . After negotiations with Brazilian Foreign Minister Osvaldo Aranha ( on behalf of dictator Getúlio Vargas ) , these were introduced in second half of 1941 . Germany and Italy subsequently extended their submarine attacks to include Brazilian ships wherever they were , and from April 1942 were found in Brazilian waters . On 22 May 1942 , the first Brazilian attack ( although unsuccessful ) was carried out by Brazilian Air Force aircraft on the Italian submarine Barbarigo . After a series of attacks on merchant vessels off the Brazilian coast by U-507 , Brazil officially entered the war on 22 August 1942 , offering an important addition to the Allied strategic position in the South Atlantic . U-199 under attack by Brazilian Air Force PBY Catalina , 31 July 1943 . Although the Brazilian Navy was small , it had modern minelayers suitable for coastal convoy escort and aircraft which needed only small modifications to become suitable for maritime patrol . During its three years of war , mainly in Caribbean and South Atlantic , alone and in conjunction with the US , Brazil escorted 3,167 ships in 614 convoys , totalling 16,500,000 tons , with losses of 0.1 % . Brazil saw three of its warships sunk and 486 men killed in action ( 332 in the cruiser Bahia ) ; 972 seamen and civilian passengers were also lost aboard the 32 Brazilian merchant vessels attacked by enemy submarines . American and Brazilian air and naval forces worked closely together until the end of the Battle . One example was the sinking of U-199 in July 1943 , by a coordinated action of Brazilian and American aircraft . Only in Brazilian waters , eleven other Axis submarines were known sunk between January and September 1943 -- the Italian Archimede and ten German boats : U-128 , U-161 , U-164 , U-507 , U-513 , U-590 , U-591 , U-598 , U-604 , and U-662 . By fall 1943 , the decreasing number of Allied shipping losses in South Atlantic coincided with the increasing elimination of Axis submarines operating there . From then , the battle in the region was lost for Germans , even with the most of remaining submarines in the region receiving official order of withdrawal only in August of the following year , and with ( Baron Jedburgh ) the last Allied merchant ship sunk by a U-boat ( U-532 ) there , on 10 March 1945 . Final years ( June 1943 -- May 1945 ) ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) U-459 , a Type XIV supply submarine ( known as a `` milch cow '' ) sinking after being attacked by a Vickers Wellington Germany made several attempts to upgrade the U-boat force , while awaiting the next generation of U-boats : the Walter and Elektroboot types . Among these upgrades were improved anti-aircraft defences , radar detectors , better torpedoes , decoys , and Schnorchel ( snorkels ) , which allowed U-boats to run underwater off their diesel engines . The September 1943 return to the offensive in the North Atlantic saw initial success , with an attack on ONS 18 and ON 202 . A series of battles saw fewer victories and more losses for UbW . After four months , BdU again called off the offensive ; eight ships of 56,000 tons and six warships had been sunk for the loss of 39 U-boats , a catastrophic loss ratio . The Luftwaffe also introduced the long - range He 177 bomber and Henschel Hs 293 guided glider bomb , which claimed a number of victims , but Allied air superiority prevented them from being a major threat . German tactical and technical changes ( edit ) To counter Allied air power , UbW increased the anti-aircraft armament of U-boats , and introduced specially - equipped `` flak boats '' ; they were to stay surfaced and engage in combat with attacking planes , rather than dive and evade . These developments initially caught RAF pilots by surprise . However , a U-boat which remained surfaced increased the risk of its pressure hull being punctured , making it unable to submerge , while attacking pilots often called in surface ships if they met too much resistance , orbiting out of range of the U-boat's guns to maintain contact . Should the U-boat dive , the aircraft would attack . Immediate diving remained a U-boat's best survival tactic when encountering aircraft . According to German sources , only six aircraft were shot down by U-flaks in six missions ( three by U-441 , one each by U-256 , U-621 and U-953 ) . The Germans also introduced improved radar warning units , such as Wanze . To fool Allied sonar , the Germans deployed Bold canisters ( which the British called Submarine Bubble Target ) to generate false echoes , as well as Sieglinde self - propelled decoys . The development of torpedoes also improved with the pattern - running Flächen - Absuch - Torpedo ( FAT ) , which ran a pre-programmed course criss - crossing the convoy path and the G7es acoustic torpedo ( known to the Allies as German Naval Acoustic Torpedo , GNAT ) , which homed on the propeller noise of a target . This was initially very effective but the Allies quickly developed counter-measures , both tactical ( `` Step - Aside '' ) and technical ( `` Foxer '' ) . None of the German measures were truly effective , and by 1943 Allied air power was so strong U-boats were being attacked in the Bay of Biscay shortly after leaving port . The Germans had lost the technological race . Their actions were restricted to lone - wolf attacks in British coastal waters and preparation to resist the expected Operation Neptune , the invasion of France . Over the next two years many U-boats were sunk , usually with all hands . With the battle won by the Allies , supplies poured into Britain and North Africa for the eventual liberation of Europe . The U-boats were further critically hampered after D - Day by the loss of their bases in France to the advancing Allied armies . Last actions ( May 1945 ) ( edit ) Late in the war , the Germans introduced the Elektroboot : the Type XXI and short range Type XXIII . The Type XXI could run submerged at 17 knots ( 31 km / h ) , faster than a Type VII at full speed surfaced , and faster than Allied corvettes . Designs were finalised in January 1943 but mass - production of the new types did not start until 1944 . By 1945 , just five Type XXIII and one Type XXI boats were operational . The Type XXIIIs made nine patrols , sinking five ships in the first five months of 1945 ; only one combat patrol was carried out by a Type XXI before the war ended , making no contact with the enemy . As the Allied armies closed in on the U-boat bases in North Germany , over 200 boats were scuttled to avoid capture ; those of most value attempted to flee to bases in Norway . In the first week of May , twenty - three boats were sunk in the Baltic while attempting this journey . The last actions in American waters took place on May 5 -- 6 , 1945 , which saw the sinking of the steamer Black Point and the destruction of U-853 and U-881 in separate incidents . The last actions of the Battle of the Atlantic were on May 7 -- 8 . U-320 was the last U-boat sunk in action , by an RAF Catalina ; while the Norwegian minesweeper NYMS 382 and the freighters Sneland I and Avondale Park were torpedoed in separate incidents , just hours before the German surrender . The remaining U-boats , at sea or in port , were surrendered to the Allies , 174 in total . Most were destroyed in Operation Deadlight after the war . Outcomes ( edit ) Seamen raise the White Ensign over a captured German U-boat U-190 in St. John 's , Newfoundland 1945 The Germans failed to stop the flow of strategic supplies to Britain . This failure resulted in the build - up of troops and supplies needed for the D - Day landings . The defeat of the U-boat was a necessary precursor for accumulation of Allied troops and supplies to ensure Germany 's defeat . Victory was achieved at a huge cost : between 1939 and 1945 , 3,500 Allied merchant ships ( totalling 14.5 million gross tons ) and 175 Allied warships were sunk and some 72,200 Allied naval and merchant seamen lost their lives . The vast majority of Allied warships lost in the Atlantic and close coasts were small warships averaging around 1,000 tons such as frigates , destroyer escorts , sloops , submarine chasers , or corvettes , but losses also included two battleships ( Royal Oak and Barham ) , one battlecruiser ( Hood ) , two aircraft carriers ( Glorious and Courageous ) , three escort carriers ( Dasher , Audacity , and Nabob ) , and seven cruisers ( Curlew , Curacoa , Dunedin , Edinburgh , Charybdis , Trinidad , and Effingham ) . The Germans lost 783 U-boats and approximately 30,000 sailors killed , three - quarters of Germany 's 40,000 - man U-boat fleet . Losses to Germany 's surface fleet were also significant , with 4 battleships , 9 cruisers , 7 raiders , and 27 destroyers sunk . Losses : Allies Germany 36,200 sailors 30,000 sailors 36,000 merchant seamen 3,500 merchant vessels 783 submarines 175 warships Merchant Navy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) United Kingdom ( edit ) During the Second World War nearly one third of the world 's merchant shipping was British . Over 30,000 men from the British Merchant Navy lost their lives between 1939 and 1945 . More than 2,400 British ships were sunk . The ships were crewed by sailors from all over the British Empire , including some 25 % from India and China , and 5 % from the West Indies , Middle East and Africa . The British officers wore uniforms very similar to those of the Royal Navy . The ordinary sailors , however , had no uniform and when on leave in Britain they sometimes suffered taunts and abuse from civilians who mistakenly thought the crewmen were shirking their patriotic duty to enlist in the armed forces . To counter this , the crewmen were issued with an ' MN ' lapel badge to indicate they were serving in the Merchant Navy . The British merchant fleet was made up of vessels from the many and varied private shipping lines , examples being the tankers of the British Tanker Company and the freighters of Ellerman and Silver Lines . The British government , via the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) , also had new ships built during the course of the war , these being known as Empire ships . United States ( edit ) In addition to its existing merchant fleet , United States shipyards built 2,710 Liberty ships totalling 38.5 million tons , vastly exceeding the 14 million tons of shipping the German U-boats were able to sink during the war . Canada ( edit ) Canada 's Merchant Navy was vital to the Allied cause during World War II . More than 70 Canadian merchant vessels were lost . 1,600 merchant sailors were killed , including eight women . Information obtained by British agents regarding German shipping movements led Canada to conscript all its merchant vessels two weeks before actually declaring war , with the Royal Canadian Navy taking control of all shipping August 26 , 1939 . At the outbreak of the war , Canada possessed 38 ocean - going merchant vessels . By the end of hostilities , in excess of 400 cargo ships had been built in Canada . With the exception of the Japanese invasion of the Alaskan Aleutian Islands , the Battle of the Atlantic was the only battle of the Second World War to touch North American shores . U-boats disrupted coastal shipping from the Caribbean to Halifax , during the summer of 1942 , and even entered into battle in the Gulf of St. Lawrence . Canadian officers wore uniforms which were virtually identical in style to those of the British . The ordinary seamen were issued with an ' MN Canada ' badge to wear on their lapel when on leave , to indicate their service . At the end of the war , Rear Admiral Leonard Murray , Commander - in - Chief Canadian North Atlantic , remarked , `` ... the Battle of the Atlantic was not won by any Navy or Air Force , it was won by the courage , fortitude and determination of the British and Allied Merchant Navy . '' Norway ( edit ) Before the war , Norway 's Merchant Navy was the fourth largest in the world and its ships were the most modern . The Germans and the Allies both recognised the great importance of Norway 's merchant fleet , and following Germany 's invasion of Norway in April 1940 , both sides sought control of the ships . Norwegian Nazi puppet leader Vidkun Quisling ordered all Norwegian ships to sail to German , Italian or neutral ports . He was ignored . All Norwegian ships decided to serve at the disposal of the Allies . The vessels of the Norwegian Merchant Navy were placed under the control of the government - run Nortraship , with headquarters in London and New York . Nortraship 's modern ships , especially its tankers , were extremely important to the Allies . Norwegian tankers carried nearly one - third of the oil transported to Britain during the war . Records show that 694 Norwegian ships were sunk during this period , representing 47 % of the total fleet . At the end of the war in 1945 , the Norwegian merchant fleet was estimated at 1,378 ships . More than 3,700 Norwegian merchant seamen lost their lives . Assessment ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It is maintained by some historians that the U-boat Arm came close to winning the Battle of the Atlantic ; that the Allies were almost defeated ; and that Britain was brought to the brink of starvation . Others , including Blair and Alan Levin , disagree ; Levin states this is `` a misperception '' , and that `` it is doubtful they ever came close '' to achieving this . The focus on U-boat successes , the `` aces '' and their scores , the convoys attacked , and the ships sunk , serves to camouflage the Kriegsmarine 's manifold failures . In particular , this was because most of the ships sunk by U-boat were not in convoys , but sailing alone , or having become separated from convoys . At no time during the campaign were supply lines to Britain interrupted ; even during the Bismarck crisis , convoys sailed as usual ( although with heavier escorts ) . In all , during the Atlantic Campaign only 10 % of transatlantic convoys that sailed were attacked , and of those attacked only 10 % on average of the ships were lost . Overall , more than 99 % of all ships sailing to and from the British Isles during World War II did so successfully . Despite their efforts , the Axis powers were unable to prevent the build - up of Allied invasion forces for the liberation of Europe . In November 1942 , at the height of the Atlantic campaign , the US Navy escorted the Operation Torch invasion fleet 3,000 mi ( 4,800 km ) across the Atlantic without hindrance , or even being detected . ( This may be the ultimate example of the Allied practise of evasive routing . ) In 1943 and 1944 the Allies transported some 3 million American and Allied servicemen across the Atlantic without significant loss . By 1945 the USN was able to wipe out in mid-Atlantic with little real difficulty a wolf - pack suspected of carrying V - weapons . Third , and unlike the Allies , the Germans were never able to mount a comprehensive blockade of Britain . Nor were they able to focus their effort by targeting the most valuable cargoes , the eastbound traffic carrying war materiel . Instead they were reduced to the slow attrition of a tonnage war . To win this , the U-boat arm had to sink 300,000 GRT per month in order to overwhelm Britain 's shipbuilding capacity and reduce its merchant marine strength . In only four out of the first 27 months of the war did Germany achieve this target , while after December 1941 , when Britain was joined by the US merchant marine and ship yards the target effectively doubled . As a result , the Axis needed to sink 700,000 GRT per month ; as the massive expansion of the US shipbuilding industry took effect this target increased still further . The 700,000 ton target was achieved in only one month , November 1942 , while after May 1943 average sinkings dropped to less than one tenth of that figure . By the end of the war , although the U-boat arm had sunk 6,000 ships totalling 21 million GRT , the Allies had built over 38 million tons of new shipping . The reason for the misperception that the German blockade came close to success may be found in post-war writings by both German and British authors . Blair attributes the distortion to `` propagandists '' who `` glorified and exaggerated the successes of German submariners '' , while he believes Allied writers `` had their own reasons for exaggerating the peril '' . Dan van der Vat suggests that , unlike the US , or Canada and Britain 's other dominions , which were protected by oceanic distances , Britain was at the end of the transatlantic supply route closest to German bases ; for Britain it was a lifeline . It is this which led to Churchill 's concerns . Coupled with a series of major convoy battles in the space of a month , it undermined confidence in the convoy system in March 1943 , to the point Britain considered abandoning it , not realising the U-boat had already effectively been defeated . These were `` over-pessimistic threat assessments '' , Blair concludes : `` At no time did the German U-boat force ever come close to winning the Battle of the Atlantic or bringing on the collapse of Great Britain '' . Shipping and U-boat sinkings each month ( edit ) Merchant ship losses U-boat losses Historians disagree about the relative importance of the anti-U - boat measures . Max Hastings states that `` In 1941 alone , Ultra ( breaking the German code ) saved between 1.5 and two million tons of Allied ships from destruction . '' This would be a 40 percent to 53 percent reduction . A history based on the German archives written for the British Admiralty after the war by a former U-boat commander and son - in - law of Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz reports that several detailed investigations to discover whether their operations were compromised by broken code were negative and that their defeat `` ... was due firstly to outstanding developments in enemy radar ... '' The graphs of the data are colour coded to divide the battle into three epochs -- before the breaking of the Enigma code , after it was broken , and after the introduction of centimetric radar , which could reveal submarine conning towers above the surface of the water and even detect periscopes . Obviously this subdivision of the data ignores many other defensive measures the Allies developed during the war , so interpretation must be constrained . Codebreaking by itself did not decrease the losses , which continued to rise ominously . More U-boats were sunk , but the number operational had more than tripled . After the improved radar came into action shipping losses plummeted , reaching a level significantly ( p = 0.99 ) below the early months of the war . The development of the improved radar by the Allies began in 1940 , before the United States entered the war , when Henry Tizard and A.V. Hill won permission to share British secret research with the Americans , including bringing them a cavity magnetron , which generates the needed high - frequency radio waves . All sides will agree with Hastings that `` ... mobilization of the best civilian brains , and their integration into the war effort at the highest levels , was an outstanding British success story . '' In popular culture ( edit ) Media adaptations ( edit ) U-Boote westwärts ! , 1941 propaganda film . Action in the North Atlantic , 1943 American war film about sailors aboard a Liberty ship in the US Merchant Marine battling a German U-boat . Western Approaches , 1944 British colour film dramatising the experience of merchant sailors in a lifeboat . The Cruel Sea , 1953 film about a Royal Navy escort during the Battle . The Enemy Below , 1956 film about the captain of an American destroyer escort who matches wits with a German U-boat captain . Das Boot , 1981 German film about a German U-boat and its crew . U-571 , 2000 film about a U-boat boarded by disguised United States Navy submariners . In Enemy Hands , 2004 film about American sailors being taken captive by a German U-boat . Miscellaneous ( edit ) Aces of the Deep , 1994 U-boat simulator video game Destroyer Command , 2002 naval simulation video game Silent Hunter III , 2005 U-boat simulator video game , third of a series See also ( edit ) Arctic convoys of World War II for the convoys to the USSR Convoy battles of World War II BETASOM , the Italian submarine flotilla at Bordeaux Blockade of Germany ( 1939 -- 45 ) British merchant seamen of World War II British Security Co-ordination Irish Mercantile Marine during World War II List of German U-boat World War II Raiding Careers List of most successful U-boat commanders List of wolfpacks of World War II Losses during the Battle of the Atlantic The Norwegian Shipping and Trade Mission -- Nortraship Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic Monsun Gruppe , the German U-boat campaign in the Indian Ocean References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : White , David ( 2008 ) . Bitter Ocean : The Battle of the Atlantic , 1939 -- 1945 . New York , United States : Simon & Schuster . p. 2 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2930 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Bennett , William J ( 2007 ) . America : The Last Best Hope , Volume 2 : From a World at War to the Triumph of Freedom 1914 -- 1989 . United States : Nelson Current . p. 301 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59555 - 057 - 6 . Jump up ^ Bowyer 1979 , p. 158 Jump up ^ Bennett , William J ( 2007 ) . America : The Last Best Hope , Volume 2 : From a World at War to the Triumph of Freedom 1914 -- 1989 . United States : Nelson Current . p. 302 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59555 - 057 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : BRITISH LOSSES & LOSSES INFLICTED ON AXIS NAVIES . National Museum of the Royal Navy . Retrieved Feb. 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Giorgerini 2002 , p. 424 Jump up ^ Blair 1996a , p. xiii . Jump up ^ Woodman 2004 , p. 1 Jump up ^ Carney , Robert B. , Admiral , USN . `` Comment and Discussion '' United States Naval Institute Proceedings January 1976 , p. 74 . Admiral Carney was assistant chief of staff and operations officer to Admiral Arthur L. Bristol , commander of the support force of United States ships and planes providing North Atlantic trade convoy escort services . This support force was designated Task Force 24 after the declaration of war . Jump up ^ David Syrett , The defeat of the German U-boats : The Battle of the Atlantic ( 1994 ) . Jump up ^ `` Admiralty pleads for ships , men to wage ' Battle of the Atlantic ' '' . The Montreal Gazette . The Associated Press . March 6 , 1941 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Gilbert , p. 367 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Martin ( ed . ) , The Churchill War Papers : The Ever Widening War , Volume 3 : 1941 , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Ernest Lindley , `` The Grand Alliance '' , St. Joseph News - Press , Sept 30 , 1940 . `` Until the outcome of the battle of the Atlantic can be more clearly foreseen , there would be high risks both to Japan and ourselves in becoming engaged in war . '' Sargint , H.J.J. , `` Mighty Nazi effort to invade England now in the making : Observers see amphibious attack as Hitler 's anticipated thrust against British Isles '' , Miami News , Jan. 18 , 1941 . `` This country is fighting a battle which may well be called the battle of the Atlantic , though it is not more than an extension of the battle of Britain . '' Jump up ^ Holwitt , Joel I. ( 2005 ) . Execute Against Japan ( Ph. D. thesis ) . Ohio State University . pp. 5 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Holwitt 2005 , p. 92 : quoting Article 22 of the London Naval Treaty . Jump up ^ Holwitt 2005 , p. 93 ^ Jump up to : Holwitt 2005 , p. 6 ^ Jump up to : Dönitz , Karl . Memoirs : Ten Years and Twenty Days ; von der Poorten , Edward P . The German Navy in World War II ( T.Y. Crowell , 1969 ) ; Milner , Marc . North Atlantic run : the Royal Canadian Navy and the battle for the convoys ( Vanwell Publishing , 2006 ) Jump up ^ He repeated a Great War feat by U-18 . Jump up ^ Similar problems plagued the U.S. Navy 's Mark 14 torpedo . The U.S. ignored reports of German problems . Blair , Clay , Jr . Silent Victory ( Bantam , 1976 ) , p. 71 . Jump up ^ The U.S. Navy 's Bureau of Ordnance made identical claims . Jump up ^ The Mark 14s suffered the same problem . Blair . Jump up ^ Williamson , Gordon ( 2010 ) . U-boat Tactics in World War II . Oxford : Osprey . p. 43 . ISBN 1 - 84908 - 173 - 5 . Jump up ^ Karl Dönitz : Gedanken über den Aufbau der U-Bootswaffe , 1 . September 1939 . ( Bundesarchiv - Militärarchiv , Freiburg , Germany , Case 378 , PG 32419a . Seekrieg 1939 ) , cit . Holger H. Herwig , Germany and the Battle of the Atlantic , Chapter 4 , page 74 of Roger Chikering , Stig Förster and Bernd Greiner ( Eds . ) : A World at Total War : Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction , 1937 -- 1945 ( Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , England , December 2004 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 83432 - 5 ) Jump up ^ Price , Alfred . Aircraft versus the Submarine Jump up ^ Between April and July 1940 , the Royal Navy lost 24 destroyers , the Royal Canadian Navy one . Jump up ^ Convoy Archived July 19 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . from History Television . Jump up ^ Purnell , Tom ( April 11 , 2003 ) . `` The `` Happy Time '' `` . `` Canonesa '' , Convoy HX72 & U-100 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2007 . Retrieved September 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Costello & Hughes 1977 , p. 5 Jump up ^ Giorgerini 2002 , pp. 415 -- 563 Jump up ^ Rohwer Jump up ^ Ireland 2003 , pp. 51 -- 52 Jump up ^ Giorgerini 2002 , p. 691 Jump up ^ Roskill 1957 , pp. 291 -- 292 . Jump up ^ Roskill 1957 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ HMS Hood 1920 Archived December 18 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine. , Royal Navy Jump up ^ Bismarck ( 1940 -- 1941 ) , Naval Historical Center Jump up ^ Roskill 1957 , pp. 358 -- 359 . Jump up ^ `` On the High Seas '' . Time magazine . June 23 , 1941 ... Jump up ^ Erskine , Ralph ( 2004 ) , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography : Murray ( née Clarke ) , Joan Elisabeth Lowther ( 1917 -- 1996 ) : cryptanalyst and numismatist , Oxford University Press , retrieved 16 November 2014 Jump up ^ Copeland 2004 , p. 257 Jump up ^ Sebag - Montefiore 2004 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Helgason , Guðmundur . `` Type VIIC '' . German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Costello & Hughes 1977 , p. 196 Jump up ^ Costello & Hughes 1977 , p. 203 ^ Jump up to : `` Pignerolle dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale '' . Jump up ^ Costello & Hughes 1977 , p. 308 Jump up ^ Britain , ASW Weapons , Table British ASW during World War II , http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WAMBR_ASW.htm ^ Jump up to : Rickard , J ( 1 June 2007 ) . `` Leigh Light '' . History of War . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Gustin , Emmanuel . `` The Leigh Light '' . Retrieved 16 February 2017 . Jump up ^ North Atlantic Run ; The Great Naval Battle of Ottawa Jump up ^ Costello & Hughes 1977 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Erskine , Ralph ; Smith , Michael ( 2011 ) . The Bletchley Park Codebreakers . London : Biteback Publishing , 2011 . Jump up ^ Milner , North Atlantic Run ? van der Vat , The Atlantic Campaign ? Jump up ^ Costello & Hughes 1977 , p. 281 Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( 2012 ) . Eisenhower in War and Peace . New York : Random House . p. 213 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 64429 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bowling 1969 , p. 52 Jump up ^ Buckley 1998 , p. 136 Jump up ^ Hendrie 2006 , pp. 116 -- 117 Jump up ^ Carey 2004 , p. 5 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Carey 2004 . Jump up ^ Carey 2004 , p. 9 - 10 . Jump up ^ Morison 1947 , p. 376 Jump up ^ Morison 1947 , p. 386 Jump up ^ Votaw , 1950 , p. 10579ff , and 1951 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Maximiano & Neto 2011 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Gastaldoni , 1993 . From p. 153 . ^ Jump up to : Helgason , Guðmundur . `` Loss listings '' . German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net . Retrieved 4 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Carey 2004 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Barone 2013 , Chapter 2 Jump up ^ Carey 2004 , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Carruthers 2011 , p. 190 Jump up ^ Fitzsimons , Bernard , ed . The Illustrated Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare ( London : Phoebus , 1978 ) , Volume 24 , p. 2615 , `` Zaunkönig '' . Jump up ^ BRITISH LOSSES & LOSSES INFLICTED ON AXIS NAVIES . National Museum of the Royal Navy . Counting the `` Atlantic Ocean '' and `` Europe ( bar Mediterranean ) '' categories . Retrieved Feb. 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Blair 1996a , p. xii . Jump up ^ Levin p375 Jump up ^ Costello & Hughes 1977 , p. 210 Jump up ^ Roskill 1961 , p. 375 . Jump up ^ Milner , North Atlantic Run ; van der Vat . Jump up ^ Blair vol II , p xii Jump up ^ Hastings , Max ( 2011 ) . All hell let loose : the world at war 1939 - 45 . London : HarperPress . pp. 275 -- 276 . Jump up ^ Hessler , Günther ( 1989 ) . The U-Boat war in the Atlantic , 1939 -- 1945 . London : Her Majesty 's Stationary Office . 2 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Mawdsley , Evan ( 2009 ) . World War II : A new history . Cambridge : University Press . p. 260 . Jump up ^ Snow , C.P. ( 1961 ) . Science and Government . London : Oxford . pp. 41 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Hastings 2011 , p. 81 Bibliography ( edit ) Alexander , C. Hugh O 'D . ( c. 1945 ) . Cryptographic History of Work on the German Naval Enigma . CCR 239 . Kew : The National Archives . HW 25 / 1 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Barone , João ( 2013 ) . 1942 : O Brasil e sua guerra quase desconhecida ( 1942 : Brazil and its almost Forgotten War ) ( in Portuguese ) . Rio de Janeiro . ISBN 978 - 85 - 209 - 3394 - 7 . Buckley , John ( 1995 ) . The RAF and Trade Defence , 1919 -- 1945 : Constant Endeavour . Ryburn . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85331 - 069 - 0 . Buckley , John ( 1998 ) . Air Power in the Age of Total War . UCL Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85728 - 589 - 5 . Blair , Clay , Jr. ( 1996a ) . Hitler 's U-Boat War : The Hunters 1939 -- 1942 . I. Cassell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35260 - 9 . Blair , Clay , Jr. ( 1996b ) . Hitler 's U-Boat War : The Hunted 1942 -- 1945 . II . Cassell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35261 - 6 . Blair , Clay , Jr. ( 1976 ) . Silent Victory : The U.S. Submarine War against Japan ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Bantam . OCLC 67926975 . Bowling , R.A. ( December 1969 ) . Escort of Convoy : Still the Only Way . United States Naval Institute Proceedings . 95 . pp. 46 -- 56 . ISSN 0041 - 798X . Bowyer , Chaz ( 1979 ) . Coastal Command at War . Shepperton , Surrey , UK : Ian Allan Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7110 - 0980 - 6 . Carruthers , Bob ( 2011 ) . The U-Boat War in the Atlantic : Volume III : 1944 -- 1945 . Coda Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78159 - 161 - 1 . Carey , Alan C. ( 2004 ) . Galloping Ghosts of the Brazilian Coast . Lincoln , NE USA : iUniverse , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 31527 - 7 . Copeland , Jack ( 2004 ) . `` Enigma '' . In Copeland , B. Jack . The Essential Turing : Seminal Writings in Computing , Logic , Philosophy , Artificial Intelligence , and Artificial Life plus The Secrets of Enigma . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 825080 - 7 . Costello , John ; Hughes , Terry ( 1977 ) . The Battle of the Atlantic . London : Collins . OCLC 464381083 . Giorgerini , Giorgio ( 2002 ) . Uomini sul fondo : storia del sommergibilismo italiano dalle origini a oggi ( Men on the bottom : the history of Italian submarines from the beginning to the present ) ( in Italian ) . Milano : Mondadori . ISBN 978 - 88 - 04 - 50537 - 2 . Hendrie , Andrew ( 2006 ) . The Cinderella Service : RAF Coastal Command 1939 -- 1945 . Pen & Sword Aviation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 346 - 6 . Ireland , Bernard ( 2003 ) . Battle of the Atlantic . Barnsley , UK : Pen & Sword Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84415 - 001 - 4 . Kohnen , David ( Winter 2007 ) . Tombstone of Victory : Tracking the U-505 From German Commerce Raider to American War Memorial , 1944 -- 1954 . The Journal of America 's Military Past. 32 . pp. 5 -- 33 . OCLC 40770090 . Kohnen , David ( 1999 ) . Commanders Winn and Knowles : Winning the U-boat War with Intelligence , 1939 -- 1943 . Kraków : Enigma Press . ISBN 978 - 83 - 86110 - 34 - 6 . Kohnen , David ( 2001 ) . `` F - 21 and F - 211 : A Fresh Look into the Secret Room '' . In Bolano , Randy C. ; Symonds , Craig L. New Sources in Naval History : Selected Papers from the Fourteenth Naval History Symposium . Annapolis , MD : Naval Institute . OCLC 657999171 . Levine , Alan J. ( 1991 ) . `` Was World War II a near - run thing ? '' . In Lee , Loyd E. World War II : crucible of the contemporary world . M.E. Sharpe . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87332 - 731 - 2 . Lund , Paul ; Ludlam , Harry ( 1972 ) . Trawlers Go To War . London : Foulsham . ISBN 978 - 0 - 450 - 01175 - 7 . Maximiano , Cesar Campiani ; Neto , Ricardo Bonalume ( 2011 ) . Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II . Long Island City : Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 483 - 3 . Morison , Samuel Eliot . ( 1947 ) . History of United States Naval Operations in World War II : The Battle of the Atlantic ; September 1939 -- May 1943 . Boston : Little Brown . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06963 - 5 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Pettibone , Charles D. ( 2014 ) . The organization and order of battle of militaries in WWII . IX . Trafford . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4907 - 3386 - 9 . Rohwer , Jürgen . Die italienischen U-Boote in der Schlacht im Atlantik 1940 -- 43 ( The Italian submarines in the Battle of the Atlantic 1940 -- 43 ) ( in German ) . Roskill , S.W. ( 1957 ) ( 1954 ) . Butler , J.R.M. , ed . The War at Sea 1939 -- 1945 : The Defensive . History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series . I ( 4th impr . ed . ) . London : HMSO . OCLC 881709135 . Retrieved 8 November 2017 . Roskill , S.W. ( 1961 ) . The War at Sea . III . Part 2 . London : HMSO . OCLC 226236418 . van der Vat , Dan ( 1988 ) . The Atlantic Campaign . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 37751 - 2 . Sebag - Montefiore , Hugh ( 2004 ) ( 2000 ) . Enigma : The Battle for the Code ( Cassell Military Paperbacks ed . ) . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 84251 - 4 . Votaw , Homer C. ( 1950 -- 51 ) . The Brazilian Navy in World War II . US Government Printing Office ; Congressional Record : Proceedings and Debates of US Congress , Volume 96 , Part 8. Senate and Military Review , Volume XXX , Number X . Welchman , Gordon ( 1997 ) ( 1982 ) . The Hut Six story : Breaking the Enigma codes . Cleobury Mortimer , England : M&M Baldwin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 947712 - 34 - 1 . New edition updated with an addendum consisting of a 1986 paper written by Welchman that corrects his misapprehensions in the 1982 edition . Woodman , Richard ( 2004 ) . The Real Cruel Sea : The Merchant Navy in the Battle of the Atlantic , 1939 -- 1943 . London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 6403 - 1 . Woodman , Richard ( 2005 ) . The Real Cruel Sea . John Murray . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 6599 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Official histories Behrens , C.B.A. Merchant Shipping and the Demands of War London : HMSO ) Douglas , William A.B. , Roger Sarty and Michael Whitby , No Higher Purpose : The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War , 1939 -- 1943 , Volume 2 Part 1 , Vanwell Publishing 2002 , ISBN 1 - 55125 - 061 - 6 Douglas , William A.B. , Roger Sarty and Michael Whitby , A Blue Water Navy : The Official Operational History of the Royal Canadian Navy in the Second World War , 1943 -- 1945 , Volume 2 Part 2 , Vanwell Publishing 2007 , ISBN 1 - 55125 - 069 - 1 Morison , S.E. The Two Ocean War and History of United States Naval Operation in World War II in 15 Volumes . Volume I The Battle of the Atlantic and volume X The Atlantic Battle Won deal with the Battle of the Atlantic Schull , Joseph , Far Distant Ships : An Official Account of Canadian Naval Operations in World War II , King 's Printer , Ottawa , 1952 - reprinted by Stoddart Publishing , Toronto , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 7737 - 2160 - 6 Aircraft against U-Boats ( New Zealand official history ) Biographies Cremer , Peter . U-333 Dönitz , Karl . Ten Years And Twenty Days Gastaldoni , Ivo . A última guerra romântica : Memórias de um piloto de patrulha ( The last romantic war : Memoirs of a maritime patrol aviator ) ( in Portuguese ) Incaer , Rio de Janeiro ( 1993 ) ISBN 8585987138 Gretton , Peter . Convoy Escort Commander ( London ) . Autobiography of a former escort group commander Macintyre , Donald . U-boat Killer ( London ) . Autobiography of another former escort group commander ( 1956 ) Rayner , Denys , Escort : The Battle of the Atlantic ( London : William Kimber 1955 ) Robertson , Terence . The Golden Horseshoe ( London ) . Biography of the top German U-boat ace , Otto Kretschmer Robertson , Terence . Walker R.N. ( London 1955 ) . Biography of the leading British escort group commander , Frederick John Walker Werner , Herbert A. Iron Coffins : The account of a surviving U-boat captain with historical and technical details General histories of the campaign Blair , Clay . Hitler 's U-boat War . Two volumes . ISBN 0 - 304 - 35260 - 8 Comprehensive history of the campaign Brown , Ken . You - Boat Assault on America : The Eastern Seaboard Campaign 1942 ( US Naval Institute Press , 2017 ) , 288 pp Doherty , Richard , ' Key to Victory : The Maiden City in the Battle of the Atlantic ' Fairbank , David . Bitter Ocean : The Battle of the Atlantic , 1939 -- 1945 Gannon , Michael . 1990 . Operation Drumbeat : The Dramatic True Story of Germany 's First U-Boat Attacks Along the American Coast in World War II . Harper and Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092088 - 2 Gannon , Michael . 1998 . Black May : The Epic Story of the Allies ' Defeat of the German U-Boats in May 1943 . Dell . ISBN 0 - 440 - 23564 - 2 Haslop , Dennis . Britain , Germany and the Battle of the Atlantic : A Comparative Study ( A&C Black , 2013 ) Keegan , John . Atlas of World War II ( 2006 ) Macintyre , Donald . The Battle of the Atlantic . ( London 1961 ) . Excellent single volume history by one of the British Escort Group commanders Milner , Marc . `` The Atlantic War , 1939 -- 1945 : The Case for a New Paradigm . '' Global War Studies 14.1 ( 2017 ) : 45 - 60 . O'Connor , Jerome M , `` FDR 's Undeclared War '' , WWW.Historyarticles.com Rohwer , Dr. Jürgen . The Critical Convoy Battles of March 1943 ( London : Ian Allan 1977 ) . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 0749 - 7 . A thorough and lucid analysis of the defeat of the U-boats Sarty , Roger , The Battle of the Atlantic : The Royal Canadian Navy 's Greatest Campaign , 1939 -- 1945 , CEF Books , Ottawa , 2001 ISBN 1 - 896979 - 44 - 0 Syrett , David . The Defeat of the German U-Boats : The Battle of the Atlantic ( University of South Carolina Press , 1994 . ) Terraine , John , Business in Great Waters , ( London 1987 ) Wordsworth Military Library . The best single - volume study of the U-Boat Campaigns , 1917 -- 1945 van der Vat , Dan . The Atlantic Campaign , 1988 ISBN 0 - 340 - 37751 - 8 Williams , Andrew , The Battle of the Atlantic : Hitler 's Gray Wolves of the Sea and the Allies ' Desperate Struggle to Defeat Them External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to battle of the atlantic . U-Boat histories & Fates 1945 The Royal Naval Patrol Service Battle of the Atlantic 70th Anniversary Commemorations Navy Department Library , Convoys in World War II : World War II Commemorative Bibliography No. 4 , April 1993 , AD - A266 529 European Axis Signal Intelligence in World War II as Revealed by `` TICOM '' Investigations and by other Prisoner of War Interrogations and Captured Material , Principally German : Volume 2 -- Notes on German High Level Cryptography and Cryptanalysis ; see footnote 3 page 2 . Links to related articles U-boats Battle of the Atlantic ( World War I ) Battle of the Atlantic ( World War II ) Mediterranean ( World War I ) Mediterranean ( World War II ) Operation Regenbogen Operation Deadlight U-boat lists Types Regions German Successful Never deployed Austro - Hungarian Foreign captured Uncompleted projects Commanders Successful Knight 's Cross recipients Erich Raeder Karl Dönitz Wolfpacks List of wolfpacks of World War II Blücher Borkum Dränger Eisbär Eisteufel Endrass Hai Hartmann Hecht Kiebitz Kreuzotter Leuthen Lohs Pfadfinder Pfeil Prien Raubgraf Rösing Rossbach Schill Schlieffen Seewolf Steinbrinck Siegfried Streitaxt Tümmler Vorwärts Weddigen West Wolf Major engagements Convoy SC 7 Convoy PQ 17 Battle of the St. Lawrence Convoy ONS 5 Black May Bismarck chase U-boat flotillas World War I II III IV Flanders Kurland Pola Constantinople World War II 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 18 . 19 . 20 . 21 . 22 . 23 . 24 . 25 . 26 . 27 . 29 . 30 . 31 . 32 . 33 . Capital ships sunk World War I HMS Britannia HMS Cornwallis French battleship Danton HMS Formidable Gaulois Russian battleship Peresvet HMS Majestic Italian battleship Regina Margherita HMS Russell French battleship Suffren HMS Triumph World War II HMS Ark Royal HMS Barham HMS Courageous HMS Eagle HMS Royal Oak Technology Sonar Depth charge Hedgehog Leigh light Q - ship Snorkel Elektroboot Concepts Submarine warfare Intensified submarine warfare Unrestricted submarine warfare World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Bibliography Category Portal United States Coast Guard Portal : United States Coast Guard Category : United States Coast Guard Leadership Secretary of Homeland Security Commandant of the Coast Guard Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Organization Missions Reserve Intelligence Investigative Service Legal Division Police Deployable Operations Group Areas Districts Sectors Stations Air Stations Radio stations Shipbuilding Yard National Ice Center Research & Development Center Coast Guard Auxiliary Personnel and training Personnel Officer ranks Enlisted rates Ratings Coast Guard Academy Training Center Cape May Training Center Petaluma Training Center Yorktown Maritime Law Enforcement Academy Joint Maritime Training Center Ancient Order of the Pterodactyl Chaplain of the Coast Guard Uniforms and equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Cutters List of cutters Ship commissioning Ship decommissioning Equipment History and traditions History Coast Guard Act Coast Guard City Life - 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East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - aligned ( leaders ) Albania Bulgaria Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China Independent State of Croatia Finland Germany Hungary Free India Iraq Italy ( until September 1943 ) Italian Social Republic Japan Manchukuo Philippines ( Second Republic ) Romania Slovakia Thailand Vichy France Armed neutrality Resistance Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech lands Denmark Estonia Ethiopia France Germany Greece Hong Kong Italy Japan Jewish Korea Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malaya Netherlands Northeast China Norway Philippines Poland Anti-communist Romania Thailand Soviet Union Slovakia Western Ukraine Vietnam Yugoslavia Monarchists Timeline Prelude Africa Asia Europe 1939 Poland Phoney War Winter War Atlantic Changsha China 1940 Weserübung Netherlands Belgium France Armistice of 22 June 1940 Britain North Africa West Africa British Somaliland North China Baltic States Moldova Indochina Greece Compass 1941 East Africa Yugoslavia Shanggao Greece Crete Iraq Soviet Union ( Barbarossa ) Finland Lithuania Syria and Lebanon Kiev Iran Leningrad Gorky Moscow Sevastopol Pearl Harbor The outbreak of the Pacific War Hong Kong Philippines Changsha Malaya Borneo ( 1941 -- 42 ) 1942 Burma Changsha Java Sea Coral Sea Gazala Dutch Harbor Attu ( occupation ) Kiska Zhejiang - Jiangxi Midway Rzhev Blue Stalingrad Singapore Dieppe El Alamein Guadalcanal Torch 1943 Tunisia Kursk Smolensk Gorky Solomon Islands Attu Sicily Cottage Lower Dnieper Italy Armistice of Cassibile Gilbert and Marshall Islands Burma Northern Burma and Western Yunnan Changde 1944 Monte Cassino / Shingle Narva Korsun -- Cherkassy Tempest Ichi - Go Overlord Neptune Normandy Mariana and Palau Bagration Western Ukraine Tannenberg Line Warsaw Eastern Romania Belgrade Paris Dragoon Gothic Line Market Garden Estonia Crossbow Pointblank Lapland Hungary Leyte Ardennes Bodenplatte Philippines ( 1944 -- 1945 ) Burma ( 1944 -- 45 ) 1945 Vistula -- Oder Iwo Jima Western invasion of Germany Okinawa Italy ( Spring 1945 ) Borneo Syrmian Front Berlin Czechoslovakia Budapest West Hunan Guangxi Surrender of Germany Project Hula Manchuria Manila Borneo Taipei Atomic bombings Debate Kuril Islands Shumshu Surrender of Japan End of World War II in Asia Aspects General Famines Bengal famine of 1943 Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 Greek Famine of 1941 - 1944 Dutch famine of 1944 -- 45 Vietnamese Famine of 1945 Air warfare of World War II Blitzkrieg Comparative military ranks Cryptography Diplomacy Home front United States Australian United Kingdom Lend - Lease Manhattan Project Military awards Military equipment Military production Nazi plunder Opposition Technology Allied cooperation Total war Strategic bombing Puppet states Women Art and World War II Aftermath Expulsion of Germans Operation Paperclip Operation Osoaviakhim Operation Keelhaul Occupation of Germany Territorial changes of Germany Soviet occupations Romania Poland Hungary Baltic States Occupation of Japan First Indochina War Indonesian National Revolution Cold War Decolonization Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany Popular culture War crimes Allied war crimes Soviet war crimes British war crimes United States war crimes German ( Forced labour ) / Wehrmacht war crimes Holocaust Aftermath Response Prosecution Italian war crimes Japanese war crimes Unit 731 Prosecution Croatian war crimes against the Serbs against the Jews Romanian war crimes Wartime sexual violence German military brothels Camp brothels Rape during the occupation of Japan Sook Ching Comfort women Rape of Nanking Rape of Manila Rape during the occupation of Germany Rape during the liberation of France Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland Prisoners Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union German prisoners of war in the United States Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Japanese prisoners of war in World War II German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union Soviet prisoners of war in Finland Bibliography Category Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Atlantic&oldid=850386536 '' Categories : Battle of the Atlantic North Atlantic convoys of World War II World War II merchant ships of the United Kingdom Naval battles of World War II involving Canada Naval battles of World War II involving France Naval battles of World War II involving Germany Naval battles of World War II involving Poland Naval battles of World War II involving Italy Campaigns , operations and battles of World War II involving the United Kingdom Naval battles of World War II involving the United States Naval battles of World War II involving Norway American Theater of World War II Military history of the Atlantic Ocean Battles of World War II involving Canada Military history of Canada during World War II Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links EngvarB from July 2018 Use mdy dates from June 2013 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from May 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - 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5167540908988910299	Legal drinking age	Legal drinking age - Wikipedia Legal drinking age This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2018 ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Illegal regardless of age Minimum age is 25 Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 17 Minimum age is 16 Minimum age is 15 No regulation / no age set The legal drinking age is the age at which a person can legally consume alcoholic beverages . These laws cover a wide range of issues and behaviors , addressing when and where alcohol can be consumed . The minimum age alcohol can be legally consumed can be different from the age when it can be purchased in some countries . These laws vary between different countries and many laws have exemptions or special circumstances . Most laws apply only to drinking alcohol in public places , with alcohol consumption in the home being mostly unregulated ( an exception being the UK , which has a minimum legal age of five for supervised consumption in private places ) . Some countries also have different age limits for different types of alcoholic drinks . Kazakhstan , Oman , Pakistan , Qatar , Sri Lanka , Tajikistan , Thailand , United Arab Emirates , Federated States of Micronesia , Palau , Paraguay , Solomon Islands , India ( certain states ) , the United States ( except U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico ) , Yemen ( Aden and Sana'a ) , Japan , Iceland , Canada ( certain Provinces and Territories ) , and South Korea have the highest set drinking ages ; however , some of these countries do not have off - premises drinking limits . Austria , Antigua and Barbuda , Belgium , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cuba , Ethiopia , Gibraltar , Luxembourg and Nicaragua have the lowest set drinking ages . The most commonly known reason for the law behind the legal drinking age is the effect on the brain in adolescents . because the brain is still maturing , alcohol can have a negative effect on the memory and long - term thinking . Alongside that , it can cause liver failure , and create a hormone imbalance in teens due to the constant changes and maturing of hormones during puberty . Contents 1 Africa 2 Americas 3 Asia 4 Europe 5 Oceania 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Africa ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Illegal Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 17 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Minimum purchase age of 15 years No minimum purchase age The most common minimum age to purchase alcohol in Africa is 18 . Although it varies from the lowest age limit in Ethiopia being only 15 years , Zimbabwe with a minimum purchase age of 16 years , Gambia with an age limit of 17 years and Uganda where the minimum legal purchase age is 18 but minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer , wine or cider with a meal at a restaurant . Cameroon and Egypt are the only countries in Africa with a minimum purchase age of 21 years . However Algeria , Angola ( except Luando Province ) , Central African Republic , Comoros , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Guinea - Bissau , Morocco , Togo , Tunisia and the Western Sahara have no laws on the book restricting the sale of alcohol to minors . In Libya , Somalia and Sudan the sale , production and consumption of alcohol is completely prohibited . Country State / region / province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Algeria None Angola None There is no national legislation prohibiting the sale of alcohol to minors . Luanda Province 18 Legislation in Luanda Province : It is illegal to sell alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 . It is also illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol . Botswana None 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Because the law only applies to licensees it is not illegal for minors to buy , consume or possess alcoholic beverages . Burundi None 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to unaccompanied minors under the age of 18 years . Cameroon 21 / 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license , to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age . The law permits adults from the ages 18 to 21 to consume , purchase and buy alcoholic beverages if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older . Anyone over the age of 21 years may buy or consume alcohol unaccompanied . Cape Verde None 18 It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Central African Republic None Comoros None Egypt 21 Equatorial Guinea None Eritrea None 18 It is illegal for any person to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Ethiopia None 15 It is illegal for any person to sell , offer , serve or allow to serve alcoholic beverages `` in substantial quantities '' to any infant or young person . The criminal code defines a young person as any person under the age of 15 years . But the Criminal Code states : `` Whoever endangers the health of another , intentionally and unscrupulously , by administering or serving , or by causing or permitting to be administered or served , to minors ( defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) ( ... ) alcoholic beverages or spirituous liquors of such kind or in such quantity as to make their injurious effect certain or probable , is punishable with simple imprisonment not exceeding one year , and fine . '' Gabon None Gambia None 17 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to child or young person . A `` young person '' is defined as anyone under the age of 17 by the Children and Young Persons Act , 1949 Section 2 . Ghana 18 Guinea - Bissau None Kenya None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Lesotho 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a minor under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for minors to consume , buy or attempt to buy alcohol . Liberia None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Libya Illegal Previously Article 498 of the Libyan Penal Code prohibted the sale of alcoholic beverages to juveniles under the age of 16 years . Malawi None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Mauritius None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Morocco None Mozambique 18 Namibia None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Niger 18 Nigeria 18 Republic of the Congo None 18 Rwanda 18 Senegal 18 Seychelles 18 Somalia Illegal South Africa 18 The parent , adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament , may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent , guardian or other person . South Sudan 18 Sudan Illegal Swaziland 18 Tanzania None 18 Togo None Tunisia None Uganda None 18 16 It is illegal for any licensee to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . The law provides an exception for anyone who is 16 or 17 years of age , and consumes a fermented alcoholic drink with a meal , in a part of a licensed premises that serves meals and is not a bar . Western Sahara None Zambia 18 It is illegal for any person with a liquor license , to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age . Before the Liquor Licensing Act was enacted in 2011 , the minimum age to sell , serve and supply alcoholic beverages was 14 years . Zimbabwe None 16 It is illegal for any person to sell , lend , give , supply , deliver or offer alcoholic beverages to any child under the age of 16 years , except upon production of a written order signed by the parent or guardian of the child known to such person . The police has the duty to seize any alcoholice beverage in the possession of a child under the age of 16 years without a written consent of the parents or legal guardian . Americas ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 19 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 20 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years The minimum age to purchase and consume varies , but the most common age is 18 years . However , in North America the age limits varies between 18 and 21 years of age . Throughout the United States the minimum legal age to purchase any alcoholic beverage from a shop , supermarket , liquor store , bar , club or any other licensed premises is 21 years of age . In Canada each province can decide which minimum age limit is to be set to buy or consume alcohol . Most provinces have a minimum age of 19 years , while Alberta , Manitoba and Quebec have set a minimum age of 18 years . In South America all countries have set a minimum purchase age of 18 years , except for Guyana where minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer , wine or cider in a restaurant provided they buy a meal , and Paraguay the only country with a minimum legal purchase and drinking age of 20 years . Country State / region / province De jure hide Notes Drinking age Purchase age Anguilla None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violating the regulation is punished with a $9.600 fine . Antigua and Barbuda None 16 The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal . Argentina 18 Bahamas 18 It is illegal for any adult to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a child ( defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) . The law provides an exception to treat an illness in urgent cases or upon order by a medical doctor . Barbados None 16 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to anyone under the age of 16 years . The President of the Barbados Road Safety Association is trying to raise the drinking age to 18 years because the law is often violated . Belize 18 Drinking age is rarely enforced . IDs are almost never requested . Bermuda 18 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child under the age of 18 years . Bolivia None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Every sold alcoholic beverage has to have a warning message on the bottle or container reading : `` VENTA PROHIBIDA A MENORES DE 18 AÑOS DE EDAD '' ( Sale prohibited to ( anyone ) under 18 years of age ) and `` EL CONSUMO EXCESIVO DE ALCOHOL ES DAÑINO PARA LA SALUD '' ( Excessive alcohol consumption is harmful to ( ones ) health ) . Brazil None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a person under 18 years of age . The presidential law enacted on March 17 , 2015 made any violation of the law a criminal offence . Any adult person selling , serving , giving or supplying alcoholic beverages to a minor is punished with imprisonment of 2 to 4 years , a fine of R $3.000 to R $10.000 and a ban to operate any business selling or serving alcohol . British Virgin Islands 16 It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16 . Canada Alberta Manitoba Quebec 18 In Alberta no person may give or sell or permit any person to give or sell liquor to a minor in licensed premises . In Manitoba a person must not give , sell or otherwise supply liquor to a minor . the law provides exceptions for a doctor , dentist , pharmacist or other health care professional for medical purposes ; for sacramental purposes and by the parent , guardian , spouse or common - law partner , if it is given or supplied in a residence . In Quebec the law probits the sale of alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years . Ontario Saskatchewan British Columbia Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut 19 Cayman Islands 18 It is prohibited to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for any minor to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcoholic beverages . Violation of the lawis punished with a fine of five thousand dollars , and the court may , if the offence was committed by the licensee , order that the licensee shall forfeit his licence and that no licence may be issued to that person for a period not exceeding ten years from the date of his conviction . Chile 18 The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages . Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine . One must provide identification upon request . Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times . Colombia None 18 The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor ( anyone under the age of 18 years ) . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . Costa Rica None 18 The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor ( anyone under the age of 18 years ) . Selling alcohol to a minor will be punished with a fine equivalent to ten basic salaries . Whoever permits minors to maintain in any establishment which main purpose is to sell alcoholic beverages , will be sanctioned with a fine equivalent to five salaries . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . Cuba None 16 The penal code prohibits any adult to induce any young person under the age of 16 years , to habitually consume alcoholic beverages . However this means that de facto anyone selling , serving or supplying alcohol should check if the buyer has attained the age of 16 years . In most cases this law is not strictly enforced . Dominican Republic None 18 Ecuador None 18 It is illegal to sell alcohol beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years of age . The law obligates establishments to place a visible notice at the point of sale and to check identification to enforce the law . However it is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . El Salvador None 18 It is strictly prohibited to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years . Violation of the law is punished with ¢ 25,000.00 and if convicted once more the license will be suspended for a period of six months . It is legal for minors to buy , attempt to buy and consume alcohol . Falkland Islands 18 It is illegal for any adult to sell , give or provide alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years in any public place or licensed premises . Parents may permit their children to consume alcohol on private premises . Minors consuming alcohol in public are committing a criminal offence . The law provides exceptions for the consumption of alcohol by minors for prescription of or at the direction of a government medical officer or in the course of the administration of Holy Communion according to the rites of any Christian denomination . Grenada 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age . Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law , to consume alcoholic beverages in public . Guatemala 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age . Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law , to consume alcoholic beverages in public . Guyana 18 / 16 for beer , wine and cider with meal It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a person under 18 years of age . The law provides an exception for minors aged 16 and 17 , if they consume a glass of beer , wine oder cider with a meal in a restaurant . Otherwise attempting to buy alcohol or buying alcohol as a minor is an offence . Haiti None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to minors from May 17 , 2017 . Vendors are required to check identification . Honduras 18 Jamaica None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child ( which is defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) . Mexico 18 The minimum age to buy and consume alcoholic beverages is regulated by each state of Mexico . But all states have set a minimum age of 18 years , and in no state it is illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol . Nicaragua None 14 18 The law from 1980 prohibits the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Ever point of sale or establishment serving alcohol , is required to post a notice stating that the sale of alcohol to minors under 18 years of age is illegal . However the law permits children as young as 14 to purchase and consume alcohol in a restaurant without further restrictions . Panama None 18 Paraguay 20 According to Art . 1 ° of the law to `` ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors '' , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age . Furthermore , under Art 2 ° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text : `` ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD '' ( It is illegal ( prohibited ) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age ) Peru None 18 Puerto Rico 18 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 16 Trinidad and Tobago None 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholiv beverages to child under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for an adult to send a child to buy alcohol on behalf . It is not illegal for children to buy or consume alcohol . Turks and Caicos Islands None 18 It is illegal to serve or sell liquor to a young person under the age of eighteen years . Minors under the age of sixteen years may not present in a licensed premises mainly serving and selling alcoholic beverages . United States ( 50 states and integral territories ) Varies by jurisdiction 21 The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of 21 . Prior to the effective date of that Act , the drinking age varied from state to state . Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars ( usually , the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter ) . Contrary to popular belief , since the act went into law , only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings . As of January 1 , 2010 , 15 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , 17 states do not ban underage consumption , and the remaining 18 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws . Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions . As of 2005 , 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . However , non-alcoholic beer in many ( but not all ) states , such as Idaho , Texas , and Maryland , is considered legal for those under the age of 21 . By a judge 's ruling , South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults 18 to 20 years of age , but a circuit court judge has said otherwise . The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents . Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty - one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to a year in jail . See also : Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States United States Virgin Islands 18 Uruguay None 18 Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited , consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal . Venezuela None 18 Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited , consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal . Asia ( edit ) Country State / region / province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Afghanistan Illegal Bangladesh ( Illegal for Muslims . ) Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations , albeit clandestinely . Bhutan 18 Brunei 17 with restrictions , unless Muslim Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use , once in 48 hours . This alcohol must be `` stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer '' and is `` not to be given , transferred or sold to another person . '' . Cambodia None China Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited , consumption by minors is not illegal . Introduced in January 2006 . Hong Kong 18 The regulation is only applicable to restaurants , bars and clubs , where a liquor license is required . Private drinking is also not regulated . India 18 -- 25 ( varies by jurisdiction ) Main article : Alcohol laws of India Consumption of alcohol is illegal in the states of Bihar , Gujarat and Nagaland . Indonesia 21 Iran Illegal There is a ban on alcohol , but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority . Iraq Illegal Israel None 18 Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors , but it does not prohibit minors to drink , although the police may confiscate alcoholic drinks consumed by minors in public . Japan 20 Jordan 18 Kazakhstan 21 Kuwait Illegal Kyrgyzstan 18 Lebanon 18 Often unenforced and according to a global school health study , 40 % of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25 % buy it from stores . Macau None Malaysia 21 Increased from 18 to 21 in December 2017 . Maldives Illegal except for tourists , 18 Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts . It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians Mongolia 18 Myanmar None 18 Nepal 18 The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18 . However , there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies . North Korea 18 Oman 21 Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences . Pakistan Illegal ( 18 for non-Muslims ) Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies Palestinian Authority 16 Legal in most cities . Philippines 18 Qatar Illegal Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol , but generally not allowed to consume . Non Muslims are allowed to purchase , and consume alcohol . The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha . Saudi Arabia Illegal Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial . Punishments range from heavy fines , lengthy prison terms and whippings . Singapore None 18 ) 18 For convenience stores , those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a `` Challenge 18 '' scheme will be downgraded to `` Challenge 21 '' scheme , and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on `` Challenge 21 ''. . It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub / allow entry to the nightclub under 18 . Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed , although the safest age could be 6 . Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age . South Korea None 19 The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one 's age turns to 19 . Sri Lanka 21 Syria 18 Taiwan 18 It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol . Parents , guardians , and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking , or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious . One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 . A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars . Tajikistan 18 Thailand 20 The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20 , private drinking is not regulated in private locations . Turkmenistan 18 United Arab Emirates 18 -- 21 ( varies by jurisdiction ) Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages , but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others . The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi ( although a Ministry of Tourism by - law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21 ) , and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates ( except Sharjah , where drinking alcohol is illegal ) . It is a punishable offence to drink , or to be under the influence of alcohol , in public . Uzbekistan None 20 Vietnam 18 Yemen Illegal Exception is in Aden Region where it 's legal for 21 and up Europe ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 20 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 17 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Laws banning minors from consuming alcohol in public / private : Minimum age to consume alcohol in public and private Minimum age to consume alcohol in public No minimum age to consume alcohol in public or private Most countries within Europe have set 18 as the minimum age to purchase alcohol . Although Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Denmark , Germany , Gibraltar , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Malta , Serbia and Switzerland ( except Ticino ) maintain a minimum purchase age below 18 years permitting minors either full or limited access to alcohol . In 2005 , 2007 and recently in 2015 the European Union has failed to enact a law forcing member states to raise their purchase age to 18 years . But in the past years several European countries have raised their drinking / purchase age or enacted laws restricting the access to alcohol for minors : In 2002 the autonomous communities Madrid , Valencia and Catalonia raised their minimum purchase age to 18 years . Previous to 2002 Valencia and Madrid had a minimum purchase age of 16 years , and in Catalonia minors aged 16 or 17 could purchase alcohol up to 23 % ABV on and off premises . In 2004 Denmark raised its off premises purchase age from 15 to 16 years . In November 2005 Switzerland passed its `` Food and Commodities Regulation '' ( German : Lebensmittel - und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung ) , introducing a ban on alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 16 , even though `` Alcohol Law '' ( German : Alkoholgesetz ) passed in 1980 already required a minimum age of 18 years for the retail sale of distilled spirits . Therefore , it is illegal to sell fermented alcohol ( e.g. beer , wine , sparkling wine or cider ) to anyone under the age of 16 , and any distilled alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Further the canton of Ticino introduced a cantonal law in 1989 banning all alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 18 years . In 2006 the autonomous communitie Castile and León raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . In late 2006 , Gibraltar lawmakers passed the `` Children and Young Persons ( Alcohol , Tobacco and Gaming ) Act 2006 '' , which raised the minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . But the new law made an exception : minors aged 16 or 17 can purchase and consume on premises beer , wine or cider under 15 % ABV or pre-packed containers of an alcoholic strength not exceeding 5.5 % ABV ( e.g. alcopops ) . In 2009 France raised its minimum purchase age to 18 years , and fines were increased for selling or serving alcohol to a minor ( up to 7,500 € ) . Previous to 2009 the minimum age to purchase any alcohol from off licensed premises was 16 years . In order to purchase alcohol on premises the minimum age was 16 years for low alcoholic beverages such as wine , beer , cider , perry , mead , crème de cassis and juices from fermented fruits or vegetables that contain 1.2 to 3 ° alcohol , natural sweet wines from controlled cultivation -- to purchase or be served stronger alcoholic drinks one had to be 18 years of age . In October 2009 , the government of Malta passed a new law raising its drinking and purchase age from 16 to 17 years . In 2010 the autonomous community of Galicia raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . In 2011 Denmark passed a new law , raising the minimum age for off - premises sale of alcohol > 16.5 % ABV to 18 years of age . The age to purchase alcohol < 16.5 % ABV remaines at 16 . Italy raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 in 2012 . Previously Italy did not have a purchase age for off - premises sales , and the minimum age of 16 years for on premises sales was barely enforced . In 2013 the government of Portugal restricted alcohol sales to young people : distilled spirits can not be sold to anyone under the age of 18 , and other alcohol ( e.g. beer , wine or cider ) ca n't be sold to anyone under the age of 16 . Previously the minimum age for all kinds of alcoholic beverages was 16 years . As of 1 January 2014 , the minimum legal purchase and consumption age was raised from 16 to 18 in the Netherlands . Previously young people over the age of 16 could purchase and consume alcohol < 15 % ABV , and adults aged 18 and over could purchase alcohol over 15 % ABV . As of March 2015 , the autonomous community of Asturias raised its drinking age from 16 to 18 years . Asturias was Spain 's last community with a drinking age of 16 years . The new law brings the drinking age into line with the rest of Spain . As of 1 January 2018 , Lithuania raised its minimum drinking age from 18 to 20 years . Country State / region / province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age Albania 18 Andorra 18 Armenia None 18 There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers . ID checks are very rarely , if ever , carried out Austria Burgenland Lower Austria Vienna 16 Carinthia Upper Austria Salzburg Styria Tyrol Vorarlberg 16 18 Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05 % . Azerbaijan None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a minor under 18 years of age . Belarus None 18 The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 years . However , the law is rarely enforced . Belgium None 16 18 Since 10 January 2010 , it is illegal to `` sell , serve , or offer '' any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16 . So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16 . Previously , it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under - 16s , but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them . Bosnia and Herzegovina None 18 Selling alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years is an offence . The law does not prohibit minors from buying , attempting to buy or consuming alcohol . Bulgaria None 18 By law , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to any child under the age of 18 . There is no restrictions for minors consuming alcohol . Croatia None 18 It is prohibited to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under 18 years of age . There is no minimum age to buy or consume alcohol by law . Cyprus None 17 It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 17 years . There is no minimum age to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol in public . Czech Republic None 18 It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors ( punishable by fine or up to 1 or 2 year ( s ) imprisonment ) . Consumption itself is not prohibited by law . Denmark None 16 18 While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark , there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol : In order to buy alcohol above 1.2 % and below 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 16 years of age . In order to buy alcohol above 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 18 years of age . By tradition , youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation . If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage , it is subject to fine . A national ID card , obtained in the local town hall , can serve as age verification . This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used . Both the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18 . Estonia 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Alcohol found in possession of any child can be confiscated by the police . Finland 18 20 18 All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30 . Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor , or if proxy purchasing is suspected . Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence . Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession . Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities , who may intervene with child welfare procedures . In addition , those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine . In private , offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole , considering the minor 's age , degree of maturity and other circumstances . France None 18 France has no explicitly stated consumption age , but selling alcohol to a minor ( under 18 ) is illegal and can be fined 7500 euros . This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009 . Georgia None 18 By Georgian law , the sale of alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years is prohibited . Germany 14 16 18 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply fermented alcoholic beverages ( beer , wine , cider and sparkling wine ) to anyone under 16 years of age . However this age limit drops down to 14 if a minor is accompanied by his parent or legal guardian . It is generally illegal to serve , sell or supply any beverage containing spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts , to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation of the `` Protection of Young Persons Act '' can be fined up to € 50.000 . See also : Alcohol laws in Germany Gibraltar None 18 16 It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions . The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if : The alcoholic beverage is beer , wine or cider below 15 % ABV , or The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle , or a pre-packaged container below 5.5 % ABV . Greece None 18 In 2008 , the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public . However , the law does not apply to private events or private premises . Hungary 18 Iceland None 20 Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence , but supplying them with alcohol is . Ireland None 18 It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors . It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians . Italy None 18 In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18 . Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between € 250 and € 1000 . Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year , if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between € 250 and € 1000 ( Legge n . 189 / 2013 ) . Kosovo None Latvia None 18 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to any minor under the age of 18 years . There is no minimum age to consume or possess alcohol . Liechtenstein 16 18 Wine , beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16 . Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18 . Lithuania 20 It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 20 years . Persons under the age of 20 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from possessing them . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 20 since 2018 . Luxembourg None 16 It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages > 1.2 % ABV to any person under the age of 16 years . Violation is fined € 251 to € 1.000 . Macedonia 18 Must show an ID card upon request . In certain smaller places , such as family - owned convenience stores and street kiosks , there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol . There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately , but drinking in bars may require an ID . Malta 17 Must provide identification upon request . Moldova None 18 It is illegal to sell , or serve alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . The minimum purchase age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012 . Montenegro 18 Netherlands 18 The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 since 2014 . Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission . Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal , buying alcoholic beverages for someone else under the age of 18 is also illegal . Norway None 18 20 Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal . Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine , under 20 for drinks that contain 22 % ABV or more . Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible ; instead , the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them . Alcohol with more than 60 % ABV is generally not sold in Norway , although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products . Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence . Drinking in public is prohibited , though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas . Poland None 18 Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age . There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland . Drinking in public places , with the exception of designated drinking zones , is illegal regardless of age . Portugal None 18 Romania None 18 According to law 61 / 1991 updated in 2008 , paragraphs 21 - 25 , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors . Russia None 18 There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol , but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws . San Marino 16 Serbia None 16 Slovakia 18 Slovenia None 18 There is no law regulating the possession and consumption , but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors . Spain 18 Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 ( previously 16 ) on 1 May 2015 . Sweden None None 18 18 20 , See also : Alcohol in Sweden It is legal for anyone at any age to drink , but it is illegal to supply anyone under the age of 20 , any beverage containing more than 3.5 % ABV , and supply anyone under the age of 18 beer containing more than 2.25 % ABV , except in a venue licensed to sell alcohol , who are allowed to sell alcohol to anyone over 18 . It is also legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place , provided it 's a limited amount and done in moderation . The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets . Switzerland Switzerland ( federal law ) None ( See notes ) 16 18 Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one 's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine . Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF . Ticino 18 The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18 . Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18 . Turkey 18 See also : Alcohol laws of Turkey Ukraine 18 United Kingdom England Wales 18 16 5 None Legislation in England and Wales : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions : Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine , beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal , and accompanied by an adult . It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age . It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency . Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . Scotland 18 16 None Legislation in Scotland : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions : Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine , beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal . It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age . Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . Northern Ireland 18 Legislation in Northern Ireland : It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 . United Kingdom Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 ( applies to all of the United Kingdom ) Under the BBPA 's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes , customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer 's opinion they look under 21 ( or optionally 25 ) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18 . Many supermarket and off - licence chains display Challenge 21 ( or Challenge 25 ) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 ( or 25 ) without ID . Oceania ( edit ) Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years No minimum purchase age Country State / region / province De jure Notes Drinking age Purchase age American Samoa 21 Australia 18 Main article : Alcohol laws of Australia Varies by state . Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18 , all states restrict purchasing to over 18 . In some states , minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission . Fiji 18 The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009 . Guam 21 Micronesia , Federated States of 18 New Zealand None 18 Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15 % ABV or over ; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15 % ABV . Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian . Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by , or with express consent from , their parent or legal guardian . Northern Mariana Islands 21 Palau 21 It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a person under 21 years of age . Minors may access a bar or licensed premises only if accompanied by a parent or legal guardian . Minors buying , consuming or attempting to buy alcohol are committing an offence . The law provides an exception for the consumption of alcohol by minors as part of a religiously recognized ceremony . Papua New Guinea 18 It is illegal for a minor to purchase , consume or attempt to purchase alcoholic beverages . Any licence holder has to ensure that the customer who he sells or serves alcohol to , is at least 18 years of age . Violation of this law is fined . Samoa 21 Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty - one years is punished with three hundred dollars or imprisonment for nine months or both , a fine and imprisonment . Solomon Islands None 21 Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty - one years old is punished with a three hundred dollar fine or imprisonment for nine months or both , a fine and imprisonment . Tokelau 18 Tonga 18 Selling , serving or supplying alcohol to a minor is illegal . It is also illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol in any public place and any violation of this law is fined up to $1,000 . Vanuatu 18 It is unlawful to sell , serve or supply alcohol to any person under the age of 18 years . Violation of the law is fined up to VT 25,000 or by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 3 months , or by both , fine and imprisonment . Any minor under the age of 18 years , being found in possession or consumption of alcohol is fined up to VT 10,000 . See also ( edit ) Part of the Politics series on Youth rights Activities ( show ) Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . Child Labor Deterrence Act Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act Convention on the Rights of the Child Fair Labor Standards Act Hammer v. Dagenhart History of youth rights in the United States Morse v. Frederick Newsboys ' strike of 1899 Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms Wild in the Streets Theory / concepts ( show ) Adultcentrism Adultism Ageism Criminalization Democracy Ephebiphobia Fear of children Fear of youth Intergenerational equity Paternalism Social class Suffrage Taking Children Seriously Universal suffrage Unschooling Youth activism Youth suffrage Youth voice Issues ( show ) Age of candidacy Age of consent Age of majority Behavior modification facility Child labour Compulsory education Conscription Corporal punishment Curfew Child abuse Emancipation of minors Gambling age Homeschooling Human rights and youth sport In loco parentis Juvenile delinquency Juvenile court Legal drinking age Legal working age Minimum driving age Marriageable age Minor ( law ) Minors and abortion School leaving age Smoking age Status offense Underage drinking in America Voting age Youth - adult partnership Youth participation Youth politics Youth voting Organizations ( show ) Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission National Youth Rights Association One World Youth Project Queer Youth Network Students for a Democratic Society Freechild Project Three O'Clock Lobby Youth International Party Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor Young Communist League of Canada Persons ( show ) Adam Fletcher ( activist ) David J. Hanson David Joseph Henry John Caldwell Holt Alex Koroknay - Palicz Lyn Duff Mike A. Males Neil Postman Sonia Yaco Related ( show ) Animal rights Anti-racism Direct democracy Egalitarianism Feminism Libertarianism Socialism Students rights Youth rights Social movements portal Amethyst Initiative Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States National Minimum Drinking Age Act Alcoholism National Youth Rights Association Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) The Century Council Choose Responsibility Mature minor doctrine Youth Youth suffrage Youth rights Age of candidacy Legal drinking age controversy Smoking age References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Drinking Age Limits Archived 2013 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . - International Center for Alcohol Policies Jump up ^ `` Underage Drinking '' . National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism . January 2006 . 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Jump up ^ Washington State Legislature . `` RCW 66.44. 270 ; Furnishing liquor to minors '' . State of Washington . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Helpful Visitor Information for the Virgin Islands '' . Vinow.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Legisladores quieren prohibir que menores de 18 consuman bebidas alcohólicas '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` REGLAMENTO DE LA LEY N ° 28681 , LEY QUE REGULA LA COMERCIALIZACIÓN , CONSUMO Y PUBLICIDAD DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS - Artículo 14 ° '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Institute for War and Peace Reporting ( 2009 - 06 - 17 ) . `` Drinkers Dismissive of Latest Alcohol Ban '' . ARR No. 322 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Bangladesh '' ( PDF ) . Global Status Report on Alcohol 2004 . World Health Organization . 2004 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Rules And Regulations For Establishment And Operation Of Industrial And Commercial Ventures In Bhutan , 1995 '' ( PDF ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Cataluña eleva hasta los 18 años la edad mínima para poder comprar alcohol '' . lasdrogas.info ( in Spanish ) . 2002 - 02 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Forbud mod salg af alkohol til personer under 16 år -- virker det ? '' . si-folkesundhed.dk ( in Danish ) . Jørgensen MH , Riegels M , Hesse U & Grønbæk M. 2006 . p . København : Statens Institut for Folkesundhed . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Lebensmittel - und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung - Art . 11 '' . admin.ch ( in German ) . The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Bundesgesetz über die gebrannten Wasser - Art . 41 '' . admin.ch ( in German ) . The Federal Authorities of the Swiss Confederation . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Legge sulla promozione della salute e il coordinamento sanitario ( Legge sanitaria ) - Art . 51 '' . ti.ch ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 07 . 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Jump up ^ `` Закон о јавном реду и миру , члан 21 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Zákon č. 219 / 1996 Z. z . o ochrane pred zneužívaním alkoholických nápojov ao zriaďovaní a prevádzke protialkoholických záchytných izieb '' . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Zákon o ochrane pred zneužívaním alkoholických nápojov ao zriaďovaní a prevádzke protialkoholických záchytných izieb '' . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Asturias raises legal drinking age from 16 to 18 '' . ThinkSpain. 8 March 2015 . Retrieved 22 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Systembolaget - Rules on selling '' . Systembolaget.se . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Kap. 7 § Alkohollag ( 2010 : 1622 ) '' . Retrieved 27 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 817.02 Lebensmittel - und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung Art . 11 '' . admin.ch . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 680 Bundesgesetz über die gebrannten Wasser Art . 41 IV . 1 . i . '' admin.ch . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 09 . 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Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Interpretation -- Sale of Liquor Act 1989 No 63 ( as at 01 July 2011 ) , Public Act -- New Zealand Legislation Online '' . Parliamentary Counsel Office . 1 July 2011 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` The law about supply to young people '' . Alcohol.org.nz . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` H.B. No. 19 - 141 HDI SSI '' ( PDF ) . cnmilaw.org . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alcoholic Beverage Control Act - § 1068 . Sale or distribution to minors ; purchase , possession , or consumption by minors '' . Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Liquor Act 2011 - Section 14 '' ( PDF ) . Parliament of Samoa . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Section 72 of the Liquor Act ( Ch. 144 ) '' . Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Crimes , Procedure and Evidence Rules 2003 , s50 ( 3 ) . ^ Jump up to : `` INTOXICATING LIQUOR ACT - Section 65 '' ( PDF ) . The Kingdom of Tonga , Attorney General 's Office . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Liquor Licensing Act - Section 17 '' . Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . 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1552414231417978842	Jennifer Lawrence	Jennifer Lawrence - wikipedia Jennifer Lawrence Jump to : navigation , search Jennifer Lawrence Lawrence at the 2015 San Diego Comic - Con International promoting X-Men : Apocalypse Jennifer Shrader Lawrence ( 1990 - 08 - 15 ) August 15 , 1990 ( age 27 ) Indian Hills , Kentucky , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 2006 -- present Awards Full list Jennifer Shrader Lawrence ( born August 15 , 1990 ) is an American actress . Her films have grossed over $5.5 billion worldwide , and she was the highest - paid actress in the world in 2015 and 2016 . She appeared in Time 's 100 most influential people in the world in 2013 and in the Forbes Celebrity 100 in 2014 and 2016 . During her childhood , Lawrence performed in church plays and school musicals . When she was 14 , a talent scout spotted her in New York City . She then moved to Los Angeles and began her acting career by playing guest roles in television shows . Her first major role came as a main cast member on the sitcom The Bill Engvall Show ( 2007 -- 2009 ) . Lawrence made her film debut in a supporting role in Garden Party ( 2008 ) , and had her breakthrough playing a poverty - stricken teenager in the independent drama Winter 's Bone ( 2010 ) . She achieved wider recognition for starring as the mutant Mystique in X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) , a role she reprised in later installments of the series . Lawrence 's fame continued to grow with her starring role as Katniss Everdeen in the Hunger Games film series ( 2012 -- 2015 ) , which established her as the highest - grossing action heroine of all time . She went on to earn various accolades for her collaborations with director David O. Russell . Her performance as a depressed and bipolar widow in the romance film Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) earned her an Academy Award for Best Actress , making her the second - youngest winner of the award . Lawrence subsequently won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for playing a troubled wife in the black comedy American Hustle ( 2013 ) . She also received Golden Globe Awards for her roles in both of these films and for her performance as Joy Mangano in the biopic Joy ( 2015 ) . Lawrence is known in the media as an advocate for feminism and gender equality . She is the founder of the Jennifer Lawrence Foundation , through which she supports various charitable organizations . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2006 -- 2010 : Career beginnings and breakthrough 2.2 2011 -- 2013 : Film series and awards success 2.3 2014 -- present : Established actress 2.3. 1 Upcoming projects 3 Personal life 4 In the media 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 5.3 Music video 6 Accolades 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early life Jennifer Shrader Lawrence was born on August 15 , 1990 in Indian Hills , Kentucky , to Gary , a construction worker , and Karen ( née Koch ) , a summer camp manager . She has two older brothers , Ben and Blaine , and her mother brought her up to be `` tough '' like them . Karen did not allow her daughter to play with other girls in preschool as she deemed her `` too rough '' with them . The future actress was educated at the Kammerer Middle School in Louisville . She did not enjoy her childhood due to hyperactivity and social anxiety and considered herself a misfit among her peers . Lawrence has said that her anxieties vanished when she performed on stage and acting gave her a sense of accomplishment . Lawrence 's school activities included cheerleading , softball , field hockey and basketball , which she played on a boys ' team that was coached by her father . While growing up , she was fond of horseback riding and frequently visited a local horse farm . She has an injured tailbone as a result of being thrown from a horse . Lawrence said that she knew from an early age that she would be famous . When her father worked from home , she performed for him , often dressing up as a clown or ballerina . She had her first acting assignment at age nine when she played the role of a prostitute in a church play that was based on the Book of Jonah . For the next few years , she continued to take parts in church plays and school musicals . Lawrence was 14 and on a family vacation to New York City when she was spotted on the street by a talent scout who arranged for her to audition for talent agents . Karen was not keen on allowing her daughter to pursue an acting career , but she briefly moved her family to the city to let her read for roles . After Lawrence 's first cold reading , the agents said that hers was the best they had heard from someone that young ; Lawrence 's mother convinced her that they were lying . Lawrence said her early experiences were difficult because she felt lonely and friendless . She signed on with the CESD Talent Agency , who convinced her parents to let her audition for roles in Los Angeles . Lawrence 's mother agreed to let her pursue acting on the condition that she graduate from high school . Lawrence was eventually home - schooled in Los Angeles and graduated two years early with good grades . At that time , she considered acting to be a natural fit for her talents , and she turned down several offers for modelling assignments . Between her acting jobs in the city , she made regular visits to Louisville , where she served as an assistant nurse at her mother 's camp . Career 2006 -- 2010 : career beginnings and breakthrough Lawrence began her acting career with a minor role in the television film Company Town ( 2006 ) . She followed it with guest roles in several television shows , including Monk ( 2006 ) and Medium ( 2007 ) . These parts led to her being cast as a series regular on the TBS sitcom The Bill Engvall Show , in which she played Lauren , the rebellious teenage daughter of a family living in suburban Louisville , Colorado . The series premiered in 2007 and ran for three seasons . Tom Shales of The Washington Post considered her a scene stealer in her part , and David Hinckley of the New York Daily News wrote that she was successful in `` deliver ( ing ) the perpetual exasperation of teenage girls '' . Lawrence won a Young Artist Award for Outstanding Young Performer in a TV Series for the role in 2009 . Lawrence at the 83rd Academy Awards in 2011 , where she received her first Best Actress nomination for Winter 's Bone Lawrence made her film debut in the 2008 drama film Garden Party , in which she played a troubled teenager named Tiff . She then appeared in director Guillermo Arriaga 's feature film debut The Burning Plain ( 2008 ) , a drama narrated in a hyperlink format . She was cast as the teenage daughter of Kim Basinger 's character who discovers her mother 's extramarital affair -- a role she shared with Charlize Theron ; both actresses portrayed the role at different stages of the character 's life . Mark Feeney for The Boston Globe thought of Lawrence 's performance as `` a thankless task '' , but Derek Elley from Variety praised her as the production 's prime asset , writing that she `` plumbs fresher depths '' into the film . Her performance earned her the Premio Marcello Mastroianni award for Best Emerging Actress at the Venice Film Festival . Also that year , she appeared in the music video for the song `` The Mess I Made '' by Parachute . The following year , she starred in Lori Petty 's drama The Poker House as the oldest of three sisters living with a drug - abusing mother . Stephen Farber of The Hollywood Reporter thought that Lawrence `` has a touching poise on camera that conveys the resilience of children '' , and her role in The Poker House won an Outstanding Performance award from the Los Angeles Film Festival . Lawrence 's breakthrough role came in the small - scale drama Winter 's Bone ( 2010 ) , based on Daniel Woodrell 's novel of the same name . In Debra Granik 's independent feature , she portrayed Ree Dolly , a poverty - stricken teenager in the Ozark Mountains who cares for her mentally ill mother and younger siblings while searching for her missing father . Lawrence traveled to the Ozarks a week before filming began to live with the family on whom the story was based , and in preparation , she learned to fight , skin squirrels , and chop wood . David Denby of The New Yorker said the film `` would be unimaginable with anyone less charismatic '' , and Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that `` her performance is more than acting , it 's a gathering storm . Lawrence 's eyes are a roadmap to what 's tearing Ree apart . '' The production won the Grand Jury Prize at the Sundance Film Festival . The actress was awarded the National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance , and with her first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress , she became the second youngest person to be nominated in the category . 2011 -- 2013 : film series and Awards success In 2011 , Lawrence took on a supporting role in Like Crazy , a romantic drama about long - distance relationships , starring Anton Yelchin and Felicity Jones . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times considered the film to be an `` intensely wrought and immensely satisfying love story '' and credited all three performers for `` making their ( characters ' ) yearning palpable '' . She then appeared in Jodie Foster 's black comedy The Beaver alongside Foster and Mel Gibson . Filmed in 2009 , the production was delayed due to controversy concerning Gibson , and earned less than half of its $21 million budget . After her dramatic role in Winter 's Bone , Lawrence looked for something less serious , and found it with her first high - profile release -- Matthew Vaughn 's superhero film X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) -- a prequel to the X-Men film series . She portrayed the shapeshifting mutant Mystique , a role played by Rebecca Romijn in the earlier films . Vaughn cast Lawrence , as he thought that she would be able to portray the weakness and strength involved in the character 's transformation . Lawrence lost weight for the part , and for Mystique 's blue form had to undergo an eight - hour makeup , as Romijn had done on the other films . She was intimidated in the role as she admired Romijn . Writing for USA Today , Claudia Puig considered the film to be a `` classy re-boot '' of the film series , and believed that her `` high - spirited performance '' empowered the film . With a worldwide gross of $350 million , X-Men : First Class became Lawrence 's most widely seen film to that point . Lawrence at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival In 2012 she played Katniss Everdeen in The Hunger Games , an adaptation of the first book in author Suzanne Collins ' Hunger Games trilogy . Set in a post-apocalyptic future , the series tells the story of the teenage heroine Everdeen as she joins rebel forces against a totalitarian government after winning a brutal televised annual event . Despite being an admirer of the books , Lawrence was initially hesitant to accept the part , because of the grand scale of the film . She agreed to the project after her mother convinced her to take the part . She practiced yoga , archery , rock and tree climbing , and hand - to - hand combat techniques for the role . While training for the part , she injured herself running into a wall . The film received generally positive reviews , and Lawrence 's portrayal of Everdeen was particularly praised . Todd McCarthy of The Hollywood Reporter called her an `` ideal screen actress '' , adding that she embodies the Everdeen of the novel , and believed that she anchored the film `` with impressive gravity and presence '' . Roger Ebert agreed that she was `` strong and convincing in the central role '' . With worldwide revenues of over $690 million , The Hunger Games became a top - grossing film featuring a female lead , making Lawrence the highest - grossing action heroine of all time . The success of the film established her as a star . Later in 2012 , Lawrence played a young depressed widow named Tiffany Maxwell in David O. Russell 's romance movie Silver Linings Playbook . The film was an adaptation of the Matthew Quick 's novel of the same name . It follows her character finding companionship with Pat Solitano Jr. ( played by Bradley Cooper ) , a man with bipolar disorder . The actress was drawn to her character 's complex personality : `` She did n't really fit any basic kind of character profile . Somebody who is very forceful and bullheaded is normally very insecure , but she is n't '' . While Russell initially considered Lawrence to be too young for the part , she convinced him to hire her via a Skype audition . The actress found herself challenged by Russell 's spontaneity as a director , and described working on the project as the `` best experience of my life '' . Richard Corliss of Time wrote : `` Just 21 when the movie was shot , Lawrence is that rare young actress who plays , who is , grown - up . Sullen and sultry , she lends a mature intelligence to any role . '' Peter Travers believed that Lawrence `` is some kind of miracle . She 's rude , dirty , funny , foulmouthed , sloppy , sexy , vibrant , and vulnerable , sometimes all in the same scene , even in the same breath . '' She won the Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the film , becoming -- at age 22 -- the second youngest Best Actress Oscar winner . Her final release of the year was alongside Max Thieriot and Elisabeth Shue in Mark Tonderai 's critically panned thriller House at the End of the Street . The Devil You Know , a small - scale production that Lawrence had filmed for in 2005 , was her first release of 2013 . She then reprised the role of Everdeen in The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , the second installment in the Hunger Games film series . While performing the film 's underwater stunts , she suffered from an ear infection that resulted in a brief loss of hearing . With box office earnings of $865 million , the film remains her highest - grossing release . Stephanie Zacharek of The Village Voice believed that Lawrence 's portrayal of Everdeen made her an ideal role model , and wrote that `` there 's no sanctimony or pretense of false modesty in the way Lawrence plays her '' . She took on a supporting role in Russell 's ensemble crime drama American Hustle ( 2013 ) as Rosalyn Rosenfeld , the neurotic wife of con man Irving Rosenfeld ( portrayed by Christian Bale ) . Inspired by the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's Abscam sting operation , the film is set against the backdrop of political corruption in 1970s New Jersey . Lawrence did little research for the part , and based her performance on knowledge of the era from the films and television shows she had seen . Geoffrey Macnab of The Independent praised her as `` funny and acerbic '' , especially for an improvised scene in which she aggressively kisses her husband 's mistress ( played by Amy Adams ) on the lips . Lawrence 's performance won her the Golden Globe and BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actress , in addition to a third Academy Award nomination , her first in the supporting category . 2014 -- present : established Actress Lawrence played Serena Pemberton in Susanne Bier 's depression - era drama Serena ( 2014 ) , based on the novel of the same name by Ron Rash . In the film , she and her husband George ( portrayed by Bradley Cooper ) are a married couple who become involved in criminal activities after realizing that they can not bear children . The project was filmed in 2012 , and was released in 2014 to poor reviews . Lawrence then reprised the role of Mystique in X-Men : Days of Future Past , which served as a sequel to both X-Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) and X-Men : First Class ( 2011 ) . The film received positive reviews and grossed $748.1 million worldwide , becoming the highest - grossing film in the X-Men series to that point . Justin Chang of Variety praised her look in the film but thought that she had little to do but `` glower , snarl and let the f / x artists do their thing '' . Lawrence 's next two releases were in the final parts of The Hunger Games film series , Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) and Part 2 ( 2015 ) . For the musical score of the former film , she sang the song `` The Hanging Tree '' , which charted on multiple international singles charts . In a review of the final film in the series , Manohla Dargis of The New York Times drew similarities between her rise to stardom and Everdeen 's journey as a rebel leader , writing : `` Lawrence now inhabits the role as effortlessly as breathing , partly because , like all great stars , she seems to be playing a version of her ' real ' self '' . Both films earned more than $650 million worldwide . Lawrence worked with Russell for the third time in the biopic Joy ( 2015 ) , in which she plays the eponymous character , a troubled single mother who becomes a successful businessperson after inventing the Miracle Mop . During production in Boston , the press reported on a disagreement between Russell and Lawrence that resulted in a `` screaming match '' . She said that her friendship with Russell made it easier for them to disagree , because people fight when they really love each other . The film was not as well received as their previous collaborations , but her performance was praised . Richard Roeper called it `` a wonderfully layered performance that carries the film through its rough spots and sometime dubious detours '' that was her best since Winter 's Bone . She won a third Golden Globe Award , and was nominated for another Academy Award for Best Actress , becoming the youngest person to accrue four Oscar nominations . Lawrence began 2016 by providing the narration for A Beautiful Planet , a documentary film that explores Earth from the International Space Station . She played Mystique for the third time in X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) . The film received mixed reviews , with a consensus that it was overfilled with action that detracted from the story 's themes and cast 's performances . Helen O'Hara from Empire considered the film to be a letdown from the previous installments of the series , and criticized the actress for making her character too grim . Despite this , Lawrence was rewarded with Favorite Movie Actress at the 43rd People 's Choice Awards . Lawrence at an event for Mother ! at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival Lawrence was paid $20 million for playing Aurora Lane in the science fiction film Passengers ( 2016 ) , and she received top - billing over co-star Chris Pratt . It features Pratt and her as two people who wake up 90 years too soon from an induced hibernation on a spaceship bound for a new planet . Lawrence says that she felt nervous performing her first sex scene and kissing a married man ( Pratt ) on screen ; she drank alcohol to prepare herself for filming . Critical reaction was negative , with a consensus that the film had a `` fatally flawed story '' , though the chemistry between Lawrence and Pratt was praised . Responding to the criticism of the film , Lawrence said , `` I thought the script was beautiful -- it was this tainted , complicated love story . It definitely was n't a failure '' . Darren Aronofsky 's psychological horror film Mother ! was Lawrence 's sole release of 2017 . She starred as a young woman married to a much - older man ( played by Javier Bardem ) , who experiences trauma when her home is invaded by unexpected guests . Lawrence spent three months rehearsing the film in a warehouse in Brooklyn , despite her reluctance to rehearsals in her previous assignments . The intense role proved difficult for her to film ; she was put on supplemental oxygen when she hyperventilated one day , and she also dislocated a rib . Mother ! polarized viewers and prompted mass walkouts . The film was better received by critics ; Walter Addiego of the San Francisco Chronicle labelled it `` assaultive '' and a `` deliberate test of audience endurance '' , and credited Lawrence for `` never allow ( ing ) herself to be reduced simply to a howling victim '' . By 2017 , Lawrence 's films had grossed over $5.6 billion worldwide . The following year , she starred as Dominika Egorova , a Russian spy who makes contact with a mysterious CIA agent ( played by Joel Edgerton ) , in Francis Lawrence 's espionage thriller Red Sparrow , based on Jason Matthews ' novel of the same name . She learnt to speak in a Russian accent and undertook ballet training for four months . Lawrence was challenged by the sexuality in her role , but has said that performing the nude scenes made her feel empowered . Red Sparrow received mixed reviews from critics . IndieWire 's Eric Kohn disliked the film 's denouement but praised the performances of Lawrence and Charlotte Rampling , stating that `` the considerable talent on display is ( the film 's ) constant saving grace '' . Alonso Duralde of TheWrap criticized the derivative story and the lack of chemistry between Lawrence and Edgerton . Upcoming projects Lawrence has committed to star in her fourth X-Men film , subtitled Dark Phoenix , which is scheduled for release in November 2018 . Lawrence and Amy Schumer have written a screenplay for a film in which they will star . She will star in Steven Spielberg 's film adaptation of photojournalist Lynsey Addario 's memoir It 's What I Do : A Photographer 's Life of Love and War , and will feature as Elizabeth Holmes , founder of the Theranos blood testing company , in Adam McKay 's film Bad Blood . Lawrence will also produce a film adaptation of Hannah Kent 's novel Burial Rites and star as Agnes Magnúsdóttir , the last woman to be executed for murder in Iceland . Personal life While filming X-Men : First Class in 2010 , Lawrence began a romantic relationship with her co-star Nicholas Hoult . The couple broke up around the time they wrapped X-Men : Days of Future Past in 2014 . Also that year , she was one of the victims of the iCloud leaks of celebrity photos when nude pictures of her were leaked online . Lawrence emphasized that the images were never meant to go public ; she called the leak a `` sex crime '' and a `` sexual violation '' . She added that viewers of the images should be ashamed of their part in a sexual offense . The actress later stated that her pictures were intended for Hoult , and that unlike other victims of the hack , she did not plan to sue Apple . As of 2014 , Lawrence lives in Beverly Hills , California . From September 2016 to October 2017 , she was in a relationship with mother ! 's director , Darren Aronofsky . Lawrence at the 2013 Cannes Film Festival Lawrence is a supporter of Planned Parenthood , and she participated in a June 2017 video against the defunding of the organization . She spoke out against the November 2015 shooting at a Colorado Springs Planned Parenthood clinic . She is a feminist , a concept she argues should not intimidate people `` because it just means equality '' . Lawrence promotes body positivity among women . In 2015 , she wrote an essay for the Lenny Letter in which she criticized the gender pay gap in Hollywood . She wrote about her own experiences in the industry , such as the lesser salary she received for her work in American Hustle compared to her male co-stars . In a 2015 interview with Vogue , Lawrence criticized Kentucky county clerk Kim Davis for her opposition to same - sex marriage . Lawrence was `` raised a Republican '' , but has subsequently criticized the party 's stance on women 's rights . She has strongly opposed Donald Trump 's presidency , stating in 2015 that his election would `` be the end of the world '' . Lawrence became a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 2011 . She has lent her support to several charitable organizations , such as the World Food Programme , Feeding America , and the Thirst Project . Along with Josh Hutcherson and Liam Hemsworth , her co-stars of The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) , Lawrence partnered with the United Nations to publicize poverty and hunger . She organized an early screening of The Hunger Games : Catching Fire ( 2013 ) to benefit Saint Mary 's Center , a disabilities organization in Louisville , and raised more than $40,000 for the cause . She partnered with the charity broadcast network Chideo to raise funds for the 2015 Special Olympics World Summer Games by screening her film Serena ( 2014 ) . She also collaborated with Omaze to host a fundraising contest for the games as part of the premiere of The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 ( 2014 ) . In 2015 , Lawrence teamed with Hutcherson and Hemsworth for Prank It FWD , a charitable initiative to raise money for the non-profit organization Do Something . That year , she also launched the Jennifer Lawrence Foundation , which supports charities such as the Boys & Girls Clubs of America and the Special Olympics . In 2016 , she donated $2 million to the Kosair Children 's Hospital in Louisville to set up a cardiac intensive care unit named after her foundation . Lawrence is a board member of Represent.Us , a nonprofit seeking to pass anti-corruption laws in the United States . In 2017 , Lawrence joined an Omaze fundraising campaign , through which a winner will be chosen to go wine tasting with her . The following year , she collaborated with 300 women in Hollywood to set up the Time 's Up initiative to protect women from harassment and discrimination . In the media In 2012 , the review website IndieWire described Lawrence 's personality as `` down - to - earth , self - deprecating , ( and ) unaffected '' . She is frequently referred to as `` America 's Sweetheart '' in the media . An IGN writer considers her to be a `` sharp '' , `` funny '' and `` quirky '' actress who likes to `` stay grounded '' despite considerable success . Lawrence says that she finds acting `` stupid '' and does not believe in being `` cocky '' about her success . As a role model to young people , she tries to be careful with her words . Lawrence at the premiere of A Beautiful Planet in 2016 In 2012 , Rolling Stone called her `` the most talented young actress in America . '' Her Hunger Games co-star Donald Sutherland has favorably compared her craft to that of Laurence Olivier and considers her an `` exquisite and brilliant actor '' . David O. Russell ( who directed her in Silver Linings Playbook , American Hustle and Joy ) has praised her effortless acting that makes her performances look easy . During her career , Lawrence has played roles in both high - profile , mainstream productions and low - budget independent films , and has appeared in a range of film genres . She did not study acting and has not been involved in professional theater . She instead bases her acting approach on her observations of people around her . I do n't invest any of my real emotions . ( I do n't take any of my characters ' pain home with me ) , I do n't even take it to craft services . I 've never been through anything that my characters have been through . And I ca n't go around looking for roles that are exactly like my life . So I just use my imagination . If it ever came down to the point where , to make a part better , I had to lose a little bit of my sanity , I would n't do it . I would just do comedies . -- Lawrence , The Globe and Mail , June 2010 As her career has developed , Lawrence has become one of the best paid actresses ; The Daily Telegraph reported in 2014 that she was earning $10 million a film . In 2013 , Time magazine named her one of the most 100 influential people in the world , Elle labeled her the most powerful woman in the entertainment business , and Forbes ranked her as the 50th most powerful actress . In 2014 , Forbes named her the second - highest - paid actress in the world with earnings of $34 million , and cited her as the most powerful actress , ranking at number 12 in the magazine 's Celebrity 100 list ; she appeared in the list again in 2016 . In 2015 , Lawrence was named `` Entertainer of the Year '' by Entertainment Weekly -- a title she also won in 2012 -- and was recognized as the highest - grossing action heroine in Guinness World Records for starring in the Hunger Games series . In 2015 and 2016 , Forbes reported that she had emerged as the world 's highest - paid actress with annual earnings of $52 million and $46 million , respectively . The magazine ranked her as the world 's third highest - paid actress in 2017 , with earnings of $24 million . Lawrence appeared in Victoria 's Secret 's listing of the `` Sexiest Up - and - Coming Bombshell '' in 2011 , People 's Most Beautiful People in 2011 and 2013 , Maxim 's Hot 100 from 2011 to 2014 , and topped FHM 's sexiest women in the world list in 2014 . From 2013 to 2015 , she was featured in Glamour 's annual listing of the best dressed women , topping the list in 2014 . Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2008 Garden Party Tiffany `` Tiff '' 2008 Poker House , The The Poker House Agnes 2008 Burning Plain , The The Burning Plain Mariana Winter 's Bone Ree Dolly 2011 Like Crazy Sam 2011 Beaver , The The Beaver Norah 2011 X-Men : First Class Raven Darkhölme / Mystique 2012 Hunger Games , The The Hunger Games Katniss Everdeen 2012 Silver Linings Playbook Tiffany Maxwell 2012 House at the End of the Street Elissa Cassidy 2013 Devil ! The Devil You Know Young Zoe Hughes 2013 Hunger Games : Catching Fire , The The Hunger Games : Catching Fire Katniss Everdeen 2013 American Hustle Rosalyn Rosenfeld 2014 X-Men : Days of Future Past Raven Darkhölme / Mystique 2014 Serena Serena Pemberton 2014 Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 , The The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 1 Katniss Everdeen 2015 Dior and I Herself 2015 Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 , The The Hunger Games : Mockingjay -- Part 2 Katniss Everdeen 2015 Joy Joy Mangano 2016 Beautiful ! A Beautiful Planet Narrator 2016 X-Men : Apocalypse Raven Darkhölme / Mystique 2016 Passengers Aurora Lane 2017 Mother ! mother 2018 Red Sparrow Dominika Egorova 2018 X-Men : Dark Phoenix Raven Darkhölme / Mystique Post-production Television Year Title Role Notes 2006 Company Town Caitlin Television film 2006 Monk Mascot Episode : `` Mr. Monk and the Big Game '' 2007 Cold Case Abby Bradford Episode : `` A Dollar , a Dream '' 2007 Medium Claire Chase Episode : `` Mother 's Little Helper '' 2007 -- 2009 Bill Engvall Show , The The Bill Engvall Show Lauren Pearson 31 episodes 2008 Medium Young Allison Episode : `` But for the Grace of God '' 2013 Saturday Night Live Herself ( host ) Episode : `` Jennifer Lawrence / The Lumineers '' 2014 Saturday Night Live Herself Episode : `` Woody Harrelson / Kendrick Lamar '' 2017 Jimmy Kimmel Live ! Herself ( host ) November 2 , 2017 ; standing in for Jimmy Kimmel Music video Year Title Artist `` The Mess I Made '' Parachute Accolades Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Jennifer Lawrence Lawrence won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) . She has won three Golden Globe Awards ; Best Actress -- Comedy or Musical for Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) and Joy ( 2015 ) , and Best Supporting Actress for American Hustle ( 2013 ) . She also won a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for American Hustle ( 2013 ) . Her other accolades include seven MTV Movie Awards ( five for The Hunger Games series , two for Silver Linings Playbook ) , six People 's Choice Awards ( three for The Hunger Games , three for the X-Men series ) , a Satellite Award for Silver Linings Playbook , and a Saturn Award for The Hunger Games . See also Biography portal List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories List of oldest and youngest Academy Award winners and nominees List of people from the Louisville metropolitan area Me Too ( hashtag ) References Jump up ^ Murray , Lorraine . `` Jennifer Lawrence '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Van Meter , Jonathan ( August 12 , 2013 ) . `` The Hunger Games ' Jennifer Lawrence Covers the September Issue '' . Vogue . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2014 . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Eells , Josh ( April 12 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence : America 's Kick - Ass Sweetheart '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Levy , Marc ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence , la muse de Hollywood '' . Madame Figaro ( in French ) . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence Exclusive Interview ! '' . Seventeen . March 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2017 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Heyman , Jessie ( November 14 , 2015 ) . `` 5 Things You Did n't Know About Jennifer Lawrence '' . Vogue . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rodriguez , Javy ; Schreiber , Hope ( March 7 , 2013 ) . `` 30 Things You Did n't Know About Jennifer Lawrence '' . Complex . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Windolf , Jim ; Diehl , Jessica ( February 2013 ) . `` Girl , Uninterruptible '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schneller , Johanna ( June 11 , 2010 ) . `` Interview with Winter 's Bone star Jennifer Lawrence '' . The Globe and Mail . pp. 1 -- 2 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Weichselbaum , Simone ( March 3 , 2013 ) . `` Family and friends say Oscar winner Jennifer Lawrence is still a down - home Kentucky girl '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reed , Johnson ( November 11 , 2010 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence , playing to strength '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Zakarin , Jordan ( March 22 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence 's Career Journey , from ' Bill Engvall ' to ' Hunger Games ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sassone , Bob ( September 25 , 2009 ) . `` Will you miss The Bill Engvall Show ? '' . AOL . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shales , Tom ( July 17 , 2007 ) . `` TBS 's ' Bill Engvall ' : Leave It to a Father Who Knows Best '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hinckley , David ( July 18 , 2007 ) . `` Another family sitcom , no joke '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 14 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence 's TV past : See her on ' The Bill Engvall Show ' '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 88th Annual Oscar nominees in their first film role '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2016 . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Mark ( September 18 , 2009 ) . `` The Burning Plain '' . The Boston Globe . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elley , Derek ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` Review : ' The Burning Plain ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lawrence holds Marcello Mastroianni Award at Venice '' . Sina Corp . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2013 . Retrieved April 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Reynolds , Simon ( March 5 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence : ' The Hunger Games ' star 's career in pictures '' . Digital Spy . pp. 2 ; 5 . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirkland , Bruce ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence 's 5 best performances '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sheila ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` Interview : Jennifer Lawrence and Director Lori Petty on The Poker House '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved March 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Farber , Stephen ( June 29 , 2008 ) . `` The Poker House '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Film Festival Timeline : 2000 -- 2009 '' . Los Angeles Film Festival . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rodriquez , Alberto ( March 23 , 2012 ) . `` Winter 's Bone to Hunger Games : Jennifer Lawrence 's rise '' . The Week . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Survival of the Fittest : Jennifer Lawrence and Winter 's Bone '' . Interview . June 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Denby , David ( July 5 , 2010 ) . `` Current Cinema : Thrills and Chills '' . The New Yorker . pp. 78 -- 79 . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( June 3 , 2010 ) . `` Winter 's Bone Review '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on April 28 , 2012 . Retrieved April 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Medina , Jeremy ( June 28 , 2010 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence dishes on ' Winter 's Bone ' and stripping for ' Esquire ' '' . BlackBook . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Nominations List 2011 '' . MTV . January 25 , 2010 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2011 . Balfour , Brad ( February 25 , 2011 ) . `` Best Actress Nominee Jennifer Lawrence Heats Up Winter 's Bone '' . The Huffington Post . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zeitchik , Steven ( January 23 , 2011 ) . `` Sundance 2011 : ' Like Crazy ' is bought , and will be released by , Paramount Pictures '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2011 . Retrieved February 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( October 28 , 2011 ) . `` Movie review : ' Like Crazy ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Young , John ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Mel Gibson 's flop ' The Beaver ' : What went wrong ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2011 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Beaver '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tilly , Chris ( May 11 , 2011 ) . `` X-Men : First Class -- Mystique Interview '' . IGN . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Steve ( November 13 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence talks shape - shifting character Mystique in X-Men : Days of Future Past '' . Cineworld . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dehn , Georgia ( May 23 , 2011 ) . `` X-Men : Jennifer Lawrence interview '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2012 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . she could pull off the challenging dichotomy that Raven faces as she transforms into Mystique ; that vulnerability that shields a powerful inner strength . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence on Being Painted Naked Daily for ' X-Men : First Class ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( May 20 , 2011 ) . `` ' X-Men ' Star Jennifer Lawrence Was Intimidated by ' Gorgeous ' Rebecca Romijn '' . MTV . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Puig , Claudia ( June 2 , 2011 ) . `` New ' X-Men ' : A ' First Class ' action movie '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Lawrence Movie Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2015 . Retrieved March 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Radish , Christina ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Talks Silver Linings Playbook , The Hunger Games , Catching Fire , Her Early Work , Wanting to Direct , Oscar Nominations , and More '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Still , Jennifer ( May 26 , 2011 ) . `` Hunger Games Training Fun '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved April 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Listfield , Emily ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence on How the Kardashians Are Like ' The Hunger Games ' '' . Parade . Archived from the original on November 12 , 2013 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Plumb , Ali . `` Jennifer Lawrence on Hunger Games : Catching Fire '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2014 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd . `` The Hunger Games : Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( March 20 , 2012 ) . `` The Hunger Games '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2013 . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hungering for a female hero : ' Hunger Games ' may break new ground '' , World News Network , March 22 , 2012 , archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 , retrieved March 30 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Action Heroine Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved April 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hiscock , John ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence interview : ' I feel normal , so I expect to be treated normally ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nester , Daniel ( March 1 , 2014 ) . `` The Sound of Philadelphia Fades Out '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Silver Linings Playbook , ' Directed by David O. Russell '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( November 21 , 2012 ) . `` ' Silver Linings Playbook ' : Jennifer Lawrence Wins Her Role via Skype , Learns to Dance Like an Amateur '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( September 11 , 2012 ) . `` Silver Linings Playbook Review '' . Time . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2012 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter . `` Silver Linings Playbook Review '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nominees for the 85th Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . `` 2013 Golden Globe Awards '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on December 16 , 2013 . Retrieved March 31 , 2014 . Lang , Brant ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Oscar Nominations : Jennifer Lawrence Youngest Ever 3 - Time Oscar Acting Nominee '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` House at the End of the Street ( 2012 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hornaday , Michael O'Sullivan , Ann ; Merry , Stephanie ( July 23 , 2013 ) . `` Watch online : ' Devil You Know , ' ' The Typewriter , ' ' The Fruit Hunters ' '' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt . `` First Look at The Hunger Games : Catching Fire Starring Jennifer Lawrence , Josh Hutcherson , and Sam Claflin '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2012 . Retrieved September 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Zacharek , Stephanie ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` The Hunger Games : Catching Fire Is a Delicious Middle Course '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2013 . Retrieved December 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Macnab , Geoffrey ( December 19 , 2013 ) . `` American Hustle , review : ' Jennifer Lawrence is brilliant as the neurotic housewife ' -- Reviews -- Films '' . The Independent . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve ( November 25 , 2013 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Steals the Show in ' American Hustle ' First Screening '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 Oscar Nominees '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . January 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Lombardi , Ken ( January 12 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence shakes as she accepts Golden Globe for best supporting actress '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2014 . Tartaglione , Nancy ( February 16 , 2014 ) . `` BAFTA Awards : ' 12 Years a Slave ' Wins Best Film but ' Gravity ' Carries Most Weight with Six Total Nods ; Chiwetel Ejiofor & Cate Blanchett Take Actor Wins ; ' American Hustle ' Scores 3 Including for Jennifer Lawrence '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Toby Jones talks working with Jennifer Lawrence again in ' The Falling ' -- IFC '' . IFC. April 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Jorn Rossing ( October 30 , 2013 ) . `` New Susanne Bier project revealed '' . Screen International . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Serena ( 2013 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men : Days of Future Past '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men : Days of Future Past ( 2014 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Film Review : ' X-Men : Days of Future Past ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( March 7 , 2014 ) . `` ' Mockingjay ' director on Philip Seymour Hoffman 's death '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( November 29 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence 's ' Hanging Tree ' Heading for Hot 100 Chart Debut '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2014 . Retrieved November 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ References for chart positions of `` The Hanging Tree '' : Australia : `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles Chart '' . ARIA Charts . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Ireland : `` GFK Chart - Track ( Top 100 Singles , Week Ending 27 November 2014 ) '' . IRMA . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . United Kingdom : `` Official Singles Chart UK Top 40 -- 6th December 2014 '' . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . United States : Caulfield , Keith ; Trust , Gary . `` Jennifer Lawrence Debuts on Hot 100 : ' The Hanging Tree ' Bows at No. 12 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' The Hunger Games : Mockingjay Part 2 , ' Katniss 's Final Battle '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Child , Ben ( June 9 , 2014 ) . `` David O Russell and Jennifer Lawrence aim to clean up at 2016 Oscars with mop biopic '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2014 . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Van Meter , Jonathan ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Is Determined , Hilarious , and -- Above All -- Real '' . Vogue . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Joy ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( December 20 , 2015 ) . `` It 's a Cinderella story , complete with mop '' . RichardRoeper.com . Archived from the original on January 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Bahr , Lindsey ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Wins Golden Globe for Best Comedy Actress '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . `` Oscar Nominations : Surprising Factoids About 2016 's Contenders '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved January 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Myers , Toni ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Review : ' A Beautiful Planet ' Shows a Dazzling Earth From Space '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` X-Men : Apocalypse ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Hara , Helen ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` X-Men Apocalypse Review '' . Empire . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` People 's Choice Awards 2017 : See the Full List of Winners '' . Billboard . January 19 , 2017 . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orr , Christopher ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Passengers Is a Journey Best Skipped '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Scott ( December 29 , 2016 ) . `` Why Jennifer Lawrence 's $20 M ( and Chris Pratt 's $12 M ) ' Passengers ' Payday Was a Trap '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2017 . Retrieved March 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galloway , Stephen ( November 18 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence , Cate Blanchett and Six More Top Actresses on Pay Gap , Sex Scenes and the Price of Speaking Frankly : `` There Is Always a Backlash '' `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Passengers ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Responds to ' Passengers ' Criticism : ' I 'm Disappointed in Myself ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gay , Jason ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence on Her New Movie , New Relationship , and How She Stays So Damn Relatable '' . Vogue . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mother ! of all flops : Jennifer Lawrence horror leads to walkouts , F grade from audiences '' . The Telegraph . September 18 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is Darren Aronofsky 's latest the year 's most controversial movie ? '' . Rotten Tomatoes . September 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Addiego , Walter ( September 14 , 2017 ) . `` Lawrence under siege in Aronofsky 's latest extravaganza '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` Steven Spielberg Pentagon Papers Drama Gets 2017 Oscar Season Release '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Calvario , Liz ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Reveals Which Kardashian Would Make a Great Spy ( Exclusive ) '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Murray , Daisy ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` The Nude Scenes In ' Red Sparrow ' Helped Jennifer Lawrence Reclaim Her Sexuality '' . Elle . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Red Sparrow ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Eric ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Red Sparrow ' Review : Jennifer Lawrence Is a Badass Russian Spy Who Uses Her Sexuality Like a Weapon in Solid Thriller '' . IndieWire . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Durande , Alonso ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Red Sparrow ' Film Review : Jennifer Lawrence Swans About in Silly Spy Tale '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr. , Mike ( June 14 , 2017 ) . `` Fox Formalizes Simon Kinberg to Helm ' X-Men : Dark Phoenix ' ; Jennifer Lawrence , Michael Fassbender , James McAvoy Back , Jessica Chastain in Talks '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 26 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence and Amy Schumer Writing Screenplay Together '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2015 . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` Steven Spielberg to Direct Jennifer Lawrence in War Memoir Adaptation It 's What I Do '' . Collider.com . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Legendary Lands Jennifer Lawrence , Adam McKay 's Theranos Film ' Bad Blood ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence to Star in Luca Guadagnino 's ' Burial Rites ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Feinberg , Scott ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Awards Chatter ' Podcast -- Jennifer Lawrence ( ' Mother ! ' ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dubroff , Josh ( November 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Discusses Her Split from Nicholas Hoult '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ensor , Josie ( September 1 , 2014 ) . `` Nude Jennifer Lawrence photos leaked by hacker who claims to have ' private pictures of 100 A-listers ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cover Exclusive : Jennifer Lawrence Calls Photo Hacking a ' Sex Crime ' '' . Vanity Fair . October 7 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David , Mark ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Snags Celebrity Pedigreed Pad in Beverly Hills '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guglielmi , Jody ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence on Dating Darren Aronofsky : ' I Had Energy for Him . I Do n't Know How He Felt About Me ' '' . People . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Riseman , Abraham ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Darren Aronofsky Does n't Want You to Know Anything About Mother ! '' . Vulture.com . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence and Darren Aronofsky Split '' . E ! Online . November 22 , 2017 . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Lawrence Gives the No - Filter , No - B.S. Interview of Your Dreams '' . Glamour . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence and Jon Hamm made an important video for planned parenthood '' . Harper 's BAZAAR . June 26 , 2017 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Laura ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence : Truth and Beauty '' . Harper 's Bazaar . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foy , Kenya ( June 3 , 2015 ) . `` 7 Feminist Jennifer Lawrence Quotes , Because J. Law 's All About Female Empowerment '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel M ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence expresses anger at Hollywood 's gender pay gap '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Says a Donald Trump Presidency Would Be `` The End of the World '' `` . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2016 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( June 17 , 2011 ) . `` Academy Invites 178 Artists and Execs as New Members '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cornet , Roth ( November 11 , 2013 ) . `` 10 Reasons Jennifer Lawrence is Awesome '' . IGN . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2014 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World Food Programme and Feeding America Partner with The Hunger Games '' . World Food Program . February 23 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Louisville ' Catching Fire ' premiere promotes Jennifer Lawrence & charity '' . WDRB . November 21 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2013 . Retrieved March 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Oscar Winner Jennifer Lawrence Joins Chideo 's All - star Line - up of Celebrity Ambassadors , Teams Up with Bradley Cooper to Support Special Olympics World Games and Charles J. Cooper Patient Support Fund '' . PR Newswire . January 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 24 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Macatee , Rebecca ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Wants to Be BFFs , Take Selfies and Party for a Purpose -- With You ! '' . E !. Archived from the original on August 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( November 16 , 2015 ) . `` Watch Jennifer Lawrence Struggle to Act Unfriendly in Hunger Games Cast Prank '' . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitten , Sarah ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence is changing Hollywood 's game '' . CNBC . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bell , Flora ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Philanthropic Jennifer Lawrence donates $2 million to children 's charity '' . Hello ! . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gay , Jason ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence on Her New Movie , New Relationship , and How She Stays So Damn Relatable '' . Vogue . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Zach ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Needs a Drinking Buddy -- and It Could Be You '' . E !. Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Over 300 top women in Hollywood launch anti-harassment initiative '' . Daily Sabah . Washington . January 1 , 2018 . Archived from the original on January 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Tupitsyn , Masha ( March 4 , 2013 ) . `` The Acting Personality : Just How `` Authentic '' Is Jennifer Lawrence ? `` . IndieWire . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2016 . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosa , Christopher ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence and the Roller Coaster of Public Perception '' . VH1 . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence on How Acting `` Is Stupid , '' and the Time She Almost Shot Suspected Home Invaders with Her Bow and Arrow `` . Vanity Fair . January 2 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hiscock , Josh ( November 15 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence interview : ' Why I shop at Ikea ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on November 27 , 2016 . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence compared to Laurence Olivier by ' Hunger Games ' Donald Sutherland ( Video ) '' . On the Red Carpet . March 22 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence , David O. Russell teaming up again for ' The Ends of the Earth ' '' . New York Daily News . February 19 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pond , Steve . `` ' Silver Linings Playbook ' Oscar Nominee Jennifer Lawrence Shares Her Acting Secret : Never Sweat '' . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . I 've always studied people and been fascinated by their reactions and feelings . And I think that 's the best acting class you can take -- watching real people , listening to them and studying them . Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Lawrence '' . Time . April 20 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2013 . Retrieved April 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vineyard , Jennifer . `` Hollywood Power List 2013 '' . Elle . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schumann , Rebecka ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Forbes Lists Top 100 Most Powerful Celebrities in 2013 : Oprah Winfrey Takes Number One Spot ( Full List ) '' . International Business Times . Archived from the original on June 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( August 4 , 2014 ) . `` Sandra Bullock Tops Forbes ' List of Highest Earning Actresses with $51 M '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pomerantz , Dorothy ( June 30 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Tops Our List of the Most Powerful Actresses '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2014 . Retrieved June 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Highest - Paid Celebrities '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vilkomerson , Sara ( November 24 , 2015 ) . `` This Week 's Cover : Jennifer Lawrence is EW 's Entertainer of the Year '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2015 . Retrieved November 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Valby , Karen ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Entertainers of the Year : Jennifer Lawrence '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alter , Charlotte ( September 4 , 2014 ) . `` Jennifer Lawrence Is the Highest - Grossing Action Heroine '' . Time . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Robehmed , Natalie ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` The World 's Highest - Paid Actresses 2015 : Jennifer Lawrence Leads with $52 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . `` The World 's Highest - Paid Actresses 2016 : Jennifer Lawrence Banks $46 Million Payday Ahead of Melissa McCarthy '' . Forbes . August 23 , 2016 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2016 . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robehmed , Natalie ( August 16 , 2017 ) . `` The World 's Highest - Paid Actresses 2017 : Emma Stone Leads With $26 Million '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Derschowitz , Jessica ( May 12 , 2011 ) . `` Emma Stone , Rihanna top Victoria 's Secret 's `` What is Sexy ? '' list `` . CBS News . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Most Beautiful 2011 : Jennifer Lopez '' . People . April 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . `` People 's Most Beautiful 2013 : Gwyneth Paltrow , Jennifer Lawrence , Halle Berry '' . People . April 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Hot 100 List '' . Maxim . May 3 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . `` 2012 Hot 100 List '' . Maxim. April 27 , 2012 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Brukman , Jesse ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` 2013 Hot 100 List '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . James , Richard ( September 28 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Hot 100 List '' . Maxim . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Waller , Jordan ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` The Official 100 Sexiest Women in the World 2014 : The full list '' . FHM . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2014 . Retrieved July 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 50 Best Dressed Women 2013 '' . Glamour . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . `` 50 Best Dressed Women of 2014 '' . Glamour . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . `` 30 Best Dressed Women of 2015 '' . Glamour . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dior and I ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` SNL Season 38 Episode 11 -- Jennifer Lawrence / The Lumineers '' . NBC . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( November 16 , 2014 ) . `` Saturday Night Live recap : ' Woody Harrelson and Kendrick Lamar ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ MTV Movie Awards for Jennifer Lawrence : `` 2012 MTV Movie Awards Winners : The Full List '' . MTV . June 4 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . `` MTV Movie Awards 2013 Complete Winner 's List '' . MTV . April 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Nordyke , Kimberly ( April 13 , 2014 ) . `` MTV Movie Awards Winners : The Complete List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Murphy , Shaunna ( April 12 , 2015 ) . `` MTV Movie Awards 2015 : See the Full Winners List '' . MTV . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Bell , Crystal ( April 9 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 MTV Movie Award Winners : See the Full List '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ People 's Choice Awards for Jennifer Lawrence : `` People 's Choice Awards 2013 : The Complete Winners List '' . MTV . January 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Blake , Emily ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards 2015 : The winner 's list '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards for 2012 '' . International Press Academy . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` ' Avengers , ' ' Breaking Bad ' top Saturn Award winners '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . External links Find more aboutJennifer Lawrenceat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Jennifer Lawrence on IMDb Jennifer Lawrence at the TCM Movie Database Jennifer Lawrence at Box Office Mojo Jennifer Lawrence at Rotten Tomatoes Biography portal Kentucky portal Film portal United States portal Awards for Jennifer Lawrence Academy Award for Best Actress 1920s Janet Gaynor ( 1928 ) Mary Pickford ( 1929 ) 1930s Norma Shearer ( 1930 ) Marie Dressler ( 1931 ) Helen Hayes ( 1932 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1933 ) Claudette Colbert ( 1934 ) Bette Davis ( 1935 ) Luise Rainer ( 1936 ) Luise Rainer ( 1937 ) Bette Davis ( 1938 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1939 ) 1940s Ginger Rogers ( 1940 ) Joan Fontaine ( 1941 ) Greer Garson ( 1942 ) Jennifer Jones ( 1943 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1944 ) Joan Crawford ( 1945 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1946 ) Loretta Young ( 1947 ) Jane Wyman ( 1948 ) Olivia de Havilland ( 1949 ) 1950s Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) Vivien Leigh ( 1951 ) Shirley Booth ( 1952 ) Audrey Hepburn ( 1953 ) Grace Kelly ( 1954 ) Anna Magnani ( 1955 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1956 ) Joanne Woodward ( 1957 ) Susan Hayward ( 1958 ) Simone Signoret ( 1959 ) 1960s Elizabeth Taylor ( 1960 ) Sophia Loren ( 1961 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1962 ) Patricia Neal ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Julie Christie ( 1965 ) Elizabeth Taylor ( 1966 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1967 ) Katharine Hepburn / Barbra Streisand ( 1968 ) Maggie Smith ( 1969 ) 1970s Glenda Jackson ( 1970 ) Jane Fonda ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1973 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1974 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1975 ) Faye Dunaway ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) 1980s Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Katharine Hepburn ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Sally Field ( 1984 ) Geraldine Page ( 1985 ) Marlee Matlin ( 1986 ) Cher ( 1987 ) Jodie Foster ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) 1990s Kathy Bates ( 1990 ) Jodie Foster ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) 2000s Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Halle Berry ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) 2010s Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) AACTA International Award for Best Actress Meryl Streep ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Margot Robbie ( 2017 ) AACTA International Award for Best Supporting Actress Jacki Weaver ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Rooney Mara ( 2015 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2016 ) Allison Janney ( 2017 ) BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role 1960s Billie Whitelaw ( 1968 ) Celia Johnson ( 1969 ) 1970s Susannah York ( 1970 ) Margaret Leighton ( 1971 ) Cloris Leachman ( 1972 ) Valentina Cortese ( 1973 ) Ingrid Bergman ( 1974 ) Diane Ladd ( 1975 ) Jodie Foster ( 1976 ) Jenny Agutter ( 1977 ) Geraldine Page ( 1978 ) Rachel Roberts ( 1979 ) 1980s Rohini Hattangadi / Maureen Stapleton ( 1982 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1983 ) Liz Smith ( 1984 ) Rosanna Arquette ( 1985 ) Judi Dench ( 1986 ) Susan Wooldridge ( 1987 ) Judi Dench ( 1988 ) Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) 1990s Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Kate Nelligan ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Miriam Margolyes ( 1993 ) Kristin Scott Thomas ( 1994 ) Kate Winslet ( 1995 ) Juliette Binoche ( 1996 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Maggie Smith ( 1999 ) 2000s Julie Walters ( 2000 ) Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Catherine Zeta - Jones ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2004 ) Thandie Newton ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Tilda Swinton ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) 2010s Helena Bonham Carter ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kate Winslet ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Allison Janney ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble 2000s Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 Hairspray Nikki Blonsky , Amanda Bynes , Paul Dooley , Zac Efron , Allison Janney , Elijah Kelley , Queen Latifah , James Marsden , Michelle Pfeiffer , Brittany Snow , Jerry Stiller , John Travolta , Christopher Walken 2008 Milk Josh Brolin , Joseph Cross , James Franco , Victor Garber , Emile Hirsch , Diego Luna , Denis O'Hare , Sean Penn , Alison Pill 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke 2010s The Fighter Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Melissa Leo , Jack McGee , Mark Wahlberg 2011 The Help Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel 2012 Silver Linings Playbook Bradley Cooper , Robert De Niro , Anupam Kher , Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Tucker , Jacki Weaver 2013 American Hustle Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham 2014 Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts 2015 Spotlight Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci 2016 Moonlight Mahershala Ali , Patrick Decile , Alex R. Hibbert , Naomie Harris , André Holland , Jharrel Jerome , Janelle Monáe , Jaden Piner , Trevante Rhodes , Ashton Sanders 2017 Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Abbie Cornish , Peter Dinklage , Woody Harrelson , John Hawkes , Lucas Hedges , Željko Ivanek , Caleb Landry Jones , Frances McDormand , Clarke Peters , Sam Rockwell , Samara Weaving Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Amy Adams ( 2013 ) Jenny Slate ( 2014 ) Amy Schumer ( 2015 ) Meryl Streep ( 2016 ) Margot Robbie ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Actress in an Action Movie Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2013 ) Emily Blunt ( 2014 ) Charlize Theron ( 2015 ) Margot Robbie ( 2016 ) Empire Award for Best Actress Nicole Kidman ( 1996 ) Frances McDormand ( 1997 ) Joan Allen ( 1998 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1999 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 2000 ) Connie Nielsen ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman ( 2004 ) Julie Delpy ( 2005 ) Thandie Newton ( 2006 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2007 ) Keira Knightley ( 2008 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 2009 ) Zoe Saldana ( 2010 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2011 ) Olivia Colman ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Emma Thompson ( 2014 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2015 ) Alicia Vikander ( 2016 ) Felicity Jones ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Comedy or Musical 1950s Judy Holliday ( 1950 ) June Allyson ( 1951 ) Susan Hayward ( 1952 ) Ethel Merman ( 1953 ) Judy Garland ( 1954 ) Jean Simmons ( 1955 ) Deborah Kerr ( 1956 ) Kay Kendall / Taina Elg ( 1957 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1958 ) Marilyn Monroe ( 1959 ) 1960s Shirley MacLaine ( 1960 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1961 ) Rosalind Russell ( 1962 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1963 ) Julie Andrews ( 1964 ) Julie Andrews ( 1965 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1966 ) Anne Bancroft ( 1967 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1968 ) Patty Duke ( 1969 ) 1970s Carrie Snodgress ( 1970 ) Twiggy ( 1971 ) Liza Minnelli ( 1972 ) Glenda Jackson ( 1973 ) Raquel Welch ( 1974 ) Ann - Margret ( 1975 ) Barbra Streisand ( 1976 ) Diane Keaton / Marsha Mason ( 1977 ) Ellen Burstyn / Maggie Smith ( 1978 ) Bette Midler ( 1979 ) 1980s Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Bernadette Peters ( 1981 ) Julie Andrews ( 1982 ) Julie Walters ( 1983 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1984 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1985 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1986 ) Cher ( 1987 ) Melanie Griffith ( 1988 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1989 ) 1990s Julia Roberts ( 1990 ) Bette Midler ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Angela Bassett ( 1993 ) Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1994 ) Nicole Kidman ( 1995 ) Madonna ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) 2000s Renée Zellweger ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) 2010s Annette Bening ( 2010 ) Michelle Williams ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Amy Adams ( 2013 ) Amy Adams ( 2014 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2017 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress -- Motion Picture 1940s Katina Paxinou ( 1943 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1944 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1945 ) Anne Baxter ( 1946 ) Celeste Holm ( 1947 ) Ellen Corby ( 1948 ) Mercedes McCambridge ( 1949 ) 1950s Josephine Hull ( 1950 ) Kim Hunter ( 1951 ) Katy Jurado ( 1952 ) Grace Kelly ( 1953 ) Jan Sterling ( 1954 ) Marisa Pavan ( 1955 ) Eileen Heckart ( 1956 ) Elsa Lanchester ( 1957 ) Hermione Gingold ( 1958 ) Susan Kohner ( 1959 ) 1960s Janet Leigh ( 1960 ) Rita Moreno ( 1961 ) Angela Lansbury ( 1962 ) Margaret Rutherford ( 1963 ) Agnes Moorehead ( 1964 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1965 ) Jocelyne LaGarde ( 1966 ) Carol Channing ( 1967 ) Ruth Gordon ( 1968 ) Goldie Hawn ( 1969 ) 1970s Karen Black / Maureen Stapleton ( 1970 ) Ann - Margret ( 1971 ) Shelley Winters ( 1972 ) Linda Blair ( 1973 ) Karen Black ( 1974 ) Brenda Vaccaro ( 1975 ) Katharine Ross ( 1976 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1977 ) Dyan Cannon ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) 1980s Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Joan Hackett ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Cher ( 1983 ) Peggy Ashcroft ( 1984 ) Meg Tilly ( 1985 ) Maggie Smith ( 1986 ) Olympia Dukakis ( 1987 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1988 ) Julia Roberts ( 1989 ) 1990s Whoopi Goldberg ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Joan Plowright ( 1992 ) Winona Ryder ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Lauren Bacall ( 1996 ) Kim Basinger ( 1997 ) Lynn Redgrave ( 1998 ) Angelina Jolie ( 1999 ) 2000s Kate Hudson ( 2000 ) Jennifer Connelly ( 2001 ) Meryl Streep ( 2002 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2003 ) Natalie Portman ( 2004 ) Rachel Weisz ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) 2010s Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Octavia Spencer ( 2011 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kate Winslet ( 2015 ) Viola Davis ( 2016 ) Allison Janney ( 2017 ) Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead Geraldine Page ( 1985 ) Isabella Rossellini ( 1986 ) Sally Kirkland ( 1987 ) Jodie Foster ( 1988 ) Andie MacDowell ( 1989 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1990 ) Judy Davis ( 1991 ) Fairuza Balk ( 1992 ) Ashley Judd ( 1993 ) Linda Fiorentino ( 1994 ) Elisabeth Shue ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Julie Christie ( 1997 ) Ally Sheedy ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Catalina Sandino Moreno ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Shareeka Epps ( 2006 ) Ellen Page ( 2007 ) Melissa Leo ( 2008 ) Gabourey Sidibe ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Michelle Williams ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress Florinda Bolkan ( 1975 ) Liv Ullmann ( 1976 ) Shelley Duvall ( 1977 ) Jane Fonda ( 1978 ) Sally Field ( 1979 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1980 ) Meryl Streep ( 1981 ) Meryl Streep ( 1982 ) Shirley MacLaine ( 1983 ) Kathleen Turner ( 1984 ) Meryl Streep ( 1985 ) Sandrine Bonnaire ( 1986 ) Holly Hunter / Sally Kirkland ( 1987 ) Christine Lahti ( 1988 ) Andie MacDowell / Michelle Pfeiffer ( 1989 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1990 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1991 ) Emma Thompson ( 1992 ) Holly Hunter ( 1993 ) Jessica Lange ( 1994 ) Elisabeth Shue ( 1995 ) Brenda Blethyn ( 1996 ) Helena Bonham Carter ( 1997 ) Fernanda Montenegro / Ally Sheedy ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Naomi Watts ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Vera Farmiga ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Yolande Moreau ( 2009 ) Kim Hye - ja ( 2010 ) Yoon Jeong - hee ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence / Emmanuelle Riva ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett / Adèle Exarchopoulos ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Charlotte Rampling ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ( 2016 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Actor in a Movie Best Male Performance Arnold Schwarzenegger ( 1992 ) Denzel Washington ( 1993 ) Tom Hanks ( 1994 ) Brad Pitt ( 1995 ) Jim Carrey ( 1996 ) Tom Cruise ( 1997 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 1998 ) Jim Carrey ( 1999 ) Keanu Reeves ( 2000 ) Tom Cruise ( 2001 ) Will Smith ( 2002 ) Eminem ( 2003 ) Johnny Depp ( 2004 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2005 ) Will Smith ( 2008 ) Zac Efron ( 2009 ) Robert Pattinson ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson ( 2011 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2012 ) Bradley Cooper ( 2013 ) Josh Hutcherson ( 2014 ) Bradley Cooper ( 2015 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2016 ) Best Female Performance Linda Hamilton ( 1992 ) Sharon Stone ( 1993 ) Janet Jackson ( 1994 ) Sandra Bullock ( 1995 ) Alicia Silverstone ( 1996 ) Claire Danes ( 1997 ) Neve Campbell ( 1998 ) Cameron Diaz ( 1999 ) Sarah Michelle Gellar ( 2000 ) Julia Roberts ( 2001 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2002 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman ( 2004 ) Lindsay Lohan ( 2005 ) Ellen Page ( 2008 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2009 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2010 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2014 ) Shailene Woodley ( 2015 ) Charlize Theron ( 2016 ) Best Performance Jake Gyllenhaal ( 2006 ) Johnny Depp ( 2007 ) Emma Watson ( 2017 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Fight Adam Sandler vs. Bob Barker -- Happy Gilmore ( 1996 ) Fairuza Balk vs. Robin Tunney -- The Craft ( 1997 ) Will Smith vs. Cockroach -- Men in Black ( 1998 ) Ben Stiller vs. Puffy the Dog -- There 's Something About Mary ( 1999 ) Keanu Reeves vs. Laurence Fishburne -- The Matrix ( 2000 ) Zhang Ziyi vs. Entire bar -- Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker vs. Hong Kong gang -- Rush Hour 2 ( 2002 ) Yoda vs. Christopher Lee -- Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2003 ) Uma Thurman vs. Chiaki Kuriyama -- Kill Bill : Volume 1 ( 2004 ) Uma Thurman vs. Daryl Hannah -- Kill Bill : Volume 2 ( 2005 ) Angelina Jolie vs. Brad Pitt -- Mr. & Mrs. Smith ( 2006 ) Gerard Butler vs. Robert Maillet -- 300 ( 2007 ) Sean Faris vs. Cam Gigandet -- Never Back Down ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Cam Gigandet -- Twilight ( 2009 ) Beyoncé Knowles vs. Ali Larter -- Obsessed ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson vs. Bryce Dallas Howard and Xavier Samuel -- The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence and Josh Hutcherson vs. Alexander Ludwig -- The Hunger Games ( 2012 ) Robert Downey Jr. , Chris Evans , Mark Ruffalo , Chris Hemsworth , Scarlett Johansson and Jeremy Renner vs. Tom Hiddleston -- The Avengers ( 2013 ) Orlando Bloom and Evangeline Lilly vs. Orcs -- The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug ( 2014 ) Dylan O'Brien vs. Will Poulter -- The Maze Runner ( 2015 ) Ryan Reynolds vs. Ed Skrein - Deadpool ( 2016 ) MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss Anna Chlumsky & Macaulay Culkin in My Girl ( 1992 ) Christian Slater & Marisa Tomei in Untamed Heart ( 1993 ) Demi Moore & Woody Harrelson in Indecent Proposal ( 1994 ) Jim Carrey & Lauren Holly in Dumb and Dumber ( 1995 ) Natasha Henstridge & Anthony Guidera in Species ( 1996 ) Will Smith & Vivica A. Fox in Independence Day ( 1997 ) Adam Sandler & Drew Barrymore in The Wedding Singer ( 1998 ) Gwyneth Paltrow & Joseph Fiennes in Shakespeare in Love ( 1999 ) Sarah Michelle Gellar & Selma Blair in Cruel Intentions ( 2000 ) Julia Stiles & Sean Patrick Thomas in Save the Last Dance ( 2001 ) Jason Biggs & Seann William Scott in American Pie 2 ( 2002 ) Tobey Maguire & Kirsten Dunst in Spider - Man ( 2003 ) Owen Wilson , Carmen Electra & Amy Smart in Starsky & Hutch ( 2004 ) Ryan Gosling & Rachel McAdams in The Notebook ( 2005 ) Heath Ledger & Jake Gyllenhaal in Brokeback Mountain ( 2006 ) Will Ferrell & Sacha Baron Cohen in Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2007 ) Briana Evigan & Robert Hoffman in Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in Twilight ( 2009 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : New Moon ( 2010 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Eclipse ( 2011 ) Robert Pattinson & Kristen Stewart in The Twilight Saga : Breaking Dawn - Part 1 ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence & Bradley Cooper in Silver Linings Playbook ( 2013 ) Emma Roberts , Jennifer Aniston & Will Poulter in We 're the Millers ( 2014 ) Ansel Elgort & Shailene Woodley in The Fault in Our Stars ( 2015 ) Rebel Wilson & Adam DeVine in Pitch Perfect 2 ( 2016 ) Ashton Sanders & Jharrel Jerome in Moonlight ( 2017 ) National Board of Review Award for Breakthrough Performance Alicia Silverstone ( 1995 ) Renée Zellweger ( 1996 ) Bai Ling ( 1997 ) Billy Crudup / Angelina Jolie ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank / Wes Bentley ( 1999 ) Jamie Bell / Michelle Rodriguez ( 2000 ) Hayden Christensen / Naomi Watts ( 2001 ) Maggie Gyllenhaal / Derek Luke ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron / Paul Giamatti ( 2003 ) Emmy Rossum / Topher Grace ( 2004 ) Q'orianka Kilcher / Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson / Rinko Kikuchi / Ryan Gosling ( 2006 ) Ellen Page / Emile Hirsch ( 2007 ) Viola Davis / Dev Patel ( 2008 ) Gabourey Sidibe / Jeremy Renner ( 2009 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2010 ) Rooney Mara / Felicity Jones ( 2011 ) Quvenzhané Wallis / Tom Holland ( 2012 ) Adèle Exarchopoulos / Michael B. Jordan ( 2013 ) Jack O'Connell ( 2014 ) Abraham Attah / Jacob Tremblay ( 2015 ) Lucas Hedges / Royalty Hightower ( 2016 ) Timothée Chalamet ( 2017 ) National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress 1967 -- 1979 Marjorie Rhodes ( 1967 ) Billie Whitelaw ( 1968 ) Siân Phillips / Delphine Seyrig ( 1969 ) Lois Smith ( 1970 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1971 ) Jeannie Berlin ( 1972 ) Valentina Cortese ( 1973 ) Bibi Andersson ( 1974 ) Lily Tomlin ( 1975 ) Jodie Foster ( 1976 ) Ann Wedgeworth ( 1977 ) Meryl Streep ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 1999 Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Sandra Bernhard ( 1983 ) Melanie Griffith ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Kathy Baker ( 1987 ) Mercedes Ruehl ( 1988 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1989 ) Annette Bening ( 1990 ) Jane Horrocks ( 1991 ) Judy Davis ( 1992 ) Madeleine Stowe ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Joan Allen ( 1995 ) Barbara Hershey ( 1996 ) Julianne Moore ( 1997 ) Judi Dench ( 1998 ) Chloë Sevigny ( 1999 ) 2000 -- present Elaine May ( 2000 ) Helen Mirren ( 2001 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2002 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2003 ) Virginia Madsen ( 2004 ) Amy Adams ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2007 ) Hanna Schygulla ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Olivia Williams ( 2010 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2011 ) Amy Adams ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2015 ) Michelle Williams ( 2016 ) Laurie Metcalf ( 2017 ) New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress 1969 -- 1980 Dyan Cannon ( 1969 ) Karen Black ( 1970 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 1971 ) Jeannie Berlin ( 1972 ) Valentina Cortese ( 1973 ) Valerie Perrine ( 1974 ) Lily Tomlin ( 1975 ) Talia Shire ( 1976 ) Sissy Spacek ( 1977 ) Maureen Stapleton ( 1978 ) Meryl Streep ( 1979 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Mona Washbourne ( 1981 ) Jessica Lange ( 1982 ) Linda Hunt ( 1983 ) Christine Lahti ( 1984 ) Anjelica Huston ( 1985 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1986 ) Vanessa Redgrave ( 1987 ) Diane Venora ( 1988 ) Lena Olin ( 1989 ) Jennifer Jason Leigh ( 1990 ) Judy Davis ( 1991 ) Miranda Richardson ( 1992 ) Gong Li ( 1993 ) Dianne Wiest ( 1994 ) Mira Sorvino ( 1995 ) Courtney Love ( 1996 ) Joan Cusack ( 1997 ) Lisa Kudrow ( 1998 ) Catherine Keener ( 1999 ) Marcia Gay Harden ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Helen Mirren ( 2001 ) Patricia Clarkson ( 2002 ) Shohreh Aghdashloo ( 2003 ) Virginia Madsen ( 2004 ) Maria Bello ( 2005 ) Jennifer Hudson ( 2006 ) Amy Ryan ( 2007 ) Penélope Cruz ( 2008 ) Mo'Nique ( 2009 ) Melissa Leo ( 2010 ) Jessica Chastain ( 2011 ) Sally Field ( 2012 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2013 ) Patricia Arquette ( 2014 ) Kristen Stewart ( 2015 ) Michelle Williams ( 2016 ) Tiffany Haddish ( 2017 ) San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actress 1990s Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Pam Grier / Bai Ling ( 1997 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1998 ) Annette Bening ( 1999 ) 2000s Laura Linney / Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Thora Birch ( 2001 ) Julianne Moore ( 2002 ) Naomi Watts ( 2003 ) Imelda Staunton ( 2004 ) Joan Allen ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Kate Winslet ( 2008 ) Michelle Monaghan ( 2009 ) 2010s Jennifer Lawrence ( 2010 ) Brit Marling ( 2011 ) Michelle Williams ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Sônia Braga ( 2016 ) Satellite Award for Best Actress -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Christina Ricci ( 1998 ) Janet McTeer ( 1999 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Jennifer Westfeldt ( 2002 ) Diane Keaton ( 2003 ) Annette Bening ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Meryl Streep ( 2006 ) Ellen Page ( 2007 ) Sally Hawkins ( 2008 ) Meryl Streep ( 2009 ) Anne Hathaway ( 2010 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Judi Dench ( 1997 ) Cate Blanchett ( 1998 ) Hilary Swank ( 1999 ) Ellen Burstyn ( 2000 ) Sissy Spacek ( 2001 ) Diane Lane ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Felicity Huffman ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Marion Cotillard ( 2007 ) Angelina Jolie ( 2008 ) Shohreh Aghdashloo ( 2009 ) Noomi Rapace ( 2010 ) Motion Picture ( 2011 -- present ) Viola Davis ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Saoirse Ronan ( 2015 ) Isabelle Huppert ‎ / Ruth Negga ( 2016 ) Sally Hawkins / Diane Kruger ( 2017 ) Saturn Award for Best Actress Katharine Ross ( 1974 / 75 ) Blythe Danner ( 1976 ) Jodie Foster ( 1977 ) Margot Kidder ( 1978 ) Mary Steenburgen ( 1979 ) Angie Dickinson ( 1980 ) Karen Allen ( 1981 ) Sandahl Bergman ( 1982 ) Louise Fletcher ( 1983 ) Daryl Hannah ( 1984 ) Coral Browne ( 1985 ) Sigourney Weaver ( 1986 ) Jessica Tandy ( 1987 ) Catherine Hicks ( 1988 ) Demi Moore ( 1989 / 90 ) Linda Hamilton ( 1991 ) Virginia Madsen ( 1992 ) Andie MacDowell ( 1993 ) Sandra Bullock / Jamie Lee Curtis ( 1994 ) Angela Bassett ( 1995 ) Neve Campbell ( 1996 ) Jodie Foster ( 1997 ) Drew Barrymore ( 1998 ) Christina Ricci ( 1999 ) Téa Leoni ( 2000 ) Nicole Kidman ( 2001 ) Naomi Watts ( 2002 ) Uma Thurman ( 2003 ) Blanchard Ryan ( 2004 ) Naomi Watts ( 2005 ) Natalie Portman ( 2006 ) Amy Adams ( 2007 ) Angelina Jolie ( 2008 ) Zoe Saldana ( 2009 ) Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Kirsten Dunst ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2013 ) Rosamund Pike ( 2014 ) Charlize Theron ( 2015 ) Mary Elizabeth Winstead ( 2016 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( 2011 -- 2020 ) 2011 The Help Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel 2012 Argo Ben Affleck , Alan Arkin , Kerry Bishé , Kyle Chandler , Rory Cochrane , Bryan Cranston , Christopher Denham , Tate Donovan , Clea DuVall , Victor Garber , John Goodman , Scoot McNairy , Chris Messina 2013 American Hustle Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham 2014 Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts 2015 Spotlight Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci 2016 Hidden Figures Mahershala Ali , Kevin Costner , Kirsten Dunst , Taraji P. Henson , Aldis Hodge , Janelle Monáe , Jim Parsons , Glen Powell , Octavia Spencer 2017 Three Billboards Outside Ebbing , Missouri Abbie Cornish , Peter Dinklage , Woody Harrelson , John Hawkes , Lucas Hedges , Željko Ivanek , Caleb Landry Jones , Frances McDormand , Clarke Peters , Sam Rockwell , Samara Weaving Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role 1990s Jodie Foster ( 1994 ) Susan Sarandon ( 1995 ) Frances McDormand ( 1996 ) Helen Hunt ( 1997 ) Gwyneth Paltrow ( 1998 ) Annette Bening ( 1999 ) 2000s Julia Roberts ( 2000 ) Halle Berry ( 2001 ) Renée Zellweger ( 2002 ) Charlize Theron ( 2003 ) Hilary Swank ( 2004 ) Reese Witherspoon ( 2005 ) Helen Mirren ( 2006 ) Julie Christie ( 2007 ) Meryl Streep ( 2008 ) Sandra Bullock ( 2009 ) 2010s Natalie Portman ( 2010 ) Viola Davis ( 2011 ) Jennifer Lawrence ( 2012 ) Cate Blanchett ( 2013 ) Julianne Moore ( 2014 ) Brie Larson ( 2015 ) Emma Stone ( 2016 ) Frances McDormand ( 2017 ) VIAF : 142311386 LCCN : no2010123176 ISNI : 0000 0001 2034 452X GND : 1013026330 SUDOC : 154739545 BNF : cb166257802 ( data ) MusicBrainz : d2d2baa6 - f386 - 4136 - acbd - 4717e54dfb96 BNE : XX4934019 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jennifer_Lawrence&oldid=826462870 '' Categories : 1990 births Living people American film actresses American television actresses 21st - century American actresses American child actresses Best Actress Academy Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Best Supporting Actress Golden Globe ( film ) winners Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners Best Supporting Actress BAFTA Award winners Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead winners Best Actress AACTA International Award winners Best Supporting Actress AACTA International Award winners Best Actress Empire Award winners Marcello Mastroianni Award winners Actresses from Louisville , Kentucky Female models from Kentucky American feminists American philanthropists Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Featured articles Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kernowek Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मैथिली Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 February 2018 , at 07 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did jennifer lawrence start her acting career	[ "\n\nJennifer Lawrence\n\n\n\nLawrence at the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con International promoting X-Men: Apocalypse\n\n\n\nBorn\nJennifer Shrader Lawrence\n(1990-08-15) August 15, 1990 (age 27)\nIndian Hills, Kentucky, U.S.\n\n\nOccupation\nActress\n\n\nYears active\n2006–present\n\n\nAwards\nFull list\n\n" ]	[ "2006" ]
-2779005811286916462	Martin Cooper (inventor)	Martin Cooper ( inventor ) - wikipedia Martin Cooper ( inventor ) Martin Cooper Martin Cooper in 2010 ( 1928 - 12 - 26 ) December 26 , 1928 ( age 89 ) Chicago , Illinois , United States Residence Del Mar , California , United States Nationality American Education Illinois Institute of Technology ( B.S.E.E. ; M.S.E.E. ) Occupation Inventor Entrepreneur Executive Employer Motorola Founder & CEO of ArrayComm Co-Founder & Chairman of Dyna LLC Known for Inventing handheld cellular mobile phone making world 's first handheld cellular mobile phone call . Spouse ( s ) Arlene Harris ( m . 1991 ) Awards Marconi Prize ( 2013 ) Website www.dynallc.com Martin `` Marty '' Cooper ( born December 26 , 1928 ) is an American engineer . He is a pioneer in the wireless communications industry , especially in radio spectrum management , with eleven patents in the field . While at Motorola in the 1970s , Cooper invented the first handheld cellular mobile phone ( distinct from the car phone ) in 1973 and led the team that developed it and brought it to market in 1983 . He is considered the `` father of the ( handheld ) cell phone '' and is also cited as the first person in history to make a handheld cellular phone call in public . Cooper is co-founder of numerous communications companies with his wife and business partner Arlene Harris ; He is co-founder and current Chairman of Dyna LLC , in Del Mar , California . Cooper also sits on committees supporting the U.S. Federal Communications Commission and the United States Department of Commerce . Contents 1 Education 2 Career 2.1 Motorola 2.2 Cellular Business Systems 2.3 Dyna LLC 2.4 GreatCall , Inc 2.5 Arraycomm 3 Cooper 's law 4 Publications 4.1 Latest publications 5 Awards and affiliations 6 References 7 External links Education ( edit ) Martin was born in Hernando to Ukrainian Jewish Immigrants . He graduated from Illinois Institute of Technology ( IIT ) in 1950 . After graduating he served as a submarine officer during the Korean War . In 1957 , he earned his master 's degree from IIT in electrical engineering and in 2004 received an honorary doctorate degree from IIT . He serves on the university 's board of trustees . Career ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Motorola ( edit ) Cooper left his first job at Teletype Corporation in Chicago in 1954 and joined Motorola , Inc . ( Schaumburg , Illinois ) as a senior development engineer in the mobile equipment group . He developed products including the first cellular - like portable handheld police radio system , produced for the Chicago police department in 1967 . By the early 1970s , Cooper headed up Motorola 's communications systems division . Here he conceived of the first portable cellular phone in 1973 and led the 10 - year process of bringing it to market . Car phones had been in limited use in large U.S. cities since the 1930s but Cooper championed cellular telephony for more general personal , portable communications. . He saw the cellular phone should be a `` personal telephone -- something that would represent an individual so you could assign a number ; not to a place , not to a desk , not to a home , but to a person . '' While it has been stated Cooper 's vision for the device was inspired by Captain James T. Kirk using his Communicator on the television show Star Trek , Cooper himself later said that his actual inspiration was Dick Tracy 's wrist radio . Top management at Motorola supported Cooper 's mobile phone concept , investing $100 million between 1973 and 1993 before any revenues were realized . Cooper assembled a team that designed and assembled a product in less than 90 days . That original handset , called the DynaTAC 8000x ( DYNamic Adaptive Total Area Coverage ) weighed 2.5 pounds ( 1.1 kg ) , measured 10 inches ( 25 cm ) long and was dubbed `` the brick '' or `` the shoe '' phone . A very substantial part of the DynaTAC was the battery which weighed four to five times more than a modern cell phone . The phone had only 20 minutes of talk time before requiring a 10 - hour recharge but according to Cooper , `` The battery lifetime was n't really a problem because you could n't hold that phone up for that long ! '' By 1983 and after four iterations , the handset was reduced to half its original weight . Cooper is the lead inventor named on `` radio telephone system '' filed on October 17 , 1973 , with the U.S. Patent Office and later issued as U.S. Patent 3,906,166 . John Francis Mitchell , Motorola 's Chief of Portable Communication Products ( and Cooper 's Manager and Mentor ) and the engineers who worked for Cooper and Mitchell are also named on the patent . On April 3 , 1973 , Cooper and Mitchell demonstrated two working phones to the media and to passers - by prior to walking into a scheduled press conference at the New York Hilton in midtown Manhattan . Standing on Sixth avenue near the Hilton , Cooper made the first handheld cellular phone call in public from the prototype DynaTAC . The call connected him to a base station Motorola had installed on the roof of the Burlington House ( now the AllianceBernstein Building ) and into the AT&T land - line telephone system . Reporters and onlookers watched as Cooper dialed the number of his chief competitor Dr. Joel S. Engel at ATT . `` Joel , this is Marty . I 'm calling you from a cell phone , a real handheld portable cell phone . '' That public demonstration landed the DynaTAC on the July 1973 cover of Popular Science Magazine . As Cooper recalls from the experience : `` I made numerous calls , including one where I crossed the street while talking to a New York radio reporter -- probably one of the most dangerous things I have ever done in my life . '' Cooper holding a DynaTAC cellphone in 2007 That first cell phone began a fundamental technology and communications market shift to making phone calls to a person instead of to a place . Bell Labs had introduced the idea of cellular communications in 1947 , but their first systems were limited to car phones which required roughly 30 pounds ( 12 kg ) of equipment in the trunk . Motorola gained Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) approval for cellular licenses to be assigned to competing entities and prevented an AT&T monopoly on cellular service . Cooper worked at Motorola for 29 years ; building and managing both its paging and cellular businesses . He also led the creation of trunked mobile radio , quartz crystals , oscillators , liquid crystal displays , piezo - electric components , Motorola A.M. stereo technology and various mobile and portable two - way radio product lines . Cooper rose to Vice-President and Corporate Director of Research and Development at Motorola . In addition to his work on the mobile cellular phone , he was instrumental in expanding the technology of pagers from use within a single building to use across multiple cities . Cooper also worked with inventor Clifford L. Rose to fix a flaw in quartz crystals used in Motorola 's radios which encouraged the Company to mass - produce the first crystals used in wrist watches . Cellular business systems ( edit ) In 1983 , the first commercial cellular phone service began operation in the United States and the DynaTAC phone became available to consumers at a list price of around $4,000 ( $9,000 in 2011 dollars ) but Cooper left Motorola before the launch . That year , he co-founded Cellular Business Systems , Inc . ( CBSI ) , which came to dominate the cellular billing industry with 75 percent market share . In 1986 , Cooper sold CBSI to Cincinnati Bell ( now Convergys ) for $23 million . Dyna LLC ( edit ) Cooper and his wife Arlene Harris founded Dyna LLC in 1986 as a home base for their developmental and support activities for the new companies , Subscriber Computing Inc. , Cellular Pay Phone , Inc . ( CPPI ) , SOS Wireless Communications and Accessible Wireless ; the later two of which together created the underpinning for the creation of GreatCall , were all launched from Dyna LLC . From his Dyna headquarters Cooper continues to write and lecture about wireless communications , technological innovation , the Internet and R&D management . He serves on industry , civic and national governmental groups including the U.S. Department of Commerce Spectrum Advisory Committee that advises the Secretary of Commerce of the United States on spectrum policy and the Federal Communication Commission 's ( FCC ) Technological Advisory Council . GreatCall , Inc ( edit ) In 1986 Cooper co-founded Cellular Payphone Inc . ( CPPI ) , the parent company of GreatCall , Inc. , Innovator of the Jitterbug cell phone ( in partnership with Samsung ) . GreatCall is the first complete end - to - end value - added service provider in the cellular industry to focus on simplicity with primary emphasis on boomers and senior citizens . Arraycomm ( edit ) In 1992 Cooper co-founded Arraycomm a developer of software for mobile antenna technologies . Under his leadership , the Company grew from a seed - funded startup in San Jose , California , into the world leader in smart antenna technology with 400 patents issued or pending , worldwide . Cooper 's Law ( edit ) Cooper found that the ability to transmit different radio communications simultaneously and in the same place has grown at the same pace since Guglielmo Marconi 's first transmissions in 1895 . This led Cooper to formulate the Law of Spectral Efficiency , otherwise known as Cooper 's Law . The Law states that the maximum number of voice conversations or equivalent data transactions that can be conducted in all of the useful radio spectrum over a given area doubles every 30 months . Publications ( edit ) Latest publications ( edit ) `` The Myth of Spectrum Scarcity '' Position Paper , March 2010 . `` Mobile WiMax -- Fourth - Generation Wireless , '' Bechtel Communications Technical Journal , September 2007 . `` The Need for Simplicity , '' in the anthology `` Mobile Persuasion : 20 Perspectives on the Future of Behavior Change , '' published by Stanford University in 2007 . `` Antennas Get Smart '' in Scientific American , July 2003 . `` Personal Communications in 2025 '' for Eta Kappa Nu Electrical and Computer Engineering Honor Society , Autumn 2005 . `` Everyone is Wrong '' in Technology Review , June 2001 . Awards and affiliations ( edit ) Mensa . 1984 -- IEEE Centennial Medal and Fellow 1995 -- Wharton Infosys Business Transformation Award 1996 -- Radio Club of America Fred Link Award and Life Fellow with the International Engineering Consortium 2000 -- `` Red Herring '' Magazine Top Ten Entrepreneurs of 2000 2000 -- RCR Wireless News Hall of Fame Inaugural Member 2002 -- American Computer Museum George Stibitz Computer and Communications Pioneer Award 2002 -- Wireless Systems Design Industry Leader Award 2006 -- CITA Emerging Technologies Award 2007 -- Wireless World Research Forum Fellow 2007 -- Global Spec Great Moments Engineering Award 2008 -- CE Consumer Electronics Hall of Fame Award October 2008 -- Wireless History Foundation , Top U.S. Wireless Innovators of All Time . 2009 -- Prince of Asturias Award for scientific and technical research . 2009 -- Life Trustee , Illinois Institute of Technology 2010 -- Radio Club of America , Lifetime Achievement Award October 2010 -- Member , National Academy of Engineering 2011 -- Inaugural Mikhail Gorbachev : The Man Who Changed the World Awards Nominee 2011 -- Webby Award for Lifetime Achievement 2012 -- Washington Society of Engineers , Washington Award 2013 -- Charles Stark Draper Prize , National Academy of Engineering 2013 -- Marconi Prize 2013 -- Honorary doctorate awarded by the students and the rector of Hasselt University on the occasion of the university 's 40th anniversary 2014 IEEE - Eta Kappa Nu Eminent Member ( 1 ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of World Biography , 2008 . encyclopedia.com Jump up ^ Companies Try to Create Room on Radio Spectrum , The New York Times , July 6 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : A Chat With the Man Behind the Mobiles , BBC , April 21 , 2003 ^ Jump up to : Meet Marty Cooper , the Inventor of the Mobile Phone , BBC , April 23 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Father of the Cell Phone , Economist , June 4 , 2009 Jump up ^ The Cell Phone : Marty Cooper 's Big Idea , CBS News 60 Minutes , June 11 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : 38 years ago he made the first cell phone call , CNN . April 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ Wireless Hall of Fame -- Arlene Harris , RCR Wireless , May 26 , 2007 Jump up ^ Carriers Warn of Crisis in Mobile Spectrum , The New York Times , April 17 , 2012 Jump up ^ http://www.jewoftheweek.net/2011/12/14/jews-of-the-week-martin-cooper-joel-engel/ Jump up ^ http://jewishcurrents.org/april-3-the-first-cell-phone-call/ Jump up ^ http://www.amuseum.org/jahf/nomination/nomination2.html ^ Jump up to : Oehmke , Ted ( January 6 , 2000 ) Cell Phone Ruin the Opera ? Meet the Culprit , The New York Times Jump up ^ Reed , Brad ( May 9 , 2011 ) Meet the guy who made the first cellphone call 40 years ago today , Network World . Jump up ^ Best Inventions of 2007 , Time . Jump up ^ `` How William Shatner Changed the World -- Martin Cooper , mobile phone inventor '' . Youtube . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Video interview with Marty Cooper '' . Scene World . Retrieved March 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Inventor of the Cell Phone Says No to AT&T - Mobile , Yes to Apps , and More , PC Magazine , April 15 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Inventor of Cell Phone : We Knew Someday Everybody Would Have One , CNN Tech , July 9 , 2010 Jump up ^ Cooper , Martin et al . `` All Signaling '' U.S. Patent 3,906,166 , Issued September 1 , 1975 ^ Jump up to : April 3 , 1973 : Motorola Calls AT&T ... by Cell , Wired , April 3 , 2008 Jump up ^ Twitter , Telegram and Email : Famous First Lines , BBC News , March 21 , 2011 Jump up ^ Cooper 's Calling , ITP Net , April 21 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Antennas Get Smart , Scientific American , June 9 , 2003 Jump up ^ `` Everyone Is Wrong '' MIT Technology Review Jump up ^ `` They 're Accomplished , They 're Famous , and They 're MENSANS '' . Mensa Bulletin . American Mensa ( 476 ) : 25 . July 2004 . ISSN 0025 - 9543 . Jump up ^ `` The fathers of the mobile phone and email , Prince of Asturias Award Laureates for Technical and Scientific Research '' ( Press release ) . Fundación Príncipe de Asturias . June 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Marconi Society Jump up ^ Academische Openingszitting 2013 -- 2014 . uhasselt.be . September 27 , 2013 External links ( edit ) Marty Cooper interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the TWiT.tv network MartyMobile on Twitter GND : 1036622525 VIAF : 304334402 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martin_Cooper_(inventor)&oldid=853725999 '' Categories : American communications businesspeople American inventors 1928 births Living people People from Chicago Illinois Institute of Technology alumni American naval personnel of the Korean War American people of Ukrainian - Jewish descent Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering Mensans IEEE Centennial Medal laureates Jewish inventors Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2016 Articles with hCards Articles needing additional references from March 2017 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego हिन्दी Italiano עברית Malagasy Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Polski Português Русский Shqip Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 16 : 18 ( UTC ) . 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-4596188180392596083	FM broadcasting in the UK	FM broadcasting in the UK - wikipedia FM broadcasting in the UK Jump to : navigation , search FM sound broadcasting began in the United Kingdom on 2 May 1955 when the BBC started an FM broadcasting service the Light Programme , the Third Programme and the Home Service to the south east of England . There are now over 40 BBC and over 250 commercial FM sound broadcasting stations in the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 BBC 2 Commercial broadcasting 3 Frequency utilisation 4 Subcarriers 5 Future switch off 6 References BBC ( edit ) The BBC began using FM sound broadcasting in 1955 , but at that time AM sound broadcasting predominated . The BBC 's ' popular music ' station known as Radio 1 opened on AM in 1967 and left medium wave in 1994 , but had been using FM full - time for six years previously , part - time before 1988 . Currently , all but one of the BBC 's analogue services , including Radios 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 and BBC Local Radio are provided on FM , although Radio 4 uses medium wave in some areas , long wave for national broadcasting ; Local Radio broadcasts opt - outs on medium wave . The only analogue service not to use FM is Radio 5 Live . BBC policy was to refer to FM as VHF on air until 30 September 1984 when FM became its official term . Commercial broadcasting ( edit ) Main article : Independent Local Radio Legal commercial broadcasting began in the United Kingdom in 1973 , with the launch of LBC , though offshore pirate radio stations operated in the 1960s to 1990s , usually from ships anchored off the coast of Britain . Early licenses were granted to wide - area stations , such as Capital Radio which served London and the home counties . Later more local stations were introduced . There is also one national commercial radio station , Classic FM . Commercial radio stations simulcasted on both FM and medium wave from the beginning until 1989 -- 1990 , when the IBA asked radio stations to end the practice . Typically another service , often a Gold format , was introduced on AM and the original service continued on FM . Frequency utilisation ( edit ) From 1955 the band 88.0 -- 94.6 MHz was used ( allotted and assigned ) for three BBC national networks . Over the next 40 years , the band grew piecemeal to 87.5 -- 108.0 MHz , allowing for five national networks and many local stations . Until 1995 , parts of the band had been used in the United Kingdom for mobile service by police , fire brigades and the fuel and power industries . These parts were reassigned to broadcasting service gradually over many years as the communications services were transferred to new equipment in other parts of the spectrum . The current frequency allotment plan is based on an ITU agreement made in Geneva in 1984 . The table below shows which kind of broadcasting transmitter stations are the main users of each part of the band . There are many exceptions . In some areas there is some commercial usage of the ' BBC local ' sub bands while in Scotland , Wales and Northern Ireland the ' Radio 4 ' and ' BBC Local ' ranges are used interchangeably . Community radio stations and RSLs tend to be fitted into any locally - available position . Sub-band ( MHz ) Main usage 87.5 -- 88.0 Restricted Service Licences 88.0 -- 90.2 BBC Radio 2 90.2 -- 92.4 BBC Radio 3 92.4 -- 94.6 BBC Radio 4 94.6 -- 96.1 BBC Local Radio 96.1 -- 97.6 Independent Local Radio 97.6 -- 99.8 BBC Radio 1 99.8 -- 102.0 Independent National Radio ( currently Classic FM ) 102.0 -- 103.5 Independent Local Radio 103.5 -- 104.9 BBC Local Radio 104.9 -- 108.0 Independent Local Radio Subcarriers ( edit ) The United Kingdom permits Radio Data System ( RDS ) subcarriers . Future Switch off ( edit ) The UK government is planning for a switchover from FM to digital radio once take - up and coverage meets certain criteria . Successive Governments have admitted that FM VHF Band II analogue radio would not cease until the majority use digital , so no actual date has ever been agreed . Digital listening figures however consistently include Satellite , DTT and online streaming , not just DAB . In any case there is a commitment to maintain community FM Radio . This means that as long as there are significant numbers of listeners on FM in the United Kingdom no government is likely to take the politically unpopular decision to turn off analogue . Support for the FM Switch Off in the UK is limited . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ List of radio stations in the United Kingdom Jump up ^ `` VHF Broadcast Re-planning Final Report '' . 2 June 2000 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 04 . ( hide ) Telecommunications History Beacon Broadcasting Cable protection system Cable TV Communications satellite Computer network Drums Electrical telegraph Fax Heliographs Hydraulic telegraph Internet Mass media Mobile phone Optical telecommunication Optical telegraphy Pager Photophone Prepay mobile phone Radio Radiotelephone Satellite communications Semaphore Smartphone Smoke signals Telecommunications history Telautograph Telegraphy Teleprinter ( teletype ) Telephone The Telephone Cases Television Timeline of communication technology Undersea telegraph line Videoconferencing Videophone Videotelephony Whistled language Pioneers Edwin Howard Armstrong John Logie Baird Paul Baran Alexander Graham Bell Tim Berners - Lee Jagadish Chandra Bose Vint Cerf Claude Chappe Donald Davies Lee de Forest Philo Farnsworth Reginald Fessenden Elisha Gray Erna Schneider Hoover Charles K. Kao Hedy Lamarr Innocenzo Manzetti Guglielmo Marconi Antonio Meucci Radia Perlman Alexander Stepanovich Popov Johann Philipp Reis Nikola Tesla Camille Tissot Alfred Vail Charles Wheatstone Vladimir K. Zworykin Transmission media Coaxial cable Fiber - optic communication Optical fiber Free - space optical communication Molecular communication Radio waves Transmission line Network topology and switching Links Nodes Terminal node Network switching ( circuit packet ) Telephone exchange Multiplexing Space - division Frequency - division Time - division Polarization - division Orbital angular - momentum Code - division Networks ARPANET BITNET Cellular network Computer CYCLADES Ethernet FidoNet Internet ISDN LAN Mobile NGN NPL network Public Switched Telephone Radio Telecommunications equipment Television Telex WAN Wireless World Wide Web Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FM_broadcasting_in_the_UK&oldid=790856988 '' Categories : Radio in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2013 Use dmy dates from April 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 July 2017 , at 15 : 30 . 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7423862307957367301	Precedent	Precedent - wikipedia Precedent Not to be confused with Precedence . In common law legal systems , precedent is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts . Common - law legal systems place great value on deciding cases according to consistent principled rules , so that similar facts will yield similar and predictable outcomes , and observance of precedent is the mechanism by which that goal is attained . The principle by which judges are bound to precedents is known as stare decisis . Common - law precedent is a third kind of law , on equal footing with statutory law ( that is , statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies ) and delegated legislation ( in U.K. parlance ) or regulatory law ( in U.S. parlance ) ( that is , regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies ) . Case law , in common - law jurisdictions , is the set of decisions of adjudicatory tribunals or other rulings that can be cited as precedent . In most countries , including most European countries , the term is applied to any set of rulings on law , which is guided by previous rulings , for example , previous decisions of a government agency . Essential to the development of case law is the publication and indexing of decisions for use by lawyers , courts , and the general public , in the form of law reports . While all decisions are precedent ( though at varying levels of authority as discussed throughout this article ) , some become `` leading cases '' or `` landmark decisions '' that are cited especially often . In civil law systems , past decisions may influence future decisions , even if they do not have the precedential , binding effect that they have in common law decision - making . Contents 1 Principle 1.1 Case law in common - law systems 2 Categories and classifications of precedent , and effect of classification 2.1 Verticality 2.2 Horizontality 2.3 Federalism and parallel state and federal courts 2.4 Binding precedent 2.4. 1 Binding precedent in English law 2.4. 2 `` Super stare decisis '' 2.5 Persuasive precedent 2.5. 1 Lower courts 2.5. 2 Higher courts in other circuits 2.5. 3 Horizontal courts 2.5. 4 Statements made in obiter dicta 2.5. 5 Dissenting opinions 2.5. 6 Treatises , restatements , law review articles 2.5. 7 Persuasive effect of decisions from other jurisdictions 2.6 Nonprecedential decisions : unpublished decisions , non-publication and depublication , noncitation rules 2.7 Res judicata , claim preclusion , collateral estoppel , issue preclusion , law of the case 2.7. 1 Res judicata , claim preclusion 2.7. 2 Collateral estoppel , issue preclusion 2.7. 3 law of the case 2.8 Splits , tensions 2.8. 1 Jurisdictional splits : disagreements among different geographical regions or levels of federalism 2.8. 2 Splits among different areas of law 2.8. 3 Conflicts 2.9 Matter of first impression 3 Contrasting role of case law in common law , civil law , and mixed systems 3.1 Civil law systems 3.2 Mixed or bijuridical systems 3.3 Role of academics in civil law jurisdictions 4 Critical analysis 4.1 Court formulations 4.2 Academic study 5 Application 5.1 Development 5.2 United States legal system 5.3 English legal system 5.3. 1 The Supreme Court 's ability to override its own precedent 5.3. 2 Distinguishing precedent on legal ( rather than fact ) grounds 6 Rules of statutory interpretation 6.1 Statutory interpretation in the U.K. 6.2 Statutory Interpretation in the United States 7 Practical application 7.1 Judicial resistance 7.2 Structural considerations 7.3 Originalism 7.4 Advantages and disadvantages 7.5 Criticism of precedent 7.6 Agreement with precedent 8 See also 9 Notes 10 External links Principle ( edit ) Stare decisis ( / ˈsteɪri dɪˈsaɪsɪs , ˈstɑːreɪ / ) is a legal principle by which judges are obligated to respect the precedent established by prior decisions . The words originate from the phrasing of the principle in the Latin maxim Stare decisis et non quieta movere : `` to stand by decisions and not disturb the undisturbed '' . In a legal context , this means that courts should abide by precedent and not disturb settled matters . The principle can be divided into two components : A decision made by a superior court , or by the same court in an earlier decision , is binding precedent that the court itself and all its inferior courts must follow . A court may overturn its own precedent , but should do so only if a strong reason exists to do so , and even in that case , should be guided by principles from superior , lateral , and inferior courts . The second principle , regarding persuasive precedent , reflects the broad precedent guidance a court may draw upon in reaching all of its decisions . Case law in common - law systems ( edit ) In the common - law tradition , courts decide the law applicable to a case by interpreting statutes and applying precedent , which record how and why prior cases have been decided . Unlike most civil - law systems , common - law systems follow the doctrine of stare decisis , by which most courts are bound by their own previous decisions in similar cases , and all lower courts should make decisions consistent with previous decisions of higher courts . For example in England , the High Court and the Court of Appeal are each bound by their own previous decisions , but the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is able to deviate from its earlier decisions , although in practice it rarely does so . Generally speaking , higher courts do not have direct oversight over day - to - day proceedings in lower courts , in that they can not reach out on their own initiative ( sua sponte ) at any time to reverse or overrule decisions of the lower courts . Normally , the burden rests with litigants to appeal rulings ( including those in clear violation of established case law ) to the higher courts . If a judge acts against precedent and the case is not appealed , the decision will stand . A lower court may not rule against a binding precedent , even if the lower court feels that the precedent is unjust ; the lower court may only express the hope that a higher court or the legislature will reform the rule in question . If the court believes that developments or trends in legal reasoning render the precedent unhelpful , and wishes to evade it and help the law evolve , the court may either hold that the precedent is inconsistent with subsequent authority , or that the precedent should be `` distinguished : by some material difference between the facts of the cases . If that decision goes to appeal , the appellate court will have the opportunity to review both the precedent and the case under appeal , perhaps overruling the previous case law by setting a new precedent of higher authority . This may happen several times as the case works its way through successive appeals . Lord Denning , first of the High Court of Justice , later of the Court of Appeal , provided a famous example of this evolutionary process in his development of the concept of estoppel starting in the High Trees case : Central London Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd ( 1947 ) K.B. 130 . Judges may refer to various types of persuasive authority to reach a decision in a case . Widely cited nonbinding sources include legal encyclopedias such as Corpus Juris Secundum and Halsbury 's Laws of England , or the published work of the Law Commission or the American Law Institute . Some bodies are given statutory powers to issue guidance with persuasive authority or similar statutory effect , such as the Highway Code . In federal or multijurisdictional law systems , conflicts may exist between the various lower appellate courts . Sometimes these differences may not be resolved and distinguishing how the law is applied in one district , province , division or appellate department may be necessary . Usually , only an appeal accepted by the court of last resort will resolve such differences , and for many reasons , such appeals are often not granted . Any court may seek to distinguish its present case from that of a binding precedent , to reach a different conclusion . The validity of such a distinction may or may not be accepted on appeal . An appellate court may also propound an entirely new and different analysis from that of junior courts , and may or may not be bound by its own previous decisions , or in any case may distinguish the decisions based on significant differences in the facts applicable to each case . Or , a court may view the matter before it as one of `` first impression '' , not governed by any controlling precedent . When various members of a multi-judge court write separate opinions , the reasoning may differ ; only the ratio decidendi of the majority becomes binding precedent . For example , if a 12 - member court splits 5 - 2 - 3 - 2 in four different opinions on several different issues , whatever reasoning commands seven votes on each specific issue , and the seven - judge majorities may differ issue - to - issue . All may be cited as persuasive ( though of course opinions that concur in the majority result are more persuasive than dissents ) . Quite apart from the rules of precedent , the weight actually given to any reported opinion may depend on the reputation of both the court and the judges with respect to the specific issue . For example , in the United States , the Second Circuit ( New York and surrounding states ) is especially respected in commercial and securities law , the Seventh Circuit ( in Chicago ) , especially Judge Posner , is highly regarded on antitrust , and the District of Columbia Circuit is highly regarded on administrative law , Categories and classifications of precedent , and effect of classification ( edit ) Verticality ( edit ) Generally , a common law court system has trial courts , intermediate appellate courts and a supreme court . The inferior courts conduct almost all trial proceedings . The inferior courts are bound to obey precedent established by the appellate court for their jurisdiction , and all supreme court precedent . The Supreme Court of California 's explanation of this principle is that ( u ) nder the doctrine of stare decisis , all tribunals exercising inferior jurisdiction are required to follow decisions of courts exercising superior jurisdiction . Otherwise , the doctrine of stare decisis makes no sense . The decisions of this court are binding upon and must be followed by all the state courts of California . Decisions of every division of the District Courts of Appeal are binding upon all the justice and municipal courts and upon all the superior courts of this state , and this is so whether or not the superior court is acting as a trial or appellate court . Courts exercising inferior jurisdiction must accept the law declared by courts of superior jurisdiction . It is not their function to attempt to overrule decisions of a higher court . An Intermediate state appellate court is generally bound to follow the decisions of the highest court of that state . The application of the doctrine of stare decisis from a superior court to an inferior court is sometimes called vertical stare decisis . Horizontality ( edit ) The idea that a judge is bound by ( or at least should respect ) decisions of earlier judges of similar or coordinate level is called horizontal stare decisis . In the United States federal court system , the intermediate appellate courts are divided into thirteen `` circuits , '' each covering some range of territory ranging in size from the District of Columbia alone up to seven states . Each panel of judges on the court of appeals for a circuit is bound to obey the prior appellate decisions of the same circuit . Precedent of a United States court of appeals may be overruled only by the court en banc , that is , a session of all the active appellate judges of the circuit , or by the United States Supreme Court , not simply by a different three - judge panel . When a court binds itself , this application of the doctrine of precedent is sometimes called horizontal stare decisis . The state of New York has a similar appellate structure as it is divided into four appellate departments supervised by the final New York Court of Appeals . Decisions of one appellate department are not binding upon another , and in some cases the departments differ considerably on interpretations of law . Federalism and parallel state and federal courts ( edit ) In federal systems the division between federal and state law may result in complex interactions . In the United States , state courts are not considered inferior to federal courts but rather constitute a parallel court system . When a federal court rules on an issue of state law , the federal court must follow the precedent of the state courts , under the Erie doctrine . If an issue of state law arises during a case in federal court , and there is no decision on point from the highest court of the state , the federal court must either attempt to predict how the state courts would resolve the issue by looking at decisions from state appellate courts , or , if allowed by the constitution of the relevant state , submit the question to the state 's courts . On the other hand , when a state court rules on an issue of federal law , the state court is bound only by rulings of the Supreme Court , but not by decisions of federal district or circuit courts of appeals However some states have adopted a practice of considering themselves bound by rulings of the court of appeals embracing their states , as a matter of comity rather than constitutional obligation . In practice , however , judges in one system will almost always choose to follow relevant case law in the other system to prevent divergent results and to minimize forum shopping . Binding precedent ( edit ) Precedent that must be applied or followed is known as binding precedent ( alternately metaphorically precedent , mandatory or binding authority , etc . ) . Under the doctrine of stare decisis , a lower court must honor findings of law made by a higher court that is within the appeals path of cases the court hears . In state and federal courts in the United States of America , jurisdiction is often divided geographically among local trial courts , several of which fall under the territory of a regional appeals court . All appellate courts fall under a highest court ( sometimes but not always called a `` supreme court '' ) . By definition , decisions of lower courts are not binding on courts higher in the system , nor are appeals court decisions binding on local courts that fall under a different appeals court . Further , courts must follow their own proclamations of law made earlier on other cases , and honor rulings made by other courts in disputes among the parties before them pertaining to the same pattern of facts or events , unless they have a strong reason to change these rulings ( see Law of the case re : a court 's previous holding being binding precedent for that court ) . In law , a binding precedent ( also known as a mandatory precedent or binding authority ) is a precedent which must be followed by all lower courts under common law legal systems . In English law it is usually created by the decision of a higher court , such as the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom , which took over the judicial functions of the House of Lords in 2009 . In Civil law and pluralist systems precedent is not binding but case law is taken into account by the courts . Binding precedent relies on the legal principle of stare decisis . Stare decisis means to stand by things decided . It ensures certainty and consistency in the application of law . Existing binding precedent from past cases are applied in principle to new situations by analogy . One law professor has described mandatory precedent as follows : Given a determination as to the governing jurisdiction , a court is `` bound '' to follow a precedent of that jurisdiction only if it is directly in point . In the strongest sense , `` directly in point '' means that : ( 1 ) the question resolved in the precedent case is the same as the question to be resolved in the pending case , ( 2 ) resolution of that question was necessary to the disposition of the precedent case ; ( 3 ) the significant facts of the precedent case are also presented in the pending case , and ( 4 ) no additional facts appear in the pending case that might be treated as significant . In extraordinary circumstances a higher court may overturn or overrule mandatory precedent , but will often attempt to distinguish the precedent before overturning it , thereby limiting the scope of the precedent . Under the U.S. legal system , courts are set up in a hierarchy . At the top of the federal or national system is the Supreme Court , and underneath are lower federal courts . The state court systems have hierarchy structures similar to that of the federal system . The U.S. Supreme Court has final authority on questions about the meaning of federal law , including the U.S. Constitution . For example , when the Supreme Court says that the First Amendment applies in a specific way to suits for slander , then every court is bound by that precedent in its interpretation of the First Amendment as it applies to suits for slander . If a lower court judge disagrees with a higher court precedent on what the First Amendment should mean , the lower court judge must rule according to the binding precedent . Until the higher court changes the ruling ( or the law itself is changed ) , the binding precedent is authoritative on the meaning of the law . Lower courts are bound by the precedent set by higher courts within their region . Thus , a federal district court that falls within the geographic boundaries of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals ( the mid-level appeals court that hears appeals from district court decisions from Delaware , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and the Virgin Islands ) is bound by rulings of the Third Circuit Court , but not by rulings in the Ninth Circuit ( Alaska , Arizona , California , Guam , Hawaii , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , Northern Mariana Islands , Oregon , and Washington ) , since the Circuit Courts of Appeals have jurisdiction defined by geography . The Circuit Courts of Appeals can interpret the law how they want , so long as there is no binding Supreme Court precedent . One of the common reasons the Supreme Court grants certiorari ( that is , they agree to hear a case ) is if there is a conflict among the circuit courts as to the meaning of a federal law . There are three elements needed for a precedent to work . Firstly , the hierarchy of the courts needs to be accepted , and an efficient system of law reporting . ' A balance must be struck between the need on one side for the legal certainty resulting from the binding effect of previous decisions , and on the other side the avoidance of undue restriction on the proper development of the law ( 1966 Practice Statement ( Judicial Precedent ) by Lord Gardiner L.C. ) ' . Binding precedent in English law ( edit ) Judges are bound by the law of binding precedent in England and Wales and other common law jurisdictions . This is a distinctive feature of the English legal system . In Scotland and many countries throughout the world , particularly in mainland Europe , civil law means that judges take case law into account in a similar way , but are not obliged to do so and are required to consider the precedent in terms of principle . Their fellow judges ' decisions may be persuasive but are not binding . Under the English legal system , judges are not necessarily entitled to make their own decisions about the development or interpretations of the law . They may be bound by a decision reached in a previous case . Two facts are crucial to determining whether a precedent is binding : The position in the court hierarchy of the court which decided the precedent , relative to the position in the court trying the current case . Whether the facts of the current case come within the scope of the principle of law in previous decisions . In a conflict of laws situation , jus cogens erga omnes norms and principles of the common law such as in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , to a varying degree in different jurisdictions , are deemed overriding which means they are used to `` read down '' legislation , that is giving them a particular purposive interpretation , for example applying European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence of courts ( case law ) . `` Super stare decisis '' ( edit ) `` Super stare decisis '' is a term used for important precedent that is resistant or immune from being overturned , without regard to whether correctly decided in the first place . It may be viewed as one extreme in a range of precedential power , or alternatively , to express a belief , or a critique of that belief , that some decisions should not be overturned . In 1976 , Richard Posner and William Landes coined the term `` super-precedent '' in an article they wrote about testing theories of precedent by counting citations . Posner and Landes used this term to describe the influential effect of a cited decision . The term `` super-precedent '' later became associated with different issue : the difficulty of overturning a decision . In 1992 , Rutgers professor Earl Maltz criticized the Supreme Court 's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey for endorsing the idea that if one side can take control of the Court on an issue of major national importance ( as in Roe v. Wade ) , that side can protect its position from being reversed `` by a kind of super-stare decisis '' . The controversial idea that some decisions are virtually immune from being overturned , regardless of whether they were decided correctly in the first place , is the idea to which the term `` super-stare decisis '' now usually refers . The concept of super-stare decisis ( or `` super-precedent '' ) was mentioned during the interrogations of Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Samuel Alito before the Senate Judiciary Committee . Prior to the commencement of the Roberts hearings , the chair of that committee , Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania , wrote an op / ed in The New York Times referring to Roe as a `` super-precedent '' . He revisited this concept during the hearings , but neither Roberts nor Alito endorsed the term or the concept . Persuasive precedent ( edit ) Persuasive precedent ( also persuasive authority ) is precedent or other legal writing that is not binding precedent but that is useful or relevant and that may guide the judge in making the decision in a current case . Persuasive precedent includes cases decided by lower courts , by peer or higher courts from other geographic jurisdictions , cases made in other parallel systems ( for example , military courts , administrative courts , indigenous / tribal courts , state courts versus federal courts in the United States ) , statements made in dicta , treatises or academic law reviews , and in some exceptional circumstances , cases of other nations , treaties , world judicial bodies , etc . In a `` case of first impression '' , courts often rely on persuasive precedent from courts in other jurisdictions that have previously dealt with similar issues . Persuasive precedent may become binding through its adoption by a higher court . In civil law and pluralist systems , as under Scots law , precedent is not binding but case law is taken into account by the courts . Lower courts ( edit ) A lower court 's opinion may be considered as persuasive authority if the judge believes they have applied the correct legal principle and reasoning . Higher courts in other circuits ( edit ) A court may consider the ruling of a higher court that is not binding . For example , a district court in the United States First Circuit could consider a ruling made by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit as persuasive authority . Horizontal courts ( edit ) Courts may consider rulings made in other courts that are of equivalent authority in the legal system . For example , an appellate court for one district could consider a ruling issued by an appeals court in another district . Statements made in obiter dicta ( edit ) Courts may consider obiter dicta in opinions of higher courts . Dicta of a higher court , though not binding , will often be persuasive to lower courts . The phrase obiter dicta is usually translated as `` other things said '' , but due to the high number of judges and individual concurring opinions , it is often hard to distinguish from the ratio decidendi ( reason for the decision ) . For these reasons , the obiter dicta may often be taken into consideration by a court . A litigant may also consider obiter dicta if a court has previously signaled that a particular legal argument is weak and may even warrant sanctions if repeated . Dissenting opinions ( edit ) A case decided by a multijudge panel could result in a split decision . While only the majority opinion is considered precedential , an outvoted judge can still publish a dissenting opinion . Common patterns for dissenting opinions include : an explanation of how the outcome of the case might be different on slightly different facts , in an attempt to limit the holding of the majority planting seeds for a future overruling of the majority opinion A judge in a subsequent case , particularly in a different jurisdiction , could find the dissenting judge 's reasoning persuasive . In the jurisdiction of the original decision , however , a judge should only overturn the holding of a court lower or equivalent in the hierarchy . A district court , for example , could not rely on a Supreme Court dissent as a basis to depart from the reasoning of the majority opinion . However , lower courts occasionally cite dissents , either for a limiting principle on the majority , or for propositions that are not stated in the majority opinion and not inconsistent with that majority , or to explain a disagreement with the majority and to urge reform ( while following the majority in the outcome ) . Treatises , restatements , law Review articles ( edit ) Courts may consider the writings of eminent legal scholars in treatises , restatements of the law , and law reviews . The extent to which judges find these types of writings persuasive will vary widely with elements such as the reputation of the author and the relevance of the argument . Persuasive effect of decisions from other jurisdictions ( edit ) The courts of England and Wales are free to consider decisions of other jurisdictions , and give them whatever persuasive weight the English court sees fit , even though these other decisions are not binding precedent . Jurisdictions that are closer to modern English common law are more likely to be given persuasive weight ( for example Commonwealth states such as Canada , Australia , or New Zealand ) . Persuasive weight might be given to other common law courts , such as from the United States , most often where the American courts have been particularly innovative , e.g. in product liability and certain areas of contract law . In the United States , in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , the concept of a U.S. court considering foreign law or precedent has been considered controversial by some parties . The Supreme Court splits on this issue . This critique is recent , as in the early history of the United States , citation of English authority was ubiquitous . One of the first acts of many of the new state legislatures was to adopt the body of English common law into the law of the state . See here . Citation to English cases was common through the 19th and well into the 20th centuries . Even in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , it is relatively uncontroversial for American state courts to rely on English decisions for matters of pure common ( i.e. judge - made ) law . Within the federal legal systems of several common - law countries , and most especially the United States , it is relatively common for the distinct lower - level judicial systems ( e.g. state courts in the United States and Australia , provincial courts in Canada ) to regard the decisions of other jurisdictions within the same country as persuasive precedent . Particularly in the United States , the adoption of a legal doctrine by a large number of other state judiciaries is regarded as highly persuasive evidence that such doctrine is preferred . A good example is the adoption in Tennessee of comparative negligence ( replacing contributory negligence as a complete bar to recovery ) by the 1992 Tennessee Supreme Court decision McIntyre v. Balentine ( by this point all US jurisdictions save Tennessee , five other states , and the District of Columbia had adopted comparative negligence schemes ) . Moreover , in American law , the Erie doctrine requires federal courts sitting in diversity actions to apply state substantive law , but in a manner consistent with how the court believes the state 's highest court would rule in that case . Since such decisions are not binding on state courts , but are often very well - reasoned and useful , state courts cite federal interpretations of state law fairly often as persuasive precedent , although it is also fairly common for a state high court to reject a federal court 's interpretation of its jurisprudence . Non-precedential decisions : unpublished decisions , non-publication and depublication , noncitation rules ( edit ) Main article : Non-publication of legal opinions in the United States Nonpublication of opinions , or unpublished opinions , are those decisions of courts that are not available for citation as precedent because the judges making the opinion deem the cases as having less precedential value . Selective publication is the legal process which a judge or justices of a court decide whether a decision is to be or not published in a reporter . `` Unpublished '' federal appellate decisions are published in the Federal Appendix . Depublication is the power of a court to make a previously published order or opinion unpublished . Litigation that is settled out of court generates no written decision , thus has no precedential effect . As one practical effect , the U.S. Department of Justice settles many cases against the federal government simply to avoid creating adverse precedent . Res judicata , claim preclusion , collateral estoppel , issue preclusion , law of the case ( edit ) Several rules may cause a decision to apply as narrow `` precedent '' to preclude future legal positions of the specific parties to a case , even if a decision is non-precedential with respect to all other parties . Res judicata , claim preclusion ( edit ) Main article : res judicata Once a case is decided , the same plaintiff can not sue the same defendant again on any claim arising out of the same facts . The law requires plaintiffs to put all issues on the table in a single case , not split the case . For example , in a case of an auto accident , the plaintiff can not sue first for property damage , and then personal injury in a separate case . This is called res judicata or claim preclusion ( `` ' Res judicata ' '' is the traditional name going back centuries ; the name shifted to `` claim preclusion '' in the United States over the late 20th century ) . Claim preclusion applies regardless of the plaintiff wins or loses the earlier case , even if the later case raises a different legal theory , even the second claim is unknown at the time of the first case . Exceptions are extremely limited , for example if the two claims for relief must necessarily be brought in different courts ( for example , one claim might be exclusively federal , and the other exclusively state ) . Collateral estoppel , issue preclusion ( edit ) Main article : Collateral estoppel Once a case is finally decided , any issues decided in the previous case may be binding against the party who lost the issue in later cases , even in cases involving other parties . For example , if a first case decides that a party was negligent , then other plaintiffs may rely on that earlier determination in later cases , and need not reprove the issue of negligence . For another example , if a patent is shown to be invalid in a case against one accused infringer , that same patent is invalid against all other accused infringers -- invalidity need not be reproven . Again , limits and exceptions on this principle exist . The principle is called collateral estoppel or issue preclusion . Law of the case ( edit ) Main article : law of the case Within a single case , once there 's been a first appeal , both the lower court and the appellate court itself will not further review the same issue , and will not re-review an issue that could have been appealed in the first appeal . Exceptions are limited to three `` exceptional circumstances : '' ( 1 ) when substantially different evidence is raised at a subsequent trial , ( 2 ) when the law changes after the first appeal , for example by a decision of a higher court , or ( 3 ) when a decision is clearly erroneous and would result in a manifest injustice . This principle is called `` law of the case '' . Splits , tensions ( edit ) On many questions , reasonable people may differ . When two of those people are judges , the tension among two lines of precedent may be resolved as follows . Jurisdictional splits : disagreements among different geographical regions or levels of federalism ( edit ) If the two courts are in separate , parallel jurisdictions , there is no conflict , and two lines of precedent may persist . Courts in one jurisdiction are influenced by decisions in others , and notably better rules may be adopted over time . Splits among different areas of law ( edit ) Courts try to formulate the common law as a `` seamless web '' so that principles in one area of the law apply to other areas . However , this principle does not apply uniformly . Thus , a word may have different definitions in different areas of the law , or different rules may apply so that a question has different answers in different legal contexts . Judges try to minimize these conflicts , but they arise from time to time , and under principles of ' stare decisis ' , may persist for some time . Conflicts ( edit ) Matter of first impression ( edit ) A matter of first impression ( also known as an `` issue of first impression , '' `` case of first impression , '' or or , in Latin , as primae impressionis ) is an issue where the parties disagree on what the applicable law is , and there is no prior binding authority , so that the matter has to be decided for the first time . A first impression case may be a first impression in only a particular jurisdiction . By definition , a case of first impression can not be decided by precedent . Since there is no precedent for the court to follow , the court uses the plain language and legislative history of any statute that must be interpreted , holdings of other jurisdictions , persuasive authority and analogies from prior rulings by other courts ( which may be higher , peers , or lower courts in the hierarchy , or from other jurisdictions ) , commentaries and articles by legal scholars , and the court 's own logic and sense of justice . Contrasting role of case law in common law , civil law , and mixed systems ( edit ) The different roles of case law in civil law and common law traditions create differences in the way that courts render decisions . Common law courts generally explain in detail the legal rationale behind their decisions , with citations of both legislation and previous relevant judgments , and often an exegesis of the wider legal principles . These are called ratio decidendi and constitute a precedent binding on other courts ; further analyses not strictly necessary to the determination of the current case are called obiter dicta , which have persuasive authority but are not technically binding . By contrast , decisions in civil law jurisdictions are generally very short , referring only to statutes . The reason for this difference is that these civil law jurisdictions apply legislative positivism -- a form of extreme legal positivism -- which holds that legislation is the only valid source of law because it has been voted on democratically ; thus , it is not the judiciary 's role to create law , but rather to interpret and apply statute , and therefore their decisions must reflect that . Civil law systems ( edit ) Stare decisis is not usually a doctrine used in civil law systems , because it violates the legislative positivist principle that only the legislature may make law . Instead , the civil law system relies on the doctrine of jurisprudence constante , according to which if a court has adjudicated a consistent line of cases that arrive at the same holdings using sound reasoning , then the previous decisions are highly persuasive but not controlling on issues of law . This doctrine is similar to stare decisis insofar as it dictates that a court 's decision must condone a cohesive and predictable result . In theory , lower courts are generally not bound by the precedents of higher courts . In practice , the need for predictability means that lower courts generally defer to the precedent of higher courts . As a result , the precedent of courts of last resort , such as the French Cassation Court and the Council of State , is recognized as being de facto binding on lower courts . The doctrine of jurisprudence constante also influences how court decisions are structured . In general , court decisions of common law jurisdictions give a sufficient ratio decidendi as to guide future courts . The ratio is used to justify a court decision on the basis of previous case law as well as to make it easier to use the decision as a precedent for future cases . By contrast , court decisions in some civil law jurisdictions ( most prominently France ) tend to be extremely brief , mentioning only the relevant legislation and codal provisions and not going into the ratio decidendi in any great detail . This is the result of the legislative positivist view that the court is only interpreting the legislature 's intent and therefore detailed exposition is unnecessary . Because of this , ratio decidendi is carried out by legal academics ( doctrinal writers ) who provide the explanations that in common law jurisdictions would be provided by the judges themselves . In other civil law jurisdictions , such as the German - speaking countries , ratio decidendi tend to be much more developed than in France , and courts will frequently cite previous cases and doctrinal writers . However , some courts ( such as German courts ) have less emphasis on the particular facts of the case than common law courts , but have more emphasis on the discussion of various doctrinal arguments and on finding what the correct interpretation of the law is . The mixed systems of the Nordic countries are sometimes considered a branch of the civil law , but they are sometimes counted as separate from the civil law tradition . In Sweden , for instance , case law arguably plays a more important role than in some of the continental civil law systems . The two highest courts , the Supreme Court ( Högsta domstolen ) and the Supreme Administrative Court ( Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen ) , have the right to set precedent which has persuasive authority on all future application of the law . Appellate courts , be they judicial ( hovrätter ) or administrative ( kammarrätter ) , may also issue decisions that act as guides for the application of the law , but these decisions are persuasive , not controlling , and may therefore be overturned by higher courts . Mixed or bijuridical systems ( edit ) Some mixed systems , such as Scots law in Scotland , South - African law , and the law of Quebec and Louisiana , do not fit into the civil vs. common law dichotomy because they mix portions of both . Such systems may have been heavily influenced by the common law tradition ; however , their private law is firmly rooted in the civil law tradition . Because of their position between the two main systems of law , these types of legal systems are sometimes referred to as `` mixed '' systems of law . Louisiana courts , for instance , operate under both stare decisis and jurisprudence constante . In South Africa , the precedent of higher courts is absolutely or fully binding on lower courts , whereas the precedent of lower courts only has persuasive authority on higher courts ; horizontally , precedent is prima facie or presumptively binding between courts . Role of academics in civil law jurisdictions ( edit ) Law professors in common law traditions play a much smaller role in developing case law than professors in civil law traditions . Because court decisions in civil law traditions are brief and not amenable to establishing precedent , much of the exposition of the law in civil law traditions is done by academics rather than by judges ; this is called doctrine and may be published in treatises or in journals such as Recueil Dalloz in France . Historically , common law courts relied little on legal scholarship ; thus , at the turn of the twentieth century , it was very rare to see an academic writer quoted in a legal decision ( except perhaps for the academic writings of prominent judges such as Coke and Blackstone ) . Today academic writers are often cited in legal argument and decisions as persuasive authority ; often , they are cited when judges are attempting to implement reasoning that other courts have not yet adopted , or when the judge believes the academic 's restatement of the law is more compelling than can be found in precedent . Thus common law systems are adopting one of the approaches long common in civil law jurisdictions . Critical Analysis ( edit ) Court formulations ( edit ) Justice Louis Brandeis , in a heavily footnoted dissent to Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co. , 285 U.S. 393 , 405 -- 411 ( 1932 ) , explained ( citations and quotations omitted ) : Stare decisis is not ... a universal , inexorable command . `` The rule of stare decisis , though one tending to consistency and uniformity of decision , is not inflexible . Whether it shall be followed or departed from is a question entirely within the discretion of the court , which is again called upon to consider a question once decided . '' Stare decisis is usually the wise policy , because in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right . This is commonly true even where the error is a matter of serious concern , provided correction can be had by legislation . But in cases involving the Federal Constitution , where correction through legislative action is practically impossible , this Court has often overruled its earlier decisions . The Court bows to the lessons of experience and the force of better reasoning , recognizing that the process of trial and error , so fruitful in the physical sciences , is appropriate also in the judicial function ... In cases involving the Federal Constitution the position of this Court is unlike that of the highest court of England , where the policy of stare decisis was formulated and is strictly applied to all classes of cases . Parliament is free to correct any judicial error ; and the remedy may be promptly invoked . The reasons why this Court should refuse to follow an earlier constitutional decision which it deems erroneous are particularly strong where the question presented is one of applying , as distinguished from what may accurately be called interpreting , the Constitution . In the cases which now come before us there is seldom any dispute as to the interpretation of any provision . The controversy is usually over the application to existing conditions of some well - recognized constitutional limitation . This is strikingly true of cases under the due process clause when the question is whether a statute is unreasonable , arbitrary or capricious ; of cases under the equal protection clause when the question is whether there is any reasonable basis for the classification made by a statute ; and of cases under the commerce clause when the question is whether an admitted burden laid by a statute upon interstate commerce is so substantial as to be deemed direct ... The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has stated : A judicial precedent attaches a specific legal consequence to a detailed set of facts in an adjudged case or judicial decision , which is then considered as furnishing the rule for the determination of a subsequent case involving identical or similar material facts and arising in the same court or a lower court in the judicial hierarchy . The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has stated : Stare decisis is the policy of the court to stand by precedent ; the term is but an abbreviation of stare decisis et non quieta movere -- `` to stand by and adhere to decisions and not disturb what is settled '' . Consider the word `` decisis '' . The word means , literally and legally , the decision . Under the doctrine of stare decisis a case is important only for what it decides -- for the `` what '' , not for the `` why '' , and not for the `` how '' . Insofar as precedent is concerned , stare decisis is important only for the decision , for the detailed legal consequence following a detailed set of facts . Justice McHugh of the High Court of Australia in relation to precedents remarked in Perre v Apand : ( T ) hat is the way of the common law , the judges preferring to go ' from case to case , like the ancient Mediterranean mariners , hugging the coast from point to point , and avoiding the dangers of the open sea of system or science . Academic study ( edit ) Precedent viewed against passing time can serve to establish trends , thus indicating the next logical step in evolving interpretations of the law . For instance , if immigration has become more and more restricted under the law , then the next legal decision on that subject may serve to restrict it further still . The existence of submerged precedent ( reasoned opinions not made available through conventional legal research sources ) has been identified as a potentially distorting force in the evolution of law . Scholars have recently attempted to apply network theory to precedent in order to establish which precedent is most important or authoritative , and how the court 's interpretations and priorities have changed over time . Application ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Early English common law did not have or require the stare decisis doctrine for a range of legal and technological reasons : During the formative period of the common law , the royal courts constituted only one among many fora in which in the English could settle their disputes . The royal courts operated alongside and in competition with ecclesiastic , manorial , urban , mercantile , and local courts . Royal courts were not organised into a hierarchy , instead different royal courts ( exchequer , common pleas , king 's bench , and chancery ) were in competition with each other . Substantial law on almost all matters was neither legislated nor codified , eliminating the need for courts to interpret legislation . Common law 's main distinctive features and focus were not substantial law , which was customary law , but procedural . The practice of citing previous cases was not to find binding legal rules but as evidence of custom . Customary law was not a rational and consistent body of rules and does not require a system of binding precedent . Before the printing press , the state of the written records of cases rendered the stare decisis doctrine utterly impracticable . These features changed over time , opening the door to the doctrine of stare decisis : By the end of the eighteenth century , the common law courts had absorbed most of the business of their nonroyal competitors , although there was still internal competition among the different common law courts themselves . During the nineteenth century , legal reform movements in both England and the United States brought this to an end as well by merging the various common law courts into a unified system of courts with a formal hierarchical structure . This and the advent of reliable private case reporters made adherence to the doctrine of stare decisis practical and the practice soon evolved of holding judges to be bound by the decisions of courts of superior or equal status in their jurisdiction . United States legal system ( edit ) Stare decisis applies to the holding of a case , rather than to obiter dicta ( `` things said by the way '' ) . As the United States Supreme Court has put it : `` dicta may be followed if sufficiently persuasive but are not binding . '' In the United States Supreme Court , the principle of stare decisis is most flexible in constitutional cases : Stare decisis is usually the wise policy , because in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right ... But in cases involving the Federal Constitution , where correction through legislative action is practically impossible , this Court has often overruled its earlier decisions ... This is strikingly true of cases under the due process clause . -- Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co. , 285 U.S. 393 , 406 -- 407 , 410 ( 1932 ) ( Brandeis , J. , dissenting ) . For example , in the years 1946 -- 1992 , the U.S. Supreme Court reversed itself in about 130 cases . The U.S. Supreme Court has further explained as follows : ( W ) hen convinced of former error , this Court has never felt constrained to follow precedent . In constitutional questions , where correction depends upon amendment , and not upon legislative action , this Court throughout its history has freely exercised its power to reexamine the basis of its constitutional decisions . -- Smith v. Allwright , 321 U.S. 649 , 665 ( 1944 ) . The United States Supreme Court has stated that where a court gives multiple reasons for a given result , each alternative reason that is `` explicitly '' labeled by the court as an `` independent '' ground for the decision is not treated as `` simply a dictum '' . English legal system ( edit ) The doctrine of binding precedent or stare decisis is basic to the English legal system . Special features of the English legal system include the following : The Supreme Court 's ability to override its own precedent ( edit ) The British House of Lords , as the court of last appeal outside Scotland before it was replaced by the UK Supreme Court , was not strictly bound to always follow its own decisions until the case London Street Tramways v London County Council ( 1898 ) AC 375 . After this case , once the Lords had given a ruling on a point of law , the matter was closed unless and until Parliament made a change by statute . This is the most strict form of the doctrine of stare decisis ( one not applied , previously , in common law jurisdictions , where there was somewhat greater flexibility for a court of last resort to review its own precedent ) . This situation changed , however , after the issuance of the Practice Statement of 1966 . It enabled the House of Lords to adapt English law to meet changing social conditions . In R v G & R 2003 , the House of Lords overruled its decision in Caldwell 1981 , which had allowed the Lords to establish mens rea ( `` guilty mind '' ) by measuring a defendant 's conduct against that of a `` reasonable person , '' regardless of the defendant 's actual state of mind . However , the Practice Statement has been seldom applied by the House of Lords , usually only as a last resort . As of 2005 , the House of Lords has rejected its past decisions no more than 20 times . They are reluctant to use it because they fear to introduce uncertainty into the law . In particular , the Practice Statement stated that the Lords would be especially reluctant to overrule themselves in criminal cases because of the importance of certainty of that law . The first case involving criminal law to be overruled with the Practice Statement was Anderton v Ryan ( 1985 ) , which was overruled by R v Shivpuri ( 1986 ) , two decades after the Practice Statement . Remarkably , the precedent overruled had been made only a year before , but it had been criticised by several academic lawyers . As a result , Lord Bridge stated he was `` undeterred by the consideration that the decision in Anderton v Ryan was so recent . The Practice Statement is an effective abandonment of our pretension to infallibility . If a serious error embodied in a decision of this House has distorted the law , the sooner it is corrected the better . '' Still , the House of Lords has remained reluctant to overrule itself in some cases ; in R v Kansal ( 2002 ) , the majority of House members adopted the opinion that R v Lambert had been wrongly decided and agreed to depart from their earlier decision . Distinguishing precedent on legal ( rather than fact ) grounds ( edit ) A precedent does not bind a court if it finds there was a lack of care in the original `` Per Incuriam '' . For example , if a statutory provision or precedent had not been brought to the previous court 's attention before its decision , the precedent would not be binding . Rules of statutory interpretation ( edit ) Main article : Statutory interpretation One of the most important roles of precedent is to resolve ambiguities in other legal texts , such as constitutions , statutes , and regulations . The process involves , first and foremost , consultation of the plain language of the text , as enlightened by the legislative history of enactment , subsequent precedent , and experience with various interpretations of similar texts . Statutory interpretation in the UK ( edit ) A judge 's normal aids include access to all previous cases in which a precedent has been set , and a good English dictionary . Judges and barristers in the U.K use three primary rules for interpreting the law . Under the literal rule , the judge should do what the actual legislation states rather than trying to do what the judge thinks that it means . The judge should use the plain everyday ordinary meaning of the words , even if this produces an unjust or undesirable outcome . A good example of problems with this method is R v Maginnis ( 1987 ) , in which several judges in separate opinions found several different dictionary meanings of the word supply . Another example is Fisher v Bell , where it was held that a shopkeeper who placed an illegal item in a shop window with a price tag did not make an offer to sell it , because of the specific meaning of `` offer for sale '' in contract law . As a result of this case , Parliament amended the statute concerned to end this discrepancy . The golden rule is used when use of the literal rule would obviously create an absurd result . There are two ways in which the golden rule can be applied : a narrow method , and a broad method . Under the narrow method , when there are apparently two contradictory meanings to the wording of a legislative provision , or the wording is ambiguous , the least absurd is to be preferred . Under the broad method , the court modifies the literal meaning in such a way as to avoid the absurd result . An example of the latter approach is Adler v George ( 1964 ) . Under the Official Secrets Act 1920 it was an offence to obstruct HM Forces `` in the vicinity of '' a prohibited place . Adler argued that he was not in the vicinity of such a place but was actually in it . The court chose not to read the statutory wording in a literal sense to avoid what would otherwise be an absurd result , and Adler was convicted . The mischief rule is the most flexible of the interpretation methods . Stemming from Heydon 's Case ( 1584 ) , it allows the court to enforce what the statute is intended to remedy rather than what the words actually say . For example , in Corkery v Carpenter ( 1950 ) , a man was found guilty of being drunk in charge of a carriage , although in fact he only had a bicycle . Statutory interpretation in the United States ( edit ) In the United States , the courts have stated consistently that the text of the statute is read as it is written , using the ordinary meaning of the words of the statute . `` ( I ) n interpreting a statute a court should always turn to one cardinal canon before all others ... ( C ) ourts must presume that a legislature says in a statute what it means and means in a statute what it says there . '' Connecticut Nat'l Bank v. Germain , 112 S. Ct. 1146 , 1149 ( 1992 ) . Indeed , `` ( w ) hen the words of a statute are unambiguous , then , this first canon is also the last : ' judicial inquiry is complete . ' '' `` A fundamental rule of statutory construction requires that every part of a statute be presumed to have some effect , and not be treated as meaningless unless absolutely necessary . '' Raven Coal Corp. v. Absher , 153 Va . 332 , 149 S.E. 541 ( 1929 ) . `` In assessing statutory language , unless words have acquired a peculiar meaning , by virtue of statutory definition or judicial construction , they are to be construed in accordance with their common usage . '' Muller v. BP Exploration ( Alaska ) Inc. , 923 P. 2d 783 , 787 -- 88 ( Alaska 1996 ) . However , most legal texts have some lingering ambiguity -- inevitably , situations arise in which the words chosen by the legislature do not address the precise facts in issue , or there is some tension among two or more statutes . In such cases , a court must analyze the various available sources , and reach a resolution of the ambiguity . The `` Canons of statutory construction '' are discussed in a separate article . Once the ambiguity is resolved , that resolution has binding effect as described in the rest of this article . Practical application ( edit ) Although inferior courts are bound in theory by superior court precedent , in practice a judge may believe that justice requires an outcome at some variance with precedent , and may distinguish the facts of the individual case on reasoning that does not appear in the binding precedent . On appeal , the appellate court may either adopt the new reasoning , or reverse on the basis of precedent . On the other hand , if the losing party does not appeal ( typically because of the cost of the appeal ) , the lower court decision may remain in effect , at least as to the individual parties . Judicial resistance ( edit ) Occasionally , a lower court judge explicitly states personal disagreement with the judgment he or she has rendered , but that he or she is required to do so by binding precedent . Note that inferior courts can not evade binding precedent of superior courts , but a court can depart from its own prior decisions . Structural considerations ( edit ) In the United States , stare decisis can interact in counterintuitive ways with the federal and state court systems . On an issue of federal law , a state court is not bound by an interpretation of federal law at the district or circuit level , but is bound by an interpretation by the United States Supreme Court . On an interpretation of state law , whether common law or statutory law , the federal courts are bound by the interpretation of a state court of last resort , and are required normally to defer to the precedent of intermediate state courts as well . Courts may choose to obey precedent of international jurisdictions , but this is not an application of the doctrine of stare decisis , because foreign decisions are not binding . Rather , a foreign decision that is obeyed on the basis of the soundness of its reasoning will be called persuasive authority -- indicating that its effect is limited to the persuasiveness of the reasons it provides . Originalism ( edit ) Originalism is an approach to interpretation of a legal text in which controlling weight is given to the intent of the original authors ( at least the intent as inferred by a modern judge ) . In contrast , a non-originalist looks at other cues to meaning , including the current meaning of the words , the pattern and trend of other judicial decisions , changing context and improved scientific understanding , observation of practical outcomes and `` what works , '' contemporary standards of justice , and stare decisis . Both are directed at interpreting the text , not changing it -- interpretation is the process of resolving ambiguity and choosing from among possible meanings , not changing the text . The two approaches look at different sets of underlying facts that may or may not point in the same direction -- stare decisis gives most weight to the newest understanding of a legal text , while originalism gives most weight to the oldest . While they do n't necessarily reach different results in every case , the two approaches are in direct tension . Originalists such as Justice Antonin Scalia argue that `` Stare decisis is not usually a doctrine used in civil law systems , because it violates the principle that only the legislature may make law . '' Justice Scalia argues that America is a civil law nation , not a common law nation . By principle , originalists are generally unwilling to defer to precedent when precedent seems to come into conflict with the originalist 's own interpretation of the Constitutional text or inferences of original intent ( even in situations where there is no original source statement of that original intent ) . However , there is still room within an originalist paradigm for stare decisis ; whenever the plain meaning of the text has alternative constructions , past precedent is generally considered a valid guide , with the qualifier being that it can not change what the text actually says . Originalists vary in the degree to which they defer to precedent . In his confirmation hearings , Justice Clarence Thomas answered a question from Senator Strom Thurmond , qualifying his willingness to change precedent in this way : I think overruling a case or reconsidering a case is a very serious matter . Certainly , you would have to be of the view that a case is incorrectly decided , but I think even that is not adequate . There are some cases that you may not agree with that should not be overruled . Stare decisis provides continuity to our system , it provides predictability , and in our process of case - by - case decision - making , I think it is a very important and critical concept . A judge that wants to reconsider a case and certainly one who wants to overrule a case has the burden of demonstrating that not only is the case incorrect , but that it would be appropriate , in view of stare decisis , to make that additional step of overruling that case . -- Possibly he has changed his mind , or there are a very large body of cases which merit `` the additional step '' of ignoring the doctrine ; according to Scalia , `` Clarence Thomas does n't believe in stare decisis , period . If a constitutional line of authority is wrong , he would say , let 's get it right . '' Professor Caleb Nelson , a former clerk for Justice Thomas and law professor at the University of Virginia , has elaborated on the role of stare decisis in originalist jurisprudence : American courts of last resort recognize a rebuttable presumption against overruling their own past decisions . In earlier eras , people often suggested that this presumption did not apply if the past decision , in the view of the court 's current members , was demonstrably erroneous . But when the Supreme Court makes similar noises today , it is roundly criticized . At least within the academy , conventional wisdom now maintains that a purported demonstration of error is not enough to justify overruling a past decision ... ( T ) he conventional wisdom is wrong to suggest that any coherent doctrine of stare decisis must include a presumption against overruling precedent that the current court deems demonstrably erroneous . The doctrine of stare decisis would indeed be no doctrine at all if courts were free to overrule a past decision simply because they would have reached a different decision as an original matter . But when a court says that a past decision is demonstrably erroneous , it is saying not only that it would have reached a different decision as an original matter , but also that the prior court went beyond the range of indeterminacy created by the relevant source of law ... Americans from the Founding on believed that court decisions could help `` liquidate '' or settle the meaning of ambiguous provisions of written law . Later courts generally were supposed to abide by such `` liquidations . '' ... To the extent that the underlying legal provision was determinate , however , courts were not thought to be similarly bound by precedent that misinterpreted it ... Of the Court 's current members , Justices Scalia and Thomas seem to have the most faith in the determinacy of the legal texts that come before the Court . It should come as no surprise that they also seem the most willing to overrule the Court 's past decisions ... Prominent journalists and other commentators suggest that there is some contradiction between these Justices ' mantra of `` judicial restraint '' and any systematic re-examination of precedent . But if one believes in the determinacy of the underlying legal texts , one need not define `` judicial restraint '' solely in terms of fidelity to precedent ; one can also speak of fidelity to the texts themselves . -- Advantages and disadvantages ( edit ) There are disadvantages and advantages of binding precedent , as noted by scholars and jurists . Criticism of precedent ( edit ) In a 1997 book , attorney Michael Trotter blamed over-reliance by American lawyers on binding and persuasive authority , rather than the merits of the case at hand , as a major factor behind the escalation of legal costs during the 20th century . He argued that courts should ban the citation of persuasive precedent from outside their jurisdiction , with two exceptions : ( 1 ) cases where the foreign jurisdiction 's law is the subject of the case , or ( 2 ) instances where a litigant intends to ask the highest court of the jurisdiction to overturn binding precedent , and therefore needs to cite persuasive precedent to demonstrate a trend in other jurisdictions . The disadvantages of stare decisis include its rigidity , the complexity of learning law , the differences between some cases may be very small and appear illogical , and the slow growth or incremental changes to the law that are in need of major overhaul . An argument often used against the system is that it is undemocratic as it allows judges , which may or may not be elected , to make law . Regarding constitutional interpretations , there is concern that over-reliance on the doctrine of stare decisis can be subversive . An erroneous precedent may at first be only slightly inconsistent with the Constitution , and then this error in interpretation can be propagated and increased by further precedent until a result is obtained that is greatly different from the original understanding of the Constitution . Stare decisis is not mandated by the Constitution , and if it causes unconstitutional results then the historical evidence of original understanding can be re-examined . In this opinion , predictable fidelity to the Constitution is more important than fidelity to unconstitutional precedent . See also the living tree doctrine . Agreement with precedent ( edit ) A counter-argument ( in favor of the advantages of stare decisis ) is that if the legislature wishes to alter the case law ( other than constitutional interpretations ) by statute , the legislature is empowered to do so . Critics sometimes accuse particular judges of applying the doctrine selectively , invoking it to support precedent that the judge supported anyway , but ignoring it in order to change precedent with which the judge disagreed . There is much discussion about the virtue of using stare decisis . Supporters of the system , such as minimalists , argue that obeying precedent makes decisions `` predictable '' . For example , a business person can be reasonably assured of predicting a decision where the facts of his or her case are sufficiently similar to a case decided previously . This parallels the arguments against retroactive ( ex post facto ) laws banned by the U.S. Constitution . See also ( edit ) Case citation Case of first impression Commanding precedent Custom ( law ) Distinguish First impression Law of Citations ( Roman concept ) Legal opinion Memorandum opinion Persuasive precedent Precedent book Question of fact Qiyas Ratio decidendi Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Precedent '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved September 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Black 's Law Dictionary , p. 1059 ( 5th ed. 1979 ) . Jump up ^ Pattinson , Shaun D ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) . `` The Human Rights Act and the doctrine of precedent '' . Legal Studies . 35 ( 1 ) : 142 -- 164 . doi : 10.1111 / lest. 12049 . ISSN 1748 - 121X . ^ Jump up to : Adeleye , Gabriel et al. World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions : a Resource for Readers and Writers , page 371 ( 1999 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kmiec , Keenan . The Origin and Current Meanings of `` Judicial Activism '' , California Law Review ( 2004 ) : Some instances of disregarding precedent are almost universally considered inappropriate . For example , in a rare showing of unity in a Supreme Court opinion discussing judicial activism , Justice Stevens wrote that a circuit court `` engaged in an indefensible brand of judicial activism '' when it `` refused to follow '' a `` controlling precedent '' of the Supreme Court . The rule that lower courts should abide by controlling precedent , sometimes called `` vertical precedent , '' can safely be called settled law . It appears to be equally well accepted that the act of disregarding vertical precedent qualifies as one kind of judicial activism . `` Horizontal precedent , '' the doctrine requiring a court `` to follow its own prior decisions in similar cases , '' is a more complicated and debatable matter ... ( A ) cademics argue that it is sometimes proper to disregard horizontal precedent . Professor Gary Lawson , for example , has argued that stare decisis itself may be unconstitutional if it requires the Court to adhere to an erroneous reading of the Constitution . `` If the Constitution says X and a prior judicial decision says Y , a court has not merely the power , but the obligation , to prefer the Constitution . '' In the same vein , Professors Ahkil Amar and Vikram Amar have stated , `` Our general view is that the Rehnquist Court 's articulated theory of stare decisis tends to improperly elevate judicial doctrine over the Constitution itself . '' It does so , they argue , `` by requiring excessive deference to past decisions that themselves may have been misinterpretations of the law of the land . For Lawson , Akhil Amar , and Vikram Amar , dismissing erroneous horizontal precedent would not be judicial activism ; instead , it would be appropriate constitutional decisionmaking . -- Walton Myers Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2013 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 01 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Coale & Dyrek , `` First Impressions '' , Appellate Advocate ( Winter 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Auto Equity Sales , Inc. v. Superior Court , 57 Cal . 2d 450 ( 1962 ) . Jump up ^ `` Mandatory v. Persuasive '' . Faculty.law.lsu.edu . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ People v. Leonard , 40 Cal . 4th 1370 , 1416 ( 2007 ) ( Ninth Circuit decisions do not bind Supreme Court of California ) . Jump up ^ `` 51 Texas Law Review 1972 - 1973 Binding Effect of Federal Declaratory Judgments on State Courts Comment '' . Heinonline.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ United States federal courts Jump up ^ Wrabley , Colin E. `` Applying Federal Court of Appeals ' Precedent : Contrasting Approaches to Applying Court of Appeals ' Federal Law Holdings and Erie State Law Predictions , 3 Seton Hall Circuit Rev. 1 ( 2006 ) '' ( PDf ) . m.reedsmith.com . Jump up ^ Marjorie D. Rombauer , Legal Problem Solving : Analysis , Research and Writing , pp. 22 - 23 ( West Publishing Co. , 3d ed. 1978 ) . ( Rombauer was a professor of law at the University of Washington . ) Jump up ^ Sinclair , Michael . `` Precedent , Super-Precedent '' Archived 2007 - 07 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , George Mason Law Review ( 14 Geo . Mason L. Rev. 363 ) ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Landes , William & Posner , Richard . `` Legal Precedent : A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis '' , 19 Journal of Law and Economics 249 , 251 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Hayward , Allison . The Per Curiam Opinion of Steel : Buckley v. Valeo as Superprecedent ? , Cato Supreme Court Review 195 , 202 , ( 2005 - 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Maltz , Earl . `` Abortion , Precedent , and the Constitution : A Comment on Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey '' , 68 Notre Dame L. Rev. 11 ( 1992 ) , quoted by Rosen , Jeffrey.So , Do You Believe in ' Superprecedent ' ? , New York Times ( 2005 - 10 - 30 ) . Jump up ^ Benac , Nancy ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Roberts Repeatedly Dodges Roe v. Wade '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Coale & Couture , Loud Rules , 34 Pepperdine L. Rev. 3 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Allegheny General Hospital v. NLRB , 608 F. 2d 965 , 969 - 970 ( 3rd Cir. 1979 ) ( footnote omitted ) , as quoted in United States Internal Revenue Serv . v. Osborne ( In re Osborne ) , 76 F. 3d 306 , 96 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) paragr . 50,185 ( 9th Cir. 1996 ) . Jump up ^ United States Internal Revenue Serv . v. Osborne ( In re Osborne ) , 76 F. 3d 306 , 96 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) paragr . 50,185 ( 9th Cir. 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Y . McCuskey , Clarity and Clarification : Grable Federal Questions in the Eyes of Their Beholders , 91 NEB . L. REV. 387 , 427 - 430 ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ James H. Fowler and Sangick Jeon , `` The Authority of Supreme Court Precedent , '' Social Networks ( 2007 ) , doi : 10.1016 / j. socnet. 2007.05. 001 Jump up ^ Hasnas , John . HAYEK , THE COMMON LAW , AND FLUID DRIVE ( PDF ) . 1 . NYU Journal of Law & Liberty . pp. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Central Green Co. v. United States , 531 U.S. 425 ( 2001 ) , quoting Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 , 627 ( 1935 ) . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service , Supreme Court Decisions Overruled by Subsequent Decision Archived 2012 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ See O'Gilvie v. United States , 519 U.S. 79 , 84 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Martin , Jacqueline ( 2005 ) . The English Legal System ( 4th ed . ) , p. 25 . London : Hodder Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 89991 - 3 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Golden Rule '' . Lawade.com . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Part E - The rules of statutory interpretation - The golden rule '' . Labspace . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , State Oil Co. v. Khan , 93 F. 3d 1358 ( 7th Cir. 1996 ) , in which Judge Richard Posner followed the applicable Supreme Court precedent , while harshly criticizing it , which led the Supreme Court to overrule that precedent in State Oil Co. v. Khan , 522 U.S. 3 ( 1997 ) ; see also the concurring opinion of Chief Judge Walker in National Abortion Federation v. Gonzalez , 437 F. 3d 278 ( 2d Cir. 2006 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Hilton vs. Carolina Pub . Rys . Comm'n. , 502 U.S. 197 , 202 , 112 S. Ct. 560 , 565 ( 1991 ) ( `` we will not depart from the doctrine of stare decisis without some compelling justification '' ) . Jump up ^ A Matter of Interpretation . Jump up ^ Thomas , Clarence ( 1991 ) . ( U.S. ) Senate Confirmation Hearings . qtd . by Jan Crawford Greenburg on PBS ( June 2003 ) Accessed 8 January 2007 UTC . Jump up ^ Ringel , Jonathan ( 2004 ) . `` Fulton County Daily Report - The Bombshell in the Clarence Thomas Biography '' . www.dailyreportonline.com . Jump up ^ Nelson , Caleb ( 2001 ) . `` Stare Decisis and Demonstrably Erroneous Precedent '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Law Review , 84 Va L. Rev. 1 , 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Michael H. Trotter , Profit and the Practice of Law : What 's Happened to the Legal Profession ( Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press , 1997 ) , 161 - 163 . Jump up ^ https://isistatic.org/journal-archive/ma/14_01/mcclellan.pdf Jump up ^ Berland , David ( 2011 ) . Note , `` Stopping the Pendulum : Why Stare Decisis Should Constrain the Court from Further Modification of the Search Incident to Arrest Exception '' . University of Illinois Law Review ( 2011 U. Ill . L. Rev. 695 ) . 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7132214051481074790	List of taekwondo grandmasters	List of Taekwondo grandmasters - wikipedia List of Taekwondo grandmasters This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness . You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries . Many taekwondo grandmasters are natives of South Korea , the birthplace of this widely known martial art This list of taekwondo grandmasters includes notable persons who have been recognized as grandmasters of the Korean martial art of taekwondo . There is no single , universally - recognised set of criteria to define a taekwondo grandmaster ; different organizations and different styles have their own rules . Those listed below are grouped by system : Kukkiwon ( widely known as the World Taekwondo ) , International Taekwon - Do Federation ( ITF ) , and other systems ( which includes some persons receiving ranks from taekwondo organisations that predate the other two systems , e.g. , the original Korea Taekwondo Association ( KTA ) ) and United Taekwondo Association UWTA . Also WANIN DO By Grandmaster Kyong Lee of Toronto , Canada . Contents 1 Kukkiwon ( World Taekwondo ) 2 International Taekwon - Do Federation ( ITF ) and International Chang - Hon Taekwondo Federation ( ITCF ) 3 Other taekwondo systems 4 See also 5 References Kukkiwon ( World Taekwondo ) ( edit ) This list includes persons who : are ranked at least 9th dan by Kukkiwon ( the highest rank normally awarded to living persons within that system ) ; are notable as individuals ; and are notable for their contribution to taekwondo . Name Rank Life Residence Prominence References Grandmaster Man Hee Han 9th dan 1938 - United States Grandmaster Han was on the Board of Directors of the Korean Tae Kwon Do Federation in its early days . He helped design the Palgue forms presently used by the World Tae Kwon Do Federation . Grandmaster Man Hee Han is the founder of the Youn Wha Ryu System of martial arts . It is based in traditional Tae Kwon Do , incorporating elements of Hapkido , Karate , Kung Fu and Judo . Hong , Sung Chon 9th dan 1945 -- Philippines Kukkiwon Chairman of the Board ( 2016 -- ) . CEO and Chief Instructor of the Philippine Taekwondo Association ( 1975 -- ) Choi , Joon 10th dan 1950 - United States of America Creator Of Battle Of Columbus , Olympic Coach , Founding father of Oriental Martials Arts College , coached teams in the 3rd World Taekwondo Championship - 1977 in Chicago where the team became 3rd place in the world ; , 1988 U.S. National Team Coach for the Seoul Olympics which brought home 11 medals , US women 's Team became 1st place in the world and the Men 's Team became 2nd place in the world . Lee , Eun Woo 9th dan 1948 - South Africa President of Kwanjangdo ( KJD ) in South Africa and the United Kingdom , Technical Director of the Mozambique Taekwondo Federation and Technical Advisor for Swaziland . Kukkiwon Technical Advisor . Lee , Moo Yong 10th dan 1938 - 2016 United States of America 2016 Lifetime Achievement Award from President Obama 's Council on Physical Fitness . Promoted to 10th Dan posthumously on 21 February 2017 . Ahn , Kyongwon 9th dan 1937 -- United States of America Founded United Taekwondo Association ; former president of the United States Taekwondo Union See main article Goh , Chae T . 9th dan 1950s - Korea secretary for 8 / 9 dan testing Co-Grandmaster of the year 1994 . Winner , first king of the world competition ( YouTube ) Cha , Yong - Kil 9th dan 1946 -- Germany President of the Jidokwan Europe Federation Chang , Seong Dong 9th dan 1953 -- South Korea President of Sangrok World Taekwondo Academy , founder of Taekwondo in India Choi , Eung Gil 9th dan unknown - United States of America Korean Special Forces Takewondo champion ( 1975 - 1977 ) Served as Peaceful Unification Advisor for the South Korean Government to improve its relationship with North Korea ( 1999 - 2005 ) Received the Korean Presidential award for outstanding performance as a peaceful unification advisor . Founded the `` Kick Cancer Out of this World '' benefit event which has raised over $120,000 for cancer charities . Awarded the Korean National Medial of Honor ( 10 / 14 / 2017 ) by the Government of South Korea . Choi , Tae - hong 9th dan 1935 -- 2009 United States of America Founded first taekwondo school in Oregon , USA ; former Vice-President of the United States Taekwondo Union See main article Chung , Sun Hwan 9th dan 1940 -- United States of America Founder of Moo Sool Do and President of World Academy of Martial Arts Association . Korean National Champion ( 1963 - 1965 ) . Kukkiwon Advisory Council ( 2008 ) . Hall of Fame - U.S. Taekwondo Grandmasters Society . Former President , U.S.T.U. Michigan Tae Kwon Do Association . Dong , Seung Gyoo 9th dan 1946 -- United States of America President of Advanced World Martial Arts System ; author of several books Kailian , Gregory S . 9th dan 1946 - United States of America 9th dan ( Kukkiwon # 05001960 ) 1st Class Master Instructor ( Kukkiwon # 1647001 ) 1st Class Poom / Dan Promotion Test Examiner ( Kukkiwon # 1020001 ) `` S '' Class World Taekwondo Federation ( WTF ) , International Referee ( WTF IR # 013 - 0625 ) Author , Sport Taekwondo Referee Primer Sport Taekwondo Referee Primer Kil , Sang Sup 9th dan Unknown United States of America Korean National Champion between the years of 1965 and 1968 , Founding President of the United States Han Mu Kwan Federation , President of the Michigan Tae Kwon Do Association Kim , Il - Kwon 9th dan 1942 -- 2015 United States of America Founder and President of the I.K. Kim Ja Be Ryu Tae Kwon Do Organization located in Cincinnati Ohio & President of the World Martial Arts Federation Kim , Ki Whang 9th dan 1920 -- 1993 United States of America Promoted to 9th dan by the KTA ; Chairman of the US Olympic Taekwondo team 1988 . Inducted into Taekwondo Hall of Fame 2009 See main article Lee , Bum - I 9th dan 1938 -- Germany President of the German - Korean culture Federal e.V. ( DKK e.V. ) . Chairman of Taekwondo Instructor Association in Europe . Chairman of the European Taekwondo delegation in Korea . Highest Dan - grade of Europe ( 1985 ) and `` father of Taekwondo '' in Germany . Lives in Hannover . Lee , Chong Soo 9th dan 1938 -- 2017 Canada Father of Canadian Taekwondo Lee , Tae Eun 9th dan Unknown Canada Executive Council member of the World Taekwondo Federation ; Major player in having WTF Taekwondo recognized as an official Olympic sport ; Goodwill Ambassador for the 50th Anniversary of Diplomatic Relations between Korea and Canada , from 3 October 2012 -- 31 December 2013 . Founded his own Taekwondo school in Ottawa . Sell , Edward B 10th dan 1942 - 2014 United States of America Highest ranked non-oriental Taekwondo black belt in the world . The only registered non-Korean posthumous 10th dan in the Kukkiwon . Only non-Korean honored at the Taekwondo Park in Seol , Korea . Founder of the United States Chung Do Kwan Association . Edward B. Sell Lee , Hyeon Kon 9th dan c. 1947 -- United States of America Chairman of Board of Education of Kukkiwon ; former Vice Chairman of Education of the WTF ; author of taekwondo textbook Lee , Kwan Sung 9th dan c. 194 ? -- 2003 United States of America President of Kentucky Taekwondo Association . Mayes , Myong Sok Namkung 9th dan c. 1954 -- United States of America Highest - ranked woman in taekwondo , 1988 US Olympic Coach ( Women 's ) Nardizzi , Donato 9th dan c. 1960 - United Kingdom Former President of ITF England , Chairman of the ITF Children 's Education Committee and creator of the Kids Development Program , 2012 Olympic torchbearer . Nguyen , Dang Phung 9th dan Unknown Australia President of Chang Moo Kwan Australasia , Order of Australia Medal ( OAM ) 2009 See main article Paik , Sang Kee 9th dan 1929 -- 2009 United States of America Early student of B.I. Yoon and first Black Belt of Grand Master Ki Whang Kim ; created Sa - Sang Kwan system . Inducted into Taekwondo Hall of Fame 2013 See main article Park , Dong Keun 9th dan c. 1941 -- United States of America Father of Thai taekwondo ; Head Coach of US Olympic taekwondo team in 1988 and 1992 See main article Pak , Jang Hee 9th dan United States of America Produced 5 Black belt students who have represented the United States National Tae Kwon Do Team , two of whom won gold medals in the Olympic Games . Park , Yeon Hwan 9th dan 1952 -- United States of America Korean National Champion 1971 -- 1975 ; US Olympic Coach ; Pan-American Team Coach ; author of several reference books See main article Park , Young Ghil 9th dan 1941 -- Italy One of Founders of Italian Taekwondo ( three Park Brothers - Sun Jae Park , Young Ghil Park , Chung Un Park ) ; current Honorary President of FITA - Italian Taekwondo Federation ; current Technical Director of WTF Poomsae Committee Shin , Jang - Hwan 9th dan 1951 -- Austria Father of Austrian taekwondo Lee , Hyeon Kon 9th dan c. 1947 -- United States of America Chairman of Board of Education of Kukkiwon ; former Vice Chairman of Education of the WTF ; author of taekwondo textbook . Uses Western and Eastern Medicine concurrently with great success . Became an M.D. in 2000 . Published medical scientist in over 10 journals and one book . Life dedicated to helping the sick return to health . Ko , Tai Jeong 9th dan 1948 - Denmark Former national coach of Denmark - `` Today Ko Tai - Jeong teaches Taekwondo at a Danish højskole ( literally : high school ) a unique Danish type of boarding school for adults dedicated to lifelong learning . The 9th Dan Grandmaster is also the central figure and role model for Sim Uu , a special interest group under the Danish Taekwondo Federation ( and thereby World Taekwondo ) '' Reference : The Smiling Taekwondo Pioneer . Park , Suk Byung 9th dan Unknown - South Korea Founder of Jungdo Federation , Korea Judo National Champion ( 1969 - 1974 ) , Olympic Head Coach -- Netherlands , Yongin University Assistant Professor , Black Belt Man of the Year 1983 , 1993 , 1999 , World Championships -- 2nd Place Nam , Kil , Kim 9th dan Unknown United States of America Founder of the San Diego taekwondo Association founder of the California Tae Kwon Do championship Robinson , Clint 9th dan Unknown United States of America Co-founder of the United World Taekwondo Association . Since 1975 Grandmaster Robinson has trained thousands of students to the highest levels of expertise in the Korean - based martial art . See main article Cho , Woon Sup 9th dan 1952 Norway President of Traditional Taekwond Union ( TTU ) Cho , Byung Kon 9th dan 1947 - United States of America Student of Grand Master Pong Ki Kim and Grand Master Kop Soo Kwon Kukkiwon # 05000166 - Issued : 2001 - 09 - 08 Founder : Wisconsin Governors Cup Founder : Virginia Governors Cup Author : Korean Culture , Tourism and Language Author : Star Taekwon - Do Master 's Course Author : Martial Arts Dynamic Marketing and Management Seminar Author : International Discipline in the Martial Arts Seminar Author : A Health Revolution Secretary General for Korean - American Foundation ( KAF ) Past President of the Virginia State Tae Kwon Do Association Former Secretary General for US Taekwondo Martial Arts Commission Former Flexibility Consultant for Green Bay Packers TaeKwonDo Times Magazine Issue March 1991 Grandmaster Faye Lousise Allman 9th dan 1980 - United Kingdom Student of Grand Master Pong Ki Kim and Grand Master Kop Soo Kwon Kukkiwon # 05000166 - Issued : 2001 - 09 - 08 Founder : Wisconsin Governors Cup Founder : Virginia Governors Cup Author : Korean Culture , Tourism and Language Author : Star Taekwon - Do Master 's Course Author : Martial Arts Dynamic Marketing and Management Seminar Author : International Discipline in the Martial Arts Seminar Author : A Health Revolution Secretary General for Korean - American Foundation ( KAF ) Past President of the Virginia State Tae Kwon Do Association Former Secretary General for US Taekwondo Martial Arts Commission Former Flexibility Consultant for Green Bay Packers UK Taekwondo Mastery Assosiation you forgot grandmaster Sun ki Chong ! :) Richard Chun 9th Dan - November 2017 United States of America Grandmaster Soo Woong Lee 9th Dan - United States of America International Taekwon - Do Federation ( ITF ) and International chang - hon Taekwondo Federation ( itcf ) ( edit ) This list includes persons who : are ranked 9th dan by the ITF ( and thus officially recognised as ' Grand Masters ' within that system ) ; are notable as individuals ; and are notable for their contribution to taekwondo . Name Rank Life Residence Prominence References Grand Master Richard Kang 9th dan unknown USA Grand Master Richard Kang - 9th Dan Black Belt Taekwondo , Black Belt BJJ , and Certified Muay Thai Instructor . Grand master at Kangs MMA in Maryland . staff : Senior Master Martin Kang - 6th Dan Black Belt Taekwondo Master Pat Shepherd - 5th Dan Black Belt Taekwondo and Blue Belt BJJ Master Ian Ishida - 5th Dan Black Belt Taekwondo , Blue Belt BJJ , and Yellow Belt Kumdo Master David Barnette - 4th Dan Black Belt Taekwondo , Blue Belt BJJ , and White Belt Kumdo Mister Victor Almeida - 2nd Dan Black Belt Taekwondo , White Belt BJJ , and White Belt Kumdo Mister Martavious Rodgers - Brown Belt Taekwondo , White Belt BJJ , and White Belt Kumdo 9th Dan Black Belt Taekwondo , Black Belt BJJ , and Certified Muay Thai Instructor Bos , Willem Jacob 9th dan 1952 -- Italy President of the All European Taekwon - Do Federation 2004 -- 2006 ; Technical Director for the Italian Taekwon - Do Federation 1992 -- Choi , Chang Keun 9th dan c. 1940 -- Canada Leading campaign to reunite the ITF ; one of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Choi , Hong Hi 9th dan 1918 -- 2002 Canada Played major role in establishing Taekwon - Do ; inaugural president of the KTA ; founded the ITF ; co-led the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Choi , Jung Hwa 9th dan 1951 -- Canada President of one of the three ITF organisations ; son of H.H. Choi ; involvement in Korean political controversy . Choi Jung Hwa was born on Cheju Island , Korea on 22 May 1951 and has studied Taekwon - Do since the age of 7 , not only under his father , but also under many high ranking and pioneering Taekwon - Do Masters during their visits and stays with General Choi . He served many years on the ITF Executive Board and , later on , Choi Jung Hwa would assist General Choi on many of his International Seminars throughout the world , and later would be appointed by the ITF to conduct these International courses on General Choi 's behalf . Grandmaster Choi held the post as Secretary General of the ITF for several years until elected as General Choi 's successor to the presidency by the ITF members in 2001 at the ITF Congress . Choi Jung Hwa was promoted to 9th - degree Black Belt in 2004 and to the rank of Grandmaster , is the only son of the founder of Taekwon - Do General Choi Hong Hi . Hwang , Kwang Sung 9th dan K - 9 - 1 on 12 / 08 / 1997 Born 1942 , Taegu , Korea United States of America Manchester , Connecticut GM Hwang was one of the first three instructors that General Choi , Hong Hi promoted to the rank of 9th Dan . The list consisted of FGM Rhee , Ki Ha UK - 9 - 1 , GM Hwang Kwang Sung K - 9 - 1 , and GM Charles `` Chuck '' Seriff A-9 - 1 who was also the first non-Asian to receive this honor . GM Hwang began studying at the age of 11 and received his 1st Degree in Tang Soo Do in 1957 , his 2nd Degree in 1961 , his 3rd Degree from the I.T.F. K - 3 - 40 September 18 , 1968 , staying loyal to General Choi Hong Hi through the years . He was at General Choi 's side where he transcribed General Choi 's last words . GM Hwang retired a captain in the ROK Army where he had instructed The Korean Tiger Division , The Korean Army , The U.S. Marines , U.S. Army , Marine , and the Vietnamese Army receiving many Commendations . GM Hwang simultaneously served as special assistant to General Choi , official spokesman of the ITF , chairman of the ITF promotion and merger committees , and Secretary General of the ITF . GM Hwang also served as the head of the KoreAmerica Taekwon - Do Union as requested by General Choi Hong Hi . GM Hwang is now head of the International Taekwon - Do Federation Unified . His mission is to carry on his previous duties as requested by General Choi to work to unify all who practice Taekwon - Do . Howard , Robert 9th dan c. 1938 -- Ireland President of the Republic of Ireland Taekwon - Do Association ; helped establish taekwondo in Ireland ; first European man promoted to 9th dan Cariati , Joe 9th dan unknown Canada Barrett Francis 9th dan. Student of Grand Master Anthony Phelan . 3rd Irishman to be promoted to 9th dan , ITF congress September 2017 , in Pyongyang . Chief instructor to south east of Ireland . 9th dan Head instructor of Woodbridge Taekwondo Group President of International Chang - Hon Taekwondo Federation ( ICTF ) Kong , Young Il 9th dan 1943 -- United States of America One of the few promoted to 9th dan by H.H. Choi ; one of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Massar , Frank 9th dan 1958 -- United Kingdom Founded Massar Taekwondo Association See main article Nam , Tae Hi 9th dan 1929 -- 2013 United States of America Father of Vietnamese taekwondo ; pivotal performance in martial arts demonstration 1954 ; co-led the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Nardizzi , Donato 9th dan 1960 - United Kingdom President of ITF England , Chairman of the ITF Children Development Committee , co-author of the study book and instructor manual of the Taekwondo Kids Development Program , 2012 Olympic Torchbearer . See main article Yogendranathan , Satheshghanna 9th dan 1987 - Canada President of BBC Club , Chairman of the OKM Committee , author of the study book and instructor manual of the Plug Walk , 2018 ROD Torchbearer , loves to juggle balls . See main article Dang , Huy Duc 9th dan 1944 -- United States of America Director of Martial Arts Training Center , South Vietnam National Police Force Headquarters ; one of the few promoted to 9th dan by H.H. Choi Nguyen , Van Binh 9th dan 1936 -- United States of America Chairman of ITF Masters Promotion Committee ; President of ITF - USA ; pioneer of taekwondo in Vietnam Park , Jong Soo 9th dan 1941 -- Canada One of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Rhee , Ki Ha 9th dan 1938 -- United Kingdom Father of British and Irish taekwondo ; one of the few promoted to 9th dan by H.H. Choi ; one of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Sereff , Charles 9th dan 1933 -- United States of America One of the few promoted to 9th dan by H.H. Choi ; founded the United States Taekwon - Do Federation Tran , Trieu Quan 9th dan 1952 -- 2010 Canada President of one of the three ITF organisations from 2003 to 2010 See main article Trajtenberg , Pablo 9th dan c. 1955 -- Argentina President of one of the three ITF organisations after T.Q. Tran 's death in 2010 Kirschbaum , Len G . 9th dan 1955 - United States of America President of IOTF and Founder of the International Academy of TKD . Delegate for H.H. Choi for special certification seminars for ITF . O'Toole , Brendan 9th dan ? Ireland President of the Irish National Taekwon - do Association ( INTA ) . Other Taekwondo systems ( edit ) This list includes persons who : have been widely recognized masters of taekwondo for at least 30 years ; are notable as individuals ; and are notable for their contribution to taekwondo . Name Rank Life Residence Prominence References Cho , Hee Il 9th dan 1940 -- United States of America Founded Action International Martial Arts Association ; wrote several taekwondo books See main article Lee , Haeng Ung 10th dan July 20 , 1936 -- October 5 , 2000 United States of America Founded American Taekwondo Association ; first grandmaster of the ATA ; author of The Way of Traditional Taekwondo Cho , Sihak Henry 9th dan 1934 -- 2012 United States of America Pioneer of taekwondo in the United States of America ; wrote several books ; contributed karate article in World Book Encyclopedia ( 1976 ) See main article Kim , Pyung - soo 10th dan 1939 - United States of America One of only two students that tested and promoted to 5th Dan at the first Korean Tae Soo Do Association exam in 1962 . First correspondent from South Korea to Black Belt Magazine ( 1964 -- 68 ) . Founder of The International Chayon - Ryu Martial Arts Association . Author of three Taekwondo Books ( Ohara Publications ) : Palgue 1 - 2 - 3 of Taekwondo Hyung , Palgue 4 - 5 - 6 of Taekwondo Hyung , Palgue 7 - 8 of Taekwondo Hyung , and one Taekwondo book published in Russia . See main article Choi , Kwang Jo 9th dan 1942 -- United States of America Founded Choi Kwang - Do ; one of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Han , Cha Kyo 9th dan 1934 -- 1996 United States of America One of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Hwang , Kwang Sung 9th dan c. 1942 -- United States of America One of the few promoted to 9th dan by H.H. Choi Kyong Lee 9th dan Canada Founded Wanin Do Park , Jung Tae 9th dan c. 1943 -- 2002 Canada One of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Rhee , Chong Chul 8th dan c. 1935 -- Australia Considered as the Father of Australian taekwondo ; founded Rhee Taekwon - Do ; one of the KTA 's 12 original masters See main article Rhee , Jhoon Goo 10th dan 1932 -- 2018 United States of America Father of American taekwondo Kirschbaum , Len G . 9th dan 1955 - United States of America Founder of Original Taekwon - Do Federation ( IOTF ) on June 17 , 2002 . Served as special ITF seminar instructor and loyal student of Taekwon - Do founder , General Choi Hong Hi . Cheah , Wee Hin ( Steven ) 8th dan Australia Considered one of the fathers of Australian taekwon - do , founded Cheah Taekwon - Do , learned TaeKwon - Do in Malaysia under Gen. Choi and C.K Choi . Oliver , David 9th dan United Kingdom Tae Kwon - Do Association of Great Britain ( T.A.G.B. ) Chairman Jhoon Rhee should be on this list . He is easily the most influential Korean martial artist ever in The U.S. Jay `` Flying Tiger '' Blanton `` 10th `` dan '' United States of America Founder of Mang Ho Ryu Tae Kwon Do System in 1993 Tae Kwon Do System was named by Grandmaster Kang Rhee , Memphis , Tennessee USA Grandmaster Kang Rhee was the Instructor of Elvis Presley and Bill `` Super Foot '' Wallace and many others . Grandmaster Jay `` Flying Tiger '' Blanton has wrote 2 - books on Prevailing Against being bullied , 1 - book on his Tae Kwon Do Martial Arts system history and his training , and a Anti-Bullying Program for schools , colleges , etc . He has been in many martial arts magazines , newspapers , TV news and talk shows . Has won many awards for his community work with bullying and working with Veterans with P.T.S.D. See also ( edit ) Original masters of taekwondo References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Chairman of the Board '' . www.kukkiwon.or.kr . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Kwanjangdo - Martial Arts Academy '' . www.kwanjangdo.com . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Untitled '' . www.mooyonglee.com . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Master Moo Yong Lee '' . United Tae Kwon Do . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Grandmaster Cha Yong - Kil Retrieved on 17 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` SANGROK World Taekwondo Academy '' . sangrokgym.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Masters & Instructors '' . USTMA . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` TKDTimes_March2007 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` 140G - 17 '' . chungsunhwan.com . Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Sun Hwan Chung - Hall of Fame Induction '' . usgrandmasters.com . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Greats of Tae Kwon Do - USA - Grand Master Sun Hwan Chung '' . lacancha.com . Jump up ^ Grandmaster Seung Gyoo Dong Tae Kwon Do : Grandmaster S. Dong ( c. 2012 ) . Retrieved on 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Grandmaster Sang Sup Kil Tae Kwon Do ( c. 2013 ) . Retrieved on 20 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Grandmaster Grand Master Il - Kwon Kim Retrieved on 10 Feb 2013 . Jump up ^ Großmeister LEE , BUM - I ( 9 . Dan ) ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Grandmaster LEE , BUM - I ( 9th Dan ) ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on 28 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Chong Lee Taekwondo : Grand Master Chong Lee ( 2010 ) . Retrieved on 24 December 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tae E. Lee Taekwondo / / About Us : Grandmaster Tae E. Lee '' . www.TaeLee.ca . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tae E. Lee Taekwondo / / Home '' . www.TaeLee.ca . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` United States Chung Do Kwan Association '' . www.USCDKA.com . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` My Story '' . tkd.GrandmasterEdwardSell.com . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Grandmaster H.K. Lee Tae Kwon Do : Grandmaster H.K. Lee ( c. 2004 ) . Retrieved on 1 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Richmond Sunlight : House Resolution no . 503 ( Virginia General Assembly , 10 May 2006 ) . Retrieved on 24 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : DiCicco , M. ( 2009 ) : Following Tae Kwon Do to its origins : Members of area studio return from expo in Korea with medals , memories , fighting skills Connection Newspapers ( 26 August 2009 ) . Retrieved on 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Grandmaster K.S. Lee Tae Kwon Do : Grandmaster K.S. Lee ( c. 2011 ) . Retrieved on 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Amadio , K. ( c. 2008 ) : Tae Kwon Do belt system Retrieved on 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ US Taekwondo Center : Grand Master Myong Sok Namkung Mayes ( c. 2008 ) . Retrieved on 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ USA Taekwondo : Life Members & Application ( 2009 ) . Retrieved on 20 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Hawkins , P. ( 2004 ) : An interview with Grandmaster Lee Yoo Sun Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Totally Tae Kwon Do , 5 : 9 -- 15 . Jump up ^ Lee , K. - M. ( 2000 ) : Taekwondo on the world stage Koreana : A quarterly on Korean art and culture , 14 ( 4 ) : 20 -- 23 . Retrieved on 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Fumarola , M. ( c. 1998 ) : Taekwondo Magazine : Il Taekwondo in Italia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved on 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kang , S. - W. ( 2009 ) : Choue re-elected as WTF head The Korea Times ( 14 October 2009 ) . Retrieved on 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Koryo Wien '' . www.Koryo.at . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Master Byung Kon Cho '' . Cho 's Black Belt Academy Inc . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Totally Tae Kwon Do Magazine '' . www.RaynersLaneTKD.com . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Choi , H.H. ( 1993 ) : Taekwon - Do : The Korean art of self - defence , 3rd ed . ( Vol. 1 , p. 122 ) . Mississauga : International Taekwon - Do Federation . Jump up ^ Biography GM 9th degree Black Belt ITF : ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Organization chart of the Italian Taekwondo Federation F.I. TAE. : ( 3 ) . Jump up ^ ITF Taekwon - Do : Grandmaster Choi Jung Hwa Retrieved on 17 November 2016 Jump up ^ Blue Cottage Taekwon - Do : Grandmaster Choi Jung Hwa Retrieved on 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Chait , L. ( 2008 ) : President Choi Jung Hwa ( 9 January 2008 ) . Retrieved on 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ BBC News : N Korea ' hired taekwondo killers ' ( 9 September 2008 ) . Retrieved on 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ http://www.unified-itf.com/index.php/about-us/history-of-gm-hwang Jump up ^ `` Grandmaster Hwang Bio '' . katu-itf.Tripod.com . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Personal Conversations with GM Hwang , Kwang Sung and General Choi Hong Hi ; Peter M. Thompson Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived 25 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gavan Reilly. `` 72 - year - old Dubliner promoted to Taekwon - do grandmaster '' . TheJournal.ie . Jump up ^ `` Irishman in Taekwon - do hall of fame '' . The Irish Times . 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Woodbridge Taekwon - Do in Woodbridge , Vaughan , Ontario . Founder : Grand Master J. Cariati , IX Dan '' . www.WoodbridgeTaekwondo.com . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ictf '' . ictf . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Duc Dang Martial Arts : Grandmaster Dang Huy Duc Retrieved on 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Blue Cottage Taekwon - Do : IX Black Belt Directory Retrieved on 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Anslow , S. ( 2010 ) : Totally TKD Q & A Totally Tae Kwon Do , 11 : 13 -- 14 . Jump up ^ Taekwon - Do Center : Grandmaster Van Binh Nguyen , IXth Degree Retrieved on 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Van Binh Self Defense Academy : History Retrieved on 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ International Taekwon - Do Federation USA : Board of Directors Retrieved on 5 March 2010 . Jump up ^ World Black Belt : Charles Sereff ( c. 2005 ) . Retrieved on 22 April 2009 . Jump up ^ United States Taekwon - Do Federation : Organization Retrieved on 23 February 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nowling , D.G. ( 2008 ) : Hwang , Kwang - Sung ( 2 June 2008 ) . Retrieved on 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Loboda , T. , & Jedut , J. ( 2004 ) : Interview with ITF Vice-President Senior Master Pablo Trajtenberg ( 24 October 2004 ) . Retrieved on 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Kingdom Schools of Taekwon - Do : Adrian O'Mahoney ( c. 2009 ) . Retrieved on 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ International Taekwon - Do Federation : Board of Directors ( c. 2009 ) . Retrieved on 23 February 2010 . Jump up ^ International Taekwon - Do Federation : Grand Master Tran update ( 31 January 2010 ) . Retrieved on 19 February 2010 . Jump up ^ User , Super . `` Grand Master O'Toole '' . www.inta.ie . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ https://ataonline.com/about/leadership/eternal.asp Jump up ^ United International Taekwon - Do Federation : Grandmaster Hwang , Kwang Sung ( c. 2005 ) . Retrieved on 24 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TAGB Chairman Dave Oliver 9th Dan Grand Master '' . www.maionline.co.uk . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_taekwondo_grandmasters&oldid=853163127 '' Categories : Taekwondo - related lists Lists of martial artists Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Italian - language external links Dynamic lists All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 August 2018 , at 20 : 59 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what is the highest rank of black belt in taekwondo	[ "are ranked at least 9th dan by Kukkiwon (the highest rank normally awarded to living persons within that system);" ]	[ "9th dan" ]
-8946532121524206623	American Revolution	American Revolution - wikipedia American Revolution Jump to : navigation , search This article is about political and social developments , and the origin and aftermath of the war . For military actions , see American Revolutionary War . For other uses , see American Revolution ( disambiguation ) . In this article , inhabitants of the Thirteen Colonies who supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as `` Americans '' or `` Patriots , '' and sometimes as `` Whigs , '' `` Rebels , '' or `` Revolutionaries . '' Colonists who supported the British side are called `` Loyalists '' or `` Tories '' . In accordance with the policy of this encyclopedia , this article uses American English terminology . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence , showing the Committee of Five presenting its plan for independence to Congress on June 28 , 1776 Part of a series on Revolution Types ( show ) Colour Communist Democratic Nonviolent Permanent Political Proletarian Social Wave Methods ( show ) Boycott Civil disobedience Civil war Class conflict Coup d'état Demonstration Guerrilla warfare Insurgency Nonviolent resistance Protest Rebellion Revolutionary terror Samizdat Strike action Tax resistance Causes ( show ) Authoritarianism Autocracy Capitalism Collaborationism Colonialism Communism Cronyism Despotism Dictatorship Discrimination Economic depression Economic inequality Electoral fraud Famine Fascism Feudalism Imperialism Military occupation Monarchy Natural disaster Nepotism Persecution Political corruption Political repression Poverty Totalitarianism Unemployment Examples ( show ) Commercial Revolution Industrial Revolution English Revolution Atlantic Revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Haitian Revolution Serbian Revolution Revolutions of 1820 Revolutions of 1830 Belgian Revolution Texas Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Hungarian Revolution of 1848 Philippine Revolution Persian Constitutional Revolution Young Turk Revolution Mexican Revolution Xinhai Revolution Revolutions of 1917 -- 23 Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Guatemalan Revolution Chinese Communist Revolution Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Cuban Revolution Rwandan Revolution Cultural Revolution Nicaraguan Revolution Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution People Power Revolution Carnation Revolution Revolutions of 1989 Velvet Revolution Romanian Revolution Singing Revolution Bolivarian Revolution Bulldozer Revolution Rose Revolution Orange Revolution Tulip Revolution Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 Arab Spring Tunisian Revolution Yemeni Revolution Euromaidan Politics portal The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783 . The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain , becoming the United States of America . They defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War in alliance with France and others . Members of American colonial society argued the position of `` no taxation without representation '' , starting with the Stamp Act Congress in 1765 . They rejected the authority of the British Parliament to tax them because they lacked representation in Parliament . Protests steadily escalated to the burning of the Gaspee in Rhode Island in 1772 , followed by the Boston Tea Party in 1773 , during which patriots destroyed a consignment of taxed tea . The British responded by closing Boston Harbor , then followed with a series of legislative acts which effectively rescinded Massachusetts Bay Colony 's rights of self - government and caused the other colonies to rally behind Massachusetts . In late 1774 , the Patriots set up their own alternative government to better coordinate their resistance efforts against Great Britain ; other colonists preferred to remain aligned to the British Crown and were known as Loyalists or Tories . Tensions erupted into battle between Patriot militia and British regulars when the British attempted to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies at Lexington and Concord in April 1775 . The conflict then developed into a global war , during which the Patriots ( and later their French , Spanish , and Dutch allies ) fought the British and Loyalists in what became known as the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) . Each of the thirteen colonies formed a Provincial Congress that assumed power from the old colonial governments and suppressed Loyalism , and from there they built a Continental Army under the leadership of General George Washington . The Continental Congress determined King George 's rule to be tyrannical and infringing the colonists ' rights as Englishmen , and they declared the colonies free and independent states on July 2 , 1776 . The Patriot leadership professed the political philosophies of liberalism and republicanism to reject monarchy and aristocracy , and they proclaimed that all men are created equal . The Continental Army forced the British out of Boston in 1776 , but the British captured and held New York City for the duration of the war . The British blockaded ports and captured other cities for brief periods , but they failed to defeat Washington 's forces . The Patriots unsuccessfully attempted to invade Canada during the winter of 1775 -- 76 , but they captured a British army at the Battle of Saratoga in late 1777 , and the French entered the war as allies of the United States as a result . The war later turned to the American South where the British under the leadership of Charles Cornwallis captured an army at South Carolina but failed to enlist enough volunteers from Loyalist civilians to take effective control of the territory . A combined American -- French force captured a second British army at Yorktown in 1781 , effectively ending the war in the United States . The Treaty of Paris in 1783 formally ended the conflict , confirming the new nation 's complete separation from the British Empire . The United States took possession of nearly all the territory east of the Mississippi River and south of the Great Lakes , with the British retaining control of Canada and Spain taking Florida . Among the significant results of the revolution was the creation of a new Constitution of the United States . The new Constitution established a relatively strong federal national government that included an executive , a national judiciary , and a bicameral Congress that represented states in the Senate and the population in the House of Representatives . The Revolution also resulted in the migration of around 60,000 Loyalists to other British territories , especially British North America ( Canada ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin 1.1 1651 -- 1748 : Early seeds 1.2 1764 -- 1766 : Taxes imposed and withdrawn 1.3 1767 -- 1773 : Townshend Acts and the Tea Act 1.4 1774 -- 1775 : Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act 2 Military hostilities begin 3 Creating new state constitutions 4 Independence and Union 5 Defending the Revolution 5.1 British return : 1776 -- 1777 5.2 Prisoners 5.3 American alliances after 1778 5.4 The British move South , 1778 -- 1783 5.4. 1 Surrender at Yorktown ( 1781 ) 5.5 The end of the war 6 Peace treaty 6.1 Impact on Britain 7 Finance 8 Concluding the Revolution 8.1 Creating a `` more perfect union '' and guaranteeing rights 8.2 National debt 9 Ideology and factions 9.1 Ideology behind the Revolution 9.1. 1 Liberalism 9.1. 2 Republicanism 9.1. 2.1 Fusing republicanism and liberalism 9.1. 3 Impact of Great Awakening 9.2 Class and psychology of the factions 9.3 King George III 9.4 Patriots 9.5 Loyalists 9.6 Neutrals 9.7 Role of women 10 Other participants 10.1 France 10.2 Spain 10.3 American Indians 10.4 Black Americans 11 Effects of the Revolution 11.1 Loyalist expatriation 11.2 Interpretations 11.3 Inspiring all colonies 11.4 Status of American women 11.5 Status of African Americans 11.6 Memory 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Bibliography 15.1 Reference works 15.2 Surveys of the era 15.3 Specialized studies 15.4 Historiography 15.5 Primary sources 15.6 Contemporary sources : Annual Register 16 External links Origin See also : Thirteen Colonies Eastern North America in 1775 . The British Province of Quebec , the Thirteen Colonies on the Atlantic coast , and the Indian Reserve as defined by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 . The 1763 `` Proclamation line '' comprises the border between the red and the pink areas , while the orange area represents the Spanish claim . Historians typically begin their histories of the American Revolution with the British coalition victory in the Seven Years ' War in 1763 . The North American theater of the Seven Years ' War , commonly known as the French and Indian War in the United States , removed France as a major player in North American affairs and led to the cession of the territory of New France to Great Britain . Lawrence Henry Gipson , the historian of the British Empire , states : It may be said as truly that the American Revolution was an aftermath of the Anglo - French conflict in the New World carried on between 1754 and 1763 . The Royal Proclamation of 1763 may have played a role in the separation of the United States from Great Britain , as colonists at the time wanted to continue in the economically beneficial cultural practice of taking land for one 's own livelihood as part of the drive west . The lands west of Quebec and west of a line running along the crest of the Allegheny mountains became Indian territory , temporarily barred to settlement . 1651 -- 1748 : early seeds Main articles : Navigation Acts , Dominion of New England , King Philip 's War , and War of the Austrian Succession As early as 1651 , the English government had sought to regulate trade in the American colonies . On October 9 , the Navigation Acts were passed to ensure that trade enriched only Britain , barring trade with other nations . Some argue that the economic impact was minimal on the colonists , but the political friction which the acts triggered was more serious , as the merchants most directly affected were most politically active . King Philip 's War ended in 1678 , and much of it was fought without significant assistance from England . This contributed to the development of a unique identity , separate from that of Britain . In the 1680s , King Charles II determined to bring the New England colonies under a more centralized administration in order to regulate trade more effectively . His efforts were fiercely opposed by the colonists , resulting in the abrogation of their colonial charter by the Crown . Charles ' successor James II finalized these efforts in 1686 , establishing the Dominion of New England . Dominion rule triggered bitter resentment throughout New England ; the enforcement of the unpopular Navigation Acts and the curtailing of local democracy angered the colonists . New Englanders were encouraged , however , by a change of government in England that saw James II effectively abdicate , and a populist uprising overthrew Dominion rule on April 18 , 1689 . Colonial governments reasserted their control in the wake of the revolt , and successive governments made no more attempts to restore the Dominion . Subsequent English governments continued in their efforts to tax certain goods , passing acts regulating the trade of wool , hats , and molasses . The Molasses Act of 1733 in particular was egregious to the colonists , as a significant part of colonial trade relied on the product . The taxes severely damaged the New England economy , and the taxes were rarely paid as a result , resulting in a surge of smuggling , bribery , and intimidation of customs officials . Colonial wars fought in America were often the source of considerable tension . The British captured the fortress of Louisbourg during the War of the Austrian Succession , but then ceded it back to France in 1748 . New England colonists resented their losses of lives , as well as the effort and expenditure involved in subduing the fortress , only to have it returned to their erstwhile enemy . 1764 -- 1766 : taxes imposed and withdrawn Main articles : Sugar Act , Currency Act , Quartering Acts , Stamp Act 1765 , and Declaratory Act Further information : No taxation without representation and Virtual representation Notice of Stamp Act of 1765 in newspaper In 1764 , Parliament passed the Currency Act to restrain the use of paper money , fearing that otherwise the colonists might evade debt payments . Parliament also passed the Sugar Act , imposing customs duties on a number of articles . That same year , Prime Minister George Grenville proposed direct taxes on the colonies to raise revenue , but he delayed action to see whether the colonies would propose some way to raise the revenue themselves . Parliament finally passed the Stamp Act in March 1765 which imposed direct taxes on the colonies for the first time . All official documents , newspapers , almanacs , and pamphlets were required to have the stamps -- even decks of playing cards . The colonists did not object that the taxes were high ; they were actually low . They objected to the fact that they had no representation in the Parliament , and thus no voice concerning legislation that affected them . Benjamin Franklin testified in Parliament in 1766 that Americans already contributed heavily to the defense of the Empire . He said that local governments had raised , outfitted , and paid 25,000 soldiers to fight France -- as many as Britain itself sent -- and spent many millions from American treasuries doing so in the French and Indian War alone . London had to deal with 1,500 politically well - connected British Army soldiers . The decision was to keep them on active duty with full pay , but they had to be stationed somewhere . Stationing a standing army in Great Britain during peacetime was politically unacceptable , so the decision was made to station them in America and have the Americans pay them . The soldiers had no military mission ; they were not there to defend the colonies because there was no threat to the colonies . The Sons of Liberty were formed in 1765 . They used public demonstrations , boycott , violence , and threats of violence to ensure that the British tax laws were unenforceable . In Boston , the Sons of Liberty burned the records of the vice admiralty court and looted the home of chief justice Thomas Hutchinson . Several legislatures called for united action , and nine colonies sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress in New York City in October 1765 . Moderates led by John Dickinson drew up a `` Declaration of Rights and Grievances '' stating that taxes passed without representation violated their rights as Englishmen . Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise . The Parliament at Westminster saw itself as the supreme lawmaking authority throughout all British possessions and thus entitled to levy any tax without colonial approval . They argued that the colonies were legally British corporations that were completely subordinate to the British parliament and pointed to numerous instances where Parliament had made laws binding on the colonies in the past . They did not see anything in the unwritten British constitution that made taxes special and noted that they had taxed American trade for decades . Parliament insisted that the colonies effectively enjoyed a `` virtual representation '' as most British people did , as only a small minority of the British population elected representatives to Parliament . Americans such as James Otis maintained that the Americans were not in fact virtually represented . In London , the Rockingham government came to power ( July 1765 ) and Parliament debated whether to repeal the stamp tax or to send an army to enforce it . Benjamin Franklin made the case for repeal , explaining that the colonies had spent heavily in manpower , money , and blood in defense of the empire in a series of wars against the French and Indians , and that further taxes to pay for those wars were unjust and might bring about a rebellion . Parliament agreed and repealed the tax ( February 21 , 1766 ) , but insisted in the Declaratory Act of March 1766 that they retained full power to make laws for the colonies `` in all cases whatsoever '' . The repeal nonetheless caused widespread celebrations in the colonies . 1767 -- 1773 : Townshend Acts and the tea Act Main articles : Townshend Acts and Tea Act Further information : Massachusetts Circular Letter , Boston Massacre , and Boston Tea Party Burning of the Gaspee In 1767 , the Parliament passed the Townshend Acts which placed duties on a number of essential goods , including paper , glass , and tea , and established a Board of Customs in Boston to more rigorously execute trade regulations . The new taxes were enacted on the belief that Americans only objected to internal taxes and not to external taxes such as custom duties . The Americans , however , argued against the constitutionality of the act because its purpose was to raise revenue and not regulate trade . Colonists responded by organizing new boycotts of British goods . These boycotts were less effective , however , as the Townshend goods were widely used . In February 1768 , the Assembly of Massachusetts Bay issued a circular letter to the other colonies urging them to coordinate resistance . The governor dissolved the assembly when it refused to rescind the letter . Meanwhile , a riot broke out in Boston in June 1768 over the seizure of the sloop Liberty , owned by John Hancock , for alleged smuggling . Customs officials were forced to flee , prompting the British to deploy troops to Boston . A Boston town meeting declared that no obedience was due to parliamentary laws and called for the convening of a convention . A convention assembled but only issued a mild protest before dissolving itself . In January 1769 , Parliament responded to the unrest by reactivating the Treason Act 1543 which called for subjects outside the realm to face trials for treason in England . The governor of Massachusetts was instructed to collect evidence of said treason , and the threat caused widespread outrage , though it was not carried out . On March 5 , 1770 , a large crowd gathered around a group of British soldiers . The crowd grew threatening , throwing snowballs , rocks , and debris at them . One soldier was clubbed and fell . There was no order to fire , but the soldiers fired into the crowd anyway . They hit 11 people ; three civilians died at the scene of the shooting , and two died after the incident . The event quickly came to be called the Boston Massacre . The soldiers were tried and acquitted ( defended by John Adams ) , but the widespread descriptions soon began to turn colonial sentiment against the British . This , in turn , began a downward spiral in the relationship between Britain and the Province of Massachusetts . A new ministry under Lord North came to power in 1770 , and Parliament withdrew all taxes except the tax on tea , giving up its efforts to raise revenue while maintaining the right to tax . This temporarily resolved the crisis , and the boycott of British goods largely ceased , with only the more radical patriots such as Samuel Adams continuing to agitate . This 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled `` The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor '' ; the phrase `` Boston Tea Party '' had not yet become standard . In June 1772 , American patriots , including John Brown , burned a British warship that had been vigorously enforcing unpopular trade regulations in what became known as the Gaspee Affair . The affair was investigated for possible treason , but no action was taken . In 1772 , it became known that the Crown intended to pay fixed salaries to the governors and judges in Massachusetts . Samuel Adams in Boston set about creating new Committees of Correspondence , which linked Patriots in all 13 colonies and eventually provided the framework for a rebel government . Virginia , the largest colony , set up its Committee of Correspondence in early 1773 , on which Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson served . A total of about 7000 to 8000 Patriots served on `` Committees of Correspondence '' at the colonial and local levels , comprising most of the leadership in their communities . Loyalists were excluded . The committees became the leaders of the American resistance to British actions , and largely determined the war effort at the state and local level . When the First Continental Congress decided to boycott British products , the colonial and local Committees took charge , examining merchant records and publishing the names of merchants who attempted to defy the boycott by importing British goods . In 1773 , private letters were published in which Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson claimed that the colonists could not enjoy all English liberties , and Lieutenant Governor Andrew Oliver called for the direct payment of colonial officials . The letters ' contents were used as evidence of a systematic plot against American rights , and discredited Hutchinson in the eyes of the people ; the Assembly petitioned for his recall . Benjamin Franklin , postmaster general for the colonies , acknowledged that he leaked the letters , which led to him being berated by British officials and fired from his job . Meanwhile , Parliament passed the Tea Act to lower the price of taxed tea exported to the colonies in order to help the East India Company undersell smuggled Dutch tea . Special consignees were appointed to sell the tea in order to bypass colonial merchants . The act was opposed by those who resisted the taxes and also by smugglers who stood to lose business . In most instances , the consignees were forced to resign and the tea was turned back , but Massachusetts governor Hutchinson refused to allow Boston merchants to give in to pressure . A town meeting in Boston determined that the tea would not be landed , and ignored a demand from the governor to disperse . On December 16 , 1773 , a group of men , led by Samuel Adams and dressed to evoke the appearance of American Indians , boarded the ships of the British East India Company and dumped £ 10,000 worth of tea from their holds ( approximately £ 636,000 in 2008 ) into Boston Harbor . Decades later , this event became known as the Boston Tea Party and remains a significant part of American patriotic lore . 1774 -- 1775 : Intolerable Acts and the Quebec Act A 1774 etching from The London Magazine , copied by Paul Revere of Boston . Prime Minister Lord North , author of the Boston Port Act , forces the Intolerable Acts down the throat of America , whose arms are restrained by Lord Chief Justice Mansfield , while Lord Sandwich pins down her feet and peers up her robes . Behind them , Mother Britannia weeps helplessly . Main articles : Quebec Act and Intolerable Acts The British government responded by passing several Acts which came to be known as the Intolerable Acts , which further darkened colonial opinion towards the British . They consisted of four laws enacted by the British parliament . The first was the Massachusetts Government Act which altered the Massachusetts charter and restricted town meetings . The second act was the Administration of Justice Act which ordered that all British soldiers to be tried were to be arraigned in Britain , not in the colonies . The third Act was the Boston Port Act , which closed the port of Boston until the British had been compensated for the tea lost in the Boston Tea Party . The fourth Act was the Quartering Act of 1774 , which allowed royal governors to house British troops in the homes of citizens without requiring permission of the owner . In response , Massachusetts patriots issued the Suffolk Resolves and formed an alternative shadow government known as the `` Provincial Congress '' which began training militia outside British - occupied Boston . In September 1774 , the First Continental Congress convened , consisting of representatives from each of the colonies , to serve as a vehicle for deliberation and collective action . During secret debates , conservative Joseph Galloway proposed the creation of a colonial Parliament that would be able to approve or disapprove of acts of the British Parliament , but his idea was not accepted . The Congress instead endorsed the proposal of John Adams that Americans would obey Parliament voluntarily but would resist all taxes in disguise . Congress called for a boycott beginning on 1 December 1774 of all British goods ; it was enforced by new committees authorized by the Congress . Military hostilities begin Join , or Die by Benjamin Franklin was recycled to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule . Further information : Shot heard ' round the world , Boston campaign , Invasion of Canada ( 1775 ) , and American Revolutionary War Massachusetts was declared in a state of rebellion in February 1775 and the British garrison received orders to disarm the rebels and arrest their leaders , leading to the Battles of Lexington and Concord on 19 April 1775 . The Patriots laid siege to Boston , expelled royal officials from all the colonies , and took control through the establishment of Provincial Congresses . The Battle of Bunker Hill followed on June 17 , 1775 . It was a British victory -- but at a great cost : about 1,000 British casualties from a garrison of about 6,000 , as compared to 500 American casualties from a much larger force . The Second Continental Congress was divided on the best course of action , but eventually produced the Olive Branch Petition , in which they attempted to come to an accord with King George . The king , however , issued a Proclamation of Rebellion which stated that the states were `` in rebellion '' and the members of Congress were traitors . In the winter of 1775 , the Americans invaded Canada under generals Benedict Arnold and Richard Montgomery . The attack was a complete failure ; many Americans who were n't killed were either captured or died of smallpox . In March 1776 , the Continental Army forced the British to evacuate Boston , with George Washington as the commander of the new army . The revolutionaries were now in full control of all 13 colonies and were ready to declare independence . There still were many Loyalists , but they were no longer in control anywhere by July 1776 , and all of the Royal officials had fled . Creating New state constitutions Following the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775 , the Patriots had control of Massachusetts outside the Boston city limits , and the Loyalists suddenly found themselves on the defensive with no protection from the British army . In all 13 colonies , Patriots had overthrown their existing governments , closing courts and driving away British officials . They had elected conventions and `` legislatures '' that existed outside any legal framework ; new constitutions were drawn up in each state to supersede royal charters . They declared that they were states now , not colonies . On January 5 , 1776 , New Hampshire ratified the first state constitution . In May 1776 , Congress voted to suppress all forms of crown authority , to be replaced by locally created authority . Virginia , South Carolina , and New Jersey created their constitutions before July 4 . Rhode Island and Connecticut simply took their existing royal charters and deleted all references to the crown . The new states were all committed to republicanism , with no inherited offices . They decided what form of government to create , and also how to select those who would craft the constitutions and how the resulting document would be ratified . On 26 May 1776 , John Adams wrote James Sullivan from Philadelphia : `` Depend upon it , sir , it is dangerous to open so fruitful a source of controversy and altercation , as would be opened by attempting to alter the qualifications of voters . There will be no end of it . New claims will arise . Women will demand a vote . Lads from twelve to twenty one will think their rights not enough attended to , and every man , who has not a farthing , will demand an equal voice with any other in all acts of state . It tends to confound and destroy all distinctions , and prostrate all ranks , to one common level '' . The resulting constitutions in states such as Maryland , Virginia , Delaware , New York , and Massachusetts featured : Property qualifications for voting and even more substantial requirements for elected positions ( though New York and Maryland lowered property qualifications ) Bicameral legislatures , with the upper house as a check on the lower Strong governors with veto power over the legislature and substantial appointment authority Few or no restraints on individuals holding multiple positions in government The continuation of state - established religion Benjamin Rush , 1783 In Pennsylvania , New Jersey , and New Hampshire , the resulting constitutions embodied : universal manhood suffrage , or minimal property requirements for voting or holding office ( New Jersey enfranchised some property - owning widows , a step that it retracted 25 years later ) strong , unicameral legislatures relatively weak governors without veto powers , and with little appointing authority prohibition against individuals holding multiple government posts The radical provisions of Pennsylvania 's constitution lasted only 14 years . In 1790 , conservatives gained power in the state legislature , called a new constitutional convention , and rewrote the constitution . The new constitution substantially reduced universal male suffrage , gave the governor veto power and patronage appointment authority , and added an upper house with substantial wealth qualifications to the unicameral legislature . Thomas Paine called it a constitution unworthy of America . Independence and union Johannes Adam Simon Oertel . Pulling Down the Statue of King George III , N.Y.C. , ca . 1859 . The painting is a romanticized version of the Sons of Liberty destroying the symbol of monarchy following the reading of the United States Declaration of Independence to the Continental Army and residents on the New York City commons by George Washington , July 9th , 1776 . Further information : Lee Resolution , Articles of Confederation , Committee of Five , and United States Declaration of Independence In April 1776 , the North Carolina Provincial Congress issued the Halifax Resolves , explicitly authorizing its delegates to vote for independence . In May , Congress called on all the states to write constitutions and eliminate the last remnants of royal rule . By June , nine colonies were ready for independence ; one by one , the last four fell into line -- Pennsylvania , Delaware , Maryland , and New York . Richard Henry Lee was instructed by the Virginia legislature to propose independence , and he did so on June 7 , 1776 . On the 11th , a committee was created to draft a document explaining the justifications for separation from Britain . After securing enough votes for passage , independence was voted for on July 2 . The Declaration of Independence was drafted largely by Thomas Jefferson and presented by the committee ; it unanimously adopted by the entire Congress on July 4 . Historian George Billias says : Independence amounted to a new status of interdependence : the United States was now a sovereign nation entitled to the privileges and responsibilities that came with that status . America thus became a member of the international community , which meant becoming a maker of treaties and alliances , a military ally in diplomacy , and a partner in foreign trade on a more equal basis . The Second Continental Congress approved a new constitution , the `` Articles of Confederation , '' for ratification by the states on November 15 , 1777 , and immediately began operating under their terms . The Articles were formally ratified on March 1 , 1781 . At that point , the Continental Congress was dissolved and a new government of the United States in Congress Assembled took its place on the following day , with Samuel Huntington as presiding officer . Defending the Revolution Main article : American Revolutionary War British return : 1776 -- 1777 Further information : New York and New Jersey campaign , Staten Island Peace Conference , Saratoga campaign , and Philadelphia campaign According to British historian Jeremy Black , the British had significant advantages , including a highly trained army , the world 's largest navy , and a highly efficient system of public finance that could easily fund the war . However , the British were seriously handicapped by their misunderstanding of the depth of support for the Patriot position . Ignoring the advice of General Gage , they misinterpreted the situation as merely a large - scale riot . London decided that they could overawe the Americans by sending a large military and naval force , forcing them to be loyal again : Convinced that the Revolution was the work of a full few miscreants who had rallied an armed rabble to their cause , they expected that the revolutionaries would be intimidated ... . Then the vast majority of Americans , who were loyal but cowed by the terroristic tactics ... would rise up , kick out the rebels , and restore loyal government in each colony . Washington forced the British out of Boston in the spring of 1776 , and neither the British nor the Loyalists controlled any significant areas . The British , however , were massing forces at their naval base at Halifax , Nova Scotia . They returned in force in July 1776 , landing in New York and defeating Washington 's Continental Army in August at the Battle of Brooklyn . Following that victory , the British requested a meeting with representatives from Congress to negotiate an end to hostilities . A delegation including John Adams and Benjamin Franklin met Howe on Staten Island in New York Harbor on September 11 , in what became known as the Staten Island Peace Conference . Howe demanded a retraction of the Declaration of Independence , which was refused , and negotiations ended . The British then quickly seized New York City and nearly captured Washington 's army . They made New York their main political and military base of operations in North America , holding it until November 1783 . The city became the destination for Loyalist refugees and a focal point of Washington 's intelligence network . The British also took New Jersey , pushing the Continental Army into Pennsylvania . Washington crossed the Delaware River back into New Jersey in a surprise attack in late December 1776 and defeated Hessian and British armies at Trenton and Princeton , thereby regaining control of most of New Jersey . The victories gave an important boost to Patriots at a time when morale was flagging , and have become iconic events of the war . In 1777 , the British sent Burgoyne 's invasion force from Canada south to New York to seal off New England . Their aim was to neutralize the Yankees , whom the British perceived as the primary source of agitators . The British army in New York City went to Philadelphia in a major case of mis - coordination , capturing it from Washington . The invasion army under Burgoyne was much too slow and became trapped in northern New York state . It surrendered after the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 . From early October 1777 until November 15 , a siege distracted British troops at Fort Mifflin , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and allowed Washington time to preserve the Continental Army by safely leading his troops to harsh winter quarters at Valley Forge . Prisoners Main article : Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War In August 1775 , George III declared Americans in arms against royal authority to be traitors to the Crown . Following their surrender at the Battles of Saratoga in October 1777 , there were thousands of British and Hessian soldiers in American hands . Although Lord Germain took a hard line , the British generals on the scene never held treason trials ; they treated captured enemy soldiers as prisoners of war . The dilemma was that tens of thousands of Loyalists were under American control and American retaliation would have been easy . The British built much of their strategy around using these Loyalists , and therefore , no Americans were put on trial for treason . The British maltreated the prisoners whom they held , resulting in more deaths to American sailors and soldiers than from combat operations . At the end of the war , both sides released their surviving prisoners . American alliances after 1778 Further information : France in the American Revolutionary War and Spain in the American Revolutionary War The capture of a British army at Saratoga encouraged the French to formally enter the war in support of Congress . Benjamin Franklin negotiated a permanent military alliance in early 1778 , significantly becoming the first country to officially recognize the Declaration of Independence . On February 6 , 1778 , a Treaty of Amity and Commerce and a Treaty of Alliance were signed between the United States and France . William Pitt spoke out in parliament urging Britain to make peace in America and to unite with America against France , while other British politicians who had previously sympathized with colonial grievances now turned against the Americans for allying with Britain 's international rival and enemy . Later , Spain ( in 1779 ) and the Dutch ( 1780 ) became allies of the French , leaving the British Empire to fight a global war alone without major allies , and requiring it to slip through a combined blockade of the Atlantic . The American theater thus became only one front in Britain 's war . The British were forced to withdraw troops from continental America to reinforce the valuable sugar - producing Caribbean colonies , which were more lucrative to British investors . British commander Sir Henry Clinton evacuated Philadelphia and returned to New York City . General Washington intercepted Clinton in the Battle of Monmouth Court House , the last major battle fought in the north . After an inconclusive engagement , the British successfully retreated to New York City . The northern war subsequently became a stalemate , as the focus of attention shifted to the smaller southern theater . Hessian troops hired out to the British by their German sovereigns The British move South , 1778 -- 1783 Further information : Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War and Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War The British strategy in America now concentrated on a campaign in the southern states . With fewer regular troops at their disposal , the British commanders saw the `` southern strategy '' as a more viable plan , as the south was perceived as being more strongly Loyalist , with a large population of recent immigrants as well as large numbers of slaves who might be captured or run away to join the British . Beginning in late December 1778 , the British captured Savannah and controlled the Georgia coastline . In 1780 , they launched a fresh invasion and took Charleston , as well . A significant victory at the Battle of Camden meant that royal forces soon controlled most of Georgia and South Carolina . The British set up a network of forts inland , hoping that the Loyalists would rally to the flag . Not enough Loyalists turned out , however , and the British had to fight their way north into North Carolina and Virginia , with a severely weakened army . Behind them , much of the territory that they had already captured dissolved into a chaotic guerrilla war , fought predominantly between bands of Loyalist and American militia , which negated many of the gains that the British had previously made . Surrender at Yorktown ( 1781 ) Main article : Siege of Yorktown The siege of Yorktown ended with the surrender of a second British army , marking effective British defeat . The British army under Cornwallis marched to Yorktown , Virginia where they expected to be rescued by a British fleet . The fleet showed up , but so did a larger French fleet , so the British fleet returned to New York for reinforcements after the Battle of the Chesapeake , leaving Cornwallis trapped . In October 1781 , the British surrendered their second invading army of the war , under a siege by the combined French and Continental armies commanded by Washington . The end of the war Historians continue to debate whether the odds for American victory were long or short . John E. Ferling says that the odds were so long that the American victory was `` almost a miracle '' . On the other hand , Joseph Ellis says that the odds favored the Americans , and asks whether there ever was any realistic chance for the British to win . He argues that this opportunity came only once , in the summer of 1776 , and the British failed that test . Admiral Howe and his brother General Howe `` missed several opportunities to destroy the Continental Army ... Chance , luck , and even the vagaries of the weather played crucial roles . '' Ellis 's point is that the strategic and tactical decisions of the Howes were fatally flawed because they underestimated the challenges posed by the Patriots . Ellis concludes that , once the Howe brothers failed , the opportunity for a British victory `` would never come again . '' Support for the conflict had never been strong in Britain , where many sympathized with the Americans , but now it reached a new low . King George III personally wanted to fight on , but his supporters lost control of Parliament and no further major land offensives were launched in the American Theater . Washington could not know that the British would not reopen hostilities after Yorktown . They still had 26,000 troops occupying New York City , Charleston , and Savannah , together with a powerful fleet . The French army and navy departed , so the Americans were on their own in 1782 -- 83 . The treasury was empty , and the unpaid soldiers were growing restive , almost to the point of mutiny or possible coup d'état . The unrest among officers of the Newburgh Conspiracy was personally dispelled by Washington in 1783 , and Congress subsequently created the promise of a five years bonus for all officers . Peace Treaty Main article : Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) During negotiations in Paris , the American delegation discovered that France would support independence , but no territorial gains . The new nation would be confined to the area east of the Appalachian Mountains . The American delegation opened direct secret negotiations with London , cutting the French out . British Prime Minister Lord Shelburne was in full charge of the British negotiations . He now saw a chance to make the United States a valuable economic partner . The US obtained all the land east of the Mississippi River , south of Canada , and north of Florida . It gained fishing rights off Canadian coasts , and agreed to allow British merchants and Loyalists to try to recover their property . It was a highly favorable treaty for the United States , and deliberately so from the British point of view . Prime Minister Shelburne foresaw highly profitable two - way trade between Britain and the rapidly growing United States , as indeed came to pass . Since the blockade was lifted and the old imperial restrictions were gone , American merchants were free to trade with any nation anywhere in the world , and their businesses flourished . The British largely abandoned the Indian allies living in the new nation . They were not a party to this treaty and did not recognize it until they were defeated militarily by the United States . However , the British did promise to support the Indians . They sold them munitions and maintained forts in American territory until the Jay Treaty of 1795 . Impact on Britain Losing the war and the 13 colonies was a shock to Britain . The war revealed the limitations of Britain 's fiscal - military state when they discovered that they suddenly faced powerful enemies with no allies , and they were dependent on extended and vulnerable transatlantic lines of communication . The defeat heightened dissension and escalated political antagonism to the King 's ministers . Inside parliament , the primary concern changed from fears of an over-mighty monarch to the issues of representation , parliamentary reform , and government retrenchment . Reformers sought to destroy what they saw as widespread institutional corruption . The result was a powerful crisis from 1776 to 1783 . The peace in 1783 left France financially prostrate , while the British economy boomed thanks to the return of American business . The crisis ended after 1784 thanks to the King 's shrewdness in outwitting Charles James Fox ( the leader of the Fox - North Coalition ) , and renewed confidence in the system engendered by the leadership of the new Prime Minister William Pitt . Historians conclude that loss of the American colonies enabled Britain to deal with the French Revolution with more unity and better organization than would otherwise have been the case . Britain turned towards Asia , the Pacific and later Africa with subsequent exploration leading to the rise of the Second British Empire . Finance Britain 's war against the Americans , French , and Spanish cost about £ 100 million . The Treasury borrowed 40 % of the money that it needed . Heavy spending brought France to the verge of bankruptcy and revolution , while the British had relatively little difficulty financing their war , keeping their suppliers and soldiers paid , and hiring tens of thousands of German soldiers . Britain had a sophisticated financial system based on the wealth of thousands of landowners , who supported the government , together with banks and financiers in London . The British tax system collected about 12 percent of the GDP in taxes during the 1770s . In sharp contrast , Congress and the American states had no end of difficulty financing the war . In 1775 , there was at most 12 million dollars in gold in the colonies , not nearly enough to cover current transactions , let alone finance a major war . The British made the situation much worse by imposing a tight blockade on every American port , which cut off almost all imports and exports . One partial solution was to rely on volunteer support from militiamen and donations from patriotic citizens . Another was to delay actual payments , pay soldiers and suppliers in depreciated currency , and promise that it would be made good after the war . Indeed , the soldiers and officers were given land grants in 1783 to cover the wages that they had earned but had not been paid during the war . Not until 1781 did the national government have a strong leader in financial matters , when Robert Morris was named Superintendent of Finance of the United States . Morris used a French loan in 1782 to set up the private Bank of North America to finance the war . Seeking greater efficiency , Morris reduced the civil list , saved money by using competitive bidding for contracts , tightened accounting procedures , and demanded the national government 's full share of money and supplies from the confederated states . Congress used four main methods to cover the cost of the war , which cost about 66 million dollars in specie ( gold and silver ) . Congress made two issues of paper money -- in 1775 -- 1780 and in 1780 -- 81 . The first issue amounted to 242 million dollars . This paper money would supposedly be redeemed for state taxes , but the holders were eventually paid off in 1791 at the rate of one cent on the dollar . By 1780 , the paper money was `` not worth a Continental '' , as people said . The skyrocketing inflation was a hardship on the few people who had fixed incomes -- but 90 percent of the people were farmers , and were not directly affected by that inflation . Debtors benefited by paying off their debts with depreciated paper . The greatest burden was borne by the soldiers of the Continental Army , whose wages were usually in arrears and declined in value every month , weakening their morale and adding to the hardships of their families . Beginning in 1777 , Congress repeatedly asked the states to provide money . But the states had no system of taxation either , and were little help . By 1780 , Congress was making requisitions for specific supplies of corn , beef , pork , and other necessities -- an inefficient system that kept the army barely alive . Starting in 1776 , the Congress sought to raise money by loans from wealthy individuals , promising to redeem the bonds after the war . The bonds were in fact redeemed in 1791 at face value , but the scheme raised little money because Americans had little specie , and many of the rich merchants were supporters of the Crown . Starting in 1776 , the French secretly supplied the Americans with money , gunpowder , and munitions in order to weaken its arch enemy Great Britain . When France officially entered the war in 1778 , the subsidies continued , and the French government , as well as bankers in Paris and Amsterdam , lent large sums to the American war effort . These loans were repaid in full in the 1790s . Concluding the Revolution Main articles : Philadelphia Convention and United States Bill of Rights See also : Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) and The Federalist Papers Creating a `` more perfect union '' and guaranteeing rights See also : Federalist Party , Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) , and United States Bill of Rights The war finally ended in 1783 and was followed by a period of prosperity . The national government was still operating under the Articles of Confederation and was able to settle the issue of the western territories , which were ceded by the states to Congress . American settlers moved rapidly into those areas , with Vermont , Kentucky , and Tennessee becoming states in the 1790s . However , the national government had no money to pay either the war debts owed to European nations and the private banks , or to pay Americans who had been given millions of dollars of promissory notes for supplies during the war . Nationalists led by Washington , Alexander Hamilton , and other veterans feared that the new nation was too fragile to withstand an international war , or even internal revolts such as the Shays ' Rebellion of 1786 in Massachusetts . Calling themselves `` Federalists , '' the nationalists convinced Congress to call the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 . It adopted a new Constitution that provided for a much stronger federal government , including an effective executive in a check - and - balance system with the judiciary and legislature . The Constitution was ratified in 1788 , after a fierce debate in the states over the nature of the proposed new government . The new government under President George Washington took office in New York in March 1789 . Amendments to the Constitution were spearheaded in Congress by James Madison as assurances to those who were cautious about federal power , guaranteeing many of the inalienable rights that formed a foundation for the revolution . The amendments were ratified by the states in 1791 . National debt Further information : United States public debt and Alexander Hamilton The national debt fell into three categories after the American Revolution . The first was the $12 million owed to foreigners , mostly money borrowed from France . There was general agreement to pay the foreign debts at full value . The national government owed $40 million and state governments owed $25 million to Americans who had sold food , horses , and supplies to the revolutionary forces . There were also other debts that consisted of promissory notes issued during the Revolutionary War to soldiers , merchants , and farmers who accepted these payments on the premise that the new Constitution would create a government that would pay these debts eventually . The war expenses of the individual states added up to $114 million compared to $37 million by the central government . In 1790 , Congress combined the remaining state debts with the foreign and domestic debts into one national debt totaling $80 million at the recommendation of first Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton . Everyone received face value for wartime certificates , so that the national honor would be sustained and the national credit established . Ideology and factions The population of the 13 Colonies was not homogeneous in their political views and attitudes . Loyalties and allegiances varied widely within regions and communities and even within families , and sometimes shifted during the course of the Revolution . Ideology behind the Revolution Main articles : Age of Enlightenment , American Enlightenment , Liberalism in the United States , and Republicanism in the United States The American Enlightenment was a critical precursor of the American Revolution . Chief among the ideas of the American Enlightenment were the concepts of Natural Law , Natural Rights , Consent of the Governed , Individualism , Property Rights , Self - Ownership , Self - Determination , liberalism , republicanism and fear of corruption . Collectively , the acceptance of these concepts by a growing number of American colonists began to foster an intellectual environment which would lead to a new sense of political and social identity . 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Hobson Qin Hui Piero Gobetti Francisco Luís Gomes John Gray Thomas Hill Green Thomas Jefferson Immanuel Kant Namık Kemal John Maynard Keynes Will Kymlicka Auberon Herbert Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse Wilhelm von Humboldt John Locke Salvador de Madariaga James Madison Harriet Martineau Minoo Masani James Mill John Stuart Mill John Milton Ludwig von Mises Donald Barkly Molteno Leo Chiozza Money Charles de Montesquieu José María Luis Mora Chantal Mouffe Dadabhai Naoroji Friedrich Naumann Robert Nozick Bertil Ohlin Thomas Paine Alan Paton Karl Raimund Popper Richard Price Joseph Priestley Guillermo Prieto François Quesnay Ignacio Ramírez Ayn Rand Walther Rathenau John Rawls Joseph Raz David Ricardo Wilhelm Röpke Richard Rorty Carlo Rosselli Murray Rothbard Jean - Jacques Rousseau Jean - Baptiste Say Amartya Sen Li Shenzhi Hu Shih Algernon Sidney Emmanuel Sieyès İbrahim Şinasi Zef Jubani Adam Smith Hernando de Soto Herbert Spencer Anne Louise Germaine de Staël William Graham Sumner R.H. Tawney Johan Rudolf Thorbecke Henry David Thoreau Alexis de Tocqueville Antoine Destutt de Tracy Anne Robert Jacques Turgot Voltaire Lester Frank Ward Max Weber Mary Wollstonecraft Tao Xingzhi Gu Zhun Organizations ( show ) Liberal parties Africa Liberal Network ( ALN ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe ( ALDE ) Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party ( ALDEP ) Arab Liberal Federation ( ALF ) Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats ( CALD ) European Democratic Party ( EDP ) European Liberal Youth ( LYMEC ) International Federation of Liberal Youth ( IFLRY ) Liberal International Liberal Network for Latin America ( RELIAL ) Liberal South East European Network ( LIBSEEN ) Regional variants ( show ) Europe Latin America Albania Armenia Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Canada China Chile Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech lands Denmark Ecuador Egypt Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Iran Israel Italy Japan Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Mexico Moldova Montenegro Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Nigeria Norway Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Senegal Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain South Africa South Korea Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Tunisia Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom United States Uruguay Venezuela Zimbabwe Related topics ( show ) Democratic capitalism Democratic education Liberal bias in academia Liberal conservatism Liberal socialism National liberalism Regressive left Liberalism portal Politics portal In this c. 1772 portrait by John Singleton Copley , Samuel Adams points at the Massachusetts Charter , which he viewed as a constitution that protected the people 's rights . John Locke 's ( 1632 -- 1704 ) ideas on liberty influenced the political thinking behind the revolution , especially through his indirect influence on English writers such as John Trenchard , Thomas Gordon , and Benjamin Hoadly , whose political ideas in turn had a strong influence on the American revolutionaries . Locke is often referred to as `` the philosopher of the American Revolution '' , and is credited with leading Americans to the critical concepts of social contract , natural rights , and `` born free and equal . '' Locke 's Two Treatises of Government published in 1689 were especially influential . He argued that all humans were created equally free , and governments therefore needed the `` consent of the governed . '' In late eighteenth - century America , belief was still widespread in `` equality by creation '' and `` rights by creation '' . The theory of the `` social contract '' influenced the belief among many of the Founders that among the `` natural rights '' of man was the right of the people to overthrow their leaders , should those leaders betray the historic rights of Englishmen . In terms of writing state and national constitutions , the Americans heavily used Montesquieu 's analysis of the wisdom of the `` balanced '' British Constitution ( mixed government ) . Republicanism Main article : Republicanism in the United States Part of the Politics series on Republicanism Central concepts ( show ) Anti-monarchism Popular sovereignty Republic Res publica Social contract Schools ( show ) Classical republicanism Neo-republicanism Important thinkers ( show ) Hannah Arendt Cicero James Harrington Thomas Jefferson John Locke James Madison Montesquieu Philip Pettit Polybius Jean Jacques Rousseau Michael Sandel Algernon Sidney Quentin Skinner Cass Sunstein Mary Wollstonecraft History ( show ) Roman Republic Gaṇa sangha Classical Athens Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Dutch Republic American Revolution French Revolution Spanish American wars of independence Trienio Liberal French Revolution of 1848 5 October 1910 revolution Xinhai Revolution Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918 -- 19 Turkish War of Independence Mongolian Revolution of 1921 11 September 1922 Revolution Spanish Civil War Birth of the Italian Republic Egyptian Revolution of 1952 14 July Revolution North Yemen Civil War Zanzibar Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état Cambodian coup of 1970 Third Hellenic Republic Iranian Revolution 1987 Fijian coups d'état Nepalese Civil War By country ( show ) Australia Barbados Canada Ireland Jamaica Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Spain Sweden Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics ( show ) Communitarianism Liberalism Monarchism Politics portal A central motivating force behind the overthrow of monarchy and aristocracy was the American embrace of a political ideology called `` republicanism '' , which was dominant in the colonies by 1775 but of minor importance back in Great Britain . The republicanism was inspired by the `` country party '' in Great Britain , whose critique of British government emphasized that corruption was a terrible reality in Great Britain . Americans feared that the corruption was crossing the Atlantic ; the commitment of most Americans to republican values and to their rights energized the revolution , as Britain was increasingly seen as hopelessly corrupt and hostile to American interests . Britain seemed to threaten the established liberties that Americans enjoyed . The greatest threat to liberty was depicted as corruption -- not just in London but at home , as well . The colonists associated it with luxury , and especially with inherited aristocracy , which they condemned . The Founding Fathers were strong advocates of republican values , particularly Samuel Adams , Patrick Henry , John Adams , Benjamin Franklin , Thomas Jefferson , Thomas Paine , George Washington , James Madison , and Alexander Hamilton , which required men to put civic duty ahead of their personal desires . Men had a civic duty to be prepared and willing to fight for the rights and liberties of their countrymen . John Adams wrote to Mercy Otis Warren in 1776 , agreeing with some classical Greek and Roman thinkers in that `` Public Virtue can not exist without private , and public Virtue is the only Foundation of Republics . '' He continued : There must be a positive Passion for the public good , the public Interest , Honour , Power , and Glory , established in the Minds of the People , or there can be no Republican Government , nor any real Liberty . And this public Passion must be Superior to all private Passions . Men must be ready , they must pride themselves , and be happy to sacrifice their private Pleasures , Passions , and Interests , nay their private Friendships and dearest connections , when they Stand in Competition with the Rights of society . For women , `` republican motherhood '' became the ideal , exemplified by Abigail Adams and Mercy Otis Warren ; the first duty of the republican woman was to instill republican values in her children and to avoid luxury and ostentation . Fusing republicanism and liberalism Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense , published in 1776 Some republics had emerged throughout history , such as the Roman Republic of the ancient world , but none ever existed that was based on liberal principles . Thomas Paine 's pamphlet Common Sense appeared in January 1776 , after the Revolution had started . It was widely distributed and loaned , and often read aloud in taverns , contributing significantly to spreading the ideas of republicanism and liberalism together , bolstering enthusiasm for separation from Great Britain , and encouraging recruitment for the Continental Army . Paine provided a new and widely accepted argument for independence by advocating a complete break with history . Common Sense is oriented to the future in a way that compels the reader to make an immediate choice . It offered a solution for Americans disgusted and alarmed at the threat of tyranny . Impact of Great Awakening Main article : First Great Awakening Dissenting churches of the day ( i.e. , Protestant , non-Church of England ) were , in the words of Patricia Bonomi , the `` school of democracy . '' President John Witherspoon of the College of New Jersey ( now Princeton University ) wrote widely circulated sermons linking the American Revolution to the teachings of the Bible . Throughout the colonies , dissenting Protestant ministers ( Congregationalist , Baptist , and Presbyterian ) preached Revolutionary themes in their sermons , while most Church of England clergymen preached loyalty to the king , the titular head of the English state church . Religious motivation for fighting tyranny transcended socioeconomic lines to encompass rich and poor , men and women , frontiersmen and townsmen , farmers and merchants . The Declaration also referred to the `` Laws of Nature and of Nature 's God '' as justification for the Americans ' separation from the British monarchy . Most eighteenth - century Americans believed that nature , the entire universe , was God 's creation . Therefore , he was `` Nature 's God . '' Everything , including man , was part of the `` universal order of things '' , which began with God and was pervaded and directed by his providence . Accordingly , the signers of the Declaration professed their `` firm reliance on the Protection of divine Providence . '' And they appealed to `` the Supreme Judge ( God ) for the rectitude of ( their ) intentions . '' Like most of his countrymen , George Washington was firmly convinced that he was an instrument of providence , to the benefit of the American people and of all humanity . Historian Bernard Bailyn argues that the evangelicalism of the era challenged traditional notions of natural hierarchy by preaching that the Bible teaches that all men are equal , so that the true value of a man lies in his moral behavior , not in his class . Kidd argues that religious disestablishment , belief in a God as the source of human rights , and shared convictions about sin , virtue , and divine providence worked together to unite rationalists and evangelicals and thus encouraged American defiance of the Empire . Bailyn , on the other hand , denies that religion played such a critical role . Alan Heimert argues that New Light antiauthoritarianism was essential to furthering democracy in colonial American society and set the stage for a confrontation with British monarchical and aristocratic rule . See also : List of clergy in the American Revolution Class and Psychology of the factions Looking back , John Adams concluded in 1818 : The Revolution was effected before the war commenced . The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people ... This radical change in the principles , opinions , sentiments , and affections of the people was the real American Revolution . In terms of class , Loyalists tended to have longstanding social and economic connections to British merchants and government ; for instance , prominent merchants in major port cities such as New York , Boston and Charleston tended to be Loyalists , as did men involved with the fur trade along the northern frontier . In addition , officials of colonial government and their staffs , those who had established positions and status to maintain , favored maintaining relations with Great Britain . They often were linked to British families in England by marriage as well . By contrast , Patriots by number tended to be yeomen farmers , especially in the frontier areas of New York and the backcountry of Pennsylvania , Virginia and down the Appalachian mountains . They were craftsmen and small merchants . Leaders of both the Patriots and the Loyalists were men of educated , propertied classes . The Patriots included many prominent men of the planter class from Virginia and South Carolina , for instance , who became leaders during the Revolution , and formed the new government at the national and state levels . To understand the opposing groups , historians have assessed evidence of their hearts and minds . In the mid-20th century , historian Leonard Woods Labaree identified eight characteristics of the Loyalists that made them essentially conservative ; opposite traits to those characteristic of the Patriots . Older and better established men , Loyalists tended to resist innovation . They thought resistance to the Crown -- which they insisted was the only legitimate government -- was morally wrong , while the Patriots thought morality was on their side . Loyalists were alienated when the Patriots resorted to violence , such as burning houses and tarring and feathering . Loyalists wanted to take a centrist position and resisted the Patriots ' demand to declare their opposition to the Crown . Many Loyalists , especially merchants in the port cities , had maintained strong and long - standing relations with Britain ( often with business and family links to other parts of the British Empire ) . Many Loyalists realized that independence was bound to come eventually , but they were fearful that revolution might lead to anarchy , tyranny or mob rule . In contrast , the prevailing attitude among Patriots , who made systematic efforts to use mob violence in a controlled manner , was a desire to seize the initiative . Labaree also wrote that Loyalists were pessimists who lacked the confidence in the future displayed by the Patriots . Historians in the early 20th century , such as J. Franklin Jameson , examined the class composition of the Patriot cause , looking for evidence of a class war inside the revolution . In the last 50 years , historians have largely abandoned that interpretation , emphasizing instead the high level of ideological unity . Just as there were rich and poor Loyalists , the Patriots were a ' mixed lot ' , with the richer and better educated more likely to become officers in the Army . Ideological demands always came first : the Patriots viewed independence as a means to gain freedom from British oppression and taxation and , above all , to reassert what they considered to be their rights as English subjects . Most yeomen farmers , craftsmen , and small merchants joined the Patriot cause to demand more political equality . They were especially successful in Pennsylvania but less so in New England , where John Adams attacked Thomas Paine 's Common Sense for the `` absurd democratical notions '' it proposed . King George III Main article : George III of Great Britain The war became a personal issue for the king , fueled by his growing belief that British leniency would be taken as weakness by the Americans . The king also sincerely believed he was defending Britain 's constitution against usurpers , rather than opposing patriots fighting for their natural rights . Patriots Main article : Patriot ( American Revolution ) Further information : Sons of Liberty At the time , revolutionaries were called `` Patriots '' , `` Whigs '' , `` Congress - men '' , or `` Americans '' . They included a full range of social and economic classes , but were unanimous regarding the need to defend the rights of Americans and uphold the principles of republicanism in terms of rejecting monarchy and aristocracy , while emphasizing civic virtue on the part of the citizens . Newspapers were strongholds of patriotism ( although there were a few Loyalist papers ) , and printed many pamphlets , announcements , patriotic letters and pronouncements . According to historian Robert Calhoon , the consensus of historians is that 40 -- 45 % of the white population in the Thirteen Colonies supported the Patriots ' cause , 15 -- 20 % supported the Loyalists , and the remainder were neutral or kept a low profile . Mark Lender explores why ordinary folk became insurgents against the British even though they were unfamiliar with the ideological rationales being offered . They held very strongly a sense of `` rights '' that they felt the British were violating -- rights that stressed local autonomy , fair dealing , and government by consent . They were highly sensitive to the issue of tyranny , which they saw manifested in the British response to the Boston Tea Party . The arrival in Boston of the British Army heightened their sense of violated rights , leading to rage and demands for revenge . They had faith that God was on their side . Loyalists Main article : Loyalist ( American Revolution ) Mobbing of a Loyalist by American Patriots in 1775 -- 76 The consensus of scholars is that about 15 -- 20 % of the white population remained loyal to the British Crown . Those who actively supported the king were known at the time as `` Loyalists '' , `` Tories '' , or `` King 's men '' . The Loyalists never controlled territory unless the British Army occupied it . Loyalists were typically older , less willing to break with old loyalties , often connected to the Church of England , and included many established merchants with strong business connections across the Empire , as well as royal officials such as Thomas Hutchinson of Boston . There were 500 to 1000 black loyalists who were held as slaves by patriots , escaped to British lines and joined the British army . Most died of disease but Britain took the survivors to Canada as free men . The revolution could divide families . The most dramatic example was when William Franklin , son of Benjamin Franklin and royal governor of the Province of New Jersey , remained loyal to the Crown throughout the war ; they never spoke again . Recent immigrants who had not been fully Americanized were also inclined to support the King , such as recent Scottish settlers in the back country ; among the more striking examples of this , see Flora MacDonald . After the war , the great majority of the 450,000 -- 500,000 Loyalists remained in America and resumed normal lives . Some , such as Samuel Seabury , became prominent American leaders . Estimates vary , but about 62,000 Loyalists relocated to Canada , and others to Britain ( 7,000 ) or to Florida or the West Indies ( 9,000 ) . The exiles represented approximately 2 % of the total population of the colonies . Nearly all black loyalists left for Nova Scotia , Florida , or England , where they could remain free . When Loyalists left the South in 1783 , they took thousands of their slaves with them to be slaves in the British West Indies . Neutrals A minority of uncertain size tried to stay neutral in the war . Most kept a low profile , but the Quakers , especially in Pennsylvania , were the most important group to speak out for neutrality . As Patriots declared independence , the Quakers , who continued to do business with the British , were attacked as supporters of British rule , `` contrivers and authors of seditious publications '' critical of the revolutionary cause . Though the majority of Quakers attempted to remain neutral , a sizable number of Quakers in the American Revolution nevertheless participated to some degree . Role of women Abigail Adams Main article : Women in the American Revolution Women contributed to the American Revolution in many ways , and were involved on both sides . While formal Revolutionary politics did not include women , ordinary domestic behaviors became charged with political significance as Patriot women confronted a war that permeated all aspects of political , civil , and domestic life . They participated by boycotting British goods , spying on the British , following armies as they marched , washing , cooking , and tending for soldiers , delivering secret messages , and in a few cases like Deborah Samson , fighting disguised as men . Also , Mercy Otis Warren held meetings in her house and cleverly attacked Loyalists with her creative plays and histories . Above all , they continued the agricultural work at home to feed their families and the armies . They maintained their families during their husbands ' absences and sometimes after their deaths . American women were integral to the success of the boycott of British goods , as the boycotted items were largely household items such as tea and cloth . Women had to return to knitting goods , and to spinning and weaving their own cloth -- skills that had fallen into disuse . In 1769 , the women of Boston produced 40,000 skeins of yarn , and 180 women in Middletown , Massachusetts wove 20,522 yards ( 18,765 m ) of cloth . A crisis of political loyalties could disrupt the fabric of colonial America women 's social worlds : whether a man did or did not renounce his allegiance to the King could dissolve ties of class , family , and friendship , isolating women from former connections . A woman 's loyalty to her husband , once a private commitment , could become a political act , especially for women in America committed to men who remained loyal to the King . Legal divorce , usually rare , was granted to Patriot women whose husbands supported the King . Other participants Further information : Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War France Main article : France in the American Revolutionary War In early 1776 , France set up a major program of aid to the Americans , and the Spanish secretly added funds . Each country spent one million `` livres tournaises '' to buy munitions . A dummy corporation run by Pierre Beaumarchais concealed their activities . American rebels obtained some munitions through the Dutch Republic as well as French and Spanish ports in the West Indies . Spain Main article : Spain in the American Revolutionary War Spain did not officially recognize the U.S. but became an informal ally when it declared war on Britain on June 21 , 1779 . Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid , general of the Spanish forces in New Spain , also served as governor of Louisiana . He led an expedition of colonial troops to force the British out of Florida and keep open a vital conduit for supplies . American Indians Main article : Native Americans in the United States Further information : Western theater of the American Revolutionary War Most American Indians rejected pleas that they remain neutral and supported the British Crown , both because of trading relationships and Britain 's effort to establish an Indian reserve and prohibit Colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains . The great majority of the 200,000 Indians east of the Mississippi distrusted the Colonists and supported the British cause , hoping to forestall continued colonial encroachment on their territories . Those tribes that were more closely involved in Colonial trade tended to side with the Colonists , although political factors were important , as well . Most Indians did not participate directly in the war , except for warriors and bands associated with four of the Iroquois nations in New York and Pennsylvania which allied with the British . The British did have other allies , especially in the upper Midwest . They provided Indians with funding and weapons to attack American outposts . Some Indians tried to remain neutral , seeing little value in joining what they perceived to be a European conflict , and fearing reprisals from whichever side they opposed . The Oneida and Tuscarora among the Iroquois of central and western New York supported the American cause . The British provided arms to Indians who were led by Loyalists in war parties to raid frontier settlements from the Carolinas to New York . They killed many settlers on the frontier , especially in Pennsylvania and New York 's Mohawk Valley . In 1776 , Cherokee war parties attacked American Colonists all along the southern frontier of the uplands throughout the Washington District , North Carolina ( now Tennessee ) and the Kentucky wilderness area . They would launch raids with roughly 200 warriors , as seen in the Cherokee -- American wars ; they could not mobilize enough forces to invade Colonial areas without the help of allies , most often the Creek . The Chickamauga Cherokee under Dragging Canoe allied themselves closely with the British , and fought on for an additional decade after the signing of the Treaty of Paris . Joseph Brant of the powerful Mohawk nation , part of the Iroquois Confederacy based in New York , was the most prominent Indian leader against the Colonial forces . In 1778 and 1780 , he led 300 Iroquois warriors and 100 white Loyalists in multiple attacks on small frontier settlements in New York and Pennsylvania , killing many settlers and destroying villages , crops , and stores . The Seneca , Onondaga , and Cayuga of the Iroquois Confederacy also allied with the British against the Americans . In 1779 , the Colonists retaliated with an American army under John Sullivan which raided and destroyed 40 empty Iroquois villages in central and western New York . Sullivan 's forces systematically burned the villages and destroyed about 160,000 bushels of corn that composed the winter food supply . Facing starvation and homeless for the winter , the Iroquois fled to the Niagara Falls area and to Canada , mostly to what became Ontario . The British resettled them there after the war , providing land grants as compensation for some of their losses . At the peace conference following the war , the British ceded lands which they did not really control , and did not consult their Indian allies . They transferred control to the United States of all the land east of the Mississippi and north of Florida . Calloway concludes : Burned villages and crops , murdered chiefs , divided councils and civil wars , migrations , towns and forts choked with refugees , economic disruption , breaking of ancient traditions , losses in battle and to disease and hunger , betrayal to their enemies , all made the American Revolution one of the darkest periods in American Indian history . The British did not give up their forts in the West until 1796 in what is now the eastern Midwest , stretching from Ohio to Wisconsin ; they kept alive the dream of forming a satellite Indian nation there , which they called a Neutral Indian Zone . That goal was one of the causes of the War of 1812 . Black Americans Main article : African Americans in the Revolutionary War Free blacks in the North and South fought on both sides of the Revolution , but most fought for the Patriots . Gary Nash reports that there were about 9,000 black Patriots , counting the Continental Army and Navy , state militia units , privateers , wagoneers in the Army , servants to officers , and spies . Ray Raphael notes that thousands did join the Loyalist cause , but `` a far larger number , free as well as slave , tried to further their interests by siding with the patriots . '' Crispus Attucks was shot dead by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre in 1770 and is an iconic martyr to Patriots . Both sides offered freedom and re-settlement to slaves who were willing to fight for them , recruiting slaves whose owners supported the opposing cause . Many black slaves sided with the Loyalists . Tens of thousands in the South used the turmoil of war to escape , and the southern plantation economies of South Carolina and Georgia especially were disrupted . During the Revolution , the British tried to turn slavery against the Americans . Historian David Brion Davis explains the difficulties with a policy of wholesale arming of the slaves : But England greatly feared the effects of any such move on its own West Indies , where Americans had already aroused alarm over a possible threat to incite slave insurrections . The British elites also understood that an all - out attack on one form of property could easily lead to an assault on all boundaries of privilege and social order , as envisioned by radical religious sects in Britain 's seventeenth - century civil wars . Davis underscored the British dilemma : `` Britain , when confronted by the rebellious American colonists , hoped to exploit their fear of slave revolts while also reassuring the large number of slave - holding Loyalists and wealthy Caribbean planters and merchants that their slave property would be secure '' . The Colonists , however , accused the British of encouraging slave revolts . American advocates of independence were commonly lampooned in Britain for what was termed their hypocritical calls for freedom , at the same time that many of their leaders were planters who held hundreds of slaves . Samuel Johnson snapped , `` how is it we hear the loudest yelps for liberty among the ( slave ) drivers of the Negroes ? '' Benjamin Franklin countered by criticizing the British self - congratulation about `` the freeing of one Negro '' ( Somersett ) while they continued to permit the Slave Trade . Phyllis Wheatley was a black poet who popularized the image of Columbia to represent America . She came to public attention when her Poems on Various Subjects , Religious and Moral appeared in 1773 . During the war , slaves escaped from New England and the mid-Atlantic area to British - occupied cities such as New York . The effects of the war were more dramatic in the South . In Virginia , royal governor Lord Dunmore recruited black men into the British forces with the promise of freedom , protection for their families , and land grants . Tens of thousands of slaves escaped to British lines throughout the South , causing dramatic losses to slaveholders and disrupting cultivation and harvesting of crops . For instance , South Carolina was estimated to have lost about 25,000 slaves to flight , migration , or death -- amounting to one third of its slave population . From 1770 to 1790 , the black proportion of the population ( mostly slaves ) in South Carolina dropped from 60.5 percent to 43.8 percent , and from 45.2 percent to 36.1 percent in Georgia . British forces gave transportation to 10,000 slaves when they evacuated Savannah and Charleston , carrying through on their promise . They evacuated and resettled more than 3,000 Black Loyalists from New York to Nova Scotia , Upper Canada , and Lower Canada . Others sailed with the British to England or were resettled as freedmen in the West Indies of the Caribbean . But slaves who were carried to the Caribbean under control of Loyalist masters generally remained slaves until British abolition in its colonies in 1834 . More than 1,200 of the Black Loyalists of Nova Scotia later resettled in the British colony of Sierra Leone , where they became leaders of the Krio ethnic group of Freetown and the later national government . Many of their descendants still live in Sierra Leone , as well as other African countries . Effects of the Revolution Loyalist expatriation About 60,000 to 70,000 Loyalists left the newly founded republic ; some migrated to Britain . The remainder , known as United Empire Loyalists , received land and subsidies for resettlement in British colonies in North America , especially Quebec ( concentrating in the Eastern Townships ) , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . The new colonies of Upper Canada ( now Ontario ) and New Brunswick were expressly created by Britain for their benefit , where the Crown awarded land to Loyalists as compensation for losses in the United States . Britain wanted to develop the frontier of Upper Canada on a British colonial model . But about 80 % of the Loyalists stayed in the United States and became full , loyal citizens ; some of the exiles later returned to the U.S. Interpretations Interpretations about the effect of the Revolution vary . Contemporary participants referred to the events as `` the revolution '' . Greene argues that the events were not `` revolutionary '' , as the relationships and property rights of colonial society were not transformed : a distant government was simply replaced with a local one ; the Revolution is still sometimes known outside the United States as the American War of Independence . Historians such as Bernard Bailyn , Gordon Wood , and Edmund Morgan accept the contemporary view of the participants that the American Revolution was a unique and radical event that produced deep changes and had a profound effect on world affairs , based on an increasing belief in the principles of the Enlightenment , as reflected in how liberalism was understood during the period , and republicanism . These were demonstrated by a leadership and government that espoused protection of natural rights , and a system of laws chosen by the people . However , what was then considered `` the people '' was still mostly restricted to free white males who were able to pass a property - qualification . Such a restriction made a significant gain of the revolution in the short term irrelevant to women , African Americans and slaves , poor white men , youth , and Native Americans . Only with the development of the American system over the following centuries would `` a government by the people '' , promised by the revolution , be won for a greater proportion of the population . Morgan has argued that in terms of long - term impact on American society and values : The Revolution did revolutionize social relations . It did displace the deference , the patronage , the social divisions that had determined the way people viewed one another for centuries and still view one another in much of the world . It did give to ordinary people a pride and power , not to say an arrogance , that have continued to shock visitors from less favored lands . It may have left standing a host of inequalities that have troubled us ever since . But it generated the egalitarian view of human society that makes them troubling and makes our world so different from the own in which the revolutionists had grown up . Inspiring all colonies Further information : Atlantic Revolutions After the Revolution , genuinely democratic politics became possible in the former colonies . The rights of the people were incorporated into state constitutions . Concepts of liberty , individual rights , equality among men and hostility toward corruption became incorporated as core values of liberal republicanism . The greatest challenge to the old order in Europe was the challenge to inherited political power and the democratic idea that government rests on the consent of the governed . The example of the first successful revolution against a European empire , and the first successful establishment of a republican form of democratically elected government , provided a model for many other colonial peoples who realized that they too could break away and become self - governing nations with directly elected representative government . The Dutch Republic , also at war with Britain , was the next country to sign a treaty with the United States , on October 8 , 1782 . On April 3 , 1783 , Ambassador Extraordinary Gustaf Philip Creutz , representing King Gustav III of Sweden , and Benjamin Franklin , signed a Treaty of Amity and Commerce with the U.S. The American Revolution was the first wave of the Atlantic Revolutions : the French Revolution , the Haitian Revolution , and the Latin American wars of independence . Aftershocks reached Ireland in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth , and in the Netherlands . The Revolution had a strong , immediate influence in Great Britain , Ireland , the Netherlands , and France . Many British and Irish Whigs spoke in favor of the American cause . In Ireland , there was a profound impact ; the Protestants who controlled Ireland were demanding more and more self - rule . Under the leadership of Henry Grattan , the so - called `` Patriots '' forced the reversal of mercantilist prohibitions against trade with other British colonies . The King and his cabinet in London could not risk another rebellion on the American model , and made a series of concessions to the Patriot faction in Dublin . Armed Protestant volunteer units were set up to protect against an invasion from France . As in America , so too in Ireland the King no longer had a monopoly of lethal force . The Revolution , along with the Dutch Revolt ( end of the 16th century ) and the 17th century English Civil War , was among the examples of overthrowing an old regime for many Europeans who later were active during the era of the French Revolution , such as Marquis de Lafayette . The American Declaration of Independence influenced the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789 . The spirit of the Declaration of Independence led to laws ending slavery in all the Northern states and the Northwest Territory , with New Jersey the last in 1804 . States such as New Jersey and New York adopted gradual emancipation , which kept some people as slaves for more than two decades longer . Status of American women The democratic ideals of the Revolution inspired changes in the roles of women . The concept of republican motherhood was inspired by this period and reflects the importance of Republicanism as the dominant American ideology . It assumed that a successful republic rested upon the virtue of its citizens . Women were considered to have the essential role of instilling their children with values conducive to a healthy republic . During this period , the wife 's relationship with her husband also became more liberal , as love and affection instead of obedience and subservience began to characterize the ideal marital relationship . In addition , many women contributed to the war effort through fundraising and running family businesses in the absence of husbands . The traditional constraints gave way to more liberal conditions for women . Patriarchy faded as an ideal ; young people had more freedom to choose their spouses and more often used birth control to regulate the size of their families . Society emphasized the role of mothers in child rearing , especially the patriotic goal of raising republican children rather than those locked into aristocratic value systems . There was more permissiveness in child - rearing . Patriot women married to Loyalists who left the state could get a divorce and obtain control of the ex-husband's property . Whatever gains they had made , however , women still found themselves subordinated , legally and socially , to their husbands , disfranchised and usually with only the role of mother open to them . But , some women earned livelihoods as midwives and in other roles in the community , which were not originally recognized as significant by men . Abigail Adams expressed to her husband , the president , the desire of women to have a place in the new republic : I desire you would remember the Ladies , and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors . Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands . Zagarri in 2007 argued that the American Revolution created a continuing debate on the rights of woman and an environment favorable to women 's participation in U.S. politics . She asserts that for a brief decade , a `` comprehensive transformation in women 's rights , roles , and responsibilities seemed not only possible but perhaps inevitable . '' But , the changes also engendered a backlash that set back the cause of women 's rights and led to a greater rigidity that marginalized women from political life . For more than thirty years , however , the 1776 New Jersey State Constitution gave the vote to `` all inhabitants '' who had a certain level of wealth , including unmarried women and blacks ( not married women because they could not own property separately from their husbands ) , until in 1807 , when that state legislature passed a bill interpreting the constitution to mean universal white male suffrage , excluding paupers . Status of African Americans In the first two decades after the American Revolution , state legislatures and individuals took actions to free numerous slaves , in part based on revolutionary ideals . Northern states passed new constitutions that contained language about equal rights or specifically abolished slavery ; some states , such as New York and New Jersey , where slavery was more widespread , passed laws by the end of the 18th century to abolish slavery by a gradual method ; in New York , the last slaves were freed in 1827 . While no southern state abolished slavery , for a period individual owners could free their slaves by personal decision , often providing for manumission in wills but sometimes filing deeds or court papers to free individuals . Numerous slaveholders who freed their slaves cited revolutionary ideals in their documents ; others freed slaves as a reward for service . Records also suggest that some slaveholders were freeing their own mixed - race children , born into slavery to slave mothers . Memory See also : United States Bicentennial Governor 's Palace , Colonial Williamsburg , a restored colonial city , Williamburg , Virginia The American Revolution has a central place in the American memory . As the founding story , it is covered in the schools , memorialized by a national holiday , and commemorated in innumerable monuments . Thus Independence Day ( the `` Fourth of July '' ) is a major national holiday celebrated annually . Besides local sites such as Bunker Hill , one of the first national pilgrimages for memorial tourists was Mount Vernon , George Washington 's estate ( near Washington City ) , which attracted ten thousand visitors a year by the 1850s . Crider points out that in the 1850s , editors and orators both North and South claimed their region was the true custodian of the legacy of 1776 , as they used the Revolution symbolically in their rhetoric . Ryan , noting that the Bicentennial was celebrated a year after the United States ' humiliating 1975 withdrawal from Vietnam , says the Ford administration stressed the themes of renewal and rebirth based on a restoration of traditional values , and presented a nostalgic approach to 1776 that made it seem eternally young and fresh . Albanese argues that the Revolution became the main source of the non-denominational `` American civil religion '' that has shaped patriotism , and the memory and meaning of the nation 's birth ever since . She says that specific battles are not central ( as they are for the Civil War ) but rather certain events and people have been celebrated as icons of certain virtues ( or vices ) . Thus she points out the Revolution produced a Moses - like leader ( George Washington ) , prophets ( Thomas Jefferson , Tom Paine ) , disciples ( Alexander Hamilton , James Madison ) and martyrs ( Boston Massacre , Nathan Hale ) , as well as devils ( Benedict Arnold ) , sacred places ( Valley Forge , Bunker Hill ) , rituals ( Boston Tea Party ) , emblems ( the new flag ) , sacred holidays ( Independence Day ) , and a holy scripture whose every sentence is carefully studied and applied in current law cases ( The Declaration of Independence , the Constitution and the Bill of Rights ) . See also Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War Timeline of the American Revolution Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War Founding Fathers of the United States Patriot ( American Revolution ) Sons of Liberty List of plays and films about the American Revolution Notes ^ Jump up to : Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 70 Jump up ^ Lawrence Henry Gipson , `` The American revolution as an aftermath of the Great War for the Empire , 1754 - 1763 . '' Political Science Quarterly ( 1950 ) : 86-104.in JSTOR Jump up ^ Pestana , Carla Gardina ( 2004 ) . The English Atlantic in an Age of Revolution : 1640 - 1661 . Cambridge , Massachusetts and London , England : Harvard University Press . p. 120 . Jump up ^ Purvis , Thomas L. ( 23 April 1997 ) . A dictionary of American history . Wiley - Blackwell . p. 278 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57718 - 099 - 9 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( March 1995 ) . `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' . The Journal of Economic History . Cambridge University Press . 55 ( 1 ) : 140 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.482. 4975 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700040602 . JSTOR 2123771 -- via JSTOR . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Thomas , Robert P. ( 1964 ) . `` A Quantitative Approach to the Study of the Effects of British Imperial Policy of Colonial Welfare : Some Preliminary Findings '' . Journal of Economic History . 25 ( 4 ) : 615 -- 638 . JSTOR 2116133 . Jump up ^ Walton , Gary M. ( 1971 ) . `` The New Economic History and the Burdens of the Navigation Acts '' . Economic History Review . 24 ( 4 ) : 533 -- 542 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1971. tb00192. x . Jump up ^ Lepore ( 1998 ) , The Name of War ( 1999 ) pp 5 - 7 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Roots of American Civilization : A History of American Colonial Life ( 1938 ) p. 297 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy , David ( 1987 ) . The Glorious Revolution in America . Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8195 - 6177 - 0 . OCLC 14212813 . , pp. 148 -- 56 , 155 - 57 , 169 - 70 Jump up ^ Barnes , Viola Florence ( 1960 ) ( 1923 ) . The Dominion of New England : A Study in British Colonial Policy . New York : Frederick Ungar . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8044 - 1065 - 6 . OCLC 395292 . , pp. 169 -- 70 Jump up ^ Webb , Stephen Saunders ( 1998 ) . Lord Churchill 's Coup : The Anglo - American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0558 - 4 . OCLC 39756272 . , pp. 190 -- 91 Jump up ^ Lustig , Mary Lou ( 2002 ) . The Imperial Executive in America : Sir Edmund Andros , 1637 -- 1714 . Madison , WI : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3936 - 8 . OCLC 470360764 . , p. 201 Jump up ^ Palfrey , John ( 1864 ) . History of New England : History of New England During the Stuart Dynasty . Boston : Little , Brown . OCLC 1658888 . , p. 596 Jump up ^ Evans , James Truslow ( 1922 ) . The Founding of New England . Boston : The Atlantic Monthly Press . OCLC 1068441 . , p. 430 Jump up ^ John A. Garraty ; Mark C. Carnes ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter Three : America in the British Empire '' . A Short History of the American Nation ( 8th ed . ) . Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 07098 - 4 . Jump up ^ Max Savelle , Empires to Nations : Expansion in America , 1713 - 1824 , p. 93 ( 1974 ) Jump up ^ Draper pg. 100 . The quote provided by Draper came from Leo Francis Stock 's Proceedings and Debates of the British Parliaments respecting North America ( 1937 ) vol. 4 . pg. 182 Jump up ^ Miller , John C. ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . Boston : Little , Brown and company . , pp. 95 - 99 Jump up ^ Guizot , M. A popular history of France , from the earliest times . Vol IV , University of Michigan , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4255 - 5724 - 9 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Allen , Larry ( 2009 ) . The Encyclopedia of Money . Santa Barbara , Calif. : ABC - CLIO . pp. 96 -- 97 . ISBN 9781598842517 . Jump up ^ Englishmen paid an average 25 shillings annually in taxes , whereas Americans paid only sixpence . Miller , Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) p. 89 Jump up ^ James A. Henretta , ed. ( 2011 ) . Documents for America 's History , Volume 1 : To 1877 . Bedford / St. Martin 's . p. 110 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Walter Isaacson ( 2004 ) . Benjamin Franklin : An American Life . Simon and Schuster . pp. 229 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Shy , Toward Lexington 73 -- 78 Jump up ^ T.H. Breen , American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) pp 81 - 82 Jump up ^ Middlekauff p. 62 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) pp. 297 - 298 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) pp. 315 - 316 Jump up ^ Lecky , William Edward Hartpole , A History of England in the Eighteenth Century ( 1882 ) p. 173 Jump up ^ Bryan - Paul Frost and Jeffrey Sikkenga ( 2003 ) . History of American Political Thought . Lexington Books . pp. 55 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1943 ) . Origins of the American Revolution . pp. 181 -- . ^ Jump up to : Hiller B. Zobel , The Boston Massacre ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Alfred F. Young , The Shoemaker and the Tea Party : Memory and the American Revolution ( Boston : Beacon Press , 1999 ; ISBN 0 - 8070 - 5405 - 4 ; ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 5405 - 5 ) , 183 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 22 -- 24 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton et al. , A People and a Nation ( 6th ed. 2001 ) vol 1 pp 144 -- 145 Jump up ^ Benjamin L. Carp , Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Miller ( 1943 ) pp. 353 -- 76 Jump up ^ Carp , Defiance of the Patriots : The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America ( 2010 ) ch 9 Jump up ^ John K. Alexander ( 2011 ) . Samuel Adams : The Life of an American Revolutionary . Rowman & Littlefield . pp. 187 -- 94 . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2010 ) . A People and a Nation : A History of the United States . Cengage Learning . p. 143 . Jump up ^ Harvey . `` A few bloody noses '' ( 2002 ) pp. 208 -- 210 Jump up ^ Urban p. 74 Jump up ^ Miller ( 1948 ) p. 87 ^ Jump up to : Nevins ( 1927 ) ; Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 29 Jump up ^ Nevins ( 1927 ) Jump up ^ Founding the Republic : A Documentary History ; edited by John J. Patrick Jump up ^ Reason , Religion , and Democracy : Dennis C. Muelle . Page 206 Jump up ^ Massachusetts ' constitution is still in force in the 21st century , continuously since its ratification on June 15 , 1780 Jump up ^ Jensen , The Founding of a Nation ( 1968 ) pp. 678 -- 9 Jump up ^ Maier , American Scripture ( 1997 ) pp. 41 -- 46 Jump up ^ George Billias American Constitutionalism Heard Round the World , 1776 - 1989 ( 2011 ) p 17 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 30 Jump up ^ Klos , President Who ? Forgotten Founders ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Jeremy Black , Crisis of Empire : Britain and America in the Eighteenth Century ( 2008 ) p 140 ^ Jump up to : Schecter , Barnet . The Battle for New York : The City at the Heart of the American Revolution . ( 2002 ) ^ Jump up to : McCullough , 1776 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Alan Valentine , Lord George Germain ( 1962 ) pp 309 -- 10 ^ Jump up to : Larry G. Bowman , Captive Americans : Prisoners During the American Revolution ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ John C. Miller , Triumph of Freedom , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1948 ) p. 166 . ^ Jump up to : Hamilton , The Papers of Alexander Hamilton ( 1974 ) p. 28 Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) p. 151 Jump up ^ Mackesy , The War for America ( 1993 ) p. 568 ^ Jump up to : Higginbotham , The War of American Independence ( 1983 ) p. 83 Jump up ^ Crow and Tise , The Southern Experience in the American Revolution ( 1978 ) p. 157 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : Henry Lumpkin , From Savannah to Yorktown : The American Revolution in the South ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Brendan Morrissey , Yorktown 1781 : The World Turned Upside Down ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ Harvey pp 493 -- 515 Jump up ^ John Ferling , Almost A Miracle : The American Victory in the War of Independence ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis ( 2013 ) . Revolutionary Summer : The Birth of American Independence . Random House . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Harvey p. 528 Jump up ^ A final naval battle was fought on March 10 , 1783 by Captain John Barry and the crew of the USS Alliance , who defeated three British warships led by HMS Sybille . Martin I.J. Griffin , The Story of Commodore John Barry ( 2010 ) pp 218 -- 23 Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull , The French Navy and American Independence ( 1975 ) p. 248 Jump up ^ Richard H. Kohn , Eagle and Sword : The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America , 1783 -- 1802 ( 1975 ) pp 17 -- 39 Jump up ^ Charles R. Ritcheson , `` The Earl of Shelbourne and Peace with America , 1782 -- 1783 : Vision and Reality . '' International History Review 5 # 3 ( 1983 ) : 322 - 345 . Jump up ^ Jonathan R. Dull ( 1987 ) . A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution . Yale up . pp. 144 -- 151 . Jump up ^ William Deverell , ed. ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American West . p. 17 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : William Hague , William Pitt the Younger ( 2004 ) ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Black , George III : America 's Last King ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Canny , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Paul Kennedy , The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers ( 1987 ) pp. 81 , 119 ^ Jump up to : John Brewer , The sinews of power : war , money , and the English state , 1688 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) p 91 Jump up ^ Curtis P. Nettels , The Emergence of a National Economy , 1775 -- 1815 ( 1962 ) pp 23 -- 44 ^ Jump up to : Charles Rappleye , Robert Morris : Financier of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) pp 225 -- 52 Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins , American public finance and financial services , 1700 - 1815 ( 1994 ) pp 85 - 106 . Complete text line free Jump up ^ Oliver Harry Chitwood , A History of Colonial America ( 1961 ) pp 586 -- 589 Jump up ^ Terry M. Mays ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of Revolutionary America . Scarecrow Press . pp. 73 -- 75 . Jump up ^ Ralph Volney Harlow , `` Aspects of Revolutionary Finance , 1775 -- 1783 , '' American Historical Review ( 1929 ) 35 # 1 pp. 46 -- 68 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Erna Risch , Supplying Washington 's Army ( 1982 ) Jump up ^ E. Wayne Carp , To Starve the Army at Pleasure : Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1990 ) Jump up ^ E. James Ferguson , The power of the purse : A history of American public finance , 1776 -- 1790 ( 1961 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , eds . Companion to the American Revolution , pp. 557 -- 624 Jump up ^ Richard B. Morris , The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 ( 1987 ) pp 245 -- 266 Jump up ^ Morris , The Forging of the Union : 1781 -- 1789 pp 300 -- 13 Jump up ^ Morris , The Forging of the Union , 1781 -- 1789 pp 300 -- 22 Jump up ^ Jensen , The New Nation ( 1950 ) p. 379 Jump up ^ Joseph J. Ellis , His Excellency : George Washington ( 2004 ) p 204 Jump up ^ Robert A. Ferguson , The American Enlightenment , 1750 - 1820 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Alexander , Revolutionary Politician , 103 , 136 ; Maier , Old Revolutionaries , 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 136 - 138 Jump up ^ Jeffrey D. Schultz ; et al. ( 1999 ) . Encyclopedia of Religion in American Politics . Greenwood . p. 148 . Jump up ^ Waldron ( 2002 ) , p. 136 Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd ( 2010 ) : God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution , New York , N.Y. , pp. 6 - 7 Jump up ^ Charles W. Toth , Liberte , Egalite , Fraternite : The American Revolution and the European Response. ( 1989 ) p. 26 . Jump up ^ page 101 , Philosophical Tales , by Martin Cohen , ( Blackwell 2008 ) Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) chapter 1 Jump up ^ Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 125 -- 37 Jump up ^ Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 35 , 174 -- 5 Jump up ^ Shalhope , Toward a Republican Synthesis ( 1972 ) pp. 49 -- 80 Jump up ^ Adams quoted in Paul A. Rahe , Republics Ancient and Modern : Classical Republicanism and the American Revolution . Volume : 2 ( 1994 ) P. 23 . Jump up ^ Linda K. Kerber , Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1997 ) . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , The Commonalities of Common Sense ( 2000 ) pp. 465 -- 504 ^ Jump up to : Bonomi , p. 186 , Chapter 7 `` Religion and the American Revolution Jump up ^ William H. Nelson , The American Tory ( 1961 ) p. 186 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 3 - 6 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , pp. 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ Kidd ( 2010 ) , p. 141 Jump up ^ Middlekauff ( 2005 ) , p. 302 Jump up ^ Bailyn , The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) p. 303 Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Alan Heimert , Religion and the American Mind : From the Great Awakening to the Revolution . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1967 . Jump up ^ John Ferling , Setting the World Ablaze : Washington , Adams , Jefferson , and the American Revolution ( 2002 ) p. 281 ^ Jump up to : Labaree , Conservatism in Early American History ( 1948 ) pp. 164 -- 5 ^ Jump up to : Hull et al. , Choosing Sides ( 1978 ) pp. 344 -- 66 ^ Jump up to : Burrows and Wallace , The American Revolution ( 1972 ) pp. 167 -- 305 Jump up ^ J. Franklin Jameson , The American Revolution Considered as a Social Movement ( 1926 ) ; other historians pursuing the same line of thought included Charles A. Beard , Carl Becker and Arthur Schlesinger , Sr ... Jump up ^ Wood , Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution ( 1966 ) pp. 3 -- 32 ^ Jump up to : Nash ( 2005 ) ^ Jump up to : Resch ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy , `` ' If Others Will Not Be Active , I must Drive ' : George III and the American Revolution . '' Early American Studies 2004 2 ( 1 ) : pp 1 -- 46 . P.D.G. Thomas , `` George III and the American Revolution . '' History 1985 70 ( 228 ) : 16 -- 31 , says the king played a minor role before 1775 . Jump up ^ Carol Sue Humphrey , The American Revolution and the Press : The Promise of Independence ( Northwestern University Press ; 2013 ) Jump up ^ Robert M. Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Jack P. Greene ; J.R. Pole ( 2008 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . John Wiley & Sons . p. 235 . Jump up ^ Mark Edward Lender , review of American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) by T.H. Breen , in The Journal of Military History ( 2012 ) 76 # 1 p. 233 -- 4 Jump up ^ Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Greene and Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 1980 ) at page 235 Jump up ^ Calhoon , `` Loyalism and neutrality '' in Greene and Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 1980 ) pp 235 - 47 , Jump up ^ Sheila L. Skemp , Benjamin and William Franklin : Father and Son , Patriot and Loyalist ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Joan Magee ( 1984 ) . Loyalist Mosaic : A Multi-Ethnic Heritage . Dundurn . p. 137ff . ^ Jump up to : Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 20 -- 22 Jump up ^ `` Chaos in New York '' . Black Loyalists : Our People , Our History . Canada 's Digital Collections . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gottlieb ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Eileen K. Cheng ( 2008 ) . The Plain and Noble Garb of Truth : Nationalism & Impartiality in American Historical Writing , 1784 -- 1860 . University of Georgia Press . p. 210 . ^ Jump up to : Berkin , Revolutionary Mothers ( 2006 ) p. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapter 41 Jump up ^ Kerber , Women of the Republic ( 1997 ) chapters 4 and 6 Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women ( 1980 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan Dull , A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution ( 1985 ) pp. 57 -- 65 Jump up ^ Thompson , Buchanan Parker , Spain : Forgotten Ally of the American Revolution North Quincy , Mass. : Christopher Publishing House , 1976 . Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) chapters 19 , 46 and 51 ; Colin G. Calloway , The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Joseph T. Glatthaar and James Kirby Martin , Forgotten Allies : The Oneida Indians and the American Revolution ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Tom Hatley , The Dividing Paths : Cherokees and South Carolinians through the Era of Revolution ( 1993 ) ; James H. O'Donnell , III , Southern Indians in the American Revolution ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ see Barbara Graymont , `` Thayendanegea '' , Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online ^ Jump up to : Colin G. Calloway , The American Revolution in Indian Country : Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities ( 1995 ) Jump up ^ Joseph R. Fischer , A Well - Executed Failure : The Sullivan Campaign against the Iroquois , July -- September 1779 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Calloway ( 1995 ) p. 290 Jump up ^ Smith , Dwight L. ( 1989 ) . `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea '' . Northwest Ohio Quarterly . 61 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 46 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Francis M. Carroll , A Good and Wise Measure : The Search for the Canadian - American Boundary , 1783 -- 1842 ( 2001 ) p. 23 Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash , `` The African Americans Revolution , '' in Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2012 ) edited by Edward G Gray and Jane Kamensky pp 250 - 70 , at p 254 Jump up ^ Ray Raphael , A People 's History of the American Revolution ( 2001 ) p 281 Jump up ^ Revolutionary War : The Home Front , Library of Congress Jump up ^ Davis p. 148 Jump up ^ Davis p. 149 Jump up ^ Schama pp. 28 -- 30 p. 78 -- 90 Jump up ^ Stanley Weintraub , Iron Tears : America 's Battle for Freedom , Britain 's Quagmire , 1775 -- 1783 ( 2005 ) p. 7 Jump up ^ Schama , p. 75 Jump up ^ Hochschild p. 50 -- 51 Jump up ^ Peter Kolchin , American Slavery : 1619 -- 1877 , New York : Hill and Wang , 1993 , p. 73 Jump up ^ Kolchin , American Slavery , p. 73 Jump up ^ Hill ( 2007 ) , see also blackloyalist.com Jump up ^ W. Stewart Wallace , The United Empire Loyalists : A Chronicle of the Great Migration ( Toronto , 1914 ) online edition Jump up ^ Van Tine , American Loyalists ( 1902 ) p 307 Jump up ^ David McCullough , John Adams ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Greene , The American Revolution ( 2000 ) pp. 93 -- 102 Jump up ^ Wood , The American Revolution : A History ( 2003 ) Jump up ^ Murrin , John M. ; Johnson , Paul E. ; McPherson , James M. ; Fahs , Alice ; Gerstle , Gary ( 2012 ) . Liberty , Equality , Power : A History of the American People ( 6th ed . ) . Wadsworth , Cengage Learning . p. 296 . ISBN 9780495904991 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Voting Rights '' . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Crews , Ed . `` Voting in Early America '' . Retrieved 2 July 2013 . Jump up ^ McCool , Daniel , Susan M. Olson , and Jennifer L. Robinson . Native Vote , Cambridge , England : Cambridge University Press , 2007 . Jump up ^ Edmund S. Morgan ( 2005 ) . The Genuine Article : A Historian Looks at Early America . W.W. Norton . p. 246 . Jump up ^ Gordon Wood , The Radicalism of the American Revolution ( 1992 ) pp. 278 -- 79 Jump up ^ Palmer , ( 1959 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) ch 53 -- 55 Jump up ^ Wim Klooster , Revolutions in the Atlantic World : A Comparative History ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ R.B. McDowell , Ireland in the Age of Imperialism and Revolution , 1760 -- 1801 ( 1979 ) Jump up ^ Palmer , ( 1959 ) ; Greene and Pole ( 1994 ) chapters 49 -- 52 Jump up ^ Center for History and New Media , Liberty , equality , fraternity ( 2010 ) Jump up ^ Greene and Pole p. 409 , 453 -- 54 Jump up ^ Linda K. Kerber , et al. `` Beyond Roles , Beyond Spheres : Thinking about Gender in the Early Republic , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 1989 ) , 46 # 3 565 -- 85 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 3rd ed. 1996 ) Jump up ^ Woody Holton ( 2010 ) . Abigail Adams . Simon and Schuster . p. 172 . Jump up ^ Rosemarie Zagarri , Revolutionary Backlash : Women and Politics in the Early American Republic ( 2007 ) . quote p 8 Jump up ^ Klinghoffer and Elkis ( `` The Petticoat Electors : W omen 's Suffrage in New Jersey , 1776 -- 1807 '' , Journal of the Early Republic 12 , no . 2 ( 1992 ) : 159 -- 193 . ) Jump up ^ Michael Kammen , A Season of Youth : The American Revolution and the Historical Imagination ( 1978 ) ; Kammen , Mystic Chords of Memory : The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Jean B. Lee , `` Historical Memory , Sectional Strife , and the American Mecca : Mount Vernon , 1783 - 1853 , '' Virginia Magazine of History and Biography ( 2001 ) 109 # 3 pp. 255 - 300 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Jonathan B. Crider , `` De Bow 's Revolution : The Memory of the American Revolution in the Politics of the Sectional Crisis , 1850 - 1861 , '' American Nineteenth Century History ( 2009 ) 10 # 3 pp 317 -- 332 Jump up ^ David Ryan , `` Re-enacting Independence through Nostalgia - The 1976 US Bicentennial after the Vietnam War , '' Forum for Inter-American Research ( 2012 ) 5 # 3 pp 26 -- 48 . ^ Jump up to : Catherine L. Albanese , Sons of the Fathers : The Civil Religion of the American Revolution ( 1977 ) Jump up ^ Robert P. Hay , `` George Washington : American Moses , '' American Quarterly ( 1969 ) 21 # 4 pp 780 - 91 in JSTOR References Bailyn , Bernard ( 1992 ) . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . Cambridge , Massachusetts : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 44302 - 0 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Becker , Carl ( 1922 ) . The Declaration of Independence : a Study in the History of Political Ideas . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company . Berkin , Carol ( 2006 ) . Revolutionary Mothers : Women in the Struggle for America 's Independence . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7532 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Boorstin , Daniel J. ( 1953 ) . The Genius of American Politics . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 06491 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 03 . Brinkley , Douglas ( 2010 ) . `` The Sparck of Rebellion '' . American Heritage Magazine . 59 ( 4 ) . ISSN 0002 - 8738 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Burrows , Edwin G. ; Wallace , Michael ( 1972 ) . `` The American Revolution : The Ideology and Psychology of National Liberation '' . Perspectives in American History . 6 : 167 -- 305 . Calhoon , Robert M. ( 1992 ) . `` Loyalism and Neutrality '' . In Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 244 - 0 . OCLC 94003190 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Canny , Nicholas ( 1998 ) . The Origins of Empire , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I. Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924676 - 9 . Retrieved 22 July 2009 . Center for History and New Media ( 2010 ) . `` Liberty , equality , fraternity : exploring the French Revolution . Chapter 3 : Enlightenment and human rights '' . Fairfax , Virginia : George Mason University . Archived from the original on 15 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 11 . Chisick , Harvey ( 2005 ) . Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment . pp. 313 -- 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 5097 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Crow , Jeffrey J. ; Tise , Larry E. , eds. ( 1978 ) . The Southern Experience in the American Revolution . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1313 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Ferguson , Robert A. ( 2000 ) . `` The Commonalities of Common Sense '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 57 ( 3 ) : 465 -- 504 . doi : 10.2307 / 2674263 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 2674263 . Fifth Virginia Convention ( 1776 ) . `` Preamble and Resolution of the Virginia Convention , May 15 , 1776 '' . New Haven , CT : Lillian Goldman Law Library . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 1992 ) . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55786 - 244 - 0 . Archived from the original on 3 November 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ; Pole , J.R. , eds. ( 2003 ) . A Companion to the American Revolution . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley and Sons , Limited . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 1674 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Greene , Jack P. ( 2000 ) . `` The American Revolution '' . The American Historical Review . 105 ( 1 ) : 93 -- 102 . doi : 10.2307 / 2652437 . ISSN 1937 - 5239 . JSTOR 2652437 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Griffin , Martin Ignatius Joseph ( 1903 ) . Commodore John Barry : `` the father of the American navy '' . Philadelphia : self - published . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Hamilton , Alexander ( 1974 ) . Syrett , Harold C. , ed . The Papers of Alexander Hamilton . XX . New York : Columbia University Press . ISBN 0 - 231 - 08919 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Higginbotham , Don ( 1983 ) . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 . Boston : Northeastern University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 551460 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Hull , N.E.H. ; Hoffer , Peter C. ; Allen , Steven L. ( 1978 ) . `` Choosing Sides : A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York '' . Journal of American History . 65 ( 2 ) : 344 -- 66 . doi : 10.2307 / 1894084 . ISSN 0021 - 8723 . JSTOR 1894084 . Jensen , Merrill ( 2004 ) . The Founding of a Nation : a History of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 . Indianapolis , Indiana : Hackett Publishing Company . ISBN 0 - 87220 - 706 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Jensen , Merrill ( 1950 ) . The New Nation : a History of the United States during the Confederation , 1781 -- 1789 . New York : Random House Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 70527 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Kerber , Linda K. ( 1997 ) . Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America . Chapel Hill , North Carolina : The University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 4632 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Klos , Stanley L. ( 2004 ) . President Who ? Forgotten Founders . Pittsburgh : Evisum , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9752627 - 5 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Labaree , Leonard Woods ( 1948 ) . Conservatism in Early American History ( Anson G. Phelps lectureship on early American history ) . Ithaca , New York : Cornell University Press . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Lee , Richard Henry ( 1776 ) . `` Lee 's Resolutions '' . New Haven , CT : Lillian Goldman Law Library . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Mackesy , Piers ( 1993 ) . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 8192 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Maier , Pauline ( 1997 ) . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 45492 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Maier , Pauline ( 1991 ) . From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 . New York : W.W. Norton and Company , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 30825 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Shalhope , Robert E. ( 1972 ) . `` Toward a Republican Synthesis '' ( PDF ) . The William and Mary Quarterly . 29 ( 1 ) : 49 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 1921327 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Shy , John ( 2008 ) . Toward Lexington : The Role of the British Army in the Coming of the American Revolution . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59740 - 414 - 3 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Stephens , Otis H. ; Glenn , Richard A. ( 2006 ) . Unreasonable Searches and Seizures : Rights and Liberties under the Law . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 503 - 2 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 07 . Warren , Charles ( 1945 ) . `` Fourth of July Myths '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 2 ( 3 ) : 237 -- 272 . doi : 10.2307 / 1921451 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 1921451 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 1966 ) . `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . 23 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 32 . doi : 10.2307 / 2936154 . ISSN 0043 - 5597 . JSTOR 2936154 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 1993 ) . The Radicalism of the American Revolution . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 73688 - 2 . Archived from the original on 25 September 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Wood , Gordon S. ( 2003 ) . The American Revolution : A History . New York : Modern Library . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8129 - 7041 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 02 . Wraight , Christopher D. ( 2008 ) . Rousseau 's The Social Contract : A Reader 's Guide . London : Continuum Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9860 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . Bibliography Further information : Bibliography of the American Revolutionary War and Bibliography of George Washington Reference works Barnes , Ian , and Charles Royster . The Historical Atlas of the American Revolution ( 2000 ) , maps and commentary excerpt and text search Blanco , Richard L. ; Sanborn , Paul J. ( 1993 ) . The American Revolution , 1775 -- 1783 : An Encyclopedia . New York : Garland Publishing Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 5623 - 0 . Boatner , Mark Mayo III ( 1974 ) . Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 2 ed . ) . New York : Charles Scribners and Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 31513 - 3 . Cappon , Lester J. Atlas of Early American History : The Revolutionary Era , 1760 -- 1790 ( 1976 ) Fremont - Barnes , Gregory , and Richard A. Ryerson , eds . The Encyclopedia of the American Revolutionary War : A Political , Social , and Military History ( 5 vol. 2006 ) 1000 entries by 150 experts , covering all topics Gray , Edward G. , and Jane Kamensky , eds . The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution ( 2013 ) 672 pp ; 33 essays by scholars Greene , Jack P. and J.R. Pole , eds . A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) , 777pp an expanded edition of Greene and Pole , eds . The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution ( 1994 ) ; comprehensive coverage of political and social themes and international dimension ; thin on military Kennedy , Frances H. The American Revolution : A Historical Guidebook ( 2014 ) A guide to 150 famous historical sites . Purcell , L. Edward . Who Was Who in the American Revolution ( 1993 ) ; 1500 short biographies Resch , John P. , ed . Americans at War : Society , Culture and the Homefront vol 1 ( 2005 ) , articles by scholars Symonds , Craig L. and William J. Clipson . A Battlefield Atlas of the American Revolution ( 1986 ) new diagrams of each battle Surveys of the era Allison , Robert . The American Revolution : A Concise History ( 2011 ) 128pp excerpt and text search Axelrod , Alan . The Real History of the American Revolution : A New Look at the Past ( 2009 ) , well - illustrated popular history Bancroft , George . History of the United States of America , from the discovery of the American continent . ( 1854 -- 78 ) , vol 4 -- 10 online edition , classic 19th century narrative ; highly detailed Black , Jeremy . War for America : The Fight for Independence 1775 -- 1783 ( 2001 ) 266pp ; by leading British scholar Brown , Richard D. , and Thomas Paterson , eds . Major Problems in the Era of the American Revolution , 1760 -- 1791 : Documents and Essays ( 2nd ed. 1999 ) Christie , Ian R. and Benjamin W. Labaree . Empire or Independence : 1760 - 1776 ( 1976 ) Cogliano , Francis D. Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 ; A Political History ( 2nd ed. 2008 ) , British textbook Ellis , Joseph J. American Creation : Triumphs and Tragedies in the Founding of the Republic ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Higginbotham , Don . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 ( 1983 ) Online in ACLS Humanities E-book Project ; comprehensive coverage of military and domestic aspects of the war . Jensen , Merrill . The Founding of a Nation : A History of the American Revolution 1763 -- 1776 . ( 2004 ) Knollenberg , Bernhard . Growth of the American Revolution : 1766 -- 1775 ( 2003 ) Lecky , William Edward Hartpole . The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1783 ( 1898 ) , older British perspective online edition Mackesy , Piers . The War for America : 1775 -- 1783 ( 1992 ) , British military study online edition Middlekauff , Robert . The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 ( Oxford History of the United States , 2005 ) . online edition Miller , John C. Triumph of Freedom , 1775 -- 1783 ( 1948 ) online edition Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) online edition , to 1775 Rakove , Jack N. Revolutionaries : A New History of the Invention of America ( 2010 ) interpretation by leading scholar excerpt and text search Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 - 1804 ( 2016 ) 704pp ; recent survey by leading scholar Weintraub , Stanley . Iron Tears : Rebellion in America 1775 -- 83 ( 2005 ) excerpt and text search , popular Wood , Gordon S. Revolutionary Characters : What Made the Founders Different ( 2007 ) Wrong , George M. Washington and His Comrades in Arms : A Chronicle of the War of Independence ( 1921 ) online short survey by Canadian scholar online Specialized Studies Bailyn , Bernard . The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution . ( Harvard University Press , 1967 ) . ISBN 0 - 674 - 44301 - 2 Bangs , Jeremy D . `` The Travels of Elkanah Watson '' . ( McFarland & Company , 2015 ) . Becker , Carl . The Declaration of Independence : A Study on the History of Political Ideas ( 1922 ) Becker , Frank : The American Revolution as a European Media Event , European History Online , Mainz : Institute of European History , 2011 , retrieved : October 25 , 2011 . Berkin , Carol. Revolutionary Mothers : Women in the Struggle for America 's Independence ( 2006 ) Bonomi , Patricia U. , Under the Cope of Heaven : Religion , Society , and Politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) Breen , T.H. The Marketplace of Revolution : How Consumer Politics Shaped American Independence ( 2005 ) Breen , T.H. American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) 337 pages ; examines rebellions in 1774 -- 76 including loosely organized militants took control before elected safety committees emerged . Brunsman , Denver , and David J Silverman , eds . The American Revolution Reader ( Routledge Readers in History , 2013 ) 472pp ; essays by leading scholars Chernow , Ron . Washington : A Life ( 2010 ) detailed biography ; Pulitzer Prize Crow , Jeffrey J. and Larry E. Tise , eds . The Southern Experience in the American Revolution ( 1978 ) Fischer , David Hackett . Paul Revere 's Ride ( 1995 ) , Minutemen in 1775 Fischer , David Hackett . Washington 's Crossing ( 2004 ) . 1776 campaigns ; Pulitzer prize . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517034 - 2 Freeman , Douglas Southall . Washington ( 1968 ) Pulitzer Prize ; abridged version of 7 vol biography Horne , Gerald . The Counter-Revolution of 1776 : Slave Resistance and the Origins of the United States of America . ( New York University Press , 2014 ) . ISBN 1479893404 Kerber , Linda K. Women of the Republic : Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America ( 1979 ) Kidd , Thomas S. God of Liberty : A Religious History of the American Revolution ( 2010 ) McCullough , David . 1776 ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2671 - 2 ; popular narrative of the year 1776 Maier , Pauline . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence ( 1998 ) excerpt and text search Nash , Gary B . The Unknown American Revolution : The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America . ( 2005 ) . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03420 - 7 Nevins , Allan ; The American States during and after the Revolution , 1775 -- 1789 1927 . online edition Norton , Mary Beth . Liberty 's Daughters : The Revolutionary Experience of American Women , 1750 -- 1800 ( 1980 ) O'Shaughnessy Andrew Jackson . The Men Who Lost America : British Leadership , the American Revolution , and the Fate of the Empire ( Yale University Press ; 2013 ) 466 pages ; on top British leaders Palmer , Robert R . The Age of the Democratic Revolution : A Political History of Europe and America , 1760 -- 1800 . vol 1 ( 1959 ) online edition Resch , John Phillips and Walter Sargent , eds . War and Society in the American Revolution : Mobilization and Home Fronts ( 2006 ) Rothbard , Murray , Conceived in Liberty ( 2000 ) , Volume III : Advance to Revolution , 1760 -- 1775 and Volume IV : The Revolutionary War , 1775 -- 1784 . ISBN 0 - 945466 - 26 - 9 , libertarian perspective Van Tyne , Claude Halstead . American Loyalists : The Loyalists in the American Revolution ( 1902 ) online edition Volo , James M. and Dorothy Denneen Volo . Daily Life during the American Revolution ( 2003 ) Wahlke , John C. ed . The Causes of the American Revolution ( 1967 ) readings Wood , Gordon S. American Revolution ( 2005 ) ( excerpt and text search ) 208pp excerpt and text search Wood , Gordon S . The Radicalism of the American Revolution : How a Revolution Transformed a Monarchical Society into a Democratic One Unlike Any That Had Ever Existed. ( 1992 ) , by a leading scholar Historiography Breen , Timothy H. `` Ideology and nationalism on the eve of the American Revolution : Revisions once more in need of revising . '' Journal of American History ( 1997 ) : 13 - 39 . in JSTOR Schocket , Andrew M. Fighting over the Founders : How We Remember the American Revolution ( 2014 ) , how politicians , screenwriters , activists , biographers , museum professionals , and reenactors portray the American Revolution . excerpt Sehat , David . The Jefferson Rule : How the Founding Fathers Became Infallible and Our Politics Inflexibl ( 2015 ) excerpt Shalhope , Robert E. `` Toward a republican synthesis : the emergence of an understanding of republicanism in American historiography . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1972 ) : 49 - 80 . in JSTOR Waldstreicher , David . `` The Revolutions of Revolution Historiography : Cold War Contradance , Neo-Imperial Waltz , or Jazz Standard ? . '' Reviews in American History 42.1 ( 2014 ) : 23 - 35 . online Wood , Gordon S. `` Rhetoric and Reality in the American Revolution . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1966 ) : 4 - 32 . in JSTOR Primary sources The American Revolution : Writings from the War of Independence ( 2001 ) , Library of America , 880pp Commager , Henry Steele and Morris , Richard B. , eds . The Spirit of ' Seventy - Six : The Story of the American Revolution As Told by Participants ( 1975 ) ( ISBN 0 - 06 - 010834 - 7 ) short excerpts from hundreds of official and unofficial primary sources Dann , John C. , ed . The Revolution Remembered : Eyewitness Accounts of the War for Independence ( 1999 ) excerpt and text search , recollections by ordinary soldiers Gerlach , Larry ( editor ) ( 2002 ) . `` New Jersey in the American Revolution , 1763 - 1783 : A Documentary History '' ( PDF ) . New Jersey Historical Commission . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Humphrey , Carol Sue ed . The Revolutionary Era : Primary Documents on Events from 1776 to 1800 ( 2003 ) , 384pp ; newspaper accounts excerpt and text search Jensen , Merill , ed . Tracts of the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1776 ( 1967 ) . American pamphlets Jensen , Merill , ed . English Historical Documents : American Colonial Documents to 1776 : Volume 9 ( 1955 ) , 890pp ; major collection of important documents Morison , Samuel E. ed . Sources and Documents Illustrating the American Revolution , 1764 -- 1788 , and the Formation of the Federal Constitution ( 1923 ) . 370 pp online version Tansill , Charles C. ed. ; Documents Illustrative of the Formation of the Union of the American States . Government Printing Office . ( 1927 ) . 1124 pages online version Martin Kallich and Andrew MacLeish , eds . The American Revolution through British eyes ( 1962 ) primary documents Contemporary sources : Annual Register Murdoch , David H. ed . Rebellion in America : A Contemporary British Viewpoint , 1769 - 1783 ( 1979 ) , 900 + pp of annotated excerpts from Annual Register Annual Register 1773 , British compendium of speeches and reports 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 External links Library of Congress Guide to the American Revolution 132 historic photographs dealing with the personalities , monuments , weapons and locations of the American Revolution ; these are pre-1923 and out of copyright . Pictures of the Revolutionary War : Select Audiovisual Records , National Archives and Records Administration selection of images , including a number of non-military events and portraits Revolution ! The Atlantic World Reborn , Revolution ! explores the enormous transformations in the world 's politics that took place from 1763 - 1815 , with particular attention to three globally influential revolutions in America , France , and Haiti . Linking the attack on monarchism and aristocracy to the struggle against slavery , Revolution ! shows how freedom , equality , and the sovereignty of the people became universal goals. New - York Historical Society PBS Television Series Chickasaws Conflicted by the American Revolution - Chickasaw.TV Smithsonian study unit on Revolutionary Money The American Revolution : Lighting Freedom 's Flame , US National Park Service website Honored Places : The National Park Service Teacher 's Guide to the American Revolution Haldimand Collection Letters regarding the war to important generals . Fully indexed `` Military History of Revolution '' with links to documents , maps , URLs American Independence Museum Black Loyalist Heritage Society Spanish and Latin American contribution to the American Revolution American Archives : Documents of the American Revolution at Northern Illinois University Libraries American Revolution study guide and teacher resources AmericanRevolution.Org Resource for pre collegiate historical educational institutions The American Revolution , the History Channel ( US cable television ) website Gayle Olson - Ramer , `` Half a Revolution '' , 16 - page teaching guide for high school students , Zinn Education Project / Rethinking Schools `` Counter-Revolution of 1776 '' : Was U.S. Independence War a Conservative Revolt in Favor of Slavery ? Democracy Now ! June 27 , 2014 . Origins of the American Revolution : writings American resolves , declarations , petitions , essays and pamphlets prior to the Declaration of Independence ( July 1776 ) Following the Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Virginia Resolves ( May 1765 ) Braintree Instructions ( September 1765 ) Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( October 1765 ) An Inquiry into the Rights of the British Colonies ( 1766 ) Following the Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) Massachusetts Circular Letter ( February 1768 ) Journal of Occurrences ( 1768 , 1769 ) Virginia Association ( May 1769 ) Boston Pamphlet ( 1772 ) Sheffield Declaration ( January 1773 ) Following the Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Maryland Chestertown Resolves ( May 1774 ) Bush River Resolution ( March 1775 ) Massachusetts Suffolk Resolves ( September 1774 ) New York Orangetown Resolutions ( July 1774 ) A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress ( December 1774 ) The Farmer Refuted ( February 1775 ) North Carolina Mecklenburg Resolves or Declaration ( May 1775 ) Liberty Point Resolves ( June 1775 ) Tryon Resolves ( August 1775 ) Halifax Resolves ( April 1776 ) Virginia Fairfax Resolves ( July 1774 ) Fincastle Resolutions ( January 1775 ) Virginia Declaration of Rights ( June 1776 ) 1st Continental Congress Declaration and Resolves ( October 1774 ) Continental Association ( October 1774 ) Petition to the King ( October 1774 ) 2nd Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition ( July 1775 ) Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( July 1775 ) May 15 preamble ( May 1776 ) Lee Resolution ( July 1776 ) Essays and pamphlets `` Letters to the inhabitants of Canada '' ( 1774 , 1775 , 1776 ) A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) Novanglus ( 1775 ) Common Sense ( January 1776 ) Thoughts on Government ( Spring , 1776 ) British law and the American Revolution Royal Proclamations , Acts of Parliament , and other legal issues relating to the American Revolution Before 1763 Navigation Acts Wool Act ( 1699 ) Hat Act ( 1732 ) Molasses Act ( 1733 ) Iron Act ( 1750 ) Grenville ministry ( 1763 -- 1765 ) Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Act ( 1764 ) Currency Act ( 1764 ) Quartering Act ( 1765 ) Stamp Act ( 1765 ) Rockingham ministry ( 1765 -- 1766 ) Repeal Act ( March 1766 ) Declaratory Act ( March 1766 ) Revenue Act ( June 1766 ) Chatham and Grafton ministries ( 1766 -- 1770 ) Townshend Acts ( 1767 ) North ministry ( 1770 -- 1782 ) Repeal Act ( 1770 ) Tea Act ( 1773 ) Coercive Acts ( 1774 ) Conciliatory Resolution ( February 1775 ) Restraining Acts ( March & April 1775 ) Proclamation of Rebellion ( August 1775 ) Prohibitory Act ( December 1775 ) Taxation of Colonies Act ( 1778 ) Other legal issues Rights of Englishmen Writ of assistance Admiralty courts Parson 's Cause ( 1763 ) Taxation without representation Historical documents of the United States Constitution Preamble & Articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin ( State Domestic Institutions ) Child Labor Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights See also List of Constitutional Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) Amendment proposals in Congress Conventions to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility ( Emolument ) Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Signatories Convention President George Washington New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey William Livingston David Brearley William Paterson Jonathan Dayton Pennsylvania Benjamin Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robert Morris George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson Gouverneur Morris Delaware George Read Gunning Bedford Jr . John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jacob Broom Maryland James McHenry Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Daniel Carroll Virginia John Blair James Madison North Carolina William Blount Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson South Carolina John Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler Georgia William Few Abraham Baldwin Convention Secretary William Jackson Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence Declaration of Independence Primary author Thomas Jefferson Signatories President of Congress John Hancock ( Massachusetts ) New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett William Whipple Matthew Thornton Massachusetts Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Elbridge Gerry Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins William Ellery Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington William Williams Oliver Wolcott New York William Floyd Philip Livingston Francis Lewis Lewis Morris New Jersey Richard Stockton John Witherspoon Francis Hopkinson John Hart Abraham Clark Pennsylvania Robert Morris Benjamin Rush Benjamin Franklin John Morton George Clymer James Smith George Taylor James Wilson George Ross Delaware George Read Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean Maryland Samuel Chase William Paca Thomas Stone Charles Carroll of Carrollton Virginia George Wythe Richard Henry Lee Thomas Jefferson Benjamin Harrison Thomas Nelson Jr . Francis Lightfoot Lee Carter Braxton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes John Penn South Carolina Edward Rutledge Thomas Heyward Jr . Thomas Lynch Jr . Arthur Middleton Georgia Button Gwinett Lyman Hall George Walton See also Virginia Declaration of Rights Lee Resolution Committee of Five Document 's history signing portrait Second Continental Congress `` All men are created equal '' `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' `` Consent of the governed '' Independence Hall Syng inkstand American Revolution Articles of Confederation Signatories Primary drafter John Dickinson New Hampshire Josiah Bartlett John Wentworth Jr . Massachusetts John Hancock Samuel Adams Elbridge Gerry Francis Dana James Lovell Samuel Holten Rhode Island William Ellery Henry Marchant John Collins Connecticut Roger Sherman Samuel Huntington Oliver Wolcott Titus Hosmer Andrew Adams New York James Duane Francis Lewis William Duer Gouverneur Morris New Jersey John Witherspoon Nathaniel Scudder Pennsylvania Robert Morris Daniel Roberdeau Jonathan Bayard Smith William Clingan Joseph Reed Delaware Thomas McKean John Dickinson Nicholas Van Dyke Maryland John Hanson Daniel Carroll Virginia Richard Henry Lee John Banister Thomas Adams John Harvie Francis Lightfoot Lee North Carolina John Penn Cornelius Harnett John Williams South Carolina Henry Laurens William Henry Drayton John Mathews Richard Hutson Thomas Heyward Jr . Georgia John Walton Edward Telfair Edward Langworthy See also Continental Congress Congress of the Confederation American Revolution Perpetual Union Continental Association Signatories President of Congress Peyton Randolph New Hampshire John Sullivan Nathaniel Folsom Massachusetts Bay Thomas Cushing Samuel Adams John Adams Robert Treat Paine Rhode Island Stephen Hopkins Samuel Ward Connecticut Eliphalet Dyer Roger Sherman Silas Deane New York Isaac Low John Alsop John Jay James Duane Philip Livingston William Floyd Henry Wisner Simon Boerum New Jersey James Kinsey William Livingston Stephen Crane Richard Smith John De Hart Pennsylvania Joseph Galloway John Dickinson Charles Humphreys Thomas Mifflin Edward Biddle John Morton George Ross The Lower Counties Caesar Rodney Thomas McKean George Read Maryland Matthew Tilghman Thomas Johnson , Junr William Paca Samuel Chase Virginia Richard Henry Lee George Washington Patrick Henry , Junr Richard Bland Benjamin Harrison Edmund Pendleton North Carolina William Hooper Joseph Hewes Richard Caswell South Carolina Henry Middleton Thomas Lynch Christopher Gadsden John Rutledge Edward Rutledge See also Virginia Association First Continental Congress Carpenters ' Hall Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women Category Portal United States articles History By event Timeline of U.S. history Pre-Columbian era Colonial era Thirteen Colonies military history Continental Congress American Revolution War American frontier Drafting and ratification of Constitution Federalist Era War of 1812 Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Mexican -- American War Civil War Reconstruction Era Indian Wars Gilded Age Progressive Era African - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the king of england when the american colonies rebelled	[ "Support for the conflict had never been strong in Britain, where many sympathized with the Americans, but now it reached a new low.[72] King George III personally wanted to fight on, but his supporters lost control of Parliament and no further major land offensives were launched in the American Theater.[65][73]" ]	[ "King George III" ]
7051543099427463172	African independence movements	African independence movements - wikipedia African independence movements Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The African Independence Movements took place in the 20th century , when a wave of struggles for independence in European - ruled African territories were witnessed . Notable militant independence movements took place : Algeria ( former French Algeria ) , see Algerian War Angola ( former Portuguese Angola ) , see Portuguese Colonial War Guinea - Bissau ( former Portuguese Guinea ) , see Portuguese Colonial War Kenya ( former British Kenya ) , see Mau Mau Uprising Madagascar ( see Malagasy Uprising ) Mozambique ( former Portuguese Mozambique ) , see Portuguese Colonial War Namibia ( former South West Africa ) -- against South Africa , see Namibian War of Independence and South African Border War For a list of African nations achieving independence , see Decolonisation of Africa . Contents ( hide ) 1 British overseas territories 1.1 British Kenya 2 French overseas territories 2.1 French Algeria 3 Portuguese overseas territories 3.1 African nationalism in Portuguese Africa 3.1. 1 Portuguese Angola 3.1. 2 Portuguese Guinea 3.1. 3 Portuguese Mozambique 3.1. 4 Role of the Organisation of African Unity 4 Eritrea 5 Namibia 6 See also 7 External links British overseas territories ( edit ) British Kenya ( edit ) Main articles : Mau Mau Uprising and British Kenya British - ruled Kenya was the place of a rebellion from 1952 to 1960 , an insurgency by Kenyan rebels against the British colonialist rule . The core of the rebellion was formed by members of the Kikuyu ethnic group , along with smaller numbers of Embu and Meru . French overseas territories ( edit ) French Algeria ( edit ) Main articles : Algerian War and French Algeria Many Algerians had fought as French soldiers during the First World War . Thus Muslim Algerians felt all the more unfair that their votes were not equal to the other Algerians especially after 1947 when the Algerian Assembly was created . This assembly was composed of 120 members . Muslim Algerians who represented about 9 million people could designate 50 % of the Assembly members while 900,000 non-Muslim Algerians could designate the other half . Moreover , a massacre occurred in Sétif May 8 , 1945 . It opposed Algerians who were demonstrating for their national claim to the French Army . After skirmishes with police , Algerians killed about 100 ethnic French . The French army retaliated harshly . Thousands of Algerians probably died . It triggered a radicalisation of Algerian nationalists and it can be considered the beginning of the Algerian War . In 1956 , about 512,001 French soldiers were in Algeria . No resolution was imaginable in the short term . An overwhelming majority of French politicians were opposed to the idea of independence while independence was gaining ground in Muslim Algerians ' mind . France was mired and the Fourth Republic collapsed on this issue . In 1958 , Charles de Gaulle 's return to power was supposed to bring back Algeria in the bosom of France as thought French generals in Algeria . But pragmatism impelled De Gaulle to consent independence in 1962 after an aborted military coup in Algeria . Portuguese overseas territories ( edit ) See also : History of Portugal , Economic history of Portugal , and Portuguese Colonial War Portugal built a five - century - long global empire . Portuguese overseas expansion began in the 15th century , thanks to several factors that gave the small coastal nation an advantage over its larger European neighbours . First , in the 14th century , Portuguese shipbuilders invented several new techniques that made sailing in the stormy Atlantic Ocean more practical . They combined elements of different types of ships to construct stronger , roomier and more manoeuvrable caravels . They also took advantage of more reliable compasses for navigation , and benefited from the school for navigation created by Prince Henry the Navigator ( 1394 -- 1460 ) at Sagres in 1419 . Starting with voyages to Madeira and the Azores ( islands in the Atlantic ) in the first part of the 14th century , the Portuguese systematically extended their explorations as far as Japan by the 16th century . In the process , they established forts and settlements along the West and East African coasts . In the 16th through 18th centuries , the Portuguese lost their lead to other European nations , notably England and France , but played a major role in the slave trade to satisfy the demand for labour in Brazil and other American markets . By the beginning of the 19th century , Portugal controlled outposts at six locations in Africa . One was the Cape Verde Islands , located about 700 miles due west of Dakar , Senegal . Claimed for Portugal by Diogo Gomes about 1458 , this archipelago of eight major islands was devoted to sugar cultivation using slaves taken from the African mainland . The Portuguese once had extensive claims on the West African coast -- since they were the first Europeans to explore it systematically -- but by 1800 they were left with only a few ports at the mouth of the Rio Geba in what is now known as the Guinea - Bissau . To the east , the Portuguese controlled the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe , located south of the mouth of the Niger River . Like the Cape Verde Islands , they were converted to sugar production in the early 16th century using slaves acquired on the mainland in the vicinity of the Congo River . By the end of the 19th century , Portuguese landowners had successfully introduced cocoa production using forced African labour . Further south , the Portuguese claimed both sides of the mouth of the Congo River , as well as the Atlantic coast as far south as the Rio Cunene . In practical terms , Portugal controlled port cities like those of Cabinda ( north of the Congo River mouth ) , Ambriz ( south of the Congo 's mouth ) , Luanda and Benguela ( on the Angolan coast ) plus some river towns in the Angolan interior . The last area claimed by Portugal in Africa was along the southeast coast on either side of the mouth of the Zambezi River . After reaching this area , known as the Swahili Coast , at the end of the 15th century , the Portuguese came to dominate most of it by the end of the 16th century . During the 17th century , they lost control of everything north of Cape Delgado to Arabs from Oman ( who established the Sultanate of Zanzibar ) , leaving them with major ports at Mozambique , Quelimane , and Lourenço Marques , plus settlements along the Zambezi and other rivers . Despite these holdings , the Portuguese hold in Africa was problematic . The first cause was the small size of Portugal 's population , coupled with the lack of popular support for overseas empire . Exploration and conquest began as an enterprise supported by the nobility , and Portuguese peasants rarely participated unless forced to do so . When the common people of Portugal did chose to emigrate , they were much more likely to head to Brazil and other territories than to Africa . To induce Europeans to move to its African holdings , the Portuguese government resorted to releasing degradados -- convicted criminals -- from prison in exchange for accepting what amounted to exile in Africa . Angola , in particular , gained a reputation as a Portuguese penal colony . Also , since the European population remained almost entirely male , the Portuguese birth rate was negligible , although plenty of `` Afro - Lusitanians '' were born to African mothers . As a result , the European population of Portugal 's African settlements was never very large , and community leaders were just as likely to owe their loyalty to local African governments as they did to the distant Portuguese government . A second cause of weakness in Portuguese Africa was the effects of three centuries of Atlantic slave trade which had roots in the older African slave trade . Once the Atlantic triangular trade got underway , many Portuguese ( including many Brazilian traders ) in Africa found little incentive to engage in any other kind of profitable economic activity . The economies of Guinea , Angola and Mozambique became almost entirely devoted to the export of slaves to the New World ( plus gold and ivory where they were available ) while on the islands , slaves were used to grow sugar for export . Colonial authorities did nothing to stop the slave trade , which had sympathisers even among the several native African tribes , and many became wealthy by supporting it , while the traders themselves generated huge profits with which they secured allies in Africa and Portugal . Although anti-slavery efforts became organised in Europe in the 18th century , the slave trade only came to an end in the early 19th century , thanks in large part to English efforts to block shipping to the French during the Napoleonic Wars . Portugal was one of the first countries in the world to outlaw slavery , and did it so in mainland Portugal during the 18th century . The Portuguese government ended colonial slavery in stages with a final decree in 1858 that outlawed slavery in the overseas empire . The gradual pace of abolition was due to the strength of pro-slavery forces in Portuguese politics , Brazil and in Africa , they interfered with colonial administrators who challenged long - established and powerful commercial interests . The Napoleonic Wars added a new force to the Portuguese political scene -- republicanism -- introduced as an alternative to the monarchy by French troops in 1807 . The French invasion induced the Portuguese royal family to make the controversial decision to flee to Brazil ( on English ships ) , from where they ruled until 1821 . By the time King João VI returned to Lisbon , he faced a nobility divided in their support for him personally , plus a middle class that wanted a constitutional monarchy . During Joao VI 's reign ( 1821 -- 1826 ) and that of his successors -- Peter IV ( 1826 -- 1831 ) , Maria ( 1833 -- 1853 ) , Peter V ( 1853 -- 1861 ) , Louis I ( 1861 -- 1889 ) , and Carlos ( 1889 -- 1908 ) -- there was a civil war that lasted from 1826 to 1834 , a long period characterised by what one author called `` ministerial instability and chronic insurrection '' from 1834 to 1853 , and finally the end of the monarchy when both Carlos and his heir were assassinated on February 1 , 1908 . Under those circumstances , colonial officials appointed by governments in Lisbon were more concerned with politics at home than with administering their African territories . As it did everywhere else , the Industrial Revolution stimulated change in Portuguese Africa . It created a demand for tropical raw materials like vegetable oils , cotton , cocoa and rubber , and it also created a need for markets to purchase the expanded quantity of goods issuing from factories . In Portugal 's case , most of the factories were located in England , which had had a special relationship with Portugal ever since Philippa , the daughter of England 's John of Gaunt , married John of Avis , the founder of the Portuguese second dynasty . Prodded by Napoleon 's invasion and English support for the royal family 's escape to Brazil , King João and his successors eliminated tariffs , ended trade monopolies and generally opened the way for British merchants to become dominant in the Portuguese empire . At times , that caused friction , such as when both British and Portuguese explorers claimed the Shire Highlands ( located in modern Malawi ) , but for the most part Great Britain supported the Portuguese position in exchange for incorporating Portugal 's holdings into the British economic sphere . With neither a large European population nor African wage earners , the Portuguese colonies offered poor markets for manufactured goods from the private sector . Consequently , industrialisation arrived in the form of government programs designed to improve internal communications and increase the number of European settlers . During the late 1830s , the government headed by Marquis Sá da Bandeira tried to encourage Portuguese farmers to migrate to Angola , with little success . Between 1845 and 1900 , the European population of Angola rose from 1,832 to only about 9,000 . European migration to Mozambique showed slightly better results -- about 11,000 in 1911 -- but many were British from South Africa rather than Portuguese . The other major force for change was the rivalries that developed between European nations in the century between the end of the Napoleonic Wars and the outbreak of World War I. Forbidden from fighting each other by the `` balance of power '' established by the Treaty of Vienna , they competed in other ways including scientific discoveries , athletic competitions , exploration and proxy wars . Although not a major power anymore , Portugal participated in the competition , especially by sending out explorers to solidify their claim to all of the land between Angola and Mozambique . That bought them into conflict with men like Cecil Rhodes , whose own vision of an empire from `` Cape to Cairo '' required that the British gain control over the same land ( see British Ultimatum ) . European rivalries appeared most often as commercial competition , and in 19th century Africa , that included the right to move goods by steamboat along rivers . The British had a head start thanks to their early adoption of steam technology and their supremacy on the high seas . They became the strongest proponents of the principle of `` free trade '' which prohibited countries from creating legal barriers to another country 's merchants . Occasionally , Portuguese leaders resisted , but the British alliance provided sufficient benefits to convince various administrations to go along ( although they faced revolts at home and in their colonies ) . It was Portugal 's claim to the land on either side of the mouth of the Congo River that triggered the events leading up to the Congress of Berlin . That claim , which dated from Diogo Cão 's voyage in 1484 , gave Portugal places from which naval patrols could control access to Africa 's largest river system . The British eyed this arrangement with suspicion for years , but paid tariffs ( like everyone else ) for the right to trade there , mostly for slaves . After the abolition of slavery got underway , the Portuguese dragged their heels , so in 1839 the British government declared its right to inspect Portuguese ships for evidence of slave trading with or without Portuguese consent . That stirred the Portuguese to action , and in a subsequent series of agreements made in the 1840s , the British acquired the right to land their ships to land where no Portuguese authorities were present . When the Portuguese refused to renew the agreement in 1853 , the British ceased paying tariffs at the ports on either side of the Congo River mouth , claiming that Portugal 's claim had expired because they had left the area unoccupied for too long . Portugal reoccupied the ports of Cabinda and Ambriz in 1855 , and relations with Great Britain improved after that . The dispute set a precedent , however , that effective occupation was a prerequisite for recognition of colonial claims . The question continued to reappear until 1885 when it was enshrined in the agreements that emanated from the Congress of Berlin . The final straw was the Anglo - Portuguese Treaty signed on February 26 , 1884 . It granted exclusive navigation rights on the Congo River to Britain in exchange for British guarantees of Portugal 's control of the coast at the mouth of the Congo River . Most significantly , it prevented the French from taking advantage of treaties signed by one of its explorers ( Savorgnan de Brazza ) with Africans living along the north side of the Congo River . International protests forced the two countries to abandon the treaty in June 1884 , and Bismarck used the controversy to call the Congress of Berlin later that year . The Portuguese were the first Europeans to claim territory in sub-Saharan Africa , and their example inspired imitation from other European powers . For the British , the Portuguese were acceptable proxies in the competition with France , Russia and Germany for world domination . For Portuguese governments , the British alliance gave them influence that they could not command themselves , while the idea of a Portuguese empire offered something with which to distract domestic opponents from the struggles initiated by the Napoleonic Wars . The issues that were raised by Portugal 's claims in Africa and the efforts of other countries to whittle them down became the fundamental issues of the Congress of Berlin . In the end , the Congress settled more than the future of Portugal 's African holdings -- it also set the rules for any European government which wished to establish an empire in Africa . In the 1950s , after World War II , several African territories became independent from their European rulers , but the oldest Europe - ruled territories , those ruled by Portugal , were rebranded `` Overseas Provinces '' from the former designation as Portuguese colonies . This was a firm effort of Portugal 's authorities to preserve its old African possessions abroad and refuse any claims of independence . This was followed by a wave of strong economic and social developments in all Portuguese Africa , in particular the overseas provinces of Angola and Mozambique . By the 1960s , several organisations were founded to support independence 's claims of the Portuguese overseas provinces in Africa . They were mostly entirely based and supported from outside Portugal 's territories . Headquartered and managed in countries like Senegal , Tanzania , Algeria , Guinea and Ethiopia , these guerrilla movements sought weapons , financing and political support in Eastern Bloc 's communist states and the People 's Republic of China . A Cold War conflict in Portuguese Africa was about to start . Marxist - Leninist and Maoist ideologies , backed by countries like the Soviet Union and People 's Republic of China were behind the nationalist guerrilla movements created to attack Portuguese possessions and claim independence . The USA and other countries , in order to counter communist growing influence in the region also started to support some nationalist guerrillas in their fight against Portugal . The series of guerrilla wars involving Portugal and several armed nationalist groups from Africa in its overseas provinces of Angola , Guinea , and Mozambique , become known as the Portuguese Colonial War ( Guerra Colonial or Guerra do Ultramar ) . African nationalism in Portuguese Africa ( edit ) Portuguese Angola ( edit ) Portuguese soldiers in Angola . Main articles : Angolan War of Independence and Portuguese West Africa In Portuguese Angola , the rebellion of the ZSN was taken up by the União das Populações de Angola ( UPA ) , which changed its name to the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) in 1962 . On February 4 , 1961 , the People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) took credit for the attack on the prison of Luanda , where seven policemen were killed . On March 15 , 1961 , the UPA , in a tribal attack , started the massacre of white populations and black workers born in other regions of Angola . This region would be retaken by large military operations that , however , would not stop the spread of the guerrilla actions to other regions of Angola , such as Cabinda , the east , the southeast and the central plateaus . Portuguese Guinea ( edit ) Main articles : Guinea - Bissau War of Independence and Portuguese Guinea PAIGC 's checkpoint in 1974 In Portuguese Guinea , the Marxist African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde ( PAIGC ) started fighting in January 1963 . Its guerrilla fighters attacked the Portuguese headquarters in Tite , located to the south of Bissau , the capital , near the Corubal river . Similar actions quickly spread across the entire colony , requiring a strong response from the Portuguese forces . The war in Guinea placed face to face Amílcar Cabral , the leader of PAIGC , and António de Spínola , the Portuguese general responsible for the local military operations . In 1965 the war spread to the eastern part of the country and in that same year the PAIGC carried out attacks in the north of the country where at the time only the minor guerrilla movement , the Frente de Luta pela Independência Nacional da Guiné ( FLING ) , was fighting . By that time , the PAIGC started receiving military support from the Socialist Bloc , mainly from Cuba , a support that would last until the end of the war . In Guinea the Portuguese troops mainly took a defensive position , limiting themselves to keeping the territories they already held . This kind of action was particularly devastating to the Portuguese troops who were constantly attacked by the forces of the PAIGC . They were also demoralised by the steady growth of the influence of the liberation supporters among the population that was being recruited in large numbers by the PAIGC . With some strategic changes by António Spínola in the late 1960s , the Portuguese forces gained momentum and , taking the offensive , became a much more effective force . Between 1968 and 1972 , the Portuguese forces took control of the situation and sometimes carried attacks against the PAIGC positions . At this time the Portuguese forces were also adopting subversive means to counter the insurgents , attacking the political structure of the nationalist movement . This strategy culminated in the assassination of Amílcar Cabral in January 1973 . Nonetheless , the PAIGC continued to fight back and pushed the Portuguese forces to the limit . This became even more visible after PAIGC received anti-aircraft weapons provided by the Soviets , especially the SA - 7 rocket launchers , thus undermining the Portuguese air superiority . Portuguese Mozambique ( edit ) Main articles : Mozambican War of Independence and Portuguese East Africa Portuguese Mozambique was the last territory to start the war of liberation . Its nationalist movement was led by the Marxist - Leninist Liberation Front of Mozambique ( FRELIMO ) , which carried out the first attack against Portuguese targets on September 24 , 1964 , in Chai , province of Cabo Delgado . The fighting later spread to Niassa , Tete at the centre of the country . A report from Battalion No. 558 of the Portuguese army makes references to violent actions , also in Cabo Delgado , on August 21 , 1964 . On November 16 of the same year , the Portuguese troops suffered their first losses fighting in the north of the country , in the region of Xilama . By this time , the size of the guerrilla movement had substantially increased ; this , along with the low numbers of Portuguese troops and colonists , allowed a steady increase in FRELIMO 's strength . It quickly started moving south in the direction of Meponda and Mandimba , linking to Tete with the aid of Malawi . Until 1967 the FRELIMO showed less interest in Tete region , putting its efforts on the two northernmost districts of the country where the use of landmines became very common . In the region of Niassa , FRELIMO 's intention was to create a free corridor to Zambézia . Until April 1970 , the military activity of FRELIMO increased steadily , mainly due to the strategic work of Samora Machel in the region of Cabo Delgado . In the early 1970s , after the Portuguese Gordian Knot Operation , the nationalist guerrilla was severely damaged . Role of the organisation of African Unity ( edit ) The Organisation of African Unity ( OAU ) was founded May 1963 . Its basic principles were co-operation between African nations and solidarity between African peoples . Another important objective of the OAU was an end to all forms of colonialism in Africa . This became the major objective of the organisation in its first years and soon OAU pressure led to the situation in the Portuguese colonies being brought up at the UN Security Council . The OAU established a committee based in Dar es Salaam , with representatives from Ethiopia , Algeria , Uganda , Egypt , Tanzania , Zaire , Guinea , Senegal and Nigeria , to support African liberation movements . The support provided by the committee included military training and weapon supplies . The OAU also took action in order to promote the international acknowledgement of the legitimacy of the Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile ( GRAE ) , composed of the National Liberation Front of Angola ( FNLA ) . This support was transferred to the People 's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( MPLA ) and to its leader , Agostinho Neto in 1967 . In November 1972 , both movements were recognised by the OAU in order to promote their merger . After 1964 , the OAU recognised PAIGC as the legitimate representatives of Guinea - Bissau and Cape Verde and in 1965 recognised FRELIMO for Mozambique . Eritrea ( edit ) Eritrea sits on a strategic location along the Red Sea , between the Suez Canal and the Bab - el - Mandeb . Eritrea was an Italian colony from 1890 - 1941 . On April 1 , 1941 , the British captured Asmara defeating the Italians and Eritrea fell under the British Military Administration . This military rule lasted from 1941 until 1952 . On December 2 , 1950 , the United Nations General Assembly , by UN Resolution 390 A ( V ) federated Eritrea with Ethiopia . The architect of this federal act was the United States . The federation went into effect September 11 , 1952 . However , the federation was a non-starter for feudal Ethiopia , and it started to systematically undermine it . On December 24 , 1958 -- the Eritrean flag was replaced by the Ethiopian flag ; On May 17 , 1960 -- The title `` Government of Eritrea '' of the Federation was changed to `` Administration of Eritrea '' . Earlier Amharic was declared official language in Eritrea replacing Tigrinya and Arabic . Finally on November 14 , 1962 - -- Ethiopia officially annexed Eritrea as its 14th province . The people of Eritrea , after finding out peaceful resistance against Ethiopia 's rule was falling on deaf ears formed the Eritrean Liberation Movement ( ELM ) which was formed in 1958 . The founders of these independence movement were : Mohammad Said Nawud , Saleh Ahmed Iyay , Yasin al - Gade , Mohammad al - Hassen and Said Sabr . ELM members were organised in secret cells of seven . The movement was known as Mahber Shewate in Tigrinya and as Harakat Atahrir al Eritrea in Arabic . On July 10 , 1960 , a second independence movement , the Eritrean Liberation Front ( ELF ) was founded in Cairo . Among its founders were : Idris Mohammed Adem , President , Osman Salih Sabbe , Secretary General , and Idris Glawdewos as head of military affairs . These were among those who made up the highest political body known as the Supreme Council . On September 1 , 1961 , Hamid Idris Awate and his ELF unit attacked an Ethiopian police unit in western Eritrea ( near Mt . Adal ) . This heralded the 30 - year Eritrean war for independence . Between March and November 1970 , three core groups that later made up the Eritrean People 's Liberation Front ( EPLF ) split from the ELF and established themselves as separate units . In September 1974 , Emperor Haile Selassie was overthrown by a military coup in Ethiopia . The military committee that took power in Ethiopia is better known by its Amharic name the Derg . After the military coup the Derg broke ties with the U.S. and realigned itself with the USSR ( Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ) and the USSR and its eastern bloc allies replaced America as patrons of Ethiopia 's aggression against Eritrea . Between January and July 1977 , the ELF and EPLF armies had liberated 95 % of Eritrea capturing all but 4 towns . However , in 1978 - 79 , Ethiopia mounted a series of five massive Soviet - backed offensives and reoccupied almost all of Eritrea 's major towns and cities , except for Nakfa . The EPLF withdrew to a mountain base in northern Eritrea , around the town of Nakfa . In 1980 the EPLF had offered a proposal for referendum to end the war , however , Ethiopia , thinking it had a military upper hand , rejected the offer and war continued . In February -- June 1982 , The EPLF managed to repulse Ethiopia 's much heralded four - month `` Red Star '' campaign ( aka the 6th offensive by Eritreans ) inflicting more than 31,000 Ethiopian casualties . In 1984 the EPLF started its counter-offensive and cleared the Ethiopian from the North - eastern Sahil front . In March 1988 the EPLF demolished the Ethiopian front at Afabet in a major offensive the British Historian Basil Davidson compared to the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu . In February 1990 the EPLF liberated the strategic port of Massawa and in the process destroyed a portion of the Ethiopian Navy . A year later the war came to conclusion on May 24 , 1991 , when the Ethiopian army in Eritrea surrendered . Thus Eritrea 's 30 - year war crowned with victory . On May 24 , 1993 , after a UN-supervised referendum on April 23 -- 25 , 1993 , in which the Eritrean people overwhelmingly , 99.8 % , voted for independence , Eritrea officially declared its independence and gained international recognition . Namibia ( edit ) South African soldiers pose with a captured German flag after their successful invasion of South - West Africa in 1915 . At the onset of World War I , the Union of South Africa participated in the invasion and occupation of several Allied territories taken from the German Empire , most notably German South - West Africa and German East Africa ( Tanzania ) . Germany 's defeat forced the new Weimar Republic to cede its overseas possessions to the League of Nations as mandates . A mandate over South - West Africa was conferred upon the United Kingdom , `` for and on behalf of the government of the Union of South Africa '' , which was to handle administrative affairs under the supervision of the league . South - West Africa was classified as a `` C '' mandate , or a territory whose population sparseness , small size , remoteness , and geographic continuity to the mandatory power allowed it to be governed as an integral part of the mandatory itself . Nevertheless , the League of Nations obliged South Africa to promote social progress among indigenous inhabitants , refrain from establishing military bases there , and grant residence to missionaries of any nationality without restriction . Article 7 of the South - West Africa mandate stated that the consent of the league was required for any changes in the terms of the mandate . With regards to the local German population , the occupation was on especially lenient terms ; South Africa only repatriated civil and military officials , along with a small handful of political undesirables . Other German civilians were allowed to remain . In 1924 all white South - West Africans were automatically naturalised as South African nationals and British subjects thereof ; the exception being about 260 who lodged specific objections . In 1926 a Legislative Assembly was created to represent German , Afrikaans , and English - speaking white residents . Control over basic administrative matters , including taxation , was surrendered to the new assembly , while matters pertaining to defence and native affairs remained in the hands of an administrator - general . Following World War II , South - West Africa 's international status after the dissolution of the League of Nations was questioned . The United Nations General Assembly refused South Africa permission to incorporate the mandate as a fifth province , largely due to its controversial policy of racial apartheid . At the General Assembly 's request the issue was examined at the International Court of Justice . The court ruled in 1950 that South Africa was not required to transfer the mandate to UN trusteeship , but remained obligated to adhere to its original terms , including the submission of annual reports on conditions in the territory . South African military convoy in Namibia , 1978 . Led by newly elected Afrikaner nationalist Daniel François Malan , the South African government rejected this opinion and refused to recognise the competence of the UN to interfere with South - West African affairs . In 1960 Ethiopia and Liberia , the only two other former League of Nations member states in Africa , petitioned the Hague to rule in a binding decision that the league mandate was still in force and to hold South Africa responsible for failure to provide the highest material and moral welfare of black South - West Africans . It was pointed out that nonwhite residents were subject to all the restrictive apartheid legislation affecting nonwhites in South Africa , including confinement to reserves , colour bars in employment , pass laws , and influx control over urban migrants . A South African attempt to scupper proceedings by arguing that the court had no jurisdiction to hear the case was rejected ; conversely , however , the court itself ruled that Ethiopia and Liberia did not possess the necessary legal interest entitling them to bring the case . In October 1966 the General Assembly declared that South Africa had failed to fulfill its obligations as the mandatory power and had in fact disavowed them . The mandate was unilaterally terminated on the grounds that the UN would now assume direct responsibility for South - West Africa . In 1967 and 1969 the UN called for South Africa 's disengagement and requested the Security Council to take measures to oust the South African Defence Force from the territory that the General Assembly , at the request of black leaders in exile , had officially renamed Namibia . One of the greatest aggravating obstacles to eventual independence occurred when the UN also agreed to recognise the South West African People 's Organization ( SWAPO ) , then an almost exclusively Ovambo body , as the sole authentic representative of the Namibian population . South Africa was offended by the General Assembly 's simultaneous dismissal of its various internal Namibian parties as puppets of the occupying power . Furthermore , SWAPO espoused a militant platform which called for independence through UN activity , including military intervention . By 1965 SWAPO 's morale had been elevated by the formation of a guerrilla wing , the People 's Liberation Army of Namibia ( PLAN ) , which forced the deployment of South African Police troops along the long and remote northern frontier . The first armed clashes between PLAN cadres and local security forces took place in August 1966 . See also ( edit ) Scramble for Africa Portuguese Empire Portuguese Colonial War Cold War Anti-imperialism Imperialism Italian Colonial Empire Colonialism Civilising mission Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation Pan-Africanism Black Consciousness Movement List of national liberation movements recognized by intergovernmental organizations African Independence , a documentary film about the African independence movements External links ( edit ) Africa : 50 years of independence -- Radio France Internationale Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=African_independence_movements&oldid=809090428 '' Categories : Independence movements National liberation movements in Africa Politics of Africa European colonisation in Africa Decolonisation Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from August 2009 All articles lacking sources Articles with limited geographic scope from December 2010 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 November 2017 , at 02 : 07 . 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4639747430498694904	List of Teachers' Days	List of teachers ' Days - wikipedia List of teachers ' Days Jump to : navigation , search U.S. President Obama meets with teachers on Teachers ' Day , May 2 , 2011 Teachers ' Day is a special day for the appreciation of teachers , and may include celebrations to honor them for their special contributions in a particular field area , or the community in general . The idea of celebrating Teachers ' Day took root in many countries during the 19th century ; in most cases , they celebrate a local educator or an important milestone in education ( for example , Argentina has commemorated Domingo Faustino Sarmiento 's death on 11 September since 1915 , while India traditionally celebrates Guru Purnima , an Indian and Nepalese festival dedicated to spiritual and academic teachers which is celebrated on the full moon day ( Purnima ) in the Hindu month of Ashadha ( June -- July ) as it is known in the Hindu calendar of India and Nepal . The birthday of Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( 5 September ) is also celebrated as Teacher 's Day in India since 1962 . This is the primary reason why countries celebrate this day on different dates , unlike many other International Days . Play media What makes great teachers and great school leaders ? Contents ( hide ) 1 Date by country 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Date by country ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country Date of Teachers ' Day Notes Afghanistan 3 Saur ( 3 Ordibehesht ) Schools wo n't have a holiday , but students and teachers gather to celebrate at schools with special traditional food , cookies , music and presents for the teachers . Albania 7 March Celebrates the opening of the first school where lessons were taught in the Albanian language , on 7 March 1887 . Algeria 28 February Argentina 11 September Armenia 5 October Armenia previously celebrated Teacher 's Day on the first Sunday of October . Under a parliamentary decision to amend the law on the Republic of Armenia Holidays and Commemoration Days , the holiday was shifted to 5 October , which coincides with World Teachers ' Day ( est. 1994 by UNESCO ) . Australia Last Friday in October On Australia 's celebration of World Teachers ' Day , the NEiTA Foundation and the Australian Scholarships Group ( ASG ) is proud to announce the national teaching recipients of the ASG Community Merit Awards . World Teachers ' Day was started by UNESCO and is celebrated in more than 100 countries around the world each year . On its 40th anniversary this year , it represents a significant token of the awareness , understanding and appreciation displayed for the contribution that teachers make to education . If it falls on 31 October , coinciding with Halloween , it is postponed a week , to 7 November . Azerbaijan 5 October Between 1965 and 1994 , the first Sunday of October . Since 1994 , on 5 October , it has coincided with World Teachers ' Day on 5 October ( est. 1994 by UNESCO ) . Bangladesh 5 October Belarus 14 August Brunei 23 September To commemorate the birth date of the 28th ruler of Brunei , Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien III , also known as the ' Architect of Modern Brunei ' , who amongst other things emphasized the importance of education to his subjects by introducing a policy of ' free ' education whereby the citizens are charged very nominal fees for attending schools . This policy has been continued and extended by the current ( 29th ) ruler . Bhutan 2 May Established and marked on the birth anniversary of the third King of Bhutan , Jigme Dorji Wangchuck , who introduced modern education to the country . Bolivia 6 June Brazil 15 October Established by a decree regulating elementary schools in Brazil . The celebration gained popularity throughout the country , and October 15 was officially designated Teachers ' Day in 1963 . Bulgaria 5 October On 29 September 2006 , the date of 5 October was recognized as Teacher 's Day by the government . Cameroon 5 October Teachers in Cameroon on Tuesday , 5 October 2010 joined their peers worldwide to celebrate the 17th World Teachers Day . With the theme `` Nation building passes through teachers '' , the day served as an opportunity to pay homage to teachers who toil , sometimes under not - so - comfortable conditions , to build the capacities of human resources for the socio - economic development of the country . Commemorative activities in Yaounde began on 29 September with educative talks at the Lycée Général Leclerc , and were rounded off on World Teachers Day at the Wada multi-purpose sports complex . Canada 5 October On 5 October , along with over 100 countries around the world , the Canadian Teachers ' Federation and its member organizations across the country celebrate World Teachers ' Day through a public awareness campaign that highlights the contributions of the teaching profession . Chile 16 October In 1967 , 11 September was selected as `` Día del Maestro '' ( `` Teacher 's Day '' ) . The date was moved to December 10 in 1975 , because on that day in 1945 , the Chilean poet Gabriela Mistral received the Nobel Prize . In 1977 , the date was renamed to `` Día del Profesor '' ( also `` Teacher 's Day '' ) and was moved again , to 16 October , to honour the founding of the Colegio de Profesores de Chile ( Teachers ' Association of Chile ) . China 10 September In the People 's Republic of China , there are some activities for students to show their appreciation to teachers , such as presenting gifts , including cards and flowers . In addition , many former students will go back to their old primary schools , middle schools and high schools to give presents to their old teachers . The government first proclaimed Teachers ' Day in 1985 , but has never clearly explained why it should fall on 10 September . Some believe it is due to the similar pronunciation between the word `` teacher '' ( 教师 jiao shi ) and the two digits 9 ( 九 jiu ) , 10 ( 十 shi ) in the date . Some people believe it was an arbitrary choice and have proposed to change it to 28 September , believed to be the birthdate of Confucius . On 5 September 2013 , the State Council announced a legislative draft endorsing the change . If adopted , it would effectively make mainland China and Taiwan share the same Teachers ' Day beginning in 2014 . Taiwan has observed 28 September as Teachers ' Day since the 1950s . Colombia 15 May This day marks the appointment of San Juan Bautista de la Salle as the patron of teachers . In 1950 , Pope Pius XII granted his approval of La Salle as patron of teachers for championing the causes of modern education . The holy founder understood the education of children as the obligation of all . Usually the schools of his time ( 1651 -- 1719 ) only accepted young people studying towards politics or diplomacy . Juan Bautista outlined the principles of free and universal education . That same year in Colombia , the President of the Republic declared that date as Teachers ' Day . Costa Rica 22 November To commemorate the birth date of Mauro Fernández Acuña ( 11 / 22 / 1843 ) . one of the greatest educators of the country . Cuba 22 December On 22 December 1961 , Cuba declared itself a Territory Free of Illiteracy ( Territorio Libre de Analfabetismo ) ( see Cuban Literacy Campaign ) Czech Republic 28 March The birthday of John Amos Comenius . Czech students nominate the teachers whose approach most motivates and inspires them to the Zlatý Ámos ( Golden Amos ) competition . The coronation of `` Golden Amos '' takes place yearly on 28 March . Dominican Republic 30 June Ecuador 13 April Celebrated on this date in honour of Juan Montalvo , an Ecuadorian teacher who planted the seeds of development in young minds . Egypt 28 February El Salvador 22 June Teachers ' Day in El Salvador is observed as a national holiday . Estonia 5 October In Estonia last class students grant leave to teachers by conducting lessons themselves . Germany 5 October Greece 30 January Derived from the Eastern Orthodox faith when the Three Holy Hierarchs and Ecumenical Teachers ( Basil the Great , Gregory the Theologian and John Chrysostom ) are commemorated . Guatemala 25 June A celebration in honour of the teacher María Chinchilla who died during a violent riot in protest against the government . Honduras 17 September Celebration in honour of the life of José Trinidad Reyes Hong Kong 10 September Before the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong in 1997 , Teachers ' Day was on 28 September . After the handover to the People 's Republic of China , the day was changed to 10 September , which is when the PRC celebrates the holiday . Hungary First Sunday of June India full moon day ( Purnima ) in the Hindu month of Ashadha ( June -- July ) , and 5 September Guru Purnima is an Indian and Nepalese festival dedicated to spiritual and academic teachers . This festival is traditionally celebrated by Hindus , Jains and Buddhists , to pay their respects to their teachers and express their gratitude . The festival is celebrated on the full moon day ( Purnima ) in the Hindu month of Ashadha ( June -- July ) as it is known in the Hindu calendar of India and Nepal . This day marks the first peak of the lunar cycle after the peak of the solar cycle. The celebration is marked by ritualistic respect to the Guru , Guru Puja . The Guru Principle is said to be a thousand times more active on the day of Guru purnima than on any other day . The word Guru is derived from two words , gu and ru . The Sanskrit root gu means darkness or ignorance , and ru denotes the remover of that darkness . Therefore , a Guru is one who removes the darkness of our ignorance . Gurus are believed by many to be the most necessary part of life . On this day , disciples offer pooja ( worship ) or pay respect to their Guru ( spiritual guide ) . In addition to having religious importance , this festival has great importance for Indian academics and scholars . Indian academics celebrate this day by thanking their teachers as well as remembering past teachers and scholars . The birth date of the second President of India , Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , 5 September 1888 , has been celebrated as Teacher 's Day since 1962 . On this day , teachers and students report to school as usual but the usual activities and classes are replaced by activities of celebration , thanks and remembrance . In some schools , senior students take the responsibility of teaching in order to show their appreciation for the teachers . Indonesia 25 November National Teachers ' Day is commemorated on the same day as the formation of the Indonesian Teachers ' Association , the PGRI . National Teachers ' Day is not a holiday , but it is celebrated by having a ceremonial activity in recognition of certain teachers , headmasters and other school staff . Iran 2 May ( 12 Ordibehesht ) The Islamic Republic government changed the original date to coincide with the assassination of Morteza Motahhari on 1 May 1979 . Israel 23 Kislev Iraq October 1 Jamaica 6 May Teachers ' Day is normally celebrated on May 7 or the first Wednesday in May . In celebration of Teachers ' Day , it is common for students and parents to bring teachers gifts . Most schools close early . Jordan 28 February Kosovo 7 March Laos 7 October Latvia The first Sunday of October Teacher 's Day is celebrated in schools on the 1st Sunday of October . Usually , some classes that day are canceled or conducted by elder grade pupils , while teachers are greeted . Lebanon 9 March Libya 28 February Lithuania 5 October Between 1965 and 1994 , it was celebrated on the first Sunday of October . Since 1994 , it has been celebrated on 5 October to coincide with the World Teachers ' Day ( est. 1994 by UNESCO ) . Macedonia 5 October Malaysia 16 May This date was chosen because on the same day in 1956 , the Federal Legislative Council of the Federation of Malaya endorsed the Razak Report , one of four reports of the Education Committee regarding education in Malaysia . The document , known as the Razak Report after Tun Abdul Razak who was Education Minister at the time , has been the basis of education in Malaysia ever since . Although it is not an official school holiday , celebrations are usually held on 16 May , or earlier if it falls on a Saturday or Sunday . Maldives 5 October On 5 October , schools in the Maldives celebrate Teachers ' Day with many activities . Children and students give parcels and gifts to teachers . Mauritius 5 October Mexico 15 May On 15 May ( known as `` Día del Maestro '' ) schools in Mexico are supposed to stop normal activities and organize cultural events that promote the importance and dignity of the teachers ' role in society . In reality some schools operate as usual and others take the day off . The first Teacher 's Day was celebrated on 15 May 1918 . The date of 15 May was proposed at the Mexican Congress on 27 September 1917 , approved on 29 October 1917 and published on 5 December 1917 . There are several possible origins for choosing this date . The first one mentions that in the city of San Luis Potosí every 15 May , a group of students gathered to celebrate the birthday of their old teacher Isidore , named after Saint Isidore the Laborer , following the Mexican tradition of naming children according to the Saint celebrated the day they were born . The second origin considers the celebration of a historic event in the city of Querétaro on 15 May 1867 . Republic of Moldova 5 October Mongolia 5 October Morocco 28 February Myanmar ( aka Burma ) 5 October Nepal Full moon day of Ashad The full moon day is also called Ashad sukla purnima ; the date usually falls in mid-July . Teacher 's Day is called `` Guru Purnima '' in Nepali , where `` Guru '' means teacher and `` Purnima '' means `` Full Moon '' . Netherlands 5 October New Zealand 29 October Nigeria 5 October Teachers ' day in Nigeria is usually a work - free day for all rural and urban teachers . Oman 24 February Panama 1 December To commemorate the birth date of Manuel José Hurtado , who is known as the father of Panamanian education because of his promotion of modern universal education through the establishment of the first public schools and teachers ' colleges in what is now known as Panama -- then part of Colombia -- aiming to break the vicious cycle of ignorance and poverty that afflicted the vast majority of the population . He went on to be named Director - General of Public Instruction of the State of the Isthmus . Pakistan 5 October Paraguay 30 April Peru 6 July During the independence of Peru , the Liberator José de San Martín founded the first Normal School for Men by means of a resolution passed by the Marquis of Torre - Tagle on 6 July 1822 . Many years later , in 1953 , the then president Manuel A. Odría decided that Teachers ' Day would be commemorated every 6 July . Philippines 5 October ( No Classes ) By virtue of Presidential Proclamation No. 242 , s . 2011 , the National Teacher 's Month is celebrated starting September 5 through the World Teachers ' Day celebration in October 5 , making it the longest celebration to honor more than 500,000 teachers nationwide . Before 2011 , Teachers ' Day was celebrated in schools between the months of September and October ( mainly elementary and secondary levels ) . Teachers are presented with orchid corsages by students . Groups of students representing various grade levels perform short skits or song and dance numbers , or read poetry for their teachers in front of fellow schoolmates in school - wide activities . These activities are planned by senior students in the Student Council who coordinate the activities well in advance . For Filipino - Chinese schools , a program is usually organized by students for teachers on 27 September while 28 September , considered as the actual Teachers ' Day , is a school holiday where both teachers and students are allowed to rest . 28 September was selected as it is thought to be the birthdate of Confucius . Poland 14 October This day is the anniversary of the creation of the Commission of National Education , created in 1773 through the initiative of King Stanisław August Poniatowski . Normally , flowers and sweets will be given to teachers by kids . School play and activities can be also scheduled by student body . Puerto Rico 20 May In 2016 , it was celebrated on the 20th of May . Usually , it is the Friday before Mother 's Day. † In some cases , it has been celebrated on the first Friday of May . Kuwait 5 October Qatar 5 October Romania 5 June Russia 5 October Between 1965 and 1994 , the first Sunday of October , since 1994 , 5 October , coinciding with World Teachers ' Day ( est. 1994 by UNESCO ) . Saudi Arabia 28 February Serbia 5 October Singapore First Friday of September An official school holiday . Celebrations are normally conducted the day before , where students usually get half a day off . In some schools , students will put on performances to entertain and honour their teachers . Slovakia 28 March Commemorates the birthdate of John Amos Comenius . Somalia 21 November Since 1974 , Teachers ' Day has been a public holiday celebrated in every school . South Korea 15 May ( since 1963 ) in Seoul and 1964 ( in Chunju City ) Originally it was started by a group of Red Cross youth team members who visited their sick ex-teachers in hospitals . Originally its date was May 26 . But since 1965 , its date has been 15 May , Sejong the Great 's birthday . The national celebration ceremony was stopped between 1973 and 1982 , but it resumed after that . On the day , teachers are usually presented with carnations by their students and ex-students . Many schools now close on Teachers ' Day because of the rampant bribery implicit in the expensive gifts often given to teachers . Schools can use the day to have an outing for the teachers . South Sudan 1 December ( 2011 -- 12 ) ; 1 October ( 2013 -- present ) The president of South Sudan proclaimed Teacher 's Day for December 1 , one month before the country 's first Teacher 's Day . On 1 September , one month before the country 's third Teacher 's Day , it was publicly announced that they changed the date to 1 October . Sri Lanka 6 October Officially Teachers ' Day is celebrated in every school on 6 October . Spain 27 November Syria 18 March Taiwan 28 September Republic of China uses this day to honor teachers ' contributions to their own students and to society in general . People often make use of the day to express their gratitude to their teachers , such as paying them a visit or sending them a card . This date was chosen to commemorate the birth of Confucius , believed to be the model master educator in ancient China . In 1939 , the Ministry of Education established the national holiday as 27 August , the attributed birthday of Confucius . In 1952 , the Executive Yuan changed it to September , stating that it was calculated to be the precise date in the Gregorian calendar . The festival celebration occurs in the temples of Confucius around the island , known as the `` Grand Ceremony Dedicated to Confucius '' ( 祭孔大典 ) . The ceremony begins at 6am with drum beats . 54 musicians are dressed in robes with blue belts , and 36 ( or 64 ) dancers dressed in yellow with green belts . They are led by Confucius 's chief descendant ( currently Kung Tsui - chang ) and followed by ceremonial officers . Three animals are sacrificed : a cow , a goat , and a pig . The hairs plucked from these sacrificed animals are called the Hairs of Wisdom . In addition , local education institutes and civil offices award certain teachers for their excellence and positive influence . Thailand 16 January Adopted as Teachers ' Day by a resolution of the government on 21 November 1956 . The first Teachers ' Day was held in 1957 . 16 January marks the enactment of the Teachers Act , Buddhist Era 2488 ( 1945 ) , which was published in the Government Gazette on 16 January 1945 , and came into force 60 days later . Most Thai schools close for the day to give their teachers a break during the long second term . Many international schools do not , although they may hold celebrations to honour their teaching staff . There are very few public or official commemorations . Tunisia 28 February Turkey 24 November Mustafa Kemal Atatürk stated that `` The new generation will be created by teachers '' and as founding President adopted a new alphabet for the newly founded Turkish Republic in 1923 . On November 24 , 1928 Mustafa Kemal officially accepted the title of head teacher of the nation 's schools , granted by the cabinet of ministers . It has been celebrated since 1981 ( after the 1980 Coup d'État ) as The Teachers ' Day . Ukraine The first Sunday of October At schools across the country , Teachers ' Day is celebrated the Friday before the holiday with concerts and gatherings , while students usually give their teachers gifts such as flowers and sweets . At some schools exists tradition with organising pupils of senior classes to conduct lesson for minors . The ceremony of issuing the appreciation certificates may be conducted for notable teachers . United Arab Emirates 5 October . United Kingdom 9 May United States National Teacher Day is on Tuesday during Teacher Appreciation Week , which takes place in the first full week of May . The National Education Association ( NEA ) describes National Teacher Day as `` a day for honoring teachers and recognizing the lasting contributions they make to our lives '' . The NEA gives a history of National Teacher Day : The origins of Teacher Day are murky . Around 1944 , a Wisconsin teacher named Ryan Krug began corresponding with political and education leaders about the need for a national day to honor teachers . Woodbridge wrote to Eleanor Roosevelt , who in 1953 persuaded the 81st Congress to proclaim a National Teacher Day . NEA along with its Kansas and Indiana state affiliates and the Dodge City , Kansas local NEA branch lobbied Congress to create a national day celebrating teachers . Congress declared 7 March 1980 as National Teacher Day for that year only . The NEA and its affiliates continued to observe Teacher Day on the first Tuesday in March until 1985 , when the National PTA established Teacher Appreciation Week in the first full week of May . The NEA Representative Assembly then voted to make the Tuesday of that week National Teacher Day . As of 4 November 1976 , 6 November was adopted as Teachers ' Day in the U.S. state of Massachusetts . Currently , Massachusetts sets the first Sunday of June as its own Teachers ' Day annually . Uruguay 22 September Uzbekistan 1 October Uzbekistan is one of the countries where Teachers ' Day is on October 1 , and there is a day off throughout the country . Teachers ' Day has been celebrated here since 1997 . Vietnam 20 November This holiday allows students to express their respect to their teacher . Students begin preparing a week in advance . Many classes prepare literature and art to welcome Teachers ' Day , while other students prepare foods and flowers for the parties held at their schools . Students usually visit their teachers at their homes to offer flowers and small gifts , or organize trips with their teachers and classmates . Former students also pay respect to their former teachers on this day . The holiday has its origins in a meeting between educators in communist bloc nations in Warsaw in 1957 . It was first celebrated in 1958 as the Day of the International Manifest of Educators ; in 1982 the day was renamed Vietnamese Educators ' Day . Venezuela 15 January On this day there are no classes . During the week all the teachers are honoured for their support in building the country . Yemen 28 February Twenty one countries celebrate a common Teachers ' Day on 5 October : Armenia , Azerbaijan , Bulgaria , Canada , Estonia , Germany , Lithuania , Macedonia , Maldives , Mauritius , Republic of Moldova , Netherlands , Pakistan , Philippines , Kuwait , Qatar , Romania , Russia , Serbia , the United Arab Emirates and the UK . Eleven countries celebrate a common Teachers ' Day on 28 February : Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya , Egypt , Jordan , Saudi Arabia , Yemen , Bahrain , Sudan and Oman . A day for homeschool teacher appreciation has been suggested , which several homeschooling groups subsequently organized . A United States `` parents as teachers day '' has existed on November 8 since the 1970s . While this initially focussed on the role of parents in early - childhood learning , some homeschoolers use it to acknowledge the primacy of the parental role in education . See also ( edit ) World Teachers ' Day -- one day a year , like Mother 's Day or Father 's Day References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Historia '' . Jardindeinfantesdfs.com.ar . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Teachers day , Teachers Day in India '' . Indianchild.com . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ https://kabulperspective.wordpress.com/2009/05/23/teachers-day-in-afghanistan/ Jump up ^ Barnett R. Rubin , The Fragmentation of Afghanistan ( Yale University Press , 2002 ) , p. 105 Jump up ^ Happy Teachers Day in Argentina , globalteacherprize.org ; accessed 11 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` October 4 World Teacher 's Day '' . Armenian News . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Анонимен ( 29 September 2006 ) . `` 5 октомври е определен за Ден на учителя '' . Education.actualno.com . Archived from the original on 13 March 2013 . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Días Nacionales en Chile '' ( in Spanish ) . 19 September 2010 . Retrieved 8 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` China mulls changing Teachers ' Day to birthday of Confucius '' . Xinhua News Agency . 6 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Zlatý Ámos -- anketa o nejoblíbenějšího učitele České republiky '' ( in Czech ) . Zlatý Ámos . Retrieved 23 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mezinárodní den učitelů a Zlatý Ámos '' ( in Czech ) . adam.cz. 4 October 2006 . Retrieved 23 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nueva Alejandría -- Secciones -- Maestros Americanos -- El Salvador '' . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` TEACHER APPRECIATION : teacher appreciation poem -- Teachers Day -- El Salvador '' . Retrieved 22 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Article poornima. html `` Guru Poornima ( Vyas Puja ) '' As on 22 July 2013 on www.Sanatan.org Jump up ^ Article `` The Guru Principle '' As on 22 July 2013 on www.Sanatan.org Jump up ^ `` Gleaner gives teachers a break ! '' . Retrieved 6 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Par svētku , atceres un atzīmējamām dienām '' . Saeimas un Ministru Kabineta Ziņotājs ( in Latvian ) . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Luis Tinajero Portes ( 1 January 1994 ) . Días conmemorativos en la historia de México ( in Spanish ) . UASLP . p. 90 . ISBN 978 - 968 - 6194 - 65 - 4 . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.montsame.gov.mn/en/index.php/politics/item/3275-mongolian-teacher-s-day-to-be-celebrated-on-world-day-s Jump up ^ `` Welkom -- Dag van de leraar '' ( in Dutch ) . Dagvandeleraar.nl . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Biografía de Manuel José Hurtado -- Educa Panamá , Mi Portal Educativo '' ( in Spanish ) . Educapanama.edu.pa. 7 October 2009 . Archived from the original on 25 April 2012 . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Portal Educativo del Perú -- Día del Maestro Archived 2007 - 09 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , huascaran.edu.pe ; accessed 5 September 2015 . ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` Republic Act No. 10743 - An Act Declaring the Fifth Day of October of Every Year as the National Teachers ' Day '' . Official Gazette ( Philippines ) . ChanRobles Virtual Law Library . 2016 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Proclamation No. 242 , s . 2011 National Teachers ' Month '' . Official Gazette ( Philippines ) . Retrieved 4 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Rico , Ed Microjuris com Puerto ( 2015 - 08 - 03 ) . `` Calendario escolar de Puerto Rico para el año 2015 -- 2016 '' . Microjuris -- Puerto Rico . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Día del Maestro en Puerto Rico 2017 '' . cuandoo.com ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ 스승 의 날 : 지식 백과 ( in Korean ) . terms.naver.com . Retrieved 15 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Glionna , John M. ; Park , Ju - min ( 2009 - 05 - 13 ) . `` South Korea cracks down on bribery of teachers '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ AnydayGuide . `` Teachers ' Day in Spain / November 27 , 2016 '' . AnydayGuide . Jump up ^ `` Assad pays tribute on Syria 's Teachers ' Day '' . english.cntv.com . March 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 5 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` День вчителя : традиції святкування в Україні '' . styler.rbc.ua ( in Ukrainian ) . ^ Jump up to : `` National Teacher Day '' . NEA.org . Retrieved 2 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Bill Pride . `` It 's Time for Homeschool Teacher Appreciation Day ! '' . Homeschool World . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Homeschool Teacher Appreciation Day '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` National Parents as Teachers Day '' . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Beyond Mommying : National Parents as Teachers Day '' . 2014 - 11 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Teacher Education on UNESCO 's site Wikimedia Commons has media related to List of Teachers ' Days . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Teachers%27_Days&oldid=815329759 '' Categories : Teaching Schoolteachers Unofficial observances Lists of observances January observances February observances March observances April observances Non-Gregorian April observances Movable May observances May observances June observances Movable June observances Non-Gregorian June observances July observances Non-Gregorian July observances Movable September observances September observances October observances Movable October observances November observances Non-Gregorian November observances December observances Non-Gregorian December observances Teaching in India Observances set by the Nepali calendar Observances set by the Hebrew calendar Observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar Sunday observances Friday observances Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Czech - language sources ( cs ) CS1 Latvian - language sources ( lv ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Spanish - language external links CS1 uses Korean - language script ( ko ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) CS1 Ukrainian - language sources ( uk ) All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from September 2017 Articles needing additional references from September 2016 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from September 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Holidays and observances by scheduling ( nth weekday of the month ) Talk Article Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Башҡортса Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Shqip සිංහල தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 December 2017 , at 05 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	why do we celebrate teachers day in marathi	[]	[]
2461645456328655342	Remember Me (Pixar song)	Remember Me ( Pixar song ) - wikipedia Remember Me ( Pixar song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Remember Me '' Song by Natalia Lafourcade / Miguel / Benjamin Bratt / Gael García Bernal / Anthony Gonzalez / Ana Ofelia Murguía from the album Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) Released November 10 , 2017 Recorded 2017 Length 1 : 49 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Kristen Anderson - Lopez Robert Lopez Coco ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) track listing `` Remember Me '' ( 1 ) `` Much Needed Advice '' ( 2 ) `` Remember Me '' is a song from the 2017 animated Pixar film Coco , written by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson - Lopez . The song is performed variously within the film by Benjamin Bratt , Gael García Bernal , Anthony Gonzalez , and Ana Ofelia Murguía . Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade perform a pop version of the song that is featured in the film 's end credits . Carlos Rivera recorded a cover version of the song , titled `` Recuérdame '' for the film 's Spanish - language soundtrack album . It won Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Context 2 History 2.1 Production 2.2 Impact 3 Accolades 4 References 5 External links Context ( edit ) The song is used in a variety of contexts throughout the film . It is known as Ernesto de la Cruz 's ( Benjamin Bratt ) most popular song written by his music partner Héctor Rivera ( Gael García Bernal ) , and is first introduced in a mariachi arrangement , as a plea from Ernesto to his fans to keep him in their minds even as he tours in other places . It then appears as a lullaby from Héctor to his daughter Coco , when he has to travel far as a traveling artist . It is then used as a nostalgic song to connect an older Coco ( Ana Ofelia Murguía ) to an earlier time in her life and to reunite Miguel Rivera ( Anthony Gonzalez ) with his great - grandmother . It then appears in a pop version played during the end credits , sung by singers Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade . The piece is the `` tie that binds multiple generations in the shared love of music '' . History ( edit ) Production ( edit ) Frozen team Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez were hired for the project . Director Lee Unkrich had admired them since they wrote Finding Nemo -- The Musical in 2006 . The film developed into a musical , but not a `` break - into - song '' type . A challenge with the song was in crafting lyrics that would pivot in meaning depending on the context in which they were sung . The team researched popular Mexican music , and wanted to write a song that could have been sung by Jorge Negrete or Pedro Infante . They wrote it as a bolero - ranchero style song , knowing that it could also work if performed as a quiet ballad . Robert wrote the music , and Kristen wrote the lyrics . She wanted to explore the idea of remembering people when they are far away , and explained `` the power of music to bring people back to life , literally and figuratively '' . The song seems to be inspired from Chopin 's `` Raindrop '' Prelude , Op 28 , No. 15 Impact ( edit ) The song has been adopted by many families as a way to help their kids cope with death , loss , or change . One video of a four - year - old serenading a memorial to his deceased sister went viral . Accolades ( edit ) `` Remember Me '' won the Academy Award for Best Original Song ( with this win , composer Robert Lopez becomes the first ever double EGOT winner ) . The song also won the Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song . Awards Award Result Academy Awards Best Original Song Won Critics ' Choice Awards Best Song Won Georgia Film Critics Association Best Original Song Won Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Song / Recording Created for a Film Nominated Houston Film Critics Society Best Original Song Won References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Jon ( 2018 - 01 - 05 ) . `` How ' Frozen ' Hitmakers Covered the Same Song Four Ways in ' Coco ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Texas Mom Shares Video of Son Serenading Deceased Baby Sister With Ballad From ' Coco ' '' . KTLA. 2018 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 07 . External links ( edit ) Deadline article Pixar music Albums Toy Story The Incredibles Cars WALL - E Up Brave Songs `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` If I Did n't Have You '' `` Real Gone '' `` Life Is a Highway '' `` Our Town '' `` Down to Earth '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Remember Me '' Other albums Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Monsters , Inc . Scream Factory Favorites Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song 1998 -- 2000 `` When You Believe '' Music & Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` Music of My Heart '' Music & Lyrics : Diane Warren ( 1999 ) `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Music & Lyrics : David Hartley , Sting ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` May It Be '' Music & Lyrics : Enya , Nicky Ryan , Roma Ryan ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music & Lyrics : Jeff Bass , Eminem , Luis Resto , ( 2002 ) `` A Mighty Wind '' Music & Lyrics : Christopher Guest , Eugene Levy , Michael McKean ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music & Lyrics : Mick Jagger , David Stewart ( 2004 ) `` Hustle & Flow '' Music & Lyrics : Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) `` Listen '' Music & Lyrics : Scott Cutler , Henry Krieger , Anne Preven ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music & Lyrics : Glen Hansard , Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music & Lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music & Lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` If I Rise '' Music & Lyrics : Rollo Armstrong , Dido , A.R. Rahman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- 2020 `` Life 's a Happy Song '' Music & Lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music & Lyrics : Adele , Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music & Lyrics : Common , John Legend ( 2014 ) `` See You Again '' Music & Lyrics : Andrew Cedar , DJ Frank E , Wiz Khalifa , Charlie Puth ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz ; Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remember_Me_(Pixar_song)&oldid=840974256 '' Categories : 2017 songs Pixar songs Songs written by Robert Lopez Songs written by Kristen Anderson - Lopez Songs about death Miguel ( singer ) songs Natalia Lafourcade songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Português ไทย 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 May 2018 , at 07 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who sings the song remember me in coco	[ "\"Remember Me\" is a song from the 2017 animated Pixar film Coco, written by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez. The song is performed variously within the film by Benjamin Bratt, Gael García Bernal, Anthony Gonzalez, and Ana Ofelia Murguía. Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade perform a pop version of the song that is featured in the film's end credits. Carlos Rivera recorded a cover version of the song, titled \"Recuérdame\" for the film's Spanish-language soundtrack album. It won Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards in 2018.", "\"Remember Me\" is a song from the 2017 animated Pixar film Coco, written by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez. The song is performed variously within the film by Benjamin Bratt, Gael García Bernal, Anthony Gonzalez, and Ana Ofelia Murguía. Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade perform a pop version of the song that is featured in the film's end credits. Carlos Rivera recorded a cover version of the song, titled \"Recuérdame\" for the film's Spanish-language soundtrack album. It won Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards in 2018.", "\"Remember Me\" is a song from the 2017 animated Pixar film Coco, written by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez. The song is performed variously within the film by Benjamin Bratt, Gael García Bernal, Anthony Gonzalez, and Ana Ofelia Murguía. Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade perform a pop version of the song that is featured in the film's end credits. Carlos Rivera recorded a cover version of the song, titled \"Recuérdame\" for the film's Spanish-language soundtrack album. It won Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards in 2018.", "\"Remember Me\" is a song from the 2017 animated Pixar film Coco, written by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez. The song is performed variously within the film by Benjamin Bratt, Gael García Bernal, Anthony Gonzalez, and Ana Ofelia Murguía. Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade perform a pop version of the song that is featured in the film's end credits. Carlos Rivera recorded a cover version of the song, titled \"Recuérdame\" for the film's Spanish-language soundtrack album. It won Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards in 2018.", "\"Remember Me\" is a song from the 2017 animated Pixar film Coco, written by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez. The song is performed variously within the film by Benjamin Bratt, Gael García Bernal, Anthony Gonzalez, and Ana Ofelia Murguía. Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade perform a pop version of the song that is featured in the film's end credits. Carlos Rivera recorded a cover version of the song, titled \"Recuérdame\" for the film's Spanish-language soundtrack album. It won Best Original Song at the 90th Academy Awards in 2018." ]	[ "Benjamin Bratt", "Gael García Bernal", "Anthony Gonzalez", "Ana Ofelia Murguía", "Miguel and Natalia Lafourcade" ]
-636893145784599785	Medicare (United States)	Medicare ( United States ) - wikipedia Medicare ( United States ) Not to be confused with Medicaid . A sample Medicare card . There are separate lines for basic Part A and Part B 's supplementary medical coverage , each with its own date . There are no lines for Part C or D , for which additional supplemental policies are issued with a separate card . In the United States , Medicare is a national health insurance program , now administered by the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services of the U.S. federal government but begun in 1966 under the Social Security Administration . United States Medicare is funded by a combination of a payroll tax , premiums and surtaxes from beneficiaries , and general revenue . It provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older who have worked and paid into the system through the payroll tax . It also provides health insurance to younger people with some disability status as determined by the Social Security Administration , as well as people with end stage renal disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis . In 2015 , Medicare provided health insurance for over 55 million -- 46 million people age 65 and older and 9 million younger people . On average , Medicare covers about half of the healthcare charges for those enrolled . The enrollees must then cover their remaining costs either with supplemental insurance , separate insurance , or out of pocket . Out - of - pocket costs can vary depending on the amount of healthcare a Medicare enrollee needs . These out - of - pocket costs might include deductibles and co-pays ; the costs of uncovered services -- such as for long - term , dental , hearing , and vision care -- and supplemental insurance premiums . Medicare is further divided into parts A and B -- Medicare Part A covers hospital ( inpatient , formally admitted only ) , skilled nursing ( only after being formally admitted for three days and not for custodial care ) , and hospice services ; Part B covers outpatient services including some providers services while inpatient at a hospital . Part D covers self - administered prescription drugs . Part C is an alternative called Managed Medicare by the Trustees that allows patients to choose plans with at least the same benefits as Parts A and B ( but most often more ) , often the benefits of Part D , and always an annual out of pocket spend limit which A and B lack ; the beneficiary must enroll in Parts A and B first before signing up for Part C . Contents 1 History 2 Administration 3 Financing 4 Eligibility 5 Benefits and parts 5.1 Part A : Hospital / hospice insurance 5.2 Part B : Medical insurance 5.3 Part C : Medicare Advantage plans 5.4 Part D: Prescription drug plans 6 Out - of - pocket costs 6.1 Premiums 6.2 Deductible and coinsurance 6.3 Medicare supplement ( Medigap ) policies 7 Payment for services 7.1 Reimbursement for Part A services 7.2 Reimbursement for Part B services 7.2. 1 Provider participation 7.2. 2 Office medication reimbursement 7.2. 3 Medicare 10 percent incentive payments 8 Comparison with private insurance 9 Costs and funding challenges 9.1 Indicators 9.2 Total Medicare spending as a share of GDP 9.3 The solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund 9.4 Medicare per - capita spending growth relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth 9.5 General fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending 9.6 Unfunded obligation 9.7 Public opinion 9.8 Fraud and waste 10 Criticism 10.1 Unearned entitlement 10.2 Politicized payment 10.3 Quality of beneficiary services 10.4 Hospital accreditation 10.5 Graduate medical education 11 Legislation and reform 11.1 Effects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 11.2 Proposals for reforming Medicare 12 Legislative oversight 13 See also 14 References 15 External links 15.1 Governmental links -- current 15.2 Governmental links -- historical 15.3 Non-governmental links History ( edit ) President Johnson signing the Medicare amendment . Former President Harry S. Truman ( seated ) and his wife , Bess , are on the far right The name `` Medicare '' was originally given to a program providing medical care for families of individuals serving in the military as part of the Dependents ' Medical Care Act , which was passed in 1956 . President Dwight D. Eisenhower held the first White House Conference on Aging in January 1961 , in which creating a health care program for social security beneficiaries was proposed . In July 1965 , under the leadership of President Lyndon Johnson , Congress enacted Medicare under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide health insurance to people age 65 and older , regardless of income or medical history . Johnson signed the bill into law on July 30 , 1965 at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence , Missouri . Former President Harry S. Truman and his wife , former First Lady Bess Truman became the first recipients of the program . Before Medicare was created , approximately 60 % of people over the age of 65 had health insurance , with coverage often unavailable or unaffordable to many others , as older adults paid more than three times as much for health insurance as younger people . Many of this latter group ( about 20 % of the total in 2015 ) became `` dual eligible '' for both Medicare and Medicaid with passing the law . In 1966 , Medicare spurred the racial integration of thousands of waiting rooms , hospital floors , and physician practices by making payments to health care providers conditional on desegregation . Medicare has been operated for a half century and , during that time , has undergone several changes . Since 1965 , the program 's provisions have expanded to include benefits for speech , physical , and chiropractic therapy in 1972 . Medicare added the option of payments to health maintenance organizations ( HMO ) in the 1980s . As the years progressed , Congress expanded Medicare eligibility to younger people with permanent disabilities and receive Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI ) payments and to those with end - stage renal disease ( ESRD ) . The association with HMOs begun in the 1980s was formalized under President Bill Clinton in 1997 as Medicare Part C ( although not all Part C health plans sponsors have to be HMOs , about 75 % are ) . In 2003 , under President George W. Bush , a Medicare program for covering almost all self administered prescription drugs was passed ( and went into effect in 2006 ) as Medicare Part D ( previously and still , professionally administered drugs such as chemotherapy but even the annual flu shot are covered under Part B) . The government added hospice benefits to aid elderly people on a temporary basis in 1982 , and made this permanent in 1984 . Congress further expanded Medicare in 2001 to cover younger people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS , or Lou Gehrig 's disease ) . Administration ( edit ) Health care in the United States Government Health Programs Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Indian Health Service Medicaid / State Health Insurance Assistance Program ( SHIP ) Medicare Prescription Assistance ( SPAP ) Military Health System / TRICARE State Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) Program of All - Inclusive Care for the Elderly ( PACE ) Veterans Health Administration Private health coverage Consumer - driven health care Flexible spending account ( FSA ) Health Reimbursement Account Health savings account ( HSA ) High - deductible health plan ( HDHP ) Medical savings account ( MSA ) Private Fee - For - Service ( PFFS ) Health insurance in the United States Managed care ( CCP ) Exclusive provider organization ( EPO ) Health maintenance organization ( HMO ) Preferred provider organization ( PPO ) Medical underwriting Health care reform law Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act ( 1986 ) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act ( 1996 ) Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act ( 2003 ) Patient Safety and Quality Improvement Act ( 2005 ) Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act ( 2009 ) Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( 2010 ) State level reform Dirigo Health ( Maine ) Massachusetts health care reform Oregon Health Plan SustiNet ( Connecticut ) Vermont health care reform Municipal health coverage Fair Share Health Care Act ( Maryland ) Healthy Howard ( Howard Co. , Maryland ) Healthy San Francisco Healthy Way LA My Health LA This box : view talk edit The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) , a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( HHS ) , administers Medicare , Medicaid , the Children 's Health Insurance Program ( CHIP ) , the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments ( CLIA ) , and parts of the Affordable Care Act ( ACA ) ( `` Obamacare '' ) . Along with the Departments of Labor and Treasury , the CMS also implements the insurance reform provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 ( HIPAA ) and most aspects of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 as amended . The Social Security Administration ( SSA ) is responsible for determining Medicare eligibility , eligibility for and payment of Extra Help / Low Income Subsidy payments related to Part D Medicare , and collecting some premium payments for the Medicare program . The Chief Actuary of the CMS must provide accounting information and cost - projections to the Medicare Board of Trustees to assist them in assessing the program 's financial health . The Board is required by law to issue annual reports on the financial status of the Medicare Trust Funds , and those reports are required to contain a statement of actuarial opinion by the Chief Actuary . Since the Medicare program began , the CMS ( that was not always the name of the responsible bureaucracy ) has contracted with private insurance companies to operate as intermediaries between the government and medical providers to administer Part A and Part B benefits . Contracted processes include claims and payment processing , call center services , clinician enrollment , and fraud investigation . Beginning in 1997 and 2005 , respectively , these , along with other insurance companies and other companies or organizations ( such as integrated health delivery systems or unions ) , also began administering Part C and Part D plans . The Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee ( or Relative Value Update Committee ; RUC ) , composed of physicians associated with the American Medical Association , advises the government about pay standards for Medicare patient procedures performed by doctors and other professionals under Medicare Part B. A similar but different CMS system determines the rates paid acute care and other hospitals -- including skilled nursing facilities -- under Medicare Part A . Financing ( edit ) Medicare has several sources of financing . Part A 's inpatient admitted hospital and skilled nursing coverage is largely funded by revenue from a 2.9 % payroll tax levied on employers and workers ( each pay 1.45 % ) . Until December 31 , 1993 , the law provided a maximum amount of compensation on which the Medicare tax could be imposed annually , in the same way that the Social Security tax works in the US . Beginning on January 1 , 1994 , the compensation limit was removed . Self - employed individuals must pay the entire 2.9 % tax on self - employed net earnings ( because they are both employee and employer ) , but they may deduct half of the tax from the income in calculating income tax . Beginning in 2013 , the rate of Part A tax on earned income exceeding US $200,000 for individuals ( US $250,000 for married couples filing jointly ) rose to 3.8 % , in order to pay part of the cost of the subsidies mandated by the Affordable Care Act . Parts B and D are partially funded by premiums paid by Medicare enrollees and general fund revenue . In 2006 , a surtax was added to Part B premium for higher - income seniors to partially fund Part D. In the Affordable Care Act 's legislation of 2010 , another surtax was then added to Part D premium for higher - income seniors to partially fund the Affordable Care Act and the number of Part B beneficiaries subject to the 2006 surtax was doubled , also partially to fund PPACA . Parts A and B / D use separate trust funds to receive and disburse the funds mentioned above . Part C uses these two trust funds as well in a proportion determined by the CMS reflecting how Part C beneficiaries are fully on Parts A and B of Medicare , but how their medical needs are paid for per capita rather than `` fee for service '' ( FFS ) . In 2015 , Medicare spending accounted for about 15 % of total US Federal spending . This share is projected to exceed 17 % by 2020 . Retirement of the Baby Boom generation -- which by 2030 is projected to increase enrollment to more than 80 million as the number of workers per enrollee declines from 3.7 to 2.4 -- and rising overall health care costs in the nation pose substantial financial challenges to the program . Medicare spending is projected to increase from $523 billion in 2010 to just over $1 trillion by 2022 . Baby - boomers ' health is also an important factor : 20 % have five or more chronic conditions , which will add to the future cost of health care . In response to these financial challenges , Congress made substantial cuts to future payouts to providers as part of PPACA in 2010 and the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 ( MACRA ) and policymakers have offered many additional competing proposals to reduce Medicare costs further . Nearly one in three dollars spent on Medicare flows through one of several cost - reduction programs . Cost reduction is influenced by factors including reduction in inappropriate and unnecessary care by evaluating evidence - based practices as well as reducing the amount of unnecessary , duplicative , and inappropriate care . Cost reduction may also be effected by reducing medical errors , investment in healthcare information technology , improving transparency of cost and quality data , increasing administrative efficiency , and by developing both clinical / non-clinical guidelines and quality standards . Eligibility ( edit ) In general , all persons 65 years of age or older who have been legal residents of the United States for at least five years are eligible for Medicare . People with disabilities under 65 may also be eligible if they receive Social Security Disability Insurance ( SSDI ) benefits . Specific medical conditions may also help people become eligible to enroll in Medicare . People qualify for Medicare coverage , and Medicare Part A premiums are entirely waived , if the following circumstances apply : They are 65 years or older and US citizens or have been permanent legal residents for five continuous years , and they or their spouse ( or qualifying ex-spouse ) has paid Medicare taxes for at least 10 years . or They are under 65 , disabled , and have been receiving either Social Security SSDI benefits or Railroad Retirement Board disability benefits ; they must receive one of these benefits for at least 24 months from date of entitlement ( eligibility for first disability payment ) before becoming eligible to enroll in Medicare . or They get continuing dialysis for end stage renal disease or need a kidney transplant . Those who are 65 and older who choose to enroll in Part A Medicare must pay a monthly premium to remain enrolled in Medicare Part A if they or their spouse have not paid the qualifying Medicare payroll taxes . People with disabilities who receive SSDI are eligible for Medicare while they continue to receive SSDI payments ; they lose eligibility for Medicare based on disability if they stop receiving SSDI . The 24 - month exclusion means that people who become disabled must wait two years before receiving government medical insurance , unless they have one of the listed diseases . The 24 - month period is measured from the date that an individual is determined to be eligible for SSDI payments , not necessarily when the first payment is actually received . Many new SSDI recipients receive `` back '' disability pay , covering a period that usually begins six months from the start of disability and ending with the first monthly SSDI payment . Some beneficiaries are dual - eligible . This means they qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid . In some states for those making below a certain income , Medicaid will pay the beneficiaries ' Part B premium for them ( most beneficiaries have worked long enough and have no Part A premium ) , as well as some of their out of pocket medical and hospital expenses . Benefits and Parts ( edit ) US Medicare logo ( 2008 ) Medicare has four parts : Part A is Hospital Insurance . Part B is Medical Insurance . Medicare Part D covers many prescription drugs , though some are covered by Part B. In general , the distinction is based on whether or not the drugs are self - administered . Part C health plans , the most popular of which are branded Medicare Advantage , are another way for Original Medicare ( Part A and B) beneficiaries to receive their Part A , B and D benefits . All Medicare benefits are subject to medical necessity . The original program included Parts A and B. Part - C - like plans have existed as demonstration projects in Medicare since the early 1980s but the Part was formalized by 1997 legislation . Part D was introduced January 1 , 2006 . Part a : hospital / hospice insurance ( edit ) Part A covers inpatient hospital stays where the beneficiary has been formally admitted to the hospital , including semi-private room , food , and tests . As of January 1 , 2018 , Medicare Part A has an inpatient hospital deductible of $1340 , coinsurance per day as $335 after 61 days confinement within one `` spell of illness '' , coinsurance for `` lifetime reserve days '' ( essentially , days 91 - 150 ) of $670 per day , and coinsurance in an Skilled Nursing Facility ( following a medically necessary hospital confinement of 3 night in row or more ) for days 21 - 100 of $167.50 per day ( up to 20 days of SNF confinement have no co-pay ) These amounts increase or decrease yearly on 1st day of the year . The maximum length of stay that Medicare Part A covers in a hospital inpatient stay or series of stays is typically 90 days . The first 60 days would be paid by Medicare in full , except one copay ( also and more commonly referred to as a `` deductible '' ) at the beginning of the 60 days of $1340 as of 2018 . Days 61 -- 90 require a co-payment of $335 per day as of 2018 . The beneficiary is also allocated `` lifetime reserve days '' that can be used after 90 days . These lifetime reserve days require a copayment of $670 per day as of 2018 , and the beneficiary can only use a total of 60 of these days throughout their lifetime . A new pool of 90 hospital days , with new copays of $1340 in 2018 and $335 per day for days 61 -- 90 , starts only after the beneficiary has 60 days continuously with no payment from Medicare for hospital or Skilled Nursing Facility confinement . Some `` hospital services '' can be done as inpatient services , which would be reimbursed under Part A ; or as outpatient services , which would be reimbursed , not under Part A , but under Part B instead . The `` Two - Midnight Rule '' decides which is which . In August 2013 , the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced a final rule concerning eligibility for hospital inpatient services effective October 1 , 2013 . Under the new rule , if a physician admits a Medicare beneficiary as an inpatient with an expectation that the patient will require hospital care that `` crosses two midnights , '' Medicare Part A payment is `` generally appropriate . '' However , if it is anticipated that the patient will require hospital care for less than two midnights , Medicare Part A payment is generally not appropriate ; payment such as is approved will be paid under Part B . The time a patient spends in the hospital before an inpatient admission is formally ordered is considered outpatient time . But , hospitals and physicians can take into consideration the pre-inpatient admission time when determining if a patient 's care will reasonably be expected to cross two midnights to be covered under Part A . In addition to deciding which trust fund is used to pay for these various outpatient vs. inpatient charges , the number of days for which a person is formally considered an admitted patient affects eligibility for Part A skilled nursing services . Medicare penalizes hospitals for readmissions . After making initial payments for hospital stays , Medicare will take back from the hospital these payments , plus a penalty of 4 to 18 times the initial payment , if an above - average number of patients from the hospital are readmitted within 30 days . These readmission penalties apply after some of the most common treatments : pneumonia , heart failure , heart attack , COPD , knee replacement , hip replacement . A study of 18 states conducted by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( AHRQ ) found that 1.8 million Medicare patients aged 65 and older were readmitted within 30 days of an initial hospital stay in 2011 ; the conditions with the highest readmission rates were congestive heart failure , septicemia , pneumonia , and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis . The highest penalties on hospitals are charged after knee or hip replacements , $265,000 per excess readmission . The goals are to encourage better post-hospital care and more referrals to hospice and end - of - life care in lieu of treatment , while the effect is also to reduce coverage in hospitals that treat poor and frail patients . The total penalties for above - average readmissions in 2013 are $280 million , for 7,000 excess readmissions , or $40,000 for each readmission above the US average rate . Part A fully covers brief stays for rehabilitation or convalescence in a skilled nursing facility and up to 100 days per medical necessity with a co-pay if certain criteria are met : A preceding hospital stay must be at least three days as an inpatient , three midnights , not counting the discharge date . The nursing home stay must be for something diagnosed during the hospital stay or for the main cause of hospital stay . If the patient is not receiving rehabilitation but has some other ailment that requires skilled nursing supervision then the nursing home stay would be covered . The care being rendered by the nursing home must be skilled . Medicare part A does not pay stays that only provide custodial , non-skilled , or long - term care activities , including activities of daily living ( ADL ) such as personal hygiene , cooking , cleaning , etc . The care must be medically necessary and progress against some set plan must be made on some schedule determined by a doctor . The first 20 days would be paid for in full by Medicare with the remaining 80 days requiring a co-payment of $167.50 per day as of 2018 . Many insurance group retiree , Medigap and Part C insurance plans have a provision for additional coverage of skilled nursing care in the policies they sell . If a beneficiary uses some portion of their Part A benefit and then goes at least 60 days without receiving facility - based skilled services , the 90 - day hospital clock and 100 - day nursing home clock are reset and the person qualifies for new benefit periods . Hospice benefits are also provided under Part A of Medicare for terminally ill persons with less than six months to live , as determined by the patient 's physician . The terminally ill person must sign a statement that hospice care has been chosen over other Medicare - covered benefits , ( e.g. assisted living or hospital care ) . Treatment provided includes pharmaceutical products for symptom control and pain relief as well as other services not otherwise covered by Medicare such as grief counseling . Hospice is covered 100 % with no co-pay or deductible by Medicare Part A except that patients are responsible for a copay for outpatient drugs and respite care , if needed . Part B : medical insurance ( edit ) Part B medical insurance helps pay for some services and products not covered by Part A , generally on an outpatient basis ( but also when on an unadmitted observation status in a hospital ) . Part B is optional . It is often deferred if the beneficiary or his / her spouse is still working and has group health coverage through that employer . There is a lifetime penalty ( 10 % per year on the premium ) imposed for not enrolling in Part B when first eligible or if not covered by programs of the Veterans Health Administration . Part B coverage begins once a patient meets his or her deductible ( $183 for 2017 ) , then typically Medicare covers 80 % of the RUC - set rate for approved services , while the remaining 20 % is the responsibility of the patient , either directly or indirectly by private group retiree or Medigap insurance . Part B coverage includes out patient physician services , visiting nurse , and other services such as x-rays , laboratory and diagnostic tests , influenza and pneumonia vaccinations , blood transfusions , renal dialysis , outpatient hospital procedures , limited ambulance transportation , immunosuppressive drugs for organ transplant recipients , chemotherapy , hormonal treatments such as Lupron , and other outpatient medical treatments administered in a doctor 's office . It also includes chiropractic care . Medication administration is covered under Part B if it is administered by the physician during an office visit . Part B also helps with durable medical equipment ( DME ) , including canes , walkers , lift chairs , wheelchairs , and mobility scooters for those with mobility impairments . Prosthetic devices such as artificial limbs and breast prosthesis following mastectomy , as well as one pair of eyeglasses following cataract surgery , and oxygen for home use is also covered . Complex rules control Part B benefits , and periodically issued advisories describe coverage criteria . On the national level these advisories are issued by CMS , and are known as National Coverage Determinations ( NCD ) . Local Coverage Determinations ( LCD ) apply within the multi-state area managed by a specific regional Medicare Part B contractor , and Local Medical Review Policies ( LMRP ) were superseded by LCDs in 2003 . Coverage information is also located in the CMS Internet - Only Manuals ( IOM ) , the Code of Federal Regulations ( CFR ) , the Social Security Act , and the Federal Register . The Monthly Premium for Part B for 2016 is $121.80 per month but anyone on Social Security in 2015 is `` held harmless '' ( from the fact that Social Security did not rise in 2016 ) and pays only the $104.90 premium withheld monthly in 2015 , with income - weighted additional surtaxes for those with incomes more than $85,000 per annum . Part C : Medicare Advantage plans ( edit ) Main article : Medicare Advantage With the passage of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 , Medicare beneficiaries were formally given the option to receive their Original Medicare benefits through capitated health insurance Part C plans , instead of through the Original fee for service Medicare payment system . Many had previously had that option via a series of demonstration projects that dated back to the early 1980s . These Part C plans were initially known as `` Medicare + Choice '' . As of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 , most `` Medicare + Choice '' plans were re-branded as `` Medicare Advantage '' ( MA ) plans ( though MA is a government term and might not be visible to the Part C health plan beneficiary ) . Other plan types , such as 1876 Cost plans , are also available in limited areas of the country . Cost plans are not Medicare Advantage plans and are not capitated . Instead , beneficiaries keep their Original Medicare benefits while their sponsor administers their Part A and Part B benefits . The sponsor of a Part C plan could be an integrated health delivery system , a union , a religious organization , an insurance company or other type of organization . Public Part C Medicare Advantage and other Part C health plans are required to offer coverage that meets or exceeds the standards set by Original Medicare but they do not have to cover every benefit in the same way . After approval by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services , if a Part C plan chooses to pay less than Original Medicare for some benefits , such as Skilled Nursing Facility care , the savings may be passed along to consumers by offering even lower co-payments for doctor visits . Original `` fee - for - service '' Medicare Parts A and B have a standard benefit package that covers medically necessary care as described in the sections above that members can receive from nearly any hospital or doctor in the country ( if that doctor or hospital accepts Medicare ) . Original Medicare beneficiaries who choose to enroll in a Part C Medicare Advantage health plan instead give up none of their rights as an Original Medicare beneficiary , receive the same standard benefits -- as a minimum -- as provided in Original Medicare , and get an annual out of pocket ( OOP ) upper spending limit not included in Original Medicare . However they must typically use only a select network of providers except in emergencies , typically restricted to the area surrounding their legal residence ( which can vary from tens to over 100 miles depending on county ) . Most Part C plans are traditional health maintenance organizations ( HMOs ) that require the patient to have a primary care physician , though others are preferred provider organizations ( which typically means the provider restrictions are not as confining as with an HMO ) , and a few are actually fee for service hybrids . Public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan members typically usually also pay a monthly premium in addition to the Medicare Part B premium to cover items not covered by traditional Medicare ( Parts A & B ) , such as the OOP limit , self - administered prescription drugs , dental care , vision care , annual physicals , coverage outside the United States , and even gym or health club memberships as well as -- and probably most importantly -- reduce the 20 % co-pays and high deductibles associated with Original Medicare . But in some situations the benefits are more limited ( but they can never be more limited than Original Medicare and must always include an OOP limit ) and there is no premium . In some cases , the sponsor even rebates part or all of the Part B premium , though these types of Part C plans are becoming rare . Before 2003 Part C plans tended to be suburban HMOs tied to major nearby teaching hospitals that cost the government the same as or even 5 % less on average than it cost to cover the medical needs of a comparable beneficiary on Original Medicare . The 2003 - law payment framework / bidding / rebate formulas overcompensated some Part C plans by 7 percent ( 2009 ) on average nationally compared to what Original Medicare beneficiaries cost per person on average nationally that year and as much as 5 percent ( 2016 ) less nationally in other years ( see any recent year 's Medicare Trustees Report , Table II. B. 1 ) . The MedPAC group found in one year the comparative difference for `` like beneficiaries '' ( not all beneficiaries as described in the first sentence ) was as high as 14 % and have tended to average about 2 % higher . The word like in the previous sentence is key . The intention of both the 1997 and 2003 law was that the differences between fee for service and capitated fee beneficiaries would reach parity over time . The 2003 payment formulas succeeded in increasing the percentage of rural and inner city poor that could take advantage of the OOP limit and lower co-pays and deductibles -- as well as the coordinated medical care -- associated with Part C plans . In practice however , one set of Medicare beneficiaries received more benefits than others . The differences caused by the 2003 - law payment formulas were almost completely eliminated by PPACA and have been almost totally phased out according to the 2018 MedPAC annual report , March 2018 . One remaining special - payment - formula program -- designed primarily for unions wishing to sponsor a Part C plan -- is being phased out beginning in 2017 . In 2013 and since , on average a Part C beneficiary cost the Medicare Trust Funds 2 % - 5 % less than a beneficiary on traditional fee for service Medicare , completely reversing the situation in 2006 - 2009 right after implementation of the 2003 law and restoring the capitated fee vs fee for service funding balance to its original intended parity level . Enrollment in public Part C health plans , including Medicare Advantage plans , grew from about 10 % of total enrollment in 2005 to about 35 % in 2018 . Almost all Medicare beneficiaries have access to at least two public Medicare Part C plans ; most have access to three or more . Part d: Prescription drug plans ( edit ) Main articles : Medicare Part D and Medicare Part D coverage gap Medicare Part D went into effect on January 1 , 2006 . Anyone with Part A or B is eligible for Part D , which covers mostly self - administered drugs . It was made possible by the passage of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 . To receive this benefit , a person with Medicare must enroll in a stand - alone Prescription Drug Plan ( PDP ) or Medicare Advantage plan with integrated prescription drug coverage ( MA - PD ) . These plans are approved and regulated by the Medicare program , but are actually designed and administered by private health insurance companies and pharmacy benefit managers . Unlike Original Medicare ( Part A and B ) , Part D coverage is not standardized ( though it is highly regulated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ) . Plans choose which drugs they wish to cover ( but must cover at least two drugs in 148 different categories and cover all or `` substantially all '' drugs in the following protected classes of drugs : anti-cancer ; anti-psychotic ; anti-convulsant , anti-depressants , immuno - suppressant , and HIV and AIDS drugs ) . The plans can also specify with CMS approval at what level ( or tier ) they wish to cover it , and are encouraged to use step therapy . Some drugs are excluded from coverage altogether and Part D plans that cover excluded drugs are not allowed to pass those costs on to Medicare , and plans are required to repay CMS if they are found to have billed Medicare in these cases . Under the 2003 law that created Medicare Part D , the Social Security Administration provides extensive extra help to lower - income seniors such that they have almost no drug costs ; in addition approximately 25 states offer additional assistance on top of Part D. It should be noted again for beneficiaries who are dual - eligible ( Medicare and Medicaid eligible ) Medicaid may pay for drugs not covered by Part D of Medicare . Most of this aid to lower - income seniors was available to them through other programs before Part D was implemented . Out - of - pocket costs ( edit ) No part of Medicare pays for all of a beneficiary 's covered medical costs and many costs and services are not covered at all . The program contains premiums , deductibles and coinsurance , which the covered individual must pay out - of - pocket . A study published by the Kaiser Family Foundation in 2008 found the Fee - for - Service Medicare benefit package was less generous than either the typical large employer preferred provider organization plan or the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Standard Option . Some people may qualify to have other governmental programs ( such as Medicaid ) pay premiums and some or all of the costs associated with Medicare . Premiums ( edit ) Most Medicare enrollees do not pay a monthly Part A premium , because they ( or a spouse ) have had 40 or more 3 - month quarters in which they paid Federal Insurance Contributions Act taxes . The benefit is the same no matter how much or how little the beneficiary paid as long as the minimum number of quarters is reached . Medicare - eligible persons who do not have 40 or more quarters of Medicare - covered employment may buy into Part A for an annual adjusted monthly premium of : $248.00 per month ( as of 2012 ) for those with 30 -- 39 quarters of Medicare - covered employment , or $451.00 per month ( as of 2012 ) for those with fewer than 30 quarters of Medicare - covered employment and who are not otherwise eligible for premium - free Part A coverage . Most Medicare Part B enrollees pay an insurance premium for this coverage ; the standard Part B premium for 2013 through 2015 was $104.90 -- $335.70 per month . The premium increased to over $120 a month in 2016 but only for those not on Social Security in 2015 . A new income - based premium surtax schema has been in effect since 2007 , wherein Part B premiums are higher for beneficiaries with incomes exceeding $85,000 for individuals or $170,000 for married couples . Depending on the extent to which beneficiary earnings exceed the base income , these higher Part B premiums are $139.90 , $199.80 , $259.70 , or $319.70 for 2012 , with the highest premium paid by individuals earning more than $214,000 , or married couples earning more than $428,000 . Medicare Part B premiums are commonly deducted automatically from beneficiaries ' monthly Social Security checks . They can also be paid quarterly via bill sent directly to beneficiaries . This alternative is becoming more common because whereas the eligibility age for Medicare has remained at 65 per the 1965 legislation , the so - called Full Retirement Age for Social Security has been increased to 66 and will go even higher over time . Therefore , many people delay collecting Social Security and have to pay their Part B premium directly . Part C plans may or may not charge premiums ( almost all do ) , depending on the plans ' designs as approved by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services . Part D premiums vary widely based on the benefit level . Deductible and coinsurance ( edit ) Part A -- For each benefit period , a beneficiary pays an annually adjusted : A Part A deductible of $1,288 in 2016 and $1,316 in 2017 for a hospital stay of 1 -- 60 days . A $322 per day co-pay in 2016 and $329 co-pay in 2017 for days 61 -- 90 of a hospital stay . A $644 per day co-pay in 2016 and $658 co-pay in 2017 for days 91 -- 150 of a hospital stay. , as part of their limited Lifetime Reserve Days . All costs for each day beyond 150 days Coinsurance for a Skilled Nursing Facility is $161 per day in 2016 and $164.50 in 2017 for days 21 through 100 for each benefit period ( no co-pay for the first 20 days ) . A blood deductible of the first 3 pints of blood needed in a calendar year , unless replaced . There is a 3 - pint blood deductible for both Part A and Part B , and these separate deductibles do not overlap . Part B -- After beneficiaries meet the yearly deductible of $183.00 for 2017 , they will be required to pay a co-insurance of 20 % of the Medicare - approved amount for all services covered by Part B with the exception of most lab services , which are covered at 100 % -- and outpatient mental health , which is currently ( 2010 -- 2011 ) covered at 55 % ( 45 % copay ) . The copay for outpatient mental health , which started at 50 % , is gradually decreasing over several years until it matches the 20 % required for other services . They are also required to pay an excess charge of 15 % for services rendered by physicians who do not accept assignment . The deductibles , co-pays , and coinsurance charges for Part C and D plans vary from plan to plan . All Part C plans include an annual out of pocket ( OOP ) upper spend limit . Original Medicare does not include an OOP limit . Medicare Supplement ( Medigap ) policies ( edit ) Main article : Medigap Of the Medicare beneficiaries who are not dual eligible for both Medicare ( around 20 % ) and Medicaid or that do not receive supplemental insurance via a former employer ( 40 % ) or a public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan ( about 30 % ) , almost all elect to purchase a type of private supplemental insurance coverage , called a Medigap plan ( 20 % ) , to help fill in the financial holes in Original Medicare ( Part A and B) . Note that the percentages add up to over 100 % because many beneficiaries have more than one type of supplement . These Medigap insurance policies are standardized by CMS , but are sold and administered by private companies . Some Medigap policies sold before 2006 may include coverage for prescription drugs . Medigap policies sold after the introduction of Medicare Part D on January 1 , 2006 are prohibited from covering drugs . Medicare regulations prohibit a Medicare beneficiary from being sold both a public Part C Medicare Advantage health plan and a private Medigap Policy . As with public Part C health plans , private Medigap policies are only available to beneficiaries who are already signed up for benefits from Original Medicare Part A and Part B. These policies are regulated by state insurance departments rather than the federal government though CMS outlines what the various Medigap plans must cover at a minimum . Therefore , the types and prices of Medigap policies vary widely from state to state and the degree of underwriting , open enrollment and guaranteed issue also varies widely from state to state . As of 2016 , 11 policies are currently sold -- though few are available in all states , and some are not available at all in Massachusetts , Minnesota and Wisconsin Medicare Supplement Plans are standardized with a base and a series of riders ... These are Plan A , Plan B , Plan C , Plan D , Plan F , High Deductible Plan F , Plan G , Plan K , Plan L , Plan M , and Plan N. Cost is usually the only difference between Medigap policies with the same letter sold by different insurance companies . Unlike Medicare Advantage Plans , Medicare Supplement Plans have no networks , and any provider who accepts Medicare must also accept the Medicare Supplement Plan . All insurance companies that sell Medigap policies are required to make Plan A available , and if they offer any other policies , they must also make either Plan C or Plan F available as well , though Plan F is scheduled to sunset in the year 2020 . Anyone who currently has a Plan F may keep it . Payment for services ( edit ) Medicare contracts with regional insurance companies to process over one billion fee - for - service claims per year . In 2008 , Medicare accounted for 13 % ( $386 billion ) of the federal budget . In 2016 it is projected to account for close to 15 % ( $683 billion ) of the total expenditures . For the decade 2010 -- 2019 Medicare is projected to cost 6.4 trillion dollars . Reimbursement for Part a services ( edit ) For institutional care , such as hospital and nursing home care , Medicare uses prospective payment systems . In a prospective payment system , the health care institution receives a set amount of money for each episode of care provided to a patient , regardless of the actual amount of care . The actual allotment of funds is based on a list of diagnosis - related groups ( DRG ) . The actual amount depends on the primary diagnosis that is actually made at the hospital . There are some issues surrounding Medicare 's use of DRGs because if the patient uses less care , the hospital gets to keep the remainder . This , in theory , should balance the costs for the hospital . However , if the patient uses more care , then the hospital has to cover its own losses . This results in the issue of `` upcoding , '' when a physician makes a more severe diagnosis to hedge against accidental costs . Reimbursement for Part B services ( edit ) Payment for physician services under Medicare has evolved since the program was created in 1965 . Initially , Medicare compensated physicians based on the physician 's charges , and allowed physicians to bill Medicare beneficiaries the amount in excess of Medicare 's reimbursement . In 1975 , annual increases in physician fees were limited by the Medicare Economic Index ( MEI ) . The MEI was designed to measure changes in costs of physician 's time and operating expenses , adjusted for changes in physician productivity . From 1984 to 1991 , the yearly change in fees was determined by legislation . This was done because physician fees were rising faster than projected . The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989 made several changes to physician payments under Medicare . Firstly , it introduced the Medicare Fee Schedule , which took effect in 1992 . Secondly , it limited the amount Medicare non-providers could balance bill Medicare beneficiaries . Thirdly , it introduced the Medicare Volume Performance Standards ( MVPS ) as a way to control costs . On January 1 , 1992 , Medicare introduced the Medicare Fee Schedule ( MFS ) , a list of about 7,000 services that can be billed for . Each service is priced within the Resource - Based Relative Value Scale ( RBRVS ) with three Relative Value Units ( RVUs ) values largely determining the price . The three RVUs for a procedure are each geographically weighted and the weighted RVU value is multiplied by a global Conversion Factor ( CF ) , yielding a price in dollars . The RVUs themselves are largely decided by a private group of 29 ( mostly specialist ) physicians -- the American Medical Association 's Specialty Society Relative Value Scale Update Committee ( RUC ) . From 1992 to 1997 , adjustments to physician payments were adjusted using the MEI and the MVPS , which essentially tried to compensate for the increasing volume of services provided by physicians by decreasing their reimbursement per service . In 1998 , Congress replaced the VPS with the Sustainable Growth Rate ( SGR ) . This was done because of highly variable payment rates under the MVPS . The SGR attempts to control spending by setting yearly and cumulative spending targets . If actual spending for a given year exceeds the spending target for that year , reimbursement rates are adjusted downward by decreasing the Conversion Factor ( CF ) for RBRVS RVUs . In 2002 , payment rates were cut by 4.8 % . In 2003 , payment rates were scheduled to be reduced by 4.4 % . However , Congress boosted the cumulative SGR target in the Consolidated Appropriation Resolution of 2003 ( P.L. 108 - 7 ) , allowing payments for physician services to rise 1.6 % . In 2004 and 2005 , payment rates were again scheduled to be reduced . The Medicare Modernization Act ( P.L. 108 - 173 ) increased payments 1.5 % for those two years . In 2006 , the SGR mechanism was scheduled to decrease physician payments by 4.4 % . ( This number results from a 7 % decrease in physician payments times a 2.8 % inflation adjustment increase . ) Congress overrode this decrease in the Deficit Reduction Act ( P.L. 109 - 362 ) , and held physician payments in 2006 at their 2005 levels . Similarly , another congressional act held 2007 payments at their 2006 levels , and HR 6331 held 2008 physician payments to their 2007 levels , and provided for a 1.1 % increase in physician payments in 2009 . Without further continuing congressional intervention , the SGR is expected to decrease physician payments from 25 % to 35 % over the next several years . MFS has been criticized for not paying doctors enough because of the low conversion factor . By adjustments to the MFS conversion factor , it is possible to make global adjustments in payments to all doctors . The SGR was the subject of possible reform legislation again in 2014 . On March 14 , 2014 , the United States House of Representatives passed the SGR Repeal and Medicare Provider Payment Modernization Act of 2014 ( H.R. 4015 ; 113th Congress ) , a bill that would have replaced the ( SGR ) formula with new systems for establishing those payment rates . However , the bill would pay for these changes by delaying the Affordable Care Act 's individual mandate requirement , a proposal that was very unpopular with Democrats . The SGR was expected to cause Medicare reimbursement cuts of 24 percent on April 1 , 2014 , if a solution to reform or delay the SGR was not found . This led to another bill , the Protecting Access to Medicare Act of 2014 ( H.R. 4302 ; 113th Congress ) , which would delay those cuts until March 2015 . This bill was also controversial . The American Medical Association and other medical groups opposed it , asking Congress to provide a permanent solution instead of just another delay . The SGR process was replaced by new rules as of the passage of MACRA in 2015 . Provider participation ( edit ) There are two ways for providers to be reimbursed in Medicare . `` Participating '' providers accept `` assignment , '' which means that they accept Medicare 's approved rate for their services as payment ( typically 80 % from Medicare and 20 % from the beneficiary ) . Some non participating doctors do not take assignment , but they also treat Medicare enrollees and are authorized to balance bill no more than a small fixed amount above Medicare 's approved rate . A minority of doctors are `` private contractors , '' which means they opt out of Medicare and refuse to accept Medicare payments altogether . These doctors are required to inform patients that they will be liable for the full cost of their services out - of - pocket in advance of treatment . While the majority of providers accept Medicare assignments , ( 97 percent for some specialties ) , and most physicians still accept at least some new Medicare patients , that number is in decline . While 80 % of physicians in the Texas Medical Association accepted new Medicare patients in 2000 , only 60 % were doing so by 2012 . A study published in 2012 concluded that the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) relies on the recommendations of an American Medical Association advisory panel . The study led by Dr. Miriam J. Laugesen , of Columbia Mailman School of Public Health , and colleagues at UCLA and the University of Illinois , shows that for services provided between 1994 and 2010 , CMS agreed with 87.4 % of the recommendations of the committee , known as RUC or the Relative Value Update Committee . Office medication reimbursement ( edit ) Chemotherapy and other medications dispensed in a physician 's office are reimbursed according to the Average Sales Price , a number computed by taking the total dollar sales of a drug as the numerator and the number of units sold nationwide as the denominator . The current reimbursement formula is known as `` ASP + 6 '' since it reimburses physicians at 106 % of the ASP of drugs . Pharmaceutical company discounts and rebates are included in the calculation of ASP , and tend to reduce it . In addition , Medicare pays 80 % of ASP + 6 , which is the equivalent of 84.8 % of the actual average cost of the drug . Some patients have supplemental insurance or can afford the co-pay . Large numbers do not . This leaves the payment to physicians for most of the drugs in an `` underwater '' state . ASP + 6 superseded Average Wholesale Price in 2005 , after a 2003 front - page New York Times article drew attention to the inaccuracies of Average Wholesale Price calculations . This procedure is scheduled to change dramatically in 2017 under a CMS proposal that will likely be finalized in October 2016 . Medicare 10 percent incentive payments ( edit ) `` Physicians in geographic Health Professional Shortage Areas ( HPSAs ) and Physician Scarcity Areas ( PSAs ) can receive incentive payments from Medicare . Payments are made on a quarterly basis , rather than claim - by - claim , and are handled by each area 's Medicare carrier . '' Enrollment Generally , if you already receive Social Security payments , at age 65 you are automatically enrolled in Medicare Part A ( Hospital Insurance ) . In addition , you are generally also automatically enrolled in Medicare Part B ( Medical Insurance ) . If you choose to accept Part B you must pay a monthly premium to keep it . However , you may delay enrollment with no penalty under some circumstances , or with penalty under other circumstances . Part A & B Part A Late Enrollment Penalty If you are not eligible for premium - free Part A , and you do n't buy a premium - based Part A when you 're first eligible , your monthly premium may go up 10 % . You must pay the higher premium for twice the number of years you could have had Part A , but did n't sign - up . For example , if you were eligible for Part A for 2 years but did n't sign - up , you must pay the higher premium for 4 years . Usually , you do n't have to pay a penalty if you meet certain conditions that allow you to sign up for Part A during a Special Enrollment Period . Part B Late Enrollment Penalty If you do n't sign up for Part B when you 're first eligible , you may have to pay a late enrollment penalty for as long as you have Medicare . Your monthly premium for Part B may go up 10 % for each full 12 - month period that you could have had Part B , but did n't sign up for it . Usually , you do n't pay a late enrollment penalty if you meet certain conditions that allow you to sign up for Part B during a special enrollment period . Comparison with private insurance ( edit ) Medicare differs from private insurance available to working Americans in that it is a social insurance program . Social insurance programs provide statutorily guaranteed benefits to the entire population ( under certain circumstances , such as old age or unemployment ) . These benefits are financed in significant part through universal taxes . In effect , Medicare is a mechanism by which the state takes a portion of its citizens ' resources to guarantee health and financial security to its citizens in old age or in case of disability , helping them cope with the enormous , unpredictable cost of health care . In its universality , Medicare differs substantially from private insurers , which must decide whom to cover and what benefits to offer to manage their risk pools and guarantee their costs do n't exceed premiums . Because the federal government is legally obligated to provide Medicare benefits to older and disabled Americans , it can not cut costs by restricting eligibility or benefits , except by going through a difficult legislative process , or by revising its interpretation of medical necessity . By statute , Medicare may only pay for items and services that are `` reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury or to improve the functioning of a malformed body member '' , unless there is another statutory authorization for payment . Cutting costs by cutting benefits is difficult , but the program can also achieve substantial economies of scale in terms of the prices it pays for health care and administrative expenses -- and , as a result , private insurers ' costs have grown almost 60 % more than Medicare 's since 1970 . Medicare 's cost growth is now the same as GDP growth and expected to stay well below private insurance 's for the next decade . Because Medicare offers statutorily determined benefits , its coverage policies and payment rates are publicly known , and all enrollees are entitled to the same coverage . In the private insurance market , plans can be tailored to offer different benefits to different customers , enabling individuals to reduce coverage costs while assuming risks for care that is not covered . Insurers , however , have far fewer disclosure requirements than Medicare , and studies show that customers in the private sector can find it difficult to know what their policy covers . and at what cost . Moreover , since Medicare collects data about utilization and costs for its enrollees -- data that private insurers treat as trade secrets -- it gives researchers key information about health care system performance . Medicare also has an important role driving changes in the entire health care system . Because Medicare pays for a huge share of health care in every region of the country , it has a great deal of power to set delivery and payment policies . For example , Medicare promoted the adaptation of prospective payments based on DRG 's , which prevents unscrupulous providers from setting their own exorbitant prices . Meanwhile , the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has given Medicare the mandate to promote cost - containment throughout the health care system , for example , by promoting the creation of accountable care organizations or by replacing fee - for - service payments with bundled payments . Costs and funding challenges ( edit ) Medicare and Medicaid Spending as % GDP ( 2013 ) The Medicare Trustees reduced their forecast for Medicare costs as % GDP , mainly due to a lower rate of healthcare cost increases . Over the long - term , Medicare faces significant financial challenges because of rising overall health care costs , increasing enrollment as the population ages , and a decreasing ratio of workers to enrollees . Total Medicare spending is projected to increase from $523 billion in 2010 to around $900 billion by 2020 . From 2010 to 2030 , Medicare enrollment is projected to increase from 47 million to 79 million , and the ratio of workers to enrollees is expected to decrease from 3.7 to 2.4 . However , the ratio of workers to retirees has declined steadily for decades , and social insurance systems have remained sustainable due to rising worker productivity . There is some evidence that productivity gains will continue to offset demographic trends in the near future . The Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) wrote in 2008 that `` future growth in spending per beneficiary for Medicare and Medicaid -- the federal government 's major health care programs -- will be the most important determinant of long - term trends in federal spending . Changing those programs in ways that reduce the growth of costs -- which will be difficult , in part because of the complexity of health policy choices -- is ultimately the nation 's central long - term challenge in setting federal fiscal policy . '' Overall health care costs were projected in 2011 to increase by 5.8 percent annually from 2010 to 2020 , in part because of increased utilization of medical services , higher prices for services , and new technologies . Health care costs are rising across the board , but the cost of insurance has risen dramatically for families and employers as well as the federal government . In fact , since 1970 the per - capita cost of private coverage has grown roughly one percentage point faster each year than the per - capita cost of Medicare . Since the late 1990s , Medicare has performed especially well relative to private insurers . Over the next decade , Medicare 's per capita spending is projected to grow at a rate of 2.5 percent each year , compared to private insurance 's 4.8 percent . Nonetheless , most experts and policymakers agree containing health care costs is essential to the nation 's fiscal outlook . Much of the debate over the future of Medicare revolves around whether per capita costs should be reduced by limiting payments to providers or by shifting more costs to Medicare enrollees . Indicators ( edit ) Several measures serve as indicators of the long - term financial status of Medicare . These include total Medicare spending as a share of gross domestic product ( GDP ) , the solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund , Medicare per - capita spending growth relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth ; general fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending ; and actuarial estimates of unfunded liability over the 75 - year timeframe and the infinite horizon ( netting expected premium / tax revenue against expected costs ) . The major issue in all these indicators is comparing any future projections against current law vs. what the actuaries expect to happen . For example , current law specifies that Part A payments to hospitals and skilled nursing facilities will be cut substantially after 2028 and that doctors will get no raises after 2025 . The actuaries expect that the law will change to keep these events from happening . Total Medicare spending as a share of GDP ( edit ) Medicare Cost and Non-Interest Income by Source as a Percentage of GDP This measure , which examines Medicare spending in the context of the US economy as a whole , is expected to increase from 3.6 percent in 2010 to 6.2 percent by 2090 under current law and over 9 percent under what the actuaries really expect will happen ( called an `` illustrative example '' in recent - year Trustees Reports ) . The solvency of the Medicare HI trust fund ( edit ) This measure involves only Part A . The trust fund is considered insolvent when available revenue plus any existing balances will not cover 100 percent of annual projected costs . According to the latest estimate by the Medicare trustees ( 2016 ) , the trust fund is expected to become insolvent in 11 years ( 2028 ) , at which time available revenue will cover 87 percent of annual projected costs . Since Medicare began , this solvency projection has ranged from two to 28 years , with an average of 11.3 years . Medicare per - capita spending growth Relative to inflation and per - capita GDP growth ( edit ) The Independent Payment Advisory Board ( IPAB ) , which the Affordable Care Act or `` ACA '' created , will use this measure to determine whether it must recommend to Congress proposals to reduce Medicare costs . Under the ACA , Congress established maximum targets , or thresholds , for per - capita Medicare spending growth . For the five - year periods ending in 2015 through 2019 , these targets are based on the average of CPI - U and CPI - M. For the five - year periods ending in 2020 and subsequent years , these targets are based on per - capita GDP growth plus one percentage point . Each year , the CMS Office of the Actuary must compare those two values , and if the spending measure is larger than the economic measure , IPAB must propose cost - savings recommendations for consideration in Congress on an expedited basis . The Congressional Budget Office projects that Medicare per - capita spending growth will not exceed the economic target at any time between 2015 and 2021 . Through 2016 , these trigger points have never been reached and IPAB has not even been formed . However , in the 2016 Medicare Trustees Report , the actuaries estimate that the trigger points will be reached in 2016 or 2017 and that IPAB will affect Medicare spending for the first time in 2019 ( meaning it will need to be formed and recommend its cuts in 2017 ) . General fund revenue as a share of total Medicare spending ( edit ) This measure , established under the Medicare Modernization Act ( MMA ) , examines Medicare spending in the context of the federal budget . Each year , MMA requires the Medicare trustees to make a determination about whether general fund revenue is projected to exceed 45 percent of total program spending within a seven - year period . If the Medicare trustees make this determination in two consecutive years , a `` funding warning '' is issued . In response , the president must submit cost - saving legislation to Congress , which must consider this legislation on an expedited basis . This threshold was reached and a warning issued every year between 2006 and 2013 but it has not been reached since that time and is not expected to be reached in the 2016 - 2022 `` window . '' This is a reflection of the reduced spending growth mandated by the ACA according to the Trustees . Unfunded obligation ( edit ) Medicare 's unfunded obligation is the total amount of money that would have to be set aside today such that the principal and interest would cover the gap between projected revenues ( mostly Part B premiums and Part A payroll taxes to be paid over the timeframe under current law ) and spending over a given timeframe . By law the timeframe used is 75 years though the Medicare actuaries also give an infinite - horizon estimate because life expectancy consistently increases and other economic factors underlying the estimates change . As of January 1 , 2016 , Medicare 's unfunded obligation over the 75 year timeframe is $3.8 trillion for the Part A Trust Fund and $28.6 trillion for Part B. Over an infinite timeframe the combined unfunded liability for both programs combined is over $50 trillion , with the difference primarily in the Part B estimate . These estimates assume that CMS will pay full benefits as currently specified over those periods though that would be contrary to current United States law . In addition , as discussed throughout each annual Trustees ' report , `` the Medicare projections shown could be substantially understated as a result of other potentially unsustainable elements of current law . '' For example , current law effectively provides no raises for doctors after 2025 ; that is unlikely to happen . It is impossible for actuaries to estimate unfunded liability other than assuming current law is followed ( except relative to benefits as noted ) , the Trustees state `` that actual long - range present values for ( Part A ) expenditures and ( Part B / D ) expenditures and revenues could exceed the amounts estimated by a substantial margin . '' Public opinion ( edit ) Popular opinion surveys show that the public views Medicare 's problems as serious , but not as urgent as other concerns . In January 2006 , the Pew Research Center found 62 percent of the public said addressing Medicare 's financial problems should be a high priority for the government , but that still put it behind other priorities . Surveys suggest that there 's no public consensus behind any specific strategy to keep the program solvent . Fraud and waste ( edit ) Main article : Medicare fraud The Government Accountability Office lists Medicare as a `` high - risk '' government program in need of reform , in part because of its vulnerability to fraud and partly because of its long - term financial problems . Fewer than 5 % of Medicare claims are audited . Criticism ( edit ) Unearned entitlement ( edit ) Yaron Brook of the Ayn Rand Institute has argued that the birth of Medicare represented a shift away from personal responsibility and towards a view that health care is an unearned `` entitlement '' to be provided at others ' expense . Robert M. Ball , a former commissioner of Social Security under President Kennedy in 1961 ( and later under Johnson , and Nixon ) defined the major obstacle to financing health insurance for the elderly : the high cost of care for the aged combined with the generally low incomes of retired people . Because retired older people use much more medical care than younger employed people , an insurance premium related to the risk for older people needed to be high , but if the high premium had to be paid after retirement , when incomes are low , it was an almost impossible burden for the average person . The only feasible approach , he said , was to finance health insurance in the same way as cash benefits for retirement , by contributions paid while at work , when the payments are least burdensome , with the protection furnished in retirement without further payment . In the early 1960s relatively few of the elderly had health insurance , and what they had was usually inadequate . Insurers such as Blue Cross , which had originally applied the principle of community rating , faced competition from other commercial insurers that did not community rate , and so were forced to raise their rates for the elderly . Medicare is not generally an unearned entitlement . Entitlement is most commonly based on a record of contributions to the Medicare fund . As such it is a form of social insurance making it feasible for people to pay for insurance for sickness in old age when they are young and able to work and be assured of getting back benefits when they are older and no longer working . Some people will pay in more than they receive back and others will receive more benefits than they paid in . Unlike private insurance where some amount must be paid to attain coverage , all eligible persons can receive coverage regardless of how much or if they had ever paid in . Politicized payment ( edit ) Bruce Vladeck , director of the Health Care Financing Administration in the Clinton administration , has argued that lobbyists have changed the Medicare program `` from one that provides a legal entitlement to beneficiaries to one that provides a de facto political entitlement to providers . '' Quality of beneficiary services ( edit ) A 2001 study by the Government Accountability Office evaluated the quality of responses given by Medicare contractor customer service representatives to provider ( physician ) questions . The evaluators assembled a list of questions , which they asked during a random sampling of calls to Medicare contractors . The rate of complete , accurate information provided by Medicare customer service representatives was 15 % . Since then , steps have been taken to improve the quality of customer service given by Medicare contractors , specifically the 1 - 800 - MEDICARE contractor . As a result , 1 - 800 - MEDICARE customer service representatives ( CSR ) have seen an increase in training , quality assurance monitoring has significantly increased , and a customer satisfaction survey is offered to random callers . Hospital Accreditation ( edit ) In most states the Joint Commission , a private , non-profit organization for accrediting hospitals , decides whether or not a hospital is able to participate in Medicare , as currently there are no competitor organizations recognized by CMS . Other organizations can also accredit hospitals for Medicare . These include the Community Health Accreditation Program , the Accreditation Commission for Health Care , the Compliance Team and the Healthcare Quality Association on Accreditation . Accreditation is voluntary and an organization may choose to be evaluated by their State Survey Agency or by CMS directly . Graduate medical Education ( edit ) Medicare funds the vast majority of residency training in the US . This tax - based financing covers resident salaries and benefits through payments called Direct Medical Education payments . Medicare also uses taxes for Indirect Medical Education , a subsidy paid to teaching hospitals in exchange for training resident physicians . For the 2008 fiscal year these payments were $2.7 and $5.7 billion respectively . Overall funding levels have remained at the same level since 1996 , so that the same number or fewer residents have been trained under this program . Meanwhile , the US population continues to grow both older and larger , which has led to greater demand for physicians , in part due to higher rates of illness and disease among the elderly compared to younger individuals . At the same time the cost of medical services continue rising rapidly and many geographic areas face physician shortages , both trends suggesting the supply of physicians remains too low . Medicare thus finds itself in the odd position of having assumed control of the single largest funding source for graduate medical education , currently facing major budget constraints , and as a result , freezing funding for graduate medical education , as well as for physician reimbursement rates . This has forced hospitals to look for alternative sources of funding for residency slots . This halt in funding in turn exacerbates the exact problem Medicare sought to solve in the first place : improving the availability of medical care . However , some healthcare administration experts believe that the shortage of physicians may be an opportunity for providers to reorganize their delivery systems to become less costly and more efficient . Physician assistants and Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioners may begin assuming more responsibilities that traditionally fell to doctors , but do not necessarily require the advanced training and skill of a physician . Of the 35,476 total active applicants who participated in The National Resident Matching Program in 2016 , 75.6 % ( 26,836 ) were able to find PGY - 1 ( R - 1 ) matches . Out of the total active applicants , 51.27 % ( 18,187 ) were graduates of conventional US medical schools ; 93.8 % ( 17,057 ) were able to find a match . In comparison , match rates were 80.3 % of osteopathic graduates , 53.9 % of US citizen international medical school graduates , and 50.5 % of non-US citizen international medical schools graduates . Legislation and reform ( edit ) This section needs expansion with : with separate more detailed descriptions of legislation and reforms . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2012 ) 1960 -- PL 86 - 778 Social Security Amendments of 1960 ( Kerr - Mills aid ) 1965 -- PL 89 - 97 Social Security Act of 1965 , Establishing Medicare Benefits 1980 -- Medicare Secondary Payer Act of 1980 , prescription drugs coverage added 1988 -- PL 100 - 360 Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act of 1988 1989 -- Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Repeal Act of 1989 1997 -- PL 105 - 33 Balanced Budget Act of 1997 2003 -- PL 108 - 173 Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act 2010 -- Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 2013 -- Sequestration effects on Medicare due to Budget Control Act of 2011 2015 -- Extensive changes to Medicare , primarily to the SGR provisions of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 as part of the Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act ( MACRA ) 2016 -- Changes to the Social Security `` hold harmless '' laws as they affect Part B premiums based on the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2015 In 1977 , the Health Care Financing Administration ( HCFA ) was established as a federal agency responsible for the administration of Medicare and Medicaid . This would be renamed to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ( CMS ) in 2001 . By 1983 , the diagnosis - related group ( DRG ) replaced pay for service reimbursements to hospitals for Medicare patients . President Bill Clinton attempted an overhaul of Medicare through his health care reform plan in 1993 -- 1994 but was unable to get the legislation passed by Congress . In 2003 Congress passed the Medicare Prescription Drug , Improvement , and Modernization Act , which President George W. Bush signed into law on December 8 , 2003 . Part of this legislation included filling gaps in prescription - drug coverage left by the Medicare Secondary Payer Act that was enacted in 1980 . The 2003 bill strengthened the Workers ' Compensation Medicare Set - Aside Program ( WCMSA ) that is monitored and administered by CMS . On August 1 , 2007 , the US House United States Congress voted to reduce payments to Medicare Advantage providers in order to pay for expanded coverage of children 's health under the SCHIP program . As of 2008 , Medicare Advantage plans cost , on average , 13 percent more per person insured for like beneficiaries than direct payment plans . Many health economists have concluded that payments to Medicare Advantage providers have been excessive . The Senate , after heavy lobbying from the insurance industry , declined to agree to the cuts in Medicare Advantage proposed by the House . President Bush subsequently vetoed the SCHIP extension . Effects of the patient protection and Affordable care Act ( edit ) The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( `` PPACA '' ) of 2010 made a number of changes to the Medicare program . Several provisions of the law were designed to reduce the cost of Medicare . The most substantial provisions slowed the growth rate of payments to hospitals and skilled nursing facilities under Parts A of Medicare , through a variety of methods ( e.g. , arbitrary percentage cuts , penalties for readmissions ) . Congress also attempted to reduce payments to public Part C Medicare health plans by aligning the rules that establish Part C plans ' capitated fees more closely with the FFS paid for comparable care to `` similar beneficiaries '' under Parts A and B of Medicare . Primarily these reductions involved much discretion on the part of CMS and examples of what CMS did included effectively ending a Part C program Congress had previously initiated to increase the use of Part C in rural areas ( the so - called Part C PFFS plan ) and reducing over time a program that encouraged employers and unions to create their own Part C plans not available to the general Medicare beneficiary base ( so - called Part C EGWP plans ) by providing higher reimbursement . These two types of Part C plans had been identified by MedPAC as the programs that most negatively affected parity between the cost of Medicare beneficiaries on Parts A / B / C and the costs of beneficiaries not on Parts A / B / C. These efforts to reach parity have been more than successful . As of 2015 , all beneficiaries on A / B / C cost 4 % less per person than all beneficiaries not on A / B / C. But whether that is because the cost of the former decreased or the cost of the latter increased is not known . PPACA also slightly reduced annual increases in payments to physicians and to hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low - income patients . Along with other minor adjustments , these changes reduced Medicare 's projected cost over the next decade by $455 billion . Additionally , the PPACA created the Independent Payment Advisory Board ( `` IPAB '' ) , which is empowered to submit legislative proposals to reduce the cost of Medicare if the program 's per - capita spending grows faster than per - capita GDP plus one percent . While the IPAB would be barred from rationing care , raising revenue , changing benefits or eligibility , increasing cost sharing , or cutting payments to hospitals , its creation has been one of the more controversial aspects of health reform . In 2016 , the Medicare Trustees projected that the IPAB will have to convene in 2017 and make cuts effective in 2019 . The PPACA also made some changes to Medicare enrollee 's ' benefits . By 2020 , it will close the so - called `` donut hole '' between Part D plans ' coverage limits and the catastrophic cap on out - of - pocket spending , reducing a Part D enrollee 's ' exposure to the cost of prescription drugs by an average of $2,000 a year . This lowered costs for about 5 % of the people on Medicare . Limits were also placed on out - of - pocket costs for in - network care for public Part C health plan enrollees . Most of these plans had such a limit but ACA formalized the annual out of pocket spend limit . Beneficiaries on traditional Medicare do not get such a limit but can effectively arrange for one through private insurance . Meanwhile , Medicare Part B and D premiums were restructured in ways that reduced costs for most people while raising contributions from the wealthiest people with Medicare . The law also expanded coverage of or eliminated co-pays for some preventive services . The PPACA instituted a number of measures to control Medicare fraud and abuse , such as longer oversight periods , provider screenings , stronger standards for certain providers , the creation of databases to share data between federal and state agencies , and stiffer penalties for violators . The law also created mechanisms , such as the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Innovation to fund experiments to identify new payment and delivery models that could conceivably be expanded to reduce the cost of health care while improving quality . Proposals for reforming Medicare ( edit ) As legislators continue to seek new ways to control the cost of Medicare , a number of new proposals to reform Medicare have been introduced in recent years . Premium support Since the mid-1990s , there have been a number of proposals to change Medicare from a publicly run social insurance program with a defined benefit , for which there is no limit to the government 's expenses , into a program that offers `` premium support '' for enrollees . The basic concept behind the proposals is that the government would make a defined contribution , that is a premium support , to the health plan of a Medicare enrollee 's choice . Insurers would compete to provide Medicare benefits and this competition would set the level of fixed contribution . Additionally , enrollees would be able to purchase greater coverage by paying more in addition to the fixed government contribution . Conversely , enrollees could choose lower cost coverage and keep the difference between their coverage costs and the fixed government contribution . The goal of premium Medicare plans is for greater cost - effectiveness ; if such a proposal worked as planned , the financial incentive would be greatest for Medicare plans that offer the best care at the lowest cost . There have been a number of criticisms of the premium support model . Some have raised concern about risk selection , where insurers find ways to avoid covering people expected to have high health care costs . Premium support proposals , such as the 2011 plan proposed by Rep. Paul Ryan ( R -- Wis . ) , have aimed to avoid risk selection by including protection language mandating that plans participating in such coverage must provide insurance to all beneficiaries and are not able to avoid covering higher risk beneficiaries . Some critics are concerned that the Medicare population , which has particularly high rates of cognitive impairment and dementia , would have a hard time choosing between competing health plans . Robert Moffit , a senior fellow of The Heritage Foundation responded to this concern , stating that while there may be research indicating that individuals have difficulty making the correct choice of health care plan , there is no evidence to show that government officials can make better choices . Henry Aaron , one of the original proponents of premium supports , has recently argued that the idea should not be implemented , given that Medicare Advantage plans have not successfully contained costs more effectively than traditional Medicare and because the political climate is hostile to the kinds of regulations that would be needed to make the idea workable . Two distinct premium support systems have recently been proposed in Congress to control the cost of Medicare . The House Republicans ' 2012 budget would have abolished traditional Medicare and required the eligible population to purchase private insurance with a newly created premium support program . This plan would have cut the cost of Medicare by capping the value of the voucher and tying its growth to inflation , which is expected to be lower than rising health costs , saving roughly $155 billion over 10 years . Paul Ryan , the plan 's author , claimed that competition would drive down costs , but the Congressional Budget Office ( CBO ) found that the plan would dramatically raise the cost of health care , with all of the additional costs falling on enrollees . The CBO found that under the plan , typical 65 - year - olds would go from paying 35 percent of their health care costs to paying 68 percent by 2030 . In December 2011 , Ryan and Sen. Ron Wyden ( D -- Oreg . ) jointly proposed a new premium support system . Unlike Ryan 's original plan , this new system would maintain traditional Medicare as an option , and the premium support would not be tied to inflation . The spending targets in the Ryan - Wyden plan are the same as the targets included in the Affordable Care Act ; it is unclear whether the plan would reduce Medicare expenditure relative to current law . Raising the age of eligibility A number of different plans have been introduced that would raise the age of Medicare eligibility . Some have argued that , as the population ages and the ratio of workers to retirees increases , programs for the elderly need to be reduced . Since the age at which Americans can retire with full Social Security benefits is rising to 67 , it is argued that the age of eligibility for Medicare should rise with it ( though people can begin receiving reduced Social Security benefits as early as age 62 ) . The CBO projected that raising the age of Medicare eligibility would save $113 billion over 10 years after accounting for the necessary expansion of Medicaid and state health insurance exchange subsidies under health care reform , which are needed to help those who could not afford insurance purchase it . The Kaiser Family Foundation found that raising the age of eligibility would save the federal government $5.7 billion a year , while raising costs for other payers . According to Kaiser , raising the age would cost $3.7 billion to 65 - and 66 - year - olds , $2.8 billion to other consumers whose premiums would rise as insurance pools absorbed more risk , $4.5 billion to employers offering insurance , and $0.7 billion to states expanding their Medicaid rolls . Ultimately Kaiser found that the plan would raise total social costs by more than twice the savings to the federal government . Negotiating the prices of prescription drugs Currently , people with Medicare can get prescription drug coverage through a Medicare Advantage plan or through the standalone private prescription drug plans ( PDPs ) established under Medicare Part D. Each plan established its own coverage policies and independently negotiates the prices it pays to drug manufacturers . But because each plan has a much smaller coverage pool than the entire Medicare program , many argue that this system of paying for prescription drugs undermines the government 's bargaining power and artificially raises the cost of drug coverage . Many look to the Veterans Health Administration as a model of lower cost prescription drug coverage . Since the VHA provides healthcare directly , it maintains its own formulary and negotiates prices with manufacturers . Studies show that the VHA pays dramatically less for drugs than the PDP plans Medicare Part D subsidizes . One analysis found that adopting a formulary similar to the VHA 's would save Medicare $14 billion a year ( over 10 years the savings would be around $140 billion ) . There are other proposals for savings on prescription drugs that do not require such fundamental changes to Medicare Part D 's payment and coverage policies . Manufacturers who supply drugs to Medicaid are required to offer a 15 percent rebate on the average manufacturer 's price . Low - income elderly individuals who qualify for both Medicare and Medicaid receive drug coverage through Medicare Part D , and no reimbursement is paid for the drugs the government purchases for them . Reinstating that rebate would yield savings of $112 billion , according to a recent CBO estimate . Some have questioned the ability of the federal government to achieve greater savings than the largest PDPs , since some of the larger plans have coverage pools comparable to Medicare 's , though the evidence from the VHA is promising . Some also worry that controlling the prices of prescription drugs would reduce incentives for manufacturers to invest in R&D , though the same could be said of anything that would reduce costs . Reforming care for the `` dual - eligibles '' Roughly nine million Americans -- mostly older adults with low incomes -- are eligible for both Medicare and Medicaid . These men and women tend to have particularly poor health -- more than half are being treated for five or more chronic conditions -- and high costs . Average annual per - capita spending for `` dual - eligibles '' is $20,000 , compared to $10,900 for the Medicare population as a whole all enrollees . The dual - eligible population comprises roughly 20 percent of Medicare 's enrollees but accounts for 36 percent of its costs . There is substantial evidence that these individuals receive highly inefficient care because responsibility for their care is split between the Medicare and Medicaid programs -- most see a number of different providers without any kind of mechanism to coordinate their care , and they face high rates of potentially preventable hospitalizations . Because Medicaid and Medicare cover different aspects of health care , both have a financial incentive to shunt patients into care the other program pays for . Many experts have suggested that establishing mechanisms to coordinate care for the dual - eligibles could yield substantial savings in the Medicare program , mostly by reducing hospitalizations . Such programs would connect patients with primary care , create an individualized health plan , assist enrollees in receiving social and human services as well as medical care , reconcile medications prescribed by different doctors to ensure they do not undermine one another , and oversee behavior to improve health . The general ethos of these proposals is to `` treat the patient , not the condition , '' and maintain health while avoiding costly treatments . There is some controversy over who exactly should take responsibility for coordinating the care of the dual eligibles . There have been some proposals to transfer dual eligibles into existing Medicaid managed care plans , which are controlled by individual states . But many states facing severe budget shortfalls might have some incentive to stint on necessary care or otherwise shift costs to enrollees and their families to capture some Medicaid savings . Medicare has more experience managing the care of older adults , and is already expanding coordinated care programs under the ACA , though there are some questions about private Medicare plans ' capacity to manage care and achieve meaningful cost savings . Estimated savings from more effective coordinated care for the dual eligibles range from $125 billion to over $200 billion , mostly by eliminating unnecessary , expensive hospital admissions . Income - relating Medicare premiums Both House Republicans and President Obama proposed increasing the additional premiums paid by the wealthiest people with Medicare , compounding several reforms in the ACA that would increase the number of wealthier individuals paying higher , income - related Part B and Part D premiums . Such proposals are projected to save $20 billion over the course of a decade , and would ultimately result in more than a quarter of Medicare enrollees paying between 35 and 90 percent of their Part B costs by 2035 , rather than the typical 25 percent . If the brackets mandated for 2035 were implemented today , it would mean that anyone earning more than $47,000 ( as an individual ) or $94,000 ( as a couple ) would be affected . Under the Republican proposals , affected individuals would pay 40 percent of the total Part B and Part D premiums , which would be equivalent of $2,500 today . More limited income - relation of premiums only raises limited revenue . Currently , only 5 percent of Medicare enrollees pay an income - related premium , and most only pay 35 percent of their total premium , compared to the 25 percent most people pay . Only a negligible number of enrollees fall into the higher income brackets required to bear a more substantial share of their costs -- roughly half a percent of individuals and less than three percent of married couples currently pay more than 35 percent of their total Part B costs . There is some concern that tying premiums to income would weaken Medicare politically over the long run , since people tend to be more supportive of universal social programs than of means - tested ones . Medigap restrictions Some Medicare supplemental insurance ( or `` Medigap '' ) plans cover all of an enrollee 's cost - sharing , insulating them from any out - of - pocket costs and guaranteeing financial security to individuals with significant health care needs . Many policymakers believe that such plans raise the cost of Medicare by creating a perverse incentive that leads patients to seek unnecessary , costly treatments . Many argue that unnecessary treatments are a major cause of rising costs and propose that people with Medicare should feel more of the cost of their care to create incentives to seek the most efficient alternatives . Various restrictions and surcharges on Medigap coverage have appeared in recent deficit reduction proposals . One of the furthest - reaching reforms proposed , which would prevent Medigap from covering any of the first $500 of coinsurance charges and limit it to covering 50 percent of all costs beyond that , could save $50 billion over 10 years . But it would also increase health care costs substantially for people with costly health care needs . There is some evidence that claims of Medigap 's tendency to cause over-treatment may be exaggerated and that potential savings from restricting it might be smaller than expected . Meanwhile , there are some concerns about the potential effects on enrollees . Individuals who face high charges with every episode of care have been shown to delay or forgo needed care , jeopardizing their health and possibly increasing their health care costs down the line . Given their lack of medical training , most patients tend to have difficulty distinguishing between necessary and unnecessary treatments . The problem could be exaggerated among the Medicare population , which has low levels of health literacy . Legislative oversight ( edit ) The following congressional committees provide oversight for Medicare programs : Senate Senate Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Services , Education , and Related Agencies Senate Budget Committee Senate Committee on Finance Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Subcommittee on Oversight of Government Management , the Federal Workforce , and the District of Columbia Senate Committee on Health , Education , Labor and Pensions Subcommittee on Federal Financial Management , Government Information , and International Security Subcommittee on Primary Health and Aging Senate Special Committee on Aging House House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Labor , Health and Human Services , Education , and Related Agencies House Budget Committee House Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Health Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations House Small Business Committee House Committee on Ways and Means Subcommittee on Health Joint Joint Economic Committee See also ( edit ) Administration on Aging Federal Insurance Contributions Act Health care in the United States Health care politics Health care reform in the United States Health insurance in the United States Maurice Mazel Medicaid Medicare ( Australia ) Medicare ( Canada ) Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act of 2015 Medicare Prompt Pay Correction Act Medicare Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Act Medicare Rights Center National Health Service ( United Kingdom ) National Quality Cancer Care Demonstration Project Act of 2009 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ( Obamacare ) Philosophy of healthcare Quality improvement organizations Single - payer health care Stark Law United States National Health Care Act ( Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 2016 Annual Report of the Medicare Trustees ( for the year 2015 ) , June 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ Kaiser Slides The Henry J. 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USA Today . Society for the Advancement of Education ... Reprint by BNET . Jump up ^ Fuchs , Elissa ( February 2009 ) . `` Overview : Medicare Direct Graduate and Indirect Medical Education Payments '' . AAMC Reporter . Association of American Medical Colleges . ISSN 1544 - 0540 . ^ Jump up to : Croasdale , Myrle ( January 30 , 2006 ) . `` Innovative funding opens new residency slots '' . American Medical News . American Medical Association . Jump up ^ Rosenblatt , Roger A. ; Andrilla , C. Holly A. ; Curtin , Thomas ; Hart , L. Gary ( March 1 , 2006 ) . `` Shortages of Medical Personnel at Community Health Centers '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . American Medical Association . 295 ( 9 ) : 1042 -- 49 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 295.9. 1042 . PMID 16507805 . Jump up ^ Rovner , Julie ( August 2012 ) . `` Prognosis Worsens For Shortages In Primary Care '' . Talk of the Nation . National Public Radio ... ( 2 ) by NPR . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Dallek , Robert ( Summer 2010 ) . `` Medicare 's Complicated Birth '' . americanheritage.com . American Heritage . p. 28 . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Thomas ; Desmond , Katherine ; Gabel , Jon ( Fall 1990 ) . `` The Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act : a Post-mortem '' ( PDF ) . Health Affairs . 9 ( 3 ) : 75 -- 87 . doi : 10.1377 / hlthaff. 9.3. 75 . ^ Jump up to : Hulse , Carl ( November 17 , 2013 ) . `` Lesson Is Seen in Failure of Law on Medicare in 1989 '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Marcus , Aliza ( July 9 , 2008 ) . `` Senate Vote on Doctor Fees Carries Risks for McCain '' . Bloomberg News . Jump up ^ Pear , Robert ( August 2 , 2007 ) . `` House Passes Children 's Health Plan 225 -- 204 '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/120xx/doc12033/12-23-selectedhealthcarepublications.pdf Jump up ^ Vaida , Bara ( May 9 , 2011 ) . `` Controversial health board braces for continued battles over Medicare '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ `` How will the Affordable Care Act Change Medicare ? '' . Ratehospitals.com . Jump up ^ `` Shining a Light on Health Insurance Rate Increases -- Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services '' . Healthcare.gov . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Income - Relating Medicare Part B and Part D Premiums : How Many Medicare Beneficiaries Will Be Affected ? '' ( PDF ) . Kff.org . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . November 30 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Health care law rights and protections ; 10 benefits for you '' . HealthCare.gov . March 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : ( Henry Aaron and Robert Reischauer , `` The Medicare reform debate : what is the next step ? '' Health Affairs 1995 ; 14 : 8 -- 30 ) ^ Jump up to : Aaron , Henry ; Frakt , Austin ( 2012 ) . `` Why Now Is Not the Time for Premium Support '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 366 ( 10 ) : 877 -- 79 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMp1200448 . PMID 22276779 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Moffit ( August 7 , 2012 ) . `` Premium Support : Medicare 's Future and its Critics '' . heritage.org . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved September 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Marilyn Moon ( September 1999 ) . `` Can Competition Improve Medicare ? A Look at Premium Support '' ( PDF ) . urban.org . Urban Institute . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frakt , Austin ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` Premium support proposal and critique : Objection 1 , risk selection '' . The Incidental Economist . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ( ... ) The concern is that private plans will find ways to attract relatively healthier and cheaper - to - cover beneficiaries ( the `` good '' risks ) , leaving the sicker and more costly ones ( the `` bad '' risks ) in TM . Attracting good risks is known as `` favorable selection '' and attracting `` bad '' ones is `` adverse selection . '' ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` Debbie Wasserman Schultz says Ryan Medicare plan would allow insurers to use pre-existing conditions as barrier to coverage '' . PolitiFact . June 1 , 2011 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Frakt , Austin ( December 16 , 2011 ) . `` Premium support proposal and critique : Objection 4 , complexity '' . The Incidental Economist . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ( ... ) Medicare is already very complex , some say too complex . There is research that suggests beneficiaries have difficulty making good choices among the myriad of available plans . ( ... ) Jump up ^ Horney , James R. ( April 8 , 2011 ) . `` Ryan Budget Plan Produces Far Less Real Deficit Cutting than Reported -- Center on Budget and Policy Priorities '' . Cbpp.org . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : http://budget.house.gov/UploadedFiles/PathToProsperityFY2012.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/121xx/doc12128/04-05-ryan_letter.pdf Jump up ^ http://paulryan.house.gov/UploadedFiles/WydenRyan.pdf Jump up ^ Van , Paul N. ( December 21 , 2011 ) . `` Ryan - Wyden Premium Support Proposal Not What It May Seem -- Center on Budget and Policy Priorities '' . Cbpp.org . Retrieved July 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Seniors Choice Act Summary '' ( PDF ) . February 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://paulryan.house.gov/UploadedFiles/rivlinryan.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.fiscalcommission.gov/sites/fiscalcommission.gov/files/documents/CoChair_Draft.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/01-10-2012-Medicare_SS_EligibilityAgesBrief.pdf Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived January 17 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Families USA , No Bargain : Medicare Drug Plans Deliver High Prices ( Washington , DC : Jan. 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Pros and Cons of Allowing the Federal Government to Negotiate Prescription Drug Prices '' ( PDF ) . law.umaryland.edu . Jump up ^ Austin B. Frakt , Steven D. Pizer , and Roger Feldman . `` Should Medicare Adopt the Veterans Health Administration Formulary ? '' Health Economics ( April 19 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/120xx/doc12085/03-10-reducingthedeficit.pdf ^ Jump up to : Kenneth E. Thorpe , `` Estimated Federal Savings Associated with Care Coordination Models for Medicare - Medicaid Dual Eligibles . '' America 's Health Insurance Plans , September 2011 . http://www.ahipcoverage.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Dual-Eligible-Study-September-2011.pdf Archived October 13 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dual Eligible : Medicaid 's Role for Low - Income Beneficiaries `` , Kaiser Family Foundation , Fact Sheet # 4091 - 07 , December 2010 , http://www.kff.org/medicaid/upload/4091-07.pdf . Jump up ^ CMS , National Health Expenditure Web Tables , Table 16 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 27 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ Medicare Chartbook , Kaiser Family Foundation , November 2010 , 55 Jump up ^ John Holahan , Linda J. Blumberg , Stacey McMorrow , Stephen Zuckerman , Timothy Waidmann , and Karen Stockley , `` Containing the Growth of Spending in the U.S. Health System , '' The Urban Institute , October 2011 . http://www.urban.org/uploadedpdf/412419-Containing-the-Growth-of-Spending-in-the-US-Health-System.pdf Jump up ^ Jiang HJ , Wier LM , Potter DEB , Burgess J. Hospitalizations for Potentially Preventable Conditions among Medicare - Medicaid Dual Eligibles , 2008 . Statistical Brief # 96 . Rockville , MD : Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project , September 2010 . Jump up ^ Medicare PPayment Advisory Commission , MedPAC 2011 Databook , Chapter 5 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 13 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , `` The Moment of Truth . '' December 2010 . pdf . Jump up ^ Judy Feder , Lisa Clemans - Cope , Teresa Coughlin , John Holahan , Timothy Waidmann , `` Refocusing Responsibility For Dual Eligibles : Why Medicare Should Take The Lead . '' Robert Wood Johnson Foundation , October 2011 . http://www.rwjf.org/files/research/72868qs68dualeligiblesfull20110930.pdf Jump up ^ Families USA , `` A Guide for Advocates : State Demonstrations to Integrate Medicare and Medicaid . '' April 2011 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 24 , 2012 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert A. Berenson and John Holahan , Preserving Medicare : A Practical Approach to Controlling Spending ( Washington , DC : Urban Institute , Sept. 2011 ) Jump up ^ The National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , `` The Moment of Truth . '' December 2010 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 8 , 2012 . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kaiser Family Foundation , `` Income - Relating Medicare Part B and Part D Premiums Under Current Law and Recent Proposals : What are the Implications for Beneficiaries ? '' February 2012 . http://www.kff.org/medicare/upload/8276.pdf Jump up ^ Social Security Administration , Income of the Population , 55 and Older Jump up ^ Theda Skocpol and Vanessa Williams . The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism . Oxford University Press , 2012 . Jump up ^ National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform , `` The Moment of Truth , '' December 2010 . Jump up ^ Office of Management and Buddget , `` Living Within Our Means and Investing in the Future : The President 's Plan for Economic Growth and Deficit Reduction . '' September 2011 . Jump up ^ Sen. Tom Coburn and Sen. Richard Burr , `` The Seniors ' Choice Act , '' February 2012 . Jump up ^ CBO , `` Reducing the Deficit : Revenue and Spending Options , '' May 2012 . Option 21 Jump up ^ Jeff Lemieux , Teresa Chovan , and Karen Heath , `` Medigap Coverage And Medicare Spending : A Second Look , '' Health Affairs , Volume 27 , Number 2 , March / April 2008 Jump up ^ Beeuwkes Buntin M , Haviland AM , McDevitt R , and Sood N , `` Healthcare Spending and Preventive Care in High - Deductible and Consumer - Directed Health Plans , '' American Journal of Managed Care , Vol. 17 , No. 3 , March 2011 , pp. 222 -- 30 . Jump up ^ `` Congressional Committees of Interest '' . Center for Medicare Services . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved February 15 , 2007 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Medicare ( United States ) . Governmental links -- current ( edit ) Medicare at cms.gov Medicare.gov -- the official website for people with Medicare Medicare Primer Congressional Research Service Finding Medicare Enrollment Statistics Congressional Research Service Governmental links -- historical ( edit ) Medicare Is Signed Into Law page from ssa.gov -- material about the bill - signing ceremony Historical Background and Development of Social Security from ssa.gov -- includes information about Medicare Detailed Chronology of SSA from ssa.gov -- includes information about Medicare Early Medicare poster from ssa.gov Non-governmental links ( edit ) Consumer Reports Managing Medicare Kaiser Family Foundation -- Substantial research and analysis related to the Medicare program and the population of seniors and people with disabilities it covers . State - level data on Medicare beneficiaries , such as enrollment , demographics ( such as age , gender , race / ethnicity ) , spending , other sources of health coverage , managed care participation , and use of services . History of Medicare in an interactive timeline of key developments . Lyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States ( 1963 -- 1969 ) 37th Vice President of the United States ( 1961 -- 1963 ) U.S. Senator from Texas ( 1949 -- 1961 ) U.S. Representative for TX - 10 ( 1937 -- 1949 ) Presidency 1963 inauguration 1965 inauguration Great Society Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Fair Housing Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution `` Credibility gap '' VISTA Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on Poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights White House preservation State of the Union Address , 1966 1968 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Johnson desk Life Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Bashir Ahmad Legacy Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. 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Johnson in popular culture Daisy advertisement Johnson cult The Years of Lyndon Johnson Path to War , ( 2002 film ) All the Way ( 2012 play , 2016 film ) LBJ ( 2017 film ) Family Claudia `` Lady Bird '' Taylor Johnson ( wife ) Lynda Bird Johnson Robb ( daughter ) Luci Baines Johnson ( daughter ) Samuel Ealy Johnson Jr. ( father ) Rebekah Baines Johnson ( mother ) Sam Houston Johnson ( brother ) Samuel Ealy Johnson , Sr. ( grandfather ) Joseph Wilson Baines ( grandfather ) George Washington Baines ( great - grandfather ) Chuck Robb ( son - in - law ) ← John F. 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Johnson Social programs Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing more detailed references Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with dead external links from March 2013 Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Use mdy dates from September 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 Articles to be expanded from January 2012 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 10 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 05 : 48 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what tax is used to provide medical services for persons over the age of 65	[ "In the United States, Medicare is a national health insurance program, now administered by the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services of the U.S. federal government but begun in 1966 under the Social Security Administration. United States Medicare is funded by a combination of a payroll tax, premiums and surtaxes from beneficiaries, and general revenue. It provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older who have worked and paid into the system through the payroll tax. It also provides health insurance to younger people with some disability status as determined by the Social Security Administration, as well as people with end stage renal disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.\n", "In the United States, Medicare is a national health insurance program, now administered by the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare Services of the U.S. federal government but begun in 1966 under the Social Security Administration. United States Medicare is funded by a combination of a payroll tax, premiums and surtaxes from beneficiaries, and general revenue. It provides health insurance for Americans aged 65 and older who have worked and paid into the system through the payroll tax. It also provides health insurance to younger people with some disability status as determined by the Social Security Administration, as well as people with end stage renal disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.\n" ]	[ "payroll tax", "premiums and surtaxes from beneficiaries" ]
2175781382494881717	Tertiary sector of the economy	Tertiary sector of the economy - wikipedia Tertiary sector of the economy Jump to : navigation , search `` Service industry '' redirects here . For the Austin , Texas - based band , see The Service Industry . Economic sectors Three - sector theory Primary sector : raw materials Secondary sector : manufacturing Tertiary sector : services Additional sectors Quaternary sector : information services Quinary sector : human services Theorists AGB Fisher Colin Clark Jean Fourastié Sectors by ownership Business sector Private sector Public sector Voluntary sector Product 's lifecycle The tertiary sector or service sector is the third of the three economic sectors of the three - sector theory . The others are the secondary sector ( approximately the same as manufacturing ) , and the primary sector ( raw materials ) . The service sector consists of the production of services instead of end products . Services ( also known as `` intangible goods '' ) include attention , advice , access , experience , discussion , and affective labor . The production of information has long been regarded as a service , but some economists now attribute it to a fourth sector , the quaternary sector . The tertiary sector of industry involves the provision of services to other businesses as well as final consumers . Services may involve the transport , distribution and sale of goods from producer to a consumer , as may happen in wholesaling and retailing , pest control or entertainment . The goods may be transformed in the process of providing the service , as happens in the restaurant industry . However , the focus is on people interacting with people and serving the customer rather than transforming physical goods . Ambulance service . Housemaid Banker at work Contents ( hide ) 1 Difficulty of definition 2 Theory of progression 3 Issues for service providers 4 Examples of tertiary sector industries 5 List of countries by tertiary output 6 See also 7 References Difficulty of Definition ( edit ) It is sometimes hard to define whether a given company is part of the secondary or tertiary sector . And it is not only companies that have been classified as part of that sector in some schemes ; government and its services such as police or military , and non-profit organizations such as charities or research associations can also be seen as part of that sector . In order to classify a business as a service , one can use classification systems such as the United Nations ' International Standard Industrial Classification standard , the United States ' Standard Industrial Classification ( SIC ) code system and its new replacement , the North American Industrial Classification System ( NAICS ) , the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community ( NACE ) in the EU and similar systems elsewhere . These governmental classification systems have a first - level hierarchy that reflects whether the economic goods are tangible or intangible . For purposes of finance and market research , market - based classification systems such as the Global Industry Classification Standard and the Industry Classification Benchmark are used to classify businesses that participate in the service sector . Unlike governmental classification systems , the first level of market - based classification systems divides the economy into functionally related markets or industries . The second or third level of these hierarchies then reflects whether goods or services are produced . Theory of progression ( edit ) For the last 100 years , there has been a substantial shift from the primary and secondary sectors to the tertiary sector in industrialised countries . This shift is called tertiarisation . The tertiary sector is now the largest sector of the economy in the Western world , and is also the fastest - growing sector . In examining the growth of the service sector in the early Nineties , the globalist Kenichi Ohmae noted that : `` In the United States 70 percent of the workforce works in the service sector ; in Japan , 60 percent , and in Taiwan , 50 percent . These are not necessarily busboys and live - in maids . Many of them are in the professional category . They are earning as much as manufacturing workers , and often more . '' Economies tend to follow a developmental progression that takes them from a heavy reliance on agriculture and mining , toward the development of manufacturing ( e.g. automobiles , textiles , shipbuilding , steel ) and finally toward a more service - based structure . The first economy to follow this path in the modern world was the United Kingdom . The speed at which other economies have made the transition to service - based ( or `` post-industrial '' ) economies has increased over time . Historically , manufacturing tended to be more open to international trade and competition than services . However , with dramatic cost reduction and speed and reliability improvements in the transportation of people and the communication of information , the service sector now includes some of the most intensive international competition , despite residual protectionism . Issues for service providers ( edit ) Surgery team at work Transport service Testing telephone lines in London in 1945 . Service providers face obstacles selling services that goods - sellers rarely face . Services are intangible , making it difficult for potential customers to understand what they will receive and what value it will hold for them . Indeed , some , such as consultants and providers of investment services , offer no guarantees of the value for price paid . Since the quality of most services depends largely on the quality of the individuals providing the services , `` people costs '' are usually a high fraction of service costs . Whereas a manufacturer may use technology , simplification , and other techniques to lower the cost of goods sold , the service provider often faces an unrelenting pattern of increasing costs . Product differentiation is often difficult . For example , how does one choose one investment adviser over another , since they are often seen to provide identical services ? Charging a premium for services is usually an option only for the most established firms , who charge extra based upon brand recognition . Examples of tertiary sector industries ( edit ) Examples of tertiary industries may include Telecommunication Hospitality industry / tourism Mass media Healthcare / hospitals Public health Information technology Waste disposal Consulting Gambling Retail sales Fast - moving consumer goods ( FMCG ) Franchising Real estate Education Financial services Banking Insurance Investment management Professional services Accounting Legal services Management consulting List of countries by tertiary output ( edit ) Main article : List of countries by GDP sector composition Service output as a percentage of the top producer ( USA ) as of 2005 Below is a list of countries by service output at market exchange rates in 2016 . Largest countries by tertiary output in Nominal GDP , according to IMF and CIA World Factbook , 2016 Economy Countries by tertiary output in 2016 ( billions in USD ) ( 01 ) United States 14,762 ( -- ) European Union 12,077 ( 02 ) China 5,688 ( 03 ) Japan 3,511 ( 04 ) Germany 2,395 ( 05 ) United Kingdom 2,109 ( 06 ) France 1,941 ( 07 ) Italy 1,366 ( 08 ) Brazil 1,295 ( 09 ) Canada 1,081 ( 10 ) India 1,024 ( 11 ) Spain 926 ( 12 ) Australia 859 ( 13 ) South Korea 850 ( 14 ) Russia 797 ( 15 ) Mexico 661 ( 16 ) Turkey 551 ( 17 ) Netherlands 543 ( 18 ) Switzerland 484 ( 19 ) Indonesia 429 ( 20 ) Belgium 362 The twenty largest countries by tertiary output in 2016 , according to the IMF and CIA World Factbook . See also ( edit ) Economics portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to Service industries . Quaternary sector of the economy Indigo Era ( economics ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ R.P. Mohanty & R.R. Lakhe ( 1 January 2001 ) . TQM in the Service Sector . Jaico Publishing House . pp. 32 -- 33 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7224 - 953 - 3 . Retrieved 1 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Definition by the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions Archived July 20 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ The Borderless World : Power and Strategy in the Interlinked Economy . Jump up ^ De Soto , Glenn ( 2006 ) . Fragmented : the Demise of Unionized Construction . Lulu.com . p. 64 . ISBN 9781847285775 . GND : 4012183 - 5 HDS : 14035 NDL : 00569924 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy&oldid=821459530 '' Categories : Industry Economic sectors Service industries Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaelg Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Latina Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 16 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	most jobs in the united states are from the primary and secondary sectors of the economy	[]	[]
-4670145947075582796	List of most-viewed YouTube videos	List of most - viewed YouTube videos - wikipedia List of most - viewed YouTube videos Jump to : navigation , search `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi ( left ) featuring Daddy Yankee ( right ) is the most viewed video on YouTube , with over 4.4 billion views as of November 26 , 2017 . YouTube is an American video - sharing website headquartered in San Bruno , California . Since its establishment in 2005 , the website has featured a `` most viewed '' section , which lists the most viewed videos on the site . Although the most viewed videos were initially viral videos , such as Evolution of Dance and Charlie Bit My Finger , the most viewed videos were increasingly related to music videos . In fact , since Lady Gaga 's `` Bad Romance '' , every video that has reached the top of the `` most viewed YouTube videos '' list has been a music video . Although the most viewed videos are no longer listed on the site , reaching the top of the list is still considered a tremendous feat . By June 21 , 2015 , only two videos , `` Gangnam Style '' and `` Baby '' , had exceeded one billion views . However , three and a half months later , on October 7 , ten videos had done so . As of November 2017 , 86 videos on the list have exceeded one billion views , with 18 of them exceeding two billion views ; three of which exceed three billion views and one of which exceeds four billion views . `` Despacito '' became the first video to reach three billion views on August 4 , 2017 , followed by `` See You Again '' on August 6 , 2017 , and then on November 25 , 2017 , `` Gangnam Style '' became the third video to hit three billion views . `` Despacito '' also became the first video to reach four billion views on October 11 , 2017 . As of November 2017 , the five fastest videos to reach the one billion view mark are `` Hello '' ( 87 days ) , `` Despacito '' ( 96 days ) , `` Shape of You '' ( 97 days ) , `` Mi Gente '' ( 102 days ) and `` Sorry '' ( 136 days ) . The five fastest videos to reach two billion views are `` Despacito '' ( 154 days ) , `` Shape of You '' ( 187 days ) , `` Sorry '' ( 394 days ) , `` See You Again '' ( 515 days ) and `` Hello '' ( 619 days ) . As of November 2017 , Justin Bieber and Katy Perry each have four videos exceeding one billion views , while Taylor Swift , Calvin Harris , Shakira , Ariana Grande and Bruno Mars each have three , and Fifth Harmony , Psy , Adele , Ellie Goulding , The Weeknd , Ed Sheeran , Nicky Jam , Eminem , Maluma , J Balvin and Ricky Martin each have two . Swift and Perry are the only artists to have two videos exceeding two billion views . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top videos 2 By year of release 3 Historical most viewed videos 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Top videos The following table lists the top 100 most viewed videos on YouTube , with each total rounded to the nearest 10 million views , as well as the creator and date of publication to YouTube . -- This indicates the upload is not a music video Rank Video name Uploader / artist Views ( billions ) Upload date Notes 1 . `` Despacito '' Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee 4.41 January 12 , 2017 2 . `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth 3.24 April 6 , 2015 3 . `` Gangnam Style '' Psy 3.00 July 15 , 2012 4 . `` Sorry '' Justin Bieber 2.84 October 22 , 2015 5 . `` Uptown Funk '' Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2.78 November 19 , 2014 6 . `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran 2.77 January 30 , 2017 7 . `` Masha and the Bear : Recipe for Disaster '' Get Movies 2.62 January 31 , 2012 8 . `` Shake It Off '' Taylor Swift 2.45 August 18 , 2014 9 . `` Bailando '' Enrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente De Zona 2.43 April 11 , 2014 10 . `` Sugar '' Maroon 5 2.42 January 14 , 2015 11 . `` Roar '' Katy Perry 2.35 September 5 , 2013 12 . `` Lean On '' Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ 2.22 March 22 , 2015 13 . `` Blank Space '' Taylor Swift 2.22 November 10 , 2014 14 . `` Dark Horse '' Katy Perry featuring Juicy J 2.17 February 20 , 2014 15 . `` All About That Bass '' Meghan Trainor 2.15 June 11 , 2014 16 . `` Hello '' Adele 2.14 October 22 , 2015 17 . `` Wheels on the Bus '' LittleBabyBum 2.02 August 9 , 2014 18 . `` Counting Stars '' OneRepublic 2.02 May 31 , 2013 19 . `` Chantaje '' Shakira featuring Maluma 1.99 November 18 , 2016 20 . `` Closer ( Lyric video ) '' The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey 1.95 July 29 , 2016 21 . `` Thinking Out Loud '' Ed Sheeran 1.94 October 7 , 2014 22 . `` This Is What You Came For '' Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna 1.85 June 16 , 2016 23 . `` What Do You Mean ? '' Justin Bieber 1.84 August 30 , 2015 24 . `` Baby '' Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris 1.75 February 19 , 2010 25 . `` Work from Home '' Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ ign 1.74 February 26 , 2016 26 . `` Chandelier '' Sia 1.73 May 6 , 2014 27 . `` Rockabye '' Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul & Anne - Marie 1.69 October 21 , 2016 28 . `` Let Her Go '' Passenger 1.67 July 25 , 2012 29 . `` Love Me Like You Do '' Ellie Goulding 1.61 January 22 , 2015 30 . `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' Shakira featuring Freshlyground 1.61 June 4 , 2010 31 . `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez 1.59 August 2 , 2016 32 . `` Worth It '' Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink 1.50 March 28 , 2015 33 . `` Love the Way You Lie '' Eminem featuring Rihanna 1.44 August 5 , 2010 34 . `` Treat You Better '' Shawn Mendes 1.44 July 12 , 2016 35 . `` Ay Vamos '' J Balvin 1.43 August 29 , 2014 36 . `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' Silentó 1.41 June 25 , 2015 37 . `` Rude '' Magic ! 1.41 December 5 , 2013 38 . `` Wake Me Up '' Avicii featuring Aloe Blacc 1.41 July 29 , 2013 39 . `` Faded '' Alan Walker 1.40 December 3 , 2015 40 . `` Party Rock Anthem '' LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock 1.39 March 8 , 2011 41 . `` Mi Gente '' J Balvin and Willy William 1.35 June 29 , 2017 42 . `` Hotline Bling '' Drake 1.33 October 26 , 2015 43 . `` Vente Pa ' Ca '' Ricky Martin featuring Maluma 1.32 September 22 , 2016 44 . `` Johny Johny Yes Papa '' ChuChu TV 1.31 November 14 , 2014 45 . `` Propuesta Indecente '' Romeo Santos 1.30 September 9 , 2013 46 . `` Love Yourself '' Justin Bieber 1.27 November 14 , 2015 47 . `` Starboy '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk 1.26 September 28 , 2016 48 . `` Let It Go '' Idina Menzel 1.25 January 30 , 2014 49 . `` Hasta el Amanecer '' Nicky Jam 1.25 January 14 , 2016 50 . `` The Lazy Song '' Bruno Mars 1.25 April 15 , 2011 51 . `` All of Me '' John Legend 1.24 October 2 , 2013 52 . `` Rolling in the Deep '' Adele 1.22 November 30 , 2010 53 . `` Side to Side '' Ariana Grande featuring Nicki Minaj 1.20 August 29 , 2016 54 . `` Burn '' Ellie Goulding 1.19 July 7 , 2013 55 . `` Reggaetón Lento ( Bailemos ) '' CNCO 1.18 October 7 , 2016 56 . `` Summer '' Calvin Harris 1.18 April 6 , 2014 57 . `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Calvin Harris featuring Disciples 1.18 August 6 , 2015 58 . `` Felices los 4 '' Maluma 1.17 April 21 , 2017 59 . `` Picky '' Joey Montana 1.16 June 29 , 2015 60 . `` Hey Mama '' David Guetta featuring Nicki Minaj , Bebe Rexha and Afrojack 1.16 May 19 , 2015 61 . `` Bad Blood '' Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar 1.16 May 17 , 2015 62 . `` The Hills '' The Weeknd 1.15 May 27 , 2015 63 . `` On the Floor '' Jennifer Lopez featuring Pitbull 1.15 March 3 , 2011 64 . `` Stressed Out '' Twenty One Pilots 1.14 April 27 , 2015 65 . `` The Gummy Bear Song '' icanrockyourworld 1.14 October 9 , 2007 66 . `` Thrift Shop '' Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 1.14 August 29 , 2012 67 . `` Gentleman '' Psy 1.13 April 13 , 2013 68 . `` Diamonds '' Rihanna 1.11 November 8 , 2012 69 . `` Shaky Shaky '' Daddy Yankee 1.10 July 14 , 2016 70 . `` Animals '' Martin Garrix 1.09 June 17 , 2013 71 . `` El Perdón '' Nicky Jam featuring Enrique Iglesias 1.09 March 23 , 2015 72 . `` Andas en Mi Cabeza '' Chino & Nacho featuring Daddy Yankee 1.08 April 20 , 2016 73 . `` El Perdedor '' Maluma 1.08 April 22 , 2016 74 . `` Problem '' Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea 1.07 May 30 , 2014 75 . `` Firework '' Katy Perry 1.07 October 28 , 2010 76 . `` La Bicicleta '' Carlos Vives and Shakira 1.07 July 8 , 2016 77 . `` That 's What I Like '' Bruno Mars 1.06 March 2 , 2017 78 . `` El Pollito Pio '' pulcinopiotv 1.06 November 29 , 2012 79 . `` Bang Bang '' Jessie J , Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj 1.05 August 25 , 2014 80 . `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' Katy Perry 1.04 June 12 , 2011 81 . `` Not Afraid '' Eminem 1.03 June 4 , 2010 82 . `` Just the Way You Are '' Bruno Mars 1.02 September 8 , 2010 83 . `` Call Me Maybe '' Carly Rae Jepsen 1.01 March 1 , 2012 84 . `` La Gozadera '' Gente de Zona featuring Marc Anthony 1.01 June 5 , 2015 85 . `` La Mordidita '' Ricky Martin featuring Yotuel 1.01 June 12 , 2015 86 . `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge '' Ryan ToysReview 1.00 April 13 , 2016 87 . `` Ahora Dice '' Chris Jeday featuring J Balvin , Ozuna and Arcángel 1.00 March 19 , 2017 88 . `` Happy '' Pharrell Williams 0.99 November 21 , 2013 89 . `` Timber '' Pitbull featuring Kesha 0.99 November 25 , 2013 90 . `` Where Are Ü Now '' Jack Ü and Justin Bieber 0.99 June 29 , 2015 91 . `` Someone like You '' Adele 0.98 September 29 , 2011 92 . `` Masha and the Bear : Bon appétit ! '' Get Movies 0.98 September 21 , 2012 93 . `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Gotye featuring Kimbra 0.97 July 5 , 2011 94 . `` Darte un Beso '' Prince Royce 0.96 August 20 , 2013 95 . `` 6 AM '' J Balvin featuring Farruko 0.96 April 4 , 2014 96 . `` El Amante '' Nicky Jam 0.96 January 15 , 2017 97 . `` Work '' Rihanna featuring Drake 0.96 February 22 , 2016 98 . `` Cheap Thrills ( Lyric video ) '' Sia featuring Sean Paul 0.96 February 11 , 2016 99 . `` Danza Kuduro '' Don Omar featuring Lucenzo 0.95 August 11 , 2010 100 . `` I 'm Not the Only One '' Sam Smith 0.95 August 1 , 2014 As of November 26 , 2017 By year of release The following table lists the current top 5 most viewed YouTube videos uploaded in each year , with each total rounded to the nearest ten million views , as well as the uploader and date of publication to YouTube . As of November 2017 , Katy Perry has the most appearances on the list with five , while Taylor Swift and Adele have three . Only Linkin Park ( 2007 ) , Gummibär / icanrockyourworld ( 2007 ) and Taylor Swift ( 2014 ) have two videos in the top 5 of a single year , with both the English and French versions of Gummibär 's The Gummy Bear Song being in the top five videos of 2007 . Year Video name Uploader Views ( billions ) Upload date Notes 2005 `` Life Goes On '' fhearnoiz 0.10 September 22 , 2005 `` Hurt '' beachbuggy 0.08 December 12 , 2005 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Frozentoast 0.06 September 18 , 2005 `` Tarzan Boy '' nailofgilead 0.06 November 2 , 2005 `` Me at the zoo '' jawed 0.04 April 23 , 2005 Combined views ( 2005 ) 0.34 2006 `` Galinha Pintadinha - videoclip infantil animado '' Galinha Pintadinha 0.46 December 28 , 2006 `` Ella y Yo '' JosephIngma 0.32 April 27 , 2006 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 0.30 April 6 , 2006 `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' Fueled By Ramen 0.21 July 18 , 2006 `` If you are happy '' Alicia Kids ! 0.18 September 5 , 2006 Combined views ( 2006 ) 1.47 2007 `` The Gummy Bear Song '' icanrockyourworld 1.14 October 9 , 2007 `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' HDCYT 0.86 May 22 , 2007 `` Numb '' Linkin Park 0.71 March 4 , 2007 `` What I 've Done '' 0.32 April 3 , 2007 `` Je m'appelle Funny Bear '' icanrockyourworld 0.31 October 15 , 2007 Combined views ( 2007 ) 3.34 2008 `` Hot n Cold '' KatyPerryVEVO 0.74 October 13 , 2008 `` Pintinho Amarelinho - DVD Galena Pintadinha '' Galinha Pintadinha 0.49 September 15 , 2008 `` Viva la Vida '' Coldplay Official 0.45 August 4 , 2008 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Queen Official 0.45 August 1 , 2008 `` Colgando en tus manos '' Carlos Baute 0.36 October 29 , 2008 Combined views ( 2008 ) 2.49 2009 `` November Rain '' GunsNRosesVEVO 0.90 December 24 , 2009 `` Bad Romance '' LadyGagaVEVO 0.88 November 23 , 2009 `` You Belong with Me '' TaylorSwiftVEVO 0.78 June 16 , 2009 `` Axel F '' CrazyFrogVEVO 0.77 June 16 , 2009 `` Chop Suey ! '' systemofadownVEVO 0.64 October 2 , 2009 Combined views ( 2009 ) 3.97 `` Baby '' JustinBieberVEVO 1.75 February 19 , 2010 `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' shakiraVEVO 1.60 June 4 , 2010 `` Love the Way You Lie '' EminemVEVO 1.43 August 5 , 2010 `` Rolling in the Deep '' AdeleVEVO 1.21 November 30 , 2010 `` Firework '' KatyPerryVEVO 1.07 October 28 , 2010 Combined views ( 2010 ) 7.06 2011 `` Party Rock Anthem '' LMFAOVEVO 1.38 March 8 , 2011 `` The Lazy Song '' Bruno Mars 1.24 April 15 , 2011 `` On the Floor '' JenniferLopezVEVO 1.15 March 3 , 2011 `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' KatyPerryVEVO 1.03 June 12 , 2011 `` Someone like You '' AdeleVEVO 0.97 September 29 , 2011 Combined views ( 2011 ) 5.77 2012 `` Gangnam Style '' officialpsy 3.00 July 15 , 2012 `` Маша и Медведь - Маша плюс каша '' Get Movies 2.61 January 31 , 2012 `` Let Her Go '' Passenger 1.67 July 25 , 2012 `` Thrift Shop '' Macklemore LCC 1.14 August 29 , 2012 `` Diamonds '' RihannaVEVO 1.11 November 8 , 2012 Combined views ( 2012 ) 9.53 2013 `` Roar '' KatyPerryVEVO 2.34 September 5 , 2013 `` Counting Stars '' OneRepublicVEVO 2.01 May 31 , 2013 `` Rude '' ournameismagicVEVO 1.41 December 5 , 2013 `` Wake Me Up '' AviciiVEVO 1.40 July 29 , 2013 `` Propuesta Indecente '' RomeoSantosVEVO 1.30 September 9 , 2013 Combined views ( 2013 ) 8.46 2014 `` Uptown Funk '' MarkRonsonVEVO 2.76 November 19 , 2014 `` Shake It Off '' TaylorSwiftVEVO 2.44 August 18 , 2014 `` Bailando '' EnriqueIglesiasVEVO 2.42 April 11 , 2014 `` Blank Space '' TaylorSwiftVEVO 2.21 November 10 , 2014 `` Dark Horse '' KatyPerryVEVO 2.16 February 20 , 2014 Combined views ( 2014 ) 11.99 2015 `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa 3.22 April 6 , 2015 `` Sorry '' JustinBieberVEVO 2.83 October 22 , 2015 `` Sugar '' Maroon5VEVO 2.40 January 14 , 2015 `` Lean On '' majorlazer 2.22 March 22 , 2015 `` Hello '' AdeleVEVO 2.12 October 22 , 2015 Combined views ( 2015 ) 12.79 2016 `` Chantaje '' shakiraVEVO 1.97 November 18 , 2016 `` Closer ( Lyric video ) '' ChainsmokersVEVO 1.94 July 29 , 2016 `` This Is What You Came For '' CalvinHarrisVEVO 1.84 June 16 , 2016 `` Work from Home '' FifthHarmonyVEVO 1.74 February 26 , 2016 `` Rockabye '' Clean Bandit 1.67 October 21 , 2016 Combined views ( 2016 ) 9.16 2017 `` Despacito '' LuisFonsiVEVO 4.40 January 12 , 2017 `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran 2.76 January 30 , 2017 `` Mi Gente '' jbalvinVEVO 1.34 June 29 , 2017 `` Felices los 4 '' MalumaVEVO 1.17 April 21 , 2017 `` That 's What I Like '' Bruno Mars 1.06 March 1 , 2017 Combined views ( 2017 ) 10.73 As of November 17 , 2017 Historical most viewed videos The following table lists the last 15 videos to become YouTube 's most viewed video , from October 2005 to the present . Current record Former record Indicates the video has since been removed from YouTube Video name Uploader Views * Upload date Date achieved Days held Ref ( s ) Notes `` Despacito '' LuisFonsiVEVO 2,993,700,000 Jan 12 , 2017 Aug 4 , 2017 115 `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa 2,894,000,000 Apr 6 , 2015 Jul 10 , 2017 25 `` Gangnam Style '' officialpsy 803,700,000 Jul 15 , 2012 Nov 24 , 2012 1,689 `` Baby '' JustinBieberVEVO 245,400,000 Feb 19 , 2010 Jul 16 , 2010 862 `` Bad Romance '' LadyGagaVEVO 178,400,000 Nov 23 , 2009 Apr 14 , 2010 93 `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' HDCYT 128,900,000 May 22 , 2007 Oct 25 , 2009 171 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 118,900,000 Apr 6 , 2006 May 2 , 2009 176 `` Girlfriend '' RCARecords 92,600,000 Feb 27 , 2007 Jul 17 , 2008 289 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 78,400,000 Apr 6 , 2006 Mar 15 , 2008 124 `` Music Is My Hot Hot Sex '' CLARUSBARTEL72 76,600,000 Apr 9 , 2007 Feb 29 , 2008 15 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 10,600,000 Apr 6 , 2006 May 19 , 2006 651 `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' Smosh 4,300,000 Nov 28 , 2005 Mar 12 , 2006 68 `` Myspace - The Movie '' eggtea 2,700,000 Jan 31 , 2006 Feb 18 , 2006 22 `` Phony Photo Booth '' mugenized 3,400,000 Dec 1 , 2005 Jan 21 , 2006 28 `` The Chronic of Narnia Rap '' youtubedude 2,300,000 Dec 18 , 2005 Jan 9 , 2006 12 `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold '' Nikesoccer 255,000 Oct 21 , 2005 Oct 31 , 2005 70 `` I / O Brush '' larfus 247,000 Oct 5 , 2005 Oct 29 , 2005 As of November 27 , 2017 * The approximate number of views each video had when it became YouTube 's most viewed video . Charts ( show ) Timeline of Most Viewed Videos ( Oct 2005 - Nov 2017 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Oct 2005 - Jun 2006 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Apr 2006 - Jan 2010 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Oct 2009 - Jan 2013 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Jan 2012 - Nov 2017 ) See also List of most - viewed Vevo videos List of most - disliked YouTube videos List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours List of viral music videos Notes Jump up ^ Some videos may not be available worldwide due to regional restrictions in certain countries . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' became the fifty - fourth video to reach 1 billion views on April 20 , 2017 , doing so in 96 days ; twelfth video to reach 2 billion views on June 16 , 2017 , doing so in the fastest time -- 154 days ; first video to reach 3 billion views on August 4 , 2017 , doing so in the fastest time -- 204 days ; first video to reach 4 billion views on October 11 , 2017 ; currently Vevo 's most viewed video with over 4.4 billion views and YouTube 's most liked video with over 24 million likes as of November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again '' surpassed `` Gangnam Style '' as the most viewed video on July 10 , 2017 ; tenth video to reach 1 billion views on October 7 , 2015 ; second video to reach 2 billion views on September 3 , 2016 , doing so in 515 days ; second video to reach 3 billion views on August 6 , 2017 , doing so in 853 days ; currently YouTube 's second most liked video with over 17.8 million likes as of November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' surpassed `` Baby '' as the most viewed video on November 24 , 2012 ; first video to reach 1 billion views on December 21 , 2012 ; first video to reach 2 billion views on May 30 , 2014 ; third video to reach 3 billion views on November 25 , 2017 ; currently holds the record for the longest reign as YouTube 's most viewed video with 1,689 days . Jump up ^ `` Recipe for Disaster '' is the most viewed non-music video of all time , as of November 2017 . Jump up ^ As of November 2017 , `` Hello '' is the fastest video to reach one billion views , doing so in 87 days . Jump up ^ `` Closer '' is the most viewed lyric video of all time , as of November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Baby '' surpassed `` Bad Romance '' as the most viewed video on July 16 , 2010 ; second video to reach 1 billion views on March 4 , 2014 ; currently YouTube 's most disliked video with over 8.4 million dislikes as of November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Johny Johny , Yes Papa '' is a nursery rhyme originating in Kenya . Jump up ^ This is a sing - along version of the song Let It Go , entitled `` Let It Go Sing Along '' , posted by `` Disney UK '' . Jump up ^ `` The Gummy Bear Song '' is the oldest YouTube video to exceed one billion views , as of November 2017 . Jump up ^ Some videos may not be available worldwide due to regional restrictions in certain countries . Jump up ^ 2005 A video titled `` guitar '' was published on December 20 , 2005 and received over 92 million views . It was deleted in October 2017 . Its view count would place it as the second most viewed video of 2005 , had it not been removed . Jump up ^ `` Me at the zoo '' is the first video that was uploaded to YouTube . Jump up ^ 2006 A video titled `` The Sneezing Baby Panda '' was published on November 6 , 2006 and gained over 221 million views . It was deleted in March 2017 and is the sixth most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fourth most viewed video of 2006 , had it not been removed . A video titled `` Hahaha '' was published on November 1 , 2006 , and gained over 208 million views . It peaked at number 12 on the list of most viewed YouTube videos in May 2011 and was deleted in November 2011 . It is the seventh most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fifth most viewed video of 2006 , had it not been removed . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of Dance '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video on three separate occasions : May 19 , 2006 -- February 29 , 2008 , March 15 , 2008 -- July 17 , 2008 , and May 2 , 2009 -- October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 2007 A video titled `` Parto in un letto '' was published on May 9 , 2007 , and gained over 325 million views . It peaked at number 8 on the list of most viewed YouTube videos in November 2011 and was deleted in January 2012 for violating YouTube Community Guidelines . It is currently the most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fourth most viewed video of 2007 , had it not been removed . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from October 24 , 2009 to April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from April 14 , 2010 to July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baby '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from July 16 , 2010 to November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from November 24 , 2012 to July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from July 10 , 2017 to August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' currently holds the title of YouTube 's most viewed video . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' became the first video to reach 3 billion views on August 4 , 2017 ; first video to reach 4 billion views on October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' became the first video to reach 1 billion views on December 21 , 2012 ; first video to reach 2 billion views on May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baby '' became to first video to reach 500 million views on March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance '' became the first video to reach 200 million views on May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Music is My Hot Hot Sex '' became the first video to reach 100 million views on March 11 , 2008 . The uploader then deleted the video four days later . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of Dance '' became the first video to reach 20 million views on June 5 , 2006 ; first video to reach 50 million views on June 7 , 2007 . It is the only video on this list to hold the No. 1 spot on more than one separate occasion . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' became the first video to reach 10 million views on May 6 , 2006 . It was removed from YouTube in June 2007 for copyright infringement . Jump up ^ `` Phony Photo Booth '' became the first video to reach 5 million views on February 8 , 2006 . It was removed from YouTube on February 18 , 2006 for copyright infringement . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold '' became the first video to reach 500,000 views on November 3 , 2005 ; first video to reach 1 million views on November 11 , 2005 ; first video to reach 2 million views on December 12 , 2005 . References Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` The Billion View Club : YouTube 's 10 Most Watched Videos '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Marc ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` A Billion Views on YouTube ? Once Exclusive Club Is Getting Crowded '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' Has Now Hit Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Psy 's ' Gangnam Style ' Finally Reaches 3 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Is The First Video To Reach 4 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 1 billion '' . Kworb . October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 2 billion '' . Kworb . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luis Fonsi - Despacito ft . Daddy Yankee '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flores , Griselda ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi 's ' Despacito ' With Daddy Yankee Reaches 1 Billion Views on YouTube '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on June 16 , 2017 , 20 : 45 : 42 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on June 16 , 2017 , 23 : 27 : 11 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Brandon ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Is Now The Most Viewed Video In Youtube History '' . UPROXX . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wiz Khalifa - See You Again ft . Charlie Puth ( Official Video ) Furious 7 Soundtrack '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Claire ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gangnam Style ' is no longer YouTube 's most - watched video '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' See You Again ' takes YouTube top spot '' . CNN . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' hits 1 billion views on YouTube '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on September 3 , 2016 , 19 : 07 : 21 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . September 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` See You Again on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on September 4 , 2016 , 18 : 08 : 34 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' Has Now Hit Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` PSY - GANGNAM STYLE ( 강남 스타일 ) M / V '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kosner , Anthony Wing ( November 24 , 2012 ) . `` PSY 's Gangnam Style Tops Bieber 's Baby To Become Most Viewed YouTube Video Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gruger , William ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Video Hits 1 Billion Views , Unprecedented Milestone '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jess ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Hits 2 Billion YouTube Views '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Psy 's ' Gangnam Style ' Finally Reaches 3 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber - Sorry ( PURPOSE : The Movement ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Ronson - Uptown Funk ft . Bruno Mars '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran - Shape of You ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Маша и Медведь ( Masha and The Bear ) - Маша плюс каша ( 17 Серия ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift - Shake It Off '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Enrique Iglesias - Bailando ( Español ) ft . Descemer Bueno , Gente De Zona '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maroon 5 - Sugar '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Roar ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Lazer & DJ Snake - Lean On ( feat . MØ ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift - Blank Space '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Dark Horse ( Official ) ft . Juicy J '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Hello '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Crunching the Numbers Behind ' Despacito 's Rise to the No. 1 All - Time Spot on YouTube '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Wheels On The Bus 54 Minutes Compilation from LittleBabyBum ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` OneRepublic - Counting Stars '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shakira - Chantaje ( Official video ) ft . Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Chainsmokers - Closer ( Lyric ) ft . Halsey '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Loud ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calvin Harris - This Is What You Came For ( Official Video ) ft . Rihanna '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean ? '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber - Baby ft . Ludacris '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber Beats Lady Gaga In YouTube Video Popularity -- For Now '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wooton , Christopher ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Baby just hit a billion views on VEVO '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifth Harmony - Work From Home ft . Ty Dolla $ ign '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sia - Chandelier ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clean Bandit - Rockabye ft . Sean Paul & Anne - Marie ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Passenger Let Her Go ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shakira - Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) ( The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup TM Song ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth - We Do n't Talk Anymore ( feat . Selena Gomez ) ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony - Worth It ft . Kid Ink '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eminem - Love the Way You Lie ft . Rihanna '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Treat You Better '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` J. Balvin - Ay Vamos '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Silentó - Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) ( Official ) '' . 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3868095238224177522	Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars	Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars - wikipedia Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars Jump to : navigation , search Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars Studio album by Fatboy Slim Released 6 November 2000 Genre Big beat , electronica Length 68 : 14 Label Skint Producer Fatboy Slim Fatboy Slim chronology You 've Come a Long Way , Baby ( 1998 ) You 've Come a Long Way , Baby 1998 Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars ( 2000 ) Palookaville ( 2004 ) Palookaville 2004 Singles from Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars `` Sunset ( Bird of Prey ) '' Released : 16 October 2000 `` Demons '' Released : 8 January 2001 `` Star 69 '' / `` Weapon of Choice '' Released : 23 April 2001 `` Song for Shelter '' / `` Ya Mama '' Released : 3 September 2001 `` Drop the Hate '' Released : 10 December 2001 `` Retox '' Released : 14 January 2002 `` Talkin ' bout My Baby '' Released : 17 June 2002 Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars is the third studio album by British big beat musician Fatboy Slim . It was released on 6 November 2000 through Skint Records . It features Macy Gray , Ashley Slater , Bootsy Collins , Roland Clark , Jim Morrison , and Roger Sanchez as guest contributors . The album 's title , mentioned in the single `` Weapon of Choice '' is an allusion to the Oscar Wilde quote `` We are all in the gutter , but some of us are looking at the stars '' . The album was re-released on 1 June 2015 as Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars ( 15th Anniversary ) , including remastered and bonus tracks . This edition includes an additional disc with remixed versions of all the original tracks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Track listing 3 Edited version 4 Charts 5 References Critical reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 64 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic Entertainment Weekly B − Los Angeles Times Melody Maker NME 9 / 10 Pitchfork 4.2 / 10 Q Rolling Stone Spin 6 / 10 The Village Voice A − Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars received generally positive reviews from critics . Robert Christgau of The Village Voice wrote `` this is where Norman Cook achieves the nonstop stupidity breakbeats alone could never bring him '' , calling it `` All shallow , all pure as a result -- pure escape , pure delight , and , as the cavalcade of gospel postures at the end makes clear , pure spiritual yearning . Transcendence , we all want it . '' The A.V. Club called it `` a big load of disposable fun and funk that 's fluffier than cotton candy and just as weighty . '' On the other hand , Pitchfork wrote , `` After enjoying a few years of relative popularity , it seems big - beat 's appeal and relevance are waning . ( ... ) After listening to Slim 's latest , Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars , it seems we 've reached come - down time . And surprise ! It 's no fun at all '' , though `` the problem lies more with the everchanging landscape of electronic music and the dying big - beat genre than it does with his technical skill . '' Entertainment Weekly called it `` Melodically repetitive , the songs only intermittently approach the energizing highs of earlier Fatboy cuts . '' Spin called it a `` post-masterpiece puzzler where the kicks just keep getting harder to find , spread - eagle between pop limitations and artistic aspirations . '' Tim O'Neil of PopMatters later said the album was `` extremely underrated . '' Track listing ( edit ) No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Talking Bout My Baby '' Fatboy Slim , Jack Hall , Jimmy Hall , John Anthony , Richard Hirsch , Lewis Ross , Leslie Bricusse 3 : 43 2 . `` Star 69 '' Fatboy Slim , Roland Clark 5 : 43 3 . `` Sunset ( Bird of Prey ) '' Fatboy Slim , Jim Morrison 6 : 49 4 . `` Love Life '' ( featuring Macy Gray ) Fatboy Slim , Macy Gray , Ashley Slater 6 : 58 5 . `` Ya Mama '' Fatboy Slim , Jon Hiseman , Dick Heckstall - Smith , Frankie Cutlass , Doug Finley 5 : 38 6 . `` Mad Flava '' Fatboy Slim 4 : 33 7 . `` Retox '' ( featuring Ashley Slater ) Fatboy Slim 5 : 17 8 . `` Weapon of Choice '' ( featuring Bootsy Collins ) Fatboy Slim , Bootsy Collins , Slater 5 : 45 9 . `` Drop the Hate '' Fatboy Slim 5 : 30 10 . `` Demons '' ( featuring Macy Gray ) Fatboy Slim , Macy Gray , Bill Withers , Ray Jackson 6 : 52 11 . `` Song for Shelter '' ( featuring Roland Clark and Roger Sanchez ; includes the hidden track `` Talking ' bout My Baby ( Reprise ) '' ) Fatboy Slim , Clark 11 : 26 ( show ) 15th Anniversary bonus disc No . Title Length 1 . `` Song for Shelter '' ( Chemical Brothers Remix ) 7 : 02 2 . `` Love Life '' ( Josh Butler Remix ) 6 : 20 3 . `` Mad Flava '' ( Autograf Tribute Mix ) 4 : 42 4 . `` Retox '' ( Dave Clarke Remix ) 5 : 22 5 . `` Star 69 '' ( X-Press 2 Wine ' Em , Dine ' Em , 69 ' Em Remix ) 8 : 20 6 . `` Weapon of Choice '' ( Lazy Rich 2015 Remix ) 4 : 16 7 . `` Demons '' ( Stanton Warriors Remix ) 5 : 13 8 . `` Ya Mama '' ( Moguai Remix ) 6 : 06 9 . `` Sunset ( Bird of Prey ) '' ( Spieltape Remix ) 6 : 14 10 . `` Drop the Hate '' ( Laid Remix ) 7 : 22 11 . `` Talking Bout My Baby '' ( Midfield General Remix ) 6 : 57 Note On the iTunes release , `` Talking ' bout My Baby ( Reprise ) '' is separated from `` Song for Shelter '' , making the track times 9 : 00 and 2 : 26 respectively . Sample credits `` Talking Bout My Baby '' contains samples of `` Macon Hambone Blues '' , written by Jack Hall , Jimmy Hall , John Anthony , Richard Hirsch , Lewis Ross , and Leslie Bricusse , and performed by Wet Willie . `` Star 69 '' and `` Song for Shelter '' contain samples of `` I Get Deep '' , written and performed by Roland Clark . `` Sunset ( Bird of Prey ) '' contains samples of `` Bird of Prey '' , written and performed by Jim Morrison . `` Ya Mama '' contains samples of `` The Kettle '' , written by Jon Hiseman and Dick Heckstall - Smith , and performed by Colosseum , `` Shake Whatcha Mama Gave Ya '' , written by Frankie Cutlass and performed by Stik - E and the Hoods , and `` Let the Rhythm Pump '' , written and performed by Doug Lazy . `` Drop the Hate '' contains samples of `` Answer to Watergate '' , performed by the Reverend W. Leo Daniels . `` Demons '' contains samples of `` I Ca n't Write Left Handed '' , written by Bill Withers and Ray Jackson , and performed by Bill Withers . Edited version ( edit ) An edited version also exists , which removes `` Star 69 '' ( due to the song 's recurring use of the word `` fuck '' , which is the sole reason for obtaining a Parental Advisory label ) , and removes the song 's reprise used in `` Song for Shelter '' . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 - 2001 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 6 Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 22 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 30 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 64 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 39 French Albums ( SNEP ) 21 German Albums ( Offizielle Top 100 ) 23 Italian Albums ( FIMI ) 30 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 10 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 23 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 11 Swedish Albums ( Sverigetopplistan ) 49 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 35 UK Albums ( OCC ) 8 UK Independent Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 51 US Top Dance / Electronic Albums ( Billboard ) 11 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/fatboy-slim-to-re-issue-halfway-between-the-gutter-and-the-stars-for-15th-anniversary__9065/ ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews for Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars by Fatboy Slim '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Bush , John . `` Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars -- Fatboy Slim '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Browne , David ( 6 November 2000 ) . `` Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Weingarten , Marc ( 5 November 2000 ) . `` Fatboy Slim ' Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars ' Astralwerks '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 16 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim : Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' . Melody Maker : 51 . 14 November 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim : Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' . NME : 45 . 4 November 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Juzwiak , Richard M. ( 7 November 2000 ) . `` Fatboy Slim : Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim : Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' . Q ( 171 ) : 122 . December 2000 . Jump up ^ Pareles , Jon ( 23 November 2000 ) . `` Halfway Between The Gutter and the Stars '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fatboy Slim : Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' . Spin. 16 ( 12 ) : 213 -- 14 . December 2000 . ^ Jump up to : Christgau , Robert ( 5 December 2000 ) . `` Consumer Guide : Getting Bizzy '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Klein , Joshua ( 6 November 2000 ) . `` Fatboy Slim : Halfway Between The Gutter And The Stars '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 14 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Tim O'Neil ( 19 June 2006 ) . `` Fatboy Slim : The Greatest Hits : Why Try Harder '' . PopMatters . Retrieved 27 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars ( liner notes ) . Fatboy Slim . Skint Records . 2000 . SKI 500575 2 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Fatboy Slim -- Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Fatboy Slim -- Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Fatboy Slim -- Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Fatboy Slim -- Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim : Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Fatboy Slim -- Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Longplay - Chartverfolgung at Musicline '' ( in German ) . Musicline.de . Phononet GmbH . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Fatboy Slim -- Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Fatboy Slim -- Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Fatboy Slim -- Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Fatboy Slim -- Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Fatboy Slim -- Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim Artist Official Charts '' . UK Albums Chart Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim -- Chart history '' Billboard 200 for Fatboy Slim . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fatboy Slim -- Chart history '' Billboard Dance / Electronic Albums for Fatboy Slim . Preceded by Buzz by Steps UK Independent Albums Chart number - one album 12 November 2000 -- 18 November 2000 Succeeded by Familiar to Millions by Oasis Fatboy Slim Studio albums Better Living Through Chemistry You 've Come a Long Way , Baby Halfway Between the Gutter and the Stars Palookaville Here Lies Love Live albums On the Floor at the Boutique Live on Brighton Beach Big Beach Boutique II Remix albums The Fatboy Slim / Norman Cook Collection Compilation albums The Greatest Hits -- Why Try Harder DJ sets Late Night Tales : Fatboy Slim Extended plays My Game Illuminati Camber Sands The Pimp Video albums Big Beach Boutique II -- The Movie The Greatest Hits -- Why Make Videos Related articles Discography Norman Cook discography The Housemartins Beats International Pizzaman Freak Power The Brighton Port Authority Renegade Master ' 89 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halfway_Between_the_Gutter_and_the_Stars&oldid=797804194 '' Categories : 2000 albums Fatboy Slim albums Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from September 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017 , at 08 : 00 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	fatboy slim between the gutter and the stars	[]	[]
2537370380223760668	Otto the Orange	Otto the Orange - wikipedia Otto the Orange Jump to : navigation , search Otto the Orange Logo version of Otto the Orange University Syracuse University Conference ACC Description Anthropomorphic orange First seen 1980 Otto the Orange is the mascot for the Syracuse Orange , the athletic teams of Syracuse University in Syracuse , New York , USA . Otto is an anthropomorphic orange , wearing a large blue hat and blue pants . Otto can usually be seen at Syracuse sporting events in the Carrier Dome and other university sporting events . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Saltine Warrior 1.2 Otto becomes official 2 Social Media 2.1 Instagram 2.2 Twitter 2.3 Facebook 3 References History ( edit ) Saltine Warrior ( edit ) The Syracuse mascot was originally a Native American character named `` The Saltine Warrior '' ( Syracuse 's unofficial nickname is the Salt City ) and `` Big Chief Bill Orange '' . The character was born out of a hoax in which it was claimed that a 16th - century Onondogan Indian chief was unearthed while digging the foundation for the women 's gymnasium in 1928 . In the mid-1950s , the father of a Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity brother owned a cheerleading camp . He made a Saltine Warrior costume for his son to wear at SU football games . Thus began a nearly forty - year tradition of Lambda Chi brothers serving as SU 's mascot . In 1990 however the University opened up the mascot traditions to the entire student body ( Daily Orange , February 22 , 1990 ) . In 1978 , Native American students successfully petitioned the University to discontinue the Saltine Warrior , citing the mascot 's stereotypical portrayal of Native Americans . During the 1978 season , the University introduced a Roman gladiator dressed in orange armor , but the idea proved largely unpopular among fans , who regularly booed the mascot . Otto becomes official ( edit ) Otto the Orange , 2013 In the summer of 1990 , the cheerleaders and mascots were at a UCA Cheerleading Camp in Tennessee and the students who were chosen to suit up in the costume narrowed the field down to two potential names -- `` Opie '' and `` Otto '' -- as a new orange costume was made . It was concluded that the name `` Opie '' would lead to the inevitable rhyme with ' dopey ' , and settled on `` Otto . '' Later that fall , word got out that the cheerleaders were calling the latest mascot costume Otto , and the name stuck . For 17 years the university did not settle on an `` official '' mascot until the chancellor appointed a group of students and faculty to create a mascot and logo . University administration considered introducing a new mascot ( a wolf or lion were likely candidates ) , but the student body supported Otto . He was recognized as the official mascot of Syracuse University by 1995 . Social media ( edit ) In general , most of Otto 's social media activity happens through pictures and videos . Additionally , he frequently retweets or shares other University pages in order to promote sports games , events such as the career fair , and instilling pride in SU fans . Otto the Orange is also verified across all of his platforms , meaning the companies of the social networks have acknowledged his accounts as genuine . Instagram ( edit ) The first picture posted by Otto was added January 13 , 2014 . The photo was a picture of a cupcake with a frosting version of Otto sitting on top . The instagram page is regularly updated with photos of Otto with fans , playing out in snow , and places around campus . Twitter ( edit ) Created in 2014 , the account posts updates that promotes events going on around campus such as football and basketball games . Facebook ( edit ) Otto posts often celebrating holidays , adding pictures with fans , and shares other Syracuse University pages . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Syracuse University Athletics . `` SU 's Mascot '' . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ Messinger , Mitch ( 2007 - 04 - 02 ) . `` Letter to the editor : ' Otto the Orange ' coined in 1992 '' . Daily Orange . Retrieved 15 November 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.instagram.com/theottoorange/ Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TheOttoOrange?lang=en Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/search/top/?q=otto%20the%20orange Syracuse University Located in : Syracuse , New York Academics Architecture Arts and Sciences Citizenship and Public Affairs Information Studies Law Management Public Communications Affiliated institutions SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry SUNY Upstate Medical University Departments African American Studies National Security and Counterterrorism Athletics Teams Football Men 's basketball Men 's lacrosse Men 's soccer Women 's basketball Women 's ice hockey Facilities Archbold Stadium Ben Schwartzwalder Trophy Carrier Dome Tennity Ice Skating Pavilion Other Otto the Orange Atlantic Coast Conference Greek Organizations Alpha Gamma Delta Alpha Phi Gamma Phi Beta Delta Kappa Epsilon Theta Chi Phi Iota Alpha Phi Kappa Psi Phi Tau Syracuse Triad History Feiner v. New York Genesee College Genesee Wesleyan Seminary NYS College of Forestry Orangemen baseball Pan Am Flight 103 bombing Campus List of buildings Comstock Tract Buildings Crouse College Hall of Languages Pi Chapter House People Alumni Faculty Chancellors Student life Alma Mater CitrusTV The Daily Orange WAER ( 88.3 FM ) WJPZ ( 89.1 FM ) WERW ( webcast ) Founded : 1870 Links to related articles Syracuse Orange football Venues Archbold Stadium ( 1907 -- 78 ) Giants Stadium ( 1979 ) Rich Stadium ( 1979 ) Schoellkopf Field ( 1979 ) Carrier Dome ( 1980 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Boston College Colgate Penn State Pittsburgh West Virginia Culture & lore Otto the Orange Alma Mater `` Down the Field '' Marching band The Express Scandal Syracuse ISP Sports Network People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Syracuse Orange men 's basketball Venues Archbold Gymnasium ( 1908 -- 1947 ; 1952 -- 1955 ) State Fair Coliseum ( 1947 -- 1951 ) Onondaga County War Memorial ( 1951 -- 1952 ; 1955 -- 1962 ) Manley Field House ( 1962 -- 1980 ) Carrier Dome ( 1980 -- present ) Carmelo K. Anthony Basketball Center ( practice ) Rivalries Connecticut Culture & lore `` McNamara 's Band '' Otto the Orange Scandal 6 - overtime game Syracuse ISP Sports Network People Head coaches All - Century Team Seasons 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1915 -- 16 1916 -- 17 1917 -- 18 1918 -- 19 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1939 -- 40 1940 -- 41 1941 -- 42 1942 -- 43 1943 -- 44 1944 -- 45 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 Helms and Premo - Porretta national championships in bold ; NCAA Final Four appearances in italics ; NCAA championships in bolded italics Mascots of the Atlantic Coast Conference Atlantic Division Baldwin the Eagle ( Boston College ) The Tiger ( Clemson ) Osceola and Renegade ( Florida State ) Cardinal Bird ( Louisville ) Mr. & Mrs. Wuf ( North Carolina State ) Leprechaun ( Notre Dame ) Otto the Orange ( Syracuse ) Demon Deacon ( Wake Forest ) Coastal Division Blue Devil ( Duke ) Buzz & Ramblin ' Wreck ( Georgia Tech ) Sebastian the Ibis ( Miami ) Rameses ( North Carolina ) Roc the Panther ( Pittsburgh ) Cavalier ( Virginia ) HokieBird ( Virginia Tech ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_the_Orange&oldid=787202048 '' Categories : Atlantic Coast Conference mascots Syracuse Orange Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 June 2017 , at 01 : 27 . About Wikipedia	why does syracuse have an orange for a mascot	[]	[]
7873145735721033023	One Day at a Time (2017 TV series)	One Day at a Time ( 2017 TV series ) - wikipedia One Day at a Time ( 2017 TV series ) One Day at a Time Genre Sitcom Dramedy Based on One Day at a Time by Whitney Blake and Allan Manings Developed by Gloria Calderon Kellett Mike Royce Starring Justina Machado Todd Grinnell Isabella Gomez Marcel Ruiz Stephen Tobolowsky Rita Moreno Opening theme `` This Is It '' performed by Gloria Estefan Ending theme `` This Is It '' ( instrumental ) Composer ( s ) Jeff Barry Nancy Barry Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 26 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Gloria Calderon Kellett Mike Royce Norman Lear Michael Garcia Brent Miller Producer ( s ) Dan Hernandez Benji Samit Patricia Fass Palmer Camera setup Multi-camera Running time 26 -- 31 minutes Production company ( s ) Act III Productions Snowpants Productions Big Girl Pants Productions Small Fish Studios Sony Pictures Television Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( UHD ) Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) -- present ( present ) External links Official Website One Day at a Time is an American comedy web television series based on Norman Lear 's 1975 -- 1984 sitcom of the same name . It was Lear 's company , Act III Productions , that approached Sony with the idea of reimagining the original series with a Latino family . It was developed by Gloria Calderon Kellett and Mike Royce , with Lear and his producing partner , Brent Miller as executive producers . The series features an ensemble cast starring Justina Machado , Todd Grinnell , Isabella Gomez , Marcel Ruiz , Stephen Tobolowsky , and Rita Moreno . The show revolves around a Cuban - American family living in Los Angeles , focusing on a single mom who is an Army veteran dealing with PTSD , her kids and her Cuban mother . The re-imagination of the original CBS sitcom tackles important issues like mental illness , immigration , sexism , homophobia , and racism that face Latinos living in the United States . Filming took place in Los Angeles , California at Sony Pictures Studios in Stage 25 . It was shot with a multiple - camera setup in front of a studio audience . The first season consisted of thirteen episodes and it was released on January 6 , 2017 . On March 4 , 2017 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season . Filming of the second season began in May 2017 and ended in September 2017 . On January 26 , 2018 , the second season premiered on the streaming service with thirteen episodes . On March 26 , 2018 , a third season was ordered . Upon its release , the show received critical acclaim , with critics and journalists praising the writing and the performances of Justina Machado and Rita Moreno . One Day at a Time was listed as one of the best television shows of 2017 , with over eighteen critics ranking it as one of the top ten shows of the year . The series received multiple awards and nominations , including a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series ( Pat Barnett ) . At the Imagen Foundation Awards won Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy , Best Actress -- Television ( Justina Machado ) , Best Supporting Actress -- Television ( Isabella Gomez ) and Best Young Actor -- Television ( Marcel Ruiz ) . Rita Moreno was nominated for a Critics ' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series . The series was also nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Comedy Series . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Music 5 Reception 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Awards and nominations 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) The show depicts the everyday life of a Cuban - American family with each character finding their own journey . Following the story of Penelope Alvarez ( Justina Machado ) a United States Army Nurse Corps veteran , facing her return to civilian life with a lot of unresolved issues from her time in the Army . She works as a nurse in the office of Dr. Leslie Berkowitz ( Stephen Tobolowsky ) . After her husband 's alcoholism due to post-traumatic stress disorder from his time in the Army made it , in Penelope 's words , ' unsafe to be in the house ' , she separates from Victor ( James Martínez ) , taking the children with her . With the help of her Mother , Lydia ( Rita Moreno ) , a refugee who left Cuba as a teen following Fidel Castro 's rise to power , she is raising her two children : Elena ( Isabella Gómez ) and Alex ( Marcel Ruiz ) . Apart from planning her daughter 's quinceañera , Penelope starts dating and finds a love interest . Elena , resistant to have a quinces , starts dating a teenager from her class ; to later realize that she is a lesbian . After struggling in ways to tell her family about her sexuality she finds the right time to come out . Alex starts working in a school project about Cuba with the help of Schneider ( Todd Grinnell ) and Lydia . Lydia talks about leaving Cuba escaping from Castro 's dictatorship and how she fell in love with her late husband Berto ( Tony Plana ) . Each episode of the series focuses on important issues that face the Hispanic community and families in general . It has dealt with topics such as veterans ' struggles with PTSD , depression , and anxiety , as well as sexuality , gender identity , sexism , and religion , amongst others . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Justina Machado plays Penelope Alvarez . Rita Moreno plays Penelope 's mother , Lydia Riera . Justina Machado as Penelope Riera Alvarez , a United States Army Nurse Corps and mother of Alex and Elena . She works as a nurse for Dr. Leslie Berkowitz . After coming back from army service , she joins a therapy group to help her with her depression and anxiety . In the first season she separates from her husband Victor and starts dating Ben . Later she breaks up with Ben after Victor 's visit for Elena 's quinceañera . In season two Penelope decides to go back to school to become a nurse practitioner . She begins dating an Army Veteran , now EMT Max Ferraro , but breaks up with him after finding out he wanted children of his own , and decides to let him find that chance with someone else , as she believes that she is too old for another child , and has two children of her own . Rita Moreno as Lydia Margarita del Carmen Inclán Maribona Leyte - Vidal de Riera , a faithful Cuban , Penelope 's mother and grandmother of Elena and Alex. She fled Cuba after Castro seized power . She was a dancer and a performer back in the day . Over the course of the season , she develops a relationship with Dr. Berkowitz . Isabella Gomez as Elena Maria Alvarez Riera Calderón Leyte - Vidal Inclán , the activist and feminist teenage daughter of Penelope . After dating Josh , a classmate , and watching gay porn , she discovers that she is a lesbian and comes out to her family . The news does n't sit well with her father , which upsets Elena . In season two she finds a love interest and founds a Gay - Straight Alliance club at her Catholic School . Marcel Ruiz as Alejandro `` Alex '' Alberto Alvarez Riera Calderon Leyte - Vidal Inclán , the son of Penelope . He wants to gain popularity at school and is part of the baseball team . He starts a school project about Cuba . In season two he begins working during the summer at Dr. Berkowitz 's office . Todd Grinnell as Dwayne Schneider , the rich landlord of the building . He is a close friend of the family and Penelope 's best friend . Schneider is frequently having one - night stands with different women . Often in the series he talks about having multiple stepmothers and how dysfunctional his family was , while also occasionally discussing his history of addictions . He is Canadian and after years of having a green card decides to become a US citizen . Stephen Tobolowsky as Dr. Leslie Berkowitz , Penelope 's boss and Lydia 's love interest . Recurring ( edit ) Fiona Gubelmann as Lori ( season 1 ) : Penelope 's co-worker . Ariela Barer as Carmen ( season 1 ) : Elena 's best friend . She spent nights with Elena in her bedroom after her parents were deported back to Mexico , but Penelope finds out . She later moves to Austin , Texas to live with her brothers . Froy Gutierrez as Josh Flores ( season 1 ) Eric Nenninger as Scott ( season 1 -- present ) : Penelope 's co-worker . Haneefah Wood as Jill Riley ( season 1 -- present ) : Penelope 's friend . Mackenzie Phillips as Pam Valentine ( season 1 -- present ) : the leader of Penelope 's female veteran therapy group . Judy Reyes as Ramona ( season 1 -- present ) : Penelope 's friend from the therapy group . Tony Plana as Berto Riera ( season 1 -- present ) : Lydia 's late husband . James Martínez as Victor Alvarez ( season 1 -- present ) : Penelope 's ex-husband . Ed Quinn as Max Ferraro ( season 2 ) : a military veteran , EMT , and Penelope 's ex-boyfriend Sheridan Pierce as Syd ( season 2 -- present ) : Elena 's girlfriend who is non-binary . Raúl Castillo as Mateo ( season 3 ) : Penelope 's friend from school who is also a parent Guest ( edit ) Cedric Yarbrough as Jerry Jay Hayden as Ben Gabrielle Elyse as Dani Jolie Jenkins as Nikki Ivonne Coll as Esme Emiliano Díez as Padre Jose Georgia Engel as Sister Barbara Tim Bagley as Henry Mindy Sterling as Delia Timm Sharp as Nurse Wally Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of One Day at a Time ( 2017 ) episodes Season Episodes Originally released 13 January 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 06 ) 13 January 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) 13 2019 ( 2019 ) Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2018 ) Music ( edit ) The theme song for the original One Day at a Time series , `` This is It '' , was re-recorded for the newer version of the series , with a new arrangement by Emilio Estefan featuring Cuban instrumentation and lead vocals by Gloria Estefan . The song was composed by husband - and - wife songwriters Jeff Barry and Nancy Barry . Recording artist Polly Cutter sang the original version of the theme song . Reception ( edit ) Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 97 % ( 29 reviews ) 79 ( 23 reviews ) 100 % ( 14 reviews ) 88 ( 6 reviews ) Critical response ( edit ) On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the first season has an approval rating of 97 % based on 30 reviews with an average rating of 7.62 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` One Day at a Time breathes fresh life into the classic Norman Lear original with a lively , sharp , and proudly old - school sitcom bolstered by a surfeit of heart and terrific performances from Rita Moreno and Justina Machado . '' Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times found the first season to be `` lively without being rushed '' thanks to the full 30 minute run time . `` The show is nicely written ... and the performances ( especially Moreno 's ) are almost universally engaging , '' according to David Wiegand of the San Francisco Chronicle . The Newsday review by Verne Gay particularly praises Machado as `` flat - out terrific '' and calls the first season `` congenial , good - hearted , easy going , sentimental , old - fashioned and surprisingly new - fashioned . There 's also a deep emotional core here which refuses to be devalued by the typical ( or tired ) beat of a multicamera sitcom . '' A USA Today review by Kelly Lawler noted that Elena 's coming - out arc in the first season has drawn special praise from LGBT critics for its `` unique , realistic and refreshing take on the subject ... the depiction of a young , happy Latinx lesbian comes as a hopeful sign for many . '' Autostraddle senior editor Yvonne Marquez called the arc `` mind - blowing '' and the show revolutionary because `` it centers the family 's brownness and provides ample social commentary to deliver a fantastic modern - day sitcom . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominees Result Ref . 2017 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Show : Comedy One Day at a Time Nominated Imagen Foundation Awards Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Won Best Actress -- Television Justina Machado Won Best Supporting Actress -- Television Rita Moreno Nominated Isabella Gomez Won Best Young Actor -- Television Marcel Ruiz Won IGN Summer Awards Best Comedic TV Performance Rita Moreno Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series Pat Barnett Nominated Online Film & Television Association Awards Best Comedy Series One Day at a Time Nominated Best Actress in a Comedy Series Justina Machado Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Rita Moreno Nominated Best Ensemble in a Comedy Series One Day at a Time Nominated Best Direction in a Comedy Series Nominated Gold Derby Awards Best Comedy Supporting Actress Rita Moreno Nominated 2018 Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Nominated TVLine Awards Performer of the Week Justina Machado Won GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Comedy Series One Day at a Time Nominated Television Academy Honors Television with a Conscience Won TCA Awards Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Pending Imagen Foundation Awards Best Primetime Television Program -- Comedy Pending Best Actress -- Television Justina Machado Pending Rita Moreno Pending Isabella Gomez Pending Best Young Actor -- Television Marcel Ruiz Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At A Time ' : Justina Machado To Play The Lead In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Villarreal , Yvonne ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Norman Lear reboots ' One Day at a Time ' for a new generation '' . LA Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix Orders ' One Day At A Time ' Latino Remake Series Co-Starring Rita Moreno '' . Deadline . January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At a Time ' : Stephen Tobolowsky Cast In Netflix Latino Family Remake '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At a Time ' : Todd Grinnell Cast As Schneider In Netflix Series Remake '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` One Day at a Time Taping : Take Two - LezWatchTV '' . 3 August 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` One Day at a Time Reboot Gets Premiere Date at Netflix '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' One Day At A Time ' Renewed For Season 2 By Netflix '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ `` One Day At A Time Finale Taping - LezWatchTV '' . 18 September 2017 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's ' One Day at a Time ' announces season 2 premiere date in delightful video '' . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` One Day At A Time - Season 3 Announcement - Netflix '' . Netfflix. 26 March 2018 . Retrieved 26 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban - Americans Take Spotlight In Netflix Reboot Of ' One Day At A Time ' '' . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( 26 January 2018 ) . `` ' One Day at a Time ' Season 2 Review : Netflix 's Best Multi-Cam Sitcom Just Gets Sharper and More Sincere '' . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 : Television Critic Top Ten Lists '' . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` Review : The Euphoria of ' One Day at a Time ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Liz Shannon ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' One Day at a Time ' Stars Talk Season 3 and Why a Non-Binary Character Is Called a ' Girlfriend ' On The Show '' . IndieWire . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( January 25 , 2018 ) . `` One Day at a Time Is Back , and Rest Assured , It 's Still Great '' . Vulture . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' One Day At A Time ' : Sheridan Pierce & Raúl Castillo Set To Recur In Season 3 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cite error : The named reference S3Renewal was invoked but never defined ( see the help page ) . Jump up ^ `` Norman Lear reboots ' One Day at a Time ' for a new generation '' . Los Angeles Times . 2017 - 01 - 05 . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` One Day at a Time : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Rotten Tomatoes . January 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix reboot of ' One Day at a Time ' is bighearted fun '' . LA Times . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , David ( January 4 , 2017 ) . `` Brand - new old - fashioned ' Day ' on Netflix '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Norman Lear almost -- reboot a sentimental winner '' . Newsday . Newsday . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How Netflix 's ' One Day at a Time ' flips the coming - out script '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix 's `` One Day at a Time '' Is the Revolutionary , Feminist Latinx Family Sitcom We Did n't Know We Needed `` . Autostraddle. 2017 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 : See the First Wave of Nominations '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 32nd Annual Imagen Awards '' . Imagen Founation . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lin Manuel Miranda Family Honored at Imagen Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` IGN Summer Movie Awards '' . IMDb . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Emmy ® Awards Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual TV Awards ( 2016 - 17 ) '' . Online Film & Television Association . June 19 , 2018 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Gold Derby Awards '' . Gold Derby Awards . June 19 , 2017 . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix , FX 's ' Feud ' Lead Critics ' Choice TV Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( justina - machado - one - day - at - a-time - season - 2 - performance `` / '' ) Check url = value ( help ) . TVLine . June 19 , 2018 . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` These Are the 2018 GLAAD Media Awards Nominees '' . Time . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Haring , Bruce ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Andi Mack ' , ' 13 Reasons Why ' Among Recipients Of 11th Annual Television Academy Honors '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Past winners of the TCA Awards '' . Television Critics Association . Jump up ^ Imagen Founation . June 19 , 2017 https://www.imagen.org/2018/06/28/imagen-foundation-announces-nominees-for-the-33rd-annual-imagen-awards/ . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who plays the dad on one day at a time	[ "Fiona Gubelmann as Lori (season 1): Penelope's co-worker.\nAriela Barer as Carmen (season 1): Elena's best friend. She spent nights with Elena in her bedroom after her parents were deported back to Mexico, but Penelope finds out. She later moves to Austin, Texas to live with her brothers.\nFroy Gutierrez as Josh Flores (season 1)\nEric Nenninger as Scott (season 1–present): Penelope's co-worker.\nHaneefah Wood as Jill Riley (season 1–present): Penelope's friend.\nMackenzie Phillips as Pam Valentine (season 1–present): the leader of Penelope's female veteran therapy group.\nJudy Reyes as Ramona (season 1–present): Penelope's friend from the therapy group.\nTony Plana as Berto Riera (season 1–present): Lydia's late husband.\nJames Martínez as Victor Alvarez (season 1–present): Penelope's ex-husband.\nEd Quinn as Max Ferraro (season 2): a military veteran, EMT, and Penelope's ex-boyfriend[15]\nSheridan Pierce as Syd (season 2–present): Elena's girlfriend who is non-binary.[16][17]\nRaúl Castillo as Mateo (season 3): Penelope's friend from school who is also a parent[18]" ]	[ "James Martínez" ]
9127768381784897304	Designated Survivor (season 2)	Designated Survivor ( season 2 ) - Wikipedia Designated Survivor ( season 2 ) Jump to : navigation , search Designated Survivor ( season 2 ) Promotional poster Starring Kiefer Sutherland Natascha McElhone Paulo Costanzo Adan Canto Italia Ricci LaMonica Garrett Zoe McLellan Ben Lawson Kal Penn Maggie Q Country of origin United States No. of episodes 22 Release Original network ABC Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of Designated Survivor episodes The second season of the American political drama series Designated Survivor was ordered on May 11 , 2017 . It premiered on September 27 , 2017 , and consisted of 22 episodes . The series is produced by ABC Studios and The Mark Gordon Company , and is filmed in Toronto and Cambridge , Ontario , Canada . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Ratings 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) One year into office , President Thomas Kirkman juggles searching for the mastermind behind the attack on the Capitol Building , dealing with the day - to - day situations that take place at home and abroad , helping a nation rebuild , and surviving attacks against his administration and his presidency . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Kiefer Sutherland as President Thomas `` Tom '' Kirkman Natascha McElhone as First Lady Alexandra `` Alex '' Kirkman Paulo Costanzo as White House Political Director Lyor Boone Adan Canto as National Security Advisor Aaron Shore Italia Ricci as White House Chief of Staff Emily Rhodes LaMonica Garrett as United States Secret Service Advance Team Leader , Mike Ritter Zoe McLellan as White House Counsel Kendra Daynes Ben Lawson as Secret Intelligence Service ( MI6 ) Special Agent , Damian Rennett Kal Penn as White House Press Secretary Seth Wright Maggie Q as Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) Special Agent , Hannah Wells Recurring ( edit ) Terry Serpico as Patrick Lloyd Jake Epstein as Chuck Russink Mckenna Grace as Penny Kirkman Reed Diamond as FBI Director John Forstell Geoff Pierson as Secretary of State Cornelius Moss Mykelti Williamson as Vice Chairman Admiral Chernow Kim Raver as Andrea Frost Nora Zehetner as Valeria Poriskova Guest ( edit ) Bonnie Bedelia as Eva Booker Breckin Meyer as Trey Kirkman Michael J. Fox as Ethan West Aunjanue Ellis as Mayor , later Vice President Ellenor Darby Episodes ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 22 `` One Year In '' Chris Grismer Keith Eisner September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 5.50 Kirkman struggles to prevent a possible international crisis when Ukrainian separatists hijack a Russian airplane with American citizens among the passengers ; Wells works with MI6 agent Damian Rennett ( Ben Lawson ) to find the Capitol bombing 's chief architect ; Emily juggles hiring political consultant Lyor Boone ( Paulo Costanzo ) and determining where Seth 's loyalties lie ; the senior staff attempts to keep a visiting writer occupied before his audience with the President . 23 `` Sting of the Tail '' Frederick E.O. Toye Keith Eisner October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 4.80 Kirkman works with Wells and Rennett when Patrick Lloyd ( Terry Serpico ) reemerges and threatens to unleash sarin gas on the D.C. metropolitan area if his demands are not met ; Seth struggles to finish Kirkman 's speech for the Correspondents ' Dinner ; the senior staff welcomes White House Counsel Kendra Daynes ( Zoe McLellan ) into the fold . 24 `` Outbreak '' Chris Grismer Ashley Gable October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 4.61 Kirkman works with the Centers for Disease Control to contain a viral outbreak ; Wells and Rennett dig deeper into Patrick Lloyd 's motives ; Kendra attempts to settle a debate about a Confederate statue ; the senior staff prepares for the presentation of an Amazonian frog named after the President . 25 `` Equilibrium '' Joe Lazarov Paul Redford & Keith Eisner October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 4.34 Kirkman and the senior staff attempt to resolve a border dispute between the United States and Mexico ; Wells interrogates Alex about her mother 's possible involvement in a decades - old crime ; an investigator from the Office of Management and Budget tries to determine who is responsible for breaking a priceless vase . 26 5 `` Suckers '' Fred Gerber Bill Chais October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 3.94 Kirkman and the senior staff work together to regain the public 's trust after a private conversation is taken out of context on national television ; Wells and Rennett reunite when a visiting British MP is gunned down ; Alex becomes emotionally involved in the ongoing investigation against her mother . 27 6 `` Two Ships '' Leslie Libman Jessica Grasl November 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 01 ) 3.92 Kirkman sets out to prevent a potential national security threat after a stranded U.S. Navy ship with a state - of - the - art surveillance system drifts into enemy waters ; Wells and Rennett continue investigating Charlotte Thorne 's death ; Kendra tries to convince Alex 's mother to make a difficult decision ; Emily reunites with her absentee father . 28 7 `` Family Ties '' Milan Cheylov Pierluigi Cothran November 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 15 ) 4.05 The First Family struggles to prevent a scandal when Leo is sued by a man protesting a Turkish activist ; Alex finds herself caught in the middle of a murder investigation ; Secretary Moss stonewalls Wells and Rennett as they investigate his relationship with Charlotte Thorne . 29 8 `` Home '' Ian Toynton Pat Cunnane November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 4.03 Kirkman attempts to determine who he can trust as he embarks on a secret trip to Afghanistan and Seth makes a decision that could jeopardize both his political career and his future in the White House . 30 9 `` Three - Letter Day '' Jeannot Szwarc Bill Chais & Ashley Arena December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 3.91 Kirkman 's senior staff personally respond to letters requesting that the White House respectively investigate a war hero 's legacy , a death row inmate 's pardon , and a bee colony 's collapse ; Wells and Rennett continue to search for evidence that could exonerate Alex ; Chuck makes a shattering discovery . 31 10 `` Line of Fire '' Chris Grismer Keith Eisner December 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 13 ) 4.39 Kirkman and the senior staff attempt to save a group of religious extremists who refuse to leave their cabin from a raging forest fire ; Wells reels from a stunning betrayal ; Alex 's prepares to testify before Director Forstell ; an unexpected accident promises to change everyone 's lives forever . 32 11 `` Grief '' Timothy Busfield Keith Eisner February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 3.72 Ten weeks after Alex 's death , Kirkman has to resolve a diplomatic mission turned into a hostage crisis in Cuba , while still coming to terms with his loss and confronting the imprisoned driver who killed his wife . Director Timothy Busfield also appears as Kirkman 's therapist . Meanwhile , the man that Hannah shot returns . 33 12 `` The Final Frontier '' Sharat Raju Jeff Melvoin March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 3.60 Brought in for questioning , Damian claims to have key information that may help Kirkman save a space station crew from dehydration , including that both the U.S. and Russian space programs were cyberattacked . Meanwhile , the resolution compromises Kirkman 's relationship with the former president , now secretary of state , while Kirkman tries to keep his children steady in the wake of Alex 's death . 34 13 `` Original Sin '' Bosede Williams Ashley Gable March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 3.69 The White House staff has its hands full with fallout from the video leak of Kirkman 's contentious visit with Alex 's killer , finding who was responsible for the leak , and a false perception of Kirkman as a tyrant because of it ; and , with an unexpected sit - in from a visiting tribe of Native Americans whose lands were compromised by decades - old developments by Kirkman 's former architectural firm -- - at a time Kirkman himself was unaware of the tribe or its heritage . 35 14 `` In the Dark '' Carol Banker Bill Chais March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) 3.98 A power blackout in Washington scrambles both the White House staff and Hannah into tracking the source of an apparent hack into the grid . Damian breaks his tracking device to kill a Russian before the Russian can kill Hannah . Kirkman and Washington , D.C. 's mayor Ellenor Darby tackle local unrest during the power failure , and their success after an early misunderstanding makes Kirkman 's mind up about his choice for vice president . Kirkman 's brother delivers an unexpected but welcome surprise involving a bond payment deadline extension to Japan . 36 15 `` Summit '' Chris Grismer Jessica Grasl March 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 28 ) 3.80 With Ellenor confirmed as the new vice president , tensions including a nuclear missile test compel Kirkman to speed up a peace summit between East and West Hun Chiu at Camp David , but incessant leaks threaten to torpedo the talks -- - especially when the son of East Hun Chiu 's ruthless strongman defects to the U.S. While Seth and Emily concurrently continue re-assessing their relationship as both are compelled to sign White House disclosure documents covering it , Kirkman is quietly outraged when he discovers the source of the leaks . 37 16 `` Fallout '' Joe Lazarov Tom Garrigus April 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 3.84 Kirkman and the FBI scramble to find where a `` dirty '' nuclear waste bomb is planted in the United States and the person responsible for it . The bomb is found at a Metro Line train station but kills six FBI personnel including Director Forstell before they can clear the station . Evidence initially points to East Hun Chiu , but when it proves to be Kunami 's doing , Kirkman launches airstrikes at strategic targets in that country . 38 17 `` Overkill '' Jeff T. Thomas Jeff Melvoin & Tracey Rice April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 3.29 Kirkman presses forward with more attacks on Kunami 's military infrastructure to bring that country 's strongman emir to heel in the wake of the dirty bombing , but while Kirkman wrestles with his conscience over the mini-war Hannah -- - on the ground in Kunami -- - discovers Kunami 's ambassador has a side agenda dangerous to both the emir and the U.S. 39 18 `` Kirkman Agonistes '' Leslie Libman Pierluigi D. Cothran & Patrick Cunnane April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 3.51 The private tape recordings of Kirkman 's therapy sessions have been leaked to the press . The White House staff scrambles to expose the leaker . Vice President Darby convenes a secret Cabinet meeting to discuss whether to remove Kirkman under the 25th Amendment , and ruthless attorney Ethan West ( Michael J. Fox ) is brought in to investigate Kirkman 's past . A weary president ponders briefly whether he really feels fit to remain in office . Seth dresses down the White House press corps by reminding them any man -- - never mind a president -- - would be traumatised by his wife 's unexpected death . 40 19 `` Capacity '' David Warry - Smith Keith Eisner April 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) 3.36 Kirkman and his inner circle testify before Ethan West 's hearing in order to prove the President 's ability to stay in office . Meanwhile , Hannah desperately searches for a link between Andrea Frost and the cyber attacks , bringing her into career - threatening disfavour with the President . 41 20 `` Bad Reception '' Chris Grismer Tom Garrigus & Jessica Grasl May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) 3.47 Kirkman negotiates with a foreign government to release American youth Matthew Jennings , threatened with hard labour for a minor crime , but Ethan West 's interest in the case may obstruct the effort . Kirkman 's nomination to the DC appellate court , Kendra 's former law mentor , runs aground over past sexual harassment . Hannah 's evidence points to one of Kirkman 's oldest friends , Dax Minter , as the cyber attack mastermind who also leaked Kirkman 's therapy recordings . Young Jennings is freed and Minter is arrested in the White House . Andrea -- about to leave for San Francisco to head a project crucial for her company -- shares a private farewell with Kirkman , each urging the other not to reject future love despite their spousal bereavements . 42 21 `` Target '' Timothy Busfield Bill Chais & Ashley Gable May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) 3.29 Republicans and Democrats each use a key defense spending measure to try strong - arming the resolutely independent Kirkman to choose between them as their presidential candidate . An old murder case threatens Kendra 's safety and budding relationship with Trey Kirkman . The president engages Ethan West to investigate former president Moss 's leaks and betrayals , but Moss steps up his attacks on Kirkman and makes a shocking announcement . Hannah discovers Damian 's final wish . 43 22 `` Run '' Chris Grimer Keith Eisner May 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 16 ) 3.54 Kirkman faces criminal accusations from the Attorney General , who seems to have support of Capitol Hill leaders . Concurrently , U.S. protectorate Taurasi is slammed by an earthquake - caused tsunami just after the protectorate voted for independence . Trying to aid the Taurasians may jeopardise Kirkman 's presidency , while Seth and Lyor are missing on the island . Emily survived her gunshot but makes a fateful decision about her White House service . Kirkman 's son is accepted to both Georgetown University and Stanford University . Despite first seeming to side against the president , Ethan West comes to a surprising realisation about Kirkman 's character and style . After resolving Taurasi 's humanitarian crisis , Kirkman has his own public announcement . Meanwhile , Hannah protects Damian 's daughter from an assasination attempt and ultimately kills Valeria . During the aftermath , she sees a recorded video footage on a USB flashdrive showing Emily interacting with Valeria . Production ( edit ) Designated Survivor was renewed for a second season on May 11 , 2017 . Former The Good Wife executive producer Keith Eisner will take over as showrunner for the second season . Eisner will be the fourth showrunner for the show , replacing Jeff Melvoin , who was hired as showrunner in December 2016 , taking over for Jon Harmon Feldman . The show 's original showrunner Amy B. Harris stepped down due to creative differences after the series ' official pickup in February 2016 . On June 22 , 2017 , cast member Virginia Madsen announced that she would not be returning for the second season as Kimble Hookstraten as she commented `` I guess they had other stories to tell . It 's a big show so I wish them well . '' After the first season finale , Sutherland announced that the show would add three new characters for the second season . Two of the character descriptions was `` a `` fiery '' female White House Counsel and a `` ruggedly handsome '' MI6 operative who crosses paths with Hannah . '' TVLine announced on June 29 , 2017 , that Paulo Costanzo had been cast as a series regular role as Lyor Boone , the new White House Political Director . Deadline reported on July 17 , 2017 , that Ben Lawson had been cast as the series regular character Damian Rennett , an MI6 operative . In the same month , it was announced that Zoe McLellan was cast in a series regular role as attorney and White House counsel , Kendra Daynes . In November 2017 , Kim Raver was cast in the recurring role of engineer and space entrepreneur , Andrea Frost . In January 2018 , Michael J. Fox was cast in the recurring role of Washington attorney and special prosecutor , Ethan West . In March 2018 , Nora Zehetner was cast in the recurring role of Russian cultural attaché , Valeria Poriskova . Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` One Year In '' September 27 , 2017 1.1 / 4 5.50 1.4 5.84 2.5 11.34 `` Sting of the Tail '' October 4 , 2017 0.9 / 4 4.80 1.2 5.20 2.1 10.00 `` Outbreak '' October 11 , 2017 0.9 / 4 4.61 1.1 5.07 2.0 9.68 `` Equilibrium '' October 18 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.34 1.1 5.00 1.9 9.34 5 `` Suckers '' October 25 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.94 1.0 4.60 1.7 8.54 6 `` Two Ships '' November 1 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.92 0.9 4.31 1.6 8.23 7 `` Family Ties '' November 15 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.05 0.9 4.47 1.7 8.52 8 `` Home '' November 29 , 2017 0.7 / 3 4.03 1.0 4.83 1.7 8.86 9 `` Three - Letter Day '' December 6 , 2017 0.7 / 3 3.87 0.9 4.60 1.6 8.47 10 `` Line of Fire '' December 13 , 2017 0.8 / 3 4.38 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` Grief '' February 28 , 2018 0.6 / 2 3.72 1.0 4.71 1.6 8.43 12 `` The Final Frontier '' March 7 , 2018 0.6 / 2 3.60 0.9 4.41 1.5 8.02 13 `` Original Sin '' March 14 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.69 0.8 4.20 1.5 7.89 14 `` In the Dark '' March 21 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.98 0.8 4.10 1.5 8.08 15 `` Summit '' March 28 , 2018 0.7 / 3 3.80 0.7 3.99 1.4 7.79 16 `` Fallout '' April 4 , 2018 0.6 / 3 3.84 0.8 3.88 1.4 7.72 17 `` Overkill '' April 11 , 2018 0.6 / 3 3.29 0.7 4.11 1.3 7.39 18 `` Kirkman Agonistes '' April 18 , 2018 0.6 / 3 3.51 0.7 3.97 1.3 7.48 19 `` Capacity '' April 25 , 2018 0.5 / 2 3.36 0.7 3.71 1.2 7.07 20 `` Bad Reception '' May 2 , 2018 0.6 / 3 3.47 N / A N / A N / A N / A 21 `` Target '' May 9 , 2018 0.5 / 2 3.29 0.7 3.62 1.2 6.90 22 `` Run '' May 16 2018 0.6 / 3 3.54 N / A N / A N / A N / A References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ; Ausiello , Michael ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` Designated Survivor Renewed at ABC '' . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Fall Premiere Dates : XL Grey 's Return , Scandal 's Swan Song and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Survivor films season finale scene in Cambridge '' . Kitchener. 2018 - 03 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 201 ) `` One Year In '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael . `` Designated Survivor Stages 24 Reunion : Kim Raver Set for Big Season 2 Arc '' . TVline . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Nora Zehetner Set To Recur On ABC Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Breckin Meyer Set To Recur In Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Michael J. Fox Joining ' Designated Survivor ' For Arc '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' SEAL Team ' adjust up , ' Criminal Minds ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` World Series ends big , ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist , ' ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Designated Survivor S2 E15 Summit '' . abc.go.com . Event occurs at 1 : 27 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' SEAL Team ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' & ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs ' adjust up , CW adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Voice ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts down to series low : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' The Blacklist ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Keith Eisner Set As Showrunner , Pending Season 2 Renewal '' . Deadline . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Licoln , Ross ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' Taps New Showrunner As Jon Harmon Feldman Exits '' . Deadline . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Kiefer Sutherland ABC Drama ' Designated Survivor ' Gets Formal Series Pickup , First Trailer ; Eyes Jon Feldman As Showrunner '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( June 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Virginia Madsen Will Not Return for Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Five - 0 , Killjoys , Arrow , Designated Survivor , Zoo , Stranger Things , Riverdale and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Designated Survivor Enlists Royal Pains ' Paulo Costanzo as New Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Ben Lawson Cast As Series Regular In Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( July 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Zoe McLellan Joins Season 2 Of ABC 's Kiefer Sutherland Drama '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` Designated Survivor Stages 24 Reunion : Kim Raver Set for Big Season 2 Arc '' . TVline . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Michael J. Fox Joining ' Designated Survivor ' For Arc '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' : Nora Zehetner Set To Recur On ABC Drama Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' premiere sets a record in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Designated_Survivor_(season_2)&oldid=842992046 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Designated Survivor ( TV series ) Hidden categories : Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 03 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	designated survivor season 2 the final frontier cast	[]	[]
2008527746692036960	North Africa	North Africa - wikipedia North Africa Jump to : navigation , search For the region of the African Union , see Regions of the African Union § North . North Africa Countries Sovereign states ( 6 ) ( show ) Algeria Libya Egypt Morocco Tunisia Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Other territories ( 3 ) ( show ) Dependencies : Madeira Islands Canary Islands Plazas de soberanía Nominal GDP N / A GDP per capita N / A Time zones UTC + 00 : 00 UTC + 01 : 00 UTC + 02 : 00 Population density of Africa ( 2000 ) North Africa is a collective term for a group of Mediterranean countries and territories situated in the northern-most region of the African continent . The term `` North Africa '' has no single accepted definition . It is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Morocco in the west , to the Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east . Others have limited it to the countries of Algeria , Morocco , and Tunisia , a region known by the French during colonial times as `` Afrique du Nord '' and by the Arabs as the Maghreb ( `` West '' ) . The most commonly accepted definition includes Algeria , Morocco , and Tunisia , as well as Libya and Egypt . `` North Africa '' , particularly when used in North Africa and the Middle East , often refers only to the countries of the Maghreb and Libya . Egypt , due to its greater Middle Eastern associations , is often considered separately . The U.S Census define North Africa as Algeria , Libya , Egypt , Morocco and Tunisia . North Africa includes a number of Spanish possessions ( Plazas de soberanía , especially Ceuta and Melilla ) as well as the Canary Islands and Madeira in the North Atlantic Ocean northwest of the African mainland . Also possibly included would be the Italian Pelagie Islands . The countries of North Africa share a common ethnic , cultural and linguistic identity that is unique to this region . Northwest Africa has been inhabited by Berbers since the beginning of recorded history , while the eastern part of North Africa has been home to the Copts . Between the A.D. 600s and 1000s , Arabs from the Middle East swept across the region in a wave of Muslim conquest . These peoples , physically quite similar , formed a single population in many areas , as Berbers and Copts merged into Arab society . This process of Arabization and Islamization has defined the cultural landscape of North Africa ever since . The distinction between North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa is historically and ecologically significant because of the effective barrier created by the Sahara Desert for much of modern history . The Sahara is the dominant feature of the North African landscape , and stretches across the southern part of the region . The Sahara serves as a geographical boundary between North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa and marks a transition zone from the largely Arab population of North Africa to black Africa of the south . From 3500 BC , following the abrupt desertification of the Sahara due to gradual changes in the Earth 's orbit , this barrier has culturally separated the North from the rest of the continent . The overwhelming majority of the North African population is concentrated along the Mediterranean and Atlantic coastlines and the Nile river , while the Sahara desert is one of the most sparsely populated places on Earth . The Sahara desert has therefore played an important role in the history of North Africa . As the seafaring civilizations of the Phoenicians , Greeks , Romans , Arabs and others facilitated communication and migration across the Mediterranean Sea , the cultures of North Africa became much more closely tied to Southwestern Asia and Europe than Sub-Saharan Africa . The Islamic influence in the area is also significant , and North Africa is a major part of the Muslim world . Some researchers have postulated that North Africa rather than East Africa served as the exit point for the modern humans who first trekked out of the continent in the Out of Africa migration . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 2 Definitions 3 People 4 Culture 5 History 5.1 Early history 5.2 Antiquity and ancient Rome 5.3 Arab conquest to modern times 6 Transport and industry 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links Geography ( edit ) North Africa has three main geographic features : the Sahara desert in the south , the Atlas Mountains in the west , and the Nile River and delta in the east . The Atlas Mountains extend across much of northern Algeria , Morocco , and Tunisia . These mountains are part of the fold mountain system that also runs through much of Southern Europe . They recede to the south and east , becoming a steppe landscape before meeting the Sahara desert , which covers more than 75 percent of the region . The tallest peaks are in the High Atlas range in south - central Morocco , which has many snowcapped peaks . South of the Atlas Mountains is the dry and barren expanse of the Sahara desert , which is the largest sand desert in the world . In places the desert is cut by irregular watercourses called wadis -- streams that flow only after rainfalls but are usually dry . The Sahara 's major landforms include ergs , large seas of sand that sometimes form into huge dunes ; the hammada , a level rocky plateau without soil or sand ; and the reg , a level plain of gravel or small stones . The Sahara covers the southern part of Algeria , Morocco and Tunisia , and most of Libya . Only two regions of Libya are outside the desert : Tripolitania in the northwest and Cyrenaica in the northeast . Most of Egypt is also desert , with the exception of the Nile River and the irrigated land along its banks . The Nile Valley forms a narrow fertile thread that runs along the length of the country . Sheltered valleys in the Atlas Mountains , the Nile Valley and Delta , and the Mediterranean coast are the main sources of fertile farming land . A wide variety of valuable crops including cereals , rice and cotton , and woods such as cedar and cork , are grown . Typical Mediterranean crops , such as olives , figs , dates and citrus fruits , also thrive in these areas . The Nile Valley is particularly fertile , and most of the population in Egypt live close to the river . Elsewhere , irrigation is essential to improve crop yields on the desert margins . Definitions ( edit ) Countries and territories Area ( 2016 ) ( km2 ) Population ( 2016 ) Density ( 2016 ) ( per km2 ) Capital Total GDP ( 2016 ) GDP per capita ( 2016 ) Currency Government Official languages Algeria 2,381,740.00 40,606,052.00 17.05 Algiers $160,784 $15,281 Algerian dinar Presidential republic Arabic and Berber ( both official ) , French is commonly used Egypt 1,001,450.00 95,688,681.00 96 Cairo $332,349 $12,554 Egyptian pound Semi-presidential republic Arabic Libya 1,759,540.00 6,293,253.00 3.58 Tripoli $33,157 $8,678 Libyan dinar Provisional authority Arabic Morocco 446,550.00 35,276,786.00 73.1 Rabat $103,615 $8,330 Moroccan dirham Constitutional monarchy Arabic and Berber ( both official ) , French is commonly used Tunisia 163,610.00 11,403,248.00 63 Tunis $41,869 $11,634 Tunisian dinar Parliamentary republic Arabic , French is commonly used . Ceuta ( claimed by Morocco ) 18.5 82,376 4,500 Autonomous city of a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Spanish Melilla ( claimed by Morocco ) 12.3 78,476 6,380.1 Autonomous city of a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Spanish Other Plazas de soberanía ( plazas menores ) ( claimed by Morocco ) est. 250 - 400 Canary Islands 7,493 2,101,924 280 Autonomous community of a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy Spanish Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic ( partially recognized state , territory disputed with Morocco ) 100,000 ( in controlled territory ) 266,000 ( controlled ) 538,755 ( claimed ) 0.37 ( controlled ) , 1.9 ( claimed ) El - Aaiún ( claimed ) Tifariti ( controlled ) Spanish , Arabic Western Sahara ( region ) ( claimed by both SADR and Morocco ) 538,755 disputed disputed disputed None officially , de facto Spanish , Arabic , and French Pelagie Islands 25.5 6,066 Italian Source : The World Bank In addition to the countries and territories listed above , Sudan and Western Sahara are considered to be part of the region by the United Nations , while Western Sahara and Mauritania ( but not Sudan ) are included by the African Union . North Africa is sometimes grouped with the Middle East under the acronym MENA ( `` Middle East and North Africa '' ) or the geopolitical term Greater Middle East . Similarly , the traditional Arabic toponym Maghreb ( meaning `` the West '' ) is commonly used to mean the African part of the Arab World , though usually with the exclusion of Egypt . The inhabitants of the Spanish Canary Islands are of mixed Spanish and North African Berber ancestry , and the people of Malta are of North African ancestry and speak a derivative of Arabic . But these areas are not generally considered part of North Africa , but rather Southern Europe , due to their European - based cultures and religion . People ( edit ) Main articles : North African Arabs , Arabs , Copts , Maghrebis , and Berbers Beduin women in Tunisia The inhabitants of North Africa are roughly divided in a manner corresponding to the principal geographic regions of North Africa : the Maghreb , the Nile valley , and the Sahel . The Maghreb or western North Africa on the whole is believed to have been inhabited by Berbers since at least 10,000 B.C. , while the eastern part of North Africa or the Nile Valley has mainly been home to the Egyptians . Ancient Egyptians record extensive contact in their Western desert with people that appear to have been Berber or proto - Berber . As the Tassili n'Ajjer and other rock art findings in the Sahara have shown , the Sahara also hosted various populations before its rapid desertification in 3500 B.C and even today continues to host small populations of nomadic trans - Saharan peoples . In the eleventh century , the Banu Hilal invaded the North African plains and plateaus , but not the mountains ( ( ( Kabylie , ( Rif ) ) or Aures ) and brought with them Hilalian dialects of Arabic , which over the centuries have been in significant contact with other languages , including the languages of Europe . They have contributed to the Arabized Berber populations . The official language or one of the official languages in all of the countries in North Africa is Arabic . Today , the largest ethnic groups in North Africa are Arabs , Berbers and West Africas . The region is predominantly Muslim with a Jewish minority in Morocco and Tunisia and significant Christian minority -- the Copts -- in Egypt , Algeria , Morocco and Tunisia . Culture ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Culture of North Africa Market of Biskra in Algeria , 1899 The people of the Maghreb and the Sahara regions speak Berber languages and several varieties of Arabic and almost exclusively follow Islam . The Arabic and Berber languages are distantly related , both being members of the Afroasiatic language family . The Tuareg Berber languages are notably more conservative than those of the coastal cities . Over the years , Berbers have been influenced by contact with other cultures : Greeks , Phoenicians , Egyptians , Romans , Vandals , Arabs , Europeans and Sub-Saharan Africans . The cultures of the Maghreb and the Sahara therefore combine indigenous Berber , Arab and elements from neighboring parts of Africa and beyond . In the Sahara , the distinction between sedentary oasis inhabitants and nomadic Bedouins and Tuaregs is particularly marked . The kasbah of Aït Benhaddou in Morocco The diverse peoples of North Africa are usually categorized along ethno - linguistic lines . In the Maghreb , where Arab and Berber identities are often integrated , these lines can be blurred . Some Berber - speaking North Africans may identify as `` Arab '' depending on the social and political circumstances , although substantial numbers of Berbers ( or Amazighen ) have retained a distinct cultural identity which in the 20th century has been expressed as a clear ethnic identification with Berber history and language . Arabic - speaking Northwest Africans , regardless of ethnic background , often identify with Arab history and culture and may share a common vision with other Arabs . This , however , may or may not exclude pride in and identification with Berber and / or other parts of their heritage . Berber political and cultural activists for their part , often referred to as Berberists , may view all Northwest Africans as principally Berber , whether they are primarily Berber - or Arabic - speaking . Egyptians over the centuries have shifted their language from Egyptian ( in its late form , varieties of Coptic ) to modern Egyptian Arabic while retaining a sense of national identity that has historically set them apart from other people in the region . Most Egyptians are Sunni Muslim , although there is a significant minority of Copts . The Maghreb formerly had a significant Jewish population , almost all of whom emigrated to France or Israel when the North African nations gained independence . Prior to the modern establishment of Israel , there were about 600,000 -- 700,000 Jews in Northern Africa , including both Sephardi Jews ( refugees from France , Spain and Portugal from the Renaissance era ) as well as indigenous Mizrahi Jews . Today , less than fifteen thousand remain in the region , almost all in Morocco and Tunisia , and are mostly part of a French - speaking urban elite . ( See Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries . ) History ( edit ) Main articles : Prehistoric North Africa and History of North Africa Early history ( edit ) Due to the recent African origin of modern humans , the history of Prehistoric North Africa is important to the understanding of pre-hominid and early modern human history in Africa . The earliest inhabitants of central North Africa have left behind significant remains : early remnants of hominid occupation in North Africa , for example , were found in Ain el Hanech , near Saïda ( c . 200,000 BCE ) ; in fact , more recent investigations have found signs of Oldowan technology there , and indicate a date of up to 1.8 million BC . The cave paintings found at Tassili n'Ajjer , north of Tamanrasset , Algeria , and at other locations depict vibrant and vivid scenes of everyday life in central North Africa during the Neolithic Subpluvial period ( about 8000 to 4000 BCE ) . Some parts of North Africa began to participate in the Neolithic revolution in the 6th millennium BC , just before the rapid desertification of the Sahara around 3500 B.C. due to a tilt in the Earth 's orbit . While Egypt due to the early civilizations of Ancient Egypt entered historicity by the Bronze Age , the Maghreb remained in the prehistoric period longer . Some Phoenician and Greek colonies were established along the Mediterranean coast during the 7th century BC . Antiquity and Ancient Rome ( edit ) The first Roman emperor native to North Africa was Septimius Severus , born in Leptis Magna in present - day Libya . The most notable nations of antiquity in western North Africa are Carthage and Numidia . The Phoenicians colonized much of North Africa including Carthage and parts of present - day Morocco ( including Chellah , Essaouira and Volubilis ) . The Carthaginians were of Phoenician origin , with the Roman myth of their origin being that Dido , a Phoenician princess , was granted land by a local ruler based on how much land she could cover with a piece of cowhide . She ingeniously devised a method to extend the cowhide to a high proportion , thus gaining a large territory . She was also rejected by the Trojan prince Aeneas according to Virgil , thus creating a historical enmity between Carthage and Rome , as Aeneas would eventually lay the foundations for Rome . Ancient Carthage was a commercial power and had a strong navy , but relied on mercenaries for land soldiers . The Carthaginians developed an empire in the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily , the latter being the cause of First Punic War with the Romans . Over a hundred years and more , all Carthaginian territory was eventually conquered by the Romans , resulting in the Carthaginian North African territories becoming the Roman province of Africa in 146 B.C. This led to tension and eventually conflict between Numidia and Rome . The Numidian wars are notable for launching the careers of both Gaius Marius , and Sulla , and stretching the constitutional burden of the Roman republic , as Marius required a professional army , something previously contrary to Roman values to overcome the talented military leader Jugurtha . North Africa remained a part of the Roman Empire , which produced many notable citizens such as Augustine of Hippo , until incompetent leadership from Roman commanders in the early fifth century allowed the Germanic peoples , the Vandals , to cross the Strait of Gibraltar , whereupon they overcame the fickle Roman defense . The loss of North Africa is considered a pinnacle point in the fall of the Western Roman Empire as Africa had previously been an important grain province that maintained Roman prosperity despite the barbarian incursions , and the wealth required to create new armies . The issue of regaining North Africa became paramount to the Western Empire , but was frustrated by Vandal victories . The focus of Roman energy had to be on the emerging threat of the Huns . In 468 AD , the Romans made one last serious attempt to invade North Africa but were repelled . This perhaps marks the point of terminal decline for the Western Roman Empire . The last Roman emperor was deposed in 476 by the Heruli general Odoacer . Trade routes between Europe and North Africa remained intact until the coming of Islam . Some Berbers were members of the Early African Church ( but evolved their own Donatist doctrine ) , some were Berber Jews , and some adhered to traditional Berber religion . African pope Victor I served during the reign of Roman emperor Septimius Severus Arab conquest to modern times ( edit ) The Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia , founded by Arab general Uqba ibn Nafi in 670 , is one of the oldest and most important mosques in North Africa . The early Muslim conquests included North Africa by 640 . By 670 , most of North Africa had come under Muslim rule . Indigenous Berbers subsequently started to form their own polities in response in places such as Fez and Sijilmasa . In the eleventh century , a reformist movement made up of members that called themselves the Almoravid dynasty expanded south into Sub-Saharan Africa . North Africa 's populous and flourishing civilization collapsed after exhausting its resources in internal fighting and suffering devastation from the invasion of the Banu Sulaym and Banu Hilal . Ibn Khaldun noted that the lands ravaged by Banu Hilal invaders had become completely arid desert . 1803 Cedid Atlas , showing the Ottoman held regions of North Africa After the Middle Ages the area was loosely under the control of the Ottoman Empire , except Morocco . The Spanish Empire conquered several coastal cities between the 16th and 18th centuries . After the 19th century , the imperial and colonial presence of France , the United Kingdom , Spain and Italy left the entirety of the region under one form of European occupation . In World War II from 1940 to 1943 the area was the setting for the North African Campaign . During the 1950s and 1960s all of the North African states gained independence . There remains a dispute over Western Sahara between Morocco and the Algerian - backed Polisario Front . In 2010 -- 2011 massive protests swept the region leading to the overthrow of the governments in Tunisia and Egypt , as well as civil war in Libya . Large protests also occurred in Algeria and Morocco to a lesser extent . Many hundreds died in the uprisings . Transport and industry ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Thousands of people in North Africa depend on date palm trees for a living . Tunisia in 1960 The economies of Algeria and Libya were transformed by the discovery of oil and natural gas reserves in the deserts . Morocco 's major exports are phosphates and agricultural produce , and as in Egypt and Tunisia , the tourist industry is essential to the economy . Egypt has the most varied industrial base , importing technology to develop electronics and engineering industries , and maintaining the reputation of its high - quality cotton textiles . Oil rigs are scattered throughout the deserts of Libya and Algeria . Libyan oil is especially prized because of its low sulfur content , which means it produces much less pollution than other fuel oils . See also ( edit ) Geography portal Africa portal European Digital Archive on Soil Maps of the World List of modern conflicts in North Africa Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Census Library '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2017 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` US Census 2006 -- Demographic Dimensions 2006 '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 11 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` United States Census '' . Jump up ^ `` US Census Bureau '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` US Census - World population profile '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` US Census - Fact Finder ( Ancestry ) '' . Jump up ^ https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0081/twps0081.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.researchgate.net/figure/United-Nations-definition-of-African-Regions-West-Northern-Central-East-and-Southern_fig3_267971678 ^ Jump up to : `` Sahara 's Abrupt Desertification Started by Changes in Earth 's Orbit , Accelerated by Atmospheric and Vegetation Feedbacks '' . Science Daily . 1999 - 07 - 12 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Was North Africa the Launch Pad for Modern Human Migrations ? Michael Balter , science 7 January 2011 : 331 ( 6013 ) , 20 -- 23 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 331.6013. 20 Jump up ^ A Revised Root for the Human Y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree : The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa . Fulvio Cruciani , Beniamino Trombetta , Andrea Massaia , Giovanni Destro - Bisol , Daniele Sellitto , Rosaria Scozzari , The American Journal of Human Genetics -- 19 May 2011 Jump up ^ Earliest evidence of modern human life history in North African early Homo sapiens , Tanya M. Smith , Paul Tafforeau , Donald J. Reid , Rainer Grün , Stephen Eggins , Mohamed Boutakiout , Jean - Jacques Hublin , doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0700747104 PNAS April 10 , 2007 vol. 104 no . 15 6128 -- 6133 Jump up ^ `` Largest Desert in the World '' . Retrieved 30 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Outlook Database '' . International Monetary Fund . 18 April 2017 . Jump up ^ World Economic Outlook Database , April 2016 , International Monetary Fund . Database updated on 12 April 2016 . Accessed on 14 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The World Bank '' . The World Bank . 12 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Division , United Nations Statistics . `` UNSD -- Methodology '' . unstats.un.org . Jump up ^ `` The Assembly -- African Union '' . au.int . Jump up ^ Hsain Ilahiane , Historical Dictionary of the Berbers ( Imazighen ) ( 2006 ) , p. 112 Jump up ^ * ( in French ) Sadek Lekdja , Christianity in Kabylie , Radio France Internationale , 7 mai 2001 Jump up ^ Refugees , United Nations High Commissioner for . `` Refworld -- Morocco : General situation of Muslims who converted to Christianity , and specifically those who converted to Catholicism ; their treatment by Islamists and the authorities , including state protection ( 2008 -- 2011 ) '' . Jump up ^ Fahlbusch , Erwin ( 2003 ) . The Encyclopedia of Christianity : J-O . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2415 - 8 . Jump up ^ Sahnouni 1998 Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan ( December 18 , 2007 ) . `` Volubilis -- Ancient Village or Settlement in Morocco '' . The Megalithic Portal . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Punic Wars 264 -- 146 BC , by Nigel Bagnall Jump up ^ Sallust , De Bello Iugurthino Jump up ^ The Berbers BBC World Service : The Story of Africa Jump up ^ Küng , Hans ( 2006 ) . Tracing The Way : Spiritual Dimensions of the World Religions . A&C Black . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8264 - 9423 - 8 . , page 248 Jump up ^ Populations Crises and Population Cycles Archived 2013 - 05 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , Claire Russell and W.M.S. Russell , Galton Institute , March 1996 Jump up ^ Essa , Azad ( February 21 , 2011 ) . `` In search of an African revolution '' . Al Jazeera . http://www.thisotherworld.co.uk/plazassoberania.html External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Northern Africa and North Africa . Human Rights for Indigenous Peoples North Africa 's Weather Forecasts and Weather Conditions North Africa news and analysis Africa Interactive Map from the United States Army Africa Countries and territories of North Africa Sovereign states Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Partially recognized state Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Territories Morocco / SADR Western Sahara Spain Canary Islands Ceuta Melilla Alboran Alhucemas Chafarinas Vélez de la Gomera Portugal Madeira Savage Islands Sudan / Egypt Hala'ib Triangle Wadi Halfa Salient Bir Tawil Sudan / South Sudan Abyei Kafia Kingi Italy Pantelleria Pelagie Islands Libya / Chad Aouzou Strip Morocco / Spain Perejil Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the SADR . Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco . Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain . Disputed between Sudan and Egypt . Terra nullius located between Egypt and Sudan . Disputed between Sudan and South Sudan . Part of Chad , formerly claimed by Libya . Disputed between Morocco and Spain Regions of the world Regions of Africa Central Africa Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Cape Lopez Mayombe Igboland Mbaise Maputaland Pool Malebo Congo Basin Chad Basin Congolese rainforests Ouaddaï highlands Ennedi Plateau East Africa African Great Lakes Albertine Rift East African Rift Great Rift Valley Gregory Rift Rift Valley lakes Swahili coast Virunga Mountains Zanj Horn of Africa Afar Triangle Al - Habash Barbara Danakil Alps Danakil Desert Ethiopian Highlands Gulf of Aden Gulf of Tadjoura Indian Ocean islands Comoros Islands North Africa Maghreb Barbary Coast Bashmur Ancient Libya Atlas Mountains Nile Valley Cataracts of the Nile Darfur Gulf of Aqaba Lower Egypt Lower Nubia Middle Egypt Nile Delta Nuba Mountains Nubia The Sudans Upper Egypt Western Sahara West Africa Pepper Coast Gold Coast Slave Coast Ivory Coast Cape Palmas Cape Mesurado Guinea region Gulf of Guinea Niger Basin Guinean Forests of West Africa Niger Delta Inner Niger Delta Southern 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-3477468798479892442	Alfonso Ribeiro	Alfonso Ribeiro - wikipedia Alfonso Ribeiro Alfonso Ribeiro Ribeiro in May 2011 Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro ( 1971 - 09 - 21 ) September 21 , 1971 ( age 46 ) Bronx , New York , U.S. Residence Los Angeles , California Occupation Actor , dancer , host , director , singer , comedian Years active 1980 -- present Spouse ( s ) Robin Stapler ( m . 2002 ; div. 2006 ) Angela Unkrich ( m . 2012 ) Children Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro Sr. ( born September 21 , 1971 ) is an American comedian , director , singer , dancer , television personality and actor . He played Alfonso Spears on the sitcom Silver Spoons , Carlton Banks on the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air , and Maxwell Stanton on In the House . He hosts ABC 's America 's Funniest Home Videos . Ribeiro hosted the GSN game show Catch 21 , the ABC Family show Spell - Mageddon and the television show Dance 360 . He starred in the title role of the Broadway musical The Tap Dance Kid , and took part in the 13th series of the British reality show I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Ribeiro won season nineteen of Dancing with the Stars , with professional partner Witney Carson . Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early work 2.2 The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air 2.3 Later work 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Acting 4.2 Directing 5 Dancing with the Stars performances 6 References 7 External links Early life ( edit ) Ribeiro was born in New York City , in the Riverdale neighborhood of The Bronx , to Trinidadian parents , Michael and Joy Ribeiro who are of African and Portuguese descent . His paternal grandfather was Trinidadian calypsonian Lord Hummingbird ( Albert Ribeiro ) . Career ( edit ) Early work ( edit ) Ribeiro began his career at the age of eight . He first gained recognition in 1983 , when he played a leading role in the Broadway musical The Tap Dance Kid . He received positive reviews for his performance , and was nominated for an Outer Critics Circle Award . Ribeiro appeared as a dancer in a Pepsi commercial that featured Michael Jackson in 1984 . A rumor concurrently spread that Ribeiro had died from snapping his neck while dancing for the commercial . The same year , Ribeiro was cast as Rick Schroder 's best friend on the TV series Silver Spoons . In 1985 , Ribeiro appeared as himself in a commercial on MTV , advertising a dance instruction book he authored called Alfonso 's Breakin ' & Poppin ' Book . In 1986 , he released a 12 '' rap record called `` Timebomb '' on Prism Records . The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air ( edit ) Ribeiro 's breakout role was as Carlton Banks on the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air from September 1990 to May 1996 . He played the cousin to Will Smith 's lead character . The Carlton character was known for frequently dancing to Tom Jones 's `` It 's Not Unusual '' , a dance move that gained fame as `` The Carlton '' . Later work ( edit ) Ribeiro competed as one of the celebrity singers on the reality television show Celebrity Duets in September 2006 , winning over the runner up Lucy Lawless . In July 2008 , Ribeiro began hosting the game show Catch 21 on GSN . He also directed some episodes of Meet the Browns and a majority of the season two episodes of Are We There Yet ? television series . In 2013 , Ribeiro began hosting his second game show Spell - Mageddon on ABC Family . On May 24 , 2013 , Ribeiro made a cameo appearance on The Graham Norton Show to perform `` The Carlton Dance '' , with show guests Will and Jaden Smith . In November of that year , Ribeiro took part as a contestant in the thirteenth series of the British reality show , I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here . He was eliminated from the show on December 5 , finishing in seventh place . On September 4 , 2014 , Ribeiro was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 19 of Dancing with the Stars . He partnered with professional dancer Witney Carson . He became the fourth celebrity dancer in the show 's history to receive a 9 from each judge in week one . On November 25 , Ribeiro and Carson won the competition . In September 2015 , he returned as a guest judge in week three of season 21 , and he subbed for Tom Bergeron as host the following week . On May 19 , 2015 , Ribeiro was named as Tom Bergeron 's successor to host America 's Funniest Home Videos . In July 2015 , Ribeiro made a cameo appearance in the music video for `` All Night '' by pop - rock band R5 . Personal life ( edit ) Ribeiro married Robin Stapler on January 20 , 2002 . He and Stapler divorced in August 2006 , filing papers in Los Angeles County Superior Court that cited irreconcilable differences . The couple share joint custody of their daughter , Sienna Ribeiro . Ribeiro became engaged to writer Angela Unkrich in July 2012 . They married on October 13 of that year , and reside in Los Angeles . In October 2013 , his wife gave birth to their first son , Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro , Jr. , known as AJ . In April 2015 , their second son , Anders Reyn Ribeiro , was born . Filmography ( edit ) Acting ( edit ) Film and television Year Title Role Notes 1980 OYE Willie TV series 1984 -- 87 Silver Spoons Alfonso Spears Regular in seasons 3 -- 5 ; 72 episodes 1986 John Grin 's Christmas Rocky TV movie 1986 Magnum , P.I. Kenneth Episodes : `` L.A. '' ( 2 hours ) , `` Missing Melody '' Mighty Pawns Frank TV movie A Different World Zach Duncan Episode : `` Hillmann Is n't Through With You Yet '' 1990 -- 96 The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Carlton Banks 147 episodes Ticks Darrel `` Panic '' Lumnley 1994 Bill Nye , the Science Guy Himself Episode : `` Food Web '' 1994 Soul Train Host Guest - hosted one episode 1994 -- 98 Spider - Man Randy Robertson / Teenage Robbie Robertson Voice role 1996 -- 99 In the House Dr. Maxwell Stanton 51 episodes Kidz in the Wood TV movie Extreme Ghostbusters Roland Jackson Voice role 1999 V.I.P. Himself Episode : The Last Temptation of Val 2000 Your Big Break Host Game show 2001 Scooby - Doo and the Cyber Chase Moon Goon # 1 Voice role 2001 The Weakest Link Himself / contestant Game Show 2005 Love Wrecked Bert Hernandez 2006 Celebrity Duets Himself / contestant Winner 2008 -- 09 GSN Live Host 2008 -- 11 Catch 21 Host Game show 2011 Things We Do for Love Darren 4 episodes ; also director 2012 Big Time Rush Captain McAllister Episode : `` Bel Air Rush '' 2013 Shake It Up Mr. Zigfeld Episode : `` My Fair Librarian it Up '' 2013 Spell - Mageddon Host 8 episodes 2013 The Graham Norton Show Himself UK comedy - chat show ; cameo appearance in season 13 , episode 8 2013 I 'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here ! Himself / contestant UK reality - competition show 2014 Dancing with the Stars Himself / contestant Season 19 winner 2015 -- present Unwrapped 2.0 Host / narrator Cooking Channel series 2015 -- present America 's Funniest Home Videos Host / narrator ABC series 2016 Whose Line is it Anyway ? Himself Season 12 Episode 1 2016 The $100,000 Pyramid Himself ( Celebrity Guest ) Season 1 Episode : Alfonso Ribeiro vs. Mario Batali Directing ( edit ) Television Year Title Notes Ref . 1995 The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Episode : `` I , Ooh , Baby , Baby '' 2006 -- 07 All of Us 26 episodes 2009 -- 10 Meet the Browns 8 episodes 2011 -- 12 Are We There Yet ? 19 episodes 2014 Mighty Med 1 episode 2015 Young & Hungry Episode : `` Young & Part Two '' ( season 2 ) 2015 -- 2018 K.C. Undercover 2 episodes Dancing with the Stars performances ( edit ) Ribeiro was partnered with Witney Carson for season 19 . On November 25 , 2014 , Ribeiro and Carson were declared the season 's champions . In November 2017 , Ribeiro returned to 25th season in Week eight , to participate in a trio Jive with Frankie Muniz and his professional partner Witney Carson . Week # Dance / Song Judges ' score Result Inaba Goodman Hough Tonioli Jive / `` 3 - 6 - 9 '' 9 9 9 9 Safe Samba / `` Gettin ' Jiggy wit It '' 8 8 8 8 Safe Quickstep / `` Hey Goldmember '' 8 8 8 8 Safe Jazz / `` It 's Not Unusual '' 10 10 10 10 Safe 5 Flamenco / `` Angelica '' 8 9 9 8 No elimination 6 Salsa / `` Booty '' 10 10 9 10 Safe 7 Rumba / `` Ghost '' Team freestyle / `` Time Warp '' 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 Safe 8 Cha - cha - cha / `` Trust '' Jive Dance - Off / `` Rip It Up '' 10 Awarded 9 9 Extra 10 Points Safe 9 Foxtrot / `` Ai n't That a Kick in the Head ? '' Trio Paso Doble / `` Turn Down for What '' 9 10 9 10 9 10 10 10 Safe 10 Semi-finals Argentine Tango / `` Love Runs Out '' Contemporary / `` Love Runs Out '' ( acoustic version ) 9 10 9 9 9 10 9 10 Safe 11 Finals Jive / `` 3 - 6 - 9 '' Freestyle / `` Sing , Sing , Sing ( With a Swing ) '' Cha - cha - cha & Argentine Tango Fusion / `` Shut Up and Dance '' 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Winner Score given by guest judge Kevin Hart in place of Goodman . The American public scored the dance in place of Goodman with the averaged score being counted alongside the three other judges . This week only , for `` Partner Switch - Up '' week , Ribeiro performed with Cheryl Burke instead of Carson . Score given by guest judge Jessie J in place of Goodman . Score given by guest judge Pitbull in place of Goodman . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kubicek , John ( November 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 19 Finale Recap : And the Winner Is ... '' BuddyTV . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Marilyn ; Parks , Rebecca ( 1998 ) . `` Alfonso Ribeiro '' . Encyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ Ribeiro , Alfonso ( 7 August 2008 ) . `` A Chat with Alfonso Ribeiro '' ( Interview ) . Interviewed by Harris , Will . Jump up ^ Keller , Richard ( 24 September 2006 ) . `` Alfonso Ribeiro -- a member of the Pepsi Generation '' . AOL TV . Jump up ^ `` Broadway star not dead '' . Lakeland Ledger . June 5 , 1984 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Ribeiro '' . TBS . Jump up ^ Rush , George ; Molloy , Joanna Rush ( 5 September 2008 ) . `` Greenlighting an airborne TV tie - in '' . Daily News . Jump up ^ `` ' The Graham Norton Show ' '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Eames , Tom . `` I 'm a Celebrity ... '' Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' Season 19 Finale Recap : And the Winner Is ... '' buddytv.com . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Ribeiro Set as New Host of ABC 's ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com. 2015 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ R5 - All Night ( Official Video ) . 8 July 2015 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Acomyo , Mary Margaret ( 10 August 2006 ) . `` Fresh Prince Star Alfonso Ribeiro Divorcing '' . People . Retrieved 16 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Ribeiro ties the knot '' . CNN . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Erin ( 14 October 2012 ) . `` Fresh Prince Star Alfonso Ribeiro & Angela Unkrich Are Married '' . Yahoo 7 News . Retrieved 15 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Webber , Stephanie ( 2013 - 10 - 28 ) . `` Alfonso Ribeiro , Wife Angela Unkrich Welcome Son Alfonso Lincoln Jr '' . US Weekly . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : It 's a Boy ! Alfonso Ribeiro , Wife Angela Welcome Baby No. 2 ! '' . In Touch Weekly . Retrieved 30 April 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alfonso Ribeiro on Twitter '' . Twitter . March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Daniel . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' trio dances will invite back Kelly Monaco , Alfonso Ribeiro , Laurie Hernandez , Corbin Bleu '' . goldderby.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brozyna , Emily . `` ' Dancing with the Stars ' trio dances will invite back Kelly Monaco , Alfonso Ribeiro , Laurie Hernandez , Corbin Bleu '' . J-14.com . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Alfonso Ribeiro on IMDb Alfonso Ribeiro at Yahoo ! Movies Alfonso Ribeiro on Twitter Alfonso Ribeiro at the Internet Broadway Database Awards and achievements Preceded by Meryl Davis & Maksim Chmerkovskiy Dancing with the Stars ( US ) winners Season 19 ( Fall 2014 with Witney Carson ) Succeeded by Rumer Willis and Valentin Chmerkovskiy Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 : All - Stars 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 : Athletes Participants List of competitors Winners Celebrity Kelly Monaco Drew Lachey Emmitt Smith Apolo Anton Ohno Hélio Castroneves Kristi Yamaguchi Brooke Burke Shawn Johnson Donny Osmond Nicole Scherzinger Jennifer Grey Hines Ward J.R. Martinez Donald Driver Melissa Rycroft Kellie Pickler Amber Riley Meryl Davis Alfonso Ribeiro Rumer Willis Bindi Irwin Nyle DiMarco Laurie Hernandez Rashad Jennings Jordan Fisher Adam Rippon Professional Alec Mazo Cheryl Burke Julianne Hough Mark Ballas Derek Hough Kym Johnson Karina Smirnoff Peta Murgatroyd Tony Dovolani Maksim Chmerkovskiy Witney Carson Valentin Chmerkovskiy Emma Slater Lindsay Arnold Jenna Johnson Games Dancing with the Stars We Dance ! GND : 134496485 ISNI : 0000 0000 5547 7229 LCCN : n97842551 VIAF : 46058505 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfonso_Ribeiro&oldid=854274379 '' Categories : 1971 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American game show hosts American male child actors American male musical theatre actors American male television actors American male voice actors American people of Portuguese descent American people of Trinidad and Tobago descent American tap dancers California State University , Los Angeles alumni Dancing with the Stars ( U.S. TV series ) winners Living people Male actors from New York City People from Riverdale , Bronx Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Română Simple English Suomi Svenska 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 August 2018 , at 04 : 20 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who played carlton on fresh prince of belair	[ "Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro Sr. (born September 21, 1971) is an American comedian, director, singer, dancer, television personality and actor. He played Alfonso Spears on the sitcom Silver Spoons, Carlton Banks on the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, and Maxwell Stanton on In the House. He hosts ABC's America's Funniest Home Videos.\n" ]	[ "Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro Sr." ]
-7334866626119549636	Provinces and territories of Canada	Provinces and territories of Canada - wikipedia Provinces and territories of Canada Jump to : navigation , search `` Canadian Province '' redirects here . For `` Canadian Province '' as used in biology , see Circumboreal Region . `` O Canada we stand on guard for thee '' Stained Glass , Yeo Hall , Royal Military College of Canada features arms of the Canadian provinces and territories ( 1965 ) The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution . In the 1867 Canadian Confederation , three provinces of British North America -- New Brunswick , Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada ( which , upon Confederation , was divided into Ontario and Quebec ) -- were united to form a federated colony , which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century . Over its history , Canada 's international borders have changed several times , and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories . The ten provinces are Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , Ontario , Prince Edward Island , Quebec , and Saskatchewan . Several of the provinces were former British colonies , and Quebec was originally a French colony , while others were added as Canada grew . The three territories are Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon , which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America . Together , the provinces and territories make up the world 's second - largest country by area . The major difference between a Canadian province and a territory is that provinces receive their power and authority from the Constitution Act , 1867 ( formerly called the British North America Act , 1867 ) , whereas territorial governments have powers delegated to them by the Parliament of Canada . The powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the Government of Canada ( the federal government ) and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively . A change to the division of powers between the federal government and the provinces requires a constitutional amendment , whereas a similar change affecting the territories can be performed unilaterally by the Parliament of Canada or government . In modern Canadian constitutional theory , the provinces are considered to be sovereign within certain areas based on the divisions of responsibility between the provincial and federal government within the Constitution Act 1867 , and each province thus has its own representative of the Canadian `` Crown '' , the lieutenant governor . The territories are not sovereign , but instead their authorities and responsibilities come directly from the federal level , and as a result have a commissioner instead of a lieutenant governor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Map 2 Provinces 2.1 Provincial legislature buildings 3 Territories 3.1 Territorial legislature buildings 4 Territorial evolution 5 Government 6 Provincial political parties 7 Ceremonial territory 8 Proposed provinces and territories 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Map ( edit ) A clickable map of Canada exhibiting its ten provinces and three territories , and their capitals . Provinces ( edit ) Flag Shield Province Postal abbreviation Capital Largest city ( by population ) Entered Confederation Population ( May 10 , 2016 ) Area : land ( km ) Area : water ( km ) Area : total ( km ) Official language ( s ) Federal Parliament : Commons seats Federal Parliament : Senate seats Ontario ON Toronto Toronto 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 13,448,494 917,741 158,654 1,076,395 English 121 24 Quebec QC Quebec City Montreal 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 8,164,361 1,356,128 185,928 1,542,056 French 78 24 Nova Scotia NS Halifax Halifax 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 923,598 53,338 1,946 55,284 English 11 10 New Brunswick NB Fredericton Moncton 000000001867 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1867 747,101 71,450 1,458 72,908 English and French 10 10 Manitoba MB Winnipeg Winnipeg 000000001870 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1870 1,278,365 647,797 94,241 742,038 English 14 6 British Columbia BC Victoria Vancouver 000000001871 - 07 - 20 - 0000 July 20 , 1871 4,648,055 925,186 19,549 944,735 English 42 6 Prince Edward Island PE Charlottetown Charlottetown 000000001873 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 , 1873 142,907 5,660 0 5,660 English Saskatchewan SK Regina Saskatoon 000000001905 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1905 1,098,352 591,670 59,366 651,036 English 14 6 Alberta AB Edmonton Calgary 000000001905 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1905 4,067,175 642,317 19,531 661,848 English 34 6 Newfoundland and Labrador NL St. John 's St. John 's 000000001949 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1949 519,716 373,872 31,340 405,212 English 7 6 Total 7007351517280000000 ♠ 35,151,728 7006549091800000000 ♠ 5,490,918 7005572013000000000 ♠ 572,013 7006606293100000000 ♠ 6,062,931 -- 7002335000000000000 ♠ 335 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 Notes : ^ Jump up to : De facto ; French has limited constitutional status . Jump up ^ Charter of the French Language ; English has limited constitutional status . Jump up ^ Nova Scotia dissolved cities in 1996 in favour of regional municipalities ; its largest regional municipality is therefore substituted . Jump up ^ Nova Scotia has very few bilingual statutes ( three in English and French ; one in English and Polish ) ; some Government bodies have legislated names in both English and French . Jump up ^ Section Sixteen of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms . Jump up ^ Manitoba Act . Provincial legislature buildings ( edit ) British Columbia Parliament Buildings Alberta Legislative Building Saskatchewan Legislative Building Manitoba Legislative Building Ontario Legislative Building Parliament Building ( Quebec ) Confederation Building ( Newfoundland and Labrador ) New Brunswick Legislative Building Province House ( Nova Scotia ) Province House ( Prince Edward Island ) Territories ( edit ) There are three territories in Canada . Unlike the provinces , the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government . They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60 ° north and west of Hudson Bay , as well as most islands north of the Canadian mainland ( from those in James Bay to the Canadian Arctic islands ) . The following table lists the territories in order of precedence ( each province has precedence over all the territories , regardless of the date each territory was created ) . Territories of Canada Flag Arms Territory Postal abbreviation Capital and largest city Entered Confederation Population ( May 10 , 2016 ) Area : land ( km ) Area : water ( km ) Area : total ( km ) Official languages Federal Parliament : Commons seats Federal Parliament : Senate seats Northwest Territories NT Yellowknife 000000001870 - 07 - 15 - 0000 July 15 , 1870 41,786 1,183,085 163,021 1,346,106 Chipewyan , Cree , English , French , Gwich'in , Inuinnaqtun , Inuktitut , Inuvialuktun , North Slavey , South Slavey , Tłįchǫ Yukon YT Whitehorse 000000001898 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 1898 35,874 474,391 8,052 482,443 English , French Nunavut NU Iqaluit 000000001999 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1999 35,944 1,936,113 157,077 2,093,190 Inuinnaqtun , Inuktitut , English , French Total territories 7005119100000000000 ♠ 119,100 7006359358900000000 ♠ 3,593,589 7005328150000000000 ♠ 328,150 7006392173900000000 ♠ 3,921,739 -- 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 Territorial legislature buildings ( edit ) Yukon Legislative Building Northwest Territories Legislative Building Legislative Building of Nunavut Territorial evolution ( edit ) Main article : Territorial evolution of Canada See also : Former colonies and territories in Canada Canada timeline : Evolution of the borders and the names of Canada 's Provinces and Territories Ontario , Quebec , New Brunswick , and Nova Scotia were the original provinces , formed when several British North American colonies federated on July 1 , 1867 , into the Dominion of Canada and by stages began accruing the indicia of sovereignty from the United Kingdom . Prior to this , Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada . Over the following years , Manitoba ( 1870 ) , British Columbia ( 1871 ) , and Prince Edward Island ( 1873 ) were added as provinces . The British Crown had claimed two large areas north - west of the Canadian colony , known as Rupert 's Land and the North - Western Territory and assigned them to the Hudson 's Bay Company . In 1870 , the company relinquished its claims for £ 300,000 ( $ 1.5 million ) , assigning the vast territory to the Government of Canada . Subsequently , the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories . The Northwest Territories were vast at first , encompassing all of current northern and western Canada , except for the British holdings in the Arctic islands and the Colony of British Columbia ; the Territories also included the northern two - thirds of Ontario and Quebec , and almost all of present Manitoba , with the 1870 province of Manitoba originally being confined to a small area in the south of today 's province . The British claims to the Arctic islands were transferred to Canada in 1880 , adding to the size of the Northwest Territories. 1898 saw the Yukon Territory , later renamed simply as Yukon , carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields . On September 1 , 1905 , a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan . In 1912 , the boundaries of Quebec , Ontario , and Manitoba were expanded northward : Manitoba 's to the 60 ° parallel , Ontario 's to Hudson Bay and Quebec 's to encompass the District of Ungava . 1905 Provinces and territories of Canada coat of arms postcard In 1869 , the people of Newfoundland voted to remain a British colony over fears that taxes would increase with Confederation , and that the economic policy of the Canadian government would favour mainland industries . In 1907 , Newfoundland acquired dominion status . In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a prolonged period of economic crisis , the legislature turned over political control to the Commission of Government in 1933 . Following Canada 's participation in World War II , in a 1948 referendum , a narrow majority of Newfoundland citizens voted to join the Confederation , and on March 31 , 1949 , Newfoundland became Canada 's tenth province . In 2001 , it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador . In 1903 , the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbia 's northwestern boundary . This was one of only two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced . The second reduction , in 1927 , occurred when a boundary dispute between Canada and the Dominion of Newfoundland saw Labrador increased at Quebec 's expense -- this land returned to Canada , as part of the province of Newfoundland , in 1949 . In 1999 , Nunavut was created from the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories . Yukon lies in the western portion of The North , while Nunavut is in the east . All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada , covering 3,921,739 km ( 1,514,192 sq mi ) in land area . They are often referred to as a single region , The North , for organisational and economic purposes . For much of the Northwest Territories ' early history it was divided into several districts for ease of administration . The District of Keewatin was created as a separate territory from 1876 to 1905 , after which , as the Keewatin Region , it became an administrative district of the Northwest Territories . In 1999 , it was dissolved when it became part of Nunavut . Government ( edit ) Main article : Canadian federalism See also : Monarchy in the Canadian provinces , Office - holders of Canada , and Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories Theoretically , provinces have a great deal of power relative to the federal government , with jurisdiction over many public goods such as health care , education , welfare , and intra-provincial transportation . They receive `` transfer payments '' from the federal government to pay for these , as well as exacting their own taxes . In practice , however , the federal government can use these transfer payments to influence these provincial areas . For instance , in order to receive healthcare funding under Medicare , provinces must agree to meet certain federal mandates , such as universal access to required medical treatment . Provincial and territorial legislatures have no second chamber like the Canadian Senate . Originally , most provinces did have such bodies , known as legislative councils , with members titled councillors . These upper houses were abolished one by one , Quebec 's being the last in 1968 . In most provinces , the single house of the legislature is known as the Legislative Assembly ; the exceptions are Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and Labrador , where the chamber is called the House of Assembly , and Quebec where it is called the National Assembly . Ontario has a Legislative Assembly but its members are called Members of the Provincial Parliament or MPPs . The legislative assemblies use a procedure similar to that of the Canadian House of Commons . The head of government of each province , called the premier , is generally the head of the party with the most seats . This is also the case in Yukon , but the Northwest Territories and Nunavut have no political parties at the territorial level . The Queen 's representative to each province is the Lieutenant Governor . In each of the territories there is an analogous Commissioner , but he or she represents the federal government rather than the monarch . Federal , Provincial , and Territorial terminology compared Jurisdiction Legislature Lower house Members of lower house Head of Government Viceroy Canada Parliament House of Commons Member of Parliament Prime Minister Governor General Ontario Legislative Assembly Member of the Provincial Parliament * Premier Lieutenant Governor Quebec Legislature National Assembly † Member of the National Assembly Nova Scotia General Assembly House of Assembly Member of the Legislative Assembly New Brunswick Legislature Legislative Assembly Manitoba British Columbia Parliament Prince Edward Island General Assembly Saskatchewan Legislature Alberta Newfoundland and Labrador General Assembly House of Assembly Member of the House of Assembly Northwest Territories Assembly Legislative Assembly Member of the Legislative Assembly Premier Commissioner Yukon Legislature Nunavut Assembly * Members were previously titled `` Member of the Legislative Assembly '' . Quebec 's lower house was previously called the `` Legislative Assembly '' with members titled `` Member of the Legislative Assembly '' . The name was changed at the same time Quebec 's upper house was abolished . Prince Edward Island 's lower house was previously called the `` House of Assembly '' and its members were titled `` Assemblyman '' . After abolition of its upper house , assemblymen and councillors both sat in the renamed `` Legislative Assembly '' . Later , this practice was abolished so that all members would be titled `` Member of the Legislative Assembly '' . In Northwest Territories and Yukon the head of government was previously titled `` Government Leader '' . Provincial political parties ( edit ) Most provinces have rough provincial counterparts to major federal parties . However , these provincial parties are not usually formally linked to the federal parties that share the same name . For example , no provincial Conservative or Progressive Conservative Party shares an organizational link to the federal Conservative Party of Canada , and neither do provincial Green Parties to the Green Party of Canada . Provincial New Democratic Parties , on the other hand , are fully integrated with the federal New Democratic Party -- meaning that provincial parties effectively operate as sections , with common membership , of the federal party . The Liberal Party of Canada shares such an organizational integration with the provincial Liberals in New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , and Prince Edward Island . Other provincial Liberal Parties are unaffiliated with their federal counterpart . Some provinces have provincial political parties with no clear federal equivalent , such as the Alberta Party , Saskatchewan Party , and Wildrose Party . The provincial political climate of Quebec is quite different : the main split is between sovereignty , represented by the Parti Québécois and Québec solidaire , and federalism , represented primarily by the Quebec Liberal Party . The Coalition Avenir Québec , meanwhile , takes an abstentionist position on the question and does not support or oppose sovereignty . Currently , the only minority provincial / territorial government is held by the British Columbia Liberal Party after receiving 43 out of 87 seats in the 2017 general election . Current provincial / territorial governments ( as of July 2017 ) Province / Territory Premier Party in government Majority / Minority Lieutenant Governor / Commissioner Alberta Rachel Notley Alberta New Democratic Party Majority Lois Mitchell British Columbia John Horgan British Columbia New Democratic Party Minority Judith Guichon Manitoba Brian Pallister Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba Majority Janice Filmon New Brunswick Brian Gallant New Brunswick Liberal Association Majority Jocelyne Roy - Vienneau Newfoundland and Labrador Dwight Ball Liberal Party of Newfoundland and Labrador Majority Frank Fagan Nova Scotia Stephen McNeil Nova Scotia Liberal Party Majority John James Grant Ontario Kathleen Wynne Ontario Liberal Party Majority Elizabeth Dowdeswell Prince Edward Island Wade MacLauchlan Prince Edward Island Liberal Party Majority Frank Lewis Quebec Philippe Couillard Quebec Liberal Party Majority J. Michel Doyon Saskatchewan Brad Wall Saskatchewan Party Majority Vaughn Solomon Schofield Northwest Territories Bob McLeod Consensus government N / A George Tuccaro Nunavut Peter Taptuna Consensus government N / A Nellie Kusugak Yukon Sandy Silver Yukon Liberal Party Majority Doug Phillips Jump up ^ Supported by a confidence and supply agreement with the Green Party of British Columbia . This box : view talk edit Ceremonial territory ( edit ) Canadian National Vimy Memorial -- For First World War Canadian dead and First World War Canadian missing , presumed dead in France . The Canadian National Vimy Memorial , near Vimy , Pas - de-Calais , and the Beaumont - Hamel Newfoundland Memorial , near Beaumont - Hamel , France are ceremonially considered Canadian territory . In 1922 , the French government donated the land used for the Vimy Memorial `` freely , and for all time , to the Government of Canada the free use of the land exempt from all taxes '' . The site of the Somme battlefield near Beaumont - Hamel site was purchased in 1921 by the people of the Dominion of Newfoundland . These sites do not , however , enjoy extraterritorial status and are thus subject to French law . Proposed provinces and territories ( edit ) Main article : Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Since Confederation in 1867 , there have been several proposals for new Canadian provinces and territories . The Constitution of Canada requires an amendment for the creation of a new province but the creation of a new territory requires only an act of Parliament , a legislatively simpler process . In late 2004 , Prime Minister Paul Martin surprised some observers by expressing his personal support for all three territories gaining provincial status `` eventually '' . He cited their importance to the country as a whole and the ongoing need to assert sovereignty in the Arctic , particularly as global warming could make that region more open to exploitation leading to more complex international waters disputes . See also ( edit ) Ontario portal Quebec portal Nova Scotia portal New Brunswick portal Manitoba portal British Columbia portal Prince Edward Island portal Saskatchewan portal Alberta portal Newfoundland and Labrador portal Northwest Territories portal Yukon portal Nunavut portal Canadian provincial and territorial name etymologies Canadian adjectival and demonymic forms of place names Language policies of Canada 's provinces and territories List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States List of regions of Canada List of governments in Canada by annual expenditures Commonwealth Local Government Forum - Americas Provincial museums of Canada List of Canada - related topics by provinces and territories List of Canadian provinces and territories by area List of Canadian provinces and territories by gross domestic product List of Canadian provinces and territories by population List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols List of Canadian provinces by unemployment rate Canada -- Wikipedia book References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Provinces and Territories '' . Government of Canada . 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Place name ( 2013 ) . `` Census Profile '' . Statistic Canada . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Reader 's Digest Association ( Canada ) ; Canadian Geographic Enterprises ( 2004 ) . The Canadian Atlas : Our Nation , Environment and People . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55365 - 082 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , 2016 and 2011 censuses -- 100 % data '' . Statistics Canada . February 6 , 2017 . Retrieved February 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Land and freshwater area , by province and territory '' . Statistics Canada . 2005 . Retrieved August 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Coche , Olivier ; Vaillancourt , François ; Cadieux , Marc - Antoine ; Ronson , Jamie Lee ( 2012 ) . `` Official Language Policies of the Canadian Provinces '' ( PDF ) . Fraser Institute . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Guide to the Canadian House of Commons '' . Parliament of Canada . 2012 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Territories Act '' . Department of Justice Canada . 1986 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Yukon Act '' . Department of Justice Canada . 2002 . Retrieved March 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Department of Justice Canada ( 1993 ) . `` Nunavut Act '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Northwest Territories Official Languages Act , 1988 ( as amended 1988 , 1991 -- 1992 , 2003 ) Jump up ^ `` OCOL -- Statistics on Official Languages in Yukon '' . Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages. 2011 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nunavut 's Official Languages '' . Language Commissioner of Nunavut. 2009 . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ajzenstat , Janet ( 2003 ) . Canada 's Founding Debates . University of Toronto Press . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 8607 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , James Stuart ; Shadle , Robert ( 1996 ) . Historical Dictionary of the British Empire : A-J . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 538 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29366 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Gough , Barry M. ( 2010 ) . Historical Dictionary of Canada . Wilfrid Laurier University . pp. 141 -- 142 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8108 - 7504 - 3 . Jump up ^ Atlas of Canada . `` Territorial evolution '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Confederation Rejected : Newfoundland and the Canadian Confederation , 1864 -- 1869 : Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage '' . Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage . 2000 . Retrieved July 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Sandra ( 2010 ) . Newfoundland and Labrador English . Edinburgh University Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7486 - 2617 - 5 . Jump up ^ Friesen , John W. ; Harrison , Trevor W. ( 2010 ) . Canadian Society in the Twenty - first Century : An Historical Sociological Approach . Canadian Scholars ' Press . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55130 - 371 - 0 . Jump up ^ Blake , Raymond Benjamin ( 1994 ) . Canadians at Last : Canada Integrates Newfoundland As a Province . University of Toronto Press . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8020 - 6978 - 8 . Jump up ^ Shelley , Fred M. ( 2013 ) . Nation Shapes : The Story behind the World 's Borders . ABC - CLIO . p. 175 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 106 - 2 . Jump up ^ Laxer , James ( 2010 ) . The Border : Canada , the US and Dispatches From the 49th Parallel . Doubleday Canada . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 67290 - 0 . Jump up ^ Cukwurah , A. Oye ( 1967 ) . The Settlement of Boundary Disputes in International Law . Manchester University Press . p. 186 . GGKEY : EXSJZ7S92QE . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Michael M. ; Marchildon , Gregory P. ; Phillips , Peter W.B. ; Béland , Daniel ; Rasmussen , Kenneth A. ; McNutt , Kathleen ( 2013 ) . Governance and Public Policy in Canada : A View from the Provinces . University of Toronto Press . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 0493 - 3 . Jump up ^ Nuttall , Mark ( 2012 ) . Encyclopedia of the Arctic . Routledge . p. 301 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57958 - 436 - 8 . Jump up ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( 2002 ) . Oecd Territorial Reviews : Canada . OECD Publishing . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 19832 - 6 . Jump up ^ Waldman , Carl ; Braun , Molly ( 2009 ) . Atlas of the North American Indian . Infobase Publishing . p. 234 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 2671 - 5 . Jump up ^ McIlwraith , Thomas Forsyth ; Muller , Edward K. ( 2001 ) . North America : The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 359 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7425 - 0019 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mahler , Gregory S. ( 1987 ) . New Dimensions of Canadian Federalism : Canada in a Comparative Perspective . Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press . p. 86 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8386 - 3289 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Peach , Ian ( 2007 ) . Constructing Tomorrows Federalism : New Perspectives on Canadian Governance . Univ. of Manitoba Press . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88755 - 315 - 8 . Jump up ^ Maclure , Jocelyn ( 2003 ) . Quebec Identity : The Challenge of Pluralism . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP . p. 162 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 7111 - 2 . Jump up ^ Tidridge , Nathan ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Constitutional Monarchy : An Introduction to Our Form of Government . Dundurn . p. 281 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0084 - 0 . Jump up ^ Pinto , Laura Elizabeth ( 2012 ) . Curriculum Reform in Ontario : ' Common - Sense ' Policy Processes and Democratic Possibilities . University of Toronto Press . p. 325 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4426 - 6158 - 5 . Jump up ^ Barnhart , Gordon ( 2004 ) . Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century . University of Regina Press . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88977 - 164 - 2 . Jump up ^ Zellen , Barry Scott ( 2009 ) . On Thin Ice : The Inuit , the State , and the Challenge of Arctic Sovereignty . Lexington Books . p. 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7391 - 3280 - 7 . Jump up ^ Tidridge , Nathan ( 2011 ) . Canada 's Constitutional Monarchy . Dundurn . p. 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55488 - 980 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pike , Corinna ; McCreery , Christopher ( 2011 ) . Canadian Symbols of Authority : Maces , Chains , and Rods of Office . Dundurn . p. 183 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0016 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Cross , William ( 2011 ) . Political Parties . UBC Press . pp. 17 -- 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 4111 - 5 . Jump up ^ Gagnon , Alain - Gustave ( 2000 ) . The Canadian Social Union Without Quebec : 8 Critical Analyses . IRPP . pp. 209 -- 210 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88645 - 184 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Premiers '' . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lieutenant Governors and Territorial Commissioners '' . Parliament of Canada . Retrieved August 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , John ( 2012 ) . Failed Hope : The Story of the Lost Peace . Dundurn . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4597 - 0345 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Design and Construction of the Vimy Ridge Memorial '' . Veteran Affairs Canada . August 8 , 1998 . Retrieved July 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ An amendment to the Constitution of Canada in relation to the following matters may be made only in accordance with subsection 38 ( 1 ) ... notwithstanding any other law or practice , the establishment of new provinces . Jump up ^ Nicholson , Norman L. ( 1979 ) . The boundaries of the Canadian Confederation . McGill - Queen 's Press -- MQUP . pp. 174 -- 175 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7705 - 1742 - 7 . Jump up ^ CBC News ( November 23 , 2004 ) . `` Northern territories ' eventually ' to be given provincial status '' . Retrieved January 27 , 2007 . Further reading ( edit ) Main article : Bibliography of Canadian provinces and territories Brownsey , Keith ; Howlett , Michael ( 2001 ) . The Provincial State in Canada : Politics in the Provinces and Territories . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55111 - 368 - 5 . Moore , Christopher ; Slavin , Bill ; Lunn , Janet ( 2002 ) . The Big Book of Canada : Exploring the Provinces and Territories . Random House Digital , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88776 - 457 - 8 . Pross , A. Paul ; Pross , Catherine A. ( 1972 ) . Government Publishing in the Canadian Provinces : a Prescriptive Study . Toronto , Ont. : University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0 - 8020 - 1827 - 0 . Tomblin , Stephen ( 1995 ) . Ottawa and the Outer Provinces : The Challenge of Regional Integration in Canada . James Lorimer & Company . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55028 - 476 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Provinces and territories of Canada . Provincial and territorial government web sites -- Service Canada Provincial and territorial legislature web sites -- Parliament of Canada Difference between provinces and territories -- Intergovernmental Affairs Provincial and territorial statistics -- Statistics Canada Provincial and territorial immigration information -- Citizenship and Immigration Canada Canadian governments compared -- University of Public Administration Topics related to Canadian provinces and territories Provinces and territories of Canada Provinces Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Territories Northwest Territories Nunavut Yukon Historical Former colonies and territories in Canada Territorial evolution of Canada after 1867 Proposed provinces and territories of Canada Related Area Bibliography Extreme points Government spending Gross domestic product Language policies Mountains Museums Name etymologies Population Regions Symbols Topics Unemployment Book Portal WikiProject Politics of the provinces and territories of Canada This article is part of the series : Politics and government of Canada ( hide ) Executive ( The Crown ) Sovereign in the provinces BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL Lieutenant Governors BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL Commissioners YU NT NU Premiers BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU ( hide ) Legislative Legislatures BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU Elections BC AB SK MB ON QC NB NS PEI NL YU NT NU Politics of Canada Regions Political culture Foreign relations Politics portal Judiciary Articles on first - level administrative divisions of North American countries Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Table of administrative subdivisions by country Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada&oldid=800269112 '' Categories : Country subdivisions of the Americas First - level administrative country subdivisions Lists of provinces and territories of Canada Provinces and territories of Canada Subdivisions of Canada Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc ܐܪܡܝܐ Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Македонски मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 粵語中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 13 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how many provinces and territories are in canada	[ "The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec)—were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second-largest country by area.", "The provinces and territories of Canada are the administrative divisions that are responsible for the delivery of sub-national governance within the geographical areas of Canada under the authority of the Canadian Constitution. In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North America—New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and the Province of Canada (which, upon Confederation, was divided into Ontario and Quebec)—were united to form a federated colony, which eventually became a sovereign nation in the next century. Over its history, Canada's international borders have changed several times, and the country has grown from the original four provinces to the current ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, and Quebec was originally a French colony, while others were added as Canada grew. The three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the world's second-largest country by area." ]	[ "ten provinces", "three territories" ]
-7834080841850436557	Progesterone	Progesterone - wikipedia Progesterone Jump to : navigation , search This article is about progesterone as a hormone . For its use as a medication , see Progesterone ( medication ) . Progesterone Names IUPAC name ( 8S , 9S , 10R , 13S , 14S , 17S ) - 17 - acetyl - 10 , 13 - dimethyl - 1 , 2 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 - dodecahydrocyclopenta ( a ) phenanthren - 3 - one Other names Pregn - 4 - ene - 3 , 20 - dione Identifiers CAS Number 57 - 83 - 0 3D model ( JSmol ) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI : 17026 ChemSpider 5773 DrugBank DB00396 ECHA InfoCard 100.000. 318 KEGG C00410 PubChem CID 5994 UNII 4G7DS2Q64Y InChI ( show ) InChI = 1S / C21H30O2 / c1 - 13 ( 22 ) 17 - 6 - 7 - 18 - 16 - 5 - 4 - 14 - 12 - 15 ( 23 ) 8 - 10 - 20 ( 14 , 2 ) 19 ( 16 ) 9 - 11 - 21 ( 17 , 18 ) 3 / h12 , 16 - 19H , 4 - 11H2 , 1 - 3H3 / t16 - , 17 + , 18 - , 19 - , 20 - , 21 + / m0 / s1 Key : RJKFOVLPORLFTN - LEKSSAKUSA - N SMILES ( show ) CC ( = O ) ( C@H ) 1CC ( C @ @ H ) 2 ( C @ @ ) 1 ( CC ( C@H ) 3 ( C@H ) 2CCC4 = CC ( = O ) CC ( C @ ) 34C ) C Properties Chemical formula Molar mass 314.469 g / mol Melting point 126 Pharmacology ATC code G03DA04 ( WHO ) Routes of administration By mouth , topical / transdermal , vaginal , intramuscular injection , subcutaneous injection , subcutaneous implant Pharmacokinetics : Bioavailability OMP : < 10 % Protein binding Albumin : 80 % CBG : 18 % SHBG : < 1 % Free : 1 -- 2 % Metabolism Hepatic ( CYP2C19 , CYP3A4 , CYP2C9 , 5α - reductase , 3α - HSD , 17α - hydroxylase , 21 - hydroxylase , 20α - HSD ) Biological half - life OMP : 16 -- 18 hours IM : 22 -- 26 hours SC : 13 -- 18 hours Excretion Renal Except where otherwise noted , data are given for materials in their standard state ( at 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) , 100 kPa ) . N verify ( what is ? ) Infobox references Progesterone is an endogenous steroid and progestogen sex hormone involved in the menstrual cycle , pregnancy , and embryogenesis of humans and other species . It belongs to a group of steroid hormones called the progestogens , and is the major progestogen in the body . Progesterone is also a crucial metabolic intermediate in the production of other endogenous steroids , including the sex hormones and the corticosteroids , and plays an important role in brain function as a neurosteroid . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biological activity 2 Biological function 2.1 Hormonal interactions 2.2 Reproductive system 2.3 Breasts 2.3. 1 Lobuloalveolar development 2.3. 2 Ductal development 2.3. 3 Breast cancer risk 2.4 Skin health 2.5 Sexuality 2.5. 1 Sex drive 2.5. 2 Homosexuality 2.6 Nervous system 2.7 Aging 2.8 Brain damage 2.8. 1 Proposed mechanism 2.9 Addiction 2.10 Other effects 3 Biochemistry 3.1 Biosynthesis 3.2 Distribution 3.3 Metabolism 3.4 Levels 3.5 Sources 3.5. 1 Animal 3.5. 2 Plants 4 Medical use 5 Chemistry 5.1 Synthesis 5.1. 1 Semisynthesis 1 5.1. 1.1 Semisynthesis 2 5.1. 2 Total synthesis 6 History 7 References 8 External links Biological activity ( edit ) Progesterone is the most important progestogen in the body , the result of its action as a potent agonist of the nuclear progesterone receptor ( nPR ) ( with an affinity of K = 1 nM ) . In addition , progesterone is an agonist of the more recently discovered membrane progesterone receptors ( mPRs ) , as well as a ligand of the PGRMC1 ( progesterone receptor membrane component 1 ) . Moreover , progesterone is also known to be an antagonist of the sigma σ receptor , a negative allosteric modulator of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors , and a potent antagonist of the mineralocorticoid receptor ( MR ) . Progesterone prevents MR activation by binding to this receptor with an affinity exceeding even those of aldosterone and glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone , and produces antimineralocorticoid effects , such as natriuresis , at physiological concentrations . In addition , progesterone binds to and behaves as a partial agonist of the glucocorticoid receptor ( GR ) , albeit with very low potency ( EC > 100-fold less relative to cortisol ) . Progesterone , through its neurosteroid active metabolites such as 5α - dihydroprogesterone and allopregnanolone , acts indirectly as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABA receptor . Progesterone and some of its metabolites , such as 5β - dihydroprogesterone , are agonists of the pregnane X receptor ( PXR ) , albeit weakly so ( EC > 10 μM ) . In accordance , progesterone induces several hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes , such as CYP3A4 , especially during pregnancy when concentrations are much higher than usual . Perimenopausal women have been found to have greater CYP3A4 activity relative to men and postmenopausal women , and it has been inferred that this may be due to the higher progesterone levels present in perimenopausal women . Progesterone modulates the activity of CatSper ( cation channels of sperm ) voltage - gated Ca channels . Since eggs release progesterone , sperm may use progesterone as a homing signal to swim toward eggs ( chemotaxis ) . As a result , it has been suggested that substances that block the progesterone binding site on CatSper channels could potentially be used in male contraception . Biological function ( edit ) Hormonal interactions ( edit ) Progesterone has a number of physiological effects that are amplified in the presence of estrogens . Estrogens through estrogen receptors ( ERs ) induce or upregulate the expression of the PR . One example of this is in breast tissue , where estrogens allow progesterone to mediate lobuloalveolar development . Elevated levels of progesterone potently reduce the sodium - retaining activity of aldosterone , resulting in natriuresis and a reduction in extracellular fluid volume . Progesterone withdrawal , on the other hand , is associated with a temporary increase in sodium retention ( reduced natriuresis , with an increase in extracellular fluid volume ) due to the compensatory increase in aldosterone production , which combats the blockade of the mineralocorticoid receptor by the previously elevated level of progesterone . Reproductive system ( edit ) Micrograph showing changes to the endometrium due to progesterone ( decidualization ) H&E stain . Progesterone has key effects via non-genomic signalling on human sperm as they migrate through the female tract before fertilization occurs , though the receptor ( s ) as yet remain unidentified . Detailed characterisation of the events occurring in sperm in response to progesterone has elucidated certain events including intracellular calcium transients and maintained changes , slow calcium oscillations , now thought to possibly regulate motility . It is produced by the ovaries . Interestingly , progesterone has also been shown to demonstrate effects on octopus spermatozoa . Progesterone is sometimes called the `` hormone of pregnancy '' , and it has many roles relating to the development of the fetus : Progesterone converts the endometrium to its secretory stage to prepare the uterus for implantation . At the same time progesterone affects the vaginal epithelium and cervical mucus , making it thick and impenetrable to sperm . Progesterone is anti-mitogenic in endometrial epithelial cells , and as such , mitigates the tropic effects of estrogen . If pregnancy does not occur , progesterone levels will decrease , leading , in the human , to menstruation . Normal menstrual bleeding is progesterone - withdrawal bleeding . If ovulation does not occur and the corpus luteum does not develop , levels of progesterone may be low , leading to anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding . During implantation and gestation , progesterone appears to decrease the maternal immune response to allow for the acceptance of the pregnancy . Progesterone decreases contractility of the uterine smooth muscle . In addition progesterone inhibits lactation during pregnancy . The fall in progesterone levels following delivery is one of the triggers for milk production . A drop in progesterone levels is possibly one step that facilitates the onset of labor . The fetus metabolizes placental progesterone in the production of adrenal steroids . Breasts ( edit ) See also : Breast development § Biochemistry Lobuloalveolar development ( edit ) Progesterone plays an important role in breast development in women . In conjunction with prolactin , it mediates lobuloalveolar maturation of the mammary glands during pregnancy to allow for milk production and thus lactation and breastfeeding of offspring following parturition ( childbirth ) . Estrogen induces expression of the PR in breast tissue and hence progesterone is dependent on estrogen to mediate lobuloalveolar development . It has been found that RANKL is a critical downstream mediator of progesterone - induced lobuloalveolar maturation . RANKL knockout mice show an almost identical mammary phenotype to PR knockout mice , including normal mammary ductal development but complete failure of the development of lobuloalveolar structures . Ductal development ( edit ) Though to a far lesser extent than estrogen , which is the major mediator of mammary ductal development ( via the ERα ) , progesterone has been found to be involved in ductal development of the mammary glands to some extent as well . PR knockout mice or mice treated with the PR antagonist mifepristone show delayed although otherwise normal mammary ductal development at puberty . In addition , mice modified to have overexpression of PRA display ductal hyperplasia , and progesterone induces ductal growth in the mouse mammary gland . Progesterone mediates ductal development mainly via induction of the expression of amphiregulin , the same growth factor that estrogen primarily induces the expression of to mediate ductal development . These animal findings suggest that , while not essential for full mammary ductal development , progesterone seems to play a potentiating or accelerating role in estrogen - mediated mammary ductal development . Breast cancer risk ( edit ) Progesterone also appears to be involved in the pathophysiology of breast cancer , though its role , and whether it is a promoter or inhibitor of breast cancer risk , has not been fully elucidated . In any case , while most synthetic progestins like medroxyprogesterone acetate have been found to significantly increase the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women in combination with estrogen as a component of hormone replacement therapy , the combination of natural progesterone ( or the atypical progestin dydrogesterone ) with estrogen has been found not to do so . Skin Health ( edit ) The estrogen receptor , as well as the progesterone receptor , have been detected in the skin , including in keratinocytes and fibroblasts . At menopause and thereafter , decreased levels of female sex hormones result in atrophy , thinning , and increased wrinkling of the skin and a reduction in skin elasticity , firmness , and strength . These skin changes constitute an acceleration in skin aging and are the result of decreased collagen content , irregularities in the morphology of epidermal skin cells , decreased ground substance between skin fibers , and reduced capillaries and blood flow . The skin also becomes more dry during menopause , which is due to reduced skin hydration and surface lipids ( sebum production ) . Along with chronological aging and photoaging , estrogen deficiency in menopause is one of the three main factors that predominantly influences skin aging . HRT , consisting of systemic treatment with estrogen alone or in combination with a progestogen , has well - documented and considerable beneficial effects on the skin of postmenopausal women . These benefits include increased skin collagen content , skin thickness and elasticity , and skin hydration and surface lipids . Topical estrogen has been found to have similar beneficial effects on the skin . In addition , a study has found that topical 2 % progesterone cream significantly increases skin elasticity and firmness and observably decreases wrinkles in peri - and postmenopausal women . Skin hydration and surface lipids , on the other hand , did not significantly change with topical progesterone . These findings suggest that progesterone , like estrogen , also has beneficial effects on the skin , and may be independently protective against skin aging . Sexuality ( edit ) Sex drive ( edit ) See also : Sexual motivation and hormones Progesterone and its neurosteroid active metabolite allopregnanolone appear to be importantly involved in sex drive in females . Homosexuality ( edit ) Dr. Diana Fleischman , of the University of Portsmouth , and colleagues examined the relationship between progesterone and sexual attitudes . Their research was published in the Archives of Sexual Behavior . They found that women who have higher levels of progesterone are more likely to be open to the idea of engaging in sexual behaviour with other women . This pattern is particularly dramatic in men who have high levels of progesterone . Nervous system ( edit ) Progesterone , like pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) , belongs to an important group of endogenous steroids called neurosteroids . It can be metabolized within all parts of the central nervous system . Neurosteroids are neuromodulators , and are neuroprotective , neurogenic , and regulate neurotransmission and myelination . The effects of progesterone as a neurosteroid are mediated predominantly through its interactions with non-nuclear PRs , namely the mPRs and PGRMC1 , as well as certain other receptors , such as the σ and nACh receptors . Aging ( edit ) Since most progesterone in males is created during testicular production of testosterone , and most in females by the ovaries , the shutting down ( whether by natural or chemical means ) , or removal , of those inevitably causes a considerable reduction in progesterone levels . Previous concentration upon the role of progestogens in female reproduction , when progesterone was simply considered a `` female hormone '' , obscured the significance of progesterone elsewhere in both sexes . The tendency for progesterone to have a regulatory effect , the presence of progesterone receptors in many types of body tissue , and the pattern of deterioration ( or tumor formation ) in many of those increasing in later years when progesterone levels have dropped , is prompting widespread research into the potential value of maintaining progesterone levels in both males and females . Brain damage ( edit ) See also : Progesterone ( medication ) § Brain damage Previous studies have shown that progesterone supports the normal development of neurons in the brain , and that the hormone has a protective effect on damaged brain tissue . It has been observed in animal models that females have reduced susceptibility to traumatic brain injury and this protective effect has been hypothesized to be caused by increased circulating levels of estrogen and progesterone in females . Proposed mechanism ( edit ) The mechanism of progesterone protective effects may be the reduction of inflammation that follows brain trauma and hemorrhage . Damage incurred by traumatic brain injury is believed to be caused in part by mass depolarization leading to excitotoxicity . One way in which progesterone helps to alleviate some of this excitotoxicity is by blocking the voltage - dependent calcium channels that trigger neurotransmitter release . It does so by manipulating the signaling pathways of transcription factors involved in this release . Another method for reducing the excitotoxicity is by up - regulating the GABA , a widespread inhibitory neurotransmitter receptor . Progesterone has also been shown to prevent apoptosis in neurons , a common consequence of brain injury . It does so by inhibiting enzymes involved in the apoptosis pathway specifically concerning the mitochondria , such as activated caspase 3 and cytochrome c . Not only does progesterone help prevent further damage , it has also been shown to aid in neuroregeneration . One of the serious effects of traumatic brain injury includes edema . Animal studies show that progesterone treatment leads to a decrease in edema levels by increasing the concentration of macrophages and microglia sent to the injured tissue . This was observed in the form of reduced leakage from the blood brain barrier in secondary recovery in progesterone treated rats . In addition , progesterone was observed to have antioxidant properties , reducing the concentration of oxygen free radicals faster than without . There is also evidence that the addition of progesterone can also help re myelinate damaged axons due to trauma , restoring some lost neural signal conduction . Another way progesterone aids in regeneration includes increasing the circulation of endothelial progenitor cells in the brain . This helps new vasculature to grow around scar tissue which helps repair the area of insult . Addiction ( edit ) See also : Progesterone ( medication ) § Addiction Progesterone enhances the function of serotonin receptors in the brain , so an excess or deficit of progesterone has the potential to result in significant neurochemical issues . This provides an explanation for why some people resort to substances that enhance serotonin activity such as nicotine , alcohol , and cannabis when their progesterone levels fall below optimal levels . Sex differences in hormone levels may induce women to respond differently than men to nicotine . When women undergo cyclic changes or different hormonal transition phases ( menopause , pregnancy , adolescence ) , there are changes in their progesterone levels . Therefore , females have an increased biological vulnerability to nicotine 's reinforcing effects compared to males and progesterone may be used to counter this enhanced vulnerability . This information supports the idea that progesterone can affect behavior . Similar to nicotine , cocaine also increases the release of dopamine in the brain . The neurotransmitter is involved in the reward center and is one of the main neurotransmitters involved with substance abuse and reliance . In a study of cocaine users , it was reported that progesterone reduced craving and the feeling of being stimulated by cocaine . Thus , progesterone was suggested as an agent that decreases cocaine craving by reducing the dopaminergic properties of the drug . Other effects ( edit ) Progesterone also has a role in skin elasticity and bone strength , in respiration , in nerve tissue and in female sexuality , and the presence of progesterone receptors in certain muscle and fat tissue may hint at a role in sexually dimorphic proportions of those . During pregnancy , progesterone is said to decrease irritability . During pregnancy , progesterone helps to suppress immune responses of the mother to fetal antigens , which prevents rejection of the fetus . Progesterone raises epidermal growth factor - 1 ( EGF - 1 ) levels , a factor often used to induce proliferation , and used to sustain cultures , of stem cells . Progesterone increases core temperature ( thermogenic function ) during ovulation . Progesterone reduces spasm and relaxes smooth muscle . Bronchi are widened and mucus regulated . ( PRs are widely present in submucosal tissue . ) Progesterone acts as an antiinflammatory agent and regulates the immune response . Progesterone reduces gall - bladder activity . Progesterone normalizes blood clotting and vascular tone , zinc and copper levels , cell oxygen levels , and use of fat stores for energy . Progesterone may affect gum health , increasing risk of gingivitis ( gum inflammation ) . Progesterone appears to prevent endometrial cancer ( involving the uterine lining ) by regulating the effects of estrogen . Progesterone plays an important role in the signaling of insulin release and pancreatic function , and may affect the susceptibility to diabetes or gestational diabetes . Progesterone may play a role in male behavior , such as in male aggression towards infants . Biochemistry ( edit ) Biosynthesis ( edit ) Steroidogenesis , showing progesterone among the progestogens in yellow area . In mammals , progesterone , like all other steroid hormones , is synthesized from pregnenolone , which itself is derived from cholesterol . Cholesterol undergoes double oxidation to produce 22R - hydroxycholesterol and then 20α , 22R - dihydroxycholesterol . This vicinal diol is then further oxidized with loss of the side chain starting at position C22 to produce pregnenolone . This reaction is catalyzed by cytochrome P450scc . The conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone takes place in two steps . First , the 3β - hydroxyl group is oxidized to a keto group and second , the double bond is moved to C4 , from C5 through a keto / enol tautomerization reaction . This reaction is catalyzed by 3β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase / δ - isomerase . Progesterone in turn is the precursor of the mineralocorticoid aldosterone , and after conversion to 17α - hydroxyprogesterone , of cortisol and androstenedione . Androstenedione can be converted to testosterone , estrone , and estradiol . Pregnenolone and progesterone can also be synthesized by yeast . Distribution ( edit ) Progesterone binds extensively to plasma proteins , including albumin ( 50 -- 54 % ) and transcortin ( 43 -- 48 % ) . It has similar affinity for albumin relative to the PR . Metabolism ( edit ) The metabolism of progesterone is rapid and extensive and occurs mainly in the liver , though enzymes that metabolize progesterone are also expressed widely in the brain , skin , and various other extrahepatic tissues . Progesterone has a terminal half - life of only approximately 5 minutes in circulation . The metabolism of progesterone is complex , and it may form as many as 35 different unconjugated metabolites when it is ingested orally . Progesterone is highly susceptible to enzymatic reduction via reductases and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases due to its double bond ( between the C4 and C5 positions ) and its two ketones ( at the C3 and C20 positions ) . The major metabolic pathway of progesterone is reduction by 5α - reductase and 5β - reductase into the dihydrogenated 5α - dihydroprogesterone and 5β - dihydroprogesterone , respectively . This is followed by the further reduction of these metabolites via 3α - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 3β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase into the tetrahydrogenated allopregnanolone , pregnanolone , isopregnanolone , and epipregnanolone . Subsequently , 20α - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 20β - hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reduce these metabolites to form the corresponding hexahydrogenated pregnanediols ( eight different isomers in total ) , which are then conjugated via glucuronidation and / or sulfation , released from the liver into circulation , and excreted by the kidneys into the urine . The major metabolite of progesterone in the urine is the 3α , 5β , 20α isomer of pregnanediol glucuronide , which has been found to constitute 15 to 30 % of an injection of progesterone . Other metabolites of progesterone formed by the enzymes in this pathway include 3α - dihydroprogesterone , 3β - dihydroprogesterone , 20α - dihydroprogesterone , and 20β - dihydroprogesterone , as well as various combination products of the enzymes aside from those already mentioned . Progesterone can also first be hydroxylated ( see below ) and then reduced . Relatively small portions of progesterone are hydroxylated via 17α - hydroxylase ( CYP17A1 ) and 21 - hydroxylase ( CYP21A2 ) into 17α - hydroxyprogesterone and 11 - deoxycorticosterone ( 21 - hydroxyprogesterone ) , respectively , and pregnanetriols are formed secondarily to 17α - hydroxylation . In addition , progesterone can be hydroxylated in the liver by other cytochrome P450 enzymes which are not steroid - specific . 6β - Hydroxylation , which is catalyzed mainly by CYP3A4 , is the major transformation , and is responsible for approximately 70 % of cytochrome P450 - mediated progesterone metabolism . Other routes include 6α - , 16α - , and 16β - hydroxylation . However , treatment of women with ketoconazole , a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor , had minimal effects on progesterone levels , producing only a slight and non-significant increase , and this suggests that cytochrome P450 enzymes play only a small role in progesterone metabolism . Levels ( edit ) Person type Reference range for blood test Lower limit Upper limit Unit Female - menstrual cycle ( see diagram below ) Female - postmenopausal < 0.2 ng / mL < 0.6 nmol / L Female on oral contraceptives 0.34 0.92 ng / mL 2.9 nmol / L Males ≥ 16 years 0.27 0.9 ng / mL 0.86 2.9 nmol / L Female or male 1 -- 9 years 0.1 4.1 or 4.5 ng / mL 0.3 13 nmol / L In women , progesterone levels are relatively low during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle , rise after ovulation , and are elevated during the luteal phase , as shown in diagram below . Progesterone levels tend to be < 2 ng / ml prior to ovulation , and > 5 ng / ml after ovulation . If pregnancy occurs , human chorionic gonadotropin is released maintaining the corpus luteum allowing it to maintain levels of progesterone . Between 7 -- 9 weeks the placenta begins to produce progesterone in place of the corpus luteum , this process is named the luteal - placental shift . After the luteal - placental shift progesterone levels start to rise further and may reach 100 -- 200 ng / ml at term . Whether a decrease in progesterone levels is critical for the initiation of labor has been argued and may be species - specific . After delivery of the placenta and during lactation , progesterone levels are very low . Progesterone levels are relatively low in children and postmenopausal women . Adult males have levels similar to those in women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle . Blood test results should always be interpreted using the reference ranges provided by the laboratory that performed the results . Example reference ranges are listed below . Progesterone levels during the menstrual cycle . The ranges denoted By biological stage may be used in closely monitored menstrual cycles in regard to other markers of its biological progression , with the time scale being compressed or stretched to how much faster or slower , respectively , the cycle progresses compared to an average cycle . The ranges denoted Inter-cycle variability are more appropriate to use in non-monitored cycles with only the beginning of menstruation known , but where the woman accurately knows her average cycle lengths and time of ovulation , and that they are somewhat averagely regular , with the time scale being compressed or stretched to how much a woman 's average cycle length is shorter or longer , respectively , than the average of the population . The ranges denoted Inter-woman variability are more appropriate to use when the average cycle lengths and time of ovulation are unknown , but only the beginning of menstruation is given . Sources ( edit ) Animal ( edit ) Progesterone is produced in high amounts in the ovaries ( by the corpus luteum ) from the onset of puberty to menopause , and is also produced in smaller amounts by the adrenal glands after the onset of adrenarche in both males and females . To a lesser extent , progesterone is produced in nervous tissue , especially in the brain , and in adipose ( fat ) tissue , as well . During human pregnancy , progesterone is produced in increasingly high amounts by the ovaries and placenta . At first , the source is the corpus luteum that has been `` rescued '' by the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) from the conceptus . However , after the 8th week , production of progesterone shifts to the placenta . The placenta utilizes maternal cholesterol as the initial substrate , and most of the produced progesterone enters the maternal circulation , but some is picked up by the fetal circulation and used as substrate for fetal corticosteroids . At term the placenta produces about 250 mg progesterone per day . An additional animal source of progesterone is milk products . After consumption of milk products the level of bioavailable progesterone goes up . Plants ( edit ) In at least one plant , Juglans regia , progesterone has been detected . In addition , progesterone - like steroids are found in Dioscorea mexicana . Dioscorea mexicana is a plant that is part of the yam family native to Mexico . It contains a steroid called diosgenin that is taken from the plant and is converted into progesterone . Diosgenin and progesterone are also found in other Dioscorea species , as well as in other plants that are not closely related , such as fenugreek . Another plant that contains substances readily convertible to progesterone is Dioscorea pseudojaponica native to Taiwan . Research has shown that the Taiwanese yam contains saponins -- steroids that can be converted to diosgenin and thence to progesterone . Many other Dioscorea species of the yam family contain steroidal substances from which progesterone can be produced . Among the more notable of these are Dioscorea villosa and Dioscorea polygonoides . One study showed that the Dioscorea villosa contains 3.5 % diosgenin . Dioscorea polygonoides has been found to contain 2.64 % diosgenin as shown by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry . Many of the Dioscorea species that originate from the yam family grow in countries that have tropical and subtropical climates . Medical use ( edit ) Main article : Progesterone ( medication ) Progesterone is used as a medication , mainly in hormone replacement therapy . Chemistry ( edit ) A sample of progesterone . See also : List of neurosteroids Progesterone is a pregnane ( C21 ) steroid and is also known as pregn - 4 - ene - 3 , 20 - dione . It has a double bond ( 4 - ene ) between the C4 and C5 positions and two ketone groups ( 3 , 20 - dione ) , one at the C3 position and the other at the C20 position . Like all unconjugated steroid hormones , progesterone is lipophilic and hydrophobic . Synthesis ( edit ) Semisynthesis 1 ( edit ) An economical semisynthesis of progesterone from the plant steroid diosgenin isolated from yams was developed by Russell Marker in 1940 for the Parke - Davis pharmaceutical company . This synthesis is known as the Marker degradation . Additional semisyntheses of progesterone have also been reported starting from a variety of steroids . For the example , cortisone can be simultaneously deoxygenated at the C - 17 and C - 21 position by treatment with iodotrimethylsilane in chloroform to produce 11 - keto - progesterone ( ketogestin ) , which in turn can be reduced at position - 11 to yield progesterone . The Marker semisynthesis of progesterone from diosgenin . Semisynthesis 2 ( edit ) Progesterone can also be made from the stigmasterol found in soybean oil also . c.f. Percy Julian . Stigmasterol to progesterone synthesis . Total synthesis ( edit ) The Johnson total synthesis of progesterone . A total synthesis of progesterone was reported in 1971 by W.S. Johnson . The synthesis begins with reacting the phosphonium salt 7 with phenyl lithium to produce the phosphonium ylide 8 . The ylide 8 is reacted with an aldehyde to produce the alkene 9 . The ketal protecting groups of 9 are hydrolyzed to produce the diketone 10 , which in turn is cyclized to form the cyclopentenone 11 . The ketone of 11 is reacted with methyl lithium to yield the tertiary alcohol 12 , which in turn is treated with acid to produce the tertiary cation 13 . The key step of the synthesis is the π - cation cyclization of 13 in which the B - , C - , and D - rings of the steroid are simultaneously formed to produce 14 . This step resembles the cationic cyclization reaction used in the biosynthesis of steroids and hence is referred to as biomimetic . In the next step the enol orthoester is hydrolyzed to produce the ketone 15 . The cyclopentene A-ring is then opened by oxidizing with ozone to produce 16 . Finally , the diketone 17 undergoes an intramolecular aldol condensation by treating with aqueous potassium hydroxide to produce progesterone . History ( edit ) The hormonal action of progesterone was discovered in 1929 , following that of estrogen in 1923 . By 1931 -- 1932 , nearly pure crystalline material of high progestational activity had been isolated from the corpus luteum of animals , and by 1934 , pure crystalline progesterone had been refined and obtained and the chemical structure of progesterone was determined . This was achieved by Adolf Butenandt at the Chemisches Institut of Technical University in Gdańsk , who extracted this new compound from several thousand liters of urine . Chemical synthesis of progesterone from stigmasterol and pregnanediol was accomplished later that year . Up to this point , progesterone , known generically as corpus luteum hormone , had been being referred to by several groups by different names , including corporin , lutein , luteosterone , and progestin . In 1935 , at the time of the Second International Conference on the Standardization of Sex Hormones in London , England , a compromise was made between the groups and the name progesterone ( progestational steroidal ketone ) was created . 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Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic - pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin ( GHIH ) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex aldosterone cortisol cortisone DHEA DHEA - S androstenedione Adrenal medulla epinephrine norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormone Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis testosterone AMH inhibin Ovary estradiol progesterone activin and inhibin relaxin ( pregnancy ) Placenta hCG HPL estrogen progesterone Pancreas glucagon insulin amylin somatostatin pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland melatonin N , N - dimethyltryptamine 5 - methoxy - N , N - dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach gastrin ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP - 1 secretin motilin VIP Ileum enteroglucagon peptide YY Liver / other Insulin - like growth factor IGF - 1 IGF - 2 Adipose tissue leptin adiponectin resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney JGA ( renin ) peritubular cells EPO calcitriol prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Endogenous steroids Precursors Cholesterol 22R - Hydroxycholesterol 20α , 22R - Dihydroxycholesterol Pregnenolone 11β - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α - Hydroxypregnenolone 21 - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α , 21 - Dihydroxypregnenolone 11β , 17α , 21 - Trihydroxypregnenolone Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids 3α , 5α - Tetrahydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 11 - Deoxycortisol 11 - Ketoprogesterone 21 - Deoxycortisol 21 - Deoxycortisone Corticosterone Cortisol Cortisone 17α - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Pregnenolone Progesterone Mineralocorticoids 5α - Dihydroaldosterone 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone , 17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Deoxycortisol 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 11β - Hydroxyprogesterone ( 21 - deoxycorticosterone ) 18 - Hydroxy - 11 - deoxycorticosterone 18 - Hydroxycorticosterone 18 - Hydroxyprogesterone Aldosterone Corticosterone Cortisol Sex steroids Androgens 11 - Ketodihydrotestosterone 11 - Ketotestosterone 7β - Hydroxyepiandrosterone 11β - Hydroxyandrostenedione Adrenosterone ( 11 - ketoandrostenedione ) Androstenediol Androstenedione Androsterone Dehydroandrosterone DHEA DHEA sulfate Dihydrotestosterone Epiandrosterone Epitestosterone 16α - Hydroxyandrostenedione 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA sulfate Testosterone Metabolites : 3α - Androstanediol 3α - Androstanediol glucuronide 3β - Androstanediol 3α , 5β - Androstanediol 3β , 5β - Androstanediol 5β - Androstanedione 5β - Dihydrotestosterone Androstanetriols Androstenediol sulfate Androsterone glucuronide Androsterone sulfate Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide Dihydrotestosterone sulfate Etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone glucuronide Epietiocholanolone Testosterone glucuronide Testosterone sulfate Estrogens Estranes : Estetrol Estradiol Estrone Estriol 16β - Epiestriol ( 16β - hydroxyestradiol ) 17α - Epiestriol ( 16α - hydroxy - 17α - estradiol ) 16β , 17α - Epiestriol ( 16β - hydroxy - 17α - estradiol ) 2 - Hydroxyestradiol 2 - Hydroxyestriol 2 - Hydroxyestrone 4 - Hydroxyestradiol 4 - Hydroxyestriol 4 - Hydroxyestrone 4 - Methoxyestradiol 16α - Hydroxyestrone Others : 27 - Hydroxycholesterol 3α - Androstanediol 3β - Androstanediol 4 - Androstenedione 5 - Androstenediol DHEA DHEA sulfate 7 - Keto - DHEA 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 16α - Hydroxy - DHEA Metabolites : 2 - Methoxyestradiol 2 - Methoxyestrone 4 - Methoxyestrone Estradiol glucuronide Estradiol sulfate Estrone glucuronide Estrone sulfate Estriol glucuronide Estriol sulfate Lipoidal estradiol ( e.g. , estradiol stearate , estradiol palmitate ) Progestogens Progesterone 16α - Hydroxyprogesterone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone 20α - Dihydroprogesterone 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 5α - DHDOC Metabolites : Allopregnanediol Pregnanediol Pregnanediol glucuronide Pregnanetriol Neurosteroids Cholestanes : 24S - Hydroxycholesterol Cholesterol Pregnanes : 3α - Dihydroprogesterone 3β - Dihydroprogesterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 5β - Dihydroprogesterone Allopregnanolone Corticosterone DHC DHDOC Deoxycorticosterone Epipregnanolone Isopregnanolone Pregnanolone Pregnenolone Pregnenolone sulfate Progesterone THB THDOC Androstanes : 3α - Androstanediol 3α - Androstenol 7 - Keto - DHEA 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 7β - Hydroxy - DHEA 7α - Hydroxyepiandrosterone 7β - Hydroxyepiandrosterone Androsterone DHEA DHEA sulfate Etiocholanolone Pheromones : 3α - Androstenol 3β - Androstenol Androstadienol Androstadienone Androstenone Androsterone Estratetraenol Others Vitamin D: 7 - Dehydrocholesterol Calcidiol / Calcifediol Calcitriol Cholecalciferol Others : 7α - Hydroxycholesterol 11α - Hydroxyprogesterone 11β - Hydroxyprogesterone Cholesterol sulfate Progestogens and antiprogestogens Progestogens ( and progestins ) PR agonists Progesterone derivatives : Progesterone Quingestrone Retroprogesterone derivatives : Dydrogesterone Trengestone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone ( and closely related ) derivatives : Acetomepregenol ( mepregenol diacetate ) Algestone Algestone acetophenide ( dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide ) Anagestone acetate Chlormadinone acetate Cyproterone acetate Delmadinone acetate Flugestone acetate ( flurogestone acetate ) Flumedroxone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone Hydroxyprogesterone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone caproate Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate Medroxyprogesterone Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol acetate Melengestrol acetate Osaterone acetate Pentagestrone acetate Other 17α - substituted ( besides hydroxylated ) derivatives : Haloprogesterone Medrogestone Proligestone 19 - Norprogesterone ( including 17α - substituted ) derivatives : Demegestone Gestonorone caproate ( gestronol hexanoate ) Nomegestrol acetate Norgestomet Promegestone Segesterone acetate ( nestorone ) Trimegestone 17α - Ethynyltestosterone derivatives : Danazol Dimethisterone Ethisterone 19 - Nortestosterone ( including 17α - substituted ) derivatives : Estranes : Dienogest Etynodiol diacetate Gestrinone Lynestrenol Norethisterone ( norethindrone ) Norethisterone acetate Norethisterone enanthate Noretynodrel Norgestrienone Quingestanol acetate Tibolone ; Gonanes : Desogestrel Etonogestrel Gestodene Levonorgestrel Norelgestromin Norgestimate Norgestrel ; Others : Allylestrenol Altrenogest Norgesterone Normethandrone ( methylestrenolone ) Norvinisterone Oxendolone Spirolactone derivatives : Drospirenone Others : Anabolic -- androgenic steroids ( e.g. , nandrolone and esters , trenbolone and esters , norethandrolone , normethandrone , others ) Antiprogestogens SPRMs Asoprisnil Telapristone Ulipristal acetate PR antagonists Aglepristone Mifepristone Valproic acid WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III See also Progesterone receptor modulators Androgens and antiandrogens Estrogens and antiestrogens List of progestogens Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids ( H02 ) Mineralocorticoids Desoxycortone ( desoxycorticosterone ) Desoxycortone esters Hydrocortisone ( cortisol ) Hydrocortisone esters Fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone acetate Methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone esters Prednisolone Prednisolone esters Prednisone Prednisone esters Antimineralocorticoids Steroidal : Canrenoate potassium ( potassium canrenoate ) Canrenone Drospirenone Dydrogesterone Eplerenone Gestodene Medrogestone Progesterone Spironolactone Trimegestone Nonsteroidal : Amlodipine Apararenone Benidipine Esaxerenone Felodipine Finerenone Nifedipine Nimodipine Nitrendipine Synthesis modifiers Acetoxolone Aminoglutethimide Carbenoxolone Enoxolone Ketoconazole Metyrapone Mitotane Trilostane WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III See also Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids List of corticosteroids Biological activity GABA receptor positive modulators Alcohols Brometone Butanol Chloralodol Chlorobutanol ( cloretone ) Ethanol ( alcohol ) ( alcoholic drink ) Ethchlorvynol Isobutanol Isopropanol Menthol Methanol Methylpentynol Pentanol Petrichloral Propanol tert - Butanol ( 2M2P ) tert - Pentanol ( 2M2B ) Tribromoethanol Trichloroethanol Triclofos Trifluoroethanol Barbiturates ( - ) - DMBB Allobarbital Alphenal Amobarbital Aprobarbital Barbexaclone Barbital Benzobarbital Benzylbutylbarbiturate Brallobarbital Brophebarbital Butabarbital / Secbutabarbital Butalbital Buthalital Butobarbital Butallylonal Carbubarb Crotylbarbital Cyclobarbital Cyclopentobarbital Difebarbamate Enallylpropymal Ethallobarbital Eterobarb Febarbamate Heptabarb Heptobarbital Hexethal Hexobarbital Metharbital Methitural Methohexital Methylphenobarbital Narcobarbital Nealbarbital Pentobarbital Phenallymal Phenobarbital Phetharbital Primidone Probarbital Propallylonal Propylbarbital Proxibarbital Reposal Secobarbital Sigmodal Spirobarbital Talbutal Tetrabamate Tetrabarbital Thialbarbital Thiamylal Thiobarbital Thiobutabarbital Thiopental Thiotetrabarbital Valofane Vinbarbital Vinylbital Benzodiazepines 2 - Oxoquazepam 3 - Hydroxyphenazepam Adinazolam Alprazolam Arfendazam Avizafone Bentazepam Bretazenil Bromazepam Brotizolam Camazepam Carburazepam Chlordiazepoxide Ciclotizolam Cinazepam Cinolazepam Clazolam Climazolam Clobazam Clonazepam Clonazolam Cloniprazepam Clorazepate Clotiazepam Cloxazolam CP - 1414S Cyprazepam Delorazepam Demoxepam Diazepam Diclazepam Doxefazepam Elfazepam Estazolam Ethyl carfluzepate Ethyl dirazepate Ethyl loflazepate Etizolam EVT - 201 FG - 8205 Fletazepam Flubromazepam Flubromazolam Fludiazepam Flunitrazepam Flunitrazolam Flurazepam Flutazolam Flutemazepam Flutoprazepam Fosazepam Gidazepam Halazepam Haloxazolam Iclazepam Imidazenil Irazepine Ketazolam Lofendazam Lopirazepam Loprazolam Lorazepam Lormetazepam Meclonazepam Medazepam Menitrazepam Metaclazepam Mexazolam Midazolam Motrazepam N - Desalkylflurazepam Nifoxipam Nimetazepam Nitrazepam Nitrazepate Nitrazolam Nordazepam Nortetrazepam Oxazepam Oxazolam Phenazepam Pinazepam Pivoxazepam Prazepam Premazepam Proflazepam Pyrazolam QH - II - 66 Quazepam Reclazepam Remimazolam Rilmazafone Ripazepam Ro48 - 6791 Ro48 - 8684 SH - 053 - R - CH3 - 2 ′ F Sulazepam Temazepam Tetrazepam Tolufazepam Triazolam Triflubazam Triflunordazepam ( Ro5 - 2904 ) Tuclazepam Uldazepam Zapizolam Zolazepam Zomebazam Carbamates Carisbamate Carisoprodol Clocental Cyclarbamate Difebarbamate Emylcamate Ethinamate Febarbamate Felbamate Hexapropymate Lorbamate Mebutamate Meprobamate Nisobamate Pentabamate Phenprobamate Procymate Styramate Tetrabamate Tybamate Flavonoids 6 - Methylapigenin Ampelopsin ( dihydromyricetin ) Apigenin Baicalein Baicalin Catechin EGC EGCG Hispidulin Linarin Luteolin Rc - OMe Skullcap constituents ( e.g. , baicalin ) Wogonin Imidazoles Etomidate Metomidate Propoxate Kava constituents 10 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxyyangonin 11 - Hydroxyyangonin Desmethoxyyangonin 11 - Methoxy - 12 - hydroxydehydrokavain 7 , 8 - Dihydroyangonin Kavain 5 - Hydroxykavain 5 , 6 - Dihydroyangonin 7 , 8 - Dihydrokavain 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - Tetrahydroyangonin 5 , 6 - Dehydromethysticin Methysticin 7 , 8 - Dihydromethysticin Yangonin Monoureides Acecarbromal Apronal ( apronalide ) Bromisoval Carbromal Capuride Ectylurea Neuroactive steroids Acebrochol Allopregnanolone ( brexanolone ) Alfadolone Alfaxalone 3α - Androstanediol Androstenol Androsterone Certain anabolic - androgenic steroids Cholesterol DHDOC 3α - DHP 5α - DHP 5β - DHP DHT Etiocholanolone Ganaxolone Hydroxydione Minaxolone ORG - 20599 ORG - 21465 P1 - 185 Pregnanolone ( eltanolone ) Progesterone Renanolone SAGE - 105 SAGE - 217 SAGE - 324 SAGE - 516 SAGE - 689 SAGE - 872 Testosterone THDOC Nonbenzodiazepines β - Carbolines : Abecarnil Gedocarnil Harmane SL - 651,498 ZK - 93423 Cyclopyrrolones : Eszopiclone Pagoclone Pazinaclone Suproclone Suriclone Zopiclone Imidazopyridines : Alpidem DS - 1 Necopidem Saripidem Zolpidem Pyrazolopyrimidines : Divaplon Fasiplon Indiplon Lorediplon Ocinaplon Panadiplon Taniplon Zaleplon Others : Adipiplon CGS - 8216 CGS - 9896 CGS - 13767 CGS - 20625 CL - 218,872 CP - 615,003 CTP - 354 ELB - 139 GBLD - 345 JM - 1232 L - 838,417 Lirequinil ( Ro41 - 3696 ) NS - 2664 NS - 2710 NS - 11394 Pipequaline ROD - 188 RWJ - 51204 SB - 205,384 SX - 3228 TGSC01AA TP - 003 TPA - 023 TP - 13 U-89843A U-90042 Viqualine Y - 23684 Phenols Fospropofol Propofol Thymol Piperidinediones Glutethimide Methyprylon Piperidione Pyrithyldione Pyrazolopyridines Cartazolate Etazolate ICI - 190,622 Tracazolate Quinazolinones Afloqualone Cloroqualone Diproqualone Etaqualone Mebroqualone Mecloqualone Methaqualone Methylmethaqualone Nitromethaqualone SL - 164 Volatiles / gases Acetone Acetophenone Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate Aliflurane Benzene Butane Butylene Centalun Chloral Chloral betaine Chloral hydrate Chloroform Cryofluorane Desflurane Dichloralphenazone Dichloromethane Diethyl ether Enflurane Ethyl chloride Ethylene Fluroxene Gasoline Halopropane Halothane Isoflurane Kerosine Methoxyflurane Methoxypropane Nitric oxide Nitrogen Nitrous oxide Norflurane Paraldehyde Propane Propylene Roflurane Sevoflurane Synthane Teflurane Toluene Trichloroethane ( methyl chloroform ) Trichloroethylene Vinyl ether Others / unsorted 3 - Hydroxybutanal α - EMTBL AA - 29504 Avermectins ( e.g. , ivermectin ) Bromide compounds ( e.g. , lithium bromide , potassium bromide , sodium bromide ) Carbamazepine Chloralose Chlormezanone Clomethiazole DEABL Dihydroergolines ( e.g. , dihydroergocryptine , dihydroergosine , dihydroergotamine , ergoloid ( dihydroergotoxine ) ) DS2 Efavirenz Etazepine Etifoxine Fenamates ( e.g. , flufenamic acid , mefenamic acid , niflumic acid , tolfenamic acid ) Fluoxetine Flupirtine Hopantenic acid Lanthanum Lavender oil Lignans ( e.g. , 4 - O - methylhonokiol , honokiol , magnolol , obovatol ) Loreclezole Menthyl isovalerate ( validolum ) Monastrol Niacin Nicotinamide ( niacinamide ) Org 25,435 Phenytoin Propanidid Retigabine ( ezogabine ) Safranal Seproxetine Stiripentol Sulfonylalkanes ( e.g. , sulfonmethane ( sulfonal ) , tetronal , trional ) Terpenoids ( e.g. , borneol ) Topiramate Valerian constituents ( e.g. , isovaleric acid , isovaleramide , valerenic acid , valerenol ) Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators : α - Pinene MRK - 409 ( MK - 0343 ) TCS - 1105 TCS - 1205 See also : Receptor / signaling modulators GABA receptor modulators GABA metabolism / transport modulators Glucocorticoid receptor modulators GR Agonists Cortisol - like and related ( 16 - unsubstituted ) : 3α , 5α - Tetrahydrocorticosterone 5α - Dihydrocorticosterone 9α - Fluorocortisone ( alfluorone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone , 17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone acetate 11 - Deoxycorticosterone ( desoxycortone , deoxycortone , desoxycorticosterone ) Desoxycortone esters 11 - Deoxycortisol ( cortodoxone , cortexolone ) Cortifen ( cortiphen , kortifen ) Cortodoxone acetate 21 - Deoxycortisol Δ - Prednisolone Δ - Prednisolone 21 - acetate Amebucort Chloroprednisone Chloroprednisone acetate Cloprednol Cloprednol acetate Corticosterone Corticosterone acetate Corticosterone benzoate Cortisol ( hydrocortisone ) Benzodrocortisone ( hydrocortisone benzoate ) Hydrocortamate ( hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate ) Hydrocortisone esters Cortisone Cortisone acetate Deprodone Deprodone propionate Dichlorisone Dichlorisone acetate Dichlorisone diacetate Difluprednate Endrisone ( endrysone ) Etiprednol Etiprednol dicloacetate ( etiprednol dichloroacetate ) Fludrocortisone ( fludrocortone ) Fludrocortisone acetate Fluorometholone Fluorometholone acetate Fluperolone Fluperolone acetate Fluprednisolone Fluprednisolone esters Halopredone Halopredone acetate ( halopredone diacetate ) Isoflupredone ( 9α - fluoroprednisolone ) Isoflupredone acetate Loteprednol Loteprednol etabonate Mazipredone ( depersolone ) Medrysone Methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone esters Prebediolone Prebediolone acetate Prednisolone Prednazate Prednazoline Prednicarbate ( prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate ) Prednimustine Prednisolamate ( prednisolone diethylaminoacetate ) Prednisolone esters Prednisone Prednisone esters Pregnenolone Pregnenolone acetate Pregnenolone succinate ( pregnenolone hemisuccinate ) Resocortol Tipredane Tixocortol Butixocort ( tixocortol butyrate ) Butixocort propionate Tixocortol pivalate Methasones and related ( 16 - substituted ) : 16α - Methyl - 11 - oxoprednisolone Alclometasone Alclometasone dipropionate Amelometasone Beclometasone ( beclomethasone ) Beclometasone esters Betamethasone ( betametasone ) Betamethasone esters Cortobenzolone ( betamethasone salicylate ) Ciclometasone ( ciclomethasone , cyclomethasone ) Clobetasol Clobetasol propionate Clobetasone Clobetasone butyrate Clocortolone Clocortolone esters Cloticasone Cloticasone propionate Cormetasone ( cormethasone ) Cormetasone acetate Descinolone Desoximetasone ( desoxymethasone ) Dexamethasone ( dexametasone ) Dexamethasone esters Diflorasone Diflorasone diacetate Diflucortolone Diflucortolone pivalate Diflucortolone valerate Dimesone Dimesone acetate Doxibetasol ( doxybetasol ) Fluclorolone Flumetasone ( flumethasone ) Flumetasone acetate Flumetasone pivalate Fluocinolone Fluocortin Fluocortin butyl ( fluocortin butylate ) Fluocortolone Fluocortolone esters Fluprednidene ( fluprednylidene ) Fluprednidene acetate Fluticasone Fluticasone furoate Fluticasone propionate Halocortolone Halometasone Icometasone Icometasone enbutate ( icometasone butyrate acetate ) Isoprednidene Locicortolone ( locicortone ) Locicortolone dicibate ( locicortone dicibate ) Meclorisone Meclorisone dibutyrate Meprednisone ( methylprednisone ) Meprednisone acetate Meprednisone hydrogen succinate ( methylprednisone hemisuccinate ) Mometasone Mometasone furoate Paramethasone Paramethasone acetate Paramethasone disodium phosphate Paramethasone phosphate Prednylidene Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate Rimexolone Ticabesone Ticabesone propionate Timobesone Timobesone acetate Triamcinolone Triamcinolone diacetate Ulobetasol ( halobetasol ) Ulobetasol propionate Vamorolone Cyclic ketals ( 16 , 17 - cyclized ) : Acrocinonide ( triamcinolone acroleinide ) Amcinafal ( triamcinolone pentanonide ) Amcinafide ( triamcinolone acetophenide ) Amcinonide ( triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide ) Budesonide Ciclesonide Cicortonide Deflazacort ( azacort ) Descinolone acetonide Desonide ( hydroxyprednisolone acetonide ) Desonide disodium phosphate Desonide pivalate Dexbudesonide Drocinonide Drocinonide phosphate Fluazacort Fluclorolone acetonide ( flucloronide ) Fludroxycortide ( flurandrenolone , flurandrenolide ) Flumoxonide Flunisolide Flunisolide acetate Fluocinolone acetonide Ciprocinonide ( fluocinolone acetonide cyclopropylcarboxylate ) Fluocinonide ( fluocinolide , fluocinolone acetonide acetate ) Procinonide ( fluocinolone acetonide propionate ) Formocortal Halcinonide Itrocinonide Rofleponide Rofleponide palmitate Tralonide Triamcinolone acetonide Flupamesone ( triamcinolone acetonide metembonate ) Triamcinolone acetonide esters Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate ( TBI - PAB ) Triclonide Others / atypical ( other expanded steroid ring systems , homosteroids , and non-pregnane steroids ) : Cortisuzol Cortivazol Domoprednate Naflocort Nicocortonide Nicocortonide acetate Nivacortol ( nivazol ) Oxisopred RU - 28362 Non-corticosteroids with some glucocorticoid activity : 15β - Hydroxycyproterone acetate 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Chlormadinone acetate Cyproterone Cyproterone acetate Delmadinone acetate Flugestone Flugestone acetate ( flurogestone acetate ) Fluoxymesterone Gestodene Medrogestone Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol acetate Metribolone Norgestomet Osaterone acetate Progesterone Promegestone Quingestrone Segesterone acetate ( nestorone ) Tetrahydrogestrinone Nonsteroidal glucocorticoids : AZD - 5423 GSK - 9027 Mixed ( SEGRMs ) Dagrocorat Fosdagrocorat Mapracorat Antagonists 7α - Hydroxy - DHEA 17α - Methylprogesterone Aglepristone Asoprisnil Asoprisnil ecamate C108297 C113176 CORT - 108297 Cyproterone acetate Guggulsterone Ketoconazole Lilopristone LLY - 2707 Miconazole Mifepristone Onapristone ORG - 34116 ORG - 34517 ( SCH - 900636 ) ORG - 34850 Pregnenolone 16α - carbonitrile Relacorilant ( CORT - 125134 ) RTI 3021 -- 012 RTI 3021 -- 022 Telapristone Tibolone Toripristone Ulipristal acetate See also Receptor / signaling modulators Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators List of corticosteroids Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators MR Agonists 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone ( 11 - oxocorticosterone , 17 - deoxycortisone ) 11 - Dehydrocorticosterone acetate 11 - Deoxycorticosterone ( desoxycortone , deoxycortone , desoxycorticosterone ) Desoxycortone esters 11 - Deoxycortisol ( cortodoxone , cortexolone ) Cortifen ( cortiphen , kortifen ) Cortodoxone acetate 11β - Hydroxyprogesterone 16α , 18 - Dihydroxy - 11 - deoxycorticosterone 17α - Hydroxyaldosterone 18 - Hydroxy - 11 - deoxycorticosterone 19 - Norprogesterone Aldosterone Corticosterone Corticosterone acetate Corticosterone benzoate Cortisol ( hydrocortisone ) Benzodrocortisone ( hydrocortisone benzoate ) Hydrocortamate ( hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate ) Hydrocortisone esters Cortisone Cortisone acetate Fludrocortisone ( fludrocortone ) Fludrocortisone acetate Mometasone Mometasone furoate Prednisolone Prednazate Prednazoline Prednicarbate ( prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate ) Prednimustine Prednisolamate ( prednisolone diethylaminoacetate ) Prednisolone esters Prednisone Prednisone esters Antagonists Steroidal : 6β - Hydroxy - 7α - thiomethylspironolactone 7α - Thiomethylspironolactone ( SC - 26519 ) 7α - Thioprogesterone ( SC - 8365 ) 7α - Thiospironolactone ( SC - 24813 ) 16α - Hydroxyprogesterone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone 18 - Deoxyaldosterone Canrenoate potassium ( potassium canrenoate ) Canrenoic acid ( canrenoate ) Canrenone ( canrenoate y - lactone ) Dicirenone Dimethisterone Drospirenone Dydrogesterone Eplerenone Gestodene Guggulsterone Medrogestone Mespirenone Mexrenoate potassium Mexrenoic acid ( mexrenoate ) Mexrenone Oxprenoic acid ( oxprenoate ) Oxprenoate potassium ( RU - 28318 ) Pregnenolone Progesterone Prorenoate potassium Prorenoic acid ( prorenoate ) Prorenone RO - 14 - 9012 RU - 26752 SC - 5233 ( spirolactone ) SC - 8109 SC - 11927 ( CS - 1 ) SC - 19886 SC - 27169 Spirorenone Spironolactone Spiroxasone Tibolone Trimegestone ZK - 91587 ZK - 97894 Nonsteroidal : Amlodipine Apararenone Benidipine BR - 4628 Esaxerenone Felodipine Finerenone Nifedipine Nimodipine Nitrendipine PF - 03882845 SM - 368229 See also Receptor / signaling modulators Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids Glucocorticoid receptor modulators List of corticosteroids Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators nAChRs Agonists : 5 - HIAA A-84,543 A-366,833 A-582,941 A-867,744 ABT - 202 ABT - 418 ABT - 560 ABT - 894 Acetylcholine Altinicline Anabasine Anatoxin - a AR - R17779 Bephenium hydroxynaphthoate Butinoline Butyrylcholine Carbachol Choline Cotinine Cytisine Decamethonium Desformylflustrabromine Dianicline Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Epibatidine Epiboxidine Ethanol ( alcohol ) Ethoxysebacylcholine EVP - 4473 EVP - 6124 Galantamine GTS - 21 Ispronicline Ivermectin Levamisole Lobeline MEM - 63,908 ( RG - 3487 ) Morantel Nicotine ( tobacco ) NS - 1738 PHA - 543,613 PHA - 709,829 PNU - 120,596 PNU - 282,987 Pozanicline Pyrantel Rivanicline RJR - 2429 Sazetidine A SB - 206553 Sebacylcholine SIB - 1508Y SIB - 1553A SSR - 180,711 Suberyldicholine Suxamethonium ( succinylcholine ) Suxethonium ( succinyldicholine ) TC - 1698 TC - 1734 TC - 1827 TC - 2216 TC - 5214 TC - 5619 TC - 6683 Tebanicline Tribendimidine Tropisetron UB - 165 Varenicline WAY - 317,538 XY - 4083 Antagonists : 18 - MAC 18 - MC α - Neurotoxins ( e.g. , α - bungarotoxin , α - cobratoxin , α - conotoxin , many others ) ABT - 126 Alcuronium Allopregnanolone Amantadine Anatruxonium AQW051 Atracurium Barbiturates ( e.g. , pentobarbital , sodium thiopental ) BNC - 210 Bungarotoxins ( e.g. , α - bungarotoxin , κ - bungarotoxin ) Bupropion BW - A444 Candocuronium iodide ( chandonium iodide ) Chlorisondamine Cisatracurium Coclaurine Coronaridine Curare Cyclopropane Dacuronium bromide Decamethonium Dehydronorketamine Desflurane Dextromethorphan Dextropropoxyphene Dextrorphan Diadonium DHβE Dihydrochandonium Dimethyltubocurarine ( metocurine ) Dioscorine Dipyrandium Dizocilpine ( MK - 801 ) Doxacurium Encenicline Enflurane Erythravine Esketamine Fazadinium Gallamine Gantacurium chloride Halothane Hexafluronium Hexamethonium ( benzohexonium ) Hydroxybupropion Hydroxynorketamine Ibogaine Isoflurane Ketamine Kynurenic acid Laudanosine Laudexium ( laudolissin ) Levacetylmethadol Levomethadone Malouetine ME - 18 - MC Mecamylamine Memantine Methadone Methorphan ( racemethorphan ) Methyllycaconitine Metocurine Mivacurium Morphanol ( racemorphan ) Neramexane Nitrous oxide Norketamine Pancuronium bromide Pempidine Pentamine Pentolinium Phencyclidine Pipecuronium bromide Progesterone Promegestone Radafaxine Rapacuronium bromide Reboxetine Rocuronium bromide Sevoflurane Stercuronium iodide Surugatoxin Thiocolchicoside Toxiferine Tramadol Trimetaphan camsilate ( trimethaphan camsylate ) Tropeinium Tubocurarine Vanoxerine Vecuronium bromide Xenon Precursors ( and prodrugs ) Acetyl - coA Adafenoxate Choline ( lecithin ) Citicoline Cyprodenate Dimethylethanolamine Glycerophosphocholine Meclofenoxate ( centrophenoxine ) Phosphatidylcholine Phosphatidylethanolamine Phosphorylcholine Pirisudanol See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators Acetylcholine metabolism / transport modulators Progesterone receptor modulators PR Agonists Progesterone derivatives : 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 9α - Bromo - 11 - ketoprogesterone 11 - Dehydroprogesterone 11 - Deoxycorticosterone 16α - Hydroxyprogesterone 20α - Dihydroprogesterone Dimepregnen Diosgenin P1 - 185 Progesterone Quingestrone Retroprogesterone derivatives : Dydrogesterone Retroprogesterone Ro 6 - 3129 Trengestone 17α - Substituted progesterone derivatives : 6α - Methyl - 17α - bromoprogesterone 15β - Hydroxycyproterone acetate 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone ( hydroxyprogesterone ) 17α - Methylprogesterone Acetomepregenol ( mepregenol diacetate ) Algestone Algestone acetonide Algestone acetophenide Anagestone Anagestone acetate Butagest ( buterol ) Chlormadinone Chlormadinone acetate Cismadinone Cismadinone acetate Clogestone Clogestone acetate Clomegestone Clomegestone acetate Cyproterone acetate Delmadinone Delmadinone acetate Edogestrone Flugestone Flugestone acetate Flumedroxone Flumedroxone acetate Gestaclone Haloprogesterone Hydromadinone Hydromadinone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone acetate Hydroxyprogesterone caproate ( hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate ) Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate ( hydroxyprogesterone enanthate ) Mecigestone ( pentarane B) Medrogestone Medroxyprogesterone Medroxyprogesterone acetate Megestrol Megestrol acetate Melengestrol Melengestrol acetate Mometasone Mometasone furoate Osaterone Osaterone acetate Pentagestrone Pentagestrone acetate Pentarane A Proligestone 19 - Norprogesterone derivatives : 19 - Norprogesterone Amadinone Amadinone acetate Demegestone Gestadienol Gestadienol acetate Gestonorone caproate ( gestronol hexanoate ) Gestronol ( gestonorone ) Nomegestrol Nomegestrol acetate Norgestomet ORG - 2058 Oxogestone Oxogestone phenpropionate ( xinogestone ) Promegestone Segesterone Segesterone acetate ( nestorone ) Trimegestone Testosterone derivatives : Progestins : 6 , 6 - Difluoronorethisterone 6 , 6 - Difluoronorethisterone acetate Allylestrenol Altrenogest Chloroethynylnorgestrel Cingestol Danazol Desogestrel Dienogest Ethisterone Ethynerone Etonogestrel Etynodiol Etynodiol diacetate Gestodene Gestrinone Levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel butanoate Lynestrenol Metynodiol Metynodiol diacetate Norelgestromin Norethisterone ( norethindrone ) Norethisterone acetate Norethisterone acetate oxime Norethisterone enanthate Noretynodrel Norgesterone Norgestimate Norgestrel Norgestrienone Norvinisterone Oxendolone Quingestanol Quingestanol acetate Tibolone Tigestol Tosagestin ; Anabolic -- androgenic steroids : 11β - Methyl - 19 - nortestosterone 11β - Methyl - 19 - nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate 19 - Nor - 5 - androstenediol 19 - Nor - 5 - androstenedione Bolandiol Bolandiol dipropionate Bolandione Dimethisterone Dienedione Dienolone Dimethandrolone Dimethandrolone buciclate Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate Dimethandrolone undecanoate Dimethyltrienolone Ethyldienolone Ethylestrenol ( ethylnandrol ) Methyldienolone Metribolone ( R - 1881 ) Methoxydienone ( methoxygonadiene ) Mibolerone Nandrolone Nandrolone esters ( e.g. , nandrolone decanoate , nandrolone phenylpropionate ) Norethandrolone Normethandrone ( methylestrenolone , normethandrolone , normethisterone ) Tetrahydrogestrinone Trenbolone ( trienolone ) Trestolone Trestolone acetate Spirolactone derivatives : Canrenoic acid Canrenone Drospirenone Mespirenone Potassium canrenoate SC - 5233 ( spirolactone ) SC - 8109 Spironolactone Spirorenone Nonsteroidal : 3 , 8 - Dihydrodiligustilide LG - 100128 Riligustilide RWJ - 26819 RWJ - 49853 RWJ - 60130 Tanaproget ZM - 182345 Mixed ( SPRMs ) Steroidal : Asoprisnil Asoprisnil ecamate Guggulsterone J1042 LG - 120838 Mifepristone ORG - 31710 ORG - 33628 Telapristone Ulipristal acetate Vilaprisan ZK - 137316 Nonsteroidal : Apigenin Kaempferol LG - 120920 Naringenin PRA - 910 Syringic acid Antagonists Steroidal : Aglepristone Lilopristone Lonaprisan Onapristone RTI 3021 -- 022 Toripristone Zanoterone Nonsteroidal : LG001447 LG - 100127 LG - 100128 LG - 120830 LG - 121046 Valproic acid ZM - 150271 ZM - 172406 mPR ( PAQR ) Agonists 5α - Dihydroprogesterone 5β - Dihydroprogesterone 11 - Deoxycortisone ( 21 - hydroxyprogesterone ) 11 - Deoxycortisol ( 17α , 21 - dihydroxyprogesterone ) 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Allopregnanolone Mifepristone Pregnenolone Progesterone Antagonists Mifepristone See also Receptor / signaling modulators Progestogens and antiprogestogens Androgen receptor modulators Estrogen receptor modulators List of progestogens Sigma receptor modulators σ Agonists : 3 - PPP 4 - PPBP 5 - MeO - DMT Alazocine ( SKF - 10047 ) Amantadine ANAVEX2 - 73 Arketamine BD - 737 BD - 1052 Captodiame Citalopram CGRP Cloperastine Cocaine Cutamesine ( SA - 4503 ) Cyclazocine Dehydroepiandrosterone ( DHEA ) ( prasterone ) Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate ( DHEA - S ) ( prasterone sulfate ) Dextrallorphan Dextromethorphan ( DXM ) Dextrorphan ( DXO ) Dimemorfan Dimethyltryptamine ( DMT ) Ditolylguanidine ( DTG ) Donepezil Eliprodil Escitalopram Fabomotizole ( afobazole ) Fluoxetine Fluvoxamine Ifenprodil Igmesine ( JO - 1784 ) IPAB Ketamine L - 687384 MDMA ( midomafetamine ) Memantine Methamphetamine Methoxetamine Methylphenidate Nepinalone Neuropeptide Y Noscapine OPC - 14523 Opipramol Pentazocine Pentoxyverine ( carbetapentane ) PRE-084 Pregnenolone Pregnenolone sulfate Pridopidine Racemethorphan ( methorphan ) Racemorphan ( morphanol ) UMB - 23 UMB - 82 Antagonists : 3 - PPP AC - 927 BD - 1008 BD - 1031 BD - 1047 BD - 1060 BD - 1063 BD - 1067 BMY - 14802 ( BMS - 181100 ) CM - 156 Dup - 734 E-5842 E-52862 ( S1RA ) Haloperidol LR - 132 LR - 172 MS - 377 NE - 100 NPC - 16377 Panamesine ( EMD - 57455 ) PD - 144418 Pentazocine Progesterone Rimcazole ( BW - 234U ) Sertraline SR - 31742A Allosteric modulators : Phenytoin ; Positive : Methylphenylpiracetam SOMCL - 668 Unknown / unsorted : 3 - Methoxydextrallorphan 3 - MeO - PCP 4C - T - 2 4 - IBP 4 - IPBS 4 - MeO - PCP 5 - MeO - DALT 5 - MeO - DiPT Amitriptyline Azidopamil Chlorpromazine Clemastine Clomipramine Clorgiline D - Deprenyl DiPT DPT Ibogaine Imipramine KCR - 12 - 83.1 Nemonapride Noribogaine RHL - 033 RS - 67,333 RTI - 55 Saffron Safinamide Selegiline Spipethiane Trifluoperazine W - 18 YKP10A σ Agonists : 3 - PPP Arketamine BD - 1047 BD1063 Ditolylguanidine ( DTG ) DKR - 1005 DKR - 1051 Haloperidol Ifenprodil Ketamine MDMA ( midomafetamine ) Methamphetamine OPC - 14523 Opipramol PB - 28 Phencyclidine Siramesine ( Lu 28 - 179 ) UKH - 1114 Antagonists : AC - 927 BD - 1008 BD - 1067 CM - 156 CT - 1812 LR - 172 MIN - 101 Panamesine ( EMD - 57455 ) SAS - 0132 Unknown / unsorted : 3 - Methoxydextrallorphan 3 - MeO - PCE 4 - MeO - PCP 5 - MeO - DALT 5 - MeO - DiPT Clemastine DiPT DPT Ibogaine Nemonapride Nepinalone Noribogaine Pentazocine RS - 67,333 Safinamide TMA UMB - 23 UMB - 82 W - 18 Unsorted Agonists : Berberine Ethylketazocine Fourphit Metaphit Nalbuphine Naluzotan Tapentadol Tenocyclidine Antagonists : AHD1 AZ66 Lamotrigine Naloxone SM - 21 UMB - 100 UMB - 101 UMB - 103 UMB - 116 YZ - 011 YZ - 069 YZ - 185 Allosteric modulators : SKF - 83959 Unknown / unsorted : 18 - Methoxycoronaridine BMY - 13980 Butaclamol Caramiphen Carvotroline Chlorphenamine ( chlorpheniramine ) Chlorpromazine Cinnarizine Cinuperone Clocapramine Dezocine EMD - 59983 Hypericin ( St. John 's wort ) Fluphenazine Gevotroline ( WY - 47384 ) Mepyramine ( pyrilamine ) Molindone Perphenazine Pimozide Proadifen Promethazine Propranolol Quinidine Remoxipride SL 82.0715 SR - 31747A Tiospirone ( BMY - 13859 ) Venlafaxine See also : Receptor / signaling modulators Xenobiotic - sensing receptor modulators CAR Agonists : 6 , 7 - Dimethylesculetin Amiodarone Artemisinin Benfuracarb Carbamazepine Carvedilol Chlorpromazine Chrysin CITCO Clotrimazole Cyclophosphamide Cypermethrin DHEA ( prasterone ) Efavirenz Ellagic acid Griseofulvin Methoxychlor Mifepristone Nefazodone Nevirapine Nicardipine Octicizer Permethrin Phenobarbital Phenytoin Pregnanedione ( 5β - dihydroprogesterone ) Reserpine TCPOBOP Telmisartan Tolnaftate Troglitazone Valproic acid Antagonists : 3 , 17β - Estradiol 3α - Androstanol 3α - Androstenol 3β - Androstanol 17 - Androstanol AITC Ethinylestradiol Meclizine Nigramide J Okadaic acid PK - 11195 S - 07662 T - 0901317 PXR Agonists : 17α - Hydroxypregnenolone 17α - Hydroxyprogesterone Δ - Androstenedione Δ - Androstenediol Δ - Androstenedione AA - 861 Allopregnanediol Allopregnanedione ( 5α - dihydroprogesterone ) Allopregnanolone ( brexanolone ) Alpha - Lipoic acid Ambrisentan AMI - 193 Amlodipine besylate Antimycotics Artemisinin Aurothioglucose Bile acids Bithionol Bosentan Bumecaine Cafestol Cephaloridine Cephradine Chlorpromazine Ciglitazone Clindamycin Clofenvinfos Chloroxine Clotrimazole Colforsin Corticosterone Cyclophosphamide Cyproterone acetate Demecolcine Dexamethasone DHEA ( prasterone ) DHEA - S ( prasterone sulfate ) Dibunate sodium Diclazuril Dicloxacillin Dimercaprol Dinaline Docetaxel Docusate calcium Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid Dronabinol Droxidopa Eburnamonine Ecopipam Enzacamene Epothilone B Erythromycin Famprofazone Febantel Felodipine Fenbendazole Fentanyl Flucloxacillin Fluorometholone Griseofulvin Guggulsterone Haloprogin Hetacillin potassium Hyperforin Hypericum perforatum ( St John 's wort ) Indinavir sulfate Lasalocid sodium Levothyroxine Linolenic acid LOE - 908 Loratadine Lovastatin Meclizine Methacycline Methylprednisolone Metyrapone Mevastatin Mifepristone Nafcillin Nicardipine Nicotine Nifedipine Nilvadipine Nisoldipine Norelgestromin Omeprazole Orlistat Oxatomide Paclitaxel Phenobarbital Piperine Plicamycin Prednisolone Pregnanediol Pregnanedione ( 5β - dihydroprogesterone ) Pregnanolone Pregnenolone Pregnenolone 16α - carbonitrile Proadifen Progesterone Quingestrone Reserpine Reverse triiodothyronine Rifampicin Rifaximin Rimexolone Riodipine Ritonavir Simvastatin Sirolimus Spironolactone Spiroxatrine SR - 12813 Suberoylanilide Sulfisoxazole Suramin Tacrolimus Tenylidone Terconazole Testosterone isocaproate Tetracycline Thiamylal sodium Thiothixene Thonzonium bromide Tianeptine Troglitazone Troleandomycin Tropanyl 3 , 5 - dimethulbenzoate Zafirlukast Zeranol Antagonists : Ketoconazole Sesamin See also Receptor / signaling modulators Nuclear receptor modulators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Progesterone&oldid=800199431 '' Categories : 11β - Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors Antimineralocorticoids Diketones GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators Glucocorticoids Glycine receptor antagonists Neurosteroids Hepatotoxins Hormones of the hypothalamus - pituitary - adrenal axis Hormones of the hypothalamus - pituitary - gonad axis Hormones of the hypothalamic - pituitary - prolactin axis Hormones of the ovary Hormones of the placenta Hormones of the suprarenal cortex Hormones of the brain Hormones of the pregnant female Human female endocrine system Human hormones Pregnane X receptor agonists Pregnanes Progestogens Sex hormones Sigma antagonists Steroid hormones Total synthesis Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Articles without InChI source ECHA InfoCard ID from Wikidata Articles with changed KEGG identifier Articles with changed InChI identifier Articles containing unverified chemical infoboxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles containing links to copyright violations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 September 2017 , at 01 : 36 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where does the progesterone that helps maintain the pregnancy come from	[ "During human pregnancy, progesterone is produced in increasingly high amounts by the ovaries and placenta. At first, the source is the corpus luteum that has been \"rescued\" by the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) from the conceptus. However, after the 8th week, production of progesterone shifts to the placenta. The placenta utilizes maternal cholesterol as the initial substrate, and most of the produced progesterone enters the maternal circulation, but some is picked up by the fetal circulation and used as substrate for fetal corticosteroids. At term the placenta produces about 250 mg progesterone per day.", "During human pregnancy, progesterone is produced in increasingly high amounts by the ovaries and placenta. At first, the source is the corpus luteum that has been \"rescued\" by the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) from the conceptus. However, after the 8th week, production of progesterone shifts to the placenta. The placenta utilizes maternal cholesterol as the initial substrate, and most of the produced progesterone enters the maternal circulation, but some is picked up by the fetal circulation and used as substrate for fetal corticosteroids. At term the placenta produces about 250 mg progesterone per day." ]	[ "the ovaries", "placenta" ]
-7978029515015080598	I Fall in Love Too Easily	I Fall in Love Too Easily - wikipedia I Fall in Love Too Easily For the album by Katharine McPhee , see I Fall In Love Too Easily ( album ) . `` I Fall in Love Too Easily '' is a 1944 song composed by Jule Styne with lyrics by Sammy Cahn . It was introduced by Frank Sinatra in the 1945 film Anchors Aweigh . The film won an Academy Award for its music ; `` I Fall in Love Too Easily '' was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song , which it lost to Rodgers and Hammerstein 's `` It Might As Well Be Spring '' . Sammy Cahn has said of the conception of the sixteen - bar song : `` This song was written one night in Palm Springs . When I sang the last line , Jule Styne looked over at me and said , ' So . That 's it . ' I knew he felt we could have written on , but I felt I had said all there was to say , and if I had it to do over , I would stop right there again . '' Covers ( edit ) The song has become an often - played jazz standard . It has been recorded by Eugenie Baird with Mel Tormé and the Mel - Tones , Chet Baker , Ray Conniff , Royce Campbell , Johnny Hartman , Miles Davis , Shirley Horn , Ralph Towner , Tony Bennett , Anita O'Day , Diane Schuur , and Fred Hersch among others . Eliane Elias included the song on her 2000 album Everything I Love . Karen Souza recorded the song on her 2017 album Velvet Vault . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burlingame , Sandra . `` I Fall in Love Too Easily '' . JazzStandards.com . Retrieved 27 September 2011 . Jump up ^ Cahn , Sammy ( 2002 ) . Sammy Cahn 's Rhyming Dictionary . Hal Leonard Corporation . p. xxxviii . ISBN 1 - 57560 - 622 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Music Popularity Chart '' . Billboard . September 1 , 1945 . p. 23 . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Karen Souza : Velvet Vault '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Fall_in_Love_Too_Easily&oldid=849666225 '' Categories : 1944 songs Sixteen bar sections Songs with music by Jule Styne Songs with lyrics by Sammy Cahn Songs written for films 1940s jazz standards Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 10 July 2018 , at 14 : 45 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	i fall in love too easily i fall in love to fast	[]	[]
-1048136379195559322	The Beatles in film	The Beatles in film - wikipedia The Beatles in film Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Beatles appeared in five motion pictures , most of which were very well received . The exception was the ( mostly unscripted ) television film Magical Mystery Tour which was panned by critics and the public alike . Each of their films had the same name as their associated soundtrack album and a song on that album . Contents ( hide ) 1 Films starring The Beatles 1.1 A Hard Day 's Night 1.2 Help ! 1.3 Magical Mystery Tour 1.4 Yellow Submarine 1.5 Let It Be 1.6 Individual projects 1.7 Unmade films 2 Critical reception 3 Documentaries 4 Promotional films 5 Fictionalised Beatles 6 Inspired by The Beatles 7 Other 8 References Films starring the Beatles ( edit ) A Hard Day 's Night ( edit ) A Hard Day 's Night The Beatles had a successful film career , beginning with A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) , a loosely scripted comic farce , sometimes compared to the Marx Brothers in style . A black - and - white film , it focused on Beatlemania and the band 's hectic touring lifestyle and was directed by the up - and - coming Richard Lester , who was known for having directed a television version of the successful BBC radio series The Goon Show as well as the off - beat short film The Running , Jumping and Standing Still Film , with Peter Sellers and Spike Milligan . A Hard Day 's Night is a mockumentary of the four members as they make their way to a London television programme . The film , released at the height of Beatlemania , was well received by critics , and remains one of the most influential jukebox musicals . Help ! ( edit ) In 1965 came Help ! ; an Eastmancolour extravaganza , which was also directed by Lester . The film was shot in exotic locations ( such as Salisbury Plain , with Stonehenge visible in the background ; the Bahamas ; Salzburg and the Austrian Alps ) in the style of a Mr. Magoo spoof along with even more Marx Brothers - style zaniness : For example , the film is dedicated `` to Elias Howe , who , in 1846 , invented the sewing machine . '' It was the first Beatles film filmed in colour . Magical Mystery Tour ( edit ) The Magical Mystery Tour film was essentially McCartney 's idea , which was thought up as he returned from a trip to the U.S. in the late spring of 1967 , and was loosely inspired by press coverage McCartney had read about Ken Kesey 's Merry Pranksters ' LSD - fuelled American bus odyssey . McCartney felt inspired to take this idea and blend it with the peculiarly English working class tradition of charabanc mystery tours , in which children took chaperoned bus rides through the English countryside , destination unknown . The film was critically dismissed when it was aired on the BBC 's premier television network , BBC - 1 , on Boxing Day -- a day primarily for traditional `` cosy , family entertainment '' . While the film has historical importance as an early advance into the music video age , at the time many viewers found it plotless and confusing . Compounding this culture clash was the fact that the film was made in colour and made use of colour filters for some of the scenes - particularly in a sequence for `` Blue Jay Way '' - but in December 1967 practically no - one in the UK owned a colour receiver , the service only having started a few months earlier . Yellow Submarine ( edit ) The animated Yellow Submarine followed in 1968 , but had little direct input from The Beatles , save for a live - action epilogue and the contribution of four new songs ( including `` Only a Northern Song '' , an unreleased track from the Sgt . Pepper sessions ) . It was acclaimed for its boldly innovative graphic style . The Beatles are said to have been pleased with the result and attended its highly publicised London premiere . Let it Be ( edit ) Let It Be was an ill - fated documentary of the band that was shot over a four - week period in January 1969 . The documentary -- which was originally intended to be simply a chronicle of the evolution of an album and the band 's possible return to live performances -- captured the prevailing tensions between the band members , and in this respect it unwittingly became a document of the beginning of their break - up . The band initially rejected both the film and the album , instead recording and issuing the Abbey Road album . But with so much money having been spent on the project , it was decided to finish , and release , the film and album ( the latter with considerable post-production by Phil Spector ) in the spring of 1970 . When the film finally appeared , it was after the break - up had been announced , which gave the film 's depiction of the band 's acrimony and attempts to recapture the group 's spirit a significant poignancy . Individual projects ( edit ) In late 1966 , John Lennon took time off to play a supporting character , Gripweed , in a film called How I Won the War , also directed by Lester . It was a satire of World War II films , and its dry , ironic British humour was not well received by American audiences . He would later produce avant - garde films with his second wife Yoko Ono , such as Rape which was produced for the Austrian television network ORF . In 1969 , Ringo Starr took second billing to Peter Sellers in the satirical comedy The Magic Christian , in a part which had been written especially for him . In 1971 , Starr played the part of Frank Zappa in Zappa 's epic cult film about a rock and roll band touring , entitled 200 Motels . In 1973 , Ringo played the part of Mike in That 'll Be The Day along with David Essex as Jim MacLaine . In 1974 , Ringo starred with musician Harry Nilsson in the film Son of Dracula and in 1981 , starred in the film Caveman with Shelley Long . Starr later embarked on an irregular career in comedy films through the early 1980s , and his interest in the subject led him to be the most active of the group in the film division of Apple Corps , although it was Harrison who would achieve the most success as a film producer ( The Life of Brian , Mona Lisa , Time Bandits , Shanghai Surprise , Withnail and I ) and even made cameo appearances in some of these as well ( including a reporter in All You Need Is Cash ) . Paul McCartney appeared in a cameo role in Peter Richardson 's 1987 film Eat the Rich and released his own film Give My Regards to Broad Street in 1984 in which Ringo Starr co-starred . He also appeared in the 2017 film Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Men Tell No Tales Unmade films ( edit ) During the 1960s , there were many ideas pitched for films , but these were either rejected or else never saw the light of day ; such projects included A Talent for Loving , a Western film written by Richard Condon ; Shades of a Personality ; film versions of The Lord of the Rings and The Three Musketeers starring the group ( although Richard Lester , who directed the group 's first two movies , went on to direct his own version of The Three Musketeers in 1973 ) , and a script by playwright Joe Orton called Up Against It . Robert Zemekis was planning a remake of the film Yellow Submarine with motion capture technology but it was cancelled in 2011 . Critical reception ( edit ) Film Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic A Hard Day 's Night 98 % ( 102 reviews ) 96 ( 24 reviews ) Help ! 91 % ( 22 reviews ) N / A Magical Mystery Tour 58 % ( 12 reviews ) N / A Yellow Submarine 96 % ( 47 reviews ) N / A Let It Be 82 % ( 11 reviews ) N / A Average ratings 85 % 96 A : Ratings for the 2000 re-release . Documentaries ( edit ) The Beatles have been the subject of a number of documentary films . The Beatles at Shea Stadium The Compleat Beatles The Beatles : The First U.S. Visit The Beatles Anthology All Together Now Good Ol ' Freda ( December 3 , 2013 ) Documentary about Freda Kelly , secretary of Brian Epstein and The Beatles Fan Club and her life near to the Fab Four for 11 years . Let It Be The Beatles : Eight Days a Week Promotional films ( edit ) Main article : Music video § 1960 -- 1973 : Promotional clips and others `` Rain '' `` Paperback Writer '' `` Strawberry Fields Forever '' `` Penny Lane '' `` A Day in the Life '' `` Hello , Goodbye '' `` Lady Madonna '' `` Hey Jude '' `` Revolution '' `` Something '' Fictionalised Beatles ( edit ) Birth of The Beatles ( 1979 ) , focusing on period from ca . 1957 at art college through Hamburg days to first number one Beatlemania ( 1981 ) , a poorly received movie version of the Broadway show of the same name The Hours and Times ( 1991 ) , speculation about the weekend Brian Epstein and John Lennon spent together in Barcelona in 1963 Backbeat ( 1994 ) , the Stuart Sutcliffe story The Linda McCartney Story ( 2000 ) , A TV film covering the relationship between Paul McCartney and Linda Eastman Two of Us ( 2000 ) , covering a mid-1970s meeting between Paul McCartney and John Lennon In His Life : The John Lennon Story ( 2000 ) , focusing on period from 1957 to 1964 Nowhere Boy ( 2009 ) , a John Lennon biopic , focusing on his teens Lennon Naked ( 2010 ) , a TV movie based on the life of Lennon from 1967 to 1971 starring Christopher Eccleston as John Lennon Cilla ( 2014 ) , a miniseries about Cilla Black , features the Beatles in supporting roles Inspired by the Beatles ( edit ) Several fictional films not depicting The Beatles have been entirely based on Beatles themes and songs Pinoy Beatles ( 1964 ) , a Tagalog musical made in the Philippines . It was released 3 months after A Hard Day 's Night The Girls on the Beach ( 1965 ) , a beach party film in which college coeds mistakenly believe the Beatles are going to perform at their sorority fundraiser All This and World War II ( 1976 ) , documentary of World War II using Beatles music Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1978 ) , a musical based on the Beatles ' album of the same name I Wanna Hold Your Hand ( 1978 ) , a coming of age film about Beatlemania All You Need Is Cash ( 1978 ) , TV mockumentary featuring The Rutles , a parody of the Beatles Secrets ( 1992 ) , a drama about five Australian teenagers who get locked in the basement of a hotel where the Beatles are staying I Am Sam ( 2001 ) , a drama about the story of an intellectually disabled father who loves the Beatles and his efforts to retain custody of his daughter The Rutles 2 : Ca n't Buy Me Lunch ( 2005 ) , mockumentary featuring The Rutles Across the Universe ( 2007 ) , a musical Beatles ( 2014 ) Norwegian film based on Beatles ( novel ) written by Lars Saabye Christensen . It 's about five boys in the seventh grade in school , they live on the west side of Oslo , they are all great fans of the band `` The Beatles '' . Other ( edit ) Howard Kaylan 's autobiographical film , My Dinner with Jimi , from 2003 , tells the story of Kaylan and his band The Turtles ' first tour of England , where they met many British rock stars , including The Beatles . John Lennon was portrayed by Brian Groh ; Paul McCartney , by Quinton Flynn ; George Harrison , by Nate Dushku and Ringo Starr , by Ben Bodé . In the 2007 mock - biopic film Walk Hard : The Dewey Cox Story , Dewey Cox and his bandmates go to India to pray with the Maharishi . There , they encounter the intentionally miscast Beatles with Paul Rudd , Jack Black , Justin Long and Jason Schwartzman as John , Paul , George and Ringo , respectively . The vultures in the 1967 film of The Jungle Book are considered caricatures of the Beatles . The Beatles were originally planned to voice them , but later declined due to scheduling conflicts . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sarris , Andrew ( 2004 ) . `` A Hard Day 's Night '' . In Elizabeth Thomson , David Gutman . The Lennon Companion . New York : Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81270 - 3 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard , Corliss , Richard ( 19 February 2007 ) . `` ALL - TIME 100 MOVIES '' . Time . Retrieved 27 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Magical Mystery Tour '' . Televisionheaven.co.uk . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ http://ew.com/movies/2017/05/26/paul-mccartney-pirates-of-the-caribbean-5-role/ Jump up ^ `` Joe Orton and the Lost Beatles film '' . Beatlesagain.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys . Disney torpedoes Zemeckis ' `` Yellow Submarine '' The Hollywood Reporter ( 14 March 2011 ) . Jump up ^ `` A Hard Day 's Night ( 1964 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` A Hard Day 's Night - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Help ! ( 1965 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Magical Mystery Tour ( 1967 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Yellow Submarine ( 1968 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Let It Be ( 1970 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kumar , Sujay ( 2010 - 10 - 07 ) . `` 11 On - Screen Portrayals of the Beatles '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 26 . The Beatles filmography and videography Filmography and videography A Hard Day 's Night Help ! Magical Mystery Tour Yellow Submarine Let It Be Documentaries The First U.S. Visit At Shea Stadium A Salute to the Beatles The Compleat Beatles Anthology All Together Now Eight Days a Week -- The Touring Years Promotional films ( music videos ) Rain Paperback Writer Strawberry Fields Forever Penny Lane A Day in the Life Hello , Goodbye Lady Madonna Hey Jude Revolution Something Fictionalised Beatles Ringo Birth of the Beatles Beatlemania Give My Regards to Broad Street John and Yoko : A Love Story Backbeat The Hours and Times The Linda McCartney Story Two of Us In His Life : The John Lennon Story The Killing of John Lennon Chapter 27 Nowhere Boy Lennon Naked Inspired by Beatles The Girls on the Beach All This and World War II Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band I Wanna Hold Your Hand All You Need Is Cash Secrets I Am Sam The Rutles 2 : Ca n't Buy Me Lunch Across the Universe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Beatles_in_film&oldid=799892242 '' Categories : Films associated with the Beatles Hidden categories : Use British English from November 2010 Articles needing additional references from March 2007 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2007 Talk Contents About Wikipedia ქართული Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 12 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	which of the following beatle albums is not also a movie	[]	[]
4244185472074404686	SS Atlantus	S.S. Atlantus - wikipedia S.S. Atlantus `` Atlantus '' redirects here . For the figure in Greek mythology , see Cercopes . Not to be confused with Atlantis . SS Atlantus the day she ran aground , 8 June 1926 History United States Name : SS Atlantus Builder : Liberty Ship Building Company , Brunswick , Georgia Launched : 5 December 1918 In service : 1919 Out of service : 1920 Fate : Wrecked , 8 June 1926 General characteristics Type : Cargo ship Tonnage : 2,391 GRT Length : 79.2 m ( 259 ft 10 in ) p / p Beam : 13.3 m ( 43 ft 8 in ) Speed : 10.5 knots ( 19.4 km / h ; 12.1 mph ) SS Atlantus is the most famous of the twelve concrete ships built by the Liberty Ship Building Company in Brunswick , Georgia during and after World War I . The steamer was launched on 5 December 1918 , and was the second concrete ship constructed in the World War I Emergency Fleet . The war had ended a month earlier , but the Atlantus was used to transport American troops back home from Europe and also to transport coal in New England . After two years of service , the ship was retired in 1920 to a salvage yard in Virginia . In 1926 , Colonel Jesse Rosenfeld purchased the Atlantus for use in the creation of a ferry dock ( for a route now served by the Cape May -- Lewes Ferry ) out of her and two of her sister ships . The plan was to dig a channel to the shore where the Atlantus would be placed , and the other two ships would be placed in a Y formation , creating a slip for a ferry to dock . In March 1926 , the groundbreaking ceremonies were held for the construction of the ferry dock . The Atlantus was repaired and towed to Cape May . On June 8 of the same year , a storm hit and the ship broke free of her moorings and ran aground 150 feet off the coast of Sunset Beach . Several attempts were made to free the ship , but none were successful . At one time there was a billboard painted on the side of the ship advertising boat insurance . Since her sinking , her slowly deteriorating hull has drawn tourists , although little of her is left visible above the water line . The wreckage is currently split in three pieces . The stern is the most visible section , the middle is completely submerged , and the bow can only be viewed at low tide . Postcard c. 1940 Atlantus in July 2015 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Sutton , Patricia ; Sutton , Clay . Birds and Birding at Cape May . Stackpole Books . p. 241 . ISBN 9780811731348 . ^ Jump up to : `` S.S. Atlantus : Concrete Ship and Lead Balloon '' . Weird N.J . Retrieved 26 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Steele , Randy ( February 2006 ) . `` Durable Goods '' . Boating : 26 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Crumbling Wreck of a Concrete Ship '' . RoadsideAmerica.com . Retrieved 5 October 2015 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atlantus ( ship , 1919 ) . `` S.S. Atlantus '' . concreteships.org . Coordinates : 38 ° 56 ′ 40 '' N 74 ° 58 ′ 19 '' W / 38.94444 ° N 74.97194 ° W / 38.94444 ; - 74.97194 Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1926 Shipwrecks 11 Feb : Heian Maru 2 Apr : Dorrigo 9 Apr : Sylvanus 1 Jun : Washington Irving 8 Jun : Atlantus 2 Jul : Queen of Nassau 9 Aug : HMS H29 13 Aug : Albert San 2 Sep : HMAS Platypus II 14 Sep : Roseway September ( unknown date ) : HMS Raleigh 26 Nov : Andrios 30 Nov : City of Bangor 18 Dec : Swiks Unknown date : Sapona Other incidents 11 Jan : Empress of Asia 12 Jan : Empress January ( unknown date ) : Cameronia 10 Mar : America 9 Apr : Aeolus 16 Jul : Brulin 20 Aug : Espagne 25 Aug : Ambria August ( unknown date ) : Cameronia 5 Sep : HMS Cockchafer 1 Nov : HMS R4 9 Dec : Sac City 24 Dec : HMS Thunderer 26 Dec : Franconia Unknown date : America , Otranto 1925 1927 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Atlantus&oldid=842326526 '' Categories : Shipwrecks of the New Jersey coast World War I merchant ships of the United States Concrete ships Ships built in North Carolina 1918 ships Maritime incidents in 1926 Tourist attractions in Cape May County , New Jersey Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 21 May 2018 , at 18 : 45 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	wreck of the ss atlantus cape may nj	[]	[]
1695130756202872682	MS Enchantment of the Seas	Ms Enchantment of the Seas - wikipedia Ms Enchantment of the Seas Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) History Name : Enchantment of the Seas Owner : Enchantment of the Seas Operator : Royal Caribbean International Port of registry : 1997 -- 2005 : Oslo , Norway 2005 -- : Nassau , Bahamas Ordered : 3 August 1994 Builder : Kvaerner Masa Yards Helsinki New Shipyard , Helsinki , Finland Yard number : 493 Laid down : 25 October 1995 Launched : 20 November 1996 Completed : 3 July 1997 Maiden voyage : July 13 , 1997 In service : 1997 - present Identification : Call sign : C6FZ7 IMO number : 9111802 MMSI number : 311733000 Status : In Active Service General characteristics Class and type : Vision - class cruise ship Tonnage : 1997 -- 2004 : 74,000 GT 2005 onwards : 82,910 GT Length : 1997 -- 2004 : 916 ft ( 279.20 m ) 2005 onwards : 301.36 m ( 988.71 ft ) Beam : 106 ft ( 32.31 m ) Draft : 25 ft ( 7.62 m ) Decks : 11 passenger decks Speed : 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) Capacity : 2,446 Passengers MS Enchantment of the Seas is a Vision - class cruise ship operated by Royal Caribbean International . She cruises in the Caribbean year round sailing out of Galveston , Texas , USA . She sails two cruises weekly : a 4 - night cruise to Coco Cay and Nassau , Bahamas with a day at sea and a 3 - night weekend to Nassau , Bahamas and Coco Cay , a route formerly fulfilled by Majesty of the Seas . In September 2017 , Enchantment of the Seas evacuated the company 's employees and their families from Miami endangered by Category 5 hurricane . The ship left the port heading towards calm waters . She returned to the port of Miami when the threat had passed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Propellers 2 Facilities 3 2005 overhaul 4 Incidents 5 References 6 External links Propellers ( edit ) Docked in Philadelphia , USA . The two propellers are highly skewed fixed pitch types , manufactured in Sweden . Enchantment of the Seas and her sister ship Grandeur of the Seas are the first two major cruise ships to be equipped with a Dynamic Positioning System frequently used to maintain position while in port , particularly when tender boats are used . Facilities ( edit ) Sports pool and main pool . The ship 's dining facilities include the two - story `` My Fair Lady '' dining room , the Windjammer cafe buffet , the Chops Grille specialty restaurant , and several themed bars and lounges , including a piano bar . Other features include three pools , a spa , a theater , a solarium , a fitness center , a discothèque , a shopping center and centrum , a teen disco and lounge , Adventure Ocean center , an observation deck , a rock - climbing wall , four bungee trampolines called the `` Jump Zone '' and the Viking Crown Lounge . Orpheum Theatre . In December 2012 , Enchantment of the Seas went into drydock in Freeport , Bahamas and received new features including the Park Cafè , a poolside movie screen , new Centrum upgrade without the flying acts the other Vision ships received , flatpanel TVs , upgraded phone system , Ship wide WiFi technology and other enhancements . Centrum , The three - deck atrium of the ship , as seen from mid-deck ; it was renovated during the 2005 overhaul . 2005 overhaul ( edit ) Enchantment of the Seas before the overhaul . In 2005 , the Enchantment of the Seas was overhauled . Part of overhaul included stretching the vessel by cutting it in two amidship and adding a 73 - foot ( 22 m ) long section . Enchantment of the Seas entered dry dock at Keppel Verolme shipyards in Rotterdam on 15 May 2005 . The mid-body extension section was built at Aker Finnyards ahead of time , allowing the construction to be done in just over a month . The ship resumed service on July 7 , 2005 , less than two months after entering dry dock . The new section included 151 new staterooms , outdoor trampoline bungees , suspension bridges , an expanded pool area , a 64 - jet interactive fountain area for kids , and floor windows allowing an unobstructed view of the ocean below . During its time out of service , Enchantment of the Seas also received an overall renovation , which included paintings by Paul Critchley for the Windjammer cafe . When the extension project was approved , an extension of Enchantment of the Seas 's sister ship , Grandeur of the Seas was also planned , with tentative plans to extend other ships in the Vision class ( and possibly throughout the fleet ) . However , while the Enchantment of the Seas project was successful it proved to be prohibitively expensive , and all future extension projects have been cancelled . Instead , the Voyager class was extended on paper , and the Freedom class was created , utilising the shipyard capacity previously booked for the Vision class extensions . Incidents ( edit ) On September 30 , 2009 , while Enchantment of the Seas was berthed at Cozumel , Mexico , high winds pushed the cruise ship Carnival Legend against the side resulting in damage to both ships . A Royal Caribbean spokeswoman commented that the ship had minor damage to the stern of the ship and some railings . Both ships were able to depart to its next port of call after being inspected by port authorities . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Enchantment of the Seas ( 18769 ) '' . DNV GL Vessel Register . Det Norske Veritas . Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Enchantment of the Seas Evacuates the Employees as Irma Continues Its Path Towards Florida CruiseBe '' . CruiseBe . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release 31 May 2005 '' . Royal Caribbean . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Brochure on KV 's facilities for cruise and ferry repair '' ( PDF ) . Cruise and Ferry ( contains numerous photos and details of the Enchantment of the Seas extension project ) . Keppel Verolme Shipyards . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release 06 July 2005 '' . Royal Caribbean . Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Sloan , Gene ( 2009 ) . `` Carnival and Royal Caribbean cruise ships collide in Cozumel '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . news.msn.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Enchantment of the Seas ( ship , 1997 ) . RCI page for Enchantment of the Seas RCI `` Fast Facts '' brochure for Enchantment of the Seas A gallery of commissioned artwork for the ship 's Windjammer Buffet - Style Cafe Cruise News Daily 's coverage of the new features on the Enchantment of the Seas Royal Caribbean International fleet Sovereign class Majesty of the Seas Vision class Grandeur of the Seas Rhapsody of the Seas Enchantment of the Seas Vision of the Seas Voyager class Voyager of the Seas Explorer of the Seas Adventure of the Seas Navigator of the Seas Mariner of the Seas Radiance class Radiance of the Seas Brilliance of the Seas Serenade of the Seas Jewel of the Seas Freedom class Freedom of the Seas Liberty of the Seas Independence of the Seas Oasis class Oasis of the Seas Allure of the Seas Harmony of the Seas Symphony of the Seas TBA ( 2021 ) Quantum class Quantum of the Seas Anthem of the Seas Ovation of the Seas Spectrum of the Seas ( 2019 ) TBA ( 2020 ) Empress class Empress of the Seas Project Icon Icon of the Seas ( 2022 ) TBA ( 2024 ) Former ships Song of Norway Nordic Prince Sun Viking Song of America Viking Serenade Sovereign of the Seas Monarch of the Seas Splendour of the Seas Legend of the Seas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MS_Enchantment_of_the_Seas&oldid=830764330 '' Categories : Cruise ships of Norway Ships of Royal Caribbean International Ships built in Helsinki 1997 ships Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from April 2009 All articles lacking in - text citations Ship infoboxes without an image IMO Number MMSI Number All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2009 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Français Nederlands 日本語 Português Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 March 2018 , at 20 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when was royal caribbean enchantment of the seas built	[]	[]
-1132690463151445640	Respiratory epithelium	Respiratory epithelium - wikipedia Respiratory epithelium Jump to : navigation , search Respiratory epithelium Diagram of the trachea showing respiratory epithelium at the top Illustration depicting Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium . Details System ( Respiratory system ) ) Identifiers MeSH D020545 TH H3. 05.00. 0.00003 Anatomical terms of microanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) This article is one of a series on Epithelia Squamous epithelial cell Simple Stratified Columnar epithelial cell Simple Stratified Pseudostratified Cuboidal epithelial cell Simple Stratified Specialised epithelia Olfactory Respiratory Intestinal Transitional Vaginal Germinal female male Other Table of epithelia of human organs Respiratory epithelium is a type of ciliated epithelium found lining most of the respiratory tract , where it serves to moisten and protect the airways . It is not present in the larynx and pharynx . It also functions as a barrier to potential pathogens and foreign particles , preventing infection and tissue injury by the action of mucociliary clearance . Structure ( edit ) The respiratory epithelium lining the upper respiratory airways is classified as ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium . This designation is due to the arrangement of the multiple cell types composing the respiratory epithelium . While all cells make contact with the basement membrane and are , therefore , a single layer of cells , the nuclei are not aligned in the same plane . Hence , it appears as though several layers of cells are present and the epithelium is called pseudostratified . The majority of cells composing the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium are of three types : a ) ciliated cells , b ) goblet cells , and c ) basal cells . The ciliated cells are columnar epithelial cells with specialized ciliary modifications . Goblet cells , so named because they are shaped like a wine goblet , are columnar epithelial cells that contain membrane - bound mucous granules and secrete mucus , or epithelial lining fluid ( ELF ) , the composition of which is tightly regulated ; the mucus helps maintain epithelial moisture and traps particulate material and pathogens moving through the airway. and determines how well mucociliary clearance works . The basal cells are small , nearly cuboidal cells thought to have some ability to differentiate into other cells types found within the epithelium . For example , these basal cells respond to injury of the airway epithelium , migrating to cover a site denuded of differentiated epithelial cells , and subsequently differentiating to restore a healthy epithelial cell layer . Certain parts of the respiratory tract , such as the oropharynx , are also subject to the abrasive swallowing of food . To prevent the destruction of the respiratory epithelium in these areas , it changes to stratified squamous epithelium , which is better suited to the constant sloughing and abrasion . The squamous layer of the oropharynx is continuous with the esophagus . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mescher AL , `` Chapter 17 . The Respiratory System '' ( Chapter ) . Mescher AL : Junqueira 's Basic Histology : Text & Atlas , 12e : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 24 ... Jump up ^ Stanke F The Contribution of the Airway Epithelial Cell to Host Defense . Mediators Inflamm. 2015 ; 2015 : 463016 . PMID 26185361 PMC 4491388 Jump up ^ U.S. EPA . Integrated Science Assessment for Oxides of Nitrogen -- Health Criteria ( 2016 Final Report ) . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , Washington , DC , EPA / 600 / R - 15 / 068 , 2016 . Federal Register Notice Jan 28 , 2016 Free download available at Report page at EPA website . External links ( edit ) Histology image : 13903loa -- Histology Learning System at Boston University Histology of The Respiratory System Epithelial tissue Cells Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Types Simple squamous epithelium Endothelium Mesothelium Simple cuboidal epithelium Simple columnar epithelium Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Respiratory epithelium Stratified squamous epithelium Stratified cuboidal epithelium Stratified columnar epithelium Transitional epithelium Urothelium Glands Types Mechanism Merocrine Eccrine Apocrine Holocrine Sebaceous Meibomian Shape Tubular gland Alveolar gland Secretion Serous glands Mucous glands Components Myoepithelial cell Serous demilune Ducts : Interlobar Interlobular Intralobular Striated Intercalated Acinus / Lobe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_epithelium&oldid=836553952 '' Categories : Respiratory system Epithelium Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2010 Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Kurdî Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 13 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where are ciliated cells found in the respiratory system	[ "Respiratory epithelium is a type of ciliated epithelium found lining most of the respiratory tract, where it serves to moisten and protect the airways. It is not present in the larynx and pharynx. It also functions as a barrier to potential pathogens and foreign particles, preventing infection and tissue injury by the action of mucociliary clearance." ]	[ "lining most of the respiratory tract" ]
8811202687149847159	One More Last Chance	One more last chance - Wikipedia One more last chance `` One More Last Chance '' Single by Vince Gill from the album I Still Believe in You B - side `` Under These Conditions '' Released July 26 , 1993 Recorded Genre Country Length 3 : 11 Label MCA Songwriter ( s ) Vince Gill , Gary Nicholson Producer ( s ) Tony Brown Vince Gill singles chronology `` No Future in the Past '' ( 1993 ) `` One More Last Chance '' ( 1993 ) `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' ( 1994 ) `` No Future in the Past '' ( 1993 ) `` One More Last Chance '' ( 1993 ) `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' ( 1994 ) `` One More Last Chance '' is a song recorded by American country music singer Vince Gill . Gill co-wrote the song with Gary Nicholson . It was released in July 1993 as the fourth single from his album , I Still Believe in You . The song reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) chart . Contents ( hide ) 1 Content 2 Music video 3 Chart performance 3.1 Charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 References Content ( edit ) The song is about a man who is about to be run off by his wife for his drinking ways . He asks for `` one more last chance before you say we 're through . '' Music video ( edit ) The music video was directed by John Lloyd Miller and premiered in mid-1993 . In it , Gill , Belmont men 's head basketball coach Rick Byrd , and various band members are seen playing a round of golf at a golf course , with Gill having ridden a John Deere tractor to the course . The video features a cameo by George Jones , who appears at the end of the video riding a John Deere riding lawnmower to the golf course . The appearance echoes earlier incidents in Jones 's life where he would ride his lawnmowers to go on beer runs because his wives would not let him drive a car . Chart performance ( edit ) The song debuted at number 61 on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart dated July 31 , 1993 . It charted for 20 weeks on that chart , and climbed to Number One on the chart dated October 9 , 1993 , and stayed there for one week . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Peak position Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 26 Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1993 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 59 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) Preceded by `` Ai n't Goin ' Down ( ' Til the Sun Comes Up ) '' by Garth Brooks Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single October 9 , 1993 Succeeded by `` What 's It to You '' by Clay Walker RPM Country Tracks number - one single October 23 , 1993 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book Of Top 40 Country Hits : 1944 - 2006 , Second edition . Record Research . p. 135 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary : Issue 2292 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . November 13 , 1993 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 2275 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . October 23 , 1993 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Gill Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1993 '' . RPM . December 18 , 1993 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1993 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1993 . Retrieved August 5 , 2013 . hide Vince Gill Studio albums The Things That Matter The Way Back Home When I Call Your Name Pocket Full of Gold I Still Believe in You When Love Finds You High Lonesome Sound The Key Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye Next Big Thing These Days Guitar Slinger Bakersfield Down to My Last Bad Habit Compilation albums The Essential Vince Gill Souvenirs Icon Christmas albums Let There Be Peace on Earth Breath of Heaven : A Christmas Collection ' Tis the Season Extended plays Turn Me Loose Notable singles `` True Love '' `` If It Were n't for Him '' ( with Rosanne Cash ) `` Oklahoma Borderline '' `` Cinderella '' `` Let 's Do Something '' `` Everybody 's Sweetheart '' `` The Radio '' `` Never Alone '' `` Oklahoma Swing '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` When I Call Your Name '' `` Never Knew Lonely '' `` Pocket Full of Gold '' `` Liza Jane '' `` Look at Us '' `` Take Your Memory with You '' `` I Still Believe in You '' `` Do n't Let Our Love Start Slippin ' Away '' `` No Future in the Past '' `` One More Last Chance '' `` Tryin ' to Get Over You '' `` Whenever You Come Around '' `` What the Cowgirls Do '' `` When Love Finds You '' `` Which Bridge to Cross ( Which Bridge to Burn ) '' `` You Better Think Twice '' `` Go Rest High on That Mountain '' `` High Lonesome Sound '' `` Worlds Apart '' `` Pretty Little Adriana '' `` A Little More Love '' `` You and You Alone '' `` If You Ever Have Forever in Mind '' `` Kindly Keep It Country '' `` Do n't Come Cryin ' to Me '' `` My Kind of Woman / My Kind of Man '' ( with Patty Loveless ) `` Let 's Make Sure We Kiss Goodbye '' `` Feels Like Love '' `` Shoot Straight from Your Heart '' `` Next Big Thing '' `` Someday '' Guest singles `` The Heart Wo n't Lie '' ( with Reba McEntire ) `` House of Love '' ( with Amy Grant ) `` I Will Always Love You '' ( with Dolly Parton ) `` It 's Not Over '' ( with Mark Chesnutt and Alison Krauss `` No Place That Far '' ( with Sara Evans ) `` Building Bridges '' ( with Brooks & Dunn and Sheryl Crow ) `` Do n't Rush '' ( with Kelly Clarkson ) `` I Just Ca n't Help Believing '' ( with B.J. Thomas ) `` Sober Saturday Night '' ( with Chris Young ) Other songs `` Here We Are '' `` I Ca n't Tell You Why '' Related articles Discography Pure Prairie League The Notorious Cherry Bombs The Notorious Cherry Bombs Book : Vince Gill This 1990s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_More_Last_Chance&oldid=846141016 '' Categories : 1993 singles Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles 1992 songs Vince Gill songs RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Song recordings produced by Tony Brown ( record producer ) Songs written by Vince Gill MCA Records singles Music videos directed by John Lloyd Miller Songs written by Gary Nicholson 1990s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadaadultcontemporary Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 June 2018 , at 16 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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3452618397621386482	NCAA basketball tournament selection process	NCAA basketball tournament selection process - wikipedia NCAA basketball tournament selection process `` Selection process '' redirects here . For other uses , see Competitive examination . The selection process for college basketball 's NCAA Division I Men 's and Women 's Basketball Championships determines which teams ( 68 men 's , 64 women 's ) will enter the tournaments ( the centerpieces of the basketball championship frenzy known as `` March Madness '' ) and their seedings and matchups in the knockout bracket . Thirty - two teams gain automatic entry through winning their conference 's championship . The remaining teams ( 36 men 's , 32 women 's ) rely on the selection committee to award them an at - large bid in the tournament . The selection process primarily takes place on Selection Sunday and the days leading up to it . Selection Sunday is also when the men 's brackets and seeds are released to the public . The women 's championship brackets and seeds are announced one day later , on Selection Monday . Contents ( hide ) 1 The selection committees 1.1 Current men 's committee members 1.2 Current women 's committee members 2 Selecting the field 3 Predictions and speculation 4 Seeding 5 Making the brackets 6 Selection Sunday 7 References 8 External links The selection committees ( edit ) The ten - member basketball selection committee is made up of athletic directors and conference commissioners throughout Division I men 's and women 's athletics with separate committees for the men 's and women 's tournaments . The committees , whose members serve five - year terms , are chosen to ensure that conferences from around the country are represented . Historically the men 's selection committee consisted of all men , and the women 's selection committee consisted of all women . However , recently women have been serving on the men 's committee ( including Judy Rose , Lynn Hickey , and current member Janet Cone ) , and men have been serving on the women 's committee ( including Richard Ensor and current member Jeff Konya ) . The tournament selection is only part of the committee members ' duties ; the panels meet year - round ( in - person or through conference calls ) to discuss the tournament and its administration , evaluate teams , assign tournament game officials , and determine future tournament sites . To avoid potential conflicts of interest , committee members must leave the room when his or her own school is being discussed ( or schools in the case of the conference commissioners ) . The member may be invited to answer factual questions regarding his or her team or teams ( e.g. , status of player injuries ) . An athletic director may be present when other schools from his or her conference are discussed , but he or she may only speak if asked . Current men 's committee members ( edit ) Name School / Conference Position Bruce Rasmussen Creighton Athletic Director Bernard Muir Stanford Athletic Director Mitch Barnhart Kentucky Athletic Director Tom Burnett Southland Conference Commissioner Janet Cone UNC Asheville Athletic Director Tom Holmoe BYU Athletic Director Jim Phillips Northwestern Athletic Director Jim Schaus Ohio Athletic Director Craig Thompson Mountain West Conference Commissioner Kevin White Duke Athletic Director 2017 - 18 chairman 2017 - 18 vice-chairman Current women 's committee members ( edit ) Name School / Conference Position Rhonda Bennett Nevada Senior Associate Athletic Director Ceal Barry Colorado Senior Associate Athletic Director Jill Bodensteiner Notre Dame Senior Associate Athletic Director DeJuena Chizer Houston Senior Associate Athletic Director Leslie Claybrook Southeastern Conference Assistant Commissioner Tamica Smith Jones UC Riverside Athletic Director Jeff Konya Oakland Athletic Director Teresa Phillips Tennessee State Athletic Director Deborah Richardson Atlantic 10 Conference Senior Associate Commissioner Diane C. Turnham Middle Tennessee Senior Associate Athletic Director 2017 - 18 chairperson Selecting the field ( edit ) The selection committee must first decide which teams will compete in the tournament . As of the 2016 -- 17 season , thirty - two teams receive automatic bids to the tournament by winning their conference tournament . The selection committee only selects the teams ( 36 for men and 32 for women ) who receive at - large bids . Though each conference receives only one automatic bid , the selection committee may select any number of at - large teams from each conference . The at - large teams generally come from college basketball 's top conferences , including the ACC , The American , A-10 , Big 12 , Big East , Big Ten , Mountain West , Pac - 12 , and SEC . Many of these at - large teams , however , are `` on the bubble '' , meaning that their chances of gaining a tournament berth are borderline , and they will not know if they have gained entry until the Selection Sunday bracket announcements . The RPI rating is often considered a factor in selecting and seeding the final few teams in the tournament field . However , the NCAA selection committee in 2015 said the RPI is only utilized for grouping the teams into groups such as top 50 and top 100 teams , to value the wins and losses , and not as a factor for selection . Additionally , the committee officially considers predictive computer rankings , such as ESPN 's BPI , Sagarin , and Pomeroy Ratings , which use additional factors considered by the committee , such as injured players in the case of the BPI . Additionally , committee members consider how teams do on the road and at neutral courts , strength of conference and schedule , non-conference strength of schedule , record against other selected tournament teams , and other extenuating factors . Finally , the `` eye test '' is often quoted by pundits as something the committee uses , however ncaa. org 's sparse description of the selection process does n't officially mention the `` eye test '' . For instance , in 2016 Oklahoma athletic director Joe Castiglione , the NCAA selection committee 's chair , said that the stark contrast in Syracuse 's performance in 2015 - 2016 with Jim Boeheim present versus absent was considered the same as missing a key player during the slump . A number of teams essentially know that they are assured of an at - large berth no matter their performance in their conference tournament . Most teams in the Top 25 in the national polls or RPI are essentially guaranteed at - large berths even if they do not win their respective conference tournaments . However , teams that have been ranked heading into Selection Sunday but did n't win a weaker conference 's tournament have been essentially penalized ( or `` snubbed '' ) by the selection committee despite computer rankings or public opinion . One example was Utah State in 2004 , when Utah State completed the regular season with a record of 25 - 2 but was snubbed after losing in their conference tournament , even though they were ranked in the polls . The factors in their snub were the soft non-conference schedule which included Mountain West Conference foes BYU ( close home win ) and Utah ( road loss ) as well as the road loss to Pacific on February 14 , 2004 . Pacific went on to earn the Big West Conference 's automatic berth and advanced to the 2nd round of the 2004 tournament . The committee also selects four additional teams , the `` First Four Out , '' who do not qualify for the tournament . Since 2015 , the NCAA has placed the `` First Four Out '' as the top seeds in the National Invitation Tournament . Predictions and speculation ( edit ) Further information : Bracketology While the selection committee assembles to do the official work , many predictions are made by various people and organizations . Speculations and buzz can come from anywhere from random college basketball fans to senior bracketologists and experts on the selection process and the seedings , such as ESPN 's Joe Lunardi . Other well - known experts in this field include Ken Pomeroy of kenpom.com , Jerry Palm of CBSSports.com , Gary Parrish of CBSSports.com , and Dean Oliver of ESPN 's BPI . The ESPN 's BPI also considers injured key players , which is also considered by the NCAA selection committee . Bracketology is conducted extensively for the men 's tournament , although a few bracketologists also make projected brackets for the women 's tournament , the most prominent being Charlie Creme 's weekly projections on ESPN.com . Seeding ( edit ) The selection committee 's work to seed the teams is just as vital as their work to select the at - large teams . While the selection process starts before the seeding process , the two often overlap . Some conference tournaments do not finish until Selection Sunday itself , and there is only one hour between the end of the last game ( usually the Big Ten Tournament championship game ) and when the brackets are officially unveiled , so the committee can not wait until after all the games are played to start determining the seeds . While nothing is set in stone until after all the games are played and the brackets are established , the committee may have a good idea of where a team is and where they could rise or fall to depending on their showing in the later stages of their conference tournament . The women 's tournament has the luxury of an extra day from the end of the games on Sunday to prepare its bracket announcements on Monday . The selection committee uses a number of factors to place teams on the S - curve , including record , strength of schedule , and the Ratings Percentage Index ( RPI ) . Relative subjective comparison of individual teams close on the S - Curve are also considered . Though the brackets only feature the seed numbers 1 - 16 in each region , the committee assembles an S - curve of teams seeded from 1 through 68 . In theory , the teams 1 - 4 on the seed list will all be # 1 seeds ( the # 1 `` seed line '' ) , 5 - 8 will be # 2 seeds ( the # 2 seed line ) , and so on ; however , bracketing rules often lead to some deviation from this . The S - curve is most important for keeping each region balanced , the ideal being that each region will be equally strong . For example , the committee will try to ensure that the number 1 team on the seed list , the national # 1 seed , will be in the same region as the weakest # 2 seed . The committee tries to ensure that the top four seeds in each region are comparable to the top four teams in every other region . For example , if one region has the best # 1 seed ( # 1 overall ) , the weakest # 2 seed ( # 8 overall ) , the best # 3 seed ( # 9 overall ) , and the weakest # 4 seed ( # 16 overall ) , its seeds add up to 34 , the ideal number . But if a region has the best team for every given seed , its seeds would add up to 28 , and a region with the weakest team in every seed would add up to 40 , making the two regions very unbalanced . It is extremely unusual that an at - large bid can be lower than a # 12 seed , but it has occurred , most recently with BYU and Iona being # 14 seeds in the 2012 Tournament . While the seeds are almost never perfectly balanced throughout the four regions , the committee strives to ensure that they differ from each other by only a few points . The process is identical for the women 's tournament , with the exception that seeding occurs to 64 . Making the brackets ( edit ) Once the S - curve is established , the committee must place the teams throughout the four regions . They were originally referred to as East , Mideast , Midwest , and West . In 1985 , the Mideast designation became the Southeast , and later the South Regional in 1998 . The women 's tournament continued to use the Mideast terminology through 2004 . In 2004 , the NCAA started to identify the men 's regions only by the city in which the regional semifinals and finals were played , with the same change being made for the women 's tournament in 2005 . The NCAA reverted to the East / South / Midwest / West designations for the men 's tournament starting in 2007 , but continues to designate women 's regionals by their cities . Typically the cities selected will be spread throughout the country and conform roughly to the old geographic distinctions . While the regions are named for certain cities , the first and second round games are played in different cities which need not be anywhere near the regional finals . In 2005 the Austin , Texas men 's regional was fed by games in Indianapolis , Indiana ; Tucson , Arizona ; Charlotte , North Carolina ; and Worcester , Massachusetts . This is due to the `` pod '' system enacted before the 2002 tournament to minimize travel for as many teams as possible , especially in the early rounds . Any team may be sent to any region and any pod , although the tournament does try to keep teams , especially the top - seeded teams , closer to home . However , in 2004 , Pittsburgh played its first two tournament games in Milwaukee and not in Buffalo or Columbus , cities to which it was closer . This was done to keep a lower - seeded team , the Wisconsin Badgers , close to its campus . Similarly , two east - coast teams , Maryland and Syracuse , traveled to Denver , where their opening round opponents were BYU and UTEP , both of which were geographically closer to Denver . In addition , in 2009 , Kansas and West Virginia , the two higher seeds , traveled to Minneapolis to play their opponents North Dakota State and Dayton , although Dayton and North Dakota State are geographically closer to Minneapolis than Kansas and West Virginia . To make matters worse for both latter teams , Kansas City ( Kansas ) and Greensboro NC ( West Virginia ) were both 1st - 2nd round sites that year . A number of complex rules govern the seeding process , so it is not as simple as merely following the S - curve , although that is the top priority according to the NCAA 's rules . Better teams have priority in remaining close to home , but no hosting institution 's team can actually play at the location where the institution is hosting tournament games ( generally , games are hosted on neutral courts , so this is not usually a problem ) . Sometimes a top team may be a short drive away from its games ; in 2006 Villanova played its first and second round games in Philadelphia at an arena where they had played three games that year , one fewer than the four required for a site to be considered a `` home court '' for a team , and in 2002 the Pitt Panthers played their first and second round games in the city of Pittsburgh at Mellon Arena ( which was not their home court after the opening of their on - campus arena ) . In the women 's tournament , this criterion does not apply , and a team that is hosting is automatically assigned its home arena , regardless of seed . Thus , occasionally , lower seeded teams will host games . For example , in 2006 Old Dominion , although a 10th seed , played at its home court in the first round and also would have played there in the second round had the Lady Monarchs won that game . One major controversy during the 2014 that erupted was # 1 seed South Carolina being forced to make two cross-country trips for the tournament , with many charging the Gamecocks were punished as a result of a home game ban by being forced to travel to Seattle for the first two rounds in a regional Washington was hosting , and Palo Alto where they were eliminated in the third round in the Stanford regional . The following year , the NCAA allowed South Carolina to host its first two games , determining that since sites for the opening two rounds were ( at least theoretically ) determined on merit , those games were not covered by the NCAA 's ban on holding its own championship events in that state ( which has since been lifted ) . Teams are spread out according to conference . The first three teams selected from each conference must be placed in different regions ( with a slight exception in 2014 , when 11th seed play - in team Tennessee was placed in the Midwest Region with conference foe 8th seed Kentucky ) . When a conference has more than three teams in the tournament , the committee tries to seed the teams so that they can not meet until the regional final . Before 2006 , this was an absolute rule . However , in the summer of 2005 , the NCAA changed its rules to allow intraconference matchups as early as the second round of the tournament , assuming that all measures to keep the teams apart until the regional finals have been exhausted . The NCAA was preparing for the chance that a conference would place more than eight teams in the tournament , which became a realistic possibility when the Big East , already a power conference , expanded to 16 members , with several of the new members having traditionally strong programs . The Big East placed a record eleven teams in the 2011 Tournament and nine teams in the 2012 Tournament . Although the Big East split into two leagues in 2013 , the issue of conferences placing more than eight teams in the tournament remained , due to several other leagues expanding in the early 2010s ( notably the ACC to 15 , and the Big Ten and SEC to 14 each ) . The committee may move a team up or down one seed from its seed line in the S - curve in order to preserve other principles . While this may be seen as unfair in some instances , the seeding process is an inexact science anyway , and a slight move in seeding is unlikely to significantly affect the chances of any team . The committee also takes into consideration other non-basketball factors . In 2003 the tournament mistakenly placed BYU , a Latter - Day Saint school which has a policy of not playing games on Sunday , into a region where the team could be forced to play on a Sunday if they advanced to regional play . The NCAA then announced that they would switch BYU 's region if they won their first two games and reached the regional semifinals ; since BYU did not go that far , however , no action was taken . For 2011 , the region names were slightly adjusted based on the locations of the regionals . The Midwest and South regions were replaced with the Southeast and Southwest regions , held in New Orleans and San Antonio respectively ( sites that were determined when the NCAA was using city names as regional names ) . The regions reverted to the previous ones in 2012 . Selection Sunday ( edit ) Selection Sunday is the day when the NCAA College basketball tournament participants are selected , placed , seeded accordingly , and announced . Both CBS and ESPN cover the selections for the men 's tournament live ; ESPN also covers selections for the women 's tournament live on Selection Monday . The NCAA committee gathers to select and place 68 men 's teams and 64 women 's teams that secured or are deemed worthy of an invitation to the NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship and the NCAA Women 's Division I Basketball Championship basketball tournaments that take place in March and April . Selection Sunday is currently the Sunday before the third Thursday of March , when the first round games begin . Selection Monday is the next day . CBS has the official rights to cover the selection of the men 's tournament field as they are the TV network which covers the vast majority of the tournament . ( CBS held exclusive TV rights to the men 's tournament from 1991 to 2010 , and have shared rights with Turner Sports since 2011 . ) For this reason , CBS announces each bracket first , with ESPN passing on the brackets to its viewers seconds later . Both networks ' coverage is augmented by discussion of the selections and predictions about how teams will fare once the tournament begins . ESPN has exclusive rights to cover the women 's tournament selection announcements , as that network has sole rights to the women 's tournament . Before 2006 , the women 's matchups were made in a selection show airing one hour before the men 's matchups . However , beginning in 2006 , the women 's matchups have been announced by ESPN on Selection Monday . The Selection Monday move allows ESPN to provide more prominent coverage on women 's basketball instead of providing minimal coverage for the women before devoting the rest of the evening to the men 's tournament ; it also allows minor coverage of the secondary National Invitation Tournament , to which ESPN also holds full rights . Both CBS and ESPN send camera crews to schools around the nation to capture the teams ' ( and occasionally fans ' ) reactions during the moment when they find out what seed they received or if they made the tournament at all . Once the teams are announced , the teams and their fans begin to make game plan and travel preparations . Additionally , millions of college basketball fans begin to fill in their brackets , usually as part of March Madness pools conducted through websites , gambling - related contests , or simply through a group of family members , friends , or co-workers . Beginning in 2018 , and every other year thereafter , Turner Sports ( through TBS ) will air the Selection Special . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Prior to the 2016 -- 17 season , the Ivy League regular season champion was awarded the conference 's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament , as the conference did not hold a postseason tournament . The Ivy League instituted four - team conference postseason tournaments for both men 's and women 's basketball beginning with the 2016 -- 17 season , the winners of which receive the conference 's automatic bids to the men 's and women 's NCAA tournaments . Jump up ^ RPI no longer important - NCAA tournament makes example of CSU Jump up ^ NCAA.org - Selection Criteria Jump up ^ Syracuse Basketball NCAA Selection Committee Consideration Jump up ^ http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4188/is_20040315/ai_n11441488 Jump up ^ http://www.utahstateaggies.com/sports/m-baskbl/archive/ust-m-baskbl-sched-2003.html Jump up ^ https://www.ncaa.com/news/basketball-men/article/2015-03-04/first-four-out-ncaa-tournament-highlight-nit-field-32-top Jump up ^ NCAA.com - The Official Web Site of the NCAA Jump up ^ Flag Controversy blocks South Carolina home court advantage , WIS TV . Jump up ^ Lucia , Joe ( 7 February 2018 ) . `` TBS will air this year 's NCAA Tournament Selection Show , which is expanding back to two hours '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved 10 March 2018 . External links ( edit ) Men 's tournament selection process hide NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets hide NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament AIAW Tournaments 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 NCAA Tournaments 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Records & statistics AIAW Tournament ( pre-NCAA ) Appearances Broadcasters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NCAA_basketball_tournament_selection_process&oldid=839272806 '' Categories : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 11 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when do they choose teams for march madness	[]	[]
1178924925391761119	Midnight	Midnight - wikipedia Midnight For other uses , see Midnight ( disambiguation ) . A photo taken at midnight Midnight is the transition time from one day to the next -- the moment when the date changes . In ancient Roman timekeeping , midnight was halfway between sunset and sunrise ( i.e. , solar midnight ) , varying according to the seasons . By clock time , midnight is the opposite of noon , differing from it by 12 hours . Solar midnight is the time opposite to solar noon , when the Sun is closest to the nadir , and the night is equidistant from dusk and dawn . Due to the advent of time zones , which regularize time across a range of meridians , and daylight saving time , it rarely coincides with 12 midnight on the clock . Solar midnight depends on longitude and time of the year rather than on time zone . In the Northern Hemisphere , `` midnight '' had an ancient geographic association with `` north '' ( as did `` noon '' with `` south '' -- see noon ) . Modern Polish , Belarusian , Ukrainian and Serbian preserve this association with its word for `` midnight '' ( północ , поўнач , північ , пoнoħ -- literally `` half - night '' ) , which also means `` north '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Start and end of day 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Start and end of day ( edit ) Main article : 12 - hour clock § Confusion at noon and midnight Midnight marks the beginning and ending of each day in civil time throughout the world . As the dividing point between one day and another , midnight defies easy classification as either part of the preceding day or of the following day . Though there is no global unanimity on the issue , most often midnight is considered the start of a new day and is associated with the hour 00 : 00 . Even in locales with this technical resolution , however , vernacular references to midnight as the end of any given day may be common . Strictly speaking , it is incorrect to use `` a.m. '' and `` p.m. '' when referring to noon or midnight . The abbreviation a.m. stands for ante meridiem or before noon , and p.m. stands for post meridiem or after noon . Since noon is neither before nor after noon , and midnight is exactly twelve hours before and after noon , neither abbreviation is correct . However , many digital representations of time are configured to require an `` a.m. '' or `` p.m. '' designation , preventing the correct absence of such designators at midnight . In such cases , there is no international standard defining which arbitrary selection is best . In the United States and Canada , digital clocks and computers commonly display 12 a.m at midnight . The thirtieth edition of the U.S. Government Style Manual ( 2008 ) , in sections 9.54 and 12.9 b , recommended the use of `` 12 a.m. '' for midnight and `` 12 p.m. '' for noon . However , the previous 29th edition of the U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual ( 2000 ) , in section 12.9 , recommended the opposite . There is no further record documenting this change . The US National Institute of Standards and Technology ( NIST ) recommends avoiding confusion altogether by using `` 00.01 am '' and the date instead of `` midnight . '' There are several common approaches to identifying and distinguishing the precise start and end of any given day . Use of a 24 - hour clock can remove ambiguity . The `` midnight '' term can be avoided altogether if the end of day is noted as 24 : 00 and the beginning of day as 00 : 00 . While both notations refer to the same moment in time , the choice of notation allows its association with the previous night or with the following morning . This approach follows the 24 - hour time specification of ISO 8601 . `` Midnight '' can be augmented with additional disambiguating information . A day and time of day may be explicitly identified together , for example `` midnight Saturday night . '' Alternatively , midnight as the division between days may be highlighted by identifying the pair of days so divided : `` midnight Saturday / Sunday '' or `` midnight December 14 / 15 . '' The approach recommended by the NIST ( `` 12 : 01 a.m. '' or `` 11 : 59 p.m. '' instead of midnight ) can be particularly helpful when any ambiguity can have serious consequences , such as with contracts and other legal instruments . A clear convention may be legally defined or culturally promulgated . Associating midnight with 00 : 00 and the start of day is one option that has the benefit of aligning with many religious calendars which singularly define a start of day , such as the Hebrew calendar and the Islamic calendar . As noted above , however , such conventions or definitions may not be uniformly observed . One way for a digital clock to show midnight See also ( edit ) 12 - hour clock Noon New Year 's Eve 24 - hour clock Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` National Physics Laboratory '' . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual Chapter 9 '' . 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Government Printing Office Style Manual Chapter 12 '' . 2008 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to use a.m. / p.m. vs. noon / midnight . '' National Institute of Standards and Technology . February 4 , 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 02 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Midnight Wikimedia Commons has media related to Midnight . National Institute of Standards and Technology hide Parts of a day Dawn -- Twilight -- Sunrise Morning Daytime Evening Sunset -- Twilight -- Dusk Night Related articles : Belt of Venus Blue hour Golden hour Terminator Daylight Forenoon Noon Afternoon Midnight Midnight sun Polar night Zodiacal light GND : 4702366 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Midnight&oldid=839200154 '' Categories : Parts of a day Night Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Aymar aru Bân - lâm - gú Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių La . lojban . Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語中文 43 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 May 2018 , at 22 : 44 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	is 12am the start or end of the day	[]	[]
-2727148565191637161	Last Days and Time	Last Days and Time - wikipedia Last Days and Time Last Days and Time Album cover from a painting by Mati Klarwein Studio album by Earth , Wind & Fire Released November 1972 Recorded April 1972 Studio Sunset Sound Studios , Hollywood , California Genre R&B , funk Length 39 : 54 Label Columbia Producer Joe Wissert Earth , Wind & Fire chronology The Need of Love ( 1971 ) The Need of Love 1971 Last Days and Time ( 1972 ) Head to the Sky ( 1973 ) Head to the Sky 1973 Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Warr.org Last Days and Time is the third studio album by American R&B group Earth , Wind & Fire , released in November 1972 , their first release on Columbia Records . It was recorded at Sunset Sound Studios in Hollywood , California . The song `` Power '' was sampled in Raw Man 's `` Lovers '' . Contents 1 Track listing 2 Personnel 3 Production 4 Charts 5 References Track listing ( edit ) Side one No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Time Is on Your Side '' Roland Bautista , Earth , Wind & Fire , Maurice White , Verdine White 3 : 41 2 . `` Interlude '' Earth , Wind & Fire , Maurice White 0 : 23 3 . `` They Do n't See '' M. Davis , Earth , Wind & Fire 3 : 31 4 . `` Interlude '' Earth , Wind & Fire , Maurice White 0 : 23 5 . `` Make It with You '' David Gates 3 : 26 6 . `` Power '' Earth , Wind & Fire , Maurice White 8 : 14 Side two No . Title Writer ( s ) Length 7 . `` Remember the Children '' Roland Bautista , Earth , Wind & Fire , Maurice White , Verdine White 4 : 03 8 . `` Interlude '' Earth , Wind & Fire , Maurice White 0 : 52 9 . `` Where Have All the Flowers Gone '' Pete Seeger 4 : 52 10 . `` I 'd Rather Have You '' Skip Scarborough 4 : 40 11 . `` Mom '' Earth , Wind & Fire , Maurice White , Verdine White 5 : 49 Personnel ( edit ) Adapted from AllMusic . Verdine White -- vocals , bass , percussion Maurice White -- vocals , drums , percussion , kalimba Philip Bailey -- vocals , percussion Jessica Cleaves -- vocals Roland Bautista -- acoustic and electric guitars Ronnie Laws -- flute , soprano and tenor saxophones Larry Dunn -- piano , organ , clavinet Ralph Johnson -- drums , percussion Production ( edit ) Producer -- Joe Wissert Engineers -- Kent Nebergall and Al Schmitt Remix -- Al Schmitt Mastered by Johnny Golden and Bob MacCloud Jr. at Artisan Sound Recorders ( Hollywood , CA ) . Design -- Mati Klarwein Photography -- Roland Charles Charts ( edit ) Album - Billboard ( United States ) Year Chart Position 1973 Black Albums 15 Pop Albums 87 Singles -- Billboard Year Single Chart Position 1973 `` Mom '' Pop Singles 104 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Last Days and Time - Overview '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Last Days and Time ( 1972 ) '' . warr.org . Retrieved 9 June 2009 . Earth , Wind & Fire Philip Bailey Verdine White Ralph Johnson B. David Whitworth Myron McKinley John Paris Philip Bailey , Jr . Morris O'Connor Serg Dimitrijevic Maurice White Michael Beale Leslie Drayton Wade Flemons Yackov Ben Israel Sherry Scott Carl Carwell Alexander Thomas Chester Washington Don Whitehead Roland Bautista Jessica Cleaves Larry Dunn Ronnie Laws Johnny Graham Al McKay Andrew Woolfolk Fred White Beloyd Taylor Sonny Emory Sheldon Reynolds Dick Smith Vance Taylor Fred Ravel Morris Pleasure David Romero Mike McKnight Robert Brookins Gordon Campbell Bobby Gonzales Daniel de los Reyes Kimberly Brewer John Johnson Krystal Bailey Kim Johnson Greg `` G - Mo '' Moore Vadim Zilberstein Don Myrick Studio albums Earth , Wind & Fire The Need of Love Last Days and Time Head to the Sky Open Our Eyes That 's the Way of the World Spirit All ' n All I Am Faces Raise ! Powerlight Electric Universe Touch the World Heritage Millennium In the Name of Love The Promise Illumination Now , Then & Forever Holiday Compilations and live albums Another Time Gratitude The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 1 The Collection The Best of Earth , Wind & Fire , Vol. 2 The Eternal Dance Elements of Love : Ballads Greatest Hits Live Greatest Hits The Ultimate Collection That 's the Way of the World : Alive in 75 Live in Rio The Essential Earth , Wind & Fire Love Songs Singles `` Evil '' `` Keep Your Head to the Sky '' `` Mighty Mighty '' `` Devotion '' `` Shining Star '' `` That 's the Way of the World '' `` Reasons '' `` Sing a Song '' `` Ca n't Hide Love '' `` Getaway '' `` Saturday Nite '' `` Serpentine Fire '' `` Fantasy '' `` Got to Get You into My Life '' `` September '' `` Boogie Wonderland '' `` After the Love Has Gone '' `` In the Stone '' `` Let Me Talk '' `` And Love Goes On '' `` Let 's Groove '' `` Wanna Be with You '' `` I 've Had Enough '' `` Fall in Love with Me '' `` System of Survival '' `` Thinking of You '' `` Sunday Morning '' `` All in the Way '' `` Pure Gold '' Other albums Sweet Sweetback 's Baadasssss Song Videos Earth , Wind & Fire : In Concert The Eternal Vision Earth , Wind & Fire : Live Earth , Wind & Fire : Live By Request Chicago & Earth , Wind & Fire -- Live at the Greek Theatre Related articles Ramsey Lewis The Pharaohs Charles Stepney The Phenix Horns The Emotions Devoted Spirits : A Tribute to Earth Wind and Fire Interpretations : Celebrating the Music of Earth , Wind & Fire Kalimba Music Lists Discography Awards and nominations Tribute albums Personnel Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Last_Days_and_Time&oldid=840903407 '' Categories : Earth , Wind & Fire albums 1972 albums Albums produced by Joe Wissert Columbia Records albums Albums with cover art by Mati Klarwein Albums recorded at Sunset Sound Recorders Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano 日本語 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 21 : 27 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	earth wind & fire last days and time songs	[]	[]
7677942230463647340	Hard disk drive	Hard disk drive - Wikipedia Hard disk drive Jump to : navigation , search `` Hard drive '' redirects here . For other uses , see Hard drive ( disambiguation ) . Hard disk drive Internals of a 2.5 - inch SATA hard disk drive Date invented 24 December 1954 ; 62 years ago ( 1954 - 12 - 24 ) Invented by IBM team led by Rey Johnson A disassembled and labeled 1997 HDD lying atop a mirror Play media An overview of how HDDs work A hard disk drive ( HDD ) , hard disk , hard drive or fixed disk is a data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks ( platters ) coated with magnetic material . The platters are paired with magnetic heads , usually arranged on a moving actuator arm , which read and write data to the platter surfaces . Data is accessed in a random - access manner , meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order and not only sequentially . HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage , retaining stored data even when powered off . Introduced by IBM in 1956 , HDDs became the dominant secondary storage device for general - purpose computers by the early 1960s . Continuously improved , HDDs have maintained this position into the modern era of servers and personal computers . More than 200 companies have produced HDDs historically , though after extensive industry consolidation most current units are manufactured by Seagate , Toshiba , and Western Digital . HDD unit shipments and sales revenues are declining , though production ( exabytes per year ) is growing . Flash memory has a growing share of the market for secondary storage , in the form of solid - state drives ( SSDs ) . SSDs have higher data - transfer rates , higher areal storage density , better reliability , and much lower latency and access times . Though SSDs have higher cost per bit , they are replacing HDDs where speed , power consumption , small size , and durability are important . The primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and performance . Capacity is specified in unit prefixes corresponding to powers of 1000 : a 1 - terabyte ( TB ) drive has a capacity of 1,000 gigabytes ( GB ; where 1 gigabyte = 1 billion bytes ) . Typically , some of an HDD 's capacity is unavailable to the user because it is used by the file system and the computer operating system , and possibly inbuilt redundancy for error correction and recovery . Performance is specified by the time required to move the heads to a track or cylinder ( average access time ) plus the time it takes for the desired sector to move under the head ( average latency , which is a function of the physical rotational speed in revolutions per minute ) , and finally the speed at which the data is transmitted ( data rate ) . The two most common form factors for modern HDDs are 3.5 - inch , for desktop computers , and 2.5 - inch , primarily for laptops . HDDs are connected to systems by standard interface cables such as PATA ( Parallel ATA ) , SATA ( Serial ATA ) , USB or SAS ( Serial Attached SCSI ) cables . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Technology 2.1 Magnetic recording 2.2 Components 2.3 Error rates and handling 2.4 Development 3 Capacity 3.1 Calculation 3.2 Formatting 3.3 Units 4 Price evolution 5 Form factors 6 Performance characteristics 6.1 Time to access data 6.2 Seek time 6.3 Latency 6.4 Data transfer rate 6.5 Other considerations 7 Access and interfaces 8 Integrity and failure 9 Market segments 10 Manufacturers and sales 11 Competition from solid - state drives 12 External hard disk drives 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links History ( edit ) Play media Video of modern HDD operation ( cover removed ) Main article : History of hard disk drives Improvement of HDD characteristics over time Parameter Started with ( 1956 ) Developed to ( 2017 ) Improvement Capacity ( formatted ) 3.75 megabytes 14 terabytes 3.73 - million - to - one Physical volume 68 cubic feet ( 1.9 m ) 2.1 cubic inches ( 34 cm ) 56,000 - to - one Weight 2,000 pounds ( 910 kg ) 2.2 ounces ( 62 g ) 15,000 - to - one Average access time approx. 600 milliseconds 2.5 ms to 10 ms ; RW RAM dependent about 200 - to - one Price US $9,200 per megabyte ( 1961 ) US $0.032 per gigabyte by 2015 300 - million - to - one Data density 2,000 bits per square inch 1.3 terabits per square inch in 2015 650 - million - to - one Average lifespan ~ 2000 hrs MTBF ~ 2500000 hrs MTBF 1250 - to - one Hard disk drives were introduced in 1956 as data storage for an IBM real - time transaction processing computer , and were developed for use with general - purpose mainframe and minicomputers . The first IBM drive , the 350 RAMAC in 1956 , was approximately the size of two medium - sized refrigerators and stored five million six - bit characters ( 3.75 megabytes ) on a stack of 50 disks . In 1962 the IBM 350 RAMAC disk storage unit was superseded by the IBM 1301 disk storage unit , which consisted of 50 platters , each about 1 / 8 - inch thick and 24 inches in diameter . Whereas the IBM 350 used only two read / write heads which were pneumatically actuated and moved in two dimensions , the 1301 was one of the first disk storage units to use an array of heads , one per platter , moving as a single unit . Cylinder - mode read / write operations were supported , and the heads flew about 250 micro-inches ( about 6 μm ) above the platter surface . Motion of the head array depended upon a binary adder system of hydraulic actuators which assured repeatable positioning . The 1301 cabinet was about the size of three home refrigerators placed side by side , storing the equivalent of about 21 million eight - bit bytes . Access time was about a quarter of a second . Also in 1962 , IBM introduced the model 1311 disk drive , which was about the size of a washing machine and stored two million characters on a removable disk pack . Users could buy additional packs and interchange them as needed , much like reels of magnetic tape . Later models of removable pack drives , from IBM and others , became the norm in most computer installations and reached capacities of 300 megabytes by the early 1980s . Non-removable HDDs were called `` fixed disk '' drives . Some high - performance HDDs were manufactured with one head per track ( e.g. IBM 2305 in 1970 ) so that no time was lost physically moving the heads to a track . Known as fixed - head or head - per - track disk drives they were very expensive and are no longer in production . In 1973 , IBM introduced a new type of HDD code - named `` Winchester '' . Its primary distinguishing feature was that the disk heads were not withdrawn completely from the stack of disk platters when the drive was powered down . Instead , the heads were allowed to `` land '' on a special area of the disk surface upon spin - down , `` taking off '' again when the disk was later powered on . This greatly reduced the cost of the head actuator mechanism , but precluded removing just the disks from the drive as was done with the disk packs of the day . Instead , the first models of `` Winchester technology '' drives featured a removable disk module , which included both the disk pack and the head assembly , leaving the actuator motor in the drive upon removal . Later `` Winchester '' drives abandoned the removable media concept and returned to non-removable platters . Like the first removable pack drive , the first `` Winchester '' drives used platters 14 inches ( 360 mm ) in diameter . A few years later , designers were exploring the possibility that physically smaller platters might offer advantages . Drives with non-removable eight - inch platters appeared , and then drives that used a 5 ⁄ in ( 130 mm ) form factor ( a mounting width equivalent to that used by contemporary floppy disk drives ) . The latter were primarily intended for the then - fledgling personal computer ( PC ) market . As the 1980s began , HDDs were a rare and very expensive additional feature in PCs , but by the late 1980s their cost had been reduced to the point where they were standard on all but the cheapest computers . Most HDDs in the early 1980s were sold to PC end users as an external , add - on subsystem . The subsystem was not sold under the drive manufacturer 's name but under the subsystem manufacturer 's name such as Corvus Systems and Tallgrass Technologies , or under the PC system manufacturer 's name such as the Apple ProFile . The IBM PC / XT in 1983 included an internal 10 MB HDD , and soon thereafter internal HDDs proliferated on personal computers . External HDDs remained popular for much longer on the Apple Macintosh . Many Macintosh computers made between 1986 and 1998 featured a SCSI port on the back , making external expansion simple . Older compact Macintosh computers did not have user - accessible hard drive bays ( indeed , the Macintosh 128K , Macintosh 512K , and Macintosh Plus did not feature a hard drive bay at all ) , so on those models external SCSI disks were the only reasonable option for expanding upon any internal storage . The 2011 Thailand floods damaged the manufacturing plants and impacted hard disk drive cost adversely between 2011 and 2013 . Driven by ever increasing areal density since their invention , HDDs have continuously improved their characteristics ; a few highlights are listed in the table above . At the same time , market application expanded from mainframe computers of the late 1950s to most mass storage applications including computers and consumer applications such as storage of entertainment content . Technology ( edit ) Magnetic cross section & frequency modulation encoded binary data Magnetic recording ( edit ) See also : magnetic storage A modern HDD records data by magnetizing a thin film of ferromagnetic material on a disk . Sequential changes in the direction of magnetization represent binary data bits . The data is read from the disk by detecting the transitions in magnetization . User data is encoded using an encoding scheme , such as run - length limited encoding , which determines how the data is represented by the magnetic transitions . A typical HDD design consists of a spindle that holds flat circular disks , also called platters , which hold the recorded data . The platters are made from a non-magnetic material , usually aluminum alloy , glass , or ceramic , and are coated with a shallow layer of magnetic material typically 10 -- 20 nm in depth , with an outer layer of carbon for protection . For reference , a standard piece of copy paper is 0.07 -- 0.18 millimeters ( 70,000 -- 180,000 nm ) . Diagram labeling the major components of a computer HDD Recording of single magnetisations of bits on a 200 MB HDD - platter ( recording made visible using CMOS - MagView ) . Longitudinal recording ( standard ) & perpendicular recording diagram The platters in contemporary HDDs are spun at speeds varying from 4,200 rpm in energy - efficient portable devices , to 15,000 rpm for high - performance servers . The first HDDs spun at 1,200 rpm and , for many years , 3,600 rpm was the norm . As of December 2013 , the platters in most consumer - grade HDDs spin at either 5,400 rpm or 7,200 rpm . Information is written to and read from a platter as it rotates past devices called read - and - write heads that are positioned to operate very close to the magnetic surface , with their flying height often in the range of tens of nanometers . The read - and - write head is used to detect and modify the magnetization of the material passing immediately under it . In modern drives , there is one head for each magnetic platter surface on the spindle , mounted on a common arm . An actuator arm ( or access arm ) moves the heads on an arc ( roughly radially ) across the platters as they spin , allowing each head to access almost the entire surface of the platter as it spins . The arm is moved using a voice coil actuator or in some older designs a stepper motor . Early hard disk drives wrote data at some constant bits per second , resulting in all tracks having the same amount of data per track but modern drives ( since the 1990s ) use zone bit recording -- increasing the write speed from inner to outer zone and thereby storing more data per track in the outer zones . In modern drives , the small size of the magnetic regions creates the danger that their magnetic state might be lost because of thermal effects , thermally induced magnetic instability which is commonly known as the `` superparamagnetic limit '' . To counter this , the platters are coated with two parallel magnetic layers , separated by a 3 - atom layer of the non-magnetic element ruthenium , and the two layers are magnetized in opposite orientation , thus reinforcing each other . Another technology used to overcome thermal effects to allow greater recording densities is perpendicular recording , first shipped in 2005 , and as of 2007 the technology was used in many HDDs . In 2004 , a new concept was introduced to allow further increase of the data density in magnetic recording , using recording media consisting of coupled soft and hard magnetic layers . That so - called exchange spring media , also known as exchange coupled composite media , allows good writability due to the write - assist nature of the soft layer . However , the thermal stability is determined only by the hardest layer and not influenced by the soft layer . Components ( edit ) HDD with disks and motor hub removed exposing copper colored stator coils surrounding a bearing in the center of the spindle motor . Orange stripe along the side of the arm is thin printed - circuit cable , spindle bearing is in the center and the actuator is in the upper left A typical HDD has two electric motors ; a spindle motor that spins the disks and an actuator ( motor ) that positions the read / write head assembly across the spinning disks . The disk motor has an external rotor attached to the disks ; the stator windings are fixed in place . Opposite the actuator at the end of the head support arm is the read - write head ; thin printed - circuit cables connect the read - write heads to amplifier electronics mounted at the pivot of the actuator . The head support arm is very light , but also stiff ; in modern drives , acceleration at the head reaches 550 g . Head stack with an actuator coil on the left and read / write heads on the right Close - up of a single read - write head , showing the side facing the platter The actuator is a permanent magnet and moving coil motor that swings the heads to the desired position . A metal plate supports a squat neodymium - iron - boron ( NIB ) high - flux magnet . Beneath this plate is the moving coil , often referred to as the voice coil by analogy to the coil in loudspeakers , which is attached to the actuator hub , and beneath that is a second NIB magnet , mounted on the bottom plate of the motor ( some drives have only one magnet ) . The voice coil itself is shaped rather like an arrowhead , and made of doubly coated copper magnet wire . The inner layer is insulation , and the outer is thermoplastic , which bonds the coil together after it is wound on a form , making it self - supporting . The portions of the coil along the two sides of the arrowhead ( which point to the actuator bearing center ) then interact with the magnetic field of the fixed magnet . Current flowing radially outward along one side of the arrowhead and radially inward on the other produces the tangential force . If the magnetic field were uniform , each side would generate opposing forces that would cancel each other out . Therefore , the surface of the magnet is half north pole and half south pole , with the radial dividing line in the middle , causing the two sides of the coil to see opposite magnetic fields and produce forces that add instead of canceling . Currents along the top and bottom of the coil produce radial forces that do not rotate the head . The HDD 's electronics control the movement of the actuator and the rotation of the disk , and perform reads and writes on demand from the disk controller . Feedback of the drive electronics is accomplished by means of special segments of the disk dedicated to servo feedback . These are either complete concentric circles ( in the case of dedicated servo technology ) , or segments interspersed with real data ( in the case of embedded servo technology ) . The servo feedback optimizes the signal to noise ratio of the GMR sensors by adjusting the voice - coil of the actuated arm . The spinning of the disk also uses a servo motor . Modern disk firmware is capable of scheduling reads and writes efficiently on the platter surfaces and remapping sectors of the media which have failed . Error rates and handling ( edit ) Modern drives make extensive use of error correction codes ( ECCs ) , particularly Reed -- Solomon error correction . These techniques store extra bits , determined by mathematical formulas , for each block of data ; the extra bits allow many errors to be corrected invisibly . The extra bits themselves take up space on the HDD , but allow higher recording densities to be employed without causing uncorrectable errors , resulting in much larger storage capacity . For example , a typical 1 TB hard disk with 512 - byte sectors provides additional capacity of about 93 GB for the ECC data . In the newest drives , as of 2009 , low - density parity - check codes ( LDPC ) were supplanting Reed -- Solomon ; LDPC codes enable performance close to the Shannon Limit and thus provide the highest storage density available . Typical hard disk drives attempt to `` remap '' the data in a physical sector that is failing to a spare physical sector provided by the drive 's `` spare sector pool '' ( also called `` reserve pool '' ) , while relying on the ECC to recover stored data while the number of errors in a bad sector is still low enough . The S.M.A.R.T ( Self - Monitoring , Analysis and Reporting Technology ) feature counts the total number of errors in the entire HDD fixed by ECC ( although not on all hard drives as the related S.M.A.R.T attributes `` Hardware ECC Recovered '' and `` Soft ECC Correction '' are not consistently supported ) , and the total number of performed sector remappings , as the occurrence of many such errors may predict an HDD failure . The `` No - ID Format '' , developed by IBM in the mid-1990s , contains information about which sectors are bad and where remapped sectors have been located . Only a tiny fraction of the detected errors ends up as not correctable . For example , specification for an enterprise SAS disk ( a model from 2013 ) estimates this fraction to be one uncorrected error in every 10 bits , and another SAS enterprise disk from 2013 specifies similar error rates . Another modern ( as of 2013 ) enterprise SATA disk specifies an error rate of less than 10 non-recoverable read errors in every 10 bits . An enterprise disk with a Fibre Channel interface , which uses 520 byte sectors to support the Data Integrity Field standard to combat data corruption , specifies similar error rates in 2005 . The worst type of errors are silent data corruptions which are errors undetected by the disk firmware or the host operating system ; some of these errors may be caused by hard disk drive malfunctions . Development ( edit ) Leading - edge hard disk drive areal densities from 1956 through 2009 compared to Moore 's law The rate of areal density advancement was similar to Moore 's law ( doubling every two years ) through 2010 : 60 % per year during 1988 -- 1996 , 100 % during 1996 -- 2003 and 30 % during 2003 -- 2010 . Gordon Moore ( 1997 ) called the increase `` flabbergasting , '' while observing later that growth can not continue forever . Price improvement decelerated to − 12 % per year during 2010 -- 2017 , as the growth of areal density slowed . The rate of advancement for areal density slowed to 10 % per year during 2010 -- 2016 , and there was difficulty in migrating from perpendicular recording to newer technologies . As bit cell size decreases , more data can be put onto a single drive platter . In 2013 , a production desktop 3 TB HDD ( with four platters ) would have had an areal density of about 500 Gbit / in which would have amounted to a bit cell comprising about 18 magnetic grains ( 11 by 1.6 grains ) . Since the mid-2000s areal density progress has increasingly been challenged by a superparamagnetic trilemma involving grain size , grain magnetic strength and ability of the head to write . In order to maintain acceptable signal to noise smaller grains are required ; smaller grains may self - reverse ( electrothermal instability ) unless their magnetic strength is increased , but known write head materials are unable to generate a magnetic field sufficient to write the medium . Several new magnetic storage technologies are being developed to overcome or at least abate this trilemma and thereby maintain the competitiveness of HDDs with respect to products such as flash memory - based solid - state drives ( SSDs ) . In 2013 , Seagate introduced one such technology , shingled magnetic recording ( SMR ) . Additionally , SMR comes with design complexities that may cause reduced write performance . Other new recording technologies that , as of 2016 , still remain under development include heat - assisted magnetic recording ( HAMR ) , microwave - assisted magnetic recording ( MAMR ) , two - dimensional magnetic recording ( TDMR ) , bit - patterned recording ( BPR ) , and `` current perpendicular to plane '' giant magnetoresistance ( CPP / GMR ) heads . The rate of areal density growth has dropped below the historical Moore 's law rate of 40 % per year , and the deceleration is expected to persist through at least 2020 . Depending upon assumptions on feasibility and timing of these technologies , the median forecast by industry observers and analysts for 2020 and beyond for areal density growth is 20 % per year with a range of 10 -- 30 % . The achievable limit for the HAMR technology in combination with BPR and SMR may be 10 Tbit / in , which would be 20 times higher than the 500 Gbit / in represented by 2013 production desktop HDDs . As of 2015 , HAMR HDDs have been delayed several years , and are expected in 2018 . They require a different architecture , with redesigned media and read / write heads , new lasers , and new near - field optical transducers . Capacity ( edit ) The capacity of a hard disk drive , as reported by an operating system to the end user , is smaller than the amount stated by the manufacturer , which has several reasons : the operating system using some space , use of some space for data redundancy , and space use for file system structures . The difference in capacity reported in SI decimal prefixed units vs. binary prefixes can lead to a false impression of missing capacity . Calculation ( edit ) Modern hard disk drives appear to their host controller as a contiguous set of logical blocks , and the gross drive capacity is calculated by multiplying the number of blocks by the block size . This information is available from the manufacturer 's product specification , and from the drive itself through use of operating system functions that invoke low - level drive commands . The gross capacity of older HDDs is calculated as the product of the number of cylinders per recording zone , the number of bytes per sector ( most commonly 512 ) , and the count of zones of the drive . Some modern SATA drives also report cylinder - head - sector ( CHS ) capacities , but these are not physical parameters because the reported values are constrained by historic operating system interfaces . The C / H / S scheme has been replaced by logical block addressing ( LBA ) , a simple linear addressing scheme that locates blocks by an integer index , which starts at LBA 0 for the first block and increments thereafter . When using the C / H / S method to describe modern large drives , the number of heads is often set to 64 , although a typical hard disk drive , as of 2013 , has between one and four platters . In modern HDDs , spare capacity for defect management is not included in the published capacity ; however , in many early HDDs a certain number of sectors were reserved as spares , thereby reducing the capacity available to the operating system . For RAID subsystems , data integrity and fault - tolerance requirements also reduce the realized capacity . For example , a RAID 1 array has about half the total capacity as a result of data mirroring , while a RAID 5 array with x drives loses 1 / x of capacity ( which equals to the capacity of a single drive ) due to storing parity information . RAID subsystems are multiple drives that appear to be one drive or more drives to the user , but provide fault tolerance . Most RAID vendors use checksums to improve data integrity at the block level . Some vendors design systems using HDDs with sectors of 520 bytes to contain 512 bytes of user data and eight checksum bytes , or by using separate 512 - byte sectors for the checksum data . Some systems may use hidden partitions for system recovery , reducing the capacity available to the end user . Formatting ( edit ) Main article : Disk formatting Data is stored on a hard drive in a series of logical blocks . Each block is delimited by markers identifying its start and end , error detecting and correcting information , and space between blocks to allow for minor timing variations . These blocks often contained 512 bytes of usable data , but other sizes have been used . As drive density increased , an initiative known as Advanced Format extended the block size to 4096 bytes of usable data , with a resulting significant reduction in the amount of disk space used for block headers , error checking data , and spacing . The process of initializing these logical blocks on the physical disk platters is called low - level formatting , which is usually performed at the factory and is not normally changed in the field . High - level formatting writes data structures used by the operating system to organize data files on the disk . This includes writing partition and file system structures into selected logical blocks . For example , some of the disk space will be used to hold a directory of disk file names and a list of logical blocks associated with a particular file . Examples of partition mapping scheme include Master boot record ( MBR ) and GUID Partition Table ( GPT ) . Examples of data structures stored on disk to retrieve files include the File Allocation Table ( FAT ) in the DOS file system and inodes in many UNIX file systems , as well as other operating system data structures ( also known as metadata ) . As a consequence , not all the space on an HDD is available for user files , but this system overhead is usually small compared with user data . Units ( edit ) See also : binary prefix § disk drives Decimal and binary unit prefixes interpretation Capacity advertised by manufacturers Capacity expected by some consumers Reported capacity Windows macOS ver 10.6 + With prefix Bytes Bytes Diff . 100 GB 100,000,000,000 107,374,182,400 7.37 % 93.1 GB 100 GB 1 TB 1,000,000,000,000 1,099,511,627,776 9.95 % 931 GB 1,000 GB , 1,000,000 MB The total capacity of HDDs is given by manufacturers using SI decimal prefixes such as gigabytes ( 1 GB = 1,000,000,000 bytes ) and terabytes ( 1 TB = 1,000,000,000,000 bytes ) . This practice dates back to the early days of computing ; by the 1970s , `` million '' , `` mega '' and `` M '' were consistently used in the decimal sense for drive capacity . However , capacities of memory are quoted using a binary interpretation of the prefixes , i.e. using powers of 1024 instead of 1000 . Software reports hard disk drive or memory capacity in different forms using either decimal or binary prefixes . The Microsoft Windows family of operating systems uses the binary convention when reporting storage capacity , so an HDD offered by its manufacturer as a 1 TB drive is reported by these operating systems as a 931 GB HDD . Mac OS X 10.6 ( `` Snow Leopard '' ) uses decimal convention when reporting HDD capacity . The default behavior of the df command - line utility on Linux is to report the HDD capacity as a number of 1024 - byte units . The difference between the decimal and binary prefix interpretation caused some consumer confusion and led to class action suits against HDD manufacturers . The plaintiffs argued that the use of decimal prefixes effectively misled consumers while the defendants denied any wrongdoing or liability , asserting that their marketing and advertising complied in all respects with the law and that no class member sustained any damages or injuries . Price evolution ( edit ) HDD price per byte improved at the rate of − 40 % per year during 1988 -- 1996 , − 51 % per year during 1996 -- 2003 , and − 34 % per year during 2003 -- 2010 . The price improvement decelerated to − 13 % per year during 2011 -- 2014 , as areal density increase slowed and the 2011 Thailand floods damaged manufacturing facilities . Form factors ( edit ) Past and present HDD form factors Form factor ( inch ) Status ( Each dimension in mm ) Largest capacity Platters ( max . ) Capacity per platter ( GB ) Length Width Height 3.5 Current 146 101.6 19 , 25.4 or 26.1 14 TB ( October 2017 ) 8 1,750 2.5 Current 100 69.85 5 7 , 9.5 , 12.5 , 15 or 19 5 TB 5 1,000 1.8 Obsolete 78.5 54 5 or 8 320 GB ( 2009 ) 220 8 Obsolete 362 241.3 117.5 ? ? ? 5.25 ( FH ) Obsolete 203 146 82.6 47 GB ( 1998 ) 14 3.36 5.25 ( HH ) Obsolete 203 146 41.4 19.3 GB ( 1998 ) 4.83 1.3 Obsolete ? 43 ? 40 GB ( 2007 ) 40 1 ( CFII / ZIF / IDE - Flex ) Obsolete ? 42 ? 20 GB ( 2006 ) 20 0.85 Obsolete 32 24 5 8 GB ( 2004 ) 8 8 - , 5.25 - , 3.5 - , 2.5 - , 1.8 - and 1 - inch HDDs , together with a ruler to show the length of platters and read - write heads A newer 2.5 - inch ( 63.5 mm ) 6,495 MB HDD compared to an older 5.25 - inch full - height 110 MB HDD IBM 's first hard drive , the IBM 350 , used a stack of fifty 24 - inch platters and was of a size comparable to two large refrigerators . In 1962 , IBM introduced its model 1311 disk , which used six 14 - inch ( nominal size ) platters in a removable pack and was roughly the size of a washing machine . This became a standard platter size and drive form - factor for many years , used also by other manufacturers . The IBM 2314 used platters of the same size in an eleven - high pack and introduced the `` drive in a drawer '' layout , although the `` drawer '' was not the complete drive . Later drives were designed to fit entirely into a chassis that would mount in a 19 - inch rack . Digital 's RK05 and RL01 were early examples using single 14 - inch platters in removable packs , the entire drive fitting in a 10.5 - inch - high rack space ( six rack units ) . In the mid-to - late 1980s the similarly sized Fujitsu Eagle , which used ( coincidentally ) 10.5 - inch platters , was a popular product . Such large platters were never used with microprocessor - based systems . With increasing sales of microcomputers having built in floppy - disk drives ( FDDs ) , HDDs that would fit to the FDD mountings became desirable . Thus HDD Form factors , initially followed those of 8 - inch , 5.25 - inch , and 3.5 - inch floppy disk drives . Because there were no smaller floppy disk drives , smaller HDD form factors developed from product offerings or industry standards . 8 - inch 6999241300000000000 ♠ 9.5 in × 6999117449599999999 ♠ 4.624 in × 6999361950000000000 ♠ 14.25 in ( 6999241300000000000 ♠ 241.3 mm × 6999117500000000000 ♠ 117.5 mm × 6999362000000000000 ♠ 362 mm ) . In 1979 , Shugart Associates ' SA1000 was the first form factor compatible HDD , having the same dimensions and a compatible interface to the 8 '' FDD . 5.25 - inch 5.75 in × 3.25 in × 8 in ( 146.1 mm × 82.55 mm × 203 mm ) . This smaller form factor , first used in an HDD by Seagate in 1980 , was the same size as full - height 5 ⁄ - inch - diameter ( 130 mm ) FDD , 3.25 - inches high . This is twice as high as `` half height '' ; i.e. , 1.63 in ( 41.4 mm ) . Most desktop models of drives for optical 120 mm disks ( DVD , CD ) use the half height 51⁄4 '' dimension , but it fell out of fashion for HDDs . The format was standardized as EIA - 741 and co-published as SFF - 8501 for disk drives , with other SFF - 85xx series standards covering related 5.25 inch devices ( optical drives , etc . ) The Quantum Bigfoot HDD was the last to use it in the late 1990s , with `` low - profile '' ( ≈ 25 mm ) and `` ultra-low - profile '' ( ≈ 20 mm ) high versions . 3.5 - inch 4 in × 1 in × 5.75 in ( 101.6 mm × 25.4 mm × 146 mm ) = 376.77344 cm3 . This smaller form factor is similar to that used in an HDD by Rodime in 1983 , which was the same size as the `` half height '' 31⁄2 '' FDD , i.e. , 1.63 inches high . Today , the 1 - inch high ( `` slimline '' or `` low - profile '' ) version of this form factor is the most popular form used in most desktops . The format was standardized in terms of dimensions and positions of mounting holes as EIA / ECA - 740 , co-published as SFF - 8301 . 2.5 - inch 6998698500000000000 ♠ 2.75 in × 0.275 -- 6998190499999999999 ♠ 0.75 in × 6999100202999999999 ♠ 3.945 in ( 6998698500000000000 ♠ 69.85 mm × 7 -- 6998190000000000000 ♠ 19 mm × 6999100000000000000 ♠ 100 mm ) = 48.895 -- 6996132715000000000 ♠ 132.715 cm . This smaller form factor was introduced by PrairieTek in 1988 ; there is no corresponding FDD . The 2.5 - inch drive format is standardized in the EIA / ECA - 720 co-published as SFF - 8201 ; when used with specific connectors , more detailed specifications are SFF - 8212 for the 50 - pin ( ATA laptop ) connector , SFF - 8223 with the SATA , or SAS connector and SFF - 8222 with the SCA - 2 connector . It came to be widely used for HDDs in mobile devices ( laptops , music players , etc . ) and for solid - state drives ( SSDs ) , by 2008 replacing some 3.5 inch enterprise - class drives . It is also used in the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game consoles . Drives 9.5 mm high became an unofficial standard for all except the largest - capacity laptop drives ( usually having two platters inside ) ; 12.5 mm - high drives , typically with three platters , are used for maximum capacity , but will not fit most laptop computers . Enterprise - class drives can have a height up to 15 mm . Seagate released a 7 mm drive aimed at entry level laptops and high end netbooks in December 2009 . Western Digital released on April 23 , 2013 a hard drive 5 mm in height specifically aimed at Ultrabooks . 1.8 - inch 54 mm × 8 mm × 78.5 mm = 33.912 cm3 . This form factor , originally introduced by Integral Peripherals in 1993 , evolved into the ATA - 7 LIF with dimensions as stated . For a time it was increasingly used in digital audio players and subnotebooks , but its popularity decreased to the point where this form factor is increasingly rare and only a small percentage of the overall market . There was an attempt to standardize this format as SFF - 8123 , but it was cancelled in 2005 . SATA revision 2.6 standardized the internal Micro SATA connector and device dimensions . 1 - inch 42.8 mm × 5 mm × 36.4 mm . This form factor was introduced in 1999 , as IBM 's Microdrive to fit inside a CF Type II slot . Samsung calls the same form factor `` 1.3 inch '' drive in its product literature . 0.85 - inch 24 mm × 5 mm × 32 mm . Toshiba announced this form factor in January 2004 for use in mobile phones and similar applications , including SD / MMC slot compatible HDDs optimized for video storage on 4G handsets . Toshiba manufactured a 4 GB ( MK4001MTD ) and an 8 GB ( MK8003MTD ) version and holds the Guinness World Record for the smallest HDD . As of 2012 , 2.5 - inch and 3.5 - inch hard disks were the most popular sizes . By 2009 , all manufacturers had discontinued the development of new products for the 1.3 - inch , 1 - inch and 0.85 - inch form factors due to falling prices of flash memory , which has no moving parts . While these sizes are customarily described by an approximately correct figure in inches , actual sizes have long been specified in millimeters . Performance characteristics ( edit ) Main article : hard disk drive performance characteristics Time to access data ( edit ) The factors that limit the time to access the data on an HDD are mostly related to the mechanical nature of the rotating disks and moving heads . Seek time is a measure of how long it takes the head assembly to travel to the track of the disk that contains data . Rotational latency is incurred because the desired disk sector may not be directly under the head when data transfer is requested . These two delays are on the order of milliseconds each . The bit rate or data transfer rate ( once the head is in the right position ) creates delay which is a function of the number of blocks transferred ; typically relatively small , but can be quite long with the transfer of large contiguous files . Delay may also occur if the drive disks are stopped to save energy . An HDD 's Average Access Time is its average seek time which technically is the time to do all possible seeks divided by the number of all possible seeks , but in practice is determined by statistical methods or simply approximated as the time of a seek over one - third of the number of tracks . Defragmentation is a procedure used to minimize delay in retrieving data by moving related items to physically proximate areas on the disk . Some computer operating systems perform defragmentation automatically . Although automatic defragmentation is intended to reduce access delays , performance will be temporarily reduced while the procedure is in progress . Time to access data can be improved by increasing rotational speed ( thus reducing latency ) or by reducing the time spent seeking . Increasing areal density increases throughput by increasing data rate and by increasing the amount of data under a set of heads , thereby potentially reducing seek activity for a given amount of data . The time to access data has not kept up with throughput increases , which themselves have not kept up with growth in bit density and storage capacity . Seek time ( edit ) See also : hard disk drive performance characteristics § Seek time , and short - stroking Average seek time ranges from under 4 ms for high - end server drives to 15 ms for mobile drives , with the most common mobile drives at about 12 ms and the most common desktop type typically being around 9 ms . The first HDD had an average seek time of about 600 ms ; by the middle of 1970s , HDDs were available with seek times of about 25 ms . Some early PC drives used a stepper motor to move the heads , and as a result had seek times as slow as 80 -- 120 ms , but this was quickly improved by voice coil type actuation in the 1980s , reducing seek times to around 20 ms . Seek time has continued to improve slowly over time . Some desktop and laptop computer systems allow the user to make a tradeoff between seek performance and drive noise . Faster seek rates typically require more energy usage to quickly move the heads across the platter , causing louder noises from the pivot bearing and greater device vibrations as the heads are rapidly accelerated during the start of the seek motion and decelerated at the end of the seek motion . Quiet operation reduces movement speed and acceleration rates , but at a cost of reduced seek performance . Latency ( edit ) Rotational speed ( rpm ) Average rotational latency ( ms ) 15,000 10,000 7,200 4.16 5,400 5.55 4,800 6.25 Latency is the delay for the rotation of the disk to bring the required disk sector under the read - write mechanism . It depends on rotational speed of a disk , measured in revolutions per minute ( rpm ) . Average rotational latency is shown in the table on the right , based on the statistical relation that the average latency in milliseconds for such a drive is one - half the rotational period . Average latency ( in milliseconds ) is computed as 30,000 divided by rotational speed ( in rpm ) . Data transfer rate ( edit ) As of 2010 , a typical 7,200 - rpm desktop HDD has a sustained `` disk - to - buffer '' data transfer rate up to 1,030 Mbit / s . This rate depends on the track location ; the rate is higher for data on the outer tracks ( where there are more data sectors per rotation ) and lower toward the inner tracks ( where there are fewer data sectors per rotation ) ; and is generally somewhat higher for 10,000 - rpm drives . A current widely used standard for the `` buffer - to - computer '' interface is 3.0 Gbit / s SATA , which can send about 300 megabyte / s ( 10 - bit encoding ) from the buffer to the computer , and thus is still comfortably ahead of today 's disk - to - buffer transfer rates . Data transfer rate ( read / write ) can be measured by writing a large file to disk using special file generator tools , then reading back the file . Transfer rate can be influenced by file system fragmentation and the layout of the files . HDD data transfer rate depends upon the rotational speed of the platters and the data recording density . Because heat and vibration limit rotational speed , advancing density becomes the main method to improve sequential transfer rates . Higher speeds require a more powerful spindle motor , which creates more heat . While areal density advances by increasing both the number of tracks across the disk and the number of sectors per track , only the latter increases the data transfer rate for a given rpm . Since data transfer rate performance tracks only one of the two components of areal density , its performance improves at a lower rate . Other considerations ( edit ) Other performance considerations include quality - adjusted price , power consumption , audible noise , and both operating and non-operating shock resistance . The Federal Reserve Board has a quality - adjusted price index for large - scale enterprise storage systems including three or more enterprise HDDs and associated controllers , racks and cables . Prices for these large - scale storage systems improved at the rate of ‒ 30 % per year during 2004 -- 2009 and ‒ 22 % per year during 2009 -- 2014 . Access and interfaces ( edit ) Main article : hard disk drive interface Inner view of a 1998 Seagate HDD that used Parallel ATA interface 2.5 - inch SATA drive on top of a 3.5 - inch SATA drive , close - up of data and power connectors HDDs are accessed over one of a number of bus types , including as of 2011 parallel ATA ( PATA , also called IDE or EIDE ; described before the introduction of SATA as ATA ) , Serial ATA ( SATA ) , SCSI , Serial Attached SCSI ( SAS ) , and Fibre Channel . Bridge circuitry is sometimes used to connect HDDs to buses with which they can not communicate natively , such as IEEE 1394 , USB and SCSI . Modern HDDs present a consistent interface to the rest of the computer , no matter what data encoding scheme is used internally . Typically a DSP in the electronics inside the HDD takes the raw analog voltages from the read head and uses PRML and Reed -- Solomon error correction to decode the sector boundaries and sector data , then sends that data out the standard interface . That DSP also watches the error rate detected by error detection and correction , and performs bad sector remapping , data collection for Self - Monitoring , Analysis , and Reporting Technology , and other internal tasks . Modern interfaces connect an HDD to a host bus interface adapter ( today typically integrated into the `` south bridge '' ) with one data / control cable . Each drive also has an additional power cable , usually direct to the power supply unit . Small Computer System Interface ( SCSI ) , originally named SASI for Shugart Associates System Interface , was standard on servers , workstations , Commodore Amiga , Atari ST and Apple Macintosh computers through the mid-1990s , by which time most models had been transitioned to IDE ( and later , SATA ) family disks . The range limitations of the data cable allows for external SCSI devices . Integrated Drive Electronics ( IDE ) , later standardized under the name AT Attachment ( ATA , with the alias P - ATA or PATA ( Parallel ATA ) retroactively added upon introduction of SATA ) moved the HDD controller from the interface card to the disk drive . This helped to standardize the host / controller interface , reduce the programming complexity in the host device driver , and reduced system cost and complexity . The 40 - pin IDE / ATA connection transfers 16 bits of data at a time on the data cable . The data cable was originally 40 - conductor , but later higher speed requirements for data transfer to and from the HDD led to an `` ultra DMA '' mode , known as UDMA . Progressively swifter versions of this standard ultimately added the requirement for an 80 - conductor variant of the same cable , where half of the conductors provides grounding necessary for enhanced high - speed signal quality by reducing cross talk . EIDE was an unofficial update ( by Western Digital ) to the original IDE standard , with the key improvement being the use of direct memory access ( DMA ) to transfer data between the disk and the computer without the involvement of the CPU , an improvement later adopted by the official ATA standards . By directly transferring data between memory and disk , DMA eliminates the need for the CPU to copy byte per byte , therefore allowing it to process other tasks while the data transfer occurs . Fibre Channel ( FC ) is a successor to parallel SCSI interface on enterprise market . It is a serial protocol . In disk drives usually the Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop ( FC - AL ) connection topology is used . FC has much broader usage than mere disk interfaces , and it is the cornerstone of storage area networks ( SANs ) . Recently other protocols for this field , like iSCSI and ATA over Ethernet have been developed as well . Confusingly , drives usually use copper twisted - pair cables for Fibre Channel , not fibre optics . The latter are traditionally reserved for larger devices , such as servers or disk array controllers . Serial Attached SCSI ( SAS ) . The SAS is a new generation serial communication protocol for devices designed to allow for much higher speed data transfers and is compatible with SATA . SAS uses a mechanically identical data and power connector to standard 3.5 - inch SATA1 / SATA2 HDDs , and many server - oriented SAS RAID controllers are also capable of addressing SATA HDDs . SAS uses serial communication instead of the parallel method found in traditional SCSI devices but still uses SCSI commands . Serial ATA ( SATA ) . The SATA data cable has one data pair for differential transmission of data to the device , and one pair for differential receiving from the device , just like EIA - 422 . That requires that data be transmitted serially . A similar differential signaling system is used in RS485 , LocalTalk , USB , FireWire , and differential SCSI . Integrity and failure ( edit ) Close - up of an HDD head resting on a disk platter ; its mirror reflection is visible on the platter surface . Main articles : hard disk drive failure and Data recovery Due to the extremely close spacing between the heads and the disk surface , HDDs are vulnerable to being damaged by a head crash -- a failure of the disk in which the head scrapes across the platter surface , often grinding away the thin magnetic film and causing data loss . Head crashes can be caused by electronic failure , a sudden power failure , physical shock , contamination of the drive 's internal enclosure , wear and tear , corrosion , or poorly manufactured platters and heads . The HDD 's spindle system relies on air density inside the disk enclosure to support the heads at their proper flying height while the disk rotates . HDDs require a certain range of air densities in order to operate properly . The connection to the external environment and density occurs through a small hole in the enclosure ( about 0.5 mm in breadth ) , usually with a filter on the inside ( the breather filter ) . If the air density is too low , then there is not enough lift for the flying head , so the head gets too close to the disk , and there is a risk of head crashes and data loss . Specially manufactured sealed and pressurized disks are needed for reliable high - altitude operation , above about 3,000 m ( 9,800 ft ) . Modern disks include temperature sensors and adjust their operation to the operating environment . Breather holes can be seen on all disk drives -- they usually have a sticker next to them , warning the user not to cover the holes . The air inside the operating drive is constantly moving too , being swept in motion by friction with the spinning platters . This air passes through an internal recirculation ( or `` recirc '' ) filter to remove any leftover contaminants from manufacture , any particles or chemicals that may have somehow entered the enclosure , and any particles or outgassing generated internally in normal operation . Very high humidity present for extended periods of time can corrode the heads and platters . For giant magnetoresistive ( GMR ) heads in particular , a minor head crash from contamination ( that does not remove the magnetic surface of the disk ) still results in the head temporarily overheating , due to friction with the disk surface , and can render the data unreadable for a short period until the head temperature stabilizes ( so called `` thermal asperity '' , a problem which can partially be dealt with by proper electronic filtering of the read signal ) . When the logic board of a hard disk fails , the drive can often be restored to functioning order and the data recovered by replacing the circuit board with one of an identical hard disk . In the case of read - write head faults , they can be replaced using specialized tools in a dust - free environment . If the disk platters are undamaged , they can be transferred into an identical enclosure and the data can be copied or cloned onto a new drive . In the event of disk - platter failures , disassembly and imaging of the disk platters may be required . For logical damage to file systems , a variety of tools , including fsck on UNIX - like systems and CHKDSK on Windows , can be used for data recovery . Recovery from logical damage can require file carving . A common expectation is that hard disk drives designed and marketed for server use will fail less frequently than consumer - grade drives usually used in desktop computers . However , two independent studies by Carnegie Mellon University and Google found that the `` grade '' of a drive does not relate to the drive 's failure rate . A 2011 summary of research , into SSD and magnetic disk failure patterns by Tom 's Hardware summarized research findings as follows : Mean time between failures ( MTBF ) does not indicate reliability ; the annualized failure rate is higher and usually more relevant . Magnetic disks do not have a specific tendency to fail during early use , and temperature has only a minor effect ; instead , failure rates steadily increase with age . S.M.A.R.T. warns of mechanical issues but not other issues affecting reliability , and is therefore not a reliable indicator of condition . Failure rates of drives sold as `` enterprise '' and `` consumer '' are `` very much similar '' , although these drive types are customized for their different operating environments . In drive arrays , one drive 's failure significantly increases the short - term risk of a second drive failing . Market segments ( edit ) Desktop HDDs They typically store between 60 GB and 4 TB and rotate at 5,400 to 10,000 rpm , and have a media transfer rate of 0.5 Gbit / s or higher ( 1 GB = 10 bytes ; 1 Gbit / s = 10 bit / s ) . As of February 2017 , the highest - capacity desktop HDDs stored 12 TB , with plans to release a 14TB one in later 2017 . As of 2016 , the typical speed of a hard drive in an average desktop computer is 7200 RPM , whereas low - cost desktop computers may use 5900 RPM or 5400 RPM drives . For some time in the 2000s and early 2010s some desktop users would also use 10k RPM drives such as Western Digital Raptor but such drives have become much rarer as of 2016 and are not commonly used now , having been replaced by NAND flash - based SSDs . Mobile ( laptop ) HDDs Two enterprise - grade SATA 2.5 - inch 10,000 rpm HDDs , factory - mounted in 3.5 - inch adapter frames Smaller than their desktop and enterprise counterparts , they tend to be slower and have lower capacity . Mobile HDDs spin at 4,200 rpm , 5,200 rpm , 5,400 rpm , or 7,200 rpm , with 5,400 rpm being typical . 7,200 rpm drives tend to be more expensive and have smaller capacities , while 4,200 rpm models usually have very high storage capacities . Because of smaller platter ( s ) , mobile HDDs generally have lower capacity than their greater desktop counterparts . There are also 2.5 - inch drives spinning at 10,000 rpm , which belong to the enterprise segment with no intention to be used in laptops . Enterprise HDDs Typically used with multiple - user computers running enterprise software . Examples are : transaction processing databases , internet infrastructure ( email , webserver , e-commerce ) , scientific computing software , and nearline storage management software . Enterprise drives commonly operate continuously ( `` 24 / 7 '' ) in demanding environments while delivering the highest possible performance without sacrificing reliability . Maximum capacity is not the primary goal , and as a result the drives are often offered in capacities that are relatively low in relation to their cost . The fastest enterprise HDDs spin at 10,000 or 15,000 rpm , and can achieve sequential media transfer speeds above 1.6 Gbit / s and a sustained transfer rate up to 1 Gbit / s . Drives running at 10,000 or 15,000 rpm use smaller platters to mitigate increased power requirements ( as they have less air drag ) and therefore generally have lower capacity than the highest capacity desktop drives . Enterprise HDDs are commonly connected through Serial Attached SCSI ( SAS ) or Fibre Channel ( FC ) . Some support multiple ports , so they can be connected to a redundant host bus adapter . Enterprise HDDs can have sector sizes larger than 512 bytes ( often 520 , 524 , 528 or 536 bytes ) . The additional per - sector space can be used by hardware RAID controllers or applications for storing Data Integrity Field ( DIF ) or Data Integrity Extensions ( DIX ) data , resulting in higher reliability and prevention of silent data corruption . Consumer electronics HDDs They include drives embedded into digital video recorders and automotive vehicles . The former are configured to provide a guaranteed streaming capacity , even in the face of read and write errors , while the latter are built to resist larger amounts of shock . They usually spin at a speed of 5400 RPM . Manufacturers and sales ( edit ) Diagram of HDD manufacturer consolidation See also : history of hard disk drives and list of defunct hard disk manufacturers More than 200 companies have manufactured HDDs over time . But consolidations have concentrated production into just three manufacturers today : Western Digital , Seagate , and Toshiba . Worldwide revenue for disk storage declined 4 % per year , from a peak of $38 billion in 2012 to $27 billion in 2016 . Production of HDDs grew 16 % per year , from 335 exabytes in 2011 to 693 exabytes in 2016 . Shipments declined 7 % per year during this time period , from 620 million units to 425 million . Seagate and Western Digital each have 40 -- 45 % of unit shipments , while Toshiba has 13 -- 17 % . The average sales price for the two largest manufacturers was $60 per unit in 2015 . Competition from solid - state drives ( edit ) The maximum areal storage density for flash memory used in solid state drives ( SSDs ) is 2.8 Tbit / in in laboratory demonstrations as of 2016 , and the maximum for HDDs is 1.5 Tbit / in . The areal density of flash memory is doubling every two years , similar to Moore 's law ( 40 % per year ) and faster than the 10 -- 20 % per year for HDDs . As of 2016 , maximum capacity was 10 terabytes for an HDD , and 15 terabytes for an SSD . HDDs were used in 70 % of the desktop and notebook computers produced in 2016 , and SSDs were used in 30 % . The usage share of HDDs is declining and could drop below 50 % in 2018 -- 2019 according to one forecast , because SSDs are replacing smaller - capacity ( less than one - terabyte ) HDDs in desktop and notebook computers and MP3 players . The market for silicon - based flash memory ( NAND ) chips , used in SSDs and other applications , is growing rapidly . Worldwide revenue grew 12 % per year during 2011 -- 2016 . It rose from $22 billion in 2011 to $39 billion in 2016 , while production grew 46 % per year from 19 exabytes to 120 exabytes . External hard disk drives ( edit ) See also : USB mass storage device and disk enclosure Toshiba 1 TB 2.5 '' external USB 2.0 hard disk drive External hard disk drives typically connect via USB ; variants using USB 2.0 interface generally have slower data transfer rates when compared to internally mounted hard drives connected through SATA . Plug and play drive functionality offers system compatibility and features large storage options and portable design . As of March 2015 , available capacities for external hard disk drives ranged from 500 GB to 10 TB . External hard disk drives are usually available as pre-assembled integrated products , but may be also assembled by combining an external enclosure ( with USB or other interface ) with a separately purchased drive . They are available in 2.5 - inch and 3.5 - inch sizes ; 2.5 - inch variants are typically called portable external drives , while 3.5 - inch variants are referred to as desktop external drives . `` Portable '' drives are packaged in smaller and lighter enclosures than the `` desktop '' drives ; additionally , `` portable '' drives use power provided by the USB connection , while `` desktop '' drives require external power bricks . Features such as biometric security or multiple interfaces ( for example , Firewire ) are available at a higher cost . There are pre-assembled external hard disk drives that , when taken out from their enclosures , can not be used internally in a laptop or desktop computer due to embedded USB interface on their printed circuit boards , and lack of SATA ( or Parallel ATA ) interfaces . In GUIs , hard disk drives are commonly symbolized with a drive icon See also ( edit ) Electronics portal Information Technology portal Automatic acoustic management Cleanroom Click of death Data erasure Drive mapping Error recovery control Hybrid drive Microdrive Object storage Write precompensation Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ This is the original filing date of the application which led to US Patent 3,503,060 , generally accepted as the definitive disk drive patent . Jump up ^ Further inequivalent terms used to describe various hard disk drives include disk drive , disk file , direct access storage device ( DASD ) , CKD disk , and Winchester disk drive ( after the IBM 3340 ) . The term `` DASD '' includes other devices beside disks . Jump up ^ Comparable in size to a large side - by - side refrigerator . Jump up ^ The 1.8 - inch form factor is obsolete ; sizes smaller than 2.5 inches have been replaced by flash memory . Jump up ^ Initially gamma iron oxide particles in an epoxy binder , the recording layer in a modern HDD typically is domains of a granular Cobalt - Chrome - Platinum - based alloy physically isolated by an oxide to enable perpendicular recording . Jump up ^ Historically a variety of run - length limited codes have been used in magnetic recording including for example , codes named FM , MFM and GCR which are no longer used in modern HDDs . ^ Jump up to : Expressed using decimal multiples . ^ Jump up to : Expressed using binary multiples . Jump up ^ 14000 / 8 Jump up ^ Most common ^ Jump up to : This dimension includes a 0.5 mm protrusion of the Micro SATA connector from the device body . Jump up ^ The Quantum Bigfoot TS used a maximum of three platters , other earlier and lower capacity product used up to four platters in a 5.25 - inch HH form factor , e.g. , Microscience HH1090 circa 1989 . Jump up ^ latency = 1 / R rotations / minute × 60 seconds / 1 minute × 1000 ms / 1 second × 1 rotation / 2 half - rotations = 30000 / R ms / half - rotation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kean , David W. , `` IBM San Jose , A quarter century of innovation '' , 1977 . Jump up ^ Arpaci - Dusseau , Remzi H. ; Arpaci - Dusseau , Andrea C. ( 2014 ) . `` Operating Systems : Three Easy Pieces , Chapter : Hard Disk Drives '' ( PDF ) . Arpaci - Dusseau Books . Jump up ^ Patterson , David ; Hennessy , John ( 1971 ) . Computer Organization and Design : The Hardware / Software Interface . Elsevier . p. 23 . Jump up ^ Domingo , Joel . `` SSD vs. HDD : What 's the Difference ? '' . PC Magazine UK . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Implications of non-volatile memory as primary storage for database management systems '' . IEEE . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` IBM Archives : IBM 350 disk storage unit '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Validating the Reliability of Intel Solid - State Drives '' ( PDF ) . Intel . July 2011 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Fullerton , Eric ( March 2014 ) . `` 5th Non-Volatile Memories Workshop ( NVMW 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . IEEE . Retrieved April 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Handy , James ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` For the Lack of a Fab ... '' . Objective Analysis . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hutchinson , Lee . ( June 25 , 2012 ) How SSDs conquered mobile devices and modern OSes . Ars Technica . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Santo Domingo , Joel ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` SSD vs HDD : What 's the Difference ? '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved November 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Time Capsule , 1956 Hard Disk '' . Oracle Magazine . Oracle . July 2014 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . IBM 350 disk drive held 3.75 MB ^ Jump up to : `` Ultrastar Hs14 '' . HGST . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 14,000,000,000,000 divided by 3,750,000 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toshiba Storage Solutions -- MK3233GSG '' . Jump up ^ 68 x 12 x 12 x 12 divided by 2.1 . Jump up ^ 910,000 divided by 62 . Jump up ^ 600 divided by 2.5 . Jump up ^ Ballistic Research Laboratories `` A THIRD SURVEY OF DOMESTIC ELECTRONIC DIGITAL COMPUTING SYSTEMS , '' March 1961 , section on IBM 305 RAMAC ( p. 314 - 331 ) states a $34,500 purchase price which calculates to $9,200 / MB . ^ Jump up to : John C. McCallum ( May 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disk Drive Prices ( 1955 -- 2015 ) '' . jcmit.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2015 . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 9,200,000 divided by 0.032 . Jump up ^ `` Magnetic head development '' . IBM Archives . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Coughlin , Tom ( February 3 , 2016 ) . `` Flash Memory Areal Densities Exceed Those of Hard Drives '' . forbes.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 1,300,000,000,000 divided by 2,000 . Jump up ^ https://www.hgst.com/products/hard-drives/ultrastar-he12 Jump up ^ 2,500,000 divided by 2,000 . ^ Jump up to : `` IBM Archives : IBM 350 disk storage unit '' . IBM . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` IBM Archives : IBM 1301 disk storage unit '' . ibm.com . Jump up ^ `` DiskPlatter - 1301 '' . computermuseum.li . Jump up ^ Microsoft Windows NT Workstation 4.0 Resource Guide 1995 , Chapter 17 -- Disk and File System Basics Jump up ^ P. PAL Chaudhuri , P. Pal ( April 15 , 2008 ) . Computer Organization and Design ( 3rd Edition ) . PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. p. 568 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 203 - 3511 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Farming hard drives : how Backblaze weathered the Thailand drive crisis '' . blaze.com. 2013 . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ New Paradigms in Magnetic Recording Jump up ^ `` Hard Drives '' . escotal.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` What is a `` head - crash '' & how can it result in permanent loss of my hard drive data ? `` . data-master.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hard Drive Help '' . hardrivehelp.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Elert , Glenn . `` Thickness of a Piece of Paper '' . hypertextbook.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ CMOS - MagView is an instrument that visualizes magnetic field structures and strengths . Jump up ^ Blount , Walker C. ( November 2007 ) . `` Why 7,200 RPM Mobile Hard Disk Drives ? '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 19 , 2012 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ref -- Hard Disk Spindle Motor '' . PC Guide . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Choosing High Performance Storage is not about RPM any more '' . Seagate . Retrieved July 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Brian . `` Terabyte Territory '' . American Scientist . p. 212 . Jump up ^ `` Press Releases December 14 , 2004 '' . Toshiba . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Seagate Momentus 21⁄2 '' HDDs per webpage January 2008 `` . Seagate.com . October 24 , 2008 . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Seagate Barracuda 31⁄2 '' HDDs per webpage January 2008 `` . Seagate.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Western Digital Scorpio 21⁄2 '' and Greenpower 31⁄2 '' HDDs per quarterly conference , July 2007 `` . Wdc.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Exchange spring recording media for areal densities up to 10Tbit / in2 , J. Magn . Mag . Mat. , D. Suess et al , 2004 online '' . Jump up ^ `` Composite media for perpendicular magnetic recording , IEEE Trans . Mag . Mat. , R. Victora et al , 2005 '' . Jump up ^ Error Correcting Code , The PC Guide Jump up ^ Curtis E. Stevens ( 2011 ) . `` Advanced Format in Legacy Infrastructures : More Transparent than Disruptive '' ( PDF ) . idema.org . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Iterative Detection Read Channel Technology in Hard Disk Drives '' , Hitachi Jump up ^ `` 2.5 - inch Hard Disk Drive with High Recording Density and High Shock Resistance , Toshiba , 2011 Jump up ^ MjM Data Recovery Ltd . `` MJM Data Recovery Ltd : Hard Disk Bad Sector Mapping Techniques '' . Datarecovery.mjm.co.uk . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved January 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Charles M. Kozierok . `` The PC Guide : Hard Disk : Sector Format and Structure '' . 1997 -- 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Enterprise Performance 15K HDD : Data Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Seagate . 2013 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WD Xe : Datacenter hard drives '' ( PDF ) . Western Digital . 2013 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WD Re : Datacenter Capacity HDD '' ( PDF ) . Western Digital . 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cheetah 10K. 7 FC Product Manual '' ( PDF ) . Seagate . August 5 , 2005 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 12 , 2009 . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David S.H. Rosenthal ( October 1 , 2010 ) . `` Keeping Bits Safe : How Hard Can It Be ? '' . ACM Queue . Retrieved January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Byrne , David ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Prices for Data Storage Equipment and the State of IT Innovation '' . The Federal Reserve Board FEDS Notes . p . Table 2 . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gallium Arsenide '' . PC Magazine . March 25 , 1997 . Retrieved August 16 , 2014 . Gordon Moore : ... the ability of the magnetic disk people to continue to increase the density is flabbergasting -- that has moved at least as fast as the semiconductor complexity . Jump up ^ Dubash , Manek ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` Moore 's Law is dead , says Gordon Moore '' . techworld.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . It ca n't continue forever . The nature of exponentials is that you push them out and eventually disaster happens . Jump up ^ John C. McCallum ( 2017 ) . `` Disk Drive Prices ( 1955 -- 2017 ) '' . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gary M. Decad ; Robert E. Fontana Jr . ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` A Look at Cloud Storage Component Technologies Trends and Future Projections '' . ibmsystemsmag.com . p . Table 1 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Mellor , Chris ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Kryder 's law craps out : Race to UBER - CHEAP STORAGE is OVER '' . theregister.co.uk . UK : The Register . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . The 2011 Thai floods almost doubled disk capacity cost / GB for a while . Rosenthal writes : `` The technical difficulties of migrating from PMR to HAMR , meant that already in 2010 the Kryder rate had slowed significantly and was not expected to return to its trend in the near future . The floods reinforced this . '' ^ Jump up to : Dave Anderson ( 2013 ) . `` HDD Opportunities & Challenges , Now to 2020 '' ( PDF ) . Seagate . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . PMR CAGR slowing from historical 40 + % down to ~ 8 - 12 % '' and `` HAMR CAGR = 20 - 40 % for 2015 -- 2020 Jump up ^ Plumer et . al , Martin L. ( March 2011 ) . `` New Paradigms in Magnetic Recording '' ( PDF ) . Physics in Canada . 67 ( 1 ) : 25 -- 29 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seagate Delivers On Technology Milestone : First To Ship Hard Drives Using Next - Generation Shingled Magnetic Recording '' ( Press release ) . New York , New York : Seagate Technology plc . seagate.com . September 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Shingled Magnetic Technology is the First Step to Reaching a 20 Terabyte Hard Drive by 2020 Jump up ^ Jake Edge ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Support for shingled magnetic recording devices '' . LWN.net . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Corbet ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` LSFMM : A storage technology update '' . LWN.net . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . A ' shingled magnetic recording ' ( SMR ) drive is a rotating drive that packs its tracks so closely that one track can not be overwritten without destroying the neighboring tracks as well . The result is that overwriting data requires rewriting the entire set of closely - spaced tracks ; that is an expensive tradeoff , but the benefit‍ -- ‌much higher storage density‍ -- ‌is deemed to be worth the cost in some situations . Jump up ^ `` Xyratex no - go for bit - patterned media '' . The Register . April 24 , 2010 . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Report : TDK Technology `` More Than Doubles '' Capacity Of HDDs `` . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mallary et . al , Mike ( July 2014 ) . `` Head and Media Challenges for 3 Tb / in Microwave - Assisted Magnetic Recording '' . IEEE TransMag . IEEE. 50 ( 7 ) : 3001008 . Jump up ^ Li , Shaojing ; Livshitz , Boris ; Bertram , H. Neal ; Schabes , Manfred ; Schrefl , Thomas ; Fullerton , Eric E. ; Lomakin , Vitaliy ( 2009 ) . `` Microwave assisted magnetization reversal in composite media '' ( PDF ) . Applied Physics Letters. 94 ( 20 ) : 202509 . doi : 10.1063 / 1.3133354 . Jump up ^ Wood , Roger ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Shingled Magnetic Recording and Two - Dimensional Magnetic Recording '' ( PDF ) . ewh.ieee.org . Hitachi GST . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Will Toshiba 's Bit - Patterned Drives Change the HDD Landscape ? '' . PC Magazine . August 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coughlin , Thomas ; Grochowski , Edward ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Years of Destiny : HDD Capital Spending and Technology Developments from 2012 -- 2016 '' ( PDF ) . IEEE Santa Clara Valley Magnetics Society . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ All - Heusler giant - magnetoresistance junctions with matched energy bands and Fermi surfaces Jump up ^ `` Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Explained - Animation '' . Jump up ^ Mark Re ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tech Talk on HDD Areal Density '' ( PDF ) . Seagate . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . 15 -- 30 % CAGR ( est . ) 2015 through early 2020s ; HAMR , TDMR , BPM Jump up ^ Raymond , Robert M. ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Current and Emerging Storage Technologies iCAS2013 '' ( PDF ) . In Mahoney III , William P. Storage Technologies Areal Density Trends . International Computing for the Atmospheric Sciences Symposium ( iCAS2013 ) . Annecy , France : ORACLE Corp. at National Center for Atmospheric Research under sponsorship from the U.S. National Science Foundation . page 11 : Areal Density ( Gbits / in ^ 2 ) HDD Products 2010 -- 2022 10 - 20 % / year ? Jump up ^ Fontana , R. ; Decad , G. ; Hetzler , S. ( September 20 , 2012 ) . `` Technology Roadmap Comparisons for TAPE , HDD , and NAND Flash : Implications for Data Storage Applications '' ( PDF ) . digitalpreservation.gov . Washington D.C. : The Library of Congress . p. 18 . Retrieved July 5 , 2014 . Annual Areal Density Growth Rate Scenarios : HDD 20 % / yr 2012 -- 2017 Jump up ^ Kaur , Simran ( September 15 , 2014 ) . `` Seagate treads safely in uncertain demand environment ; narrow moat has negative trend . '' . Morningstar . Retrieved September 26 , 2014 . a slowing areal density curve ... that slowed around 2010 and will advance areal density 25 % annually till 2020 . Jump up ^ Christoph Vogler ; Claas Abert ; Florian Bruckner ; Dieter Suess ; Dirk Praetorius ( December 14 , 2015 ) . `` Areal density optimizations for heat - assisted - magnetic recording of high density bit - patterned media '' . arXiv : 1512.03690 . Jump up ^ Anton Shilov ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Hard Disk Drives with HAMR Technology Set to Arrive in 2018 '' . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Unfortunately , mass production of actual hard drives featuring HAMR has been delayed for a number of times already and now it turns out that the first HAMR - based HDDs are due in 2018 ... HAMR HDDs will feature a new architecture , require new media , completely redesigned read / write heads with a laser as well as a special near - field optical transducer ( NFT ) and a number of other components not used or mass produced today . Jump up ^ Information technology -- Serial Attached SCSI -- 2 ( SAS - 2 ) , INCITS 457 Draft 2 , May 8 , 2009 , chapter 4.1 Direct - access block device type model overview , The LBAs on a logical unit shall begin with zero and shall be contiguous up to the last logical block on the logical unit . Jump up ^ ISO / IEC 791D : 1994 , AT Attachment Interface for Disk Drives ( ATA - 1 ) , section 7.1. 2 Jump up ^ `` LBA Count for Disk Drives Standard ( Document LBA1 - 03 ) '' ( PDF ) . IDEMA . June 15 , 2009 . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` How to Measure Storage Efficiency -- Part II -- Taxes '' . Blogs.netapp.com . August 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Low - Level Formatting '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Storage Solutions Guide '' ( PDF ) . Seagate . October 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 20 , 2013 . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` MKxx33GSG MK1235GSL r1 '' ( PDF ) . Toshiba . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 650 RAMAC announcement '' . Jump up ^ Mulvany , R.B. , `` Engineering Design of a Disk Storage Facility with Data Modules '' . IBM JRD , November 1974 Jump up ^ Introduction to IBM Direct Access Storage Devices , M. Bohl , IBM publication SR20 - 4738 . 1981 . Jump up ^ CDC Product Line Card , October 1974 . Jump up ^ Apple Support Team . `` How OS X and iOS report storage capacity '' . Apple , Inc . Jump up ^ `` df ( 1 ) -- Linux man page '' . linux.die.net . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Western Digital Settles Hard - Drive Capacity Lawsuit , Associated Press June 28 , 2006 '' . Fox News . March 22 , 2001 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Published on October 26 , 2007 by Phil Cogar ( October 26 , 2007 ) . `` Seagate lawsuit concludes , settlement announced '' . Bit-tech.net . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Western Digital -- Notice of Class Action Settlement email '' . Xtremesystems.org . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultrastar He12 data sheet - HGST '' ( PDF ) . 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = https://www.servethehome.com/western-digital-hgst-ultrastar-hs14-enterprise-14tb-hard-drive-launched/ title = Western Digital HGST Ultrastar Hs14 Enterprise 14TB Hard Drive Launched year = October 2017 accessdate = October 10 , 2017 quote = We do not expect many of these drives are going to be purchased from a retailer ( ... ) Larger data centers and systems providers want to manage the SMR process which adds a twist . ( ... ) Host - managed SMR hard drives are designed specifically for sequential write environments , and will not work as drop - in replacements for traditional capacity enterprise drives . ( ... ) Jump up ^ `` Western Digital Announces Ultrastar He12 12 TB and 14 TB HDDs '' . December 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western Digital builds 5mm - thick hybrid hard drive , Ultrabook makers sign on early '' . Engadget . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Quantum Go * Drive specifications '' . 4drives.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seagate Launches Two New BarraCuda Drives That Pack The Speed , Punch ( And Game ! ) Today 's Mobile Warriors Demand '' . October 10 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Seagate Introduces BarraCuda 2.5 '' HDDs with Up to 5 TB Capacity `` . October 21 , 2016 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Toshiba MK2239GSL , 220 GB single - platter HDD '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Seagate Elite 47 , shipped 12 / 97 per 1998 Disk / Trend Report -- Rigid Disk Drives Jump up ^ Quantum Bigfoot TS , shipped 10 / 98 per 1999 Disk / Trend Report -- Rigid Disk Drives Jump up ^ `` SDK Starts Shipments of 1.3 - Inch PMR - Technology - Based HD Media '' . Sdk.co.jp . January 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Proving that 8 GB , 0.85 inch hard disk drive exists '' . Digitaljournal.com . February 17 , 2007 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Toshiba Enters Guinness World Records Book with the World 's Smallest Hard Disk Drive '' . Toshiba Corp . March 16 , 2004 . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Emerson W. Pugh , Lyle R. Johnson , John H. Palmer IBM 's 360 and early 370 systems MIT Press , 1991 ISBN 0 - 262 - 16123 - 0 , page 266 . Jump up ^ Christensen , Clayton M. ( 1997 ) . The Innovator 's Dilemma . New York , New York : HarperBusiness . pp. 19 -- 252 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 662069 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` SFF - 8500 Specification for Suite of 5.25 '' Form Factor Specifications '' ( PDF ) . SFF Committee . June 5 , 1995 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Winchester has 3.5 - inch diameter '' . Electronics : 184 . March 1983 . Jump up ^ `` SFF - 8301 Specification for Form Factor of 3.5 '' Disk Drives '' ( PDF ) . SFF Committee . February 8 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Chandler , Doug ( September 26 , 1988 ) . `` Startup Ships 2.5 - Inch Hard Disk Aimed for Portables , Laptops '' . PC Week : 6 . Jump up ^ `` SFF - 8201 Specification for Form Factor of 2.5 '' Disk Drives '' ( PDF ) . SFF Committee . October 28 , 2013 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schmid , Patrick ; Achim Roos ( May 8 , 2010 ) . `` 3.5 '' Vs. 2.5 '' SAS HDDs : In Storage , Size Matters `` . Tomshardware.com . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PlayStation 3 Slim Teardown '' . August 25 , 2009 . Retrieved November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Xbox 360 HDD Replacement '' . July 31 , 2010 . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmid , Patrick ; Achim Roos ( May 22 , 2010 ) . `` 9.5 Versus 12.5 mm : Which Notebook HDD Is Right For You ? '' . Tomshardware.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Seagate Unveils World 's Thinnest 2.5 - Inch Hard Drive For Slim Laptop Computers '' . physorg.com . December 15 , 2009 . Retrieved December 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ian Paul ( April 23 , 2013 ) . `` Western Digital rolls out ultra-slim 5 mm Ultrabook drives . '' . PCWorld . Jump up ^ `` World HDD Market : Key Research Findings 2010 '' ( PDF ) . Yano Research Institute . December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Specification for 1.8 '' ( 60x70mm ) w / Serial Attachment Connector , Rev C '' ( PDF ) . SFF Committee . January 2005 . Retrieved February 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 1.3 '' HDD Product Specification , Samsung , 2008 Jump up ^ Toshiba 's 0.85 - inch HDD is set to bring multi-gigabyte capacities to small , powerful digital products , Toshiba press release , January 8 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Toshiba Storage Device Division Overview '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved June 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Toshiba enters Guinness World Records Book with the world 's smallest hard disk drive , Toshiba press release , March 16 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Flash price fall shakes HDD market , EETimes Asia , August 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ In 2008 Samsung introduced the 1.3 - inch SpinPoint A1 HDD but by March 2009 the family was listed as End Of Life Products and new 1.3 - inch models were not available in this size . Jump up ^ `` Western Digital definition of Average Access Time '' . Wdc.com . July 1 , 2006 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kearns , Dave ( April 18 , 2001 ) . `` How to defrag '' . ITWorld . Jump up ^ Broida , Rick ( April 10 , 2009 ) . `` Turning Off Disk Defragmenter May Solve a Sluggish PC '' . PCWorld . Jump up ^ Anand Lal Shimpi ( April 6 , 2010 ) . `` Western Digital 's New VelociRaptor VR200M : 10K RPM at 450GB and 600GB '' . anandtech.com . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` WD Scorpio Blue Mobile : Drive Specifications '' . Western Digital . June 2010 . Retrieved January 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IBM Archives : IBM 3350 direct access storage '' . IBM . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Speed Considerations '' . Seagate . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2011 . Retrieved January 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Reed Solomon Codes -- Introduction '' . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Micro House PC Hardware Library Volume I : Hard Drives , Scott Mueler , Macmillan Computer Publishing '' . Alasir.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ruggedized Disk Drives for Commercial Airborne Computer Systems '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Grabianowski , Ed . `` How To Recover Lost Data from Your Hard Drive '' . HowStuffWorks . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Everything You Know About Disks Is Wrong '' . Storagemojo.com . February 22 , 2007 . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eduardo Pinheiro ; Wolf - Dietrich Weber ; Luiz André Barroso ( February 2007 ) . `` Failure Trends in a Large Disk Drive Population '' ( PDF ) . Google Inc . Retrieved December 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Investigation : Is Your SSD More Reliable Than A Hard Drive ? -- Tom 's Hardware long term SSD reliability review , 2011 , `` final words '' Jump up ^ Anthony , Sebastian . `` Using SMART to accurately predict when a hard drive is about to die '' . ExtremeTech . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Consumer hard drives as reliable as enterprise hardware '' . Alphr . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Beach , Brian . `` Enterprise Drives : Fact or Fiction ? '' . Backblaze . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Western Digital announces high - capacity 12TB , 14TB helium - filled hard drives '' . Jump up ^ `` Enterprise - class versus Desktop class Hard Drives '' ( PDF ) . Intel . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seagate Cheetah 15K. 5 Data Sheet Jump up ^ Martin K. Petersen ( August 30 , 2008 ) . `` Linux Data Integrity '' ( PDF ) . Oracle Corporation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 9 , 2015 . Retrieved January 23 , 2015 . Most disk drives use 512 - byte sectors . ( ... ) Enterprise drives ( Parallel SCSI / SAS / FC ) support 520 / 528 byte ' fat ' sectors . Jump up ^ Anton Shilov ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Hard Drive Shipments Drop by Nearly 17 % in 2015 '' . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lucas Mearian ( December 2 , 2015 ) . `` WD ships world 's first 10TB helium - filled hard drive '' . Computerworld . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coughlin , Tom ( June 7 , 2016 ) . `` 3D NAND Enables Larger Consumer SSDs '' . forbes.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seagate Backup Plus External Hard Drive Review ( 8TB ) '' . storagereview.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Back Up Your Important Data to External Hard disk drive Biometric Safe Info and Products Reviews about Biometric Security Device -- '' . Biometricsecurityproducts.org . July 26 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Western Digital My Passport , 2 TB '' . hwigroup.net . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Example of a pre-assembled external hard disk drive without its enclosure that can not be used internally on a laptop or desktop due to the embedded interface on its printed circuit board Jump up ^ Sebean Hsiung ( May 5 , 2010 ) . `` How to bypass USB controller and use as a SATA drive '' . datarecoverytools.co.uk . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . Further reading ( edit ) Mueller , Scott ( 2011 ) . Upgrading and Repairing PCs ( 20th ed . ) . Que . ISBN 0 - 7897 - 4710 - 3 . Messmer , Hans - Peter ( 2001 ) . The Indispensable PC Hardware Book ( 4th ed . ) . Addison - Wesley . ISBN 0 - 201 - 59616 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutHard disk driveat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons News from Wikinews Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Hard Disk Drives Encyclopedia Video showing an opened HD working Average seek time of a computer disk Timeline : 50 Years of Hard Drives HDD from inside : Tracks and Zones . How hard it can be ? Hard disk hacking -- firmware modifications , in eight parts , going as far as booting a Linux kernel on an ordinary HDD controller board Hiding Data in Hard Drive 's Service Areas , February 14 , 2013 , by Ariel Berkman Rotary Acceleration Feed Forward ( RAFF ) Information Sheet , Western Digital , January 2013 PowerChoice Technology for Hard Disk Drive Power Savings and Flexibility , Seagate Technology , March 2010 Shingled Magnetic Recording ( SMR ) , HGST , Inc. , 2015 The Road to Helium , HGST , Inc. , 2015 Research paper about perspective usage of magnetic photoconductors in magneto - optical data storage . Magnetic storage media Wire ( 1898 ) Tape ( 1928 ) Drum ( 1932 ) Ferrite core ( 1949 ) Hard disk ( 1956 ) Stripe card ( 1956 ) MICR ( 1956 ) Thin film ( 1962 ) CRAM ( 1962 ) Twistor ( ~ 1968 ) Floppy disk ( 1969 ) Bubble ( ~ 1970 ) MRAM ( 1995 ) Racetrack ( 2008 ) Hard disk drive manufacturers History of hard disk drives Present Seagate Technology Toshiba Western Digital HGST Past Computer Memories Inc . Conner Peripherals Control Data Corporation Digital Equipment Corporation ExcelStor Technology Fujitsu Hewlett - Packard IBM Iomega JT Storage JVC Kalok Kyocera Maxtor Memorex Micropolis MiniScribe Mitsubishi Electric NEC Plus Development PrairieTek Priam Corporation Quantum Rodime Samsung Electronics Sony Storage Technology Corporation Syquest Texas Instruments Basic computer components Input devices Keyboard Image scanner Microphone Pointing device Graphics tablet Joystick Light pen Mouse Optical Pointing stick Touchpad Touchscreen Trackball Webcam Softcam Refreshable braille display Output devices Monitor Refreshable braille display Printer Speakers Plotter Removable data storage Optical disc CD DVD Blu - ray Disk pack Floppy disk Memory card USB flash drive Computer case Central processing unit ( CPU ) HDD / SSD / SSHD Motherboard Network interface controller Power supply Random - access memory ( RAM ) Sound card Video card Fax modem Expansion card Ports Ethernet FireWire ( IEEE 1394 ) Parallel port Serial port PS / 2 port USB Thunderbolt HDMI / DVI / VGA eSATA Audio jack Disk image file formats Optical discs CCD / IMG / SUB CUE / BIN CSO DAA IBP / IBQ ISO ISZ MDS / MDF MDX NRG UIF Hard disks DMG FVD IMG ISO NDIF QCOW UDIF VDI VHD VMDK WIM Floppy disks ADF / ADZ DC42 / DART DCF DMS IMG / IMA / IMZ VFD CD - DA Disc Description Protocol Comparison of disc image software GND : 4198218 - 6 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hard_disk_drive&oldid=804911054 '' Categories : Hard disk drives American inventions Computer storage devices Rotating disc computer storage media Computer data storage Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from December 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 21 : 36 . 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-4580992551514844696	List of Manhattan neighborhoods	List of Manhattan neighborhoods - wikipedia List of Manhattan neighborhoods Approximate locations of some past and present Manhattan neighborhoods This is a list of neighborhoods in the New York City borough of Manhattan arranged geographically from the north of the island to the south . The following approximate definitions are used : Uptown Manhattan is the area above 59th Street ; Upper Manhattan is the area above 96th Street . Downtown Manhattan is the area below 14th Street ; Lower Manhattan is the area below Chambers Street . Midtown Manhattan is the area between 34th Street and 59th Street . West Side is the area west of Fifth Avenue ; East Side is the area east of Fifth Avenue . Neighborhood names and boundaries are not officially defined . They may vary or change from time to time due to demographic and economic variables . Contents 1 Uptown neighborhoods 2 Midtown neighborhoods 3 Between Midtown and Downtown 4 Downtown neighborhoods 5 Islands 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Uptown neighborhoods ( edit ) Name of the neighborhood Limits south to north and east to west Upper Manhattan Above 96th Street Marble Hill Physically located on the mainland Inwood Above Dyckman Street Fort George ( part of Washington Heights ) East of Broadway between 181st Street and Dyckman Street Washington Heights 155th Street to Dyckman Street Hudson Heights ( part of Washington Heights ) 181st Street to Fort Tryon Park west of Broadway West Harlem 125th to 155th Streets ; St. Nicholas Avenue to Broadway Hamilton Heights ( part of Harlem ) 135th to 155th Streets ; Broadway to the Hudson River Manhattanville 125th to 135th Streets ; St. Nicholas Avenue to the Hudson River Morningside Heights 110th to 125th Streets ; Morningside to Riverside Drives Central Harlem 110th to 155th Streets ; Park to St. Nicholas Avenues Harlem 96th to 141st Streets ( east ) , 110th to 155th Streets ( central ) , 125th to 155th Streets ( west ) Strivers ' Row ( Central Harlem ) 137th to 138th Streets ; 7th to 8th Avenues Astor Row ( Central Harlem ) Centered at West 130th Street Sugar Hill ( Central Harlem ) 145th to 155th Streets ; Edgecombe to Amsterdam Avenues Marcus Garvey Park , Mount Morris Historical District 120th to 124th Streets ; Madison to 5th Avenues Le Petit Senegal ( Little Senegal ) 116th Street east of Morningside Park East Harlem ( Spanish Harlem ) 96th to 141st Streets ; the East River to 5th Avenue Upper East Side East 59th to 96th Streets ; the East River to 5th Avenue ( and 96th to 110th Streets along 5th Avenue ) Lenox Hill 60th to 77th Streets ; the East River to Park Avenue Carnegie Hill 86th to 98th Streets ; 3rd to 5th Avenues ( centered at East 91st Street and Park Avenue ) Yorkville 79th to 96th Street ; the East River to 3rd Avenue ( centered at East 86th Street and 3rd Avenue ) Upper West Side 59th to 110th Streets ; Central Park West to the Hudson River Manhattan Valley , Bloomingdale District 96th to 110th Streets ; Central Park West to Broadway Lincoln Square ( once San Juan Hill ) 65th to 66th Streets ; Columbus Avenue to Broadway Midtown neighborhoods ( edit ) Name of the neighborhood Limits south to north and east to west Midtown 34th to 59th Streets Columbus Circle 59th Street and 8th Avenue Sutton Place 53rd to 59th Streets ; 1st Avenue to Sutton Place Rockefeller Center 49th to 51st Streets ; 5th to 6th Avenues Diamond District 47th Street from 5th to 6th Avenues Theater District 42nd to 53rd Streets ; 6th to 8th Avenues Turtle Bay 42nd to 53rd Streets ; East River to Lexington Avenue Midtown East 42nd to 59th Streets ; East River to 5th Avenue Midtown 40th to 59th Streets ; 3rd to 9th Avenues Tudor City 40th to 43rd Streets ; 1st to 2nd Avenues Little Brazil 46th Street from 5th to 6th Avenues Times Square 39th to 52nd Streets ; 7th to 9th Avenues Hudson Yards 28th to 43rd Streets ; 7th Avenue to the Hudson River Midtown West 34th to 59th Streets ; 5th Avenue to the Hudson River Hell 's Kitchen , Clinton 34th to 59th Streets ; 8th to the Hudson River Garment District 34th to 42nd Streets and 5th to 9th Avenues Herald Square 34th Street and 6th Avenue Koreatown 31st to 36th Streets ; 5th to 6th Avenues Murray Hill 34th to 40th Streets ; 3rd to Madison Avenues Tenderloin 23rd Street to 42nd Streets ; 5th to 7th Avenues Madison Square 23rd to 26th Streets ; 5th Avenue to Broadway Between Midtown and Downtown ( edit ) Name of the neighborhood Limits south to north and east to west Flower District 26th to 28th Streets ; 6th to 7th Avenues Brookdale 25th Street from FDR Drive to 1st Avenue Hudson Yards 30th to 34th Streets ; the Hudson River to Tenth Avenue Kips Bay 23rd to 34th Streets ; the East River to 3rd Avenue Rose Hill Between Murray Hill to the north and Gramercy Park to the south NoMad East 25th Street to East 29th Street ; Madison Avenue to Sixth Avenue Peter Cooper Village ( former Gas House district ) 20th to 23rd Streets ; Avenue C to 1st Avenue Chelsea 14th to 34th Streets ; 6th Avenue to the Hudson River Flatiron District , Toy District , Photo District 16th to 27th Streets ; Park Avenue South to 6th Avenue Gramercy Park 14th to 23rd Streets ; 1st Avenue to Park Avenue South Stuyvesant Square 15th to 18th Streets ; 1st to 3rd Avenues Union Square 14th to 17th Streets ; 4th Avenue to University Place Stuyvesant Town ( former Gas House district ) 14th to 20th Streets ; Avenue C to 1st Avenue Meatpacking District Horatio to 15th Streets ; Hudson Street to the Hudson River Waterside Plaza 25th to 29th Streets ; the East River to FDR Drive † Large scale developments Downtown neighborhoods ( edit ) Name of the neighborhood Limits south to north and east to west Downtown Manhattan Below 14th Street Little Germany ( historic ) 7th to 10th Streets ; Avenues A to B Alphabet City and Loisaida Houston to 14th Streets ; FDR Drive to Avenue A East Village Houston to 14th Streets ; the East River to the Bowery Greenwich Village Houston to 14th Streets ; Broadway to the Hudson River NoHo Houston Street to Astor Place ; the Bowery to Broadway Bowery Canal to 4th Streets ; the Bowery West Village Houston to 14th Streets ; 6th Avenue ( or 7th Avenue ) to the Hudson River Lower East Side Canal to Houston Streets ; the East River to the Bowery SoHo Canal to Houston Streets ; Lafayette to Varick Streets Nolita ( NoLIta ) Broome to Houston Streets ; the Bowery to Lafayette Street Little Italy Mulberry Street from Canal to Broome Streets Chinatown Chambers to Delancey Streets ; East Broadway to Broadway Financial District Below Chambers Street Five Points ( historic ) Worth and Baxter Streets Cooperative Village Frankfort to Grand Streets ; FDR Drive to East Broadway Two Bridges Brooklyn Bridge to Montgomery Street ; St. James Place to the East River Tribeca ( TriBeCa ) Vesey Street to Canal Street ; Broadway to the Hudson River Civic Center Vesey to Chambers Streets ; the East River to Broadway Radio Row ( historic ) Greenwich Street from Cortlandt to Dey Streets ( World Trade Center site ) South Street Seaport Historical District South of Fulton Street and along the FDR Drive Battery Park City West of West Street Little Syria ( historic ) Washington Street from Battery Park to above Rector Street † Large scale developments Islands ( edit ) Ellis Island Governors Island Liberty Island Randalls and Wards Islands Roosevelt Island See also ( edit ) List of Bronx neighborhoods List of Brooklyn neighborhoods List of Queens neighborhoods List of Staten Island neighborhoods References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` War of the Roses '' . The New York Times . 11 April 2004 . Jump up ^ Buckley , Cara ( 25 June 2009 ) . `` Midtown 's Lush Passage '' -- via NYTimes.com . Jump up ^ Akel , Joseph ( 1 March 2016 ) . `` A Spin Through the Flower District with Susan Orlean '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Satow , Julie . `` ' Historic ' Does n't Rule Out ' New ' '' , The New York Times , May 9 , 2013 . Accessed August 1 , 2016 . `` But although the character of the tenants has shifted , the historic neighborhood , which some call NoMad ( for North of Madison Square Park ) and which is bounded by 25th and 29th Streets , between Madison Avenue and Avenue of the Americas , has seen very little new construction since the Great Depression . '' External links ( edit ) Media related to Neighborhoods in Manhattan , New York City at Wikimedia Commons Neighborhood map from NYC Department of City Planning Neighborhoods in the New York City borough of Manhattan Lower Manhattan below 14th St ( CB 1 , 2 , 3 ) Alphabet City Battery Park City Bowery Chinatown Civic Center Cooperative Village East Village Essex Crossing Financial District Five Points Greenwich Village Hudson Square Little Fuzhou Little Germany Little Italy Little Syria Lower East Side Meatpacking District NoHo Nolita Radio Row SoHo South Street Seaport South Village Tribeca Two Bridges West Village World Trade Center Midtown ( CB 5 ) Columbus Circle Diamond District Flatiron District Garment District Herald Square Koreatown Madison Square NoMad Silicon Alley Theater District Times Square West Side ( CB 4 , 7 ) Chelsea Hell 's Kitchen Hudson Yards Lincoln Square Little Spain Manhattan Valley Manhattantown Penn South Pomander Walk Riverside South Tenderloin Upper West Side East Side ( CB 6 , 8 ) Carnegie Hill Gashouse District Gramercy Park Kips Bay Lenox Hill Murray Hill Peter Cooper Village Rose Hill Stuyvesant Square Stuyvesant Town Sutton Place Tudor City Turtle Bay Union Square Upper East Side Waterside Plaza Yorkville Upper Manhattan above 110th St ( CB 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ) Astor Row East Harlem Hamilton Heights Harlem Hudson Heights Inwood Le Petit Senegal Manhattanville Marble Hill ( Bx CB 8 ) Marcus Garvey Park Morningside Heights Sugar Hill Sylvan Washington Heights Islands Ellis Island ( CB 1 ) Governors Island ( CB 1 ) Liberty Island ( CB 1 ) Randalls Island ( CB 11 ) Roosevelt Island ( CB 8 ) Wards Island ( CB 11 ) Former Seneca Village Community boards : 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Manhattan_neighborhoods&oldid=842758733 '' Categories : Neighborhoods in Manhattan Lists of populated places in New York ( state ) Manhattan - related lists Lists of neighborhoods in U.S. cities Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Magyar 日本語 Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 13 : 51 ( UTC ) . 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-6052305470055003254	Foramen magnum	Foramen magnum - wikipedia Foramen magnum Jump to : navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Foraman magnum Upper surface of base of the skull . The hole indicated by an arrow is the foramen magnum Occipital bone . Inner surface . Details Identifiers Latin Foraman magnum MeSH A02. 835.232. 781.572. 434 TA A02. 1.04. 002 FMA 75306 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) The foramen magnum ( Latin : great hole ) is a large oval opening ( foramen ) in the occipital bone of the skull in humans and various other animals . It is one of the several oval or circular openings ( foramina ) in the base of the skull . The spinal cord , an extension of the medulla , passes through the foramen magnum as it exits the cranial cavity . Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes , the foramen magnum transmits the vertebral arteries , the anterior and posterior spinal arteries , the tectorial membranes and alar ligaments . It also transmits the spinal component of the accessory nerve into the skull . The opisthion is the midpoint on the posterior margin of the foramen magnum and is a cephalometric landmark . Another landmark is the basion located at the midpoint on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum . The foramen magnum is a very important feature in bipedal mammals . One of the attributes of a bipedal animal 's foramen magnum is a forward shift of the anterior border ; this is caused by the shortening of the cranial base . Studies on the foramen magnum position have shown a connection to the functional influences of both posture and locomotion . The forward shift of the foramen magnum is apparent in bipedal hominins , including modern humans , Australopithecus africanus , and Paranthropus boisei . This common feature of bipedal hominins is the driving argument used by Michel Brunet that Sahelanthropus tchadensis was also bipedal , and may be the earliest known bipedal ape . The discovery of this feature has given scientists another form of identifying bipedal mammals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Compartments 2 Other animals 3 Additional images 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Compartments ( edit ) The alar ligament which is attached on each side to the tubercle of occipital condyle on each side of Foramen magnum divides it into anterior smaller compartment and posterior larger compartment ; Structures passing through anterior compartment ( osseo - ligamentous compartment ) are Apical ligament and tip of dens Upper band of Cruciate ligament Membrana tectoria Structures passing through posterior compartment ( Neuro - vascular compartment ) are Lower end of Medulla Oblongata with meninges Fourth part of vertebral artery surrounded by sympathetic plexus of nerves Spinal roots of accessory nerves Anterior and posterior spinal arteries Tonsil of cerebellum ( occasionally ) Other animals ( edit ) In humans , the foramen magnum is farther underneath the head than in the other great apes . Thus , in humans , the neck muscles ( including the occipitofrontalis muscle ) do not need to be as robust in order to hold the head upright . Comparisons of the position of the foramen magnum in early hominid species are useful to determine how comfortable a particular species was when walking on two limbs ( bipedalism ) rather than four ( quadrupedalism ) . Additional images ( edit ) Skull seen from below . The hole through which the medulla ( shown in red ) is passing is foramen magnum . Occipital bone . Foramen magnum shown in red . Human brain with dura mater intact . The foramen magnum is visible as the large hole in the centre . Opisthion shown in red Occipital bone inner surface ( basion shown in red ) See also ( edit ) Posterior cranial fossa References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ Russo , Gabrielle A. ; Kirk , Christopher E. ( November 2013 ) . `` Foramen magnum position in bipedal mammals '' . Journal of Human Evolution. 65 ( 5 ) : 656 -- 670 . PMID 24055116 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jhevol. 2013.07. 007 . Retrieved 12 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Dutta , Asim Kumar ( 2013 ) . Essentials of Human Anatomy Head & Neck . kolkata : Current books international . pp. 56 -- 57 . ISBN 81 - 86793 - 79 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Foramen magnum . `` Anatomy diagram : 34257.000 - 1 '' . Roche Lexicon - illustrated navigator . Elsevier . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 01 . Diagram 1 Diagram 2 3D animation showing position of basion on YouTube The neurocranium of the skull Occipital Squamous part external Inion / External occipital protuberance External occipital crest Nuchal lines planes Occipital Nuchal internal Cruciform eminence Internal occipital protuberance Internal occipital crest Groove for transverse sinus Lateral parts Condyle Condyloid fossa Condylar canal Hypoglossal canal jugular Jugular process Jugular tubercle Basilar part Pharyngeal tubercle Clivus Other Foramen magnum Basion Opisthion Parietal Parietal eminence Temporal line Parietal foramen Sagittal sulcus Frontal Squamous part Frontal suture Frontal eminence external Superciliary arches Glabella foramina Supraorbital Cecum Zygomatic process internal Sagittal sulcus Frontal crest Orbital part Ethmoidal notch Fossa for lacrimal gland Trochlear fovea Frontal sinus Frontonasal duct Temporal Squamous part Articular tubercle Suprameatal triangle Mandibular fossa Petrotympanic fissure Zygomatic process Mastoid part Mastoid foramen Mastoid process ( Mastoid cells ) Mastoid notch Occipital groove Sigmoid sulcus Mastoid antrum ( Aditus ) Petrous part Carotid canal Facial canal Hiatus Internal auditory meatus Cochlear aqueduct Stylomastoid foramen fossae Subarcuate fossa Jugular fossa canaliculi Inferior tympanic Mastoid Styloid process Petrosquamous suture ( note : ossicles in petrous part , but not part of temporal bone ) Tympanic part Suprameatal spine Sphenoid Surfaces Superior surface : Sella turcica Dorsum sellae Tuberculum sellae Hypophysial fossa Posterior clinoid processes Ethmoidal spine Chiasmatic groove Middle clinoid process Petrosal process Clivus Lateral surface : Carotid groove Sphenoidal lingula Anterior surface : Sphenoidal sinuses Great wings foramina Rotundum Ovale Vesalii Spinosum Spine Infratemporal crest Sulcus of auditory tube Small wings Superior orbital fissure Anterior clinoid process Optic canal Pterygoid processes fossae Pterygoid Scaphoid pterygoid plates Lateral Medial Pterygoid canal Hamulus Other Body Sphenoidal conchae Ethmoid Plates Cribriform plate Crista galli Olfactory foramina Perpendicular plate Surfaces Lateral surface Orbital lamina Uncinate process Medial surface Supreme nasal concha Superior nasal concha Superior meatus Middle nasal concha Middle meatus Labyrinth Ethmoid sinus ethmoidal foramina Posterior Anterior Foramina of the skull ( and canals , fissures , meatus , and hiatus ) Anterior cranial fossa to Orbit : ethmoidal foramina anterior posterior to Nasal cavity : olfactory foramina ( CN - I ) foramen cecum Middle cranial fossa to Orbit : optic canal ( CN - II ) superior orbital fissure ( CN - III , IV , V1 , VI ) to Pterygopalatine fossa : foramen rotundum ( CN - V2 ) pterygoid canal to Infratemporal fossa : foramen ovale ( CN - V3 ) foramen spinosum / carotid canal other : foramen lacerum hiatus for greater petrosal nerve hiatus for lesser petrosal nerve sphenoidal emissary foramen Posterior cranial fossa internal auditory meatus / facial canal / stylomastoid foramen ( CN - VII , VIII ) jugular foramen ( CN - IX , X , XI ) foramen magnum ( CN - XI ) hypoglossal canal ( CN - XII ) condylar canal mastoid foramen Orbit to Nasal cavity : nasolacrimal canal to face : supraorbital notch foramen infraorbital foramen groove zygomatic foramen - facial - temporal to Pterygopalatine fossa : inferior orbital fissure other : Inferior orbital fissure Fossa for lacrimal sac Pterygopalatine fossa to Nasal cavity : sphenopalatine foramen to Oral cavity : greater palatine canal foramen lesser palatine canals foramina to Infratemporal fossa : pterygomaxillary fissure to Nasopharynx : palatovaginal canal to oral cavity : incisive canals incisive foramen to nasal cavity : Foramen vomerinum Meatus vomerinus Fissura vomerina Hiatus vomerinus Other external acoustic meatus mandibular foramen mental foramen parietal foramen petrotympanic fissure semilunar hiatus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foramen_magnum&oldid=801640660 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Foramina of the skull Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from January 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage Articles containing Latin - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Galego Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 22 : 39 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	the foramen magnus is a big hole in which of the following bones	[ "The foramen magnum (Latin: great hole) is a large oval opening (foramen) in the occipital bone of the skull in humans and various other animals. It is one of the several oval or circular openings (foramina) in the base of the skull. The spinal cord, an extension of the medulla, passes through the foramen magnum as it exits the cranial cavity. Apart from the transmission of the medulla oblongata and its membranes, the foramen magnum transmits the vertebral arteries, the anterior and posterior spinal arteries, the tectorial membranes and alar ligaments. It also transmits the spinal component of the accessory nerve into the skull." ]	[ "the occipital bone of the skull" ]
2712655775095182619	National Human Rights Commission of India	National human rights Commission of India - Wikipedia National human rights Commission of India Jump to : navigation , search National Human Rights Commission राष्ट्रीय मानवाधिकार आयोग national human rights commission logo Agency overview Formed 12 October 1993 Jurisdictional structure Federal agency India Operations jurisdiction India General nature Federal law enforcement Headquarters New Delhi , India Agency executives Justice H.L. Dattu , Chairman Ambuj Sharma , Secretary General Website Official website The Rights Commission'u ( NHRC ) of India ' is an autonomous public body constituted on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Ordinance of 28 September 1993 . It was given a statutory basis by the Protection of Human Rights Act , 1993 ( TPHRA ) . The NHRC is the National Human Rights Commission of India , responsible for the protection and promotion of human rights , defined by the Act as `` rights relating to life , liberty , equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants '' . `` Human Rights '' means the rights relating to life , liberty , equality and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the constitution or embodied in the International covenants and enforceable by courts in India . `` Commission '' means the National Human Rights Commission constituted under section of All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights known as Human rights , as commonly understood , are the rights that every human being is entitled to enjoy freely irrespective of his religion , race , caste , sex and nationality , etc . ( Jagdish chand , 2007 ) In Declaration of Independence acknowledged the fundamental human rights . Human right means different thing to different people . Human Rights are not static , but are rather dynamic in nature . New rights are recognized and enforced from time to time . Only persons fully conversant with the latest development about the expanding horizons of Human Rights can promote their awareness better other . Contents ( hide ) 1 Functions 2 Composition 2.1 Chairman and Members 2.2 State Human Rights Commission 3 Appointment 4 Former chairpersons 4.1 Acting Chairpersons 5 Controversy 6 Human Rights Campaign 's recommendations 7 References 8 External links Functions ( edit ) TPHRA mandates the NHRC to perform the following functions : proactively or reactively inquire into violations of government of India human rights or negligence in the prevention of such violation by a public servant by leave of the court , to intervene in court proceeding relating to human rights make recommendations review the safeguards provided by or under the Constitution or any law for the time being in force for the protection of human rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation review the factors , including acts of terrorism that inhibit the enjoyment of human rights and recommend appropriate remedial measures to study treaties and other international instruments on human rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation undertake and promote research in the field of human rights engage in human rights education among various sections of society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for the protection of these rights through publications , the media , seminars and other available means encourage the efforts of NGOs and institutions working in the field of human rights such other function as it may consider it necessary for the protection of human rights . requisitioning any public record or copy thereof from any court or office . Composition ( edit ) The NHRC consists of : A Chairperson , should be retired Chief Justice of India ( though GoI mulling appointment of retired SC Judges as chairperson ) One member who is , or has been , a Judge of the Supreme Court of India One member who is , or has been , the Chief Justice of a High Court Two members to be appointed from among persons having knowledge of , or practical experience in , matters relating to human rights In addition , the Chairpersons of four National Commissions ( Scheduled Castes , Scheduled Tribes , Women and Minorities ) serve as ex officio members . The sitting Judge of the Supreme Court or sitting Chief Justice of any High Court can be appointed only after the consultation with the Chief Justice of Supreme Court . Chairman and members ( edit ) Justice JS Kehar is going to be next chairman after H.L. Dattu The chairman of the NHRC is Justice H.L. Dattu and the other members are : Justice Cyriac Joseph Justice D. Murugesan , Chief Justice of Delhi High Court Sharad Chandra Sinha , former Director General , National Investigation Agency Jyotika Kalra , Ex-officio members : Ram shankar Katheria , Chairperson , National Commission for Scheduled Castes Nand Kumar Sai , Chairperson , National Commission for Scheduled Tribes Syed Gayorul Hasan Rizvi , Chairperson , National Commission for Minorities Rekha Sharma , Chairperson , National Commission for Women State Human Rights Commission ( edit ) A State Government may constitute a body known as the Human Rights Commission of that State to exercise the powers conferred upon , and to perform the functions assigned to , a State Commission . In accordance to the amendment brought in TPHRA , 1993 point No. 10 below is the list of State Human Rights Commissions formed to perform the functions of the commission as stated under chapter V of TPHRA , 1993 ( with amendment act 2006 ) . At present , 25 states have constituted SHRC State Commission City Date constituted Assam Human rights Commission Guwahati 19 January 1996 Andhra Pradesh State Human rights Commission Hyderabad 2 August 2006 Bihar Human rights Commission Patna 3 January 2000 Chhattisgarh Human Rights Commission Raipur 16 April 2001 Gujarat State Human Rights Commission Gandhinagar 12 September 2006 Goa Human Rights Commission Panaji 2011 Meghalaya State Human Right Commission 2013 Himachal Pradesh State Human rights Commission Shimla -- Jammu & Kashmir Human Rights Commission Srinagar January 1997 Kerala State Human Rights Commission Thiruvananthapuram 11 December 1998 Karnataka State Human Rights Commission Bangalore 28 June 2005 Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission Bhopal 1 September 1995 Maharashtra State Human Rights Commission Mumbai 6 March 2001 Manipur State Human Rights Commission Imphal 2003 Odisha Human rights Commission Bhubaneswar 27 January 2000 Punjab Human Rights Commission Chandigarh Rajasthan State Human rights Commission Jaipur 18 January 1999 State Human Rights Commission Tamil Nadu Chennai 17 April 1997 Uttar Pradesh Human Rights Commission Lucknow 7 October 2002 West Bengal Human Rights Commission Kolkata 8 January 1994 Jharkhand State Human Rights Commission Ranchi Sikkim State Human Rights Commission Gangtok 18 October 2008 Uttarakhand Human Rights Commission Dehradun 13 May 2013 Haryana Human Rights Commission Chandigarh 2012 Tripura Human rights Commission Agartala 2015 Appointment ( edit ) Section 2 Sections 3 and 4 of TPHRA lay down the rules for appointment to the NHRC . The Chairperson and members of the NHRC are appointed by the President of India , on the recommendation of a committee consisting of : The Prime Minister ( Chairperson ) The Home Minister The Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha ( Lower House ) The Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha ( Upper House ) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha ( Lower House ) The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha ( Upper House ) Former chairpersons ( edit ) Sr No Name Tenure 1 . Justice Ranganath Misra 12 October 1993 -- 24 November 1996 2 . Justice MN Venkatachaliah 26 November 1996 -- 24 October 1999 3 . Justice JS Verma 4 November 1999 -- 17 January 2003 4 . Justice AS Anand 17 February 2003 -- 31 October 2006 5 . Justice S. Rajendra Babu 2 April 2007 - 31 May 2009 6 . Justice KG Balakrishnan 7 June 2010 - 11 May 2015 7 . Justice H.L. Dattu 29 Feb - 2016 Acting Chairpersons ( edit ) Justice Cyriac Joseph from 11 May 2015 to 28 February 2016 Dr. Justice Shivaraj Patil , from 1 November 2006 to 1 April 2007 Justice G.P. Mathur , from 1 June 2009 to 6 June 2010 . Controversy ( edit ) A report concerning the manner of which the Shivani Bhatnagar murder controversy case was rejected , a case which involved high - ranking officials being implicated in the murder of a journalist , opened the organisation up to questioning over the usefulness of human rights commissions set up by the government at the national and state levels . In mid-2011 , the chairman of the NHRC , ex-Chief Justice K.G. Balakrishnan came under a cloud for allegedly owning assets disproportionate to his income . His son - in - law P.V. Srinijan , an Indian National Congress politician , had to resign for suddenly coming into possession of land worth Rs. 25 lakhs . Many prominent jurists , including former CJ J.S. Verma , SC ex-Judge V.R. Krishna Iyer , noted jurist Fali S. Nariman , former NHRC member Sudarshan Agrawal and prominent activist lawyer Prashant Bhushan , have called on Balakrishnan 's resignation pending from the HRC pending inquiry . In February 2012 , the Supreme Court inquired of the government regarding the status of the inquiry . Human rights campaign 's recommendations ( edit ) NHRC held that 16 out of 19 police encounters with suspected maoists in Guntur and Kurnool districts of Andhra Pradesh , prior to 2002 were fake and recommended to Government payment of compensation of Rs 5 lakh each to the kin of the families . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Annual Report 1993 - 94 of the National Human Rights Commission ^ Jump up to : The Protection of Human Rights Act , 1993 , as amended by the Protection of Human Rights ( Amendment ) Act , 2006 Jump up ^ Nath , Damini . `` NHRC issues notice to T.N. '' The Hindu . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ex-sc-judges-could-soon-be-appointed-nhrc-chiefs/article19824595.ece Jump up ^ NHRC website Jump up ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/documents/Publications/HRActEng.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.nhrc.nic.in/shrc.htm Jump up ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/shrc.htm Jump up ^ http://nhrc.nic.in/GujratOrders.htm Jump up ^ The NHRC , and the Shivani Murder Controversy . Indiatogether.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ CBDT to probe ex-CJI Balakrishnan 's assets - Videos India : IBNLive Videos . Ibnlive.in.com ( 2011 - 06 - 22 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Ex-CJI's son amasses property in four years . Deccanherald.com ( 2012 - 09 - 21 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ Fali Nariman wants judicial probe against ex-CJI , kin 's assets : South News -- India Today . Indiatoday.intoday.in ( 2011 - 01 - 03 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ SC asks Centre about action taken against ex-CJI KG Balakrishnan -- India News -- IBNLive . Ibnlive.in.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NHRC declares 16 out of 19 encounters fake , orders compensation of Rs. 80 lakh '' . 13 July 2012 . 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-4701599417481964674	North Carolina Department of Public Safety	North Carolina Department of Public Safety - wikipedia North Carolina Department of Public Safety North Carolina Department of Public Safety Agency overview Jurisdiction State of North Carolina Headquarters Raleigh , North Carolina Child agency North Carolina State Highway Patrol Website ncdps.gov The North Carolina Department of Public Safety is an umbrella agency that carries out many of the state 's law enforcement , emergency response and homeland security functions . The department was created in 1977 as the Department of Crime Control and Public Safety . In 2012 , the North Carolina Department of Correction and the North Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention were merged with Crime Control & Public Safety to create the new agency . The department is headed by a Secretary of Public Safety , who is appointed by the Governor of North Carolina and is a member of the Cabinet . Contents 1 Sections 1.1 Juvenile facilities 2 Secretaries 3 Controversy 4 References 5 External links Sections ( edit ) The Department of Public Safety is broken into sections which cover a wide range of regulatory and law enforcement tasks . Section Responsibility ABC Commission regulation of alcoholic beverage sales Administration office of the Secretary of Public Safety and general administrative services Adult Correction and Juvenile Justice administration of the state 's prisons and juvenile detention facilities Alarm Systems Licensing Board regulation of alarm system companies Alcohol Law Enforcement enforcement of state laws for alcohol , tobacco , and other controlled substances , lottery and gambling laws , and the state Boxing Authority Alcoholism and Chemical Dependency Programs substance abuse treatment services for inmates within the North Carolina prison system Communications Office media relations Community Corrections administer the state probation and parole programs Correction Enterprises commercial arm of the Department of Corrections which sells inmate - produced goods and services Emergency Management coordinate preparedness and response to a wide range of emergency situations , from chemical and nuclear accidents , to weather - related emergencies . Also oversees the state Civil Air Patrol Governor 's Clemency Office advises the Governor regarding pardons for convicted criminals Governor 's Crime Commission advises the governor on a wide range of crime issues , as well as administers various federal grant - based programs Law Enforcement Services Section procurement for the states law enforcement agencies North Carolina National Guard State militia Parole Commission manages the state 's parole and structured sentencing systems Private Protective Services Board regulation of private security companies North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation assist local , county , and state law enforcement agencies with criminal investigations North Carolina State Capitol Police state security police charged with protection of state property and personnel North Carolina State Highway Patrol highway safety and enforcement of state traffic laws Victim Services provides financial reimbursement for medical expenses and other support services for crime victims Juvenile facilities ( edit ) The juvenile section has the following juvenile long - term commitment facilities , called `` youth development centers '' : Stonewall Jackson Youth Development Center near Concord - Serves boys C.A. Dillon Youth Development Center in Butner - Serves boys Chatham Youth Development Center in the Central Carolina Business Park in Siler City - Houses girls and boys - Opened in 2008 Dobbs Youth Development Center - Near Kinston - Serves boys , opened in 1944 Secretaries ( edit ) J. Phil Carlton , April 1977 to December 1978 Herbert L. Hyde , Jan. 1979 to August 1979 Burley B. Mitchell , August 1979 to January 1982 Heman R. Clark , Feb. 1982 to January 1985 Joseph W. Dean , January 1985 to May 1992 Alan V. Pugh , June 1992 to January 1993 Thurman B. Hampton , February 1993 to September 1995 Richard H. Moore , December 1995 to November 1999 David E. Kelly , November 1999 to January 2001 Bryan E. Beatty , January 2001 to January 2009 Reuben F. Young , January 2009 - January 2013 ( Secretary of Crime Control & Public Safety until 1 Jan. 2012 ; Secretary of Public Safety thereafter ) Kieran Shanahan , January 2013 - July 2013 Frank L. Perry , August 2013 -- December 2016 Erik A. Hooks , January 2017 -- present Controversy ( edit ) Over the recommendations of the prison staff , a private maintenance contract with the Keith Corporation and the manner in which the contract was renewed resulted in an FBI investigation as reported by the Raleigh News & Observer . At the prison located in Tabor City , NC , as reported by WECT in February 2014 , the new Administrator was accused of forcing employees to pay the new Administrator for promotions through an Administrator - designed `` fundraising '' campaign . According to WECT , `` still , an October e-mail sent by Prison Administrator Patsy Chavis to staff reads , `` We can not require anyone to pay ... however supervisors need to be encouraged to participate ... Please let me know if you encounter any resistance or unwillingness to pay . '' . After an internal investigation lasting only a few weeks , the state found no `` wrongdoing '' in the fundraising effort , but halted the program , until `` state prison administrators and auditors can develop formal policy guidelines for employee fundraising activities . '' . Another issue at the same prison , in February 2014 , was the death of a 39 - year - old inmate , in which an autopsy was needed to determine the cause of death . The cause of death was reported as having been natural causes , however , a WECT report dated July 30 , 2015 revealed that the cause of death was `` methanol toxicity '' from a concoction of chemical including hand sanitizer that the inmate drank . According to the same news report , the department of public safety conducted an investigation , `` but the results are n't public record . '' In June 2017 , the Charlotte Observer launched a series of articles that found a hidden world of drugs , sex and gang violence -- much of it fueled by employees within the prison system . As a result of these articles , the North Carolina General Assembly has direct state prison leaders to turn over information about contraband , hiring practices and employee misconduct . Another article covered how tax dollars were used to fund drugs , cell phones and abuse in the prison system An additional story found that the `` staff shortages in North Carolina 's prisons have climbed to dangerous levels over the past two years '' The News and Observer of Raleigh reported that the 5 deaths of officers in 2017 may have been prevented `` Better staffing might have saved the lives of the five prison employees who died in attacks this year at two Eastern North Carolina prisons , experts and officers told the Observer . '' After its review , the Joint Legislative Oversight Committee on Justice and Public Safety could make recommendations to the full legislature before it convenes for the 2018 session in May 2018 . WBTV reported that a prison employee stated that prison administrators have taken steps to manipulate the numbers in an attempt to cover the deep extent of the staffing shortage . Another report by the same station stated that safety audit teams routinely overlook safety problems to benefit their friends . `` You and I both know that when I go to your facility or when you go to my facility to look at security issues , we sort of take a cursory glance because we do n't want to hurt our buddies ' feelings at another facility , References ( edit ) Jump up ^ NCDPS Jump up ^ `` NCDPS - Sections '' . North Carolina Department of Public Safety . Retrieved 14 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Development Centers . '' North Carolina Department of Public Safety . Retrieved on December 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ News & Observer Under the Dome Jump up ^ http://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/article42020100.html Jump up ^ Ann McAdams ( 24 February 2014 ) . `` Fundraising campaign at Tabor prison under investigation '' . 19actionnews.com . Jump up ^ Ann McAdams ( 19 March 2014 ) . `` Investigation of questionable prison fundraising complete '' . wect.com . Jump up ^ `` Tabor Correctional inmate dies '' . Fayetteville Observer . Jump up ^ http://www.wect.com/story/29671456/state-tight-lipped-about-death-of-inmate-suspected-of-drinking-homemade-brew Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/special-reports/article152336587.html Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article183187781.html Jump up ^ http://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-government/politics-columns-blogs/under-the-dome/article183240626.html Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/article158579894.html#storylink=cpy Jump up ^ http://www.wbtv.com/story/37541806/prison-employee-says-she-was-told-to-fudge-the-numbers-to-cover-staffing-shortage Jump up ^ http://www.wbtv.com/story/37541406/recording-ill-overlook-this-you-overlook-that-administrator-says-of-prison-safety-audit News & Observer : Crime Control as a launching pad ? News & Observer : What does the Crime Control Secretary do ? External links ( edit ) NC Public Safety official website Incarceration of adults in the United States This template pertains only to agencies that handle sentenced felons ( with sentences over 1 - 2 years ) . In many states , pre-trial detainees , persons convicted of misdemeanors , and persons sentenced under state law to fewer than one year are held in county jails instead of state prisons . Federal Bureau of Prisons List of U.S. federal prisons Federal Prison Industries State correction agencies Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming District of Columbia Felons : Federal Bureau of Prisons , Misdemeanants : District of Columbia DOC Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Military prisons List of U.S. military prisons Guantanamo Bay State prisons List of U.S. state prisons See also Immigration detention in the United States Category Commons United States portal Incarceration of juveniles in the United States Federal Bureau of Prisons List of U.S. federal prisons Corrections by U.S. state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal District Department of Youth Rehabilitation Services Insular Areas Guam Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Military facilities Guantanamo Bay Category Commons United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Carolina_Department_of_Public_Safety&oldid=855735908 '' Categories : State law enforcement agencies of North Carolina Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 13 : 40 ( UTC ) . 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-6818718813094453816	French and Indian War	French and Indian War - wikipedia French and Indian War Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the conflict from 1754 to 1763 . For the series of conflicts between 1688 and 1763 , see French and Indian Wars . This article 's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article . Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( October 2017 ) French and Indian War Part of the Seven Years ' War The war theater Date 1754 -- 1763 Location North America Result British victory Treaty of Paris Territorial changes France cedes New France east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain , retaining Saint Pierre and Miquelon , and transfers Louisiana to Spain Belligerents Great Britain British America Iroquois Confederacy Catawba Cherokee ( before 1758 ) France New France Wabanaki Confederacy Abenaki Mi'kmaq militia Algonquin Lenape Ojibwa Ottawa Shawnee Wyandot Commanders and leaders Jeffery Amherst Edward Braddock † James Wolfe † Earl of Loudoun James Abercrombie Edward Boscawen George Washington John Forbes George Monro Louis - Joseph de Montcalm † Marquis de Vaudreuil Baron Dieskau ( POW ) François - Marie de Lignery † Chevalier de Lévis ( POW ) Joseph de Jumonville † Marquis Duquesne Daniel Lienard de Beaujeu † Strength 42,000 regulars and militia ( peak strength , 1758 ) 10,000 regulars ( troupes de la terre and troupes de la marine , peak strength , 1757 ) Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , St. Lawrence and Mohawk theater Lake George Fort Bull Fort Oswego 1st Snowshoes Sabbath Day Point Fort William Henry German Flatts 2nd Snowshoes Fort Carillon Fort Frontenac La Belle - Famille Fort Niagara Fort Ticonderoga Beauport Quebec St. Francis Sainte - Foy Neuville Thousand Islands Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Ohio Valley Theater Jumonville Glen Fort Necessity Braddock Expedition Monongahela The Trough Sideling Hill Great Cacapon Kittanning Forbes Expedition Fort Duquesne Fort Ligonier Seven Years ' War in North America : The French and Indian War , Atlantic theater 1st Northeast Coast Cape Race Chignecto Bay of Fundy Petitcodiac 2nd Northeast Coast 1st Lunenburg 1st Louisbourg Bloody Creek 2nd Lunenburg 2nd Louisbourg Petitcodiac River Ile Saint - Jean Gulf of St. Lawrence Cape Sable St. John River Restigouche St. John 's Theatres of the Seven Years ' War Silesia Pomerania Portugal North America West Indies West Africa India Anglo - Spanish Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) comprised the North American theater of the worldwide Seven Years ' War of 1756 -- 63 . It pitted the colonies of British America against those of New France . Both sides were supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France , as well as by American Indian allies . At the start of the war , the French North American colonies had a population of roughly 60,000 settlers , compared with 2 million in the British North American colonies . The outnumbered French particularly depended on the Indians . The European nations declared war on one another in 1756 following months of localized conflict , escalating the war from a regional affair into an intercontinental conflict . The name French and Indian War is used mainly in the United States . It refers to the two main enemies of the British colonists : the royal French forces and the various American Indian forces allied with them . The British colonists were supported at various times by the Iroquois , Catawba , and Cherokee , and the French colonists were supported by Wabanaki Confederacy members Abenaki and Mi'kmaq , and Algonquin , Lenape , Ojibwa , Ottawa , Shawnee , and Wyandot . British and other European historians use the term the Seven Years ' War , as do English - speaking Canadians . French Canadians call it La guerre de la Conquête ( the War of the Conquest ) or ( rarely ) the Fourth Intercolonial War . Fighting took place primarily along the frontiers between New France and the British colonies , from Virginia in the south to Newfoundland in the north . It began with a dispute over control of the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers called the Forks of the Ohio , and the site of the French Fort Duquesne within present - day Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . The dispute erupted into violence in the Battle of Jumonville Glen in May 1754 , during which Virginia militiamen under the command of 22 - year - old George Washington ambushed a French patrol . In 1755 , six colonial governors in North America met with General Edward Braddock , the newly arrived British Army commander , and planned a four - way attack on the French . None succeeded , and the main effort by Braddock proved a disaster ; he lost the Battle of the Monongahela on July 9 , 1755 and died a few days later . British operations failed in the frontier areas of Pennsylvania and New York during 1755 - 57 due to a combination of poor management , internal divisions , effective Canadian scouts , French regular forces , and Indian warrior allies . In 1755 , the British captured Fort Beauséjour on the border separating Nova Scotia from Acadia , and they ordered the expulsion of the Acadians ( 1755 -- 64 ) soon afterwards . Orders for the deportation were given by William Shirley , Commander - in - Chief , North America , without direction from Great Britain . The Acadians were expelled , both those captured in arms and those who had sworn the loyalty oath to His Britannic Majesty . Indians likewise were driven off the land to make way for settlers from New England . The British colonial government fell in the region of modern Nova Scotia after several disastrous campaigns in 1757 , including a failed expedition against Louisbourg and the Siege of Fort William Henry ; this last was followed by Indians torturing and massacring their British victims . William Pitt came to power and significantly increased British military resources in the colonies at a time when France was unwilling to risk large convoys to aid the limited forces that they had in New France , preferring to concentrate their forces against Prussia and its allies in the European theater of the war . Between 1758 and 1760 , the British military launched a campaign to capture the Colony of Canada ( part of New France ) . They succeeded in capturing territory in surrounding colonies and ultimately the city of Quebec ( 1759 ) . The British later lost the Battle of Sainte - Foy west of Quebec ( 1760 ) , but the French ceded Canada in accordance with the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) . The outcome was one of the most significant developments in a century of Anglo - French conflict . France ceded to Great Britain its territory east of the Mississippi . It ceded French Louisiana west of the Mississippi River ( including New Orleans ) to its ally Spain in compensation for Spain 's loss to Britain of Florida . ( Spain had ceded Florida to Britain in exchange for the return of Havana , Cuba . ) France 's colonial presence north of the Caribbean was reduced to the islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , confirming Great Britain 's position as the dominant colonial power in eastern North America . Contents ( hide ) 1 The origin of the name 2 North America in the 1750s 3 Events leading to war 3.1 Céloron 's expedition 3.2 Negotiations 3.3 Attack on Pickawillany 3.4 French fort construction 3.5 Virginia 's response 4 Course of the war 4.1 Battle of Jumonville Glen 4.2 Albany Congress 4.3 British campaigns , 1755 4.4 French victories , 1756 -- 1757 4.5 British conquest , 1758 -- 1760 4.5. 1 1758 4.5. 2 1759 -- 1760 4.6 End of the war 5 Consequences 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 Further reading 9 External links The origin of the name The conflict is known by multiple names . In British America , wars were often named after the sitting British monarch , such as King William 's War or Queen Anne 's War . There had already been a King George 's War in the 1740s during the reign of King George II , so British colonists named this conflict after their opponents , and it became known as the French and Indian War . This traditional name continues as the standard in the United States , but it obscures the fact that Indians fought on both sides of the conflict and that this was part of the Seven Years ' War , a much larger conflict between France and Great Britain . American historians generally use the traditional name or sometimes the Seven Years ' War . Less frequently used names for the war include the Fourth Intercolonial War and the Great War for the Empire . In Europe , the North American theater of the Seven Years ' War usually is not given a separate name . The entire international conflict is known as the Seven Years ' War . `` Seven Years '' refers to events in Europe , from the official declaration of war in 1756 to the signing of the peace treaty in 1763 . These dates do not correspond with the fighting on mainland North America , which was largely concluded in six years , from the Battle of Jumonville Glen in 1754 to the capture of Montreal in 1760 . Canadians refer to both the European and North American conflicts as the Seven Years ' War ( Guerre de Sept Ans ) . French Canadians also use the term `` War of Conquest '' ( Guerre de la Conquête ) , since it is the war in which Canada was conquered by the British and became part of the British Empire . North America in the 1750s Map showing the 1750 possessions of Britain ( pink ) , France ( blue ) , and Spain ( green ) in North America At this time , North America east of the Mississippi River was largely claimed by either Great Britain or France . Large areas had no colonial settlements . The French population numbered about 75,000 and was heavily concentrated along the St. Lawrence River valley , with some also in Acadia ( present - day New Brunswick and parts of Nova Scotia ) , including Île Royale ( present - day Cape Breton Island ) . Fewer lived in New Orleans , Biloxi , Mississippi , Mobile , Alabama , and small settlements in the Illinois Country , hugging the east side of the Mississippi River and its tributaries . French fur traders and trappers traveled throughout the St. Lawrence and Mississippi watersheds , did business with local Indian tribes , and often married Indian women . Traders married daughters of chiefs , creating high - ranking unions . British settlers outnumbered the French 20 to 1 with a population of about 1.5 million ranged along the eastern coast of the continent from Nova Scotia and Newfoundland in the north to Georgia in the south . Many of the older colonies had land claims that extended arbitrarily far to the west , as the extent of the continent was unknown at the time when their provincial charters were granted . Their population centers were along the coast , yet the settlements were growing into the interior . Nova Scotia had been captured from France in 1713 , and it still had a significant French - speaking population . Britain also claimed Rupert 's Land where the Hudson 's Bay Company traded for furs with local Indian tribes . Iroquois engaging in trade with colonists , 1722 In between the French and British colonists , large areas were dominated by Indian tribes . To the north , the Mi'kmaqs and the Abenakis were engaged in Father Le Loutre 's War and still held sway in parts of Nova Scotia , Acadia , and the eastern portions of the province of Canada , as well as much of Maine . The Iroquois Confederation dominated much of Upstate New York and the Ohio Country , although Ohio also included Algonquian - speaking populations of Delaware and Shawnee , as well as Iroquoian - speaking Mingos . These tribes were formally under Iroquois rule and were limited by them in their authority to make agreements . The Southeast interior was dominated by Siouan - speaking Catawbas , Muskogee - speaking Creeks and Choctaw , and the Iroquoian - speaking Cherokee tribes . When war broke out , the French colonists used their trading connections to recruit fighters from tribes in western portions of the Great Lakes region , which was not directly subject to the conflict between the French and British ; these included the Hurons , Mississaugs , Ojibwas , Winnebagos , and Potawatomi . The British colonists were supported in the war by the Iroquois Six Nations and also by the Cherokees , until differences sparked the Anglo - Cherokee War in 1758 . In 1758 , the Pennsylvania government successfully negotiated the Treaty of Easton in which a number of tribes in the Ohio Country promised neutrality in exchange for land concessions and other considerations . Most of the other northern tribes sided with the French , their primary trading partner and supplier of arms . The Creeks and Cherokees were subject to diplomatic efforts by both the French and British to gain either their support or neutrality in the conflict . New York and Pennsylvania theaters of the war , image from 1905 By this time , Spain claimed only the province of Florida in eastern North America ; it controlled Cuba and other territories in the West Indies that became military objectives in the Seven Years ' War . Florida 's European population was a few hundred , concentrated in St. Augustine and Pensacola . At the start of the war , no French regular army troops were stationed in North America , and few British troops . New France was defended by about 3,000 troupes de la marine , companies of colonial regulars ( some of whom had significant woodland combat experience ) . The colonial government recruited militia support when needed . Most British colonies mustered local militia companies to deal with Indian threats , generally ill trained and available only for short periods , but they did not have any standing forces . Virginia , by contrast , had a large frontier with several companies of British regulars . The colonial governments were used to operating independently of one another and of the government in London , a situation that complicated negotiations with Indian tribes , whose territories often encompassed land claimed by multiple colonies . After the war began , the leaders of the British Army establishment tried to impose constraints and demands on the colonial administrations . Events leading to War Céloron 's expedition New France 's Governor - General Roland - Michel Barrin de La Galissonière was concerned about the incursion and expanding influence in the Ohio Country of British colonial traders such as George Croghan . In June 1747 , he ordered Pierre - Joseph Céloron to lead a military expedition through the area . Its objectives were : to reaffirm to New France 's Indian allies that their trading arrangements with colonists were exclusive to those authorized by New France to confirm Indian assistance in asserting and maintaining the French claim to the territories which French explorers had claimed to discourage any alliances between Britain and local Indian tribes to impress the Indians with a French show of force against British colonial settler incursion , unauthorized trading expeditions , and general trespass against French claims Céloron 's expedition force consisted of about 200 Troupes de la marine and 30 Indians , and they covered about 3,000 miles ( 4,800 km ) between June and November 1749 . They went up the St. Lawrence , continued along the northern shore of Lake Ontario , crossed the portage at Niagara , and followed the southern shore of Lake Erie . At the Chautauqua Portage near Barcelona , New York , the expedition moved inland to the Allegheny River , which it followed to the site of Pittsburgh . There Céloron buried lead plates engraved with the French claim to the Ohio Country . Whenever he encountered British colonial merchants or fur - traders , he informed them of the French claims on the territory and told them to leave . Céloron 's expedition arrived at Logstown where the Indians in the area informed him that they owned the Ohio Country and that they would trade with the British colonists regardless of the French . He continued south until his expedition reached the confluence of the Ohio and the Miami rivers , which lay just south of the village of Pickawillany , the home of the Miami chief known as `` Old Briton '' . Céloron threatened Old Briton with severe consequences if he continued to trade with British colonists , but Old Briton ignored the warning . Céloron returned disappointedly to Montreal in November 1749 . Céloron wrote an extensively detailed report . `` All I can say is that the Natives of these localities are very badly disposed towards the French , '' he wrote , `` and are entirely devoted to the English . I do n't know in what way they could be brought back . '' Even before his return to Montreal , reports on the situation in the Ohio Country were making their way to London and Paris , each side proposing that action be taken . Massachusetts governor William Shirley was particularly forceful , stating that British colonists would not be safe as long as the French were present . Negotiations In 1749 , the British government gave land to the Ohio Company of Virginia for the purpose of developing trade and settlements in the Ohio Country . The grant required that it settle 100 families in the territory and construct a fort for their protection . But the territory was also claimed by Pennsylvania , and both colonies began pushing for action to improve their respective claims . In 1750 , Christopher Gist explored the Ohio territory , acting on behalf of both Virginia and the company , and he opened negotiations with the Indian tribes at Logstown . He completed the 1752 Treaty of Logstown in which the local Indians agreed to terms through their `` Half - King '' Tanacharison and an Iroquois representative . These terms included permission to build a strong house at the mouth of the Monongahela River on the modern site of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . By the late 17th century , the Iroquois had pushed many tribes out of the Ohio Valley , and they laid claim to it as their hunting ground by right of conquest . The War of the Austrian Succession ( better known as King George 's War ) formally ended in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle , which was primarily focused on resolving issues in Europe . The issues of conflicting territorial claims between British and French colonies were turned over to a commission , but it reached no decision . Frontier areas were claimed by both sides , from Nova Scotia and Acadia in the north to the Ohio Country in the south . The disputes also extended into the Atlantic Ocean , where both powers wanted access to the rich fisheries of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland . Attack on Pickawillany Main article : Raid on Pickawillany Governor - General of New France Marquis de la Jonquière died on March 17 , 1752 , and he was temporarily replaced by Charles le Moyne de Longueuil . His permanent replacement was to be the Marquis Duquesne , but he did not arrive in New France until 1752 to take over the post . The continuing British activity in the Ohio territories prompted Longueuil to dispatch another expedition to the area under the command of Charles Michel de Langlade , an officer in the Troupes de la Marine . Langlade was given 300 men , including French - Canadians and warriors of the Ottawa tribe . His objective was to punish the Miami people of Pickawillany for not following Céloron 's orders to cease trading with the British . On June 21 , the French war party attacked the trading centre at Pickawillany , capturing three traders and killing 14 Miami Indians , including Old Briton . He was reportedly ritually cannibalized by some Indians in the expedition party . French Fort construction This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the spring of 1753 , Paul Marin de la Malgue was given command of a 2,000 - man force of Troupes de la Marine and Indians . His orders were to protect the King 's land in the Ohio Valley from the British . Marin followed the route that Céloron had mapped out four years earlier . Céloron , however , had limited the record of French claims to the burial of lead plates , whereas Marin constructed and garrisoned forts . He first constructed Fort Presque Isle on Lake Erie 's south shore near Erie , Pennsylvania , and he had a road built to the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . He then constructed a second fort at Fort Le Boeuf in Waterford , Pennsylvania , designed to guard the headwaters of LeBoeuf Creek . As he moved south , he drove off or captured British traders , alarming both the British and the Iroquois . Tanaghrisson was a chief of the Mingo Indians , who were remnants of Iroquois and other tribes who had been driven west by colonial expansion . He intensely disliked the French whom he accused of killing and eating his father . He traveled to Fort Le Boeuf and threatened the French with military action , which Marin contemptuously dismissed . The Iroquois sent runners to the manor of William Johnson in upstate New York , who was the British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in the New York region and beyond . Johnson was known to the Iroquois as Warraghiggey , meaning `` he who does great things . '' He spoke their languages and had become a respected honorary member of the Iroquois Confederacy in the area , and he was made a colonel of the Iroquois in 1746 ; he was later commissioned as a colonel of the Western New York Militia . The Indian representatives and Johnson met with Governor Clinton and officials from some of the other American colonies at Albany , New York . Mohawk Chief Hendrick was the speaker of their tribal council , and he insisted that the British abide by their obligations and block French expansion . Clinton did not respond to his satisfaction , and Hendrick said that the `` Covenant Chain '' was broken , a long - standing friendly relationship between the Iroquois Confederacy and the British Crown . Virginia 's response Robert Dinwiddie , British lieutenant governor of Virginia Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia was an investor in the Ohio Company , which stood to lose money if the French held their claim . He ordered 21 year - old Major George Washington ( whose brother was another Ohio Company investor ) of the Virginia Regiment to warn the French to leave Virginia territory in October 1753 . Washington left with a small party , picking up Jacob Van Braam as an interpreter , Christopher Gist ( a company surveyor working in the area ) , and a few Mingos led by Tanaghrisson . On December 12 , Washington and his men reached Fort Le Boeuf . Jacques Legardeur de Saint - Pierre succeeded Marin as commander of the French forces after Marin died on October 29 , and he invited Washington to dine with him . Over dinner , Washington presented Saint - Pierre with the letter from Dinwiddie demanding an immediate French withdrawal from the Ohio Country . Saint - Pierre said , `` As to the Summons you send me to retire , I do not think myself obliged to obey it . '' He told Washington that France 's claim to the region was superior to that of the British , since René - Robert Cavelier , Sieur de La Salle had explored the Ohio Country nearly a century earlier . Washington 's party left Fort Le Boeuf early on December 16 and arrived in Williamsburg on January 16 , 1754 . He stated in his report , `` The French had swept south '' , detailing the steps which they had taken to fortify the area , and their intention to fortify the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers . Course of the War Washington 's map of the Ohio River and surrounding region containing notes on French intentions , 1753 or 1754 Even before Washington returned , Dinwiddie had sent a company of 40 men under William Trent to that point where they began construction of a small stockaded fort in the early months of 1754 . Governor Duquesne sent additional French forces under Claude - Pierre Pecaudy de Contrecœur to relieve Saint - Pierre during the same period , and Contrecœur led 500 men south from Fort Venango on April 5 , 1754 . These forces arrived at the fort on April 16 , but Contrecœur generously allowed Trent 's small company to withdraw . He purchased their construction tools to continue building what became Fort Duquesne . Battle of Jumonville Glen Dinwiddie had ordered Washington to lead a larger force to assist Trent in his work , and Washington learned of Trent 's retreat while he was en route . Mingo sachem Tanaghrisson had promised support to the British , so Washington continued toward Fort Duquesne and met with him . He then learned of a French scouting party in the area , so he combined Tanaghrisson 's force with his own and surprised the Canadians on May 28 in what became known as the Battle of Jumonville Glen . They killed many of the Canadians , including their commanding officer Joseph Coulon de Jumonville , whose head was reportedly split open by Tanaghrisson with a tomahawk . Historian Fred Anderson suggests that Tanaghrisson was acting to gain the support of the British and to regain authority over his own people . They had been inclined to support the French , with whom they had long trading relationships . One of Tanaghrisson 's men told Contrecoeur that Jumonville had been killed by British musket fire . Historians generally consider the Battle of Jumonville Glen as the opening battle of the French and Indian War in North America , and the start of hostilities in the Ohio valley . An engraving depicting the evening council of George Washington at Fort Necessity . Following the battle , Washington pulled back several miles and established Fort Necessity , which the Canadians attacked under the command of Jummonville 's brother at the Battle of Fort Necessity on July 3 . Washington surrendered and negotiated a withdrawal under arms . One of his men reported that the Canadian force was accompanied by Shawnee , Delaware , and Mingo warriors -- just those whom Tanaghrisson was seeking to influence . The earliest authenticated portrait of George Washington shows him wearing his colonel 's uniform of the Virginia Regiment . This portrait was painted in 1772 by Charles Willson Peale . News of the two battles reached England in August . After several months of negotiations , the government of the Duke of Newcastle decided to send an army expedition the following year to dislodge the French . They chose Major General Edward Braddock to lead the expedition . Word of the British military plans leaked to France well before Braddock 's departure for North America . In response , King Louis XV dispatched six regiments to New France under the command of Baron Dieskau in 1755 . The British sent out their fleet in February 1755 , intending to blockade French ports , but the French fleet had already sailed . Admiral Edward Hawke detached a fast squadron to North America in an attempt to intercept them . In a second British action , Admiral Edward Boscawen fired on the French ship Alcide on June 8 , 1755 , capturing her and two troop ships . The British harassed French shipping throughout 1755 , seizing ships and capturing seamen . These actions contributed to the eventual formal declarations of war in spring 1756 . Albany congress An early important political response to the opening of hostilities was the convening of the Albany Congress in June and July , 1754 . The goal of the congress was to formalize a unified front in trade and negotiations with various Indians , since allegiance of the various tribes and nations was seen to be pivotal in the war that was unfolding . The plan that the delegates agreed to was neither ratified by the colonial legislatures nor approved of by the crown . Nevertheless , the format of the congress and many specifics of the plan became the prototype for confederation during the War of Independence . British campaigns , 1755 Locations of British campaigns , 1755 ( and other sites ) The British formed an aggressive plan of operations for 1755 . General Braddock was to lead the expedition to Fort Duquesne , while Massachusetts governor William Shirley was given the task of fortifying Fort Oswego and attacking Fort Niagara . Sir William Johnson was to capture Fort St. Frédéric at present - day Crown Point , New York , and Lieutenant Colonel Robert Monckton was to capture Fort Beauséjour to the east , on the frontier between Nova Scotia and Acadia . Braddock led about 1,500 army troops and provincial militia on an expedition in June 1755 to take Fort Duquesne , with George Washington as one of his aides . The expedition was a disaster . It was attacked by French soldiers and Indian warriors ambushing them from up in trees and behind logs , and Braddock called for a retreat . He was killed and approximately 1,000 British soldiers were killed or injured . The remaining 500 British troops retreated to Virginia , led by Washington . Two future opponents in the American Revolutionary War played key roles in organizing the retreat : Washington and Thomas Gage . The French acquired a copy of the British war plans , including the activities of Shirley and Johnson . Shirley 's efforts to fortify Oswego were bogged down in logistical difficulties , exacerbated by his inexperience in managing large expeditions . In conjunction , Shirley was made aware that the French were massing for an attack on Fort Oswego in his absence when he planned to attack Fort Niagara . As a response , he left garrisons at Oswego , Fort Bull , and Fort Williams , the last two located on the Oneida Carry between the Mohawk River and Wood Creek at present - day Rome , New York . Supplies were cached at Fort Bull for use in the projected attack on Niagara . William Johnson saving Baron Deskiau Johnson 's expedition was better organized than Shirley 's , which was noticed by New France 's governor the Marquis de Vaudreuil . He had primarily been concerned about the extended supply line to the forts on the Ohio , and he had sent Baron Dieskau to lead the defenses at Frontenac against Shirley 's expected attack . Vaudreuil saw Johnson as the larger threat and sent Dieskau to Fort St. Frédéric to meet that threat . Dieskau planned to attack the British encampment at Fort Edward at the upper end of navigation on the Hudson River , but Johnson had strongly fortified it , and Dieskau 's Indian support was reluctant to attack . The two forces finally met in the bloody Battle of Lake George between Fort Edward and Fort William Henry . The battle ended inconclusively , with both sides withdrawing from the field . Johnson 's advance stopped at Fort William Henry , and the French withdrew to Ticonderoga Point , where they began the construction of Fort Carillon ( later renamed Fort Ticonderoga after British capture in 1759 ) . Colonel Monckton captured Fort Beauséjour in June 1755 in the sole British success that year , cutting off the French fortress at Louisbourg from land - based reinforcements . To cut vital supplies to Louisbourg , Nova Scotia 's Governor Charles Lawrence ordered the deportation of the French - speaking Acadian population from the area . Monckton 's forces , including companies of Rogers ' Rangers , forcibly removed thousands of Acadians , chasing down many who resisted and sometimes committing atrocities . More than any other factor , cutting off supplies to Louisbourg led to its demise . The Acadian resistance was sometimes quite stiff , in concert with Indian allies including the Mi'kmaq , with ongoing frontier raids against Dartmouth and Lunenburg , among others . The only clashes of any size were at Petitcodiac in 1755 and at Bloody Creek near Annapolis Royal in 1757 , other than the campaigns to expel the Acadians ranging around the Bay of Fundy , on the Petitcodiac and St. John rivers , and Île Saint - Jean . French victories , 1756 -- 1757 See also : Franco - Indian alliance Conference between the French and Indian leaders around a ceremonial fire , by Émile Louis Vernier Following the death of Braddock , William Shirley assumed command of British forces in North America , and he laid out his plans for 1756 at a meeting in Albany in December 1755 . He proposed renewing the efforts to capture Niagara , Crown Point , and Duquesne , with attacks on Fort Frontenac on the north shore of Lake Ontario and an expedition through the wilderness of the Maine district and down the Chaudière River to attack the city of Quebec . His plan , however , got bogged down by disagreements and disputes with others , including William Johnson and New York 's Governor Sir Charles Hardy , and consequently gained little support . Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun , with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command . Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America . French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756 , led by Major General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François - Charles de Bourlamaque , all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession . On May 18 , 1756 , England formally declared war on France , which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the Seven Years ' War . General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm Governor Vaudreuil had ambitions to become the French commander in chief , in addition to his role as governor , and he acted during the winter of 1756 before those reinforcements arrived . Scouts had reported the weakness of the British supply chain , so he ordered an attack against the forts which Shirley had erected at the Oneida Carry . In the Battle of Fort Bull , French forces destroyed the fort and large quantities of supplies , including 45,000 pounds of gunpowder . They set back any British hopes for campaigns on Lake Ontario and endangered the Oswego garrison , already short on supplies . French forces in the Ohio valley also continued to intrigue with Indians throughout the area , encouraging them to raid frontier settlements . This led to ongoing alarms along the western frontiers , with streams of refugees returning east to get away from the action . The new British command was not in place until July . Abercrombie arrived in Albany but refused to take any significant actions until Loudoun approved them , and Montcalm took bold action against his inertia . He built on Vaudreuil 's work harassing the Oswego garrison and executed a strategic feint by moving his headquarters to Ticonderoga , as if to presage another attack along Lake George . With Abercrombie pinned down at Albany , Montcalm slipped away and led the successful attack on Oswego in August . In the aftermath , Montcalm and the Indians under his command disagreed about the disposition of prisoners ' personal effects . The Europeans did not consider them prizes and prevented the Indians from stripping the prisoners of their valuables , which angered the Indians . Montcalm trying to stop allied Indians from the massacre of colonial soldiers and civilians as they leave after the Battle of Fort William Henry . Loudoun was a capable administrator but a cautious field commander , and he planned one major operation for 1757 : an attack on New France 's capital of Quebec . He left a sizable force at Fort William Henry to distract Montcalm and began organizing for the expedition to Quebec . He was then ordered to attack Louisbourg first by William Pitt , the Secretary of State responsible for the colonies . The expedition was beset by delays of all kinds but was finally ready to sail from Halifax , Nova Scotia in early August . In the meantime , French ships had escaped the British blockade of the French coast , and a fleet awaited Loudoun at Louisbourg which outnumbered the British fleet . Faced with this strength , Loudoun returned to New York amid news that a massacre had occurred at Fort William Henry . French irregular forces ( Canadian scouts and Indians ) harassed Fort William Henry throughout the first half of 1757 . In January , they ambushed British rangers near Ticonderoga . In February , they launched a raid against the position across the frozen Lake George , destroying storehouses and buildings outside the main fortification . In early August , Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort , which capitulated with an agreement to withdraw under parole . When the withdrawal began , some of Montcalm 's Indian allies attacked the British column because they were angry about the lost opportunity for loot , killing and capturing several hundred men , women , children , and slaves . The aftermath of the siege may have contributed to the transmission of smallpox into remote Indian populations , as some Indians were reported to have traveled from beyond the Mississippi to participate in the campaign and returned afterward . Modern writer William Nester believes that the Indians might have been exposed to European carriers , although no proof exists . British Conquest , 1758 -- 1760 See also : Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War § Conquest of Canada ( 1758 -- 60 ) The Victory of Montcalm 's Troops at Carillon by Henry Alexander Ogden . Vaudreuil and Montcalm were minimally resupplied in 1758 , as the British blockade of the French coastline limited French shipping . The situation in New France was further exacerbated by a poor harvest in 1757 , a difficult winter , and the allegedly corrupt machinations of François Bigot , the intendant of the territory . His schemes to supply the colony inflated prices and were believed by Montcalm to line his pockets and those of his associates . A massive outbreak of smallpox among western Indian tribes led many of them to stay away from trading in 1758 . The disease probably spread through the crowded conditions at William Henry after the battle ; yet the Indians blamed the French for bringing `` bad medicine '' as well as denying them prizes at Fort William Henry . Montcalm focused his meager resources on the defense of the St. Lawrence , with primary defenses at Carillon , Quebec , and Louisbourg , while Vaudreuil argued unsuccessfully for a continuation of the raiding tactics that had worked quite effectively in previous years . The British failures in North America combined with other failures in the European theater and led to Newcastle 's fall from power along with the Duke of Cumberland , his principal military advisor . Newcastle and Pitt joined in an uneasy coalition in which Pitt dominated the military planning . He embarked on a plan for the 1758 campaign that was largely developed by Loudoun . He had been replaced by Abercrombie as commander in chief after the failures of 1757 . Pitt 's plan called for three major offensive actions involving large numbers of regular troops supported by the provincial militias , aimed at capturing the heartlands of New France . Two of the expeditions were successful , with Fort Duquesne and Louisbourg falling to sizable British forces . 1758 Indians ambush British soldiers The Forbes Expedition was a British campaign in September -- October 1758 , with 6,000 troops led by General John Forbes sent to drive out the French from the contested Ohio Country . The French withdrew from Fort Duquesne and left the British in control of the Ohio River Valley . The great French fortress at Louisbourg in Nova Scotia was captured after a siege . The third invasion was stopped with the improbable French victory in the Battle of Carillon , in which 3,600 Frenchmen defeated Abercrombie 's force of 18,000 regulars , militia , and Indian allies outside the fort which the French called Carillon and the British called Ticonderoga . Abercrombie saved something from the disaster when he sent John Bradstreet on an expedition that successfully destroyed Fort Frontenac , including caches of supplies destined for New France 's western forts and furs destined for Europe . Abercrombie was recalled and replaced by Jeffery Amherst , victor at Louisbourg . Battle of Quebec , 13 September 1759 , painted by Captain Hervey Smyth The French had generally poor results in 1758 in most theaters of the war . The new foreign minister was the duc de Choiseul , and he decided to focus on an invasion of Britain to draw British resources away from North America and the European mainland . The invasion failed both militarily and politically , as Pitt again planned significant campaigns against New France and sent funds to Britain 's mainland ally of Prussia , while the French Navy failed in the 1759 naval battles at Lagos and Quiberon Bay . In one piece of good fortune , some French supply ships did manage to depart France and elude the British blockade of the French coast . 1759 -- 1760 See also : Conquest of 1760 British General Jeffery Amherst British victories continued in all theaters in the Annus Mirabilis of 1759 : the British captured Ticonderoga , James Wolfe defeated Montcalm at Quebec in a battle that claimed the lives of both commanders , and a British victory at Fort Niagara cut off the French frontier forts to the west and south . The victory was made complete in 1760 ; the British did suffer a defeat outside Quebec City in the Battle of Sainte - Foy , but they prevented the arrival of French relief ships in the naval Battle of the Restigouche while armies marched on Montreal from three sides . Governor Vaudreuil in Montreal negotiated a capitulation with General Amherst in September 1760 . Amherst granted his requests that any French residents who chose to remain in the colony would be given freedom to continue worshiping in their Roman Catholic tradition , to own property , and to remain undisturbed in their homes . The British provided medical treatment for the sick and wounded French soldiers , and French regular troops were returned to France aboard British ships with an agreement that they were not to serve again in the present war . End of the War The descent of the French on St. John 's , Newfoundland , 1762 Most of the fighting ended in continental North America in 1760 , although it continued in Europe between France and Britain . The notable exception was the French seizure of St. John 's , Newfoundland . General Amherst heard of this surprise action and immediately dispatched troops under his nephew William Amherst , who regained control of Newfoundland after the Battle of Signal Hill in September 1762 . Many troops from North America were reassigned to participate in further British actions in the West Indies , including the capture of Spanish Havana when Spain belatedly entered the conflict on the side of France , and a British expedition against French Martinique in 1762 led by Major General Robert Monckton . General Amherst also oversaw the transition of French forts to British control in the western lands . The policies which he introduced in those lands disturbed large numbers of Indians and contributed to Pontiac 's Rebellion in 1763 . This series of attacks on frontier forts and settlements required the continued deployment of British troops , and it was not resolved until 1766 . Distribution of British military forces in 1766 The war in North America officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10 February 1763 , and war in the European theater was settled by the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February 1763 . The British offered France the choice of surrendering either its continental North American possessions east of the Mississippi or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique , which had been occupied by the British . France chose to cede the former but was able to negotiate the retention of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , two small islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence , along with fishing rights in the area . They viewed the economic value of the Caribbean islands ' sugar cane to be greater and easier to defend than the furs from the continent . French philosopher Voltaire referred to Canada disparagingly as nothing more than a few acres of snow . The British , however , were happy to take New France , as defence of their North American colonies would no longer be an issue ; they also had ample places from which to obtain sugar . Spain traded Florida to Britain in order to regain Cuba , but they also gained Louisiana from France , including New Orleans , in compensation for their losses . Great Britain and Spain also agreed that navigation on the Mississippi River was to be open to vessels of all nations . Consequences The war changed economic , political , governmental , and social relations among the three European powers , their colonies , and the people who inhabited those territories . France and Britain both suffered financially because of the war , with significant long - term consequences . Map showing British territorial gains following the Treaty of Paris in pink , and Spanish territorial gains after the Treaty of Fontainebleau in yellow Britain gained control of French Canada and Acadia , colonies containing approximately 80,000 primarily French - speaking Roman Catholic residents . The deportation of Acadians beginning in 1755 made land available to immigrants from Europe and migrants from the colonies to the south . The British resettled many Acadians throughout its North American provinces , but many went to France , and some went to New Orleans , which they had expected to remain French . Some were sent to colonize places as diverse as French Guiana and the Falkland Islands , but these efforts were unsuccessful . Others migrated to places such as Saint - Domingue or fled to New Orleans after the Haitian Revolution . The Louisiana population contributed to the founding of the modern Cajun population . ( The French word `` Acadien '' changed to `` Cadien '' then to `` Cajun '' . ) Following the treaty , King George III issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on October 7 , 1763 which outlined the division and administration of the newly conquered territory , and it continues to govern relations to some extent between the government of modern Canada and the First Nations . Included in its provisions was the reservation of lands west of the Appalachian Mountains to its Indian population , a demarcation that was only a temporary impediment to a rising tide of westward - bound settlers . The proclamation also contained provisions that prevented civic participation by the Roman Catholic Canadians . The Quebec Act addressed this and other issues in 1774 , raising concerns in the largely Protestant Thirteen Colonies over the advance of `` popery . '' The Act maintained French Civil law , including the seigneurial system , a medieval code removed from France within a generation by the French Revolution . The deportation order is read to a group of Acadians in 1755 The Seven Years ' War nearly doubled Great Britain 's national debt . The Crown sought sources of revenue to pay it off and attempted to impose new taxes on its colonies . These attempts were met with increasingly stiff resistance , until troops were called in to enforce the Crown 's authority . These acts ultimately led to the start of the American Revolutionary War . France attached comparatively little value to its North American possessions , apart from the highly profitable sugar - producing Antilles islands which it retained . Minister Choiseul considered that he had made a good deal at the Treaty of Paris , and Voltaire wrote that Louis XV had lost `` a few acres of snow '' . For France , however , the military defeat and the financial burden of the war weakened the monarchy and contributed to the advent of the French Revolution in 1789 . For some of the Indian tribes , the elimination of French power in North America meant the disappearance of a strong ally , although other tribes were not so affected . The Ohio Country was now more available to colonial settlement , due to the construction of military roads by Braddock and Forbes . The Spanish takeover of the Louisiana territory was not completed until 1769 , and it had modest repercussions . The British takeover of Spanish Florida resulted in the westward migration of Indian tribes who did not want to do business with them . This migration also caused a rise in tensions between the Choctaw and the Creek , historic enemies who were now competing for land . The change of control in Florida also prompted most of its Spanish Catholic population to leave . Most went to Cuba , including the entire governmental records from St. Augustine , although some Christianized Yamasee were resettled to the coast of Mexico . France returned to North America in 1778 with the establishment of a Franco - American alliance against Great Britain in the American War of Independence . This time , France succeeded in prevailing over Great Britain in what historian Alfred A. Cave describes as `` French ... revenge for Montcalm 's death '' . See also History of Canada portal New France portal French and Indian Wars ( article includes King William 's War , Queen Anne 's War , King George 's War , and this war . ) Military history of Nova Scotia Northwest Indian War Franco - Indian alliance Great Britain in the Seven Years ' War New Hampshire Provincial Regiment American Indian Wars Footnotes Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 26 -- 31 , documents the starting sizes of the expeditions against Louisbourg , Carillon , Duquesne , and West Indies . Jump up ^ Brumwell , pp. 24 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Gary Walton ; History of the American Economy ; page 27 Jump up ^ M. Brook Taylor , Canadian History : a Reader 's Guide : Volume 1 : Beginnings to Confederation ( 1994 ) pp 39 -- 48 , 72 -- 74 Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Siege of Quebec : An episode of the Seven Years ' War '' , Canadian National Battlefields Commission , Plains of Abraham website Jump up ^ Lacoursière , Jacques ; Provencher , Jean ; Vaugeois , Denis ( 2001 ) . Canada - Québec 1534 - 2000 ( reprint ed . ) . Les éditions du Septentrion . p. 92 . ISBN 9782894481868 . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Eccles , France in America , p. 185 ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 747 . Jump up ^ Jennings , p. xv . Jump up ^ The Canadian Encyclopedia : Seven Years ' War Archived August 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ ( in French ) L'Encyclopédie canadienne : Guerre de Sept Ans . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of North American immigration . New York : Facts on File . p. 204 . ISBN 0816046581 . Jump up ^ John Wade , `` British History Chronologically Arranged , 2 : Comprehending a Chamfied Analysis of Events and Occurencis in Church and State ... from the First Invasions by the Romans to A.d. 1847 '' , p. 46 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Cogliano , Francis D. ( 2008 ) . Revolutionary America , 1763 -- 1815 : A Political History . London : Routledge . p. 32 . ISBN 9780415964869 . Jump up ^ Jennings , pp. 9 , 176 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 23 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 8 ^ Jump up to : Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 26 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Park Spotlight : Lake Loramie '' , Ohio State Parks Magazine , Spring 2006 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Alfred P. James , The Ohio Company : Its Inner History ( 1959 ) pp. 26 -- 40 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 15 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 18 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 28 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 27 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 31 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 48 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 43 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 63 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Ellis , His Excellency George Washington , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 36 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 37 -- 38 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 41 Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 43 -- 45 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 65 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 50 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 51 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 59 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Lengel p. 52 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Fowler , pp. 74 -- 75 . ^ Jump up to : Fowler , p. 98 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Battle of the Monongahela '' . World Digital Library . 1755 . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 110 -- 111 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Patterson , Stephen E. ( 1994 ) . `` 1744 -- 1763 : Colonial Wars and Aboriginal Peoples '' . In Buckner , Phillip ; Reid , John . The Atlantic Region to Confederation : A History . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 152 . ISBN 0802005535 . Jump up ^ Nester , pp. 53 -- 61 Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Fowler , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 267 -- 285 . ISBN 0375406425 . Jump up ^ William , Wood , The Great Fortress : A Chronicle of Louisbourg 1720 -- 1760 ( ( http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/6026 online from Project Gutenberg ) Jump up ^ `` Treaty of Paris February 10 , 1763 '' . FrenchandIndianWar.info . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 498 Jump up ^ Cave , p. 21 Jump up ^ Jennings , p. 439 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 617 -- 632 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 505 -- 506 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 161 -- 164 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 565 -- 566 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , pp. 636 -- 637 Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 568 Jump up ^ Anderson , Fred . `` The Real First World War and the Making of America Archived 2010 - 01 - 31 at the Wayback Machine . '' American Heritage , November / December 2005 . Jump up ^ Cave , p. 52 ^ Jump up to : Cave , p. xii Jump up ^ Anderson ( 2000 ) , p. 525 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 133 -- 138 Jump up ^ Calloway , pp. 152 -- 156 Jump up ^ Cave , p. 82 Further reading Library resources about French and Indian War Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of War : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40642 - 5 . Anderson , Fred ( 2005 ) . The War that Made America : A Short History of the French and Indian War . New York : Viking . ISBN 0 - 670 - 03454 - 1 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 06 . - Released in conjunction with the 2006 PBS miniseries The War that Made America . Brumwell , Stephen ( 2006 ) . Redcoats : The British Soldier and War in the Americas , 1755 - 1763 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67538 - 3 . Calloway , Colin G ( 2006 ) . The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530071 - 0 . Cave , Alfred A. ( 2004 ) . The French and Indian War . Westport , Connecticut - London : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32168 - X . Eckert , Allan W. Wilderness Empire . Bantam Books , 1994 , originally published 1969 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 26488 - 5 . Second volume in a series of historical narratives , with emphasis on Sir William Johnson . Academic historians often regard Eckert 's books , which are written in the style of novels , to be unreliable , as they contain things like dialogue that is clearly fictional . Ellis , Joseph J. ( 2004 ) . His Excellency George Washington . New York : Vintage Books . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3253 - 9 . Fowler , William M. ( 2005 ) . Empires at War : The French and Indian War and the Struggle for North America , 1754 - 1763 . New York : Walker . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1411 - 0 . Gipson , Lawrence H. The Great War for the Empire : The Years of Defeat , 1754 -- 1757 ( 1948 ) ; The Great War for the Empire : The Victorious Years , 1758 -- 1760 ( 1950 ) highly detailed narrative of the British war in North America and Europe . Jennings , Francis ( 1988 ) . Empire of Fortune : Crowns , Colonies , and Tribes in the Seven Years ' War in America . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30640 - 2 . Murrin , John M. `` The French and Indian War , the American Revolution , and the Counterfactual Hypothesis : Reflections on Lawrence Henry Gipson and John Shy . '' Reviews in American History 1 # 3 ( 1973 ) : 307 -- 318 . in JSTOR Nester , William R ( 2000 ) . The first global war : Britain , France , and the fate of North America , 1756 -- 1775 . Westport , CT : Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96771 - 0 . OCLC 41468552 . Nester , William R . The French and Indian War and the Conquest of New France ( 2015 ) . excerpt O'Meara , Walter ( 1965 ) . Guns at the Forks . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8229 - 5309 - 8 . Parkman , Francis . Montcalm and Wolfe : The French and Indian War . Originally published 1884 . New York : Da Capo , 1984 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81077 - 8 . West , Doug ( 2016 ) French and Indian War -- A Short History 30 Minute Book Series `` Virtual Vault '' . Library and Archives Canada . 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who led the french army in the french and indian war	[ "Newcastle replaced him in January 1756 with Lord Loudoun, with Major General James Abercrombie as his second in command. Neither of these men had as much campaign experience as the trio of officers whom France sent to North America.[47] French regular army reinforcements arrived in New France in May 1756, led by Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and seconded by the Chevalier de Lévis and Colonel François-Charles de Bourlamaque, all experienced veterans from the War of the Austrian Succession. On May 18, 1756, England formally declared war on France, which expanded the war into Europe and came to be known as the Seven Years' War." ]	[ "Louis-Joseph de Montcalm" ]
-2246607317116650803	Scotland national rugby union team	Scotland national Rugby union team - wikipedia Scotland national Rugby union team Jump to : navigation , search Scotland Emblem Thistle Union Scottish Rugby Union Head coach Gregor Townsend Captain John Barclay Most caps Ross Ford ( 110 ) Top scorer Chris Paterson ( 809 ) Top try scorer Ian Smith & Tony Stanger ( 24 ) Home stadium Murrayfield Stadium First colours Second colours World Rugby ranking Current 5 ( as of 21 May 2018 ) Highest 5 ( 2018 ) Lowest 12 ( 2015 ) First international Scotland 1 -- 0 England ( 27 March 1871 ) Biggest win Scotland 100 -- 8 Japan ( 13 November 2004 ) Biggest defeat Scotland 10 -- 68 South Africa ( 6 December 1997 ) World Cup Appearances 8 ( First in 1987 ) Best result Fourth place , 1991 Website www.scottishrugby.org The Scotland national rugby union team is administered by the Scottish Rugby Union . The team takes part in the annual Six Nations Championship and participates in the Rugby World Cup , which takes place every four years . As of 26 February 2018 , Scotland are 5th in the World Rugby Rankings . The Scottish rugby team dates back to 1871 , where they beat England in the first international rugby union match at Raeburn Place . Scotland competed in the Five Nations from the inaugural tournament in 1883 , winning it 14 times outright -- including the last ever Five Nations in 1999 -- and sharing it another 8 . In 2000 the competition accepted a sixth competitor , Italy , thus forming the Six Nations . Since this change , Scotland have yet to win the competition . The Rugby World Cup was introduced in 1987 and Scotland have competed in all eight competitions , the most recent being in 2015 where they were knocked out by Australia at the quarter - final stage in controversial circumstances . Their best finish came in 1991 , where they lost to the All Blacks in the third place play - off . Scotland have a strong rivalry with the English national team . They both annually compete for the Calcutta Cup . Each year , this fixture is played out as part of the Six Nations , with Scotland having last won in 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1871 -- 1924 1.1. 1 The Scots issue a challenge 1.1. 2 The Calcutta Cup 1.1. 3 Origins of the Nations Championship 1.1. 4 Home ground 1.2 1925 -- 1945 1.3 1946 -- 1987 1.4 1987 -- 2000 1.5 2000 -- 2008 1.6 2009 -- present 2 Thistle and the anthem 3 Strip 3.1 Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors 4 Record 4.1 Six Nations 4.2 World Cup 4.3 Overall 5 Players 5.1 Current squad 5.2 Notable players 6 Coaches 7 Individual records 7.1 Most capped players 7.2 Top point scorers 7.3 Top try scorers 8 See also 8.1 Men 's National teams 8.1. 1 Senior 8.1. 2 Development 8.1. 3 Age Grades 8.2 Women 's National teams 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of rugby union in Scotland 1871 -- 1924 ( edit ) The Scots issue a challenge ( edit ) Scotland 's first national team , 1871 , for the 1st international , vs. England in Edinburgh . In December 1870 a group of Scots players issued a letter of challenge in The Scotsman and in Bell 's Life in London , to play an England XX at rugby rules . The English could hardly ignore such a challenge and this led to the first - ever rugby international match being played at Academical Cricket Club 's ground at Raeburn Place , Edinburgh , on Monday 27 March 1871 . In front of around 4000 spectators , the Scots won the encounter by a try ( made by Angus Buchanan ) and a goal ( made by William Cross ) to a solitary try scored by England ( a points scoring system had not then been devised so only the goal counted towards the 1 -- 0 score ) . England later got revenge by winning the return match at the Kennington Oval , London in the following year . The Calcutta Cup ( edit ) The Calcutta Cup The Calcutta Cup was donated to the Rugby Football Union in 1878 by the members of the short - lived Calcutta Rugby Club . The members had decided to disband : the cup was crafted from melted - down silver rupees which became available when the Club 's funds were withdrawn from the bank . The Cup is unique in that it is competed for annually only by England and Scotland . The first Calcutta Cup match was played in 1879 and , since that time , over 100 matches have taken place . Origins of the Nations Championship ( edit ) In 1882 the Home Nations Championship , the fore - runner of the modern Six Nations Championship was founded with Scotland , England , Wales and Ireland taking part . The Scots enjoyed occasional success in the early years , winning their first Triple Crown in 1891 and repeating the feat again in 1895 , and vying with Wales for dominance in the first decade of the 20th century . Further Triple Crowns wins for Scotland followed in 1901 , 1903 and 1907 . However , Scotland 's triumph in 1907 would be the last for eighteen years as the First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) and England 's dominance afterwards would deny them glory . Home ground ( edit ) In 1897 land was purchased , by the SFU , at Inverleith , Edinburgh . Thus the SFU became the first of the Home Unions to own its own ground . The first visitors were Ireland , on 18 February 1899 ( Scotland 3 -- 9 Ireland ) . International rugby was played at Inverleith until 1925 . The SFU bought some land and built the first Murrayfield Stadium which was opened on 21 March 1925 . 1925 -- 1945 ( edit ) In 1925 Scotland already had victories over France at Inverleith ( 25 -- 4 ) , Wales in Swansea ( 24 -- 14 ) and Ireland in Dublin ( 14 -- 8 ) . England , the Grand Slam champions of the two previous seasons were the first visitors to Murrayfield . 70,000 spectators saw the lead change hands three times before Scotland secured a 14 -- 11 victory which gave them their first - ever Five Nations Grand Slam . In 1926 , Scotland became the first Home nation side to defeat England at Twickenham after England had won the Grand Slam five times in eight seasons . The outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939 brought rugby union in Scotland to a halt . The SRU cancelled all arranged trial and international matches and encouraged the member clubs to carry on as best they could . Some clubs closed down , others amalgamated and carried on playing other local clubs and , sometimes , teams from the armed forces stationed in their various areas . 1946 -- 1987 ( edit ) Internationals resumed in the 1946 -- 47 season , although these were not formally recognised and no caps were awarded to participating players . In January 1946 , Scotland played and defeated a strong New Zealand Armed Forces team by 11 -- 6 . Scotland resumed full international matches in February 1947 , losing 22 -- 8 to Wales at Murrayfield . The period after World War Two was not a successful one for Scotland . In 1951 , the touring Springboks massacred Scotland 44 -- 0 scoring nine tries , a then record defeat . Scotland suffered 17 successive defeats between February 1951 and February 1955 , scored only 54 points in these 17 games : 11 tries , six conversions , and four penalties . The teams from 1955 -- 63 were an improvement . There were no wins over England , but three of the games were drawn . Occasional wins were recorded against Wales , Ireland and France . 1964 was a good year for Scotland . New Zealand were held to a 0 -- 0 draw , the last international match in which no points were scored . The Calcutta Cup was won 15 -- 6 , the first time since 1950 and they shared the Five Nations title in 1964 with Wales . In 1971 the SRU appointed Bill Dickinson as their head coach , after years of avoidance , as it was their belief that rugby should remain an amateur sport . He was officially designated as an `` adviser to the captain '' . Scotland were the first of the Home Unions to run a truly nationwide club league . This was introduced in 1973 and still flourishes today with several of the country 's original clubs still very much in evidence , such as Heriots , West of Scotland , Watsonians and the famous ' border ' clubs such as Gala , Hawick , Jed - Forest , Kelso and Melrose . However the advent of professionalism saw Scotland 's District championship abandoned and two ' Super Districts ' formed , which have resulted in the top players generally being unavailable for their clubs . These teams play in international club competitions such as the Heineken Cup and the Pro12 . On 1 March 1975 , around 104,000 spectators watched Scotland defeat Wales 12 -- 10 in a Five Nations match at Murrayfield . The attendance at the time was a World Record for a Rugby Union match , and remains the record attendance at Murrayfield . That win was part of a run of nine successive wins at Murrayfield during the 1970s for the national side , but they were unable to transfer that form outwith Scotland , only managing two away wins during the decade . In 1977 Nairn McEwan succeeded Bill Dickinson as national coach . However , he was only able to win one international in his three years in charge . Nevertheless , rugby in Scotland was clearly developing . The establishment of the national leagues in 1973 -- 74 was beginning to bear fruit ; the standard of club and district rugby was higher than ever and players were more accustomed to experiencing pressure in matches where the result really mattered . Fewer players were being selected from English clubs to represent Scotland as the domestic game was producing an adequate number of players of genuine international class for the first time since the First World War . Jim Telfer became national coach in 1980 , inheriting a squad of genuine potential . In March 1982 Scotland won away in Wales for the first time in 20 years . Scotland toured Australia in July 1982 and won the first test , Scotland 's first away victory against any of the big three Southern Hemisphere sides . After this , the 1983 season was a disappointment ; losing their first three Five Nations matches . However , the tournament ended on a high when Scotland recorded only their second victory over England at Twickenham since 1938 . Scotland then went on to draw with the All Blacks 25 -- 25 in the late autumn . Scotland recovered their form in 1984 and achieved their second Grand Slam , and their first since 1925 , under the captaincy of Jim Aitken . The team benefited from consistent selection - 12 players took part in all four Five Nations matches , and of the 20 players used in total throughout only two played for clubs outwith Scotland . Jim Telfer stood down after the Grand Slam to concentrate on his professional career as a school master . He was succeeded by his assistant , the former Hawick fly - half , Colin Telfer ( not a relative ) . He lasted just over a year , enduring a whitewash in the 1985 Five Nations , before resigning to concentrate on his business . Derrick Grant was then appointed head coach . In January 1986 , a trial match between `` Blues '' ( players expected to feature for Scotland ) and `` Reds '' ( emerging players with a possible international future ) resulted in a shock 41 -- 10 win for the `` Reds '' . The `` Reds '' team included Gavin and Scott Hastings , Finlay Calder and David Sole , all of whom who would debut for Scotland in the Five Nations that year and feature prominently for side in the years that followed . Scotland went on to share the 1986 Five Nations championship with France , each side winning three out of their four games . The series also saw Scotland thrash England 33 -- 6 at Murrayfield ; Scotland 's record win over the English , at the time one point short of Scotland 's best score in any rugby union international and England 's heaviest defeat in over a century . 1987 -- 2000 ( edit ) Scotland went to the first World Cup , played in New Zealand and Australia in the summer of 1987 . John Rutherford , the team 's general and controlling influence , had injured his knee on an unauthorised tour of Bermuda . He broke down after less than a quarter of an hour of the first World Cup match against France and never played for Scotland again . Scotland had been in the lead but the match finished level . Scotland lost to New Zealand in the quarter - final . On 27 June 1988 , Ian McGeechan was appointed as head coach to succeed Derrick Grant who had retired after the end of the 1988 Five Nations series . Their greatest year in the modern era was 1990 , when their season came down to one game , a Grand Slam decider at Murrayfield against the `` auld enemy '' , England . Both sides had won all their Five Nations fixtures , and England were overwhelming favourites despite being the away side . Scotland under the captaincy of prop David Sole went on to win 13 -- 7 , and with it their third Grand Slam . The match against England in 1990 was also only the second time that Flower of Scotland was played at Murrayfield , having become Scotland 's pre-match national anthem that year . The second World Cup took place in 1991 with matches shared between the Five Nations . Scotland won their pool , though the game against Ireland was close , and then beat Western Samoa in the quarter - final . They lost to England in the semi-final held at Murrayfield to a Rob Andrew drop goal . In the third place play - off they were beaten by New Zealand . Scotland went through 1994 without a single win , but bounced back in 1995 to win their first three Five Nations matches . This run of wins included a 23 -- 21 win away against France , courtesy of a last minute try and conversion by Gavin Hastings . This was Scotland 's first win in Paris since 1969 . The last Five Nations match was another Grand Slam decider against England , however this time the English defeated the Scots 24 -- 12 , largely due to the kicking prowess of Rob Andrew . The third World Cup , held in South Africa , came in 1995 . Pool play saw a narrow defeat by France , thanks to an injury - time try , and Scotland finished second in the pool . They were eliminated in the quarter - final against New Zealand . Scotland won the last - ever Five Nations Championship in 1999 with a last minute win by Wales over England . However , in the 1999 World Cup they suffered a quarter - final defeat to New Zealand . 2000 -- 2008 ( edit ) Scotland endured a torrid Six Nations in 2000 , losing their first four straight games . but won the final game against England 19 -- 13 under captain Andy Nicol . Scotland v Ireland 2007 Australian coach Matt Williams became the first foreigner to coach Scotland in 2003 . However his tenure was both controversial and unsuccessful , marred by a string of poor results and fall - outs with coaches and players . In 2004 Williams attempted to introduce a controversial `` Fortress Scotland '' policy , whereby only those currently playing in Scotland were eligible to play in the national team . Meanwhile , the Scottish Rugby Union ( SRU ) came under new management , chief executive Phil Anderton ( known as ' Firework Phil ' for his pre-match entertainment spectacles ) was leading the way back to financial solvency and implementing major reforms to reverse the decline of the game in Scotland , but he resigned in January 2005 after his boss David Mackay was forced to resign by the SRU 's general committee . By April 2005 , Scotland had won only three out of 17 matches under Williams . Following a review by the SRU and public criticism from several of his players , Williams was finally sacked on 25 April 2005 . Frank Hadden , the head coach of Edinburgh Gunners , was appointed interim coach for the 2005 summer internationals against the Barbarians and Romania , winning both . On 15 September 2005 , he was appointed national coach of the Scotland team . In the first match of the 2006 Six Nations campaign , against France , Scotland won 20 -- 16 , and this was the first time since 1999 that they had beaten France . Scotland also beat England 18 -- 12 at home at Murrayfield to reclaim the Calcutta Cup . In the 2006 Autumn internationals Scotland won two of three fixtures . They convincingly beat Romania and put up a solid first half performance against the Pacific Islanders . In the final match against Australia , Scotland failed to impress , with Australia winning 44 -- 15 . 11 November 2006 Scotland 44 -- 6 Romania In 2007 , Scotland became the first Six Nations team to lose at home to Italy , 17 -- 37 . This was Italy 's biggest ever victory over Scotland , home or away . Later that year , the side travelled to France for the 2007 Rugby World Cup . They made their way through their group and reached the quarter finals , where they were knocked out by Argentina . Scotland opened their 2008 Six Nations campaign losing 27 -- 6 to France at home . Pressure on Frank Hadden started to intensify after Scotland lost to Wales and then to Ireland . They then defeated England in the Calcutta Cup with a 15 -- 9 victory before succumbing to Italy , avoiding the wooden spoon only on scoring difference . They then toured Argentina in the summer to play two tests against Argentina . They lost the first test 21 -- 15 , but won the second 26 -- 14 . 2009 -- present ( edit ) In a dismal 2009 Six Nations campaign , Scotland won just one match for a second consecutive year ( against Italy ) and thus , on 2 April 2009 Frank Hadden resigned as head coach of the national side . On 4 June 2009 , ex-England , Edinburgh and Bath coach Andy Robinson was named head coach in time for the 2009 Autumn Internationals . Scotland 's form picked up with a 23 -- 10 victory over Fiji and a memorable 9 -- 8 win against Australia ( the first win over the Wallabies for 27 years ) at Murrayfield . In the 2010 Six Nations Scotland lost against France , Wales and Italy before drawing with England . Against Ireland , in the final rugby match at Croke Park , Scotland gained their only win of the tournament 23 -- 20 with a last - minute penalty by Dan Parks , denying the Irish the Triple Crown and assuring they themselves would avoid the wooden spoon . That summer , Scotland toured Argentina and recorded their first ever away series victory , beating the Pumas in both tests , 24 -- 16 and 13 -- 9 . In the Autumn Internationals of 2010 , Scotland lost heavily against New Zealand before recording victories against South Africa , 21 -- 17 , and Samoa , 19 -- 16 . Scotland had a poor showing in the 2011 Six Nations , winning just one match , a 21 -- 8 victory over Italy . In the 2011 Rugby World Cup , Scotland struggled to beat Romania 34 -- 24 and Georgia 15 -- 6 , before losing 13 -- 12 to Argentina . Needing a win going into their final match against England in Auckland , they led 12 -- 3 with a quarter of the game to go , only to lose out to a Chris Ashton try , going down 16 -- 12 . This was the first time Scotland had been knocked out in the group stages of the Rugby World Cup . Scotland were terrible during the 2012 Six Nations , picking up the wooden spoon and being whitewashed , despite promising moments , and falling to 12th , Scotland 's lowest ever in the IRB rankings . Even after this whitewash , Scotland defeated Australia 9 -- 6 in the 2012 Scotland rugby union tour of Australia , Fiji and Samoa . This was Scotland 's first win in Australia since 1982 and the first time in 30 years that Scotland defeated Australia more than once in a row . Scotland also recorded away wins over both Fiji and Samoa . During Scotland 's 2012 Autumn Tests they suffered a series of defeats , versus the All Blacks , South Africa and most notably Tonga , which caused head coach Andy Robinson to resign . Scott Johnson became interim Head Coach for the team in December 2012 . During the 2013 Six Nations , Scotland won their matches against Italy and Ireland to finish third , their best finish in the competition since 2006 . On 3 May 2013 , Johnson was named the first ever Director of Rugby for Scotland responsible for overseeing all rugby in the nation . On 27 May 2013 , it was announced that Vern Cotter would become head coach of Scotland , but the SRU had to wait until 2014 as club Clermont failed to reach an agreement with the SRU to release Cotter a year early from his contract . Scotland had a dismal 2014 Six Nations campaign ; managing only one win ( away in Italy ) , finishing second bottom and hammered 51 -- 3 by Wales in the final match . Vern Cotter finally assumed his role as head coach , and in June of the same year Scotland won three tests against the top teams of the Americas , before being hammered by South Africa 55 -- 6 . The three autumn tests held at Murrayfield during November yielded wins over Argentina and Tonga , and a narrow defeat against New Zealand . The test against Tonga took place at Rugby Park , Kilmarnock , and was the first Rugby Union international to be played on an artificial surface . The 2015 Six Nations Championship ended in a whitewash for Scotland , despite optimism amongst players and supporters beforehand . However , Scotland displayed improved performances in their World Cup warm - up games over the summer , with two wins over Italy and narrow defeats away in Ireland and France . Scotland played well at the 2015 Rugby World Cup in England ; qualifying from their group by beating Japan , USA and Samoa , although they lost to South Africa . Scotland played Australia in the quarter - finals , and with 30 seconds remaining led 34 -- 32 . However , referee Craig Joubert then awarded the Wallabies a highly controversial penalty , later judged by the game 's ruling body to be incorrect , which Bernard Foley scored to give Australia victory . Scotland lost their first two games in the 2016 Six Nations Championship , extending their losing streak in the Six Nations to nine matches , their worst run in the championship since the 1950s . The Scots finally ended their losing run with a 36 -- 20 win over Italy in Rome ; John Barclay , John Hardie and Tommy Seymour all scoring tries . Scotland followed that win up with a victory over France at Murrayfield ; Stuart Hogg , Duncan Taylor and Tim Visser scoring tries in a 29 -- 18 win . It was Scotland 's first victory over France since 2006 , and also ended a 10 match losing streak against Les Bleus . Scotland had a successful tour of Japan in June ( winning both test matches ) , and during the Autumn Internationals recorded a third consecutive win against Argentina ( their seventh recognised win overall against the Pumas ) . In the 2017 Six Nations , Scotland saw a marked improvement in performance with three home wins and two away defeats . This was Vern Cotter 's last tournament as head coach of Scotland , despite their also beating Australia 24 - 19 on the summer tour of the Southern Hemisphere . In their first 6Ns game , Scotland went in with confidence to win their first opening match for eleven years against Ireland in a close match at Murrayfield Stadium . This followed with a defeat in Paris to France . Scotland secured a win over Wales in their third game , Scotland 's first since 2007 . In the eagerly anticipated Calcutta Cup tie against England at Twickenham , however , Scotland were thrashed 61 - 21 . This was a record defeat against the English , and a result which ended their hopes of winning the Six Nations . In the last week , Scotland defeated Italy at Murrayfield with a 29 - 0 victory , securing fourth place in the tournament table . Gregor Townsend took over as head coach in June 2017 . His first fixture as head coach was against Italy in Singapore where Scotland won 34 - 13 . A week later Scotland defeated Australia 24 - 19 in Sydney , the second time in a row Scotland had won on Australian soil . The victory was made more notable by the list of absentees , such as Stuart Hogg and Grieg Laidlaw , who were in New Zealand on Lions ' duty . The tour was concluded by a 27 - 22 loss to Fiji in Suva . Victory over Samoa in November 2017 was followed by a breathtaking performance against New Zealand at a sold - out Murrayfield . Tries from Jonny Gray and Huw Jones brought Scotland to 17 - 22 with barely a minute to go , but it took a superb cover tackle from the All Blacks fly - half Beaudan Barrett to prevent Stuart Hogg from scoring a winning try . A week later Scotland registered a record win over the Wallabies , inflicting eight tries on the visitors in what was the Australian hooker Stephen Moore 's final international game . Scotland won 53 - 24 , their biggest ever margin of victory over Australia . Thistle and the anthem ( edit ) The thistle , the national emblem of Scotland since the reign of Alexander III of Scotland ( 1249 -- 1286 ) and the emblem of the Scottish rugby team . The thistle is the national flower , and also the symbol of the Scotland national rugby union team . According to legend the `` guardian thistle '' has played its part in the defence of Scotland against a night attack by Norwegian Vikings , one of whom let out a yell of pain when he stepped barefoot on a thistle , alerting the Scottish defenders . The Latin Nemo me impune lacessit ( `` No - one provokes me with impunity ! '' in English ) is an ancient motto of the Kings of Scotland , and also of Scotland 's premier chivalric order , the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle , and of the Scots Guards ( the latter both `` belonging '' to the monarch ) . `` Flower of Scotland '' has been used since 1990 as Scotland 's unofficial national anthem . It was written by Roy Williamson of The Corries in 1967 , and adopted by the SRU to replace `` God Save the Queen '' . In the first year of using `` Flower of Scotland '' as an anthem , Scotland walked onto the pitch at the beginning of the Five Nations Championship deciding match against England . This combination was explosive and Scotland went on to beat England 13 -- 7 and win the Five Nations Championship with a Grand Slam . Strip ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Scotland have traditionally worn navy blue jerseys , white shorts and blue socks . On the occasion that Scotland is the home side and the opposing team normally wears dark colours , Scotland will use its change strip . Traditionally this is a white jersey with navy blue shorts and socks . For a brief period , when Cotton Oxford were the shirt sponsors , the white shirt was replaced by a bright orange one with orange and blue hoops on the sleeves . This was first used against the New Zealand Māori on 14 November 1998 . This change strip was replaced by the traditional white one just two years later . Also during this sponsorship deal , purple was introduced to the traditional blue jersey . This was a significant departure from the traditional colours of blue and white , although purple is inspired from the thistle flower . Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors ( edit ) In September 1993 , a sponsorship deal was announced with The Famous Grouse , resulting in a sponsors ' name being added to Scottish international players ' kit for the first time in addition to the jersey manufacturers ' emblem . In 1997 a new deal saw the Grouse logo appear on the Scotland jersey . Further deals followed and it became the longest association with a sponsor in world rugby . During this time , when Scotland played test matches in France , The Famous Grouse logo was replaced by the initias `` TFG '' due to the Evin law that bans any alcohol advertisement ( including in sports events ) in France . In May 2007 , after seventeen years , The Famous Grouse ended its shirt sponsorship with the team . The Famous Grouse did maintain a low profile link to the Scottish Rugby Union by becoming the main spirit sponsor . This deal is thought to be worth a tenth of the original cost and forbids the Scottish Rugby Union from affiliating itself from any other whisky manufacturer . On 3 September 2007 it was announced that the then Rangers chairman Sir David Murray 's company would become the new shirt sponsor , in a deal worth £ 2.7 million over three years . In August 2011 , the Royal Bank of Scotland took over as main sponsors of Scottish Rugby , after Sir David Murray 's company decided to end their sponsorship . BT became the primary shirt sponsor as part of the £ 20 million deal signed in 2014 . Period Kit manufacturer Shirt sponsor 1991 -- 1994 Umbro No shirt sponsor 1994 -- 1998 Pringle The Famous Grouse 1998 -- 2000 Cotton Oxford 2000 -- 2008 Canterbury 2008 -- 2011 Murray 2011 -- 2013 RBS 2013 -- 2015 Macron 2015 -- BT Between the 2007 Rugby World Cup warm up games and the 2013 South African quadrangular tournament , the fonts used for their number kit on the back of their kits were Crillee Extra Bold Italic . But since Macron took over as kit supplier , the number fonts on the back of their kits were Arial rounded MT bold ( or Oswald Bold , during the 2015 Rugby World Cup ) . Record ( edit ) Men 's World Rugby Rankings Top 30 rankings as of 21 May 2018 Rank Change * Team Points New Zealand 093.99 Ireland 089.11 England 086.23 Australia 085.49 5 Scotland 083.83 6 South Africa 083.81 7 Wales 083.41 8 France 079.10 9 Argentina 078.22 10 Fiji 077.93 11 Japan 075.66 12 Georgia 073.96 13 Tonga 071.87 14 Italy 071.10 15 United States 069.23 16 Samoa 069.03 17 Romania 068.25 18 Uruguay 065.37 19 Russia 063.27 20 Spain 063.09 21 Canada 061.98 22 Hong Kong 060.43 23 Portugal 059.51 24 Namibia 058.93 25 Belgium 058.09 26 Brazil 056.81 27 Netherlands 056.52 28 Germany 054.42 29 Chile 054.36 30 Kenya 054.24 * Change from the previous week Scotland 's historical rankings Source : World Rugby - Graph updated to 16 April 2018 Six Nations ( edit ) Scotland competes annually in the Six Nations Championship , which is played against five other European nations : France , England , Ireland , Italy and Wales . The Six Nations started out as the Home Nations Championship in 1883 , with Scotland sharing the championship with England in 1886 before winning the title outright for the first time a year later . Scotland have won the title outright 15 times and shared the championship a further nine times . Scotland have won three Grand Slams ( including the Triple Crown ) in 1925 , 1984 and 1990 , in addition to a further seven Triple Crowns . They also contest the Calcutta Cup with England as part of the championship . Scotland were the winners of the last Five Nations in 1999 , before Italy joined the competition to make it the Six Nations . England France Ireland Italy Scotland Wales Tournaments 122 88 124 19 124 124 Outright Wins ( Shared Wins ) Home Nations 5 ( 4 ) NA 4 ( 4 ) NA 10 ( 3 ) 7 ( 4 ) Five Nations 17 ( 6 ) 12 ( 8 ) 6 ( 5 ) NA 5 ( 6 ) 15 ( 8 ) Six Nations 6 5 0 0 Overall 28 ( 10 ) 17 ( 8 ) 14 ( 9 ) 0 ( 0 ) 15 ( 9 ) 26 ( 12 ) Grand Slams Home Nations 0 NA 0 NA 0 Five Nations 11 6 NA 6 Six Nations 0 0 Overall 13 9 0 11 Triple Crowns Home Nations 5 NA NA 7 6 Five Nations 16 NA NA 11 Six Nations NA 5 NA 0 Overall 25 NA 11 NA 10 20 Wooden Spoons Home Nations 11 NA 15 NA 8 8 Five Nations 14 17 21 NA 21 12 Six Nations 0 0 13 Overall 25 18 36 13 33 21 World Cup ( edit ) Main article : Scotland at the Rugby World Cup Scotland has competed in every Rugby World Cup since the inaugural tournament in 1987 . Their best finish was fourth in 1991 . In their semi-final on 26 October 1991 Scotland lost 6 -- 9 to England at Murrayfield after Gavin Hastings missed a penalty almost in front of and a short distance from the posts . On 30 October Scotland lost the third - place play - off to New Zealand in Cardiff 13 -- 6 . Since then they have qualified for the quarter - finals in all but one occasion , in 2011 . Their most recent world cup campaign in 2015 saw them come within 30 seconds of a famous win over Australia , however a last minute penalty sealed the win for the Wallabies . ( show ) World Cup Results Year Stage Team Score Team Venue Pool 4 France 20 -- 20 Scotland Lancaster Park Scotland 60 -- 21 Zimbabwe Athletic Park Romania 28 -- 55 Scotland Carisbrook Quarter - final New Zealand 30 -- 3 Scotland Lancaster Park 1991 Pool B Scotland 47 -- 9 Japan Murrayfield Scotland 51 -- 12 Zimbabwe Murrayfield Scotland 24 -- 15 Ireland Murrayfield Quarter - final Scotland 28 -- 6 Western Samoa Murrayfield Semi-final Scotland 6 -- 9 England Murrayfield Third - place play - off Scotland 6 -- 13 New Zealand Cardiff 1995 Pool D Ivory Coast 0 -- 89 Scotland Rustenburg Scotland 41 -- 5 Tonga Pretoria France 22 -- 19 Scotland Pretoria Quarter - final New Zealand 48 -- 30 Scotland Pretoria 1999 Pool 1 Scotland 29 -- 46 South Africa Murrayfield Scotland 43 -- 12 Uruguay Murrayfield Scotland 48 -- 0 Spain Murrayfield Quarter - final play - off Scotland 35 -- 20 Samoa Murrayfield Quarter - final Scotland 18 -- 30 New Zealand Murrayfield 2003 Pool B Scotland 32 -- 11 Japan Townsville Scotland 39 -- 15 United States Brisbane France 51 -- 9 Scotland Sydney Scotland 22 -- 20 Fiji Aussie Stadium Quarter - final Australia 33 -- 16 Scotland Brisbane 2007 Pool C Scotland 56 -- 10 Portugal Saint - Étienne Scotland 42 -- 0 Romania Murrayfield Scotland 0 -- 40 New Zealand Murrayfield Scotland 18 -- 16 Italy Saint - Étienne Quarter - final Argentina 19 -- 13 Scotland Stade de France 2011 Pool B Scotland 34 -- 24 Romania Invercargill Scotland 15 -- 6 Georgia Invercargill Argentina 13 -- 12 Scotland Wellington England 16 -- 12 Scotland Auckland 2015 Pool B Scotland 45 -- 10 Japan Kingsholm , Gloucester Scotland 39 -- 16 United States Elland Road , Leeds South Africa 34 -- 16 Scotland St James ' Park , Newcastle Samoa 33 -- 36 Scotland St James ' Park , Newcastle Quarter - final Australia 35 -- 34 Scotland Twickenham Overall ( edit ) Scotland achieved 100 points for the first time in defeating a young and inexperienced Japan side 100 -- 8 on 13 November 2004 . The previous record had been 89 -- 0 against Côte d'Ivoire ( Ivory Coast ) in the first round of Rugby World Cup 1995 . The game versus Japan was played at the home of St Johnstone F.C. , McDiarmid Park , Perth . It was the first time that Scotland had ever played `` North of the Forth '' ( i.e. the Firth of Forth ) in the Caledonian region . In the same game Chris Paterson moved ahead of Andy Irvine in the list of Scotland 's all - time points scorers . Below is table of the representative rugby matches played by a Scotland national XV at test level up until 17 March 2018 . Opponent Played Won Lost Drawn Win % For Aga Diff Argentina 16 7 9 0 43.75 % 328 284 + 44 Australia 32 11 21 0 34.38 % 463 772 − 309 Canada 0 75.00 % 105 49 + 56 England 136 43 75 18 31.62 % 1187 1636 − 449 Fiji 7 5 0 71.43 % 204 172 + 32 France 92 36 53 39.13 % 1150 1328 − 178 Georgia 0 0 100.00 % 58 22 + 36 Ireland 134 67 62 5 50.00 % 1415 1525 − 110 Italy 29 21 8 0 72.41 % 716 495 + 221 Ivory Coast 0 0 100.00 % 89 0 + 89 Japan 7 7 0 0 100.00 % 313 84 + 229 New Zealand 31 0 29 0.00 % 349 922 − 573 Pacific Islanders 0 0 100.00 % 34 22 + 12 Portugal 0 0 100.00 % 56 10 + 46 Presidents XV 0 0 100.00 % 27 16 + 11 Romania 13 11 0 84.62 % 475 192 + 283 Samoa 11 9 81.81 % 298 193 + 105 South Africa 26 5 21 0 19.23 % 286 686 − 400 Spain 0 0 100.00 % 48 0 + 48 Tonga 0 75.00 % 136 58 + 78 United States 5 5 0 0 100.00 % 220 66 + 154 Uruguay 0 0 100.00 % 43 12 + 31 Wales 123 49 71 39.84 % 1273 1659 − 386 Zimbabwe 0 0 100.00 % 111 33 + 78 Total 680 292 356 32 42.94 % 9384 10236 − 852 Players ( edit ) Current squad ( edit ) On 8 May 2018 , Gregor Townsend named a 33 - man squad for the 2018 Summer Internationals . Caps updated : 8 May 2018 Head Coach : Gregor Townsend Player Position Date of Birth ( Age ) Caps Club / province Brown , Fraser Fraser Brown Hooker ( 1989 - 06 - 20 ) 20 June 1989 ( age 28 ) 31 Glasgow Warriors McInally , Stuart Stuart McInally Hooker ( 1990 - 08 - 09 ) 9 August 1990 ( age 27 ) 17 Edinburgh Turner , George George Turner Hooker ( 1991 - 01 - 03 ) 3 January 1991 ( age 27 ) Glasgow Warriors Berghan , Simon Simon Berghan Prop ( 1990 - 12 - 07 ) 7 December 1990 ( age 27 ) 8 Edinburgh Bhatti , Jamie Jamie Bhatti Prop ( 1993 - 09 - 08 ) 8 September 1993 ( age 24 ) 8 Glasgow Warriors Dell , Allan Allan Dell Prop ( 1992 - 03 - 16 ) 16 March 1992 ( age 26 ) 10 Edinburgh Fagerson , Zander Zander Fagerson Prop ( 1996 - 01 - 19 ) 19 January 1996 ( age 22 ) 16 Glasgow Warriors McCallum , Murray Murray McCallum Prop ( 1996 - 03 - 16 ) 16 March 1996 ( age 22 ) Edinburgh Carmichael , Lewis Lewis Carmichael Lock ( 1995 - 05 - 02 ) 2 May 1995 ( age 23 ) 0 Edinburgh Gilchrist , Grant Grant Gilchrist Lock ( 1990 - 08 - 09 ) 9 August 1990 ( age 27 ) 22 Edinburgh Gray , Richie Richie Gray Lock ( 1989 - 08 - 24 ) 24 August 1989 ( age 28 ) 65 Toulouse Swinson , Tim Tim Swinson Lock ( 1987 - 02 - 17 ) 17 February 1987 ( age 31 ) 36 Glasgow Warriors Toolis , Ben Ben Toolis Lock ( 1992 - 03 - 31 ) 31 March 1992 ( age 26 ) 9 Edinburgh Bradbury , Magnus Magnus Bradbury Flanker ( 1995 - 08 - 23 ) 23 August 1995 ( age 22 ) Edinburgh Fagerson , Matt Matt Fagerson Flanker ( 1998 - 07 - 16 ) 16 July 1998 ( age 19 ) 0 Glasgow Warriors Hamilton , Luke Luke Hamilton Flanker ( 1992 - 01 - 07 ) 7 January 1992 ( age 26 ) Leicester Tigers Ritchie , Jamie Jamie Ritchie Flanker ( 1996 - 08 - 16 ) 16 August 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 Edinburgh Denton , David David Denton Number 8 ( 1990 - 02 - 05 ) 5 February 1990 ( age 28 ) 39 Worcester Warriors Hidalgo - Clyne , Sam Sam Hidalgo - Clyne Scrum - half ( 1993 - 08 - 04 ) 4 August 1993 ( age 24 ) 9 Edinburgh Horne , George George Horne Scrum - half ( 1995 - 05 - 12 ) 12 May 1995 ( age 23 ) 0 Glasgow Warriors Price , Ali Ali Price Scrum - half ( 1993 - 05 - 12 ) 12 May 1993 ( age 25 ) 16 Glasgow Warriors Hastings , Adam Adam Hastings Fly - half ( 1996 - 10 - 05 ) 5 October 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 Glasgow Warriors Horne , Peter Peter Horne Fly - half ( 1989 - 10 - 05 ) 5 October 1989 ( age 28 ) 33 Glasgow Warriors Lang , James James Lang Fly - half ( 1995 - 04 - 04 ) 4 April 1995 ( age 23 ) 0 Harlequins Dunbar , Alex Alex Dunbar Centre ( 1990 - 04 - 23 ) 23 April 1990 ( age 28 ) 28 Glasgow Warriors Grigg , Nick Nick Grigg Centre ( 1992 - 09 - 18 ) 18 September 1992 ( age 25 ) Glasgow Warriors Harris , Chris Chris Harris Centre ( 1990 - 12 - 28 ) 28 December 1990 ( age 27 ) Newcastle Falcons Taylor , Duncan Duncan Taylor Centre ( 1989 - 09 - 05 ) 5 September 1989 ( age 28 ) 21 Saracens Jones , Lee Lee Jones Wing ( 1988 - 06 - 28 ) 28 June 1988 ( age 29 ) 8 Glasgow Warriors McGuigan , Byron Byron McGuigan Wing ( 1989 - 08 - 20 ) 20 August 1989 ( age 28 ) Sale Sharks Hogg , Stuart Stuart Hogg Fullback ( 1992 - 06 - 24 ) 24 June 1992 ( age 25 ) 60 Glasgow Warriors Jackson , Ruaridh Ruaridh Jackson Fullback ( 1988 - 02 - 12 ) 12 February 1988 ( age 30 ) 32 Glasgow Warriors Kinghorn , Blair Blair Kinghorn Fullback ( 1997 - 01 - 18 ) 18 January 1997 ( age 21 ) Edinburgh Notable players ( edit ) Four former Scotland players have been inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame : Gordon Brown , inducted 2001 Gavin Hastings , captain of the British Lions , full back , inducted 2003 Andy Irvine , full back , Scottish captain and British Lion , inducted 1999 Ian McGeechan , inducted 2005 Ian McGeechan , Bill Maclagan , David Bedell - Sivright , Jim Greenwood and Gavin Hastings are members of the World Rugby Hall of Fame . Coaches ( edit ) Before 1971 , there was no appointed coach of the Scotland team , the role being assumed by the captain . In 1971 , the SRU appointed the first coach as `` adviser to the captain '' . He was Bill Dickinson , a lecturer at Jordanhill College , and his contribution to Scottish rugby in the 1970s was immense . Nairn McEwan took the reins in 1977 for three years before the team was led by Jim Telfer in 1980 . Colin Telfer took over for a year before being succeeded by Derrick Grant in the autumn of 1985 . From 1988 onwards , Scotland was coached by either Jim Telfer or Ian McGeechan until 2003 when the Australian Matt Williams was appointed , becoming the first non Scot to coach the national side . Scotland have appointed a further three non-Scottish coaches to lead the national side , the others being Scott Johnson , an Australian , Andy Robinson , an Englishman , and Vern Cotter from New Zealand . Robinson took the reins in 2009 after Frank Hadden stepped down . Robinson was no stranger to Scottish rugby as , like his predecessor Hadden , had been the head coach of Edinburgh Rugby and joint coach of Scotland A before being promoted head coach of the national side . Scott Johnson was Robinson 's assistant coach when Robinson stood down in 2013 , which ended in the result of Johnson being announced as Interim Head Coach for Scotland in 2013 , taking the team through the 2013 Six Nations Championship and the 2013 South African Quadrangular Tournament . Vern Cotter was announced as Scottish Head coach but would not take up on the role until June 2014 as he one - year left on his contract with Clermont Auvergne . This meant that Scott Johnson would remain as Interim Coach until the end of that year 's Six Nations Championship . In August 2016 it was announced that Gregor Townsend would replace Vern Cotter as Scotland head coach in June 2017 when his contract expires . Scottish Rugby Coaches Name Tenure Tests Won Drew Lost Win % Bill Dickinson 1971 -- 1977 27 14 0 13 52 Nairn McEwan 1977 -- 1980 14 11 7 Jim Telfer 1980 -- 1984 27 13 12 52 Colin Telfer 1984 -- 1985 6 0 0 6 0 Derrick Grant 1985 -- 1988 18 9 8 50 Ian McGeechan 1988 -- 1993 33 19 13 58 Jim Telfer 1994 -- 1999 53 21 30 40 Ian McGeechan 2000 -- 2003 43 18 24 42 Matt Williams 2003 -- 2005 17 0 14 18 Frank Hadden 2005 -- 2009 41 16 0 25 39 Andy Robinson 2009 -- 2012 35 15 19 43 Scott Johnson ( interim ) 2012 -- 2014 16 5 0 11 31 Vern Cotter 2014 -- 2017 36 19 0 17 53 Gregor Townsend 2017 -- 11 7 0 64 The current Scottish coaching set up is : Scott Johnson -- Director of Rugby Gregor Townsend -- Head Coach Matt Taylor -- Assistant Coach ( Defence Coach ) Dan McFarland -- Forwards Coach Mike Blair -- Skills Coach Stuart Yule -- Strength and Conditioning Individual records ( edit ) Most capped players ( edit ) Updated 8 February 2018 # Name Years Caps Position Ross Ford 2004 - 2017 110 Hooker Chris Paterson 1999 - 2011 109 Full - back Sean Lamont 2004 - 2016 105 Wing Scott Murray 1997 - 2007 87 Lock 5 Mike Blair 2002 - 2012 85 Scrum - half 6 Gregor Townsend 1993 - 2003 82 Fly - half 7 Nathan Hines 2000 - 2011 77 Lock Jason White 2000 - 2009 77 Back - row 9 Gordon Bulloch 1997 - 2005 75 Hooker 10 Stuart Grimes 1997 - 2005 71 Lock John Barclay 2007 - 71 Back - row Top point scorers ( edit ) Updated 20 March 2018 # Name Career Points Caps Position Chris Paterson 1999 - 2011 809 109 Full - back Gavin Hastings 1986 - 1995 667 61 Full - back Greig Laidlaw 2010 - 623 63 Scrum - half Andy Irvine 1972 - 1982 269 51 Full - back 5 Dan Parks 2004 - 2012 266 67 Fly - half 6 Kenny Logan 1992 - 2003 220 70 Wing 7 Peter Dods 1983 - 1991 210 23 Full - back 8 Craig Chalmers 1989 - 1999 166 60 Fly - half 9 Gregor Townsend 1993 - 2003 164 82 Fly - half 10 Brendan Laney 2001 - 2004 141 20 Centre Top try scorers ( edit ) Updated 12 February 2018 # Name Career Tries Caps Position Ian Smith 1924 - 1933 24 32 Wing Tony Stanger 1989 - 1998 24 58 Wing Chris Paterson 1999 - 2011 22 109 Full - back Stuart Hogg 2012 - 18 60 Full - back 5 Gavin Hastings 1986 - 1995 17 61 Full - back Alan Tait 1987 - 1999 17 27 Centre Gregor Townsend 1993 - 2003 17 82 Fly - half 8 Tommy Seymour 2013 - 16 43 Wing 9 Iwan Tukalo 1985 - 1992 15 37 Wing 10 Sean Lamont 2004 - 2016 14 105 Wing Tim Visser 2012 - 14 33 Wing See also ( edit ) List of Scotland national rugby union players List of Scotland national rugby union team records Men 's National teams ( edit ) Senior ( edit ) Scotland national rugby union team Scotland A national rugby union team Scotland national rugby sevens team Development ( edit ) Scotland B national rugby union team Scotland Club XV Age Grades ( edit ) Scotland national under - 21 rugby union team Scotland national under - 20 rugby union team Scotland national under - 19 rugby union team Scotland national under - 18 rugby union team Scotland national under - 17 rugby union team Scotland national under - 16 rugby union team Women 's National teams ( edit ) Scotland women 's national rugby union team Scotland women 's national rugby union team ( sevens ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Historical Rugby Milestones 1870s '' . 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Jump up ^ Goodlad , Phil ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` Interim head coach Scott Johnson named director of rugby '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cotter confirmed as new Scotland coach '' . ESPN . 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Finlay ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` More Six Nations despair for Scotland but new era under Vern Cotter looms '' . STV Sport . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` South Africa 55 - 6 Scotland '' . BBC Sport. 28 June 2014 . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland - 2015 '' . ESPN . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scotland 37 - 12 Tonga : Vern Cotter happy with display '' . BBC Sport. 22 November 2014 . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Blair , Mike ( 23 March 2015 ) . `` Six Nations : Scotland must adapt after whitewash '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 30 September 2015 . 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BBC Sport . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ English , Tom ( 4 February 2017 ) . `` 2017 Six Nations : Scotland 27 - 22 Ireland '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Match report - Scotland 27 - 22 Ireland '' . The Scotland Team . 4 February 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Cleary , Mick ( 10 March 2017 ) . `` England vs Scotland : Hardest Twickenham test yet for edgy Eddie Jones '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fordyce , Tom ( 11 March 2017 ) . `` Six Nations 2017 : England 61 - 21 Scotland '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ English , Tom ( 18 March 2017 ) . `` Six Nations 2017 : Scotland 29 - 0 Italy '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland edge hard - fought victory over Samoa in 11 - try thriller '' . ESPN Scrum. 11 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All Blacks made to work for victory over plucky Scotland '' . ESPN Scrum. 18 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland make Wallabies pay for Kepu 's moment of madness '' . ESPN Scrum. 25 November 2017 . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Scottish Thistle - Beautifully Bold ! '' . Scottish at Heart . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby fans ' anger over Scotland 's red and yellow kit '' . The Scotsman. 15 June 2006 . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cap that for a benefit after new sponsorship package '' . The Herald . 1 September 1993 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All Blacks wrap up sale of the century . Sponsors ' massive # 30m shirt deal puts all the others in the shade '' . The Herald . 21 October 1997 . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , David ( 12 May 2004 ) . `` Famous Grouse puts SRU fears to flight with new deal '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Firm have grouse about French '' . BBC News . 18 January 2001 . Retrieved 24 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Rob ( 4 May 2007 ) . `` Famous Grouse ends sponsor deal with Scots rugby team '' . The Herald . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , David ( 4 September 2007 ) . `` Rangers owner says rugby is in his heart as he puts £ 2.7 m into the SRU '' . The Scotsman . Retrieved 21 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BT completes Scottish Rugby portfolio as Scotland 's front of shirt sponsor '' . Scottish Rugby. 1 April 2015 . Retrieved 1 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Men 's World Rankings '' . World Rugby . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland 100 - 8 Japan '' . BBC Sport. 13 November 2004 . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Turnbull , Simon ( 15 November 2004 ) . `` Paterson 's haul lifts Scotland to first century '' . The Independent . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` McDiarmid Park '' . St Johnstone FC . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby stats & Records - Scotland test match record by opponent '' . ESPN . Retrieved 5 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Brown '' . International Rugby Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 10 May 2013 . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gavin Hastings '' . International Rugby Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andy Irvine '' . International Rugby Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McGeechan '' . International Rugby Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` World Rugby `` Hall of Fame '' `` . World Rugby . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Inductee : Dr David Bedell - Sivright '' . World Rugby . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Greenwood inducted into IRB Hall of Fame '' . Scottish Rugby. 18 November 2014 . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Inductee : Andrew Gavin Hastings '' . World Rugby . Retrieved 22 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland turn to Johnson '' . ESPN . 20 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scotland : Gregor Townsend to take over from Vern Cotter as head coach '' . BBC Sport. 17 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Player Records ( ordered by matches ) '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Player Records ( ordered by points ) '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Player Records ( ordered by tries ) '' . ESPN . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Scotland national rugby union team . Scotland Rugby Team -- the official site of the Scotland national team HISTORY OF RUGBY IN OTHER COUNTRIES History of Scottish Rugby on the SRU website Massie , Allan ( 28 January 2003 ) . `` The Battling Years '' . The Scotsman . Massie , Allan ( 29 January 2003 ) . `` The age of Telfer '' . The Scotsman . Favourites find Scotland grit hard to swallow : Scotland 18 England 12 , The Times , 27 February 2006 Scottish Rugby Union -- the official site of Scottish Rugby A song for Scotland -- an article on the ongoing discussions about which song should represent Scotland before international rugby and football games . 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484526085945912755	Rashtrapati Bhavan	Rashtrapati Bhavan - wikipedia Rashtrapati Bhavan Jump to : navigation , search `` Viceroy 's House '' redirects here . For the film , see Viceroy 's House ( film ) . For a similar structure in Nepal , see Rastrapati Bhawan . Rashtrapati Bhavan Location in New Delhi , Delhi , India General information Architectural style Delhi Order Location Rajpath , New Delhi , India Coordinates 28 ° 36 ′ 51.63 '' N 77 ° 11 ′ 59.29 '' E / 28.6143417 ° N 77.1998028 ° E / 28.6143417 ; 77.1998028 Current tenants Ram Nath Kovind ( President of India ) Construction started 1912 Completed 1929 Technical details Floor area 200,000 sq ft ( 19,000 m ) Design and construction Architect Edwin Lutyens Play media Short Film about Rashtrapati Bhavan The Rashtrapati Bhavan ( pronunciation ( help info ) , `` rásh - tra - pa - ti bha - van '' ; Presidential Residence '' previously `` Viceroy 's House '' ) is the official home of the president located at the Western end of Rajpath in New Delhi , India . Rashtrapati Bhavan may refer to only the 340 - room main building that has the president 's official residence , including reception halls , guest rooms and offices , also called the mansion ; it may also refer to the entire 130 - hectare ( 320 acre ) Presidential Estate that additionally includes huge presidential gardens ( Mughal Gardens ) , large open spaces , residences of bodyguards and staff , stables , other offices and utilities within its perimeter walls . In terms of area , it is one of the largest residences of a head of state in the world . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Architecture 2.1 Design 3 Layout plan 3.1 Halls and rooms 3.2 Dome 3.3 Other features 4 Mughal Gardens 4.1 Udyanotsav 5 Museum 6 Restoration 7 See also 8 References 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links History ( edit ) This decision to build a residence in New Delhi for the British Viceroy was taken after it was decided during the Delhi Durbar in December 1911 that the capital of India would be relocated from Calcutta to Delhi . When the plan for a new city , New Delhi , adjacent to end south of Old Delhi , was developed after the Delhi Durbar , the new palace for the Viceroy of India was given an enormous size and prominent position . About 4,000 acres of land was acquired to begin the construction of Viceroy 's House , as it was originally called , and adjacent Secretariat Building between 1911 and 1916 by relocating Raisina and Malcha villages that existed there and their 300 families under the Land & Acquisition Act . The sloping approach from the east , which hides the lower part of the building , as Lutyens feared . The British architect Edwin Landseer Lutyens , a major member of the city - planning process , was given the primary architectural responsibility . The completed Governor - General 's palace turned out very similar to the original sketches which Lutyens sent Herbert Baker , from Simla , on 14 June 1912 . Lutyens ' design is grandly classical overall , with colors and details inspired by Indian architecture . Lutyens and Baker who had been assigned to work on Viceroy 's House and the Secretariats began on friendly terms . Baker had been assigned to work on the two secretariat buildings which were in front of Viceroy 's House . The original plan was to have Viceroy 's House on the top of Raisina Hill , with the secretariats lower down . It was later decided to build it 400 yards back and put both buildings on top of the plateau . While Lutyens wanted Viceroy 's House to be higher , he was forced to move it back from the intended position , which resulted in a dispute with Baker . After completion , Lutyens argued with Baker , because the view of the front of the building was obscured by the high angle of the road . Lutyens campaigned for its fixing , but was not able to get it to be changed . Lutyens wanted to make a long inclined grade all the way to Viceroy 's House with retaining walls on either side . While this would give a view of the house from further back , it would also cut through the square between the secretariat buildings . The committee with Lutyens and Baker established in January 1914 said the grade was to be no steeper than 1 in 25 , though it eventually was changed to 1 in 22 , a steeper gradient which made it more difficult to see the Viceroy 's palace . While Lutyens knew about the gradient , and the possibility that the Viceroy 's palace would be obscured by the road , it is thought that Lutyens did not fully realize how little the front of the house would be visible . In 1916 the Imperial Delhi committee dismissed Lutyens 's proposal to alter the gradient . Lutyens thought Baker was more concerned with making money and pleasing the government , rather than making a good architectural design . Indian President ` s Bodyguard marching at Rashtrapati Bhavan Lutyens traveled between India and England almost every year for twenty years , to work on the construction of Viceroy 's House in both countries . Lutyens reduced the building from 13,000,000 cubic feet ( 370,000 m ) to 8,500,000 cubic feet ( 240,000 m ) because of the budget restrictions of Lord Hardinge . While Hardinge demanded that costs be reduced , he nevertheless wanted the house to retain a certain amount of ceremonial grandeur . When Chakravarti Rajagopalachari assumed the office as the first Indian - born Governor General of India and became the occupant of this building he preferred to stay in a few rooms which is now the family wing of the President and converted the then Viceroy 's apartments into the Guest Wing where visiting heads of state stay while in India . On 26 January 1950 , when Rajendra Prasad became the first President of India and occupied this building , it was renamed as Rashtrapati Bhavan -- the President 's House . Architecture ( edit ) Main facade Design ( edit ) Consisting of four floors and 340 rooms , with a floor area of 200,000 square feet ( 19,000 m ) , it was built using 1 billion bricks and 3,000,000 cu ft ( 85,000 m ) of stone with little steel . The design of the building fell into the time period of the Edwardian Baroque , a time at which emphasis was placed on the use of heavy classical motifs in order to emphasise power and imperial authority . The design process of the mansion was long , complicated and politically charged . Lutyens ' early designs were all starkly classical and entirely European in style . His disrespect for the local building tradition he dismissed as primitive is evident in his numerous sketches with appended scrawls such as ' Moghul tosh ' and his short remark that ' they want me to do Hindu -- Hindo n't I say ! ' In the post-Mutiny era , however , it was decided that sensitivity must be shown to the local surroundings in order to better integrate the building within its political context , and after much political debate Lutyens conceded to incorporating local Indo - Saracenic motifs , albeit in a rather superficial decorational form on the skin of the building . Detail of one of the chhatri pavilions on the roof Various Indian elements were added to the building . These included several circular stone basins on top of the building , as water features are an important part of Indian architecture . There was also a traditional Indian chujja or chhajja , which occupied the place of a frieze in classical architecture ; it was a sharp , thin , protruding element which extended 8 feet ( 2.4 m ) from the building , and created deep shadows . It blocks harsh sunlight from the windows and also shields the windows from heavy rain during the monsoon season . On the roofline were several chuttris , which helped to break up the flatness of the roofline not covered by the dome . Lutyens appropriated some Indian design elements , but used them sparingly and effectively throughout the building . Elephant statues on the outer wall Cannon outside the entrance There were also statues of elephants and fountain sculptures of cobras , as well as the bas - reliefs around the base of the Jaipur Column , made by British sculptor , Charles Sargeant Jagger . The column has a `` distinctly peculiar crown on top , a glass star springing out of bronze lotus blossom '' . There were pierced screens in red sandstone , called jalis or jaalis , inspired by Rajasthani designs . The front of the palace , on the east side , has twelve unevenly spaced massive columns with the Delhi Order capitals , a `` nonce order '' Lutyens invented for this building , with Ashokan details . The capitals have a fusion of acanthus leaves with the four pendant Indian bells . The bells are similar in style to Indian Hindu and Buddhist temples , the idea being inspired from a Jain temple at Moodabidri in Karnataka . One bell is on each corner at the top of the column . As there is an ancient Indian belief that bells signalled the end of a dynasty , it was said that as the bells were silent British rule in India would not end . The front of the building does not have windows , except in the wings at the sides . Whereas previous British examples of so - called Indo - Saracenic Revival architecture had mostly grafted elements from Mughal architecture onto essentially Western carcasses , Lutyens drew also from the much earlier Buddhist Mauryan art . This can be seen in the Dehli Order , and in the main dome , where the drum below has decoration recalling the railings around early Buddhist stupas such as Sanchi . There is also the presence of Mughal and European colonial architectural elements . Overall the structure is distinctly different from other contemporary British Colonial symbols , although other New Dehli buildings , such as the Secretariat Building , New Delhi , mainly by Herbert Baker , have similarities . Lutyens added several small personal elements to the house , such as an area in the garden walls and two ventilator windows on the stateroom to look like the glasses which he wore . The Viceregal Lodge was completed largely by 1929 , and ( along with the rest of New Delhi ) inaugurated officially in 1931 . The building took seventeen years to complete and eighteen years later India became independent . After Indian independence in 1947 , the now ceremonial Governor - General continued to live there , being succeeded by the President in 1950 when India became a republic and the house was renamed `` Rashtrapati Bhavan '' . It has 355 decorated rooms and a floor area of 200,000 square feet ( 19,000 m2 ) . The structure includes 700 million bricks and 3.5 million cubic feet ( 85,000 m3 ) of stone , with only minimal usage of steel . Lutyens established ateliers in Delhi and Lahore to employ local craftsmen . The chief engineer of the project was Sir Teja Singh Malik , and four main contractors included Sir Sobha Singh . Layout plan ( edit ) Main gate of Rashtrapati Bhawan with Jaipur Column in background . The layout plan of the building is designed around a massive square with multiple courtyards and open inner areas within . The plan called for two wings ; one for the Viceroy and residents and another for guests . The residence wing is a separate four - storey house in itself , with its own court areas within . This wing was so large that the last Indian governor - general , Chakravarti Rajagopalachari , opted to live in the smaller guest wing , a tradition followed by subsequent presidents . The original residence wing is now used primarily for state receptions and as a guest wing for visiting heads of state . Halls and rooms ( edit ) Rayapati Sambasiva Rao , Member of Parliament , presenting U.S. President Barack Obama with a scarf during the State Dinner receiving line at Rashtrapati Bhawan ( 2015 ) Rashtrapati Bhavan has many halls which are used for state functions and other purposes . Two of them , Durbar Hall and Ashoka Hall , are the most prominent . Durbar Hall is situated directly under the double - dome of the main building . Known as the `` Throne Room '' before independence , it had two separate thrones for the Viceroy and Vicereine . Presently , a single high chair for the President is kept here under a 2 - ton chandelier hanging from a height of 33 m by a 23 m long rope . The flooring of the hall is made of chocolate - coloured Italian marble . The columns in Durbar Hall are made in Delhi Order which combines vertical lines with the motif of a bell . The vertical lines from the column were also used in the frieze around the room , which could not have been done with one of the traditional Greek orders of columns . The columns are made from yellow Jaisalmer marble , with a thick line running along the centre . It is said that the line thus drawn on the floor perfectly divides the mansion into two equal parts . It houses a 5th century Buddha statue from the Gupta period . This ancient Buddha statue is in a perfect straight line to the Gupta - period Bull placed outside and onto the India Gate at the end of Rajpath . The elevation of Raisina Hills is so much that the top of the India Gate lies at the same level as the feet of the Buddha 's statue placed in the Durbar Hall . The interior of this room and almost all the rooms of the palace are bare , relying on stonework and shapes to show austerity rather than intricate decoration . The main dome Durbar Hall has a capacity of 500 people and it is here in this building that Jawahar Lal Nehru took the oath of office of Prime Minister of Independent India from Lord Mountbatten at 8.30 am on 15 August 1947 . Ashoka Hall is a rectangular room of 32 × 20 m and the most beautiful of all the halls . It was originally built as a state ballroom with wooden flooring . The Persian painting on its ceiling depicts a royal hunting expedition led by King Fateh Ali Shah of Persia . The walls have fresco paintings . The two state drawing rooms , the state supper room and the state library are each on the four corners of Durbar Hall . There are also other rooms such as many loggias ( galleries with open air on one side ) which face out into the courtyards , a large dining hall with an extremely long table to seat 104 persons , sitting rooms , billiards rooms and staircases . Dome ( edit ) The dome , in the middle , reflects both Indian and British styles . In the centre is a tall copper - faced dome , surmounting a very tall drum in several sections , which stands out from the rest of the building . The dome is exactly in the middle of the diagonals between the four corners of the building . The dome is more than twice the height of the building itself . The height of the dome was increased by Lord Hardinge in the plan of the building in 1913 . The dome combines classical and Indian styles . Lutyens said the design evolved from that of the Pantheon in Rome , although externally it has little resemblance to that , either in the curve of the dome or the high drum ; both have an oculus in the centre . The exterior of the dome was modelled partly after the early Buddhist stupas , such as that at Sanchi , which it resembles far more in the exterior profile . There is a Buddhist - style `` railing '' design around the section of the drum below the dome . The dome is supported by evenly spaced columns which form a porch with an open area between . In the New Delhi summer heat haze this gives an impression of the dome being afloat . Workers began to form the reinforced concrete shell of the outer dome at the beginning of 1929 . The last stone of the dome was laid on 6 April 1929 . Other features ( edit ) Water features are present throughout the mansion , such as near the Viceroy 's stairs , which has eight marble lion statues spilling water into six basins . These lions were symbolic of the heraldry of Great Britain . There is also an open area in one room to the sky , which lets in much of the natural light . Mughal Gardens ( edit ) Mughal Gardens fountain The Mughal Gardens are situated at the back of the Rashtrapati Bhavan , incorporate both Mughal and English landscaping styles and feature a great variety of flowers . The Rashtrapati Bhavan gardens are open to the public in February every year . Main garden : Two channels running North to South and two running East to West divide this garden into a grid of squares . There are six lotus shaped fountains at the crossings of these channels . Whereas the energetic fountains rising up to a height of 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) create a soothing murmur that enthralls the visitor , the channels are so tranquil in their movement that they seem frozen . In the channels at appropriate times of day can be seen reflections of the imposing building and the proud flowers . There are wooden trays placed on stands in the centre of the channels where grain is put for the birds to feed upon . Terrace garden : There are two longitudinal strips of garden , at a higher level on each side of the Main Garden , forming the Northern and Southern boundaries . The plants grown are the same as in the Main Garden . At the centre of both of the strips is a fountain , which falls inwards , forming a well . On the Western tips are located two gazebos and on the Eastern tips two ornately designed sentry posts . Long Garden or the ' Purdha Garden ' : This is located to the West of the Main Garden , and runs along on each side of the central pavement which goes to the circular garden . Enclosed in walls about 12 feet high , this is predominantly a rose garden . It has 16 square rose beds encased in low hedges . There is a red sandstone pergola in the centre over the central pavement which is covered with Rose creepers , Petrea , Bougainvillea and Grape Vines . The walls are covered with creepers like Jasmine , Rhyncospermum , Tecoma Grandiflora , Bignonia Vanista , Adenoclyma , Echitice , Parana Paniculata . Along the walls are planted the China Orange trees . Mughal Gardens Tulips Around the circular garden there are rooms for the office of the horticulturist , a green house , stores , nursery etc . Here is housed the collection of Bonsais , one of the best in the country . All the presidents who have stayed at the Rashtrapati Bhavan have taken a keen interest in the maintenance and upkeep of the Mughal Gardens . All have contributed in their own way . The underlying themes , however , have remained unaltered . Udyanotsav ( edit ) The Mughal Gardens opens for general public viewing in February -- March every year during Udyanotsav . Museum ( edit ) In July 2014 , a museum inside Rashtrapati Bhavan was inaugurated by former President of India Pranab Mukherjee . The museum helps visitors to get an inside view of the Rashtrapati Bhavan , its art , architecture and get educated about lives of past presidents . Restoration ( edit ) Rashtrapati Bhavan illuminated for Indian Republic Day The first restoration project at the Rashtrapati Bhavan was started in 1985 and ended in 1989 , during which the Ashoka Hall was stripped of its later additions and restored to its original state by the architectural restorer Sunita Kohli . The second restoration project , begun in 2010 , involved Charles Correa and Sunita Kohli . See also ( edit ) Pranab Mukherjee Rashtrapati Nilayam The Retreat Building Sir Herbert Baker Edwin Lutyens References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kahn , Jeremy ( 30 December 2007 ) . `` Amnesty Plan for Relics of the Raj '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . He also invented his own `` Delhi Order '' of neo-Classical columns that fuse Greek and Indian elements . ^ Jump up to : `` Rashtrapati Bhavan '' . The President of India . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` New Delhi villagers seek compensation 100 years after being evicted by Raj '' . The Daily Telegraph . 4 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The history of Rashtrapati Bhavan : The official home of the President of India '' . 19 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Inan , 100 - 101 Jump up ^ Inan , 100 - 101 Jump up ^ Hussey , Christopher ( 1953 ) . The Life of Sir Edwin Lutyens . Antique Collectors ' Club . ISBN 0 - 907462 - 59 - 6 . Jump up ^ Lucy Peck ; INTACH ( 2005 ) . Delhi , a thousand years of building . The Lotus Collection , Roli Books . p. 276 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7436 - 354 - 1 . Jump up ^ Inan , 101 Jump up ^ Inan , 102 Jump up ^ Inan , 102 Jump up ^ Inan , 100 - 102 Jump up ^ Wilhide , Elizabeth ( 26 October 2012 ) . Sir Edwin Lutyens : Designing in the English Tradition . National Trust . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 1907892271 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lutyens ' Legacy '' . Forbes . 2 July 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Rashtrapati Bhavan -- Rashtrapati Bhavan Delhi , President 's House New Delhi India '' . Iloveindia.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` President to open Udyanotsav 2014 at Rashtrapati Bhawan on Feb 15 '' . Biharprabha News . Retrieved 14 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` President inaugurates Rashtrapati Bhavan museum '' . Biharprabha News . Indo - Asian News Service . 25 July 2014 . Retrieved 27 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Setting the House in order '' . The Times of India . 17 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kalam 's ' thinking hut ' demolished '' . The Times of India . 16 July 2010 . Bibliography ( edit ) Davies , Philip ( 1987 ) . Splendours of the Raj : British Architecture in India , 1660 -- 1947 . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 009247 - 9 . Gradidge , Roderick ( February 1982 ) . Edwin Lutyens , Architect Laureate . London : Unwin Hyman . ISBN 978 - 0047200236 . Inan , Aseem , `` Tensions Manifested : Reading the Viceroy 's House in New Delhi '' , in The Emerging Asian City : Concomitant Urbanities and Urbanisms , ed . Vinayak Bharne , Routledge UK , 2012 Irving , Robert Grant ( May 1981 ) . Indian Summer : Lutyens , Baker , and Imperial Delhi . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 02422 - 7 . Nath , Aman ; Mehra , Amit ( 2002 ) . Dome over India : Rashtrapati Bhavan . India Book House . ISBN 978 - 8175083523 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rashtrapati Bhavan . 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7090577706324428228	Harley-Davidson	Harley - Davidson - wikipedia Harley - Davidson Jump to : navigation , search Harley - Davidson , Inc . Type Public Traded as NYSE : HOG S&P 500 Component Founded 1903 ; 115 years ago ( 1903 ) Founder William S. Harley Arthur Davidson Walter Davidson William A. Davidson Headquarters Milwaukee , Wisconsin , U.S. Key people Matthew Levatich ( President and CEO ) Products Motorcycles Production output 241,498 units ( 2017 ) Revenue US $ 5.647 billion ( 2017 ) Operating income US $891 million ( 2017 ) Net income US $522 million ( 2017 ) Total assets US $9.973 billion ( 2017 ) Total equity US $1.844 billion ( 2017 ) Number of employees ~ 5,800 ( December 2017 ) Subsidiaries Harley - Davidson EMEA Harley - Davidson Brazil Harley - Davidson India Harley - Davidson Asia Website www.harley-davidson.com Coordinates : 43 ° 02 ′ 46 '' N 87 ° 57 ′ 36 '' W / 43.0460968 ° N 87.9599862 ° W / 43.0460968 ; - 87.9599862 Harley - Davidson , Inc . ( H-D ) , or Harley , is an American motorcycle manufacturer , founded in Milwaukee , Wisconsin in 1903 . One of two major American motorcycle manufacturers to survive the Great Depression ( along with Indian ) , the company has survived numerous ownership arrangements , subsidiary arrangements ( e.g. , Aermacchi 1974 - 1978 and Buell 1987 - 2009 ) , periods of poor economic health and product quality , as well as intense global competition , to become one of the world 's largest motorcycle manufacturers and an iconic brand widely known for its loyal following . There are owner clubs and events worldwide as well as a company - sponsored brand - focused museum . Noted for a style of customization that gave rise to the chopper motorcycle style , Harley - Davidson traditionally marketed heavyweight , air - cooled cruiser motorcycles with engine displacements greater than 700 cm3 and has broadened its offerings to include its more contemporary VRSC ( 2002 ) and middle - weight Street ( 2015 ) platforms . Harley - Davidson manufactures its motorcycles at factories in York , Pennsylvania ; Milwaukee , Wisconsin ; Kansas City , Missouri ; Manaus , Brazil ; and Bawal , India , and markets its products worldwide . Besides motorcycles , the company licenses and markets merchandise under the Harley - Davidson brand , among them apparel , home decor and ornaments , accessories , toys , and scale figures of its motorcycles , and video games based on its motorcycle line and the community . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Beginning 1.2 World War I 1.3 Bicycles 1.4 1920s 1.5 Great Depression 1.6 World War II 1.7 Small Harleys : Hummers and Aermacchis 1.8 Overseas 1.9 Tarnished reputation 1.10 Restructuring and revival 1.11 Buell Motorcycle Company 1.12 First overseas factory in Brazil 1.13 Claims of stock price manipulation 1.14 Problems with Police Touring models 1.15 2007 strike 1.16 MV Agusta Group 1.17 Operations in India 1.18 Financial crisis 2 Motorcycle engines 2.1 Big V - twins 2.2 Small V - twins 2.3 Revolution engine 2.3. 1 Düsseldorf - Test 2.4 Single - cylinder engines 3 Model families 3.1 Touring 3.2 Softail 3.3 Dyna 3.4 Sportster 3.5 VRSC 3.5. 1 VRXSE 3.6 Street 4 Custom Vehicle Operations 5 Environmental record 6 Brand culture 6.1 Origin of `` Hog '' nickname 6.2 Bobbers 6.3 Harley Owners Group 6.4 Factory tours and museum 6.5 Anniversary celebrations 6.6 Labor Hall of Fame 6.7 Television drama 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) From left : William A. Davidson , Walter Davidson , Sr. , Arthur Davidson and William S. Harley Beginning ( edit ) In 1901 , 20 - year - old William S. Harley drew up plans for a small engine with a displacement of 7.07 cubic inches ( 116 cc3 ) and four - inch ( 102 mm ) flywheels . The engine was designed for use in a regular pedal - bicycle frame . Over the next two years , Harley and his childhood friend Arthur Davidson worked on their motor - bicycle using the northside Milwaukee machine shop at the home of their friend , Henry Melk . It was finished in 1903 with the help of Arthur 's brother , Walter Davidson . Upon testing their power - cycle , Harley and the Davidson brothers found it unable to climb the hills around Milwaukee without pedal assistance . They quickly wrote off their first motor - bicycle as a valuable learning experiment . Work immediately began on a new and improved second - generation machine . This first `` real '' Harley - Davidson motorcycle had a bigger engine of 24.74 cubic inches ( 405 cc3 ) with 9.75 inches ( 25 cm ) flywheels weighing 28 lb ( 13 kg ) . The machine 's advanced loop - frame pattern was similar to the 1903 Milwaukee Merkel motorcycle ( designed by Joseph Merkel , later of Flying Merkel fame ) . The bigger engine and loop - frame design took it out of the motorized bicycle category and marked the path to future motorcycle designs . The boys also received help with their bigger engine from outboard motor pioneer Ole Evinrude , who was then building gas engines of his own design for automotive use on Milwaukee 's Lake Street . Prototype The prototype of the new loop - frame Harley - Davidson was assembled in a 10 ft × 15 ft ( 3.0 m × 4.6 m ) shed in the Davidson family backyard . Most of the major parts , however , were made elsewhere , including some probably fabricated at the West Milwaukee railshops where oldest brother William A. Davidson was then toolroom foreman . This prototype machine was functional by September 8 , 1904 , when it competed in a Milwaukee motorcycle race held at State Fair Park . It was ridden by Edward Hildebrand and placed fourth . This is the first documented appearance of a Harley - Davidson motorcycle in the historical record . In January 1905 , small advertisements were placed in the Automobile and Cycle Trade Journal offering bare Harley - Davidson engines to the do - it - yourself trade . By April , complete motorcycles were in production on a very limited basis . That year , the first Harley - Davidson dealer , Carl H. Lang of Chicago , sold three bikes from the five built in the Davidson backyard shed . Years later the original shed was taken to the Juneau Avenue factory where it would stand for many decades as a tribute to the Motor Company 's humble origins until it was accidentally destroyed by contractors cleaning the factory yard in the early 1970s . In 1906 , Harley and the Davidson brothers built their first factory on Chestnut Street ( later Juneau Avenue ) , at the current location of Harley - Davidson 's corporate headquarters . The first Juneau Avenue plant was a 40 ft × 60 ft ( 12 m × 18 m ) single - story wooden structure . The company produced about 50 motorcycles that year . 1907 model . Harley - Davidson 1,000 cc HT 1916 In 1907 , William S. Harley graduated from the University of Wisconsin -- Madison with a degree in mechanical engineering . That year additional factory expansion came with a second floor and later with facings and additions of Milwaukee pale yellow ( `` cream '' ) brick . With the new facilities production increased to 150 motorcycles in 1907 . The company was officially incorporated that September . They also began selling their motorcycles to police departments around this time , a market that has been important to them ever since . In 1907 William A. Davidson , brother to Arthur and Walter Davidson , quit his job as tool foreman for the Milwaukee Road railroad and joined the Motor Company . Production in 1905 and 1906 were all single - cylinder models with 26.84 cubic inch ( 440 cm3 ) engines . In February 1907 a prototype model with a 45 - degree V - Twin engine was displayed at the Chicago Automobile Show . Although shown and advertised , very few V - Twin models were built between 1907 and 1910 . These first V - Twins displaced 53.68 cubic inches ( 880 cm3 ) and produced about 7 horsepower ( 5.2 kW ) . This gave about double the power of the first singles . Top speed was about 60 mph ( 100 km / h ) . Production jumped from 450 motorcycles in 1908 to 1,149 machines in 1909 . Harley - Davidson works in 1911 By 1911 , some 150 makes of motorcycles had already been built in the United States -- although just a handful would survive the 1910s . In 1911 , an improved V - Twin model was introduced . The new engine had mechanically operated intake valves , as opposed to the `` automatic '' intake valves used on earlier V - Twins that opened by engine vacuum . With a displacement of 49.48 cubic inches ( 811 cm3 ) , the 1911 V - Twin was smaller than earlier twins , but gave better performance . After 1913 the majority of bikes produced by Harley - Davidson would be V - Twin models . In 1912 , Harley - Davidson introduced their patented `` Ful - Floteing Seat '' , which was suspended by a coil spring inside the seat tube . The spring tension could be adjusted to suit the rider 's weight . More than 3 inches ( 76 mm ) of travel was available . Harley - Davidson would use seats of this type until 1958 . By 1913 , the yellow brick factory had been demolished and on the site a new 5 - story structure had been built . Begun in 1910 , the factory with its many additions would take up two blocks along Juneau Avenue and around the corner on 38th Street . Despite the competition , Harley - Davidson was already pulling ahead of Indian and would dominate motorcycle racing after 1914 . Production that year swelled to 16,284 machines . Ralph Hepburn on his Harley racing bike in this 1919 photo . World War I ( edit ) In 1917 , the United States entered World War I and the military demanded motorcycles for the war effort . Harleys had already been used by the military in the Pancho Villa Expedition but World War I was the first time the motorcycle had been adopted for military issue , first with the British Model H , produced by British Triumph Motorcycles Ltd in 1915 . After the U.S. entry into the war , the U.S. military purchased over 20,000 motorcycles from Harley - Davidson . Bicycles ( edit ) Harley - Davidson launched a line of bicycles in 1917 in hopes of recruiting customers for its motorcycles . Besides the traditional diamond frame men 's bicycle , models included a step - through frame 3 - 18 `` Ladies Standard '' and a 5 - 17 `` Boy Scout '' for youth . The effort was discontinued in 1923 because of disappointing sales . The bicycles were built for Harley - Davidson in Dayton , Ohio , by the Davis Machine Company from 1917 to 1921 , when Davis stopped manufacturing bicycles . 1920s ( edit ) Harley - Davidson 1000 cc HT 1923 By 1920 , Harley - Davidson was the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world , with 28,189 machines produced , and dealers in 67 countries . In 1921 , a Harley - Davidson , ridden by Otto Walker , was the first motorcycle ever to win a race at an average speed greater than 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) . During the 1920s , several improvements were put in place , such as a new 74 cubic inch ( 1,212.6 cm3 ) V - Twin , introduced in 1921 , and the `` teardrop '' gas tank in 1925 . A front brake was added in 1928 although notably only on the J / JD models . In the late summer of 1929 , Harley - Davidson introduced its 45 cubic inches ( 737 cm3 ) flathead V - Twin to compete with the Indian 101 Scout and the Excelsior Super X . This was the `` D '' model , produced from 1929 to 1931 . Riders of Indian motorcycles derisively referred to this model as the `` three cylinder Harley '' because the generator was upright and parallel to the front cylinder . Great Depression ( edit ) Harley - Davidson 1,200 cc SV 1931 The Great Depression began a few months after the introduction of their 45 cubic inch ( 737 cm3 ) model . Harley - Davidson 's sales fell from 21,000 in 1929 to 3,703 in 1933 . Despite this , Harley - Davidson unveiled a new lineup for 1934 , which included a flathead engine and Art Deco styling . In order to survive the remainder of the Depression , the company manufactured industrial powerplants based on their motorcycle engines . They also designed and built a three - wheeled delivery vehicle called the Servi - Car , which remained in production until 1973 . Harley - Davidson UL In the mid-1930s , Alfred Rich Child opened a production line in Japan with the 74 - cubic - inch ( 1,210 cm3 ) VL . The Japanese license - holder , Sankyo Seiyaku Corporation , severed its business relations with Harley - Davidson in 1936 and continued manufacturing the VL under the Rikuo name . Harley - Davidson dealer in Texas , ca . 1930 - 1945 An 80 - cubic - inch ( 1,300 cm3 ) flathead engine was added to the line in 1935 , by which time the single - cylinder motorcycles had been discontinued . In 1936 , the 61E and 61EL models with the `` Knucklehead '' OHV engines were introduced . Valvetrain problems in early Knucklehead engines required a redesign halfway through its first year of production and retrofitting of the new valvetrain on earlier engines . By 1937 , all Harley - Davidson flathead engines were equipped with dry - sump oil recirculation systems similar to the one introduced in the `` Knucklehead '' OHV engine . The revised 74 - cubic - inch ( 1,212 cc ) V and VL models were renamed U and UL , the 80 - cubic - inch ( 1,300 cc3 ) VH and VLH to be renamed UH and ULH , and the 45 - cubic - inch ( 740 cc3 ) R to be renamed W . In 1941 , the 74 - cubic - inch ( 1,210 cm3 ) `` Knucklehead '' was introduced as the F and the FL . The 80 - cubic - inch ( 1,300 cc3 ) flathead UH and ULH models were discontinued after 1941 , while the 74 inch ( 1210 cm3 ) U & UL flathead models were produced up to 1948 . World War II ( edit ) Harley copied the BMW R71 to produce its XA model . One of only two American cycle manufacturers to survive the Great Depression , Harley - Davidson again produced large numbers of motorcycles for the US Army in World War II and resumed civilian production afterwards , producing a range of large V - twin motorcycles that were successful both on racetracks and for private buyers . Harley - Davidson , on the eve of World War II , was already supplying the Army with a military - specific version of its 45 cubic inches ( 740 cm3 ) WL line , called the WLA . The A in this case stood for `` Army '' . Upon the outbreak of war , the company , along with most other manufacturing enterprises , shifted to war work . More than 90,000 military motorcycles , mostly WLAs and WLCs ( the Canadian version ) were produced , many to be provided to allies . Harley - Davidson received two Army - Navy ' E ' Awards , one in 1943 and the other in 1945 , which were awarded for Excellence in Production . Harley produced the WLC for the Canadian military . Shipments to the Soviet Union under the Lend - Lease program numbered at least 30,000 . The WLAs produced during all four years of war production generally have 1942 serial numbers . Production of the WLA stopped at the end of World War II , but was resumed from 1950 to 1952 for use in the Korean War . The U.S. Army also asked Harley - Davidson to produce a new motorcycle with many of the features of BMW 's side - valve and shaft - driven R71 . Harley largely copied the BMW engine and drive train and produced the shaft - driven 750 cc 1942 Harley - Davidson XA . This shared no dimensions , no parts and no design concepts ( except side valves ) with any prior Harley - Davidson engine . Due to the superior cooling of the flat - twin engine with the cylinders across the frame , Harley 's XA cylinder heads ran 100 ° F ( 56 ° C ) cooler than its V - twins . The XA never entered full production : the motorcycle by that time had been eclipsed by the Jeep as the Army 's general purpose vehicle , and the WLA -- already in production -- was sufficient for its limited police , escort , and courier roles . Only 1,000 were made and the XA never went into full production . It remains the only shaft - driven Harley - Davidson ever made . Small harleys : Hummers and aermacchis ( edit ) Harley - Davidson Hummer See also : Harley - Davidson Hummer and Harley - Davidson Topper As part of war reparations , Harley - Davidson acquired the design of a small German motorcycle , the DKW RT 125 , which they adapted , manufactured , and sold from 1948 to 1966 . Various models were made , including the Hummer from 1955 to 1959 , but they are all colloquially referred to as `` Hummers '' at present . BSA in the United Kingdom took the same design as the foundation of their BSA Bantam . 1971 Aermacchi Harley - Davidson Turismo Veloce In 1960 , Harley - Davidson consolidated the Model 165 and Hummer lines into the Super-10 , introduced the Topper scooter , and bought fifty percent of Aermacchi 's motorcycle division . Importation of Aermacchi 's 250 cc horizontal single began the following year . The bike bore Harley - Davidson badges and was marketed as the Harley - Davidson Sprint . The engine of the Sprint was increased to 350 cc in 1969 and would remain that size until 1974 , when the four - stroke Sprint was discontinued . After the Pacer and Scat models were discontinued at the end of 1965 , the Bobcat became the last of Harley - Davidson 's American - made two - stroke motorcycles . The Bobcat was manufactured only in the 1966 model year . Harley - Davidson replaced their American - made lightweight two - stroke motorcycles with the Aermacchi - built two - stroke powered M - 65 , M - 65S , and Rapido . The M - 65 had a semi-step - through frame and tank . The M - 65S was a M - 65 with a larger tank that eliminated the step - through feature . The Rapido was a larger bike with a 125 cc engine . The Aermacchi - built Harley - Davidsons became entirely two - stroke powered when the 250 cc two - stroke SS - 250 replaced the four - stroke 350 cc Sprint in 1974 . Harley - Davidson purchased full control of Aermacchi 's motorcycle production in 1974 and continued making two - stroke motorcycles there until 1978 , when they sold the facility to Cagiva , owned by the Castiglioni family . Overseas ( edit ) Established in 1918 , the oldest continuously operating Harley - Davidson dealership outside of the United States is in Australia . Sales in Japan started in 1912 then in 1929 , Harley - Davidsons were produced in Japan under license to the company Rikuo ( Rikuo Internal Combustion Company ) under the name of Harley - Davidson and using the company 's tooling , and later under the name Rikuo . Production continued until 1958 . Tarnished reputation ( edit ) Replica of the `` Captain America bike '' from the film Easy Rider . In 1952 , following their application to the U.S. Tariff Commission for a 40 percent tax on imported motorcycles , Harley - Davidson was charged with restrictive practices . AMF H-D Electra Glide In 1969 , American Machine and Foundry ( AMF ) bought the company , streamlined production , and slashed the workforce . This tactic resulted in a labor strike and lower - quality bikes . The bikes were expensive and inferior in performance , handling , and quality to Japanese motorcycles . Sales and quality declined , and the company almost went bankrupt . The `` Harley - Davidson '' name was mocked as `` Hardly Ableson '' , `` Hardly Driveable , '' and `` Hogly Ferguson '' , and the nickname `` Hog '' became pejorative . In 1977 , following the successful manufacture of the Liberty Edition to commemorate America 's bicentennial in 1976 , Harley - Davidson produced what has become one of its most controversial models , the Harley - Davidson Confederate Edition . The bike was essentially a stock Harley with Confederate - specific paint and details . Restructuring and revival ( edit ) In 1981 , AMF sold the company to a group of 13 investors led by Vaughn Beals and Willie G. Davidson for $80 million . Inventory was strictly controlled using the just - in - time system . In the early eighties , Harley - Davidson claimed that Japanese manufacturers were importing motorcycles into the US in such volume as to harm or threaten to harm domestic producers . After an investigation by the U.S. International Trade Commission , President Reagan in 1983 imposed a 45 percent tariff on imported bikes with engine capacities greater than 700 cc . Harley - Davidson subsequently rejected offers of assistance from Japanese motorcycle makers . However , the company did offer to drop the request for the tariff in exchange for loan guarantees from the Japanese . Rather than trying to match the Japanese , the new management deliberately exploited the `` retro '' appeal of the machines , building motorcycles that deliberately adopted the look and feel of their earlier machines and the subsequent customizations of owners of that era . Many components such as brakes , forks , shocks , carburetors , electrics and wheels were outsourced from foreign manufacturers and quality increased , technical improvements were made , and buyers slowly returned . Harley - Davidson bought the `` Sub Shock '' cantilever - swingarm rear suspension design from Missouri engineer Bill Davis and developed it into its Softail series of motorcycles , introduced in 1984 with the FXST Softail . In response to possible motorcycle market loss due to the aging of baby - boomers , Harley - Davidson bought luxury motorhome manufacturer Holiday Rambler in 1986 . In 1996 , the company sold Holiday Rambler to the Monaco Coach Corporation . The `` Sturgis '' model , boasting a dual belt - drive , was introduced initially in 1980 and was made for three years . This bike was then brought back as a commemorative model in 1991 . By 1990 , with the introduction of the `` Fat Boy '' , Harley once again became the sales leader in the heavyweight ( over 750 cc3 ) market . At the time of the Fat Boy model introduction , a story rapidly spread that its silver paint job and other features were inspired by the B - 29 ; and Fat Boy was a combination of the names of the atomic bombs Fat Man and Little Boy . However , the Urban Legend Reference Pages lists this story as an urban legend . 1993 and 1994 saw the replacement of FXR models with the Dyna ( FXD ) , which became the sole rubber mount FX Big Twin frame in 1994 . The FXR was revived briefly from 1999 to 2000 for special limited editions ( FXR , FXR & FXR ) . Construction started on the $75 million , 130,000 square - foot ( 12,000 m ) Harley - Davidson Museum in the Menomonee Valley on June 1 , 2006 . It opened in 2008 and houses the company 's vast collection of historic motorcycles and corporate archives , along with a restaurant , café and meeting space . Buell motorcycle company ( edit ) Main article : Buell Motorcycle Company Buell Lightning XB9SX Harley - Davidson 's association with sportbike manufacturer Buell Motorcycle Company began in 1987 when they supplied Buell with fifty surplus XR1000 engines . Buell continued to buy engines from Harley - Davidson until 1993 , when Harley - Davidson bought 49 percent of the Buell Motorcycle Company . Harley - Davidson increased its share in Buell to ninety - eight percent in 1998 , and to complete ownership in 2003 . In an attempt to attract newcomers to motorcycling in general and to Harley - Davidson in particular , Buell developed a low - cost , low - maintenance motorcycle . The resulting single - cylinder Buell Blast was introduced in 2000 , and was made through 2009 , which , according to Buell , was to be the final year of production . The Buell Blast was the training vehicle for the Harley - Davidson Rider 's Edge New Rider Course from 2000 until May 2014 , when the company re-branded the training academy and started using the Harley - Davidson Street 500 motorcycles . In those 14 years , more than 350,000 participants in the course learned to ride on the Buell Blast . On October 15 , 2009 , Harley - Davidson Inc. issued an official statement that it would be discontinuing the Buell line and ceasing production immediately . The stated reason was to focus on the Harley - Davidson brand . The company refused to consider selling Buell . Founder Erik Buell subsequently established Erik Buell Racing and continued to manufacture and develop the company 's 1125RR racing motorcycle . First overseas factory in Brazil ( edit ) In 1998 the first Harley - Davidson factory outside the US opened in Manaus , Brazil , taking advantage of the free economic zone there . The location was positioned to sell motorcycles in the southern hemisphere market . Claims of stock price manipulation ( edit ) Harley - Davidson Inc ( NYSE : HOG ) stock price ( source : ZenoBank.com ) During its period of peak demand , during the late 1990s and early first decade of the 21st century , Harley - Davidson embarked on a program of expanding the number of dealerships throughout the country . At the same time , its current dealers typically had waiting lists that extended up to a year for some of the most popular models . Harley - Davidson , like the auto manufacturers , records a sale not when a consumer buys their product , but rather when it is delivered to a dealer . Therefore , it is possible for the manufacturer to inflate sales numbers by requiring dealers to accept more inventory than desired in a practice called channel stuffing . When demand softened following the unique 2003 model year , this news led to a dramatic decline in the stock price . In April 2004 alone , the price of HOG shares dropped from more than $60 to less than $40 . Immediately prior to this decline , retiring CEO Jeffrey Bleustein profited $42 million on the exercise of employee stock options . Harley - Davidson was named as a defendant in numerous class action suits filed by investors who claimed they were intentionally defrauded by Harley - Davidson 's management and directors . By January 2007 , the price of Harley - Davidson shares reached $70 . Problems with police touring models ( edit ) Starting around 2000 , several police departments started reporting problems with high speed instability on the Harley - Davidson Touring motorcycles . A Raleigh , North Carolina police officer , Charles Paul , was killed when his 2002 police touring motorcycle crashed after reportedly experiencing a high speed wobble . The California Highway Patrol conducted testing of the Police Touring motorcycles in 2006 . The CHP test riders reported experiencing wobble or weave instability while operating the motorcycles on the test track . 2007 strike ( edit ) On February 2 , 2007 , upon the expiration of their union contract , about 2,700 employees at Harley - Davidson Inc. 's largest manufacturing plant in York , Pennsylvania went on strike after failing to agree on wages and health benefits . During the pendency of the strike , the company refused to pay for any portion of the striking employees ' health care . The day before the strike , after the union voted against the proposed contract and to authorize the strike , the company shut down all production at the plant . The York facility employs more than 3,200 workers , both union and non-union . Harley - Davidson announced on February 16 , 2007 , that it had reached a labor agreement with union workers at its largest manufacturing plant , a breakthrough in the two - week - old strike . The strike disrupted Harley - Davidson 's national production and was felt in Wisconsin , where 440 employees were laid off , and many Harley suppliers also laid off workers because of the strike . MV Agusta Group ( edit ) On July 11 , 2008 Harley - Davidson announced they had signed a definitive agreement to acquire the MV Agusta Group for $109 M USD ( € 70M ) . MV Agusta Group contains two lines of motorcycles : the high - performance MV Agusta brand and the lightweight Cagiva brand . The acquisition was completed on August 8 . On October 15 , 2009 , Harley - Davidson announced that it would divest its interest in MV Agusta . Harley - Davidson Inc. sold Italian motorcycle maker MV Agusta to Claudio Castiglioni - a member of the family that had purchased Aermacchi from H-D in 1978 - for a reported 3 euros , ending the transaction in the first week of August 2010 . Castiglioni was MV Agusta 's former owner , and had been MV Agusta 's chairman since Harley - Davidson bought it in 2008 . As part of the deal , Harley - Davidson put $26 M into MV Agusta 's accounts , essentially giving Castiglioni $26 M to take the brand . Operations in India ( edit ) Main article : Harley - Davidson India In August 2009 , Harley - Davidson announced plans to enter the market in India , and started selling motorcycles there in 2010 . The company established a subsidiary , Harley - Davidson India , in Gurgaon , near Delhi , in 2011 , and created an Indian dealer network . Financial crisis ( edit ) According to Interbrand , the value of the Harley - Davidson brand fell by 43 percent to $4.34 billion in 2009 . The fall in value is believed to be connected to the 66 percent drop in the company profits in two quarters of the previous year . On April 29 , 2010 , Harley - Davidson stated that they must cut $54 million in manufacturing costs from its production facilities in Wisconsin , and that they would explore alternative U.S. sites to accomplish this . The announcement came in the wake of a massive company - wide restructuring , which began in early 2009 and involved the closing of two factories , one distribution center , and the planned elimination of nearly 25 percent of its total workforce ( around 3,500 employees ) . The company announced on September 14 , 2010 that it would remain in Wisconsin . Motorcycle engines ( edit ) 1,450 cc V - twin Main article : Harley - Davidson engine timeline The classic Harley - Davidson engines are V - twin engines , with a 45 ° angle between the cylinders . The crankshaft has a single pin , and both pistons are connected to this pin through their connecting rods . This 45 ° angle is covered under several United States patents and is an engineering tradeoff that allows a large , high - torque engine in a relatively small space . It causes the cylinders to fire at uneven intervals and produces the choppy `` potato - potato '' sound so strongly linked to the Harley - Davidson brand . To simplify the engine and reduce costs , the V - twin ignition was designed to operate with a single set of points and no distributor . This is known as a dual fire ignition system , causing both spark plugs to fire regardless of which cylinder was on its compression stroke , with the other spark plug firing on its cylinder 's exhaust stroke , effectively `` wasting a spark '' . The exhaust note is basically a throaty growling sound with some popping . The 45 ° design of the engine thus creates a plug firing sequencing as such : The first cylinder fires , the second ( rear ) cylinder fires 315 ° later , then there is a 405 ° gap until the first cylinder fires again , giving the engine its unique sound . Harley - Davidson has used various ignition systems throughout its history -- be it the early points and condenser system , ( Big Twin up to 1978 and Sportsters up to 1978 ) , magneto ignition system used on some 1958 to 1969 Sportsters , early electronic with centrifugal mechanical advance weights , ( all models 1978 and a half to 1979 ) , or the late electronic with transistorized ignition control module , more familiarly known as the black box or the brain , ( all models 1980 to present ) . Starting in 1995 , the company introduced Electronic Fuel Injection ( EFI ) as an option for the 30th anniversary edition Electra Glide . EFI became standard on all Harley - Davidson motorcycles , including Sportsters , upon the introduction of the 2007 product line . In 1991 , Harley - Davidson began to participate in the Sound Quality Working Group , founded by Orfield Labs , Bruel and Kjaer , TEAC , Yamaha , Sennheiser , SMS and Cortex . This was the nation 's first group to share research on psychological acoustics . Later that year , Harley - Davidson participated in a series of sound quality studies at Orfield Labs , based on recordings taken at the Talladega Superspeedway , with the objective to lower the sound level for EU standards while analytically capturing the `` Harley Sound '' . This research resulted in the bikes that were introduced in compliance with EU standards for 1998 . On February 1 , 1994 , the company filed a sound trademark application for the distinctive sound of the Harley - Davidson motorcycle engine : `` The mark consists of the exhaust sound of applicant 's motorcycles , produced by V - twin , common crankpin motorcycle engines when the goods are in use '' . Nine of Harley - Davidson 's competitors filed comments opposing the application , arguing that cruiser - style motorcycles of various brands use a single - crankpin V - twin engine which produce a similar sound . These objections were followed by litigation . In June 2000 , the company dropped efforts to federally register its trademark . Big V - twins ( edit ) F - head , also known as JD , pocket valve and IOE ( intake over exhaust ) , 1914 -- 1929 ( 1,000 cm3 ) , and 1922 -- 1929 ( 1,200 cm3 ) Flathead , 1930 -- 1949 ( 1,200 cm3 ) and 1935 -- 1941 ( 1,300 cm3 ) . Knucklehead , 1936 -- 1947 61 cubic inch ( 1,000 cm3 ) , and 1941 -- 1947 74 cubic inch ( 1,200 cm3 ) Panhead , 1948 -- 1965 61 cubic inch ( 1,000 cm3 ) , and 1948 -- 1965 , 74 cubic inch ( 1,200 cm3 ) Shovelhead , 1966 -- 1984 , 74 cubic inch ( 1,200 cm3 ) and 80 cubic inch ( 1,338 cm3 ) since late 1978 Evolution ( a.k.a. `` Evo '' and `` Blockhead '' ) , 1984 -- 1999 , 80 cubic inch ( 1,340 cm3 ) Twin Cam ( a.k.a. `` Fathead '' as named by American Iron Magazine ) 1999 -- present , in the following versions : Twin Cam 88 , 1999 -- 2006 , 88 cubic inch ( 1,450 cm3 ) Twin Cam 88B , counterbalanced version of the Twin Cam 88 , 2000 -- 2006 , 88 cubic inch ( 1,450 cm3 ) Twin Cam 95 , since 2000 , 95 cubic inch ( 1,550 cm3 ) ( engines for early C.V.O. models ) Twin Cam 96 , since 2007 . As of 2012 , only the Street Bob and Super Glide Custom Models still use the 96.96 cubic inch ( 1,584 cm3 ) Twin Cam 103 , 2003 -- 2006 , 2009 , 103 cubic inch ( 1,690 cm3 ) ( engines for C.V.O. models ) , Standard on 2011 Touring models : Ultra Limited , Road King Classic and Road Glide Ultra and optional on the Road Glide Custom and Street Glide . Standard on most 2012 models excluding Sportsters and 2 Dynas ( Street Bob and Super Glide Custom ) . Standard on all 2014 dyna models . Twin Cam 110 , since 2007 , 110 cubic inch ( 1,800 cm3 ) ( engines for C.V.O. models , 2016 Soft Tail Slim S ; FatBoy S , Low Rider S , and Pro-Street Breakout ) Milwaukee - Eight Twin - cooled 107 cu in ( 1,746 cc ) : Standard on touring and trike model year 2017 + . Twin - cooled 114 cu in ( 1,868 cc ) : Optional on touring and trike model year 2017 + , standard on 2017 CVO models . Twin - cooled 117 cu in ( 1,923 cc ) : Standard on 2018 CVO models Small V - twins ( edit ) Evolution Sportster D Model , 1929 -- 1931 , 750 cc R Model , 1932 -- 1936 , 750 cc W Model , 1937 -- 1952 , 750 cc , solo ( 2 wheel , frame only ) G ( Servi - Car ) Model , 1932 -- 1973 , 750 cc K Model , 1952 -- 1953 , 750 cc KH Model , 1954 -- 1956 , 900 cc Ironhead , 1957 -- 1971 , 883 cc ; 1972 -- 1985 , 1,000 cc Evolution , since 1986 , 883 cc , 1,100 cc and 1,200 cc Revolution engine ( edit ) Revolution engine in V - Rod The Revolution engine is based on the VR - 1000 Superbike race program , co-developed by Harley - Davidson 's Powertrain Engineering team and Porsche Engineering in Stuttgart , Germany . It is a liquid cooled , dual overhead cam , internally counterbalanced 60 degree V - twin engine with a displacement of 69 cubic inch ( 1,130 cm3 ) , producing 115 hp ( 86 kW ) at 8,250 rpm at the crank , with a redline of 9,000 rpm . It was introduced for the new VRSC ( V - Rod ) line in 2001 for the 2002 model year , starting with the single VRSCA ( V - Twin Racing Street Custom ) model . The Revolution marks Harley 's first collaboration with Porsche since the V4 Nova project , which , like the V - Rod , was a radical departure from Harley 's traditional lineup until it was cancelled by AMF in 1981 in favor of the Evolution engine . A 1,250 cc Screamin ' Eagle version of the Revolution engine was made available for 2005 and 2006 , and was present thereafter in a single production model from 2005 to 2007 . In 2008 , the 1,250 cc Revolution Engine became standard for the entire VRSC line . Harley - Davidson claims 123 hp ( 92 kW ) at the crank for the 2008 VRSCAW model . The VRXSE Destroyer is equipped with a stroker ( 75 mm crank ) Screamin ' Eagle 79 cubic inch ( 1,300 cm3 ) Revolution Engine , producing more than 165 hp ( 123 kW ) . 750 cc and 500 cc versions of the Revolution engine are used in Harley - Davidson 's Street line of light cruisers . These motors , named the Revolution X , use a single overhead cam , screw and locknut valve adjustment , a single internal counterbalancer , and vertically split crankcases ; all of these changes making it different from the original Revolution design . Düsseldorf - test ( edit ) An extreme endurance test of the Revolution engine was performed in a dynometer installation , simulating the German Autobahn ( highways without general speed limit ) between the Porsche research and development center in Weissach , near Stuttgart to Düsseldorf . Uncounted samples of engines failed , until an engine successfully passed the 500 hour nonstop run . This was the benchmark for the engineers to approve the start of production for the Revolution engine , which was documented in the Discovery channel special Harley - Davidson : Birth of the V - Rod , October 14 , 2001 . Single - cylinder engines ( edit ) 1928 Harley - Davidson single - cylinder motorcycle IOE singles The first Harley - Davidson motorcycles were powered by single - cylinder IOE engines with the inlet valve operated by engine vacuum , based on the DeDion - Bouton pattern . Singles of this type continued to be made until 1913 , when a pushrod and rocker system was used to operate the overhead inlet valve on the single , a similar system having been used on their V - twins since 1911 . Single - cylinder motorcycle engines were discontinued in 1918 . Flathead and OHV singles Single - cylinder engines were reintroduced in 1925 as 1926 models . These singles were available either as flathead engines or as overhead valve engines until 1930 , after which they were only available as flatheads . The flathead single - cylinder motorcycles were designated Model A for engines with magneto systems only and Model B for engines with battery and coil systems , while overhead valve versions were designated Model AA and Model BA respectively , and a magneto - only racing version was designated Model S . This line of single - cylinder motorcycles ended production in 1934 . Two - stroke singles See also : Harley - Davidson Hummer Model families ( edit ) Modern Harley - branded motorcycles fall into one of six model families : Touring , Softail , Dyna , Sportster , Vrod and Street . These model families are distinguished by the frame , engine , suspension , and other characteristics . Touring ( edit ) See also : Harley - Davidson FL Hamburg Police Electra Glide Touring models use Big - Twin engines and large - diameter telescopic forks . All Touring designations begin with the letters FL , e.g. , FLHR ( Road King ) and FLTR ( Road Glide ) . The touring family , also known as `` dressers '' or `` baggers '' , includes Road King , Road Glide , Street Glide and Electra Glide models offered in various trims . The Road Kings have a `` retro cruiser '' appearance and are equipped with a large clear windshield . Road Kings are reminiscent of big - twin models from the 1940s and 1950s . Electra Glides can be identified by their full front fairings . Most Electra Glides sport a fork - mounted fairing referred to as the `` Batwing '' due to its unmistakable shape . The Road Glide and Road Glide Ultra Classic have a frame - mounted fairing , referred to as the `` Sharknose '' . The Sharknose includes a unique , dual front headlight . Touring models are distinguishable by their large saddlebags , rear coil - over air suspension and are the only models to offer full fairings with radios and CBs . All touring models use the same frame , first introduced with a Shovelhead motor in 1980 , and carried forward with only modest upgrades until 2009 , when it was extensively redesigned . The frame is distinguished by the location of the steering head in front of the forks and was the first H-D frame to rubber mount the drivetrain to isolate the rider from the vibration of the big V - twin . Electra Glide `` Ultra Classic '' The frame was modified for the 1994 model year when the oil tank went under the transmission and the battery was moved inboard from under the right saddlebag to under the seat . In 1997 , the frame was again modified to allow for a larger battery under the seat and to lower seat height . In 2007 , Harley - Davidson introduced the 96 cubic inches ( 1,570 cubic centimetres ) Twin Cam 96 engine , as well the six - speed transmission to give the rider better speeds on the highway . In 2006 , Harley introduced the FLHX Street Glide , a bike designed by Willie G. Davidson to be his personal ride , to its touring line . In 2008 , Harley added anti-lock braking systems and cruise control as a factory installed option on all touring models ( standard on CVO and Anniversary models ) . Also new for 2008 is the 6 - US - gallon ( 23 l ; 5.0 imp gal ) fuel tank for all touring models . 2008 also brought throttle - by - wire to all touring models . For the 2009 model year , Harley - Davidson redesigned the entire touring range with several changes , including a new frame , new swingarm , a completely revised engine - mounting system , 17 - inch ( 430 mm ) front wheels for all but the FLHRC Road King Classic , and a 2 -- 1 -- 2 exhaust . The changes result in greater load carrying capacity , better handling , a smoother engine , longer range and less exhaust heat transmitted to the rider and passenger . Also released for the 2009 model year is the FLHTCUTG Tri-Glide Ultra Classic , the first three - wheeled Harley since the Servi - Car was discontinued in 1973 . The model features a unique frame and a 103 - cubic - inch ( 1,690 cm3 ) engine exclusive to the trike . In 2014 , Harley - Davidson released a redesign for specific touring bikes and called it `` Project Rushmore '' . Changes include a new 103CI High Output engine , one handed easy open saddlebags and compartments , a new Boom ! Box Infotainment system with either 4.3 inch ( 10 cm ) or 6.5 inch ( 16.5 cm ) screens featuring touchscreen functionality ( 6.5 inch ( 16.5 cm ) models only ) , Bluetooth ( media and phone with approved compatible devices ) , available GPS and SiriusXM , Text - to - Speech functionality ( with approved compatible devices ) and USB connectivity with charging . Other features include ABS with Reflex linked brakes , improved styling , Halogen or LED lighting and upgraded passenger comfort . Softail ( edit ) Main article : Softail 2002 FXST Softail Standard 2002 Softail Heritage Classic These big - twin motorcycles capitalize on Harley 's strong value on tradition . With the rear - wheel suspension hidden under the transmission , they are visually similar to the `` hardtail '' choppers popular in the 1960s and 1970s , as well as from their own earlier history . In keeping with that tradition , Harley offers Softail models with `` Heritage '' styling that incorporate design cues from throughout their history and used to offer `` Springer '' front ends on these Softail models from the factory . Designation Softail models utilize the big - twin engine ( F ) and the Softail chassis ( ST ) . Softail models that use 21 inch ( 530 mm ) Front Wheels have designations that begin with FX , e.g. , FXSTB ( Night Train ) , FXSTD ( Deuce ) , and FXSTS ( Springer ) . Softail models that use 16 inch ( 410 mm ) Front Wheels have designations beginning with FL , e.g. , FLSTF ( Fat Boy ) , FLSTC ( Heritage Softail Classic ) , FLSTN ( Softail Deluxe ) and FLS ( Softail Slim ) . Softail models that use Springer forks with a 21 - inch ( 530 mm ) wheel have designations that begin with FXSTS , e.g. , FXSTS ( Springer Softail ) and FXSTSB ( Bad Boy ) . Softail models that use Springer forks with a 16 - inch ( 410 mm ) wheel have designations that begin with FLSTS , e.g. , FLSTSC ( Springer Classic ) and FLSTSB ( Cross Bones ) . Dyna ( edit ) Main article : Harley - Davidson Super Glide 2005 Dyna Super Glide Custom . Dyna - frame motorcycles were developed in the 1980s and early 1990s and debuted in the 1991 model year with the FXDB Sturgis offered in limited edition quantities . In 1992 the line continued with the limited edition FXDB Daytona and a production model FXD Super Glide . The new DYNA frame featured big - twin engines and traditional styling . They can be distinguished from the Softail by the traditional coil - over suspension that connects the swingarm to the frame , and from the Sportster by their larger engines . On these models , the transmission also houses the engine 's oil reservoir . Prior to 2006 , Dyna models typically featured a narrow , XL - style 39mm front fork and front wheel , as well as footpegs which the manufacturer included the letter `` X '' in the model designation to indicate . This lineup traditionally included the Super Glide ( FXD ) , Super Glide Custom ( FXDC ) , Street Bob ( FXDB ) , and Low Rider ( FXDL ) . One exception was the Wide Glide ( FXDWG ) , which featured thicker 41mm forks and a narrow front wheel , but positioned the forks on wider triple - trees that give a beefier appearance . In 2008 , the Dyna Fat Bob ( FXDF ) was introduced to the Dyna lineup , featuring aggressive styling like a new 2 -- 1 -- 2 exhaust , twin headlamps , a 180 mm rear tire , and , for the first time in the Dyna lineup , a 130 mm front tire . For the 2012 model year , the Dyna Switchback ( FLD ) became the first Dyna to break the tradition of having an FX model designation with floorboards , detachable painted hard saddlebags , touring windshield , headlight nacelle and a wide front tire with full fender . The new front end resembled the big - twin FL models from 1968 - 1971 . The Dyna family used the 88 - cubic - inch ( 1,440 cm3 ) twin cam from 1999 to 2006 . In 2007 , the displacement was increased to 96 cubic inches ( 1,570 cm3 ) as the factory increased the stroke to 4.375 inches ( 111.1 mm ) . For the 2012 model year , the manufacturer began to offer Dyna models with the 103 - cubic - inch ( 1,690 cm3 ) upgrade . All Dyna models use a rubber - mounted engine to isolate engine vibration . Harley discontinued the Dyna platform in 2017 for the 2018 model year , having been replaced by a completely - redesigned Softail chassis ; some of the existing models previously released by the company under the Dyna nameplate have since been carried over to the new Softail line . Designation Dyna models utilize the big - twin engine ( F ) , footpegs noted as ( X ) with the exception of the 2012 FLD Switchback , a Dyna model which used floorboards as featured on the Touring ( L ) models , and the Dyna chassis ( D ) . Therefore , except for the FLD from 2012 to 2016 , all Dyna models have designations that begin with FXD , e.g. , FXDWG ( Dyna Wide Glide ) and FXDL ( Dyna Low Rider ) . Sportster ( edit ) Main article : Harley - Davidson Sportster 2002 Sportster 883 Custom 2003 Harley - Davidson XL1200 Custom Anniversary Edition Introduced in 1957 , the Sportster family were conceived as racing motorcycles , and were popular on dirt and flat - track race courses through the 1960s and 1970s . Smaller and lighter than the other Harley models , contemporary Sportsters make use of 883 cc or 1,200 cc Evolution engines and , though often modified , remain similar in appearance to their racing ancestors . Up until the 2003 model year , the engine on the Sportster was rigidly mounted to the frame . The 2004 Sportster received a new frame accommodating a rubber - mounted engine . This made the bike heavier and reduced the available lean angle , while it reduced the amount of vibration transmitted to the frame and the rider , providing a smoother ride for rider and passenger . In the 2007 model year , Harley - Davidson celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Sportster and produced a limited edition called the XL50 , of which only 2000 were made for sale worldwide . Each motorcycle was individually numbered and came in one of two colors , Mirage Pearl Orange or Vivid Black . Also in 2007 , electronic fuel injection was introduced to the Sportster family , and the Nightster model was introduced in mid-year . In 2009 , Harley - Davidson added the Iron 883 to the Sportster line , as part of the Dark Custom series . In the 2008 model year , Harley - Davidson released the XR1200 Sportster in Europe , Africa , and the Middle East . The XR1200 had an Evolution engine tuned to produce 91 bhp ( 68 kW ) , four - piston dual front disc brakes , and an aluminum swing arm . Motorcyclist featured the XR1200 on the cover of its July 2008 issue and was generally positive about it in their `` First Ride '' story , in which Harley - Davidson was repeatedly asked to sell it in the United States . One possible reason for the delayed availability in the United States was the fact that Harley - Davidson had to obtain the `` XR1200 '' naming rights from Storz Performance , a Harley customizing shop in Ventura , Calif . The XR1200 was released in the United States in 2009 in a special color scheme including Mirage Orange highlighting its dirt - tracker heritage . The first 750 XR1200 models in 2009 were pre-ordered and came with a number 1 tag for the front of the bike , autographed by Kenny Coolbeth and Scott Parker and a thank you / welcome letter from the company , signed by Bill Davidson . The XR1200 was discontinued in model year 2013 . Designation Except for the street - going XR1000 of the 1980s and the XR1200 , most Sportsters made for street use have the prefix XL in their model designation . For the Sportster Evolution engines used since the mid-1980s , there have been two engine sizes . Motorcycles with the smaller engine are designated XL883 , while those with the larger engine were initially designated XL1100 . When the size of the larger engine was increased from 1,100 cc to 1,200 cc , the designation was changed accordingly from XL1100 to XL1200 . Subsequent letters in the designation refer to model variations within the Sportster range , e.g. the XL883C refers to an 883 cc Sportster Custom , while the XL1200S designates the now - discontinued 1200 Sportster Sport . VRSC ( edit ) Main article : Harley - Davidson VRSC 2003 VRSCA V - Rod Introduced in 2001 and produced until 2017 , the VRSC muscle bike family bears little resemblance to Harley 's more traditional lineup . Competing against Japanese and American muscle bikes in the upcoming muscle bike / power cruiser segment , the `` V - Rod '' makes use of an engine developed jointly with Porsche that , for the first time in Harley history , incorporates overhead cams and liquid cooling . The V - Rod is visually distinctive , easily identified by the 60 - degree V - Twin engine , the radiator and the hydroformed frame members that support the round - topped air cleaner cover . The VRSC platform was also used for factory drag - racing motorcycles . In 2008 , Harley added the anti-lock braking system as a factory installed option on all VRSC models . Harley also increased the displacement of the stock engine from 1,130 to 1,250 cc ( 69 to 76 cu in ) , which had only previously been available from Screamin ' Eagle , and added a slipper clutch as standard equipment . 2006 VRSCD Night Rod VRSC models include : VRSCA : V - Rod ( 2002 -- 2006 ) , VRSCAW : V - Rod ( 2007 -- 2010 ) , VRSCB : V - Rod ( 2004 -- 2005 ) , VRSCD : Night Rod ( 2006 -- 2008 ) , VRSCDX : Night Rod Special ( 2007 -- 2014 ) , VRSCSE : Screamin ' Eagle CVO V - Rod ( 2005 ) , VRSCSE2 : Screamin ' Eagle CVO V - Rod ( 2006 ) , VRSCR : Street Rod ( 2006 -- 2007 ) , VRSCX : Screamin ' Eagle Tribute V - Rod ( 2007 ) , VRSCF : V - Rod Muscle ( 2009 -- 2014 ) . Designation VRSC models utilize the Revolution engine ( VR ) , and the street versions are designated Street Custom ( SC ) . After the VRSC prefix common to all street Revolution bikes , the next letter denotes the model , either A ( base V - Rod : discontinued ) , AW ( base V - Rod + W for Wide with a 240 mm rear tire ) , B ( discontinued ) , D ( Night Rod : discontinued ) , R ( Street Rod : discontinued ) , SE and SEII ( CVO Special Edition ) , or X ( Special edition ) . Further differentiation within models are made with an additional letter , e.g. , VRSCDX denotes the Night Rod Special . VRXSE ( edit ) The VRXSE V - Rod Destroyer is Harley - Davidson 's production drag racing motorcycle , constructed to run the quarter mile in less than ten seconds . It is based on the same revolution engine that powers the VRSC line , but the VRXSE uses the Screamin ' Eagle 1,300 cc `` stroked '' incarnation , featuring a 75 mm crankshaft , 105 mm Pistons , and 58 mm throttle bodies . The V - Rod Destroyer is not a street legal motorcycle . As such , it uses `` X '' instead of `` SC '' to denote a non-street bike . `` SE '' denotes a CVO Special Edition . Street ( edit ) Main article : Harley - Davidson Street The Street , Harley - Davidson 's newest platform and their first all new platform in thirteen years , was designed to appeal to younger riders looking for a lighter bike at a cheaper price . The Street 750 model was launched in India at the 2014 Indian Auto Expo , Delhi - NCR on February 5 , 2014 . The Street 750 weighs 218 kg and has a ground clearance of 144 mm giving it the lowest weight and the highest ground clearance of Harley - Davidson motorcycles currently available . The Street 750 uses an all - new , liquid - cooled , 60 ° V - twin engine called the Revolution X . In the Street 750 , the engine displaces 749 cc ( 45.7 cu in ) and produces 65 Nm at 4,000 rpm . A six speed transmission is used . The Street 750 and the smaller - displacement Street 500 has been available since late 2014 . Street series motorcycles for the North American market will be built in Harley - Davidson 's Kansas City , Missouri plant , while those for other markets around the world will be built completely in their plant in Bawal , India . Custom vehicle Operations ( edit ) Main article : Harley - Davidson CVO Custom Vehicle Operations ( CVO ) is a team within Harley - Davidson that produces limited - edition customizations of Harley 's stock models . Every year since 1999 , the team has selected two to five of the company 's base models and added higher - displacement engines , performance upgrades , special - edition paint jobs , more chromed or accented components , audio system upgrades , and electronic accessories to create high - dollar , premium - quality customizations for the factory custom market . The models most commonly upgraded in such a fashion are the Ultra Classic Electra Glide , which has been selected for CVO treatment every year from 2006 to the present , and the Road King , which was selected in 2002 , 2003 , 2007 , and 2008 . The Dyna , Softail , and VRSC families have also been selected for CVO customization . Environmental record ( edit ) The Environmental Protection Agency conducted emissions - certification and representative emissions test in Ann Arbor , Michigan , in 2005 . Subsequently , Harley - Davidson produced an `` environmental warranty '' . The warranty ensures each owner that the vehicle is designed and built free of any defects in materials and workmanship that would cause the vehicle to not meet EPA standards . In 2005 , the EPA and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection ( PADEP ) confirmed Harley - Davidson to be the first corporation to voluntarily enroll in the One Clean - Up Program . This program is designed for the clean - up of the affected soil and groundwater at the former York Naval Ordnance Plant . The program is backed by the state and local government along with participating organizations and corporations . Paul Gotthold , Director of Operations for the EPA , congratulated the motor company : Harley - Davidson has taken their environmental responsibilities very seriously and has already made substantial progress in the investigation and cleanup of past contamination . Proof of Harley 's efforts can be found in the recent EPA determination that designates the Harley property as ' under control ' for cleanup purposes . This determination means that there are no serious contamination problems at the facility . Under the new One Cleanup Program , Harley , EPA , and PADEP will expedite the completion of the property investigation and reach a final solution that will permanently protect human health and the environment . Harley - Davidson also purchased most of Castalloy , a South Australian producer of cast motorcycle wheels and hubs . The South Australian government has set forth `` protection to the purchaser ( Harley - Davidson ) against environmental risks '' . In August 2016 Harley - Davidson settled with the EPA for $12 million , without admitting wrongdoing , over the sale of after - market `` super tuners '' . Super tuners were devices , marketed for competition , which enabled increased performance of Harley - Davidson products . However , the devices also modified the emission control systems , producing increased hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxide . Harley - Davidson is required to buy back and destroy any super tuners which do not meet Clean Air Act requirements and spend $3 million on air pollution mitigation . Brand culture ( edit ) Harley - Davidson Cafe theme restaurant located on the Las Vegas Strip According to a recent Harley - Davidson study , in 1987 half of all Harley riders were under age 35 . Now , only 15 percent of Harley buyers are under 35 , and as of 2005 , the median age had risen to 46.7 . In 1987 , the median household income of a Harley - Davidson rider was $38,000 . By 1997 , the median household income for those riders had more than doubled , to $83,000 . Many Harley - Davidson Clubs exist nowadays around the world , the oldest one , founded in 1928 , is in Prague . Harley - Davidson attracts a loyal brand community , with licensing of the Harley - Davidson logo accounting for almost 5 percent of the company 's net revenue ( $41 million in 2004 ) . Harley - Davidson supplies many American police forces with their motorcycle fleets . From its founding , Harley - Davidson had worked to brand its motorcycles as respectable and refined products , with ads that showed what motorcycling writer Fred Rau called `` refined - looking ladies with parasols , and men in conservative suits as the target market '' . The 1906 Harley - Davidson 's effective , and polite , muffler was emphasized in advertisements with the nickname `` The Silent Gray Fellow '' . That began to shift in the 1960s , partially in response to the clean - cut motorcyclist portrayed in Honda 's `` You meet the nicest people on a Honda '' campaign , when Harley - Davidson sought to draw a contrast with Honda by underscoring the more working - class , macho , and even a little anti-social attitude associated with motorcycling 's dark side . With the 1971 FX Super Glide , the company embraced , rather than distanced , itself from chopper style , and the counterculture custom Harley scene . Their marketing cultivated the `` bad boy '' image of biker and motorcycle clubs , and to a point , even outlaw or one - percenter motorcycle clubs . Origin of `` hog '' nickname ( edit ) Beginning in 1920 , a team of farm boys , including Ray Weishaar , who became known as the `` hog boys '' , consistently won races . The group had a live hog as their mascot . Following a win , they would put the hog on their Harley and take a victory lap . In 1983 , the Motor Company formed a club for owners of its product taking advantage of the long - standing nickname by turning `` hog '' into the acronym HOG. , for Harley Owners Group . Harley - Davidson attempted to trademark `` hog '' , but lost a case against an independent Harley - Davidson specialist , The Hog Farm of West Seneca , New York , in 1999 when the appellate panel ruled that `` hog '' had become a generic term for large motorcycles and was therefore unprotectable as a trademark . On August 15 , 2006 , Harley - Davidson Inc. had its NYSE ticker symbol changed from HDI to HOG . Bobbers ( edit ) Harley - Davidson FL `` big twins '' normally had heavy steel fenders , chrome trim , and other ornate and heavy accessories . After World War II , riders wanting more speed would often shorten the fenders or take them off completely to reduce the weight of the motorcycle . These bikes were called `` bobbers '' or sometimes `` choppers '' because parts considered unnecessary were chopped off . Those who made or rode choppers and bobbers , especially members of outlaw bike gangs like the Hells Angels , referred to stock FLs as `` garbage wagons '' . Harley Owners Group ( edit ) Main article : Harley Owners Group Harley - Davidson established the Harley Owners Group ( HOG ) in 1983 to build on the loyalty of Harley - Davidson enthusiasts as a means to promote a lifestyle alongside its products . The HOG also opened new revenue streams for the company , with the production of tie - in merchandise offered to club members , numbering more than one million . Other motorcycle brands , and other and consumer brands outside motorcycling , have also tried to create factory - sponsored community marketing clubs of their own . HOG members typically spend 30 percent more than other Harley owners , on such items as clothing and Harley - Davidson - sponsored events . In 1991 , HOG went international , with the first official European HOG Rally in Cheltenham , England . Today , more than one million members and more than 1400 chapters worldwide make HOG the largest factory - sponsored motorcycle organization in the world . HOG benefits include organized group rides , exclusive products and product discounts , insurance discounts , and the Hog Tales newsletter . A one - year full membership is included with the purchase of a new , unregistered Harley - Davidson . In 2008 , HOG celebrated its 25th anniversary in conjunction with the Harley 105th in Milwaukee , Wisconsin . 3rd Southern HOG Rally set to bring together largest gathering of Harley - Davidson owners in South India . More than 600 Harley - Davidson Owners expected to ride to Hyderabad from across 13 HOG Chapters Factory tours and Museum ( edit ) Harley - Davidson Museum in Milwaukee Harley - Davidson offers factory tours at four of its manufacturing sites , and the Harley - Davidson Museum , which opened in 2008 , exhibits Harley - Davidson 's history , culture , and vehicles , including the motor company 's corporate archives . York , Pennsylvania -- Vehicle Operations : Manufacturing site for Touring class , Softail , and custom vehicles . Tomahawk , Wisconsin -- Tomahawk Operations : Facility that makes sidecars , saddlebags , windshields , and more . Kansas City , Missouri -- Vehicle and Powertrain Operations : Manufacturing site of Sportster , VRSC , and other vehicles . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin -- Pilgrim Road Powertrain Operations plant , two types of tours . Milwaukee , Wisconsin -- Harley - Davidson Museum : Archive ; exhibits of people , products , culture and history ; restaurant & café ; and museum store . Due to the consolidation of operations , the Capitol Drive Tour Center in Wauwatosa , Wisconsin was closed in 2009 . Anniversary celebrations ( edit ) Clockwise from top left : William S. Harley , William A. Davidson , Walter Davidson , Sr. , Arthur Davidson Beginning with Harley - Davidson 's 90th anniversary in 1993 , Harley - Davidson has had celebratory rides to Milwaukee called the `` Ride Home '' . This new tradition has continued every five years , and is referred to unofficially as `` Harleyfest '' , in line with Milwaukee 's other festivals ( Summerfest , German fest , Festa Italiana , etc . ) . This event brings Harley riders from all around the world . The 105th anniversary celebration was held on August 28 -- 31 , 2008 , and included events in Milwaukee , Waukesha , Racine , and Kenosha counties , in Southeast Wisconsin . The 110th anniversary celebration was held on August 29 -- 31 , 2013 . Labor Hall of Fame ( edit ) William S. Harley , Arthur Davidson , William A. Davidson and Walter Davidson , Sr. were inducted into the Labor Hall of Fame for their accomplishments for the H-D company and its workforce . Television drama ( edit ) The company 's origins were dramatized in a 2016 miniseries entitled Harley and the Davidsons , starring Robert Aramayo as William Harley , Bug Hall as Arthur Davidson and Michiel Huisman as Walter Davidson , and premiered on the Discovery Channel as a `` three - night event series '' on September 5 , 2016 . See also ( edit ) Companies portal United States portal List of Harley - Davidson motorcycles Category : Harley - Davidson engines Harley - Davidson ( Bally pinball ) Harley - Davidson ( Sega / Stern pinball ) Harley - Davidson & L.A. Riders Harley - Davidson : Race Across America References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Harley - Davidson , Inc. 2017 Annual Report ( Form 10 - K ) '' . sec.gov . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission . February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Automotive -- RSS Feed Archived November 17 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Popularmechanics.com . Retrieved on July 7 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Machine Foundry -- Journey Into History -- Hot Bike Magazine '' . www.hotbikeweb.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Gregory J. `` United States Patent Application : 0060260569 '' . appft1.uspto.gov . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2015 . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Wagner , Herbert ( 1999 ) , Classic Harley - Davidson , 1903 - 1941 , MotorBooks International , p. 13 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0557 - 7 Jump up ^ Herbert Wagner , 2003 . At the Creation : Myth , Reality , and the Origin of the Harley - Davidson Motorcycle , 1901 -- 1909 ( Madison : Wisconsin Historical Society Press ) , pp. 22 -- 28 , 42 -- 44 . ^ Jump up to : Wagner , 2003 . pp. 45 -- 62 . Jump up ^ `` King celebrating 95 impressive years '' . Kokomo Tribune -- via Newspapers.com ( subscription required ) . June 3 , 1998 . p. 19 . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Harley - Davidson History Timeline '' . Harley - Davidson Motorcycle Company . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagner , 2003 . pp. 68 -- 81 , 118 . Jump up ^ Wagner , 2003 . pp. 124 -- 25 . Jump up ^ Gingerelli , Dain ( 2010 ) . `` 1912 Model X -- 8 -- A '' . Harley - Davidson Museum Masterpieces . Minneapolis , MN US : Motorbooks . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3894 - 0 . LCCN 2010014130 . Jump up ^ Plueddeman , Charles ( July 1998 ) . Edwards , David , ed . `` Soul Survivor '' . Cycle World . Newport Beach , CA US : Hachette Filipacchi Magazines . 37 ( 7 ) : 73 . ISSN 0011 - 4286 . Jump up ^ Gingerelli , Dain ; Michels , James Manning ; Everitt , Charles ( 2010 ) . 365 Motorcycles You Must Ride . Minneapolis , MN , US : MBI Publishing . p. 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3474 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` The National World War One Museum -- Recent Acquisitions -- Model J 1917 Harley - Davidson Army Motorcycle '' . The National World War One Museum . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2008 . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sterling , Christopher H. ( 2007 ) . `` V : Vehicles and Transport '' . Military Communications : From Ancient Times to the 21st Century . ABC - CLIO . p. 493 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85109 - 732 - 6 . Jump up ^ Jowett , Philip S. ; De Quesada , A.M. ; Walsh , Stephen ( 2006 ) . The Mexican Revolution , 1910 -- 20 . Osprey Publishing . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 989 - 9 . Jump up ^ shannen. bradley ( September 12 , 2015 ) . `` History of the Motorcycle '' . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2016 . Retrieved August 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zuberi , Tukufu ( 2006 ) . `` History Detectives -- Episode 9 , 2006 : Harley - Davidson Motorcycle , Flemington , New Jersey '' . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Harley - Davidson Museum , Milwaukee , Wisconsin , various artifacts , ephemera , and placards on lay . One placard states `` Harley - Davidson began as a motorcycle manufacturer unlike competitors such as Indian and Pope , which has previous histories in bicycling prior to building motorcycles . The many connections between bicycling and motorcycling prompted Harley - Davidson to begin selling bicycles in 1917 . Despite heavy promotion , sales were disappointing and production was discontinued in 1923 . '' Jump up ^ Youngblood , Ed ( 2003 ) . The Heroes of Harley - Davidson . St. Paul , MN USA : Motorbooks International . p. 137 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1595 - 7 . Retrieved April 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` H-D Timeline '' . Harley - Davidson . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Otto Walker '' . home.ama-cycle.org . Retrieved December 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pioneers of American Motorcycle Racing , Chapter 19 '' . American Vintage Racing Motorcycles 1900 -- 1933 . Daniel K. Statnekov . Retrieved April 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the Harley - Davidson by Peter Henshaw and Ian Kerr , p. 139 ^ Jump up to : Mitchel , D. ( 1997 ) . Harley - Davidson Chronicle -- An American Original . Publications International Limited . pp. 68 -- 69 . ISBN 0 - 7853 - 2514 - X . Jump up ^ Hornsby , Andy . `` American V -- A Potted History of Harley - Davidson : Part 1 1903 -- 1954 '' . American V ) . Crewe , England : American - V. Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mitchel , p. 70 Jump up ^ Margie Siegal ( March -- April 2009 ) . `` 1934 Harley - Davidson VLD '' . Motorcycle Classics . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ The Motorcycle Hall of Fame Museum -- 1958 Rikuo RT2 : Harley - Davidson 's Japanese connection Archived May 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Motorcyclemuseum.org . Retrieved on April 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitchel , p. 92 ^ Jump up to : Mitchel , pp. 94 -- 95 Jump up ^ Johnstone , Gary ( 1995 ) ( First published 1993 by Boxtree Ltd . ) . `` Union Pacific Meets Roy Rogers '' . Classic Motorcycles . Twickenham : Tiger Books International . p. 53 . ISBN 1 - 85501 - 731 - 8 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Hugo ( 1993 ) . `` The World 's Motorcycles : America '' . The Ultimate Motorcycle Book . London : Dorling Kindersley . p. 17 . ISBN 0 - 7513 - 0043 - 8 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian magazine , August 2003 , pg. 34 -- `` Wild Thing '' , Robert F. Howe Jump up ^ Foreign Legion : motorcycles under Lend - Lease / / Moto , 2011 ( in Russian ) ) Jump up ^ `` Motorcycle Hall of Fame Museum : 1942 Harley - Davidson XA '' . Motorcyclemuseum.org . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2012 . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ History . Harley Hummer Club ( May 17 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harley Hummer . Com . Harleyhummer.com . Retrieved on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilson , H. `` The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle '' p. 37 Dorling - Kindersley Limited , 1995 ISBN 0 - 7513 - 0206 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Wilson , p. 252 ^ Jump up to : Richard Backus ( July -- August 2011 ) . `` Aermacchi Harley - Davidson Sprint 350 '' . Motorcycle Classics . Retrieved July 18 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Wilson , p. 74 ^ Jump up to : Mitchel , p. 187 ^ Jump up to : Mitchel , p. 215 Jump up ^ Mitchel , p. 193 Jump up ^ Mitchel , p. 218 Jump up ^ Mitchel , p. 247 , p. 250 ^ Jump up to : `` FACILITY LOCATIONS Headquartered in Milwaukee , Wis. , Harley - Davidson has more than 6,400 employees worldwide '' . Harley - Davidson . 2017 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Google Books : Japan 's Motorcycle Wars : An Industry History . Books.google.co.uk . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hugo Vanneck ( March 1998 ) . `` Japan 's King of the Road '' . Classic Bike . pp. 93 -- 97 . Jump up ^ Harry V. Sucher ( August 1981 ) . `` Harley - Davidson '' . Haynes Publishing Group Ltd . pp. 79 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Ian Chadwick , ichadwick@sympatico.ca . `` Triumph Motorcycles Timeline : Recovery and Growth 1946 -- 1962 '' . Ianchadwick.com . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Motorcycle Bikers Dictionary -- H '' . www.totalmotorcycle.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` William Harley , Arthur Davidson & Soichiro Honda Did n't Like Bikes ! -- Isnare.com Articles '' . www.isnare.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ incEngine . `` Harley - Davidson Liberty Edition '' . Classic-harley.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Chris MacMahan ( January -- February 2009 ) . `` 1977 Harley - Davidson Confederate Edition '' . Motorcycle Classics . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian magazine , August 2003 , pg. 36 -- `` Wild Thing '' , Robert F. Howe Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2008 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . -- 7 / 83 US Imposes 45 % Tariff on Imported Motorcycles Jump up ^ Field , Greg ( September 1 , 2002 ) . `` The Myth of Harley VS . Japan '' . In Darwin Holmstrom . The Harley - Davidson Century . St. Paul , MN USA : MotorBooks International . pp. 206 -- 207 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1155 - 2 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Before the tariff was even implemented , Harley offered to drop its bid if the Japanese would give Harley loan guarantes of about $15 million to fund development of the Nova project . Jump up ^ Field , Greg ( September 1 , 2002 ) . `` Father of the Softail '' . In Darwin Holmstrom . The Harley - Davidson Century . St. Paul , MN USA : MotorBooks International . pp. 242 -- 243 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1155 - 2 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Greg Field ( 2001 ) . Harley - Davidson Evolution Motorcycles . Motorbooks . p. 33 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 0500 - 3 . Jump up ^ ( ) `` The Holiday Rambler RV : A Historic Look '' . Pedata RV Center . Tucson , AZ USA : Pedata Resales . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . In 1996 , the Holiday Rambler RV line became one of the prestigious lines backed by Monaco Coach Corporation . Jump up ^ Buller , Paul ; Schuler , Randall ( 2012 ) . Managing Organizations and People , Modular Version . Cengage Learning . p. 74 . ISBN 9781133416500 . Jump up ^ Field , Greg ( September 1 , 2002 ) . `` Chapter 8 : The Evolution Era '' . In Darwin Holmstrom . The Harley - Davidson Century . St. Paul , MN USA : MotorBooks International . pp. 259 , 261 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1155 - 2 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Legends Reference Pages : Harley - Davidson Fat Boy '' . Snopes . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Road Test : Harley - Davidson FLSTF Fat Boy '' . The Independent . UK . November 14 , 2006 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Field , Greg ( September 1 , 2002 ) . `` Chapter 8 : The Evolution Era '' . In Darwin Holmstrom . The Harley - Davidson Century . St. Paul , MN USA : MotorBooks International . p. 267 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1155 - 2 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . For 2000 came the FXR , which was the last of two distinguished breeds : the last of the rubber - mounted FXR models and the last of the Evo - powered Harley Big Twins . Jump up ^ The Business Journal ( Milwaukee ) -- Harley - Davidson kick - starts $75 M museum project Jump up ^ Frank , Aaron ( July 2008 ) . `` 25 Years of Buellishness : American Genius or America 's Fool ? '' . Motorcyclist . Source Interlink Magazines : 82 -- 94 . Jump up ^ `` Buell Motorcycle Co . -- Two Wheel Innovation '' . Industry Today . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ * `` Buell Blast -- A Better Beginner 's Bike ? '' . Motorcycle.com . VerticaScope Inc . January 15 , 2000 . Retrieved May 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Procter , Guy ( July 31 , 2009 ) . `` Buell derides and crushes ' regrettable ' Blast '' . Motorcycle News . Bauer . Jump up ^ Now , Women Riders . `` Harley - Davidson Riding Academy Motorcycle Rider Training Beginner '' . www.womenridersnow.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harley - Davidson announces 3rd quarter results , Unveils long - term business strategy '' . Harley-Davidson.com . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2009 . Retrieved October 19 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Steve ( May 2010 ) , `` The Demise of the Buell Motorcycle Company '' , Cycle World , pp. 42 -- 48 Jump up ^ Madson , Bart ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Buell 1190RR Superbike First Look '' . Motorcycle USA . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harley to assemble motorcycles in Brazil '' . Bizjournals.com . July 7 , 1998 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harley - Davidson Motorcycle History '' . Motorcycle.com . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SEC Form 4 '' . EDGAR . US Securities and Exchange Commission . April 15 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Glancy Binkow & Goldberg LLP -- Attorneys at Law '' . Glancylaw.com . January 21 , 2004 . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2008 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Honolulu Star Bulletin - http://archives.starbulletin.com/2001/02/22/news/story12.html Jump up ^ Officer 's Family Settles Motorcycle Suit Archived October 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Raleigh News Observer , June 3 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Some Harley Motorcycles Plagued by Death Wobble '' KPHO Arizona May 16 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` 2,700 union workers strike Harley - Davidson '' . United Press International . February 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Strike shuts down Harley - Davidson plant , Company suspends production of motorcycles amid contract dispute '' . Associated Press via MSNBC . February 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Striking Harley workers take hits in the pocketbook '' . The York Dispatch . February 12 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harley closes big plant on strike threat '' . United Press International . February 1 , 2007 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Deal ends Harley - Davidson strike '' . Associated Press . 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tentative deal in Harley - Davidson strike -- 2,800 workers out since February 2 ; rank - and - file still must vote on deal '' . Associated Press via MSNBC . February 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harley - Davidson Acquires Both MV Agusta & Cagiva ! '' . SuperbikePlanet.com . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harley - Davidson to acquire Mv Agusta Group expanding presence in Europe '' . Harley-Davidson.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2008 . Retrieved July 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harley - Davidson Completes Acquisition of MX Agusta ; Company Expands European Presence with Premium Italian Motorcycle Company '' . Press Release Issued By Harley - Davidson , Inc . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harley - Davidson Completes Acquisition of MV Agusta '' . Motorcycle Daily.com . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2009 . Retrieved September 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harley - Davidson takes a beating on MV Agusta '' . Jump up ^ Waheed , Adam ( August 6 , 2010 ) . Hutchison , Ken , ed . `` Harley - Davidson Finalizes Sale of MV Agusta '' . Motorcycle USA . Motorcycle USA . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . American motorcycle manufacturer Harley - Davidson announced today that it has completed the sale of MV Agusta for an undisclosed amount to Claudio Castiglioni and his wholly owned holding company , MV Agusta Motor Holding , S.r.l. Jump up ^ `` Harley - Davidson Planning To Open Indian Plant '' . DriveSpark . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harley Rock Riders Season 3 , Bangalore '' . Eastern Fare . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Harley - Davidson , Toyota and Porsche Brands Lose Value '' . Pravda.ru . September 21 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garrett , Jerry ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Harley - Davidsons to Remain Wisconsin - Made '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Howstuffworks `` The Harley Sound and Mystique '' `` . auto.howstuffworks.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harley - Davidson -- Timeline 1990 's '' . www.harley-davidson.com . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Harley - Davidson Motorcycle Fuel Injection Explained '' . www.nightrider.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Trademark Registrability of the Harley - Davidson Roar : A Multimedia Analysis '' . www.bc.edu . Retrieved April 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ O'Dell , John ( June 21 , 2000 ) . `` Harley - Davidson Quits Trying to Hog Sound '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Popely , Rick ( June 15 , 2003 ) . `` Harley - Davidson Describes Motorcycles ' Characteristic ' Potato ' Sound '' . Knight Ridder Tribune Business News : 1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Harley - Davidson Unveils The Milwaukee - Eight Engine For Touring Models '' . motorcycle.com . August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 CVO STREET GLIDE '' . Harley - Davidson . 2018 . Retrieved February 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` First Ride : 2002 Harley - Davidson VRSCA V - Rod '' . motorcycle.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harley - davidson v - rod -- jeckyl or hyde ! '' . Motorbikes Today . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harley - Davidson Company History Timeline 2000 '' . Harley - Davidson Motor Company Website . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2007 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Motor Company History '' . North Texas Harley Owners Group . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2008 . Retrieved December 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Moy , Jim ( July 15 , 2011 ) . `` Harley - Davidson 's Roads Not Taken '' . Motorcyclist . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 Harley - Davidson Street 500 / 750 : Futureproof Hogs ? '' . Popular Mechanics . November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Harley Expands Street Line , Launches 2017 Street Rod Motorcycle Reviews , Forums , and News - AIMag.com '' . Harley Magazine American Iron Magazine . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Harley - Davidson Birth of the V Rod '' . Canadian Gears . February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Girdler , Allan ( November 1 , 2003 ) ( 1992 ) . `` A Brief Harley History '' . Harley - Davidson : The American Motorcycle . Motorbooks Classics . Photography by Ron Hussey . St. Paul , MN USA : MotorBooks International . pp. 10 -- 11 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1651 - 1 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Like the prototypes and the first fifty or so examples made , it had a single - cylinder engine with atmospheric intake valve ; that is , when the piston went down for the intake stroke , the valve was sucked open and when it started back up , the valve was compressed shut . Jump up ^ Rafferty , Tod . `` Model 9 1913 '' . The Illustrated Directory of Harley - Davidson Motorcycles . Illustrated Directory series . St. Paul , MN USA : Salamander Books . pp. 44 47 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1126 - 9 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Of course the single had benefited from the development work devoted to its big brother . Mechanically operated intake valve , lighter alloy piston and improved carburetion were included in the package . Jump up ^ Girdler , Allan ; Hackett , Jeff ; Woods , Bob ( May 24 , 2006 ) ( 2006 ) . `` Harley - Davidson Timeline '' . Harley - Davidson . Motorbooks Classics . St. Paul , MN USA : MotorBooks International . p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 2332 - 8 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . 1926 : Harley - Davidson reintroduces single - cylinder motorcycles , for the first time since 1918 . ^ Jump up to : Hatfield , Jerry ( September 1 , 2002 ) . `` The Flathead Era '' . In Darwin Holmstrom . The Harley - Davidson Century . St. Paul , MN USA : MotorBooks International . pp. 47 -- 65 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1155 - 2 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . For 1930 , the factory brought out a 500 - cc ( 30.5 - cubic inches ) flathead single . The 350 - cc singles were offered for the seasons of 1926 through 1930 in both flathead and overhead versions , and as flatheads only from 1931 through 1934 . ^ Jump up to : Rafferty , Tod ( March 23 , 1997 ) . `` Chapter One -- The Beginning '' . Complete Harley - Davidson : A Model - By - Model History of the American Motorcycle . Osceola , WI USA : MBI Publishing . pp. 38 -- 39 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 0326 - 6 . Thus it was decided that two singles would be developed simultaneously ; a side - valve model for economical transportation and an overhead - valve version for sport riders and racers . Jump up ^ `` Buyer 's Guide : Harley - Davidson Dyna 2013 '' . Motorcyclist Online ) . Source Interlink . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Newbern , Michael ( August 8 , 2006 ) . `` First Ride : 2007 FLHX '' . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABS OPTION ON ALL HARLEY - DAVIDSON TOURING AND VRSC MODELS '' ( Press release ) . Harley - Davidson . July 9 , 2007 . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ 2009 Harley - Davidson 2009 model line Archived August 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Harley-davidson.com . Retrieved on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Edge , Dirck ( August 4 , 2008 ) . `` 2009 Harley - Davidson Touring Models and V - Rod Muscle -- MD First Rides '' . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 2009 Harley - Davidson Tri-Glide Ultra Classic Archived August 22 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Harley-davidson.com . Retrieved on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Harley - Davidson - Project Rushmore '' . August 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 Harley - Davidson Softail Cruiser Lineup '' . Cycle World . 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richard Backus ( March -- April 2010 ) . `` 1972 -- 1985 Harley - Davidson Sportster 1000 '' . Motorcycle Classics . Retrieved May 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Motorcycle Cruiser First Ride : 2004 Harley - Davidson Sportster Motorcycles . Motorcyclecruiser.com ( February 28 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cathcart , Alan ( July 2008 ) . `` First Ride : 2008 Harley - Davidson XR1200 -- Get Sporty ! '' . Motorcyclist . Source Interlink Magazines : 49 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Richard Backus ( September -- October 2009 ) . `` 2009 Harley - Davidson XR1200 '' . Motorcycle Classics . Retrieved August 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smith , Jerry ( May -- June 2017 ) , `` SMART MONEY MUSCLE BIKES '' , Motorcyclist , pp. 106 -- 107 ^ Jump up to : Nadar , Arun Mohan ( February 5 , 2014 ) . `` 2014 Indian Auto Expo : Harley - Davidson Street 750 launched at Rs 4.1 lakh '' . ZigWheels . Times Internet . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 Harley - Davidson CVO First Rides - Motorcycle USA '' . Motorcycle USA . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Representative Emissions Test March 9 , 2005 retrieved May 14 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Former York Naval Ordnance Plant 2005 . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 Jump up ^ Harley - Davidson 's purchase of Castalloy assets Archived July 23 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . 2008 . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 Jump up ^ Geuss , Megan ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` EPA punishes Harley - Davidson for selling an aftermarket tuner that elevated emissions '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eaton , Sabrina ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` U.S. EPA fines Harley - Davidson for emissions violations caused by ' super tuners ' '' . Cleveland.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Harley Just Keeps On Cruisin ' . Business Week ( November 6 , 2006 ) . Retrieved on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harley - Davidson Riders Settle Into Middle Age , Times Community Newspapers Archived February 20 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Bumpy ride for Harley as competitors improve , customers age , SavannaNow Archived July 13 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Packs of Easy Riders Attract More Golden Agers , Coastal Senior . Coastalsenior.com . Retrieved on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Chart Archived February 11 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine. , source : Harley - Davidson Jump up ^ Harley Over The Hill ? KU School of Journalism and Mass Communications Archived November 29 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Reporting.journalism.ku.edu . Retrieved on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federation Harley - Davidson Clubs Europe '' . Fhdce . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest Harley Davidson Club celebrates its 80th anniversary in the Czech Republic '' . Itnsource . June 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Richard Pierson and Alexander Bozmoski ( March 2003 ) . `` Harley - Davidson 's 100th anniversary -- the sound of a legend '' . Sound and Vibration . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2005 . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Standard & Poor 's . The Standard & Poor 's 500 Guide . McGraw - Hill Professional . ISBN 0 - 07 - 146823 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` On Patrol '' ( PDF ) . 2005 Harley - Davidson Police Motorcycles . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved June 18 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Rau , Fred ( June 11 , 2007 ) , `` Motorcycle Advertising Part One ; Wildly successful ad campaign of the Sixties '' , Motorcycle.com , archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 , retrieved February 2 , 2012 ^ Jump up to : Rau , Fred ( February 8 , 2008 ) , `` Motorcycle Advertising Part Two ; The Best and Worst Bike Ads '' , Motorcycle.com , archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 , retrieved February 2 , 2012 Jump up ^ Hook , Patrick , ed. ( 2002 ) , Harley Davidson : The Complete History , Sterling Publishing Company , p. 29 , ISBN 9781856486569 Jump up ^ Davidson , Willie G. ( 2002 ) . 100 Years of Harley - Davidson . New York , NY : Bulfinch Press . p. 173 . ISBN 0 - 8212 - 2819 - 6 . Jump up ^ Harley - Davidson Archived October 29 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . -- History Jump up ^ `` Decision at the U.S. Second Circuit Federal Court of Appeals N.Y.C. : Corporate Harley - Davidson LOST the Hog Trademark '' . The - hog - farm . January 15 , 1999 . Retrieved January 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Motorcycle manufacturer has no trademark right in ' hog ' '' . News Media Update . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2008 . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harley - Davidson : High on the Hog '' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ References : Seate , Mike ( 2002 ) . `` Choppers '' . In Darwin Holmstrom . The Harley - Davidson Century . St. Paul , MN USA : MBI Publishing . pp. 140 -- 142 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1155 - 2 . Thompson , Hunter S. ( 2002 ) . `` The Hell 's Angels '' . In Darwin Holmstrom . The Harley - Davidson Century . St. Paul , MN USA : MBI Publishing . p. 139 . ISBN 0 - 7603 - 1155 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jelassi , Tawfik ; Leenen , Stefanie ( June 27 -- 29 , 2001 ) . EMBARKING ON E-BUSINESS AT DUCATI MOTORCYCLES ( ITALY ) ( PDF ) . Bled , Slovenia : Global Co-Operation in the New Millennium The 9th European Conference on Information Systems . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Denove , Chris ; Power , IV , James D. ( 2007 ) . Satisfaction : How Every Great Company Listens to the Voice of the Customer . Portfolio . p. 195 . ISBN 1 - 59184 - 164 - X . Jump up ^ Clifton , Rita ; Simmons , John ; Ahmad , Sameena ( 2004 ) . Brands and branding ; The economist series ( 2nd ed . ) . Bloomberg Press . ISBN 1 - 57660 - 147 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` H.O.G. History '' . Windsor Harley Owners Group . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2005 . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Harley Owners Group Members Ready To Rendezvous In Adirondacks '' . Motorcyclist . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` H.O.G. Membership '' . Harley - Davidson Motor Company . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2007 . Retrieved December 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2014 . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harley - Davidson USA : The Great American Factory Tour Archived July 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Harley-davidson.com . Retrieved on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harley - Davidson USA : Museum Customized by Harley - Davidson Archived July 11 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Harley-davidson.com . Retrieved on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ride Home Archived September 1 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Harley-davidson.com . Retrieved on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Harleyfest Example Archived September 4 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Harley-davidson.com ( August 28 , 2008 ) . Retrieved on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee Area Homes Rented To Harley Fest Bikers '' . WITI . August 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ The 105th Archived February 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine ... Harley-davidson.com . Retrieved on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Labor -- Labor Hall of Fame -- Harley - Davidson Archived September 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Dol.gov . Retrieved on July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Walsh , Shannon . `` Bug Hall : 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know '' . Heavy.com . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harley and The Davidsons '' . Discovery Channel . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick . `` ' Harley and the Davidsons ' races back in history '' . USA Today . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Bach , Sharon ; Ostermann , Ken , eds. ( 1993 ) . The Legend Begins : Harley - Davidson Motorcycles 1903 -- 1969 . Harley - Davidson , Inc . Gnadt , Amy . `` Exposed ! Harley - Davidson 's Lost Photographs , 1915 - 1916 '' . Wisconsin Magazine of History , vol. 98 , no . 1 ( Autumn 2014 ) : 28 - 37 . Mitchel , D. ( 1997 ) . Harley - Davidson Chronicle : An American Original . Publications International Limited . ISBN 0 - 7853 - 2514 - X . Wagner , Herbert ( 2003 ) . At the Creation : Myth , Reality , and the Origin of the Harley - Davidson Motorcycle , 1901 -- 1909 . Wisconsin Historical Society Press . Wilson , H. ( 1995 ) . The Encyclopedia of the Motorcycle . Dorling - Kindersley Limited . ISBN 0 - 7513 - 0206 - 6 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harley - Davidson motorcycles . Official website Business data for Harley - Davidson : Google Finance Yahoo ! 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4093301190407622700	Synthetic fuel	Synthetic fuel - wikipedia Synthetic fuel Side - by - side comparison of FT synthetic fuel and conventional fuel . The synthetic fuel is clear as water because of a near - absence of sulfur and aromatics . Synthetic fuel or synfuel is a liquid fuel , or sometimes gaseous fuel , obtained from syngas , a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen , in which the syngas was derived from gasification of solid feedstocks such as coal or biomass or by reforming of natural gas . Common methods for manufacturing synthetic fuels include the Fischer Tropsch conversion , methanol to gasoline conversion , or direct coal liquefaction . As of July 2009 , worldwide commercial synthetic fuels production capacity was over 240,000 barrels per day ( 38,000 m / d ) , with numerous new projects in construction or development . Contents ( hide ) 1 Classification and principles 2 History 3 Processes 3.1 Indirect conversion 3.2 Direct conversion 3.2. 1 Hydrogenation processes 3.2. 2 Pyrolysis and carbonization processes 3.3 Biofuels processes 3.4 Oil sand and oil shale processes 4 Commercialization 5 Economics 5.1 CTL / CBTL / BTL economics 5.1. 1 Chinese direct coal liquefaction economics 6 Security considerations 7 Environmental considerations 7.1 Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions 7.2 Fuels emissions 8 Sustainability 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Classification and principles ( edit ) The term ' synthetic fuel ' or ' synfuel ' has several different meanings and it may include different types of fuels . More traditional definitions , example : definition given by the International Energy Agency , define ' synthetic fuel ' or synfuel ' as any liquid fuel obtained from coal or natural gas . The Energy Information Administration defines synthetic fuels in its Annual Energy Outlook 2006 , as fuels produced from coal , natural gas , or biomass feedstocks through chemical conversion into synthetic crude and / or synthetic liquid products . A number of synthetic fuel 's definitions include fuels produced from biomass , and industrial and municipal waste . The definition of synthetic fuel also allows oil sands and oil shale as synthetic fuel sources , and in addition to liquid fuels , synthesized gaseous fuels are also considered to be synthetic fuels : in his ' Synthetic fuels handbook ' petrochemist James G. Speight included liquid and gaseous fuels as well as clean solid fuels produced by conversion of coal , oil shale or tar sands , and various forms of biomass , although he admits that in the context of substitutes for petroleum - based fuels it has even wider meaning . Depending on the context , methanol , ethanol and hydrogen may also be included . Synthetic fuels are produced by the chemical process of conversion . Conversion methods could be direct conversion into liquid transportation fuels , or indirect conversion , in which the source substance is converted initially into syngas which then goes through additional conversion process to become liquid fuels . Basic conversion methods include carbonization and pyrolysis , hydrogenation , and thermal dissolution . History ( edit ) Ruins of the German synthetic petrol plant ( Hydrierwerke Pölitz AG ) in Police , Poland See also : Oil Campaign of World War II and Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program Direct conversion of coal to synthetic fuel was originally developed in Germany . The Bergius process was developed by Friedrich Bergius , yielding a patent in 1913 . Karl Goldschmidt invited him to build an industrial plant at his factory the Th . Goldschmidt AG ( now known as Evonik Industries ) in 1914 . Production began in 1919 . Indirect coal conversion ( where coal is gasified and then converted to synthetic fuels ) was also developed in Germany by Franz Fischer and Hans Tropsch in 1923 . During World War II , Germany used synthetic oil manufacturing ( German : Kohleverflüssigung ) to produce substitute ( Ersatz ) oil products by using the Bergius process ( from coal ) , the Fischer -- Tropsch process ( water gas ) , and other methods ( Zeitz used the TTH and MTH processes ) . In 1931 , the British Department of Scientific and Industrial Research located in Greenwich , England , set up a small facility where hydrogen gas was combined with coal at extremely high pressures to make a synthetic fuel . The Bergius process plants were Nazi Germany 's primary source of high - grade aviation gasoline , synthetic oil , synthetic rubber , synthetic methanol , synthetic ammonia , and nitric acid . Nearly one third of the Bergius production was produced by plants in Pölitz ( Polish : Police ) and Leuna , with 1 / 3 more in five other plants ( Ludwigshafen had a much smaller Bergius plant which improved `` gasoline quality by dehydrogenation '' using the DHD process ) . Synthetic fuel grades included `` T.L. ( jet ) fuel '' , `` first quality aviation gasoline '' , `` aviation base gasoline '' , and `` gasoline - middle oil '' ; and `` producer gas '' and diesel were synthesized for fuel as well ( e.g. , converted armored tanks used producer gas ) . By early 1944 , German synthetic fuel production had reached more than 124,000 barrels per day ( 19,700 m / d ) from 25 plants , including 10 in the Ruhr Area . In 1937 , the four central Germany lignite coal plants at Böhlen , Leuna , Magdeburg / Rothensee , and Zeitz , along with the Ruhr Area bituminous coal plant at Scholven / Buer , had produced 4.8 million barrels ( 760 × 10 ^ m ) of fuel . Four new hydrogenation plants ( German : Hydrierwerke ) were subsequently erected at Bottrop - Welheim ( which used `` Bituminous coal tar pitch '' ) , Gelsenkirchen ( Nordstern ) , Pölitz , and , at 200,000 tons / yr Wesseling . Nordstern and Pölitz / Stettin used bituminous coal , as did the new Blechhammer plants . Heydebreck synthesized food oil , which was tested on concentration camp prisoners . The Geilenberg Special Staff was using 350,000 mostly foreign forced laborers to reconstruct the bombed synthetic oil plants , and , in an emergency decentralization program , to build 7 underground hydrogenation plants for bombing protection ( none were completed ) . ( Planners had rejected an earlier such proposal because the war was to be won before the bunkers would be completed . ) In July 1944 , the ' Cuckoo ' project underground synthetic oil plant ( 800,000 m ) was being `` carved out of the Himmelsburg '' North of the Mittelwerk , but the plant was unfinished at the end of WWII . Indirect Fischer - Tropsch ( `` FT '' ) technologies were brought to the US after World War 2 , and a 7,000 barrels per day ( 1,100 m / d ) plant was designed by HRI , and built in Brownsville Texas . The plant represented the first commercial use of high - temperature Fischer Tropsch conversion . It operated from 1950 to 1955 , when it was shut down when the price of oil dropped due to enhanced production and huge discoveries in the Middle East . In 1949 , a demonstration plant for converting coal to gasoline was built and operated by the U.S. Bureau of Mines in Louisiana , Missouri . Direct coal conversion plants were also developed in the US after World War II , including a 3 TPD plant in Lawrenceville , New Jersey , and a 250 - 600 TPD Plant in Catlettsburg , Kentucky . In later decades the Republic of South Africa established a state oil company including a large synthetic fuel establishment . Processes ( edit ) The numerous processes that can be used to produce synthetic fuels broadly fall into three categories : Indirect , Direct , and Biofuel processes . This is a listing of many of the different technologies used in 2009 for synthetic fuel production . Please note that although this list was compiled for coal to liquids technologies , many of the same processes can also be used with biomass or natural gas feedstocks . Indirect conversion ( edit ) Main article : Gas to liquids Indirect conversion has the widest deployment worldwide , with global production totaling around 260,000 barrels per day ( 41,000 m / d ) , and many additional projects under active development . Indirect conversion broadly refers to a process in which biomass , coal , or natural gas is converted to a mix of hydrogen and carbon monoxide known as syngas either through gasification or steam methane reforming , and that syngas is processed into a liquid transportation fuel using one of a number of different conversion techniques depending on the desired end product . The primary technologies that produce synthetic fuel from syngas are Fischer - Tropsch synthesis and the Mobil process ( also known as Methanol - To - Gasoline , or MTG ) . In the Fischer - Tropsch process syngas reacts in the presence of a catalyst , transforming into liquid products ( primarily diesel fuel and jet fuel ) and potentially waxes ( depending on the FT process employed ) . The process of producing synfuels through indirect conversion is often referred to as coal - to - liquids ( CTL ) , gas - to - liquids ( GTL ) or biomass - to - liquids ( BTL ) , depending on the initial feedstock . At least three projects ( Ohio River Clean Fuels , Illinois Clean Fuels , and Rentech Natchez ) are combining coal and biomass feedstocks , creating hybrid - feedstock synthetic fuels known as Coal and Biomass To Liquids ( CBTL ) . Indirect conversion process technologies can also be used to produce hydrogen , potentially for use in fuel cell vehicles , either as slipstream co-product , or as a primary output . Direct conversion ( edit ) Direct conversion refers to processes in which coal or biomass feedstocks are converted directly into intermediate or final products , avoiding the conversion to syngas via gasification . Direct conversion processes can be broadly broken up into two different methods : Pyrolysis and carbonization , and hydrogenation . Hydrogenation processes ( edit ) See also : Bergius process One of the main methods of direct conversion of coal to liquids by hydrogenation process is the Bergius process . In this process , coal is liquefied by heating in the presence of hydrogen gas ( hydrogenation ) . Dry coal is mixed with heavy oil recycled from the process . Catalysts are typically added to the mixture . The reaction occurs at between 400 ° C ( 752 ° F ) to 500 ° C ( 932 ° F ) and 20 to 70 MPa hydrogen pressure . The reaction can be summarized as follows : n C + ( n + 1 ) H 2 → C n H 2 n + 2 ( \ displaystyle n ( \ rm ( C ) ) + ( n + 1 ) ( \ rm ( H ) ) _ ( 2 ) \ rightarrow ( \ rm ( C ) ) _ ( n ) ( \ rm ( H ) ) _ ( 2n + 2 ) ) After World War I several plants were built in Germany ; these plants were extensively used during World War II to supply Germany with fuel and lubricants . The Kohleoel Process , developed in Germany by Ruhrkohle and VEBA , was used in the demonstration plant with the capacity of 200 ton of lignite per day , built in Bottrop , Germany . This plant operated from 1981 to 1987 . In this process , coal is mixed with a recycle solvent and iron catalyst . After preheating and pressurizing , H is added . The process takes place in tubular reactor at the pressure of 300 bar and at the temperature of 470 ° C ( 880 ° F ) . This process was also explored by SASOL in South Africa . In 1970 - 1980s , Japanese companies Nippon Kokan , Sumitomo Metal Industries and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries developed the NEDOL process . In this process , a mixture of coal and recycled solvent is heated in the presence of iron - based catalyst and H. The reaction takes place in tubular reactor at temperature between 430 ° C ( 810 ° F ) and 465 ° C ( 870 ° F ) at the pressure 150 - 200 bar . The produced oil has low quality and requires intensive upgrading . H - Coal process , developed by Hydrocarbon Research , Inc. , in 1963 , mixes pulverized coal with recycled liquids , hydrogen and catalyst in the ebullated bed reactor . Advantages of this process are that dissolution and oil upgrading are taking place in the single reactor , products have high H : C ratio , and a fast reaction time , while the main disadvantages are high gas yield , high hydrogen consumption , and limitation of oil usage only as a boiler oil because of impurities . The SRC - I and SRC - II ( Solvent Refined Coal ) processes were developed by Gulf Oil and implemented as pilot plants in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s . The Nuclear Utility Services Corporation developed hydrogenation process which was patented by Wilburn C. Schroeder in 1976 . The process involved dried , pulverized coal mixed with roughly 1wt % molybdenum catalysts . Hydrogenation occurred by use of high temperature and pressure syngas produced in a separate gasifier . The process ultimately yielded a synthetic crude product , Naphtha , a limited amount of C / C gas , light - medium weight liquids ( C - C ) suitable for use as fuels , small amounts of NH and significant amounts of CO . Other single - stage hydrogenation processes are the Exxon Donor Solvent Process , the Imhausen High - pressure Process , and the Conoco Zinc Chloride Process . A number of two - stage direct liquefaction processes have been developed . After the 1980s only the Catalytic Two - stage Liquefaction Process , modified from the H - Coal Process ; the Liquid Solvent Extraction Process by British Coal ; and the Brown Coal Liquefaction Process of Japan have been developed . Chevron Corporation developed a process invented by Joel W. Rosenthal called the Chevron Coal Liquefaction Process ( CCLP ) . It is unique due the close - coupling of the non-catalytic dissolver and the catalytic hydroprocessing unit . The oil produced had properties that were unique when compared to other coal oils ; it was lighter and had far fewer heteroatom impurities . The process was scaled - up to the 6 ton per day level , but not proven commercially . Pyrolysis and carbonization processes ( edit ) See also : Karrick process There are a number of different carbonization processes . The carbonization conversion occurs through pyrolysis or destructive distillation , and it produces condensable coal tar , oil and water vapor , non-condensable synthetic gas , and a solid residue - char . The condensed coal tar and oil are then further processed by hydrogenation to remove sulfur and nitrogen species , after which they are processed into fuels . The typical example of carbonization is the Karrick process . The process was invented by Lewis Cass Karrick in the 1920s . The Karrick process is a low - temperature carbonization process , where coal is heated at 680 ° F ( 360 ° C ) to 1,380 ° F ( 750 ° C ) in the absence of air . These temperatures optimize the production of coal tars richer in lighter hydrocarbons than normal coal tar . However , the produced liquids are mostly a by - product and the main product is semi-coke , a solid and smokeless fuel . The COED Process , developed by FMC Corporation , uses a fluidized bed for processing , in combination with increasing temperature , through four stages of pyrolysis . Heat is transferred by hot gases produced by combustion of part of the produced char . A modification of this process , the COGAS Process , involves the addition of gasification of char . The TOSCOAL Process , an analogue to the TOSCO II oil shale retorting process and Lurgi - Ruhrgas process , which is also used for the shale oil extraction , uses hot recycled solids for the heat transfer . Liquid yields of pyrolysis and Karrick processes are generally low for practical use for synthetic liquid fuel production . Furthermore , the resulting liquids are of low quality and require further treatment before they can be used as motor fuels . In summary , there is little possibility that this process will yield economically viable volumes of liquid fuel . Biofuels processes ( edit ) One example of a Biofuel - based synthetic fuel process is Hydrotreated Renewable Jet ( HRJ ) fuel . There are a number of variants of these processes under development , and the testing and certification process for HRJ aviation fuels is beginning . There are two such process under development by UOP . One using solid biomass feedstocks , and one using bio-oil and fats . The process using solid second - generation biomass sources such as switchgrass or woody biomass uses pyrolysis to produce a bio-oil , which is then catalytically stabilized and deoxygenated to produce a jet - range fuel . The process using natural oils and fats goes through a deoxygenation process , followed by hydrocracking and isomerization to produce a renewable Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene jet fuel . Oil sand and oil shale processes ( edit ) See also : Synthetic crude and Shale oil extraction Synthetic crude may also be created by upgrading bitumen ( a tar like substance found in oil sands ) , or synthesizing liquid hydrocarbons from oil shale . There are number of processes extracting shale oil ( synthetic crude oil ) from oil shale by pyrolysis , hydrogenation , or thermal dissolution . Commercialization ( edit ) Main article : Synthetic fuel commercialization Worldwide commercial synthetic fuels plant capacity is over 240,000 barrels per day ( 38,000 m / d ) , including indirect conversion Fischer Tropsch plants in South Africa ( Mossgas , Secunda CTL ) , Qatar ( Oryx GTL ) , and Malaysia ( Shell Bintulu ) , and a Mobil process ( Methanol to Gasoline ) plant in New Zealand . Sasol , a company based in South Africa operates the world 's only commercial Fischer Tropsch coal - to - liquids facility at Secunda , with a capacity of 150,000 barrels per day ( 24,000 m / d ) . Economics ( edit ) The economics of synthetic fuel manufacture vary greatly depending the feedstock used , the precise process employed , site characteristics such as feedstock and transportation costs , and the cost of additional equipment required to control emissions . The examples described below indicate a wide range of production costs between $20 / BBL for large - scale gas - to - liquids , to as much as $240 / BBL for small - scale biomass - to - liquids + Carbon Capture and Sequestration . In order to be economically viable , projects must do much better than just being competitive head - to - head with oil . They must also generate a sufficient return on investment to justify the capital investment in the project . CTL / CBTL / BTL economics ( edit ) According to a December 2007 study , a medium scale ( 30,000 BPD ) coal - to - liquids plant ( CTL ) sited in the US using bituminous coal , is expected to be competitive with oil down to roughly $52 -- 56 / bbl crude - oil equivalent . Adding carbon capture and sequestration to the project was expected to add an additional $10 / BBL to the required selling price , though this may be offset by revenues from enhanced oil recovery , or by tax credits , or the eventual sale of carbon credits . A recent NETL study examined the relative economics of a number of different process configurations for the production of indirect FT fuels using biomass , coal , and CCS . This study determined a price at which the plant would not only be profitable , but also make a sufficient return to yield a 20 % return on the equity investment required to build the plant . This chapter details an analysis which derives the Required Selling Price ( RSP ) of the FT diesel fuels produced in order to determine the economic feasibility and relative competitiveness of the different plant options . A sensitivity analysis was performed to determine how carbon control regulations such as an emissions trading scheme for transportation fuels would affect the price of both petroleum - derived diesel and FT diesel from the different plants . The key findings of these analyses were : ( 1 ) CTL plants equipped with CCS are competitive at crude oil prices as low as $86 per barrel and have less life cycle GHG emissions than petroleum - derived diesel . These plants become more economically competitive as carbon prices increase . ( 2 ) The incremental cost of adding simple CCS is very low ( 7 cents per gallon ) because CO capture is an inherent part of the FT process . This becomes the economically preferred option at carbon prices above $5 / mtCO eq. 27 ( 3 ) BTL systems are hindered by limited biomass availability which affects the maximum plant size , thereby limiting potential economies of scale . This , combined with relatively high biomass costs results in FT diesel prices which are double that of other configurations : $6.45 to $6.96 / gal compared to $2.56 to $2.82 / gal for CTL and 15wt % CBTL systems equipped with CCS . The conclusion reached based on these findings was that both the CTL with CCS and the 8wt % to 15wt % CBTL with CCS configurations may offer the most pragmatic solutions to the nation 's energy strategy dilemma : GHG emission reductions which are significant ( 5 % to 33 % below the petroleum baseline ) at diesel RSPs that are only half as much as the BTL options ( $2.56 to $2.82 per gallon compared to $6.45 to $6.96 per gallon for BTL ) . These options are economically feasible when crude oil prices are $86 to $95 per barrel . These economics can change in the event that plentiful low - cost biomass sources can be found , lowing the cost of biomass inputs , and improving economies of scale . Economics for solid feedstock indirect FT process plants are further confused by carbon regulation . Generally , since permitting a CTL plant without CCS will likely be impossible , and CTL + CCS plants have a lower carbon footprint than conventional fuels , carbon regulation is expected to be balance - positive for synthetic fuel production . But it impacts the economics of different process configurations in different ways . The NETL study picked a blended CBTL process using 5 - 15 % biomass alongside coal as the most economical in a range of carbon price and probable future regulation scenarios . Unfortunately , because of scale and cost constraints , pure BTL processes did not score well until very high carbon prices were assumed , though again this may improve with better feedstocks and more efficient larger scale projects . Chinese direct coal Liquefaction economics ( edit ) Shenhua Group recently reported that their direct coal liquefaction process is competitive with oil prices above $60 per barrel. < Previous reports have indicated an anticipated cost of production of less than $30 per barrel , based on a direct coal liquefaction process , and a coal mining cost of under $10 / ton . In October 2011 , actual price of coal in China was as high as $135 / ton . Security considerations ( edit ) A central consideration for the development of synthetic fuel is the security factor of securing domestic fuel supply from domestic biomass and coal . Nations that are rich in biomass and coal can use synthetic fuel to off - set their use of petroleum derived fuels and foreign oil . Environmental considerations ( edit ) The environmental footprint of a given synthetic fuel varies greatly depending on which process is employed , what feedstock is used , what pollution controls are employed , and what the transportation distance and method are for both feedstock procurement and end - product distribution . In many locations , project development will not be possible due to permitting restrictions if a process design is chosen that does not meet local requirements for clean air , water , and increasingly , lifecycle carbon emissions . Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions ( edit ) Among different indirect FT synthetic fuels production technologies , potential emissions of greenhouse gasses vary greatly . Coal to liquids ( `` CTL '' ) without carbon capture and sequestration ( `` CCS '' ) is expected to result in a significantly higher carbon footprint than conventional petroleum - derived fuels ( + 147 % ) . On the other hand , biomass - to - liquids with CCS could deliver a 358 % reduction in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions . Both of these plants fundamentally use gasification and FT conversion synthetic fuels technology , but they deliver wildly divergent environmental footprints . Lifecycle carbon emissions profiles of various fuels , including many synthetic fuels . Coal and biomass co-conversion to transportation fuels , Michael E. Reed , DOE NETL Office of Fossil Energy , Oct 17 2007 Generally , CTL without CCS has a higher greenhouse gas footprint . CTL with CCS has a 9 - 15 % reduction in lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions compared to that of petroleum derived diesel . CBTL + CCS plants that blend biomass alongside coal while sequestering carbon do progressively better the more biomass is added . Depending on the type of biomass , the assumptions about root storage , and the transportation logistics , at conservatively 40 % biomass alongside coal , CBTL + CCS plants achieve a neutral lifecycle greenhouse gas footprint . At more than 40 % biomass , they begin to go lifecycle negative , and effectively store carbon in the ground for every gallon of fuels that they produce . Ultimately BTL plants employing CCS could store massive amounts of carbon while producing transportation fuels from sustainably produced biomass feedstocks , although there are a number of significant economic hurdles , and a few technical hurdles that would have to be overcome to enable the development of such facilities . Serious consideration must also be given to the type and method of feedstock procurement for either the coal or biomass used in such facilities , as reckless development could exacerbate environmental problems caused by mountaintop removal mining , land use change , fertilizer runoff , food vs. fuels concerns , or many other potential factors . Or they could not , depending entirely on project - specific factors on a plant - by - plant basis . A study from U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory with much more in - depth information of CBTL life - cycle emissions `` Affordable Low Carbon Diesel from Domestic Coal and Biomass '' . Hybrid hydrogen - carbon processes have also been proposed recently as another closed - carbon cycle alternative , combining ' clean ' electricity , recycled CO , H and captured CO with biomass as inputs as a way of reducing the biomass needed . Fuels emissions ( edit ) The fuels produced by the various synthetic fuels process also have a wide range of potential environmental performance , though they tend to be very uniform based on the type of synthetic fuels process used ( i.e. the tailpipe emissions characteristics of Fischer Tropsch diesel tend to be the same , though their lifecycle greenhouse gas footprint can vary substantially based on which plant produced the fuel , depending on feedstock and plant level sequestration considerations . ) In particular , Fischer tropsch diesel and jet fuels deliver dramatic across - the - board reductions in all major criteria pollutants such as SOx , NOx , Particulate Matter , and Hydrocarbon emissions . These fuels , because of their high level of purity and lack of contaminants , further enable the use of advanced emissions control equipment that has been shown to virtually eliminate HC , CO , and PM emissions from diesel vehicles . In testimony before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment of the U.S. House of Representatives the following statement was made by a senior scientist from Rentech : F-T fuels offer numerous benefits to aviation users . The first is an immediate reduction in particulate emissions . F-T jet fuel has been shown in laboratory combusters and engines to reduce PM emissions by 96 % at idle and 78 % under cruise operation . Validation of the reduction in other turbine engine emissions is still under way . Concurrent to the PM reductions is an immediate reduction in CO emissions from F-T fuel . F-T fuels inherently reduce CO emissions because they have higher energy content per carbon content of the fuel , and the fuel is less dense than conventional jet fuel allowing aircraft to fly further on the same load of fuel . The `` cleanness '' of these FT synthetic fuels is further demonstrated by the fact that they are sufficiently non-toxic and environmentally benign as to be considered biodegradable . This owes primarily to the near - absence of sulfur and extremely low level of aromatics present in the fuel . Using Fischer Tropsch diesel results in dramatic across the board tailpipe emissions reductions relative to conventional fuels Using Fischer Tropsch jet fuels have been proven to dramatically reduce particulate and other aircraft emissions Sustainability ( edit ) One concern commonly raised about the development of synthetic fuels plants is sustainability . Fundamentally , transitioning from oil to coal or natural gas for transportation fuels production is a transition from one inherently depletable geologically limited resource to another . One of the positive defining characteristics of synthetic fuels production is the ability to use multiple feedstocks ( coal , gas , or biomass ) to produce the same product from the same plant . In the case of hybrid BCTL plants , some facilities are already planning to use a significant biomass component alongside coal . Ultimately , given the right location with good biomass availability , and sufficiently high oil prices , synthetic fuels plants can be transitioned from coal or gas , over to a 100 % biomass feedstock . This provides a path forward towards a renewable fuel source and possibly more sustainable , even if the plant originally produced fuels solely from coal , making the infrastructure forwards - compatible even if the original fossil feedstock runs out . Some synthetic fuels processes can be converted to sustainable production practices more easily than others , depending on the process equipment selected . This is an important design consideration as these facilities are planned and implemented , as additional room must be left in the plant layout to accommodate whatever future plant change requirements in terms of materials handling and gasification might be necessary to accommodate a future change in production profile . See also ( edit ) Energy portal Renewable energy portal Ammonia Biofuel Butanol fuel Carbon neutral fuel Cracking E-diesel Gas to liquids Gasification Methanol economy Methanol to gasoline Synthetic oil Synthetic Fuels Corporation Synthetic Liquid Fuels Program Thermal depolymerization Pyrolysis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Liquid Fuels - Fischer - Tropsch Synthesis '' . Gasifipedia . National Energy Technology Laboratory , U.S. Department of Energy . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Liquid Fuels - Conversion of Methanol to Gasoline '' . Gasifipedia . National Energy Technology Laboratory , U.S. Department of Energy . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Liquid Fuels - Direct Liquefaction Processes '' . Gasifipedia . National Energy Technology Laboratory , U.S. Department of Energy . Retrieved 25 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Tracking Industrial Energy Efficiency and CO Emissions ( PDF ) . Paris : OECD / IEA. 2007 . p. 289 . ISBN 978 - 92 - 64 - 03016 - 9 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Annual Energy Outlook 2006 with Projections to 2030 ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Energy Information Administration . 2006 . pp. 52 -- 54 . DOE / EIA - 0383 ( 2006 ) . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Patel , Prachi ( 2007 - 12 - 21 ) . `` A comparison of coal and biomass as feedstocks for synthetic fuel production '' . In Veziroǧlu , T.N. Alternative energy sources : an international compendium . MIT Technology Review . Missing last1 = in Editors list ( help ) Jump up ^ Antal , M.J. ( 1978 ) . `` Fuel from waste . A portable system converts biowaste into jet fuel and diesel for the military '' . Hemisphere . p. 3203 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89116 - 085 - 4 . Jump up ^ Thipse , S.S. ; Sheng , C. ; Booty , M.R. ; Magee , R.S. ; Dreizin , E.L. ( 2001 ) . `` Synthetic fuel for imitation of municipal solid waste in experimental studies of waste incineration '' . Chemosphere . Elsevier . 44 ( 5 ) : 1071 -- 1077 . doi : 10.1016 / S0045 - 6535 ( 00 ) 00470 - 7 . PMID 11513393 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sunggyu ; Speight , James G. ; Loyalka , Sudarshan K. ( 2007 ) . Handbook of Alternative Fuel Technologies . CRC Press . p. 225 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8247 - 4069 - 6 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Speight , James G. ( 2008 ) . Synthetic Fuels Handbook : Properties , Process , and Performance . McGraw - Hill Professional . pp. 1 -- 2 ; 9 -- 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 149023 - 8 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ Lee , Sunggyu ( 1990 ) . Methanol Synthesis Technology . CRC Press . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 4610 - 1 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Lapedes , Daniel N. ( 1976 ) . 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Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 08 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Schroeder , W.C. ( August 1946 ) . Holroyd , R. , ed . `` Report On Investigations by Fuels and Lubricants Teams At The I.G. Farbenindustrie , A.G. , Works , Ludwigshafen and Oppau '' . United States Bureau of Mines , Office of Synthetic Liquid Fuels . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Corporation , Bonnier ( 1 October 1931 ) . `` Popular Science '' . Bonnier Corporation -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Miller , Donald L. ( 2006 ) . Masters of the Air : America 's Bomber Boys Who Fought the Air War Against Nazi Germany . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 314,461 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3544 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Early Days of Coal Research '' . Fossil Energy . United States Department of Energy . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Galland , Adolf ( 1968 ) ( 1954 ) . The First and the Last : The Rise and Fall of the German Fighter Forces , 1938 - 1945 ( Ninth Printing - paperbound ) . New York : Ballantine Books . pp. 210 , 224 , 239 . Jump up ^ Becker , Peter W. ( 1981 ) . `` The Role of Synthetic Fuel In World War II Germany : implications for today ? '' . Air University Review . Maxwell AFB . Jump up ^ Speer , Albert ( 1970 ) . Inside the Third Reich . Translated by Richard and Clara Winston . New York and Toronto : Macmillan . p. 418 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 82949 - 4 . LCCN 70119132 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Starts Making Gasoline From Coal '' , August 1949 , Popular Science Jump up ^ `` COAL -- TO -- LIQUIDS an alternative oil supply ? '' ( PDF ) . International Energy Agency . International Energy Agency . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Tarka , Thomas J. ; Wimer , John G. ; Balash , Peter C. ; Skone , Timothy J. ; Kern , Kenneth C. ; Vargas , Maria C. ; Morreale , Bryan D. ; White III , Charles W. ; Gray , David ( 2009 ) . `` Affordable Low Carbon Diesel from Domestic Coal and Biomass '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Energy , National Energy Technology Laboratory : 1 ; 30 . Jump up ^ Edward Schmetz & Lowell Miller ( 2005 ) . `` Hydrogen Production from Coal , 2005 Annual DOE Hydrogen Program Review '' . U.S. Department of Energy Office of Sequestration , Hydrogen , and Clean Coal Fuels : 4 . Jump up ^ Robert Haul : Friedrich Bergius ( 1884 - 1949 ) , p. 62 in ' Chemie in unserer Zeit ' , VCH - Verlagsgesellschaft mbH , 19 . Jahrgang , April 1985 , Weinheim Germany ^ Jump up to : James G. Speight ( 24 December 2010 ) . Handbook of Industrial Hydrocarbon Processes . Gulf Professional Publishing . p. 192 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 08 - 094271 - 1 . Retrieved 2 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Stranges , Anthony N. ( 1984 ) . `` Friedrich Bergius and the Rise of the German Synthetic Fuel Industry '' . Isis . University of Chicago Press . 75 ( 4 ) : 643 -- 667 . doi : 10.1086 / 353647 . JSTOR 232411 . ^ Jump up to : Cleaner Coal Technology Programme ( October 1999 ) . `` Technology Status Report 010 : Coal Liquefaction '' ( PDF ) . Department of Trade and Industry . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2007 - 06 - 04 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Lee , Sunggyu ( 1996 ) . Alternative fuels . CRC Press . pp. 166 -- 198 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56032 - 361 - 7 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 27 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Phillip A. ; Schroeder , Wilburn C. ; Liccardi , Anthony L. ( 1976 ) . `` Technical Economies , Synfuels and Coal Energy Symposium , Solid - Phase Catalytic Coal Liquefaction Process '' . American Society of Mechanical Engineers : 35 . ^ Jump up to : Höök , Mikael ; Aleklett , Kjell ( 2009 ) . `` A review on coal to liquid fuels and its coal consumption '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Energy Research . Wiley InterScience. 33 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2010 - 02 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` JetBlue readies for alternative fuel trial '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` USAF launches new biofuel testing programme '' . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` UOP Receives $1.5 M for Pyrolysis Oil Project from DOE '' . Green Car Congress . 2008 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ Burnham , Alan K. ; McConaghy , James R. ( 2006 - 10 - 16 ) . Comparison of the acceptability of various oil shale processes ( PDF ) . 26th Oil shale symposium . Golden , Colorado : Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory . UCRL - CONF - 226717 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ Motor - fuel production at the New Zealand Synfuel site has been shut down since the mid nineties , although production of methanol for export continues . This site ran on the Mobil process converting gas to methanol and methanol to gasoline. http://www.techhistory.co.nz/ThinkBig/Petrochemical%20Decisions.htm Jump up ^ `` Sasol Inzalo - '' ( PDF ) . www.sasol.com . Jump up ^ Berg , David R. ( 2008 ) . `` The Business Case for Coal Gasification with Co-Production , Business Risks , Financial Prospects , Potential Incentives , Impact of Sequestration '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Energy , United States Air Force Energy Forum II , March 4 , 2008 : 12 . Jump up ^ `` China Shenhua returns profit on CTL project '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` China Shenhua , Yankuang to Boost Coal - to - Fuels Output Six Fold '' . Bloomberg.com. 2007 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` China Coal Price May Rise 5 % as Imports Increase 15 % , UOB Says '' . Bloomberg.com. 2011 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` CTLC Synthetic Fuel Will Enhance U.S. National Security '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ examples of such restrictions include the US Clean Air Act and clean air mercury rule Archived August 31 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine. , and the recent limits imposed on new coal - to - liquids projects in China by the National Development and Reform Commission Jump up ^ An excessive carbon footprint can prevent the United States federal government from being able to purchase fuel . Section 526 of the Energy Independence And Security Act prohibits Federal agencies , including the Department of Defense , from purchasing alternative synfuels unless the alternative fuels have lower GHG emissions than refined petroleum based fuels . Kosich , Dorothy ( 2008 - 04 - 11 ) . `` Repeal sought for ban on U.S. Govt . use of CTL , oil shale , tar sands - generated fuel '' . Mine Web . Archived from the original on 2016 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 27 . Bloom David I ; Waldron Roger ; Layton Duane W ; Patrick Roger W ( 2008 - 03 - 04 ) . `` United States : Energy Independence And Security Act Provision Poses Major Problems For Synthetic And Alternative Fuels '' . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 12 - 14 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 02 . Jump up ^ Agrawal R , Singh NR , Ribeiro FH , Delgass WN ; Singh ; Ribeiro ; Delgass ( 2007 ) . `` Sustainable fuel for the transportation sector '' . PNAS. 104 ( 12 ) : 4828 -- 4833 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 0609921104 . PMC 1821126 . PMID 17360377 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Per the work of NREL `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 13 . , `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . , and various other DOE / DOD studies Jump up ^ see Yosemite Waters study `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Technical Support Document , Coal - to - Liquids Products Industry Overview , Proposed Rule for Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases '' (. PDF ) . Office of Air and Radiation , United States Environmental Protection Agency . 2009 - 01 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Biodegradable diesel fuel '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 02 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 24 . Synfuel Plants Expand In W. Va ( Coal Age , Feb 1 , 2002 ) External links ( edit ) Alliance for Synthetic Fuels in Europe Gas to liquids technology worldwide , ACTED Consultants Gasifipedia - Liquid Fuels Synfuel Producers Hit Paydirt ! ( NCPA Policy Digest ) - an analysis of synfuel subsidies in the USA US DoD launches quest for energy self - sufficiency Jane 's Defence Weekly , 25 September 2006 Alberta Oil Sands Discovery Centre Bitumen and Synthetic Crude Oil EU project to convert CO to liquid fuels Fourth generation synthetic fuels using synthetic life . TED talk by Craig Venter Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Synthetic_fuel&oldid=847988746 '' Categories : Synthetic fuels Hidden categories : CS1 errors : missing author or editor Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles containing German - language text Articles containing Polish - language text All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from January 2008 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from July 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Hrvatski Italiano Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Українська 中文 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 June 2018 , at 03 : 19 ( UTC ) . 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3488602119161777370	Characters in Romeo and Juliet	Characters in Romeo and Juliet - wikipedia Characters in Romeo and Juliet Jump to : navigation , search This article has no lead section . Please help by adding an introductory section to this article . For more information , see the layout guide , and Wikipedia 's lead section guidelines to ensure the section will be inclusive of all the essential details . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( August 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Contents ( hide ) 1 House of Escalus 1.1 Prince Escalus 1.2 Count Paris 1.3 Mercutio 1.4 Page to Paris 2 House of Capulet 2.1 Lord Capulet 2.2 Lady Capulet 2.3 Juliet 2.4 Tybalt 2.5 Nurse 2.6 Peter 2.7 Gregory and Sampson 2.8 Anthony , Potpan , unnamed Servants 2.9 Servant to Capulet 2.10 Old Capulet 3 House of Montague 3.1 Lord Montague 3.2 Lady Montague 3.3 Romeo 3.4 Benvolio 3.5 Balthasar 3.6 Abram 4 Other characters 4.1 Friar Lawrence 4.2 Friar John 4.3 Chorus 4.4 Apothecary 4.5 Watchmen 4.6 Musicians 4.7 Citizens of Verona 5 Unseen and ghost characters 5.1 Petruchio 5.2 Rosaline 5.3 Valentine 6 References House of Escalus ( edit ) Prince Escalus ( edit ) Prince Escalus , the Prince of Verona , is the desperate resolver of the feuding families . He is based on the actual Scaligeri family which ruled Verona , possibly on Bartolomeo I. Escalus is the voice of authority in Verona . He appears only three times within the text and only to administer justice following major events in the feud between the Capulet and Montague families . He first punishes Capulet and Montague for the quarrel between Tybalt , Benvolio , and a handful of servants . He returns too late to stop the fatal brawls between Tybalt and Mercutio and , subsequently , Tybalt and Romeo . Escalus is prepared to execute Romeo for his offence -- Romeo 's killing Tybalt -- but lightens the sentence to lifetime banishment from Verona , when Benvolio insists that Tybalt started the quarrel by murdering Mercutio , a kinsman to the Prince . He yells at Lord Montague for engaging in the feud , which really is the root cause which led to Tybalt killing Mercutio . So , according to him , he lost his dear kinsman because of Lord Montague , so by exiling Romeo , Escalus gives him a ' taste of Montague 's own medicine ' , to see how Montague feels when he loses a loved one . Prince Escalus returns in the final scene -- V. iii -- following the double suicide of Romeo and Juliet , and at last declares the Lords Montague and Capulet guilty of Romeo and Juliet 's death , and angrily tells them that their totally useless feud resulted in the deaths of not only their own loved ones ( Lady Montague , Romeo , Juliet , and Tybalt ) , but also in the deaths of Escalus ' loved ones ( Mercutio and Paris ) . He curses the feud that kills Romeo and Juliet whom he really feels sad for , just before the Lords come to peace with each other . In the end , Prince Escalus becomes very happy that the feud has finally ended , even if with a heavy price , since it ended late . Count Paris ( edit ) Main article : Count Paris Frederic Leighton 's 1850 's painting depicting Count Paris ( right ) seeing Juliet apparently dead . Count Paris is a kinsman of Prince Escalus and seeks to marry Juliet . He is described as handsome , somewhat self - absorbed , and very wealthy . Paris makes his first appearance in Act I , Scene II , where he expresses his wish to make Juliet his wife and the mother of his children . Capulet demurs , citing his daughter 's young age as a reason and telling him to wait until she is more mature . ( Paris disagrees , however . ) Nevertheless , Capulet invites Paris to attend a family ball being held that evening and grants permission to woo and attract Juliet . Later in the play , however , Juliet refuses to become Paris ' `` joyful bride '' after her cousin Tybalt dies by her new husband Romeo 's hand , proclaiming that she now wants nothing to do with Paris . Her parents threaten to disown ( or cut ties with ) her if she will not agree to the marriage . Then , while at Laurence 's cell at the church , Paris tries to woo her by repeatedly saying that she is his wife and that they are to be married on Thursday . He kisses her and then leaves the cell , prompting Juliet to angrily threaten to kill herself with a knife . His final appearance in the play is in the cemetery where Juliet is `` laid to rest '' in the Capulet family tomb . Believing her to be dead , Count Paris has come to mourn her death in solitude and privacy and sends his manservant away . He professes his love to Juliet , saying he will nightly weep for her ( Act V , Scene III ) . Shortly thereafter , Romeo arrives . Paris sees him and thinks he is trying to vandalise the tomb , so he tries to arrest him . They fight , and Romeo kills Paris . Romeo grants Paris ' dying wish to be placed next to Juliet in the tomb . Mercutio ( edit ) Main article : Mercutio See also : § Valentine Mercutio is the cousin of Prince Escalus and Count Paris , and is a close friend of Romeo and his cousin Benvolio . He supports and fights on the Montague side of the feud , and just like a Montague , hates the Capulet family . The invitation to the Capulet 's party reveals that he has a brother named Valentine . Mercutio is apt to make long , drawn out speeches ( the most famous of which is the Queen Mab speech ) , and is generally thought to be reckless , a jester , and a free spirit . Due to his reckless and flamboyant personality , Mercutio is one of Shakespeare 's most popular characters . Mercutio is the instigator of many fights with his rather mean spirited humor , and often insults Tybalt , a renowned swordsman . It is Tybalt 's temper that leads to Mercutio 's death , and Romeo 's banishment and the tragedy that follows . After Romeo receives a death threat from Tybalt , Mercutio expects Romeo to engage Tybalt in a duel . However , Romeo refuses to fight Tybalt , as Tybalt is Juliet 's cousin and therefore his kinsman . Not knowing this , Mercutio is incensed , and decides to fight Tybalt himself . Romeo , not wanting his best friend or his relative to get hurt , intervenes , causing Mercutio to be killed by Tybalt stabbing under Romeo 's arm . Before he dies , Mercutio casts `` a plague o ' both your houses ! '' He makes one final pun before he dies : `` Ask for me tomorrow , and you shall find me a grave man '' . In revenge for the murder of his best friend , Romeo slays Tybalt , thus leading to Romeo 's banishment from Verona and the increasingly tragic turn of events that follows . Page to Paris ( edit ) Another page accompanies Paris to the Capulet 's crypt when he goes to mourn Juliet . He stands guard as Paris enters , ordered to `` whistle then to me , / As signal that thou hear'st something approach '' . When Romeo and Paris break into a brawl , the page runs away to call the Watch . He returns with the Watch too late to stop the fray and later testifies to the Prince of Paris ' intentions . House of Capulet ( edit ) The Capulet family ( in Italian , the Capuleti ) in the play was named after an actual political faction of the 13th century . Notably , the Capulet family is often portrayed as the ' bad ' side , as much of the conflict is caused by them . They are also more developed , since more attention is given to their family life . Lord Capulet ( edit ) Frederic Leighton 's 1854 watercolour The Reconciliation of the Montagues and Capulets Lord Capulet is the patriarch of the Capulet family , the father of Juliet , and uncle of Tybalt . He is very wealthy . He is sometimes commanding but also convivial , as at the ball : when Tybalt tries to incite a duel with Romeo , Capulet tries to calm him and then threatens to throw him out of the family if he does not control his temper ; he does the same to his daughter later in the play . Hang thee , young baggage ! disobedient wretch ! I tell thee what : get thee to church o ' Thursday , Or never after look me in the face And you be mine , I 'll give you to my friend ; And you be not , hang , beg , starve , die in the streets ! Capulet 's ultimatum to Juliet , Romeo and Juliet Capulet believes he knows what is best for Juliet . He says his consent to the marriage depends upon what she wants and tells Count Paris that if he wants to marry Juliet he should wait a while then ask her . Later , however , when Juliet is grieving over Romeo 's departure , Capulet thinks her sorrow is due to Tybalt 's death , and in a misguided attempt to cheer her up , he wants to surprise her by arranging a marriage between her and Count Paris . The catch is that she has to be `` ruled '' by her father and to accept the proposal . When she refuses to become Paris ' `` joyful bride '' , saying that she can `` never be proud of what she hates '' , Capulet becomes furious ; threatens to make her a street urchin ; calls her a `` hilding '' , `` unworthy '' , `` young baggage '' , a `` disobedient wretch '' , a `` green - sickness carrion '' , and `` tallow - face '' ; and says God 's giving Juliet to them was a `` curse '' and he now realises he and his wife had one child too many when Juliet was born ( in the earlier poem The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet ) . In addition to threatening to turn her out , he threatens to sentence her to rot away in prison if she does not obey her parents ' orders . He then storms away , and his wife also rejects Juliet before following him . He fixes the day of the marriage for Thursday and suddenly advances it to Wednesday out of anger and impulse . His actions indicate that his daughter 's wants were irrelevant all the way up to the point when he sees her unconscious on her bed ( presumably dead ) and later , when she is truly dead during the play 's final scene . It is he who asks Lord Montague for his hand to end the feud between their families . Lady Capulet ( edit ) `` Lady Capulet '' redirects here . For the racehorse , see Lady Capulet ( horse ) . Lady Capulet and the Nurse persuade Juliet to marry Paris Capulet 's wife is the matriarch of the house of Capulet and Juliet 's mother . She plays a larger role than Montague 's wife , appearing in several scenes . In Act 1 , Scene 3 , she speaks to Juliet about the marriage of her daughter and Paris , we see this as she compares him to a book , and Juliet is the cover . However , in Scene four , she is pleased about Count Paris ' `` interest '' in her daughter . When Tybalt is killed in Act 3 , she expresses extreme grief and a strong desire for revenge on Romeo by wishing death upon him . In Act 3 , Scene 5 , she becomes very angry with Juliet for refusing to marry Paris and coldly rejects her , saying : `` Talk not to me , for I 'll not speak a word ; do as thou wilt , for I am done with thee '' . By the final act , she is nearly overcome by the tragic events of the play , this is where the grief - stricken mother comes out . We know Juliet 's mother bore her first child by the time she was 14 , Juliet 's age , and her husband is many years older than she . Calling her `` Lady Capulet '' is a modern addition ; it is an echo of Juliet 's form of address in 3.5. 65 : `` my lady mother '' . In the first texts the stage direction and speech headings can be `` mother '' , `` wife '' , or even `` old lady '' , but nowhere `` Lady Capulet '' . Juliet ( edit ) Main article : Juliet Juliet or The Blue Necklace ( 1898 ) by John William Waterhouse Juliet Capulet , the female protagonist , is the only daughter of Capulet , the patriarch of the Capulet family . As a child she was cared for by a Nurse , who is now her confidante . Juliet dies at the end of the play , and the sacred lovers are reunited on the same deathbed . Both their families realise what they had done by trying to separate the star crossed lovers with the effect that the Capulets and Montagues are reunited and their fighting ends . Tybalt ( edit ) Main article : Tybalt Tybalt is the son of Lady Capulet 's brother and Juliet 's hot - headed first cousin . As a skilled swordsman , he serves as the story 's principal antagonist . Tybalt is angered by the insult of Romeo and Benvolio 's uninvited presence at the ball in the Capulets ' home . Tybalt shares the same name as the character Tibert / Tybalt the `` Prince of Cats '' in Reynard the Fox , a point of both mockery and compliment to him in the play . While Mercutio repeatedly calls Tybalt `` Prince of Cats '' ( referring to Tybalt 's speed and agility with the sword ) , Mercutio is also insulting Tybalt -- the phrase refers not only to Reynard but to the Italian word cazzo ( pr . CAT - so ) meaning `` penis . '' Tybalt is first seen coming to the aid of his servants who are being attacked by the Montagues ' servants . He is also present at Capulet 's feast in act one , scene five and is the first to recognise Romeo . His last appearance is in act 3 scene 1 , wherein Mercutio insults Tybalt and ends up fighting with him . Tybalt kills Mercutio and , in retaliation , Romeo rages and kills Tybalt , resulting in Romeo 's banishment . Nurse ( edit ) Main article : Nurse ( Romeo and Juliet ) The Nurse is a major character in the play , and like the Friar she is a neutral character . There has been speculation about her name , as Capulet refers to as `` Angelica '' , but the line can be addressed to either the nurse or Lady Capulet . She is the personal servant ( and former nurse ) of Juliet 's . As the primary person who raised Juliet , she is Juliet 's confidante and effectively more of a mother to the girl than Lady Capulet . Peter ( edit ) Peter is the personal servant of the Nurse 's . He appears to be a loyal servant , always quick to obey the Nurse . He is chastised for not fighting Mercutio for the Nurse 's honour , but insists that he `` saw no man use you a pleasure ; if I had , / my weapon should quickly have been out '' . He appears again in act four , scene five in a brief comic relief scene with a number of musicians . Gregory and Sampson ( edit ) At the beginning of the play , Gregory and Sampson ( right ) quarrel with Abram and Balthazar . Gregory and Sampson are the Capulet servants . Gregory is originally hesitant to start a fight . Sampson , however , bites his thumb at Abram , `` Which is a disgrace to them , if they bear it '' . The Montagues then retaliate in earnest . Benvolio arrives to break up the fight but ends up fighting with Tybalt . Both Gregory and Sampson appear to be friends of their master Tybalt 's . In the opening scene , the two engage in a dialogue full of puns on `` coal '' and `` eye '' , each intending to outdo the other and get each other ready to fight Montagues . The rhetorical form is called stychomythia , wherein characters participate in a short , quick exchanges of one - upmanship . Their discussion and brawl in this scene set the stage for the rivalry and hatred which fills the rest of the play . Anthony , Potpan , unnamed servants ( edit ) Anthony , Potpan , and two other servants to the Capulet family play out a short comic scene in act one , scene five , arguing over the preparations for Capulet 's feast . Capulet 's servants are referenced again in act four , scene one ; Capulet orders them to begin preparations for another party : the wedding of Juliet and Paris . Servant to Capulet ( edit ) The hapless servant attempting to find the people named on a list he can not read A servant to Capulet is sent to deliver party invitations to a number of nobles and friends to Capulet . While walking , he comes upon Romeo and Benvolio and asks them to read the list for him , as he can not read . As a thank you , he invites the boys to `` come and crush a cup of wine , '' not realising that they are Montagues . This character may have been intended to be the same as Peter , and is usually identified in scripts either as Peter or as a Clown . Old Capulet ( edit ) Old Capulet is Capulet 's cousin . He appears as an elderly man sitting with Capulet in the feast . House of Montague ( edit ) The Montague family ( in Italian , `` Montecchi '' ) was an actual political faction of the 13th century . The Montagues are generally portrayed as the ' better ' of the two families , as they are not seen to be provoking fights and are often found trying to avoid fighting whenever they could , and occasionally found trying to dissuade the fighters to return to peace . Lord Montague ( edit ) The father of Romeo . Presumably , he is also wealthy , and is always in feud with Capulet . Montague clearly loves his son deeply and at the beginning of the play , worries for him as he recounts to Benvolio his attempts to find out the source of his depression . He wishes Benvolio better luck . After Romeo kills Tybalt , Montague pleads with the Prince to spare him of execution as Romeo did only what the law would have done , since Tybalt killed Mercutio . He appears again at the end of the play to mourn Romeo , having already lost his wife to grief . Lady Montague ( edit ) Montague 's wife is the matriarch of the house of Montague , and the mother of Romeo and aunt of Benvolio . She appears twice within the play : in act one , scene one she first restrains Montague from entering the quarrel himself , and later speaks with Benvolio about the same quarrel . She returns with her husband and the Prince in act three , scene one to see what the trouble is , and is there informed of Romeo 's banishment . She dies of grief offstage soon after ( mentioned in act five ) . She is very protective of her son Romeo and is very happy when Benvolio tells her that Romeo was not involved in the brawl that happened between the Capulets and Montagues . As with Capulet 's wife , calling her `` Lady Montague '' is a later invention not supported by the earliest texts . Romeo ( edit ) Main article : Romeo An 1870 oil painting by Ford Madox Brown depicting Romeo and Juliet 's famous balcony scene In the beginning of the play , Romeo pines for an unrequited love , Rosaline . To cheer him up , his cousin and friend Benvolio and Mercutio take him to the Capulets ' celebration in disguise , where he meets and falls in love with the Capulets ' only daughter , Juliet . Later that night , he and Juliet meet secretly and pledge to marry , despite their families ' long - standing feud . They marry the following day , but their union is soon thrown into chaos by their families ; Juliet 's cousin Tybalt duels and kills Romeo 's friend Mercutio , throwing Romeo into such a rage that he kills Tybalt , and the Prince of Verona subsequently banishes him . Meanwhile , Juliet 's father plans to marry her off to Paris , a local aristocrat , within the next few days , threatening to turn her out on the streets if she does n't follow through . Desperate , Juliet begs Romeo 's confidant , Friar Laurence , to help her to escape the forced marriage . Laurence does so by giving her a potion that puts her in a deathlike coma . The plan works , but too soon for Romeo to learn of it ; he genuinely believes Juliet to be dead , and so resolves to commit suicide , by drinking the bottle of poison ( illegally bought from the Apothecary upon hearing the news of Juliet 's `` death '' ) . Romeo 's final words were `` Thus with a kiss I die '' . He kills himself at Juliet 's grave , moments before she awakes ; she kills herself in turn shortly thereafter . Benvolio ( edit ) Main article : Benvolio He is Montague 's nephew and Romeo 's cousin . Benvolio and Romeo are both friends of Mercutio , a kinsman to Prince Escalus . Benvolio seems to have little sympathy with the feud , trying unsuccessfully to back down from a fight with Tybalt , and the duels that end in Mercutio and Tybalt 's death . Benvolio spends most of Act I attempting to distract his cousin from his infatuation with Rosaline , but following the first appearance of Mercutio in I. iv , he and Mercutio become more closely aligned until III. i . In that scene , he drags the fatally wounded Mercutio offstage , before returning to inform Romeo of Mercutio 's death and the Prince of the course of Mercutio 's and Tybalt 's deaths . Benvolio then disappears from the play ( though , as a Montague , he may implicitly be included in the stage direction in the final scene `` Enter Lord Montague and others '' , and he is sometimes doubled with Balthasar ) . Though he ultimately disappears from the play without much notice , he is a crucial character if only in that he is the only child of the new generation from either family to survive the play ( as Romeo , Juliet , Paris , Mercutio , and Tybalt are dead ) . Balthasar ( edit ) Balthasar is Romeo 's servant and trusted friend . They have a brotherly relationship , which is identified when Balthasar tells Romeo that Juliet is `` dead . '' While he is not directly referenced in the first scene of the play , the directions call for two Montague servants to quarrel with Sampson and Gregory . He then comes back in Act V Scene 1 telling Romeo about Juliet 's death . Later Friar Laurence runs past Balthasar and asks him where Romeo is . Balthasar tells him that he is inside the tomb . Then the Prince calls him in and asks him questions about why was he there . He gives the Prince the letter that explains why Juliet killed herself . Abram ( edit ) Abram is a servant of the Montague household . He appears in Act 1 , Scene 1 , where he and another servant ( presumably Balthasar ) are provoked into a fight with Gregory and Sampson when the latter bites his thumb at them . Other characters ( edit ) Friar Lawrence ( edit ) Main article : Friar Lawrence Romeo and Juliet with Friar Lawrence by Henry William Bunbury Friar Lawrence plays the part of an advisor and mentor to Romeo , along with aiding in major plot developments . Alone , the innocent Friar gives us foreshadowing with his soliloquy about plants and their similarities to humans . When Romeo requests that the Friar marry him to Juliet , he is shocked , because only days before , Romeo had been infatuated with Rosaline , a woman who did not return his love . Nevertheless , Friar Lawrence decides to marry Romeo and Juliet in the attempt to end the civil feud between the Capulets and the Montagues . When Romeo is banished and flees to Mantua for murdering Tybalt ( who had previously murdered Mercutio ) , he tries to help the two lovers get back together using a death - emulating potion to fake Juliet 's death . The Friar 's letter to Romeo does not reach him because the people of Mantua suspect the messenger came from a house where the plague reigns , and the Friar is unable to arrive at the Capulet 's monument in time . Romeo kills Count Paris , whom he finds weeping near Juliet 's corpse , then commits suicide , by drinking poison that he bought from an impoverished apothecary , over what he thinks is Juliet 's dead body . Friar Lawrence arrives just as Juliet awakes from her chemically induced slumber . He urges Juliet not to be rash , and to join a society of nuns , but he hears a noise from outside and then flees from the tomb . Juliet then kills herself with Romeo 's dagger , completing the tragedy . The Friar is forced to return to the tomb , where he recounts the entire story to Prince Escalus , and all the Montagues and Capulets . As he finishes , the prince proclaims , `` We have still known thee for a holy man '' . Friar John ( edit ) Friar John calls at the door of Friar Laurence 's cell , `` Holy Franciscan friar ! brother , ho ! '' ( 5.2. 1 ) . Friar Laurence comes out and immediately asks about Romeo : `` Welcome from Mantua ! What says Romeo ? / Or , if his mind be writ , give me his letter '' ( 5.2. 3 -- 4 ) . Friar John explains that he sought out another friar for company and found him in a house where he was visiting the sick , whereupon the health authorities , fearing there was pestilence in the house , confined both friars in the house so they would n't infect others . The authorities would n't even allow Friar John to use a messenger to send the letter back to Friar Laurence . Chorus ( edit ) Woodcut of an actor portraying the Chorus delivering the prologue for the play A Chorus gives the opening prologue and one other speech , both in the form of a Shakespearean sonnet . The Chorus is an omniscient character . It appears at the top of the play to fill the audience in on the ancient quarrel between the , `` Two households , both alike in dignity / In fair Verona , where we lay our scene '' . It returns as a prologue to act two to foreshadow the tragic turn of events about to befall the new romance between the title characters . The Chorus only appears in the Quarto versions , not in the First Folio . Apothecary ( edit ) The Apothecary is a pharmacist in Mantua who reluctantly sells Romeo 's poison , only because he 's poor and is also in desperate need of monetary support . Watchmen ( edit ) The Watch of Verona takes the form of three watchmen . The First Watch appears to be the constable , who orders the Second and Third to `` search about the churchyard ! '' Unusual for a Shakespearean watch group , they appear to be a relatively intelligent unit , managing to capture and detain Balthasar and Friar Laurence in the churchyard . They then testify to the Prince to their role in the murder and suicide scene . Musicians ( edit ) Three musicians for Juliet 's wedding appear in act four , scene five in a brief comic scene , refusing to play a song called `` Heart 's ease '' for Peter . They are referred to by the names of Simon Catling , Hugh Rebeck , and James Soundpost . Citizens of Verona ( edit ) A number of citizens emerge during Act I , Scene I to break apart the fight between some Capulet and Montague servants . They appear again in Act III , Scene I to discover the slain body of Tybalt , at which point they place Benvolio under citizen 's arrest until the Prince 's swift entrance . Unseen and ghost characters ( edit ) Petruchio ( edit ) Petruchio is a guest at the Capulet feast . He is notable only in that he is the only ghost character confirmed by Shakespeare to be present . When the party ends and Juliet inquires towards Romeo 's identity , the Nurse attempts to avoid the subject by answering that Juliet is pointing at `` the young Petruchio '' . Later , he is with Tybalt when he fatally wounds Mercutio , and a few scripts identify a Capulet with one line by that name . Petruchio is also the name of a major character in Shakespeare 's earlier work , The Taming of the Shrew . Rosaline ( edit ) Main article : Rosaline Rosaline in Zeffirelli 's Romeo and Juliet , one of the few films to give her a visible role . Rosaline is an unseen character and niece of Capulet . Although silent , her role is important : her lover , Romeo , first spots her cousin Juliet while trying to catch a glimpse of Rosaline at a Capulet gathering . Before Juliet , Romeo was deeply intrigued with another woman that did n't return his feelings . Scholars generally compare Romeo 's short - lived love of Rosaline with his later love of Juliet . Rosaline means `` fair rose '' . The poetry he writes for Rosaline is much weaker than that for Juliet . Scholars believe his early experience with Rosaline prepares him for his relationship with Juliet . Later performances of Romeo and Juliet have painted different pictures of Romeo and Rosaline 's relationship , with filmmakers experimenting by making Rosaline a more visible character . Valentine ( edit ) Valentine is Mercutio 's brother , briefly mentioned as a guest at the Capulet feast where Romeo and Juliet meet . He is a ghost character with no speaking parts , and his only possible appearance is at the Capulet feast among the guests . `` Valentine '' has been taken to mean `` lover '' or `` brother '' , and is associated with these attributes in several stories and histories . Scholars have pointed out that Valentine is more strongly connected to a major character than other ghosts , as he is given a direct connection to his brother . Although he has a very small role in Shakespeare 's play , earlier versions of the story gave him no role or mention at all . In fact , they gave even Mercutio a very minor role . Shakespeare was the first English dramatist to use the name `` Valentine '' on stage , in his earlier plays , Titus Andronicus and Two Gentlemen of Verona . In Titus , Valentine plays a minor role , but in Two Gentlemen , he is one of the title characters . Incidentally , the Valentine of Two Gentlemen borrows heavily from Arthur Brooke 's Romeus in The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet , which Shakespeare later used to create Romeo and Juliet . Brooke 's version made Mercutio a rival for Juliet 's love . Shakespeare 's addition of Valentine as Mercutio 's brother diffuses this rivalry . Thus , because the first time we hear of Mercutio he is associated with Valentine , rather than Juliet , he is changed from a rival to a friend and brotherly figure of Romeo . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Moore , Olin H. ( July 1930 ) . `` The Origins of the Legend of Romeo and Juliet in Italy '' . Speculum . Medieval Academy of America . 5 ( 3 ) : 264 -- 277 . doi : 10.2307 / 2848744 . JSTOR 2848744 . Jump up ^ Act 3 Scene 5 Jump up ^ Halio , Jay . Romeo and Juliet . Westport : Greenwood Press , 1998 . pg. 1 ISBN 0 - 313 - 30089 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Meagher , John C. ( 2003 ) . `` Speech headings and stage directions '' . Pursuing Shakespeare 's dramaturgy : some contexts , resources , and strategies in his playmaking . Madison , NJ : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . p. 81 . ISBN 0 - 8386 - 3993 - 3 . Jump up ^ Bevington , David M. ( 2006 ) . How to read a Shakespeare play . Wiley . p. 184 . ISBN 9781405113953 . Jump up ^ II. iv. 157 -- 158 ^ Jump up to : Hager , Alan . Understanding Romeo and Juliet . Westport : Greenwood Press , 1999 . pgs. 17 -- 20 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 29616 - 2 Jump up ^ `` The Complete Works of William Shakespeare -- The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet '' , Project Gutenberg Jump up ^ Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet ; 2.3. 1 -- 22 Jump up ^ Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet ; 2.3. 180 - 81 Jump up ^ Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet ; 2.3. 26 -- 31 Jump up ^ Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet ; 3.1. 188 - 99 Jump up ^ Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet ; 3.1. 87 -- 93 Jump up ^ Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet ; 3.5. 91 -- 101 Jump up ^ Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet ; 4.5. 5 -- 12 Jump up ^ Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet ; 5.2. 72 -- 73 Jump up ^ Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet ; 5.2. 119 -- 120 Jump up ^ Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet ; 4.5. 66 -- 79 Jump up ^ Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet ; 5.2. 148 - 50 Jump up ^ Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet ; 5.2. 156 -- 160 Jump up ^ Shakespeare : Romeo and Juliet ; 4.5. 125 -- 129 Jump up ^ Porter , Joseph A. `` Mercutio 's Brother . '' South Atlantic Review 49.4 ( 1984 ) : 31 -- 41 . William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet ( 1938 , Prokofiev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1962 , Cranko ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , MacMillan ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1977 , Nureyev ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1965 , Lavery ) Radio and Juliet ( 2005 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 2007 , Martins ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2008 , Pastor ) Operas Romeo und Julie ( 1776 , Benda ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1796 , Zingarelli ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 1825 , Vaccai ) I Capuleti ei Montecchi ( 1830 , Bellini ) Gloria ( 1874 , Cilea ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1867 , Gounod ) A Village Romeo and Juliet ( 1907 , Delius ) Romeo und Julia ( 1940 , Sutermeister ) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair ( 1906 ) West Side Story ( 1957 ) Once on This Island ( 1990 ) Roméo et Juliette , de la Haine à l'Amour ( 2001 ) Giulietta e Romeo ( 2007 ) Classical Beethoven 's String Quartet No. 1 ( c. 1800 ) Roméo et Juliette ( 1839 , Berlioz ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1870 , Tchaikovsky ) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 ( TV ) 1992 ( TV ) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12 - Mile Reef ( 1953 ) Romanoff and Juliet ( 1961 ) West Side Story ( 1961 ) Gonks Go Beat ( 1965 ) Lonesome Cowboys ( 1968 ) The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet ( 1969 ) Romie - 0 and Julie - 8 ( TV ; 1979 ) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet ( 1982 ) Valley Girl ( 1983 ) Bullies ( 1986 ) China Girl ( 1987 ) Romeo. Juliet ( 1990 ) Tromeo and Juliet ( 1996 ) Love Is All There Is ( 1996 ) Rose by Any Other Name ... ( 1997 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns ( 1999 ) Romeo Must Die ( 2000 ) Brooklyn Babylon ( 2001 ) Pizza My Heart ( TV ; 2005 ) West Bank Story ( 2005 ) Life and Lyrics ( 2006 ) Romeo & Juliet : Sealed with a Kiss ( 2006 ) Rome & Jewel ( 2006 ) David & Fatima ( 2008 ) The Cross Road ( 2008 ) Vicious Circle ( 2008 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Private Romeo ( 2011 ) Warm Bodies ( 2013 ) Make Your Move ( 2013 ) Romeo & Juliet ( 2013 ) Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Foreign Ambikapathy ( Tamil 1937 ) Romeo and Juliet ( Spanish 1940 ) Les amants de Vérone ( French 1949 ) Romeo , Juliet and Darkness ( Czech 1960 ) Los Tarantos ( Spanish 1963 ) Fury of Johnny Kid ( Italian 1967 ) Ma che musica maestro ( Italian 1971 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 1978 ) Mônica e Cebolinha : No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 1979 ) Ek Duuje Ke Liye ( Hindi 1981 ) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child ( Japanese 1981 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( Hindi 1988 ) Saudagar ( Hindi 1991 ) The Phantom Lover ( Mandarin 1995 ) 30 : e november ( Swedish / Spanish 1995 ) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi ( Telugu 1996 ) Chicken Rice War ( Cantonese / English 2000 ) Kalisundam Raa ( Telugu 2000 ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein ( Hindi 2002 ) Bollywood Queen ( English / Hindi 2002 ) Amar te duele ( Spanish 2002 ) Ondagona Baa ( Kannada 2003 ) Mamay ( Ukrainian 2003 ) The District ! ( Hungarian 2004 ) O Casamento de Romeu e Julieta ( Portuguese 2005 ) In Fair Palestine : A Story of Romeo and Juliet ( 2006 ) The Bubble ( Hebrew / Arabic 2006 ) Maro Charitra ( Telugu 2010 ) Goliyon Ki Raasleela Ram - Leela ( Hindi 2013 ) Issaq ( Hindi 2013 ) Priyatama ( Marathi 2014 ) Arshinagar ( Bengali 2015 ) Eeda ( Malayalam 2017 ) TV series Sons and Daughters ( 1982 ) Family and Friends ( 1990 ) Villa Quintana ( 1995 ) Yo amo a Paquita Gallego ( 1998 ) Skin ( 2003 ) A Touch Away ( 2006 ) Dangerous ( 2007 ) Romeo × Juliet ( 2007 ) Romeo y Julieta ( 2007 ) Saints & Sinners ( 2007 ) Harina de otro costal ( 2010 ) Villa Quintana ( 2013 ) Westside ( 2013 pilot ) Star - Crossed ( 2014 ) Still Star - Crossed ( 2017 ) Plays Romanoff and Juliet ( 1956 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 2013 ) Songs Lan và Điệp ( 1930s ) `` Montagues and Capulets '' ( 1935 ) `` Fever '' ( 1956 ) Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) `` ( Do n't Fear ) The Reaper '' ( 1976 ) `` Angelo '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1978 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1981 ) `` Cherish '' ( 1989 ) `` Amor Prohibido '' ( 1994 ) `` Kissing You '' ( 1996 ) `` Exit Music '' ( 1997 ) `` Romeo and Juliet '' ( 1998 ) `` Starcrossed '' ( 2004 ) `` Peut - être toi '' ( 2006 ) `` Mademoiselle Juliette '' ( 2007 ) `` Love Story '' ( 2008 ) `` Love Me Again '' ( 2013 ) Albums Romeo and Juliet ( 1968 ) Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) Romeo & Julia ( 2006 ) Tragic Lovers ( 2008 ) Literature Les Chouans The Wandering Jew ( 1844 ) The Stolen Dormouse ( 1941 ) The Faraway Lurs ( 1963 ) Romiette and Julio ( 2001 ) New Moon ( 2006 ) Warm Bodies ( 2010 ) Art Romeo and Juliet : the Tomb Scene ( 1790 ) Romeo and Juliet ( 1978 ) Phrases `` Star - crossed '' `` A rose by any other name would smell as sweet '' Story within a story Nicholas Nickleby 1912 film 1947 film 1980 play 2001 film 2002 film The Picture of Dorian Gray 1910 film 1913 film 1915 film 1916 film 1917 film 1918 film 1945 film 1976 TV special 2009 film Harlequinade W Juliet `` Nothing Broken but My Heart '' Panic Button Bare : A Pop Opera `` '' Into the Light '' Bolji život The Sky Is Everywhere Pay as You Exit The White Mercedes She Died a Lady `` Moonshine River '' Rendez - vous Fame `` I Am Unicorn '' The Frog Prince Molly Smart Girls Get What They Want Tumbleweeds `` The Thief of Baghead '' The Songs of a Sentimental Bloke Prince Charming Km. 0 Phileine Says Sorry Hamateur Night `` Say You 'll Be Mine '' Into the Gauntlet Wandering Son K - On ! Foreign stories Adam Khan and Durkhanai Tum Teav Yusuf Khan and Sherbano Solomon & Gaenor Butterfly Lovers Hani and Sheh Mureed Lục Vân Tiên film Teav Aek Layla and Majnun Lovers of Teruel film Lord Saltoun and Auchanachie Ishaqzaade Other Such Tweet Sorrow Romeo and Juliet effect After Juliet `` Upper West Side Story '' ( 2012 ) Millennium Dome Show Inge Sylten and Heinz Drosihn Boys Do n't Cry My Wedding and Other Secrets Donkey in Lahore Upside Down Letters to Juliet Book : Romeo and Juliet Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Characters_in_Romeo_and_Juliet&oldid=799963500 '' Categories : Lists of theatre characters Shakespearean characters Fictional Italian people in literature Characters in Romeo and Juliet Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2017 Use dmy dates from September 2017 Wikipedia introduction cleanup from August 2017 All pages needing cleanup Pages missing lead section Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from August 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Talk Contents About Wikipedia Magyar Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 10 September 2017 , at 21 : 30 . 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-3759811466936562741	List of school shootings in the United States	List of School shootings in the United States - Wikipedia List of School shootings in the United States Jump to : navigation , search This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . For a broader coverage related to this topic , see Gun violence in the United States . This article lists in chronology and provides additional details of incidents in which a firearm was discharged at a school infrastructure or campus in the United States , including incidents of shootings on a school bus . This list contains school shooting incidents that occurred on the campuses of K - 12 public schools and private schools as well as colleges and universities . It excludes incidents that occurred during wars or police actions as well as murder - suicides by rejected suitors or estranged spouses and suicides or suicide attempts involving only one person . Mass shootings by staff of schools that involve only other employees are covered at workplace killings . This list does not include bombings such as the Bath School disaster . Contents ( hide ) 1 Colonial America 2 19th century 2.1 1840s 2.2 1850s 2.3 1860s 2.4 1870s 2.5 1880s 2.6 1890s 3 20th century 3.1 1900s 3.2 1910s 3.3 1920s 3.4 1930s 3.5 1940s 3.6 1950s 3.7 1960s 3.8 1970s 3.9 1980s 3.10 1990s 4 21st century 4.1 2000s 4.2 2010 -- 2014 4.3 2015 to present 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Bibliography 7 External links Colonial America ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001764 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 , 1764 Greencastle , Pennsylvania ! Greencastle , Pennsylvania 10 Enoch Brown school massacre : Perhaps the earliest shooting to happen on school or college property , in what would become the United States , was the notorious Enoch Brown school massacre during the Pontiac 's War . Four Delaware ( Lenape ) American Indians entered the schoolhouse near present - day Greencastle , Pennsylvania , and shot and killed schoolmaster Enoch Brown and nine children ( reports vary ) . Only two children survived . However , this incident may only incidentally be considered a school `` shooting '' because only the teacher was shot , while the other nine victims were killed with melee weapons . 19th Century ( edit ) 1840s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001840 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1840 Charlottesville , Virginia ! Charlottesville , Virginia 0 John Anthony Gardner Davis , a law professor at the University of Virginia , was shot by student Joseph Semmes , and died from his wound three days later . 1850s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001853 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 , 1853 Louisville , Kentucky ! Louisville , Kentucky 0 Student Mathews Flounoy Ward took a pistol to school , where he shot the schoolmaster William H.G. Butler as revenge for what Ward thought was excessive punishment of his brother the day before . Butler died , and Ward was acquitted . 000000001856 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1856 Florence , Alabama ! Florence , Alabama 0 The schoolmaster had a tame sparrow and had warned the students not to harm it , threatening death . One of the boys stepped on the bird and killed it ; he was afraid to return to school but did so . After lessons , the master took the boy into a private room and strangled him to death . The boy 's father went to the school and shot the schoolmaster dead . 000000001858 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 1858 Baltimore , Maryland ! Baltimore , Maryland 0 The 15 - year - old son of Col. John T. Farlow ( Baltimore 's Marshal of Police 1867 -- 70 ) , was killed during a Sabbath School gathering . The perpetrator escaped , but several arrests were made . 1860s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001860 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1860 Todd County , Kentucky ! Todd County , Kentucky 0 A son of Col. Elijah Sebree was killed by another student . Young Sebree was threatening the other boy and said he intended to kill him . The other student got a gun and walked up to Sebree in the schoolhouse , where he killed him . 000000001864 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1864 Ashland County , Ohio ! Ashland County , Ohio 0 George W. Longfelt , the school teacher of the Pyfer 's School House , killed student Alfred Desem and fled . 000000001867 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1867 Knights Ferry , California ! Knights Ferry , California 0 Mr. McGinnis was killed by his daughter 's teacher after McGinnis threatened the teacher for expelling his daughter from school . When McGinnis ' son learned of this , he went to the school and killed the teacher . 000000001867 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 1867 Madison , Florida ! Madison , Florida 0 Frank Pope , a pupil at the St. John 's seminary , killed his teacher Mr. Bristow with a pistol . 000000001867 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 , 1867 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 13 - year - old Arthur Day , secretly took a loaded pistol to Public School No. 18 to shoot a dog he said had bitten him . While playing with the pistol , Day accidentally injured classmate Robert Morton . 000000001868 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 1868 Chattanooga , Tennessee ! Chattanooga , Tennessee 0 A boy who refused to be whipped by his teacher left the school . The next day he returned with his brother and a friend for revenge . Not finding the teacher at the school , they continued to his house , where a gun battle took place and three died . Only the original boy who initiated the attack survived . 1870s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001871 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1871 Knoxville , Tennessee ! Knoxville , Tennessee 0 John Roberts , aged ten or twelve , accidentally had one of his eyes shot out at school and died . 000000001872 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 , 1872 Washington , Pennsylvania ! Washington , Pennsylvania 0 At the all - girls Union School , 17 - year - old Thomas McGiffin shot and seriously wounded the principal , Prof. Wilson , in the hip because the professor refused to deliver a note to one of the young ladies for him . McGiffin was a son of Col. Norton McGiffin , and brother of US naval hero Philo McGiffin . 000000001873 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1873 Wisconsin ! Wisconsin 0 Chris Foote shot the school mistress for whipping his son . 000000001874 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 1874 Agency , Montana ! Agency , Montana 0 After being ejected from school for disobedience , 20 - year - old Thomas Squires , fatally shot Prof. Hayes in the abdomen three times without warning . 000000001874 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1874 Lebanon , Tennessee ! Lebanon , Tennessee 0 John R. Breckinridge , son of the late Robert Jefferson Breckinridge , attending classes in law at Cumberland University in Lebanon , Tennessee , was killed by John L. Anderson , the Mayor 's son . The latter was reportedly `` crazed with liquor . '' 000000001878 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1878 St. Paul , Minnesota ! St. Paul , Minnesota 0 A 12 - year - old boy , Luckert , accidentally wounded Allie McDonald , another boy at the Neill school . The bullet passed out , and the youth was expected to recover . His mother Mrs. McDonald went to the police station , but did not file a formal complaint . 000000001879 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1879 Lancaster , New York ! Lancaster , New York 0 Telegraph operator Frank Shugart , severely injured Mr. Carr , superintendent of the stables at a girls ' school . 1880s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001881 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1881 Santa Monica , California ! Santa Monica , California 0 While working late on the program for the children 's concert at the schoolhouse , the school master Mr. O'Donnell and one of the parents got into an argument . The parent , Mr. Williams , pulled a gun and fatally shot O'Donnell in the back . 000000001881 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 , 1881 Shelby County , Indiana ! Shelby County , Indiana 0 0 School teacher Charles J. Gregory shot at a pupil at close range because he refused to write on a slate . The bullet missed the boy . The teacher was arrested . 000000001882 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 1882 Iola , Kansas ! Iola , Kansas 0 0 A group of boys shot into a schoolhouse , but no one was hurt . Two of the boys were arrested and pleaded guilty three weeks later . They were fined $9.00 each . 000000001882 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 1882 Huntsville , Texas ! Huntsville , Texas 0 G.W. Gray , a student at the Sam Houston Normal School , wounded another student , M.J. Jordan . They were arguing over a comic valentine . 000000001883 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1883 Florence , Nebraska ! Florence , Nebraska 0 As some children were playing and throwing snowballs outside the Ponca Creek schoolhouse , three young men pulled up in a wagon . They engaged the children in a snowball fight . When they were leaving , the kids followed with lots of snowballs . Lem Harbaugh was one of the men . Harbaugh was in the wagon with The Shipley Brothers . One of the brothers had with them a . 45 caliber needle gun . Harbaugh took the needle gun , and pointed it at the children . However , the lock system had been tampered with , so it was faulty . He touched the trigger , accidentally shooting and wounding three of them , Mamie Shipley , Joy Price , & Marquis Price . Feeling great remorse , Harbaugh later surrendered himself to the authorities . 000000001883 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 1883 Barber County , Kansas ! Barber County , Kansas 0 0 A bunch of drunken cowboys stopped at several schoolhouses , forcing two teachers to drink whiskey and firing numerous shots at three schoolhouses . 000000001884 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 , 1884 Danville , Virginia ! Danville , Virginia 0 As Allen Wamack , a 15 - year - old boy , drove by a `` Negro '' schoolhouse , he called out `` school butter . '' ( an insult meaning a cobbing , or a whipping ) . The school students ran out and attacked him , firing several shots at him , he returned fire hitting two students . 000000001884 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 1884 Boston , Massachusetts ! Boston , Massachusetts 0 0 As news of outlaw Jesse James reached the East Coast , young boys started to imitate him . For instance , boys armed with guns shot at police investigating their activities at the Concord - street schoolhouse . 000000001884 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1884 Gainesville , Georgia ! Gainesville , Georgia 0 0 In the middle of the day , a group of very drunk Jackson County farmers were shooting their revolvers as they headed down the street , driving people into their homes . As they approached the female academy , the girls fled from the yard into the school . The gang followed and fired several rounds into the front door , but no one was hurt . 000000001887 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 , 1887 Cleveland , Tennessee ! Cleveland , Tennessee 0 Will Guess went to the school and killed Miss Irene Fann , his little sister 's teacher , for whipping her the day before . 000000001889 - 06 - 13 - 0000 June 13 , 1889 New Brunswick , New Jersey ! New Brunswick , New Jersey 0 0 Charles Crawford , upset over an argument with a school trustee , went up to the window and fired a pistol into a crowded schoolroom . The bullet lodged in the wall just above the teacher 's head . 1890s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001890 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1890 Brazil , Indiana ! Brazil , Indiana 0 While the pupils of the Meridian Street School were at play , Ben Corbery drew a revolver and seriously wounded 10 - year - old Cora Brubach , in the face . The girl had told the teacher of Ben 's misconduct . 000000001890 - 12 - 27 - 0000 December 27 , 1890 Staunton , Virginia ! Staunton , Virginia 0 At the Kable 's Military Academy a 15 - year - old student , A.H. Hathaway of Dennison , Texas , was accidentally killed by his 17 - year - old classmate James Whitworth of Sulphur Springs , Texas , while they were playing with an old pistol . 000000001891 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1891 Liberty , Mississippi ! Liberty , Mississippi 0 14 During a school exhibition and concert given at the Parson Hill schoolhouse , where the large audience was composed of blacks and whites : teachers , pupils , and spectators , an unknown gunman fired a double barreled shotgun into the assemblage . Fourteen people were wounded , some seriously . 000000001891 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1891 Newburgh , New York ! Newburgh , New York 0 ? 70 - year - old James Foster , fired a shotgun at a group of students in the playground of St. Mary 's Parochial School , causing minor injuries to several of the students . 000000001892 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 , 1892 Lawrence , Kansas ! Lawrence , Kansas 0 At the University of Kansas , two students , E. Higgins and Jack Craycroft , were injured as they were walking back to their dorm rooms after football practice . Law student Fred Bassett fired a double barreled shotgun as they passed his home , he said he had warned them not to trespass on his farm , which students frequently did . 000000001893 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1893 Plain Dealing , Louisiana ! Plain Dealing , Louisiana During an evening school dance at Plain Dealing High School , a fight broke out . When the smoke cleared , two students were killed , two more were fatally wounded , and the high school 's Professor Johnson was wounded in the arm . 000000001894 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1894 Parkersburg , West Virginia ! Parkersburg , West Virginia 0 When school was let out , 15 - year - old Willis Gardner , was killed and his 8 - year - old brother fatally stabbed in a quarrel among a group of boys . 000000001898 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 , 1898 Charleston , West Virginia ! Charleston , West Virginia 6 1 + During the school exhibition , a group of young men tried to break up a student performance . When the teacher Fisher tried to throw them out , they turned on him . Audience members joined the fray . The fight resulted in deaths : Harry Flasher was shot in the heart and instantly killed , Henry Carney was fatally shot in the back , Ralph Jones and two others were also fatally shot , and George Gibson was shot in the hand ; Haz Harding had his skull crushed and several others received minor wounds . 20th Century ( edit ) 1900s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001903 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1903 Inman , South Carolina ! Inman , South Carolina 0 Edward Foster , a 17 - year - old student at Inman High School , was fatally wounded by his teacher Reuben Pitts after jerking a rod from Pitts ' hands to avoid punishment . According to the teacher , Foster struck the pistol Pitts had drawn , and caused it to fire . Pitts was acquitted of murder on grounds of self - defense . 000000001903 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1903 Jackson , Kentucky ! Jackson , Kentucky At the Cave Run School , James Barrett and Mack Howard argued over a card game and fought a duel with pistols , they killed each other . 12 - year - old student , James Vires , was shot in the abdomen while sitting at his desk during the gunfight . 000000001904 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 1904 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 Two students had been fighting for most of a year over a girl . In their last fight , Henry Schaze threw 16 - year - old Paul Jelick to the ground , drew a revolver , and killed his rival . 000000001904 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 1904 Riverside , California ! Riverside , California At the Indian School , a gun fight broke out between pupils . Charles Colby was shot in the head with a pistol , then returned fire , killing Tom Bucanoros instantly , and fatally wounding Fred Smith . 000000001904 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1904 Magee , Mississippi ! Magee , Mississippi Parent , E.E. Mangum , was shot through the head and killed by the principal of the high school , Professor J.E. Woodward . Mangum had argued with Woodward , who had given Mangum 's 15 - year - old son a severe whipping . Mangum lost his temper , shooting Woodward through the wrist . 000000001905 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1905 Colusa , California ! Colusa , California 0 At the request of his childhood friend , Pearl Cruse , 17 - year - old Elmer Hildreth , who did not attend her school , went to a meeting between Miss Cruse and her teacher . It ended in `` a hand to hand '' encounter between teacher and pupil . When Ingrim went after Hildreth with an axe , Hildreth shot him in the stomach . Hildreth was arrested and bail was posted by five prominent men in the community . Hildreth was found to have acted in self - defense and no charges were filed . Ingrim survived . 000000001905 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1905 Hickman , Kentucky ! Hickman , Kentucky 0 Parent George Nicholson killed John Kurd at a schoolhouse during a school rehearsal . Kurd had made a disparaging remark about Nicholson 's daughter during her recital . 000000001907 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1907 Chico , California ! Chico , California 0 9 - year - old Arthur Roberts , was shot in the head and killed outside his school during a military drill by school children of the Dayton school district . Armed with old guns believed to be empty , the children had pulled their triggers . The Roberts boy threw his hands to his head and cried , `` I 'm shot . '' 000000001908 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1908 Council Bluffs , Iowa ! Council Bluffs , Iowa 0 0 At around 6 a.m. , as George O Mortensen , 35 - year - old janitor of the Washington street school building , was unlocking the outer door of the school , someone discharged a shotgun from only a few feet . The shot riddled the door within a foot of his head . 000000001908 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1908 Boston , Massachusetts ! Boston , Massachusetts 0 Suffering from melancholia , due to overwork , thirty - nine year - old Miss Sarah Chamberlain Weed , killed thirty - four year - old Elizabeth Bailey Hardee , then shot herself , at the Laurens School , a fashionable boarding school . 000000001909 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1909 Mount Vernon , Illinois ! Mount Vernon , Illinois 0 During a school performance of `` The Grand Central '' , John Moake , portraying the villain , was shot in the forehead and dangerously wounded by the hero , Roy Slater . The cartridge was thought to have been blank . 000000001909 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 , 1909 Trinidad , Colorado ! Trinidad , Colorado 0 Walter Harris , 11 - year - old student , accidentally shot his teacher , B.C. Briggs in the head while on a school field trip , killing him . 000000001909 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 , 1909 Bakersfield , California ! Bakersfield , California 0 0 After hunting doves , a group of six young men deliberately shot out the glass at the Fruitvale School . They also shot at the nearby residence of A.J. Hunter , narrowly missing several children in the rear yard . 000000001909 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1909 Gravette , Arkansas ! Gravette , Arkansas 0 John Butram , a student at the Bear Hollow School , told his fellow students that school was cancelled . The teacher A.T. Kelly insisted that the day 's lesson was not over . When Butram drew a knife on his teacher , Kelly drew his gun and shot him . 1910s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001910 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1910 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 `` A black bearded maniac drew an automatic pistol '' and fired five shots into a crowd of boys at the Harlem School , who were taunting him . 6 - year - old Robert Lomas , was hit and died instantly , 6 - year - old Arthur Shively , was critically wounded . 000000001910 - 03 - 10 - 0000 March 10 , 1910 Ione , California ! Ione , California 0 0 At the reform school , known as Preston School of Industry , students Albert Brown and Eugene Griffin tried to escape , stealing a revolver from the school 's bakery shop . They shot at Captain William H. White when he pursued them . No one was hurt , but the boys were transferred to the penitentiary , which held adults . 000000001910 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 , 1910 Lexington , Kentucky ! Lexington , Kentucky ? A general fight broke out during school board elections . Lewis Napier was killed , and several other persons were hurt . Several were arrested . 000000001911 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1911 Manhattan , Kansas ! Manhattan , Kansas 0 During a school play rehearsal , a boy accidentally loaded his revolver . An 18 - year - old girl who was to use it in the play said she was afraid to handle it . The teacher said there was no need for her fear and pointed it at the girl , Pearl Reedy , squeezing the trigger . She was fatally wounded . 000000001912 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1912 San Francisco , California ! San Francisco , California 0 During a stone throwing confrontation near the Oriental School on Clay Street , a group of white boys found themselves trapped between two groups of Chinese boys . In an attempt to escape , Jose Aguilar , fired a BB shot air rifle twice hoping to frighten the Chinese . However , 10 - year - old Wong She , had a gun and fired back . One bullet passed through Aguilar 's coat sleeve as he ran and fatally struck 14 - year - old James Kane in the school 's rear yard . 000000001912 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 , 1912 Lagrange , New York ! Lagrange , New York 0 14 - year - old May McQuade , was killed by classmate Raymond B. Carroll . Carroll alleged the shooting was accidental and he did not think the gun was loaded . 000000001914 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1914 Sayre , Pennsylvania ! Sayre , Pennsylvania 0 While walking to school , 14 - year - old Charles Listman , killed 15 - year - old Andrew Milton , over the affections of classmate , 13 - year - old Minnie London . 000000001915 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1915 Vancouver , Washington ! Vancouver , Washington 0 During a parent - teachers ' meeting , 15 - year - old student , Murlan Decker , was accidentally shot by his younger brother , Luther . 000000001915 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 , 1915 Jasper , Florida ! Jasper , Florida 20 - year - old Will Yates , teacher of Clear Pond school in Hamilton county , Fla. , was killed in a fight with Claude Holtzendorff and his two sons . A whipping administered in school to one of the Holtzendorff boys started the trouble . After punishing the boy Yates armed himself , and when accosted by the Holtzendorffs , shot the father through the mouth . He was in turn shot through the body , dying an hour later . 000000001916 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1916 Bemidji , Minnesota ! Bemidji , Minnesota 0 Olga Dahl , the 19 - year - old teacher at the Round Lake District School , was found tied to a tree near the school , assaulted and shot twice in the face . She had been working late after school , and a man with a revolver entered the school house and ordered her to obey him . He raped and shot her ; she was expected to live . All available men in Itasca County joined in hunting the assailant . 000000001916 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 , 1916 Danville , Kentucky ! Danville , Kentucky ? During the Christmas tree celebration at the Harris Creek School , with a packed room of children and visitors , a fight broke out . William Benedict , Sr. was instantly killed , William Benedict , Jr. was shot in the ankle , Bourdon Galloway was shot in the right arm , and Mike Gaddis was shot in the leg . Many others were injured . The disturbance was said to be started by Thomas Thornton , who had been drinking and was told to calm down by Benedict . Thornton 's brother George left the room and returned with a revolver . 000000001917 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 , 1917 Harrisburg , Pennsylvania ! Harrisburg , Pennsylvania 0 16 - year - old freshman , Earl Wolf , was accidentally shot in the leg with a revolver around noon time , in the company of his classmates at the Central High School . 000000001917 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 1917 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 Overnight two brothers , 16 - year - old William and 15 - year - old Ralph Carter , broke into the May public school , robbing the phone boxes and teachers ' desks . Discovered by janitor Howard Parks and policeman Thomas Conway , a gunfight broke out . William was critically wounded and not expected to live ; Ralph Carter was taken to jail . 000000001917 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 1917 Manes , Missouri ! Manes , Missouri 0 At the Perkins school 's Thanksgiving night pie supper , 21 - year - old teacher Joe Todd , was mysteriously shot . He was expected to recover . 000000001918 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 , 1918 Jefferson City , Missouri ! Jefferson City , Missouri 0 At the Lincoln Institute , State Negro Normal School , 31 - year - old Professor Romeo West , was killed in the dormitory by superintendent of school Theodore Martin . They were arguing over which dishes to use at a social . Martin said he shot in self - defense , fatally hitting West with three of five shots . 000000001918 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 , 1918 Reeder , North Dakota ! Reeder , North Dakota 0 During the afternoon recess , a boy was looking over a 22 - caliber rifle ; it discharged , striking the head of the Coyne boy in the seat to the front , killing him instantly . 000000001919 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 1919 Monroe City , Missouri ! Monroe City , Missouri 0 0 While school was in session , Hugh Claggett shot through the school house 's front door while on his way home from work . No one was hurt , and he was fined $20 . 000000001919 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 1919 Ogden City , Utah ! Ogden City , Utah 0 During a high school assembly , six boys shot off their guns . Permission had been given in the belief the guns were loaded with blanks but they had live shot . Teacher Verna Davidson was shot in the foot . 000000001919 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 , 1919 Berkeley , California ! Berkeley , California 0 Roger Sprague , an assistant in the department of chemistry at the University of California , despondent and desperate over his inability to obtain a position , slightly wounded 59 - year - old Professor Edmond O'Neill , head of department , and 37 - year - old Dr. Joel Henry Hildebrand , professor of chemistry , in the administration offices of Gilman Hall . He then went to California Hall and attempted to shoot 57 - year - old May L. Cheney , appointment secretary , but struck only one of her hair combs before he was subdued . 1920s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001920 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 1920 Durant , Oklahoma ! Durant , Oklahoma 0 At the Durant Normal School , teacher Albert McFarland , was seriously wounded by one of his pupils . 000000001920 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1920 Cincinnati , Ohio ! Cincinnati , Ohio 0 14 - year - old student , Lawrence Angel , shot his teacher , Beatrice Conner , through the arm for sending him to the principal 's office . 000000001920 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1920 Summerville , Georgia ! Summerville , Georgia 0 0 At the High School , 15 - year - old student Alexander Potter , fired six shots at his teacher , Prof. Ransom , but missed . Potter was upset over having received a severe thrashing and expulsion . Potter was sentenced to six years at a reform school . 000000001920 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1920 Bowling Green , Ohio ! Bowling Green , Ohio 0 While attending her son 's school track meet , Mrs. F. Mahl was killed accidentally by a shot from the starter 's pistol . 000000001920 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1920 Ogden , Utah ! Ogden , Utah 0 Mike Smults , the night watchman at the Utah school for the Deaf and Blind , shot a 10 - year - old boy , Dennis McDonald , as he and his brother Clinton cut through the campus . The watchman said he fired into the air as a warning . 000000001920 - 10 - 22 - 0000 October 22 , 1920 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 Mrs. Carmila Rindoni went to the school and twice shot Rosalind I. Reynolds , her son 's teacher , for spanking her son the day before . Mrs. Rindoni was arrested , and Miss Reynolds was expected to recover . 000000001920 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1920 Middlesboro , Kentucky ! Middlesboro , Kentucky 0 Prof. Barnes of Middlesboro High School was fatally shot by Adolphus Oaks , for whipping his sister the week before . Barnes had already submitted his resignation to the school board , as his students had boycotted his class in protest over the whipping . He intended to leave the city that weekend . Oaks went to jail . 000000001922 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 , 1922 Valdosta , Georgia ! Valdosta , Georgia 0 John Glover broke into the school house , where he killed a girl and fatally wounded a boy . A mob tracked and killed Glover 7 miles ( 11 km ) away in Indianola , now Naylor , Georgia . 000000001922 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1922 Ardmore , Oklahoma ! Ardmore , Oklahoma 0 Bryant Hignight and four other students were hanging out at the outhouse of the Mount Zion school . Hignight fired two shots . One entered Raymond Guin 's head , killing the boy instantly . Three of the boys were questioned , but all said it was an accident . 000000001926 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 , 1926 Gettysburg , Pennsylvania ! Gettysburg , Pennsylvania 0 12 - year - old Frederick Heilman was shot through the right instep when Gettysburg College janitor , Joseph Carver , fired in the direction of a group of boys attempting to force their way into the college gymnasium . Carver had shot into the ground , attempting to scare the boys , and was not aware that a bullet had ricocheted . Mr Heilman chose not to prefer criminal charges . 1930s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001930 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1930 Ringe , Minnesota ! Ringe , Minnesota 0 24 - year - old Douglas Petersen , killed 20 - year - old teacher , Margaret Wegman , who was standing in the doorway of a rural schoolhouse . 000000001931 - 05 - 28 - 0000 May 28 , 1931 Duluth , Minnesota ! Duluth , Minnesota 0 Katherine McMillen , 24 - year - old teacher at the Howard Gensen rural school near Duluth , was accidentally killed by a pupil who brought a revolver to school . 000000001934 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 1934 Gill , Massachusetts ! Gill , Massachusetts 0 Headmaster Elliott Speer was murdered by a shotgun blast through the window at Northfield Mount Hermon School . The crime was never solved . 000000001935 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 1935 Irvington , New York ! Irvington , New York 0 Dr. Paul Kyle , head of the Kyle School for Boys , was found killed in the school , just before classes were to begin that day . 000000001936 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1936 Williamstown , Massachusetts ! Williamstown , Massachusetts Lewis Jack Somes , Jr. shot and killed classmate Robert Henneberry and wounded William Hartz , Jr. before killing himself in Lehman Hall at Williams College . 000000001936 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1936 Bethlehem , Pennsylvania ! Bethlehem , Pennsylvania 0 Wesley Clow killed his Lehigh University English instructor , C. Wesley Phy . Clow went to Phy 's office and demanded that Phy change his grade to a passing mark . Clow committed suicide after shooting Phy . 000000001937 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1937 Isabel , Kansas ! Isabel , Kansas 0 16 - year - old Robert Douthitt , was accidentally killed backstage during high school play practice . The revolver was to have been loaded with blanks , but it held live ammunition . 000000001937 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 1937 Toledo , Ohio ! Toledo , Ohio 0 12 - year - old Robert Snyder wounded his principal , June Mapes , in her office at Arlington Public School when she declined his request to call a classmate . He fled the grounds , and wounded himself . 000000001938 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1938 Blencoe , Iowa ! Blencoe , Iowa 0 17 - year - old Edward Marley was accidentally killed by a fellow actor while rehearsing for a play at Blencoe High School . 1940s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001940 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 1940 South Pasadena , CA 5 South Pasadena Junior High School murders : Outraged by his dismissal , following conflicts with other staff , thirty - eight - year - old Verlin H. Spencer shot and killed 62 - year - old superintendent of the South Pasadena city schools George C. Bush , 50 - year - old principal of South Pasadena High School John E. Alman , and 52 - year - old School District business manager Will R. Speer . He then attempted to kill Bush 's secretary , 32 - year - old Dorothea Talbert ; she was struck near the shoulder . He later shot and killed 45 - year - old art teacher Ruth Sturgeon , with whom he 'd been in conflict , fatally wounding her in the chest and , following an intense struggle , 35 - year - old mechanical arts teacher Verner V. Vanderlip , another with whom he had a grievance . Spencer was cornered by police as he attempted to escape through the school cafeteria ; as one officer aimed , Spencer pressed the . 22 caliber automatic pistol against his right side and fired twice , critically wounding himself . Police later found a suicide note from Spencer to his wife , Polly . He survived his wounds and was tried for murder . Pleading guilty to all charges , he received 5 consecutive life terms . He was discharged from California 's Department of Correction in 1977 , aged 75 . Verlin Spencer died January 11 , 1991 . 000000001940 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1940 Valhalla , New York ! Valhalla , New York 0 Angered by the refusal of his daughter , 15 - year - old Melba , to leave a boarding school and return home , 47 - year - old Joseph Moshell , went to the school , where he killed his daughter . 000000001942 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1942 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 Irwin Goodman , 36 - year - old mathematics teacher at William J. Gaynor Junior High School , was killed in the school corridor by a youth . 000000001946 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 , 1946 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A 15 - year - old student , who refused to give his pocket money to a gang of seven youths , was shot in the chest in the Public School 147 annex of Brooklyn Automotive Trades High School . 000000001947 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1947 Madill , Oklahoma ! Madill , Oklahoma 0 62 - year - old Ellis Laird killed his estranged wife , 40 - year - old teacher , Jessie Laird , inside her first grade classroom . He then took his own life . All of this took place in the presence of several pupils . 000000001948 - 12 - 24 - 0000 December 24 , 1948 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A 14 - year - old student was fatally wounded in the head by a shot from fellow student , 17 - year - old Robert Ross . The youth was accidentally shot when he chanced into range where Ross was target shooting near a lake at the school . 000000001949 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 , 1949 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A 16 - year - old student at Stuyvesant High School was accidentally shot in the arm by a fellow student who was ' showing off ' with a pistol in a classroom . 000000001949 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1949 Columbus , Ohio ! Columbus , Ohio 0 Ohio State University freshman James Heer grabbed a . 45 caliber handgun from the room of a Delta Tau Delta fraternity brother , and killed 21 - year - old Jack McKeown , a senior and also a fraternity brother . 1950s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001950 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 , 1950 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A 16 - year - old boy was shot in the wrist and abdomen at the Public School 141 dance during an argument with a former classmate . 000000001951 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1951 Alton , Illinois ! Alton , Illinois 0 61 - year - old Henry Suhre , quartermaster at Western Military Academy , was killed in the cadet store on campus . 000000001951 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 , 1951 Union Mills , North Carolina ! Union Mills , North Carolina 0 Professor W.E. Sweatt , superintendent and teacher at the Alexander School , was killed by students , 16 - year - old Billy Ray Powell , and 19 - year - old Hugh Justice , whom he had reprimanded . The boys fled and also shot Wade Johnson , 15 , for telling on them about a rule infraction . 000000001951 - 06 - 04 - 0000 June 4 , 1951 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 Carl Arch , a 50 - year - old intruder to a girls ' gym class , was killed by a police officer at Manhattan 's Central Commercial High School . 000000001951 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 1951 St. Louis , Missouri ! St. Louis , Missouri 0 15 - year - old student , David Brooks , was fatally shot as fellow pupils looked on . Two former students were sought by police . 000000001952 - 04 - 09 - 0000 April 9 , 1952 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A 15 - year - old boarding school student shot a dean rather than give up his pin - up pictures of girls in bathing suits . 000000001952 - 07 - 14 - 0000 July 14 , 1952 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 Bayard Peakes walked into the offices of the American Physical Society ( APS ) at Columbia University , where he killed secretary Eileen Fahey . Peakes was reportedly upset that the APS had rejected a paper of his . 000000001953 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1953 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 14 - year - old Bernice Turner , killed 14 - year - old Pasquale Coletta inside the science classroom at Kelly High School . The shooting was later ruled to be accidental . 000000001954 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 , 1954 Newton , Massachusetts ! Newton , Massachusetts 0 14 - year - old John Frankenberger , was accidentally killed in a classroom at Day Junior High School when a pistol being held by a classmate discharged . 000000001954 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1954 Chapel Hill , North Carolina ! Chapel Hill , North Carolina Putnam Davis Jr. was killed during a fraternity house carnival at the Phi Delta Theta house at the University of North Carolina . William Joyner and Allen Long were wounded during the exchange of gunfire in their room . The incident followed an all - night beer party . Long told police that , while the three were drinking beer at 7 a.m. , Davis pulled out a gun and started shooting . 000000001955 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1955 Swarthmore , Pennsylvania ! Swarthmore , Pennsylvania 0 After some of his dormmates urinated on his mattress during hazing , Robert B. Bechtel , a 22 - year - old student proctor at Swarthmore College , returned to his third floor Wharton Hall dorm with a shotgun and killed fellow student , 19 - year - old Francis Holmes Strozier . Betchtel was acquitted of murder by reason of insanity and spent five years in a psychiatric hospital . 000000001956 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1956 Seat Pleasant , Maryland ! Seat Pleasant , Maryland 15 - year - old student , Billy Ray Prevatte , fatally shot 32 - year - old teacher , Frazer Cameron , and injured 25 - year - old athletic coach , Francis Daniel Wagner , and 31 - year - old teacher , Robert Hicks , at Maryland Park Junior High School . He just left , after growing tired of waiting outside the principal 's office awaiting a reprimand for failing to turn in a written physical education assignment , and returned with a rifle . 000000001956 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 1956 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A Booker T. Washington Junior High School student was wounded in the forearm by another student armed with a home - made weapon . 000000001957 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 1957 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A 16 - year - old student was shot in the leg by a 15 - year - old classmate at a city high school . 000000001958 - 03 - 04 - 0000 March 4 , 1958 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 A 17 - year - old student shot a boy in the Manual Training High School . 000000001958 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1958 Massapequa , New York ! Massapequa , New York 0 A 15 - year - old Massapequa High School freshman was killed by a classmate in a washroom . 000000001959 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 1959 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 Twenty - seven men and boys and an arsenal were seized in the Bronx as the police headed off a gang war resulting from the fatal shooting of a teenager at Morris High School . 1960s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001960 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1960 Hartford City , Indiana ! Hartford City , Indiana 0 44 - year - old school principal Leonard Redden killed teachers Harriett Robson and Minnie McFerren inside their classrooms at William Reed School . Redden then fled to a wooded area where he killed himself . 000000001960 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 1960 Alice , Texas ! Alice , Texas 0 14 - year - old Donna Dvorak , brought a target pistol to Dubose Junior High School , and fatally shot 15 - year - old Bobby Whitford , in their 9th - grade science class . Dvorak believed Whitford posed a threat to one of her girlfriends . 000000001960 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 , 1960 Blaine , Minnesota ! Blaine , Minnesota 0 41 - year - old mail - carrier , Lester Betts , confronted 33 - year - old principal , Carson Hammond , in his Blaine Elementary School office , and shot him dead with a 12 - gauge shotgun . 000000001961 - 01 - 04 - 0000 January 4 , 1961 Delmont , South Dakota ! Delmont , South Dakota 0 Donald Kurtz , 17 - year - old senior at Delmont High School , was fatally wounded by a . 22 caliber bullet from a rifle . The shot , intended as a sound effect for a school play , hit him in the chest during a rehearsal just minutes before the play was to take place . 000000001961 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1961 Denver , Colorado ! Denver , Colorado 0 14 - year - old Tennyson Beard , got into an argument with 15 - year - old William Hachmeister , at Morey Junior High School , and wounded him . Another shot fatally struck 14 - year - old Deborah Faith Humphrey . 000000001963 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 , 1963 Cedar Rapids , Iowa ! Cedar Rapids , Iowa 0 15 - year - old Augie Holmquist , a student at Jefferson High School , was in the locker room just after third hour swimming class and about to enter the shower area when he was shot twice in the back and once in the hip with a . 22 caliber revolver by another student , 16 - year - old Randy Schultz . Schultz fled the locker room after the shooting and ran to his house where he told his parents to call the police . The boys had been playing water polo during swim class where Holmquist , who was a defensive standout on the championship Jefferson sophmore football team , apparently had `` ducked '' Shultz . Schultz objected to this , and Holmquist retaliated by hitting Schultz . Schultz , who also worked at the school library , held `` ill feelings '' towards Holmquist , according to police chief George Matias . 000000001966 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 , 1966 Bay Shore , New York ! Bay Shore , New York 0 48 - year - old teacher , John S. Lane , was fatally wounded when he tried to stop 16 - year - old student James Arthur Frampton . The youth was walking through the halls of Bay Shore Senior High School with a shotgun , searching for boys whom he had argued with earlier that day . Lane died about six weeks later of his wounds . 000000001966 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 , 1966 Austin , Texas ! Austin , Texas 17 31 University of Texas massacre : 25 - year - old engineering student , Charles Whitman , got onto the observation deck at the University of Texas - Austin , from where he killed seventeen people and wounded thirty - one during a 96 - minute shooting rampage . He had earlier murdered his wife and mother at their homes . It was the deadliest shooting on a U.S. college campus until the Virginia Tech shooting in 2007 . 000000001966 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 1966 Grand Rapids , Minnesota ! Grand Rapids , Minnesota Grand Rapids High School student , 15 - year - old David Black , killed school administrator Forrest Willey and seriously wounded fellow student , 14 - year - old Kevin Roth . 000000001966 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1966 Mesa , Arizona ! Mesa , Arizona 5 18 - year - old Bob Smith , took seven people hostage at Rose - Mar College of Beauty and ordered them to lie down in a circle . He shot each in the head . Four women and a 3 - year - old girl died , a woman and a baby were injured but survived . Police arrested Smith , who reportedly admired Richard Speck and Charles Whitman . 000000001967 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 , 1967 Northlake , Illinois ! Northlake , Illinois 18 - year - old dropout , Michael Pisarski killed his former girlfriend , 17 - year - old Christine Mitchell inside West Leyden High School . The school 's athletic director was wounded . 000000001968 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 , 1968 Miami , Florida ! Miami , Florida 0 16 - year - old Blanche Ward killed fellow student , 16 - year - old Linda Lipscomb , at Miami Jackson High School . According to Ward , she was threatened with a razor by Lipscomb during an argument over a fountain pen , and in the ensuing struggle the gun went off . 000000001968 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 1968 Orangeburg , South Carolina ! Orangeburg , South Carolina 27 In the days leading up to February 8 , 1968 , about two hundred mostly student civil rights protesters gathered on the campus of South Carolina State University to protest the continued racial segregation of the All Star Bowling Lane after passage in 1964 of federal legislation prohibiting such action . That night , students started a bonfire . As police attempted to put out the fire , an officer was struck and injured by an object . Police later said they believed they were under attack by small weapons fire . The officers fired into the crowd , killing 18 - year - old Samuel Hammond Jr. , 17 - year - old Delano Herman Middleton , and 19 - year - old Henry Ezekial Smith , and wounding twenty - seven others . 000000001968 - 03 - 25 - 0000 March 25 , 1968 High Point , North Carolina ! High Point , North Carolina 0 15 - year - old David Lee Walker , was killed just outside Central High School , by 15 - year - old Gerald Locklear . 000000001968 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 , 1968 Miami , Florida ! Miami , Florida 0 Ernest Lee Grissom , a 15 - year - old student at Drew Junior High School , seriously wounded a teacher and a 13 - year - old student after he had been reprimanded for behavior . 000000001969 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1969 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0 Alprentice Carter and John Huggins , two student members of the Black Panther Party , were fatally shot during a student meeting inside Campbell Hall at the University of California , Los Angeles . Reportedly there was disagreement over who would control the school 's African American Studies Center . The shooter , Claude Hubert , was never found ; three other men were later arrested in connection with the shooting . 000000001969 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 , 1969 Washington , D.C. ! Washington , D.C. 0 45 - year - old Cardozo Senior High School assistant principal , Herman Clifford , was killed in the school 's hallway , by 18 - year - old Ronald Joyner , while trying to stop him and two other youths who had robbed the school 's bank . 000000001969 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 , 1969 Winston - Salem , North Carolina ! Winston - Salem , North Carolina 0 13 - year - old Ernest Napoleon Carter Jr. was accidentally killed , by a 13 - year - old classmate at Hanes Junior High School who was armed with a pistol . The shooter was charged with involuntary manslaughter . Carter 's mother filed a lawsuit against the Winston - Salem / Forsyth County Board of Education for $50,000 in damages . 000000001969 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1969 Tomah , Wisconsin ! Tomah , Wisconsin 0 46 - year - old Martin Mogensen , principal of Tomah Junior High School , was killed in his office by a 14 - year - old boy . 1970s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001970 - 01 - 05 - 0000 January 5 , 1970 Washington , D.C. ! Washington , D.C. 15 - year - old Tyrone Perry , was killed at Hine Junior High School . 000000001970 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1970 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ! Philadelphia , Pennsylvania University of Pennsylvania professors , 40 - year - old Walter Koppelman , and 45 - year - old Oscar Goldman , were shot by 33 - year - old disgruntled graduate student , Robert Cantor , during a seminar . Cantor then took his own life . Koppelman died March 5 from his injuries , but Goldman recovered . 000000001970 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 , 1970 Kent , Ohio ! Kent , Ohio 9 Kent State shootings : During protests of the Vietnam War at Kent State University , armed National Guard Soldiers opened fire on unarmed students , killing four people . 000000001970 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 1970 Jackson , Mississippi ! Jackson , Mississippi 12 Jackson State killings : Two students were killed and twelve others injured when police opened fire on students gathered to protest the US military presence in Cambodia . 000000001970 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 , 1970 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 Two students were shot while standing in a second floor hallway of Harlan High School . 15 - year - old Kenneth House , was shot in the lower left abdomen , his condition was described as serious . 14 - year - old Portia Walls , suffered a superficial wound on her lower back . The incident was thought to have involved gang recruiting in the school . 000000001971 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1971 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ! Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 0 56 - year - old teacher , Samson L. Freedman , was killed as he left Morris E. Leeds School , by 14 - year - old student , Kevin Simmons . Freedman had suspended Simmons earlier in the day for cursing in the hallway . 000000001971 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 , 1971 Spokane , Washington ! Spokane , Washington 21 - year - old former MIT student , Larry J. Harmon , armed with a rifle , killed 68 - year - old caretaker , Hilary Kunzon , who came upon him wrecking St. Aloysius Roman Catholic Church , then fled onto the campus of Gonzaga University , where he wounded four more people before police officers killed him . Harmon was described by his father as a religious fanatic claiming to have visions . 000000001973 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1973 Richmond , Virginia ! Richmond , Virginia 0 17 - year - old Wayne Phillips , was killed when he was caught between two youths who were fighting in the hallway of Armstrong High School . 000000001973 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 1973 Oakland , California ! Oakland , California School superintendent Marcus Foster , was killed and his assistant Robert Blackburn , was wounded when members of the Symbionese Liberation Army opened fire on them as they exited a school board meeting . Two members of the SLA were later arrested and convicted of the crime . Both were sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole . The SLA had reportedly believed that Foster supported a measure to install police on school grounds and make students carry identification cards . In reality , Foster opposed both measures . 000000001974 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1974 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 52 - year - old elementary school principal , Rudolph Jezek Jr. , was killed in his office by 14 - year - old Steven Guy , a former student said to be angry about being transferred to a social adjustment center . 000000001974 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 1974 Brownstown , Indiana ! Brownstown , Indiana 0 48 - year - old Jessie Blevins , athletic director at Brownstown Central High School , was fatally shot in the school parking lot by a 17 - year - old student waiting for him . He gave the police no motive . 000000001974 - 10 - 04 - 0000 October 4 , 1974 Kent , Ohio ! Kent , Ohio 0 19 - year - old McKeesport student , Ray D. Gilmore , was wounded in a scuffle with two men in his third floor campus dormitory room . 26 - year - old Benjamin F. Goodman and 22 - year - old Carl Bell , who were not students , had their . 32 caliber pistols taken and were wrestled to the floor by other students . 000000001974 - 12 - 30 - 0000 December 30 , 1974 Olean , New York ! Olean , New York 11 During a two - and - a-half - hour siege , 18 - year - old honor student , Anthony Barbaro , the best on his rifle team , killed three adults in and around his high school and wounded eleven other persons . He shot from the windows out at the street and neighborhood . The school was closed for the Christmas holiday . 000000001975 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1975 Penns Grove , New Jersey ! Penns Grove , New Jersey 24 - year - old David Gary killed the 33 - year - old Reverend Thomas Quinlan , inside a classroom at St. James School . Quinlan was the school 's principal . A teacher was also wounded . 000000001975 - 03 - 18 - 0000 March 18 , 1975 St. Louis , Missouri ! St. Louis , Missouri 0 16 - year - old Stephen Goods , a bystander , was killed during a fight between other teens . Three youths were convicted for the homicide . 000000001975 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1975 Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ! Oklahoma City , Oklahoma 5 Student James Briggs killed fellow student Randy Truitt at Grant High School , wounding several others . 000000001976 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 1976 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 5 Intruders entered Murray - Wright High School , shooting and wounding five students after an apparent dispute over a girlfriend of one of the intruders . 000000001976 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 1976 Fullerton , California ! Fullerton , California 7 California State University , Fullerton massacre : The gunman , 37 - year - old Edward Charles Allaway , was a custodian at the California State University , Fullerton library . Allaway killed seven people and wounded two others in the library 's first - floor lobby and at the building 's Instructional Media Center ( IMC ) , located in the basement . 000000001976 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 1976 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 46 - year - old Al Lewis , killed his estranged wife , 46 - year - old Betty McCaster , as she was teaching thirty - six 6 - and - 7 - year - old students at Burt Elementary School . 000000001977 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 1977 Whitharral , Texas ! Whitharral , Texas 0 High School principal , M.O. Tripp , was killed on the front steps of the school by 17 - year - old student , Ricardo Lopez , for unknown reasons . 000000001977 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1977 Washington , DC ! Washington , DC 0 `` As about 50 horrified students scattered for safety , a young man wearing a hood and surgical mask yesterday shot and seriously injured the business manager of St. John 's College High School in northwest Washington during a robbery attempt in the school cafeteria , District police said . '' 000000001978 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 1978 Hopkinsville , Kentucky ! Hopkinsville , Kentucky 0 At 8 : 10 a.m. , 13 - year - old student , Andre Davis , was wounded while watching a fight between two students in the front lobby of Christian County Middle School , one of whom had a gun . A 16 - year - old was charged with the assault . 000000001978 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 1978 St. Albans , West Virginia ! St. Albans , West Virginia 0 14 - year - old Hayes Junior High School student , Stuart Wayne Perrock , killed 14 - year - old schoolmate , Arthur Clinton Smith . 000000001978 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1978 Lansing , Michigan ! Lansing , Michigan After being taunted for his beliefs , 15 - year - old Roger Needham , self - proclaimed Nazi , killed one student and wounded a second with a pistol at Everett High School . 000000001978 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 1978 Dallas , Texas ! Dallas , Texas 0 38 - year - old Woodrow Porter , a janitor at Paul Dunbar Elementary School , was killed by the 56 - year - old grandmother of an 8 - year - old who was allegedly spanked by Porter earlier . 000000001978 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 1978 Austin , Texas ! Austin , Texas 0 13 - year - old John Daniel Christian , son of Lyndon B. Johnson 's former press secretary George Christian , killed his English teacher , 29 - year - old Wilbur Grayson , with his father 's rifle in front of approximately thirty classmates at Murchison Junior High School . Christian was arrested and charged but not prosecuted ; he was committed to a mental hospital where he was treated for a period and released . 000000001978 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1978 University City , Missouri ! University City , Missouri 0 18 - year - old Larry Ward and two companions were escorted from the halls of University City High School following a fight with 18 - year - old student , Carl Triplett . Ward ran back into the building with a gun and fired shots into a group , critically injuring Triplett in the chest and hip , and wounding 17 - year - old Angela Darden and 16 - year - old Jennifer Pride . Ward sustained a head injury as he was tackled by assistant principal , Franklin McCallie . His companions grabbed the gun and fled . 000000001978 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1978 Lanett , Alabama ! Lanett , Alabama 0 13 - year - old Robin Robinson , was paddled by Lanett Junior High School principal , Lewis Hoggs , after having a disagreement with another student . Robinson left the school , and returned with a . 22 - caliber handgun and shot Hoggs , grazing the top of his head . Robinson was arrested two hours later about two blocks from the school , and later charged in juvenile court . 000000001979 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1979 San Diego , California ! San Diego , California 9 Cleveland Elementary School shooting : 16 - year - old Brenda Spencer opened fire on Grover Cleveland Elementary School from her home across the street , killing two adults and wounding nine people . 000000001979 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1979 Milwaukee , Wisconsin ! Milwaukee , Wisconsin 0 17 - year - old Timothy Stahle was critically wounded in the leg and upper thigh , with shot gun pellets , as he threw rocks at the windows of Wisconsin Lutheran High School . 28 - year - old school janitor , Kenneth B. Stein , was arrested . 000000001979 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1979 Charlestown , Massachusetts ! Charlestown , Massachusetts 0 15 - year - old sophomore , Darryl Williams , was shot in the neck by a sniper during the half - time interval , while standing with teammates and coach in the end zone of the Charlestown High School football field . The player for the predominantly black Jamaica Plain High School team was left paralysed . A racial motivation was determined by Mayor Kevin White . 17 - year - old white youths , Joseph Nardone and Stephen McGonagle , were charged with the shooting and received ten year sentences . 1980s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001980 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 , 1980 Stamps , Arkansas ! Stamps , Arkansas 0 16 - year - old Evan Hampton , high school freshman student at Stamps High School , waited in a classroom for 19 - year - old student Mike Sanders , whom he immediately killed . Hampton went to the principal 's office , turned in the gun and waited for his arrest by police . 000000001980 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 1980 Dallas , Texas ! Dallas , Texas 0 49 - year - old fifth grade teacher , Rosie Pearson , was killed in J. Leslie Patton School by an unknown assailant . 000000001980 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1980 Big Rapids , Michigan ! Big Rapids , Michigan 0 Business professor Robert Brauer was killed in class by his 20 - year - old student , Thomas Kakonis , at Ferris State College ; Kakonis had failed an exam in his class . Kakonis is the son of an associate dean at the college . 000000001980 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 , 1980 Hueytown , Alabama ! Hueytown , Alabama 17 - year - old Rudy Farmer , pulled out a . 22 caliber pistol and wounded a fellow student in the art room of Hueytown High School , he then turned his gun on himself . 000000001981 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1981 Fayetteville , Arkansas ! Fayetteville , Arkansas 19 - year - old former freshman , James Howard Taylor , brought a 12 - gauge single - shot shotgun into the Delta Delta Delta sorority house on the University of Arkansas campus . He entered the house at 5 : 45 p.m. and terrorized an initiation dinner . After attempting to negotiate a surrender , he was shot by police when he aimed his shot gun into the dining room . 000000001981 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1981 Ann Arbor , Michigan ! Ann Arbor , Michigan 0 As students fled their rooms , after a homemade firebomb set a minor blaze on the sixth floor hallway of Bursley Hall dormitory , 22 - year - old psychology student , Leo E. Kelly Jr. , fired a sawn - off 12 - gauge shotgun at his University of Michigan schoolmates at point - blank range . 19 - year - old pre-medical student , Edward Siwik , and 21 - year - old resident advisor , Douglas C. McGreaham , died at hospitals a few hours later . Kelly had been dismissed from UM once and was on the verge of another dismissal because of falling grades . In 1982 , he was convicted on two counts of first - degree murder and sentenced to life . 000000001981 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1981 Portland , Oregon ! Portland , Oregon 0 Shortly before noon in Engineering Hall on the school 's campus in north Portland , 34 - year - old University of Portland night janitor , John C. Holbrook , killed 37 - year - old engineering teacher , Brian D. Massey , before taking his own life . 000000001982 - 03 - 19 - 0000 March 19 , 1982 Las Vegas , Nevada ! Las Vegas , Nevada 17 - year - old Valley High School student , Patrick Lizotte , killed his teacher Clarence Pigott and wounded two students . 000000001982 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 1982 Littleton , Colorado ! Littleton , Colorado 0 13 - year - old Deer Creek Junior High School student , Scott Darwin Michael , was killed by 14 - year - old classmate , Jason Price Rocha . Rocha was tried as an adult and sentenced to twelve years , plus one year of parole . 000000001982 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 1982 Jackson , Mississippi ! Jackson , Mississippi 0 18 - year - old school dropout , James Hartzog , killed his girlfriend , 17 - year - old Faye Williams in her algebra class at Wingfield High School . Hartzog then took his own life . 000000001983 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 , 1983 St. Louis County , Missouri ! St. Louis County , Missouri Eighth grade Parkway South Middle School student David F. Lawler entered a study hall classroom and opened fire , killing 15 - year - old Randall Koger , and injuring 15 - year - old Greg Saffo . Lawler then took his own life . - 000000001983 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1983 Dallas , Texas ! Dallas , Texas 0 Billy Conn Gardner , a friend of a food service worker 's husband , robbed the Lake Highlands High School cafeteria manager at gun point as she was counting day 's revenue in the office . Gardner shot her and took $1,600 . He was later arrested , convicted , and sentenced to death for the crime . 000000001984 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 , 1984 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 12 Tyrone Mitchell killed two people and wounded twelve others when shooting at students leaving 49th Street Elementary School . 000000001984 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1984 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 13 - year - old Kelly Crittendon , was accidentally killed by two classmates in a classroom at the Precious Blood School . 000000001984 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 1984 Pleasant Hill , Iowa ! Pleasant Hill , Iowa 0 17 - year - old student , Todd Dunahoo , killed 16 - year - old Valerie Rockafellow in the hallway at Southeast Polk High School , then turned the gun on himself . 000000001984 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1984 North Richland Hills , Texas ! North Richland Hills , Texas 0 1981 alumnus Barry Wayne Shaw returned to his alma mater Richland High School carrying a 9mm Uzi submachine gun , an AR - 15 strapped across his neck and a . 45 - caliber pistol in a shoulder harness looking for Ms. Ball , his English teacher . Ms. Ball 's classroom had recently moved across the campus , something Barry did n't know at the time . He ran across the roof and jumped down into the courtyard before entering the building and starting his search . After some time , he finally gave up the hunt , yelled out `` Homecoming , homecoming , '' and sprayed the school 's foyer with 30 rounds of ammunition . His bullets struck windows and the ceiling , but none of the dozen or so students who were also in the foyer at the time . However , a male student was injured by flying debris . Principal Ray Williams arrived after Barry had fired his last shot to confront him . Barry threw both rifles at Ray , saying `` I did it . '' Ray had Barry sit down and wait for the police while he inspected his students for injuries . Barry offered no resistance . He was wearing a white t - shirt under a khaki - colored vest with flap pockets , blue jeans and cowboy boots when he was arrested . Over the weekend , it was discovered that Barry had killed Dallas karate instructor Jimmy Glen Wilson and wounded Rudy Smedley earlier in the week with the submachine gun . He was charged with two counts of intent to commit murder , one count of retaliation and one count of murder . 000000001984 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 , 1984 Celina , Ohio ! Celina , Ohio 0 45 - year - old Shirley Shindeldecker , killed school bus driver 54 - year - old Gene Green , as he stopped to pick up the son of Shindeldecker 's estranged husband . After serving nineteen months of her sentence , Shindeldecker was found innocent by reason of insanity , and released . 000000001985 - 01 - 21 - 0000 January 21 , 1985 Goddard , Kansas ! Goddard , Kansas Armed with a rifle and a handgun , 14 - year - old James Alan Kearbey , killed principal , James McGee , and wounded two teachers and a student at Goddard Junior High School . 000000001985 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1985 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 6 Murray - Wright High School shooting : During half - time of the homecoming football game between Northwestern and Murray - Wright high schools , a youth opened fire with a shotgun , injuring six students with whom he had fought earlier in the day . 000000001985 - 11 - 27 - 0000 November 27 , 1985 Spanaway , Washington ! Spanaway , Washington 0 14 - year - old Heather Smith , killed 15 - year - old Gordon Pickett , who was her ex-boyfriend , and 14 - year - old Christopher Ricco , in the gymnasium at Spanaway Junior High School . She later took her own life . 000000001985 - 12 - 03 - 0000 December 3 , 1985 Concord , New Hampshire ! Concord , New Hampshire 0 At Concord High School , Louis Cartier , a 16 - year - old dropout , entered the school with a shotgun and took students hostage , 18 - year - old Patrick Lena Lena and 16 - year - old Scott Hayes . Responding police officers fatally shot him after he aimed at football coach , Don LeBrun . 000000001985 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1985 Portland , Connecticut ! Portland , Connecticut After being suspended for refusing to take off his hat while at school , 13 - year - old student Floyd Warmsley pulled out a firearm at Portland Junior High School , shooting and wounding the 53 - year - old school secretary Lynn Haddad , and killing 36 - year - old janitor David Bangston . 000000001986 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 , 1986 Dolton , Illinois ! Dolton , Illinois 0 At about 9 : 40 a.m. , as 52 - year - old math teacher Norma Cooper ` s third - period algebra class was beginning in a second - floor classroom in the C Building at Thornridge High School , she was shot in the shoulder by a freshman student , with a large - caliber handgun , registered to the youth ` s father , a security guard . He is charged with attempted murder , unlawful use of a weapon and aggravated battery . The freshman , a resident of Harvey , was enrolled in the class and apparently had recently received poor grades . 000000001986 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1986 Senath , Missouri ! Senath , Missouri 0 A new student , 16 - year - old Ritchie Overman , killed studious 15 - year - old Leslie Lynn Wyatt , using a 20 - gauge shotgun , in front of twenty - six `` totally horrified '' science class students and teacher Sheila Adams , at Senath - Hornersville High School . 000000001986 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1986 Fayetteville , North Carolina ! Fayetteville , North Carolina 0 A 17 - year - old student shot three classmates at Pine Forest High School with a . 25 - caliber handgun wounding them . One student was critically injured and treated for a neck wound . 000000001986 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 1986 Cokeville , Wyoming ! Cokeville , Wyoming 74 Cokeville Elementary School hostage crisis : 43 - year - old former town marshal David Young , and his 47 - year - old wife , Doris Young , took 136 children and eighteen adults hostage at Cokeville Elementary School . 000000001986 - 12 - 04 - 0000 December 4 , 1986 Lewistown , Montana ! Lewistown , Montana 14 - year - old Kristofer Hans intended to shoot his French teacher at Fergus High School , for a failing grade . Instead , Henrietta Smith , who was substituting for LaVonne Simonfy , was shot in the face and died . Hans fired several other shots as he fled , wounding vice principal John Moffatt , and two students . He then ran about a mile to his home , where he was arrested after the police surrounded his house . A classmate said Hans had repeatedly threatened to kill Ms. Simonfy , saying , `` I 'm going to blow Simonfy 's head off . '' He was charged as an adult , convicted and sentenced to 206 years in prison . 000000001987 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 1987 Northridge , California ! Northridge , California 0 35 - year - old associate professor of Computer Science Djamshid ( Amir ) Asgari was confronted in the Engineering Building of California State University , Northridge by 25 - year - old graduate student Fawwaz Abdin . Abdin was angry about a low grade Asgari had given him a year earlier , which caused him to be put on academic probation . After Asgari refused to change his grade , Abdin shot him twice , then himself . Asgari later died at the Northridge Hospital . 000000001987 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 1987 De Kalb , Missouri ! De Kalb , Missouri 0 After constant teasing about his weight , 12 - year - old honors student Nathan Ferris killed a 13 - year - old classmate , Timothy Perrin , then turned the gun on himself . 000000001987 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1987 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan Murray - Wright High School second shooting : A ninth - grade student at Murray - Wright High School killed 17 - year - old Chester Jackson , a student athlete , and wounded 17 - year - old Damon Matthews , and 18 - year - old Tomeka Turner . 000000001987 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 , 1987 Lansing , Illinois ! Lansing , Illinois 0 After being kicked off the soccer team for smoking on school grounds , 16 - year - old student Blake Docter , of Illiana Christian High School wounded 44 - year - old John Hoogewerf in the chest , the teacher who had reported him for smoking . 000000001987 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1987 Katy , Texas ! Katy , Texas 0 After being refused a date from his classmate , 15 year - old Ramesh Guzman Tumalad shot and killed himself with a . 357 Magnum revolver before 23 of his fellow freshman Algebra students at Mayde Creek High School . The evening prior to the shooting , the boy discussed committing suicide to the girl after she informed school administration of his obsession with her . 000000001988 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 1988 Largo , Florida ! Largo , Florida Pinellas Park_High shooting : 15 - year - old students , Jason Harless and Jason McCoy , took stolen . 38 - caliber revolvers to Pinellas Park High School . Harless shot two assistant principals and a student - teacher inside the school 's cafeteria . 53 - year - old Richard Allen died from his injuries , Nancy Blackwelder and intern Joseph Bloznalis were wounded . 000000001988 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1988 Winnetka , Illinois ! Winnetka , Illinois 5 30 - year - old Laurie Dann , killed 8 - year - old Nick Corwin , inside Hubbard Woods School . Five additional students were wounded . Dann later committed suicide after taking hostages in a nearby home . 000000001988 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 , 1988 Milwaukee , Wisconsin ! Milwaukee , Wisconsin 0 25 - year - old Robin Jenkins , was shot in the elbow after a basketball game turned violent about 7 : 45 p.m. at Siefert Elementary School . A 28 - year - old man was taken into custody the following day . 000000001988 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 1988 Greenwood , South Carolina ! Greenwood , South Carolina 9 Oakland Elementary School shooting : 19 - year - old James William Wilson entered Oakland Elementary School and started firing shots in the cafeteria . Two students were wounded and a first - grade teacher . After reloading his gun in a girls ' restroom , he was confronted by physical education teacher , Kat Finkbeiner , who tried to stop him ; she was wounded twice . He then entered a third - grade classroom and shot toward the students , killing 8 - year - olds Shequila Tawoon Bradley and Tequila Maria Thomas , and wounding five others . 000000001988 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 , 1988 Abilene , Texas ! Abilene , Texas 0 16 - year - old student Mason Staggs shot Cooper High School teacher , Rick Maloney in the face with a pistol , severely injuring the teacher . Staggs left the school and went fishing . 000000001988 - 12 - 16 - 0000 December 16 , 1988 Virginia Beach , Virginia ! Virginia Beach , Virginia At Atlantic Shores Christian School , 16 - year - old student Nicholas Elliott shot two teachers with a Mac - 10 9 - millimeter machine pistol , killing 41 - year - old Karen Farley , and critically wounding 37 - year - old Sam Marino , then began firing on a classroom full of students before the gun jammed and any students were hit . 000000001989 - 01 - 17 - 0000 January 17 , 1989 Stockton , California ! Stockton , California 6 32 Stockton schoolyard shooting : 24 - year - old Patrick Edward Purdy fatally shot five children and wounded 32 others at the Cleveland Elementary School , before taking his own life . The victims were children of refugees from Southeast Asia . Purdy had a history of violence , alcoholism and drug addiction , and criminality . 000000001989 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 , 1989 Kearns , Utah ! Kearns , Utah 0 0 At Thomas Jefferson Junior High School , a 12 - year - old boy fired a handgun at a vice principal , William Crumbaugh . No one was injured . 000000001989 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 1989 McKeesport , Pennsylvania ! McKeesport , Pennsylvania While riding the school bus , 16 - year - old Serra Catholic High School student , Robert Butler , shot 16 - year - old schoolmate , Adam Ference , in the back of the head before fatally shooting himself . Ference was in critical condition but survived . 1990s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000001990 - 03 - 27 - 0000 March 27 , 1990 Brooklyn , New York ! Brooklyn , New York 0 A black youth was taunted with racial slurs by three white youths in the stairwell of a public school in the Bensonhurst area of Brooklyn . The 14 - year - old was then shot and slightly wounded , because he had acted as peacemaker when the same boys had clashed with another black teen the month before . 000000001990 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1990 San Antonio , Texas ! San Antonio , Texas 0 3 students were wounded when gunfire broke out at Sam Houston High School . The incident took place at 11 : 55 a.m. and was gang related . 17 - year - old John Campbell was wounded in the right foot , 18 - year - old Larry Johnson was wounded in the right thigh and calf , and a 16 - year - old received a chest wound . 18 - year - old Kenneth Wolford , and two other male students were arrested and charged . 000000001991 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 , 1991 Donna , Texas ! Donna , Texas 0 15 - year - old Raul Calvo fatally shot himself while playing Russian roulette inside a biology classroom at Donna High School . 000000001991 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1991 Compton , California ! Compton , California 0 A teenager aimed and fired a handgun at a security guard who had chased him and three friends off the grounds of Ralph J. Bunche Middle School . He instead killed 11 - year - old Alejandro Vargas , a bystander and student at the school . 000000001991 - 09 - 18 - 0000 September 18 , 1991 Crosby , Texas ! Crosby , Texas 0 17 - year - old Arthur Jermel Jack , was killed by 15 - year - old LaKeeta Cadoree , in the cafeteria at Crosby High School . 000000001991 - 11 - 01 - 0000 November 1 , 1991 Iowa City , Iowa ! Iowa City , Iowa 6 University of Iowa shooting : 28 - year - old former graduate student , Gang Lu , killed four members of University of Iowa 's faculty and a research student , and seriously wounded another student . 47 - year - old professor of physics and astronomy , Christoph K. Goertz , 45 - year - old associate professor of physics and astronomy , Robert Alan Smith , 44 - year - old chairman of the physics and astronomy department , Dwight R. Nicholson , 56 - year - old associate vice president for academic affairs , Dr. Theresa Anne Cleary , shot in the head and died the following day , and 27 - year - old research investigator in physics and astronomy , Dr. Shan Linhua. 23 - year - old Miya Rodolfo - Sioson , Dr. Cleary 's temporary student receptionist in the grievance office , survived but was left paralyzed from the neck down . Lu then shot himself in the head , he died shortly after police arrived . 000000001991 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 1991 Brooklyn , New York ! Brooklyn , New York 0 Thomas Jefferson High School shooting : During an argument between two teens , a stray bullet killed a third , uninvolved 16 - year - old student . In 1992 , 14 - year - old shooter Jason Bentley , was sentenced to three to nine years in prison . 000000001991 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 , 1991 Kent , Ohio ! Kent , Ohio 0 51 - year - old custodian , John Frazier , was killed outside a campus auditorium of Kent State University . 000000001992 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 , 1992 Kent , Ohio ! Kent , Ohio 0 26 - year - old graduate student , Sarah Smith , was wounded in the chest as she was waiting for her husband to pick her up at Kent State University . 000000001992 - 04 - 23 - 0000 April 23 , 1992 Bloomington , Indiana ! Bloomington , Indiana 0 Indiana University graduate student , Susan Clements , was shot to death in her dorm by a former boyfriend before he committed suicide . A friend that attempted to intervene , Steven Molen , was also shot and critically injured ; he died several days later . Indiana University . 000000001992 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 , 1992 Brooklyn , New York ! Brooklyn , New York 0 Thomas Jefferson High School second shooting : 15 - year - old Kahlil Sumpter , killed fellow students , 16 - year - old Tyrone Sinkler and 17 - year - old Ian Moore , on the school 's second - floor hallway . In 1993 , he was sentenced to between 62⁄3 and twenty years in prison . He was released on parole in 1998 . March 5 , 1992 Obetz , Ohio 0 Hamilton Middle School : Gordon W. Dye Jr. shot his bully Gregg Johnson in a with a . 22 - caliber pistol in the school cafeteria . Gregg was rushed to Children 's Hospital in Columbus where doctors found the bullet and traced it 's path . It had entered between Gregg 's eyes and traveled the nasal sinuses where it shattered bones . Its trajectory was parallel to the bottom of the skull and was deflected by part of the skull base . This deflection sent the bullet on a downward path , to the adenoids . 000000001992 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1992 Olivehurst , California ! Olivehurst , California 10 Lindhurst High School shooting : Former student , 20 - year - old Eric Houston , killed three students and one teacher , and wounded nine other students and teacher before surrendering to police . 000000001992 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 1992 Amarillo , Texas ! Amarillo , Texas 0 7 Following a pep rally , in a hallway near the activity center of Palo Duro High School , for the evening football match - up against Hereford High , 17 year old Randy Earl Matthews shot and wounded 7 students with a . 22 caliber pistol . Matthews had attended the school for 9 days when the incident occurred and was believed to have been bullied at his previous school in Memphis Texas . Matthews was charged with one count attempted murder , five counts aggravated assault , and one count of unlawfully carrying a weapon onto school grounds . He served eight years . 000000001992 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 , 1992 The Bronx , New York ! The Bronx , New York 0 Two 14 - year - old girls and a 16 - year - old boy were shot at outside a Bronx high school . 000000001992 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1992 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 11 11 students were hit by gunfire during a four - hour period in three separate school incidents , five were hospitalized . Six students at Finney High School were grazed by buckshot after three ski - masked gunmen opened fire in a crowded hallway . A 14 - year - old was in custody for shooting three Foch Middle School students as they passed by the Marcus Garvey Academy . In the third incident , 16 - year - old DeWayne Boyd was hit in the chest , when shots were fired at two Mumford High School students . January 6 , 1993 Brentwood , New York 0 Brentwood High School . Former student , Matthew Hunter , was shot by two gunmen during a basketball game between Brentwood High School and Sachem High School . The assault was over a dispute about the theft of a gold chain . 000000001993 - 01 - 18 - 0000 January 18 , 1993 Grayson , Kentucky ! Grayson , Kentucky 0 East Carter High School shooting : 17 - year - old Scott Pennington , a student at East Carter High School , fatally shot his 48 - year - old English teacher , Deanna McDavid , and 52 - year - old head custodian , Marvin Hicks . 000000001993 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 , 1993 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0 15 - year - old Robert Heard , fatally shot 17 - year - old Michael Shean Ensley in the corridor of the Reseda High School 's science building . 000000001993 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1993 Acushnet , Massachusetts ! Acushnet , Massachusetts 0 44 - year - old David Taber entered Ford Middle School and took three hostages . He killed school nurse Carol Day . He was found not guilty of the murder by reason of insanity . 000000001993 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 , 1993 Irving , Texas ! Irving , Texas 0 17 - year - old Max Alexander Martinez , killed 17 - year - old Jose Balderas , with a . 38 caliber revolver in a hallway in Nimitz High School during a dispute over girls . 000000001993 - 05 - 24 - 0000 May 24 , 1993 Pennsburg , Pennsylvania ! Pennsburg , Pennsylvania 0 15 - year - old student Jason Smith killed another student who had bullied him at Upper Perkiomen High School . He was charged as an adult and sentenced to between twelve and twenty - five years in prison . 000000001993 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1993 Sheridan , Wyoming ! Sheridan , Wyoming 29 - year - old Kevin Newman , wounded four students before killing himself at Central Junior High School . 000000001993 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 , 1993 New Britain , Connecticut ! New Britain , Connecticut 0 18 - year - old Miguel DeJesus , was gunned down on the steps of New Britain High School . Rival gang members , 24 - year - old Maurice Flanagan and 23 - year - old Thomas Mejia , were charged . 000000001993 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1993 Wauwatosa , Wisconsin ! Wauwatosa , Wisconsin 0 Wauwatosa West High School shooting : 21 - year - old former student , Leonard D. McDowell , shot 46 - year - old associate principal , Dale Breitlow , three times with a revolver in a second - floor hallway of Wauwatosa West High School . McDowell was found guilty of the murder and sane at the time of the shooting , he was sentenced to life in prison . His sentence was upheld by the state Court of Appeals in April 1997 . 000000001994 - 01 - 24 - 0000 January 24 , 1994 Columbia , South Carolina ! Columbia , South Carolina 0 18 - year - old Floyd Eugene Brown , shot fellow Eau Claire High School student , 17 - year - old Earnest Dunlap , following an argument the week before . Brown was arrested shortly after at his home . A 16 - year - old boy was also arrested for kicking Dunlap after the shooting . 000000001994 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 1994 Seattle , Washington ! Seattle , Washington 0 24 - year - old Darrell Cloud , a former student at Whitman Middle School in North Seattle , killed 45 - year - old Neal Summers , who had sexually abused Cloud since he was thirteen . Cloud served nine years in prison . He later received a $250,000 settlement in a civil suit against Seattle Schools , charging that Summers had not been adequately supervised . 000000001994 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1994 Spartanburg , South Carolina ! Spartanburg , South Carolina 0 At around 10 p.m. , 24 - year - old Roosevelt Johnson was shot in the leg , after a basketball game at Spartanburg High School . 000000001994 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1994 Boonville , Missouri ! Boonville , Missouri 0 33 - year - old Dante D. Hayes , a hunter and ex-convict , killed 58 - year - old Richard Vancena , a cafeteria manager , and 33 - year - old Robin Michelle Coleman , a cook , in the mess hall of Kemper Military School and College . He was drunk and looking for his wife Anna Hayes with whom he had a fight the night before . No students were harmed . 000000001994 - 04 - 12 - 0000 April 12 , 1994 Butte , Montana ! Butte , Montana 0 10 - year - old Jason Osmanson , teased because his parents have AIDS , killed an 11 - year - old student on the playground of Margaret Leary Elementary School . Osmanson was sent to a private residential treatment center . 000000001994 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1994 Nashville , Tennessee ! Nashville , Tennessee 0 14 - year - old Jeremy Bryant , killed 13 - year - old Terrence Murray , in music class at J.T. Moore Middle School . 000000001994 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1994 Greensboro , North Carolina ! Greensboro , North Carolina After being suspended for smoking , 16 - year - old Nicholas Atkinson , returned to Grimsley High School with a 9 mm pistol . After wounding assistant principal , Bill Whites , Atkinson took his own life . 000000001994 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 , 1994 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 A 16 - year - old female student was shot in the thigh outside Hubbard High School when a teenage boy rode past on a bicycle and fired into a crowd . It is believed the shooting was meant for rival gang members , but the girl was hit instead . The boy lived in the neighborhood . 000000001994 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 , 1994 Wickliffe , Ohio ! Wickliffe , Ohio Wickliffe Middle School shooting : 37 - year - old former student , Keith A. Ledeger , killed 41 - year - old custodian , Pete Christopher , at Wickliffe Middle School , and wounded 47 - year - old assistant principal , Jim Anderson , 47 - year - old police officer , Thomas Schmidt , and 50 - year - old teacher , Lowell Grimm , before being injured and taken into custody . December 14 , 1994 Albany , New York 0 Ralph J. Tortorici , 26 , a military veteran and psychology major at the State University of New York at Albany held hostage a large lecture hall from 9 : 10 a.m. until 11 : 30 a.m. Tortorici , armed with a . 270 - caliber rifle with more than two dozen rounds of ammunition and a hunting knife , walked into the ancient history class of Hans Pohlsander , saying , `` Do n't worry . Nobody move . You guys are getting held hostage . '' The standoff ended when Tortorici had his gun taken away by Jason McEnaney , a 19 - year - old student . McEnaney was shot in the leg , groin , and abdomen in the exchange . Tortorici suffered from a well - document history of mental illness , argued during the hostage crisis that the government had implanted a control chip in his head during a procedure at Albany Medical Center , and ultimately committed suicide in 1999 in prison while serving a 15 1 / 2 year sentence . 000000001995 - 01 - 12 - 0000 January 12 , 1995 Seattle , Washington ! Seattle , Washington 0 A 15 - year - old student at Garfield High School left school during the day and returned with his grandfather 's handgun . He wounded two students . 000000001995 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 1995 Tavares , Florida ! Tavares , Florida 0 14 - year - old student Keith E. Johnson , killed 13 - year - old Joey Summerall , at Tavares Middle School with a handgun that he had stolen from his neighbor 's home . He was convicted and sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole . 000000001995 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 , 1995 Blackville , South Carolina ! Blackville , South Carolina Blackville - Hilda High School shooting : Suspended student , 16 - year - old Toby R. Sincino , killed 56 - year - old math teacher , Phyllis Senn , and wounded 38 - year - old math teacher , Johhnny Thompson , before committing suicide at Blackville - Hilda High School . 000000001995 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1995 Lynnville , Tennessee ! Lynnville , Tennessee Richland High School shooting : 17 - year - old James Rouse , killed a student and teacher at Richland High School and seriously wounded another teacher with a rifle . 000000001996 - 01 - 19 - 0000 January 19 , 1996 Washington , D.C. ! Washington , D.C. 0 Two masked gunmen killed 14 - year - old Damion Blocker in a stairwell at Winston Education Center . 16 - year - old shooter , Darrick Evans , was sentenced to 41 years to life in prison . 000000001996 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 1996 Moses Lake , Washington ! Moses Lake , Washington Frontier Middle School shooting : 14 - year - old Barry Loukaitis , killed a teacher and two students and wounded another student when he opened fire on his algebra class . Loukaitis was sentenced to life in prison . 000000001996 - 02 - 29 - 0000 February 29 , 1996 St. Louis , Missouri ! St. Louis , Missouri 30 - year - old Mark Boyd , hired 23 - year - old Malik Nettles , to kill 15 - year - old Kyunia Taylor , as she rode on a school bus bound for Beaumont High School . Taylor was pregnant with a child fathered by Boyd , a baby girl was delivered by emergency caesarean section , but died 23 days later . The bus driver was also shot , he survived . 000000001996 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1996 San Diego , California ! San Diego , California 0 San Diego State University shooting : At San Diego State University , 36 - year - old graduate student , Frederick Martin Davidson , killed three professors , 32 - year - old Chen Liang , 44 - year - old D. Preston Lowrey III , and 36 - year - old Costas Lyrintzis , that he believed were involved in a conspiracy against him . Davidson was sentenced to serve three life terms . 000000001996 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1996 State College , Pennsylvania ! State College , Pennsylvania 19 - year - old Jillian Robbins , killed one student and injured two outside Pennsylvania State University 's HUB -- Robeson Center . 000000001996 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 , 1996 Decatur , Georgia ! Decatur , Georgia 16 - year - old David Dubose Jr. , killed English teacher , Horace Morgan , on the steps of Dekalb Alternative School . Dubose was found not guilty by reason of insanity and was committed indefinitely to a state mental hospital . 000000001996 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1996 Sherwood , Arkansas ! Sherwood , Arkansas 0 14 - year - old Willis Ward Johnson , killed 20 - year - old James Earl Routt , as they rode a school bus . 000000001997 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1997 West Palm Beach , Florida ! West Palm Beach , Florida 0 14 - year - old Conniston Middle School student , Tronneal Mangum , fatally shot 14 - year - old classmate , John Pierre Kamel , just minutes before school started , over a $40 debt . 000000001997 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 , 1997 Bethel , Alaska ! Bethel , Alaska Bethel Regional High School shooting : 16 - year - old student , Evan Ramsey , killed Bethel Regional High School principal , Ron Edwards , and 15 - year - old student , Joshua Palacios , and wounded two other students . 000000001997 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 1997 Pearl , Mississippi ! Pearl , Mississippi 7 Pearl High School shooting : 16 - year - old Luke Woodham , murdered his 50 - year - old mother , Mary , at home before killing his ex-girlfriend , 16 - year - old student , Christina Menefee , and 17 - year - old student , Lydia Kaye Dew , then wounding seven others at Pearl High School . 000000001997 - 10 - 15 - 0000 October 15 , 1997 Palmetto , Florida ! Palmetto , Florida 0 After an argument between them the day before , 13 - year - old Brandon Hartsoe took a . 38 revolver from his mother 's dresser drawer and shot 13 - year - old Lincoln Middle School classmate , Trent Murray , in the back causing serious injury , then continued to fire three more shots in the general area of other students . Hartsoe was sentenced in 1998 to serve until his 18th birthday . His probation was set to end in October 2009 . 000000001997 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 1997 West Paducah , Kentucky ! West Paducah , Kentucky 5 Heath High School shooting : Three students were killed and five wounded by 14 - year - old Michael Carneal , as they participated in a prayer circle . Carneal was sentenced to life in prison . 000000001997 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 , 1997 Stamps , Arkansas ! Stamps , Arkansas 0 Concealed in a wooded area on school grounds , 14 - year - old Joseph `` Colt '' Todd , wounded two students as they were entering Stamps High School . 000000001998 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 1998 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ! Philadelphia , Pennsylvania At around 4 : 15 p.m. , gunfire broke out as a crowd streamed from the Palestra after a high school championship basketball game near the University of Pennsylvania . A 22 - year - old man was shot in the back and killed , and a student working at the fine arts building was shot in the leg . 000000001998 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 , 1998 Craighead County , Arkansas ! Craighead County , Arkansas 5 10 Westside Middle School shootings : 13 - year - old Mitchell Johnson , and 11 - year - old Andrew Golden , killed a teacher and four students , and wounded ten others , as Westside Middle School emptied during a fire alarm intentionally set off by Golden . 000000001998 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 1998 Edinboro , Pennsylvania ! Edinboro , Pennsylvania Parker Middle School dance shooting : 14 - year - old student , Andrew Wurst , fatally shot 48 - year - old teacher , John Gillette , and wounded two students and another teacher at an 8th grade graduation dance . He is serving a thirty to sixty - year sentence in a prison for young offenders . 000000001998 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 , 1998 Fayetteville , Tennessee ! Fayetteville , Tennessee 0 18 - year - old Jacob Lee Davis , shot 18 - year - old Robert Creson , at Lincoln County High School in a dispute over a girl . Davis received a life sentence on July 29 , 1999 . 000000001998 - 05 - 21 - 0000 May 21 , 1998 Springfield , Oregon ! Springfield , Oregon 23 Thurston High School shooting : After killing his parents at home , 15 - year - old Kip Kinkel , drove to Thurston High School , where he killed two students and wounded 23 others . After pleading guilty , he was sentenced to 111 years of prison . 000000001998 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 1998 Richmond , Virginia ! Richmond , Virginia 0 14 - year - old student , Quinshawn Brooker , wounded 45 - year - old basketball coach and history teacher , Gregory Carter , and 74 - year - old Head Start volunteer , Eloise Wilson , in the hallway of Armstrong High School . 000000001998 - 12 - 10 - 0000 December 10 , 1998 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 52 - year - old Professor Andrzej Olbrot , was killed by 48 - year - old graduate doctoral student , Wlodzimierz Dedecjusat , at Wayne State University . 000000001999 - 01 - 08 - 0000 January 8 , 1999 Carrollton , Georgia ! Carrollton , Georgia 0 15 - year - old Andrea Garrett was found dead and 17 - year - old Jeff Miller seriously wounded in the girls ' restroom at Central Carrollton County High School , after a suspected suicide pact . Miller died the next day . 000000001999 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 1999 Notus , Idaho ! Notus , Idaho 0 0 15 - year - old Shawn Cooper , fired two shots from a shotgun near the front desk at Notus Jr . Sr. High School . There were no serious injuries , but some students were close enough to the blast to be grazed by shrapnel from the tile floor . Cooper had been undergoing treatment for bipolar disorder . 000000001999 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1999 Littleton , Colorado ! Littleton , Colorado 15 21 Columbine High School massacre : 18 - year - old Eric Harris and 17 - year - old Dylan Klebold , students at Columbine High School , killed twelve students and one teacher . They injured 21 additional people , and three more were injured while attempting to escape the school . The pair committed suicide at the end of the massacre . 000000001999 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1999 Conyers , Georgia ! Conyers , Georgia 0 6 15 - year - old student Thomas `` T.J. '' Solomon Jr. , wounded six students at Heritage High School . A 15 - year - old girl was hospitalized in critical condition , and the other victims suffered from non-life - threatening injuries . Solomon initially faced up to 351 years of prison if convicted of aggravated assault and other charges . In 2000 he was found guilty but mentally ill and was sentenced to forty years in prison and sixty - five years of probation . 000000001999 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 , 1999 Bloomington , Indiana ! Bloomington , Indiana 0 A Korean computer science graduate student attending Indiana University was killed by white supremacist Benjamin Nathaniel Smith , a former Indiana University student , while he was on his way to services at the Korean United Methodist Church near the Indiana University campus 000000001999 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 1999 Deming , New Mexico ! Deming , New Mexico 0 13 - year - old Victor Cordova Jr. , fatally shot 13 - year - old Deming Middle School schoolmate , Araceli Tena . Cordova said he had intended to commit suicide but was jostled by others and his gun moved . 000000001999 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 , 1999 Fort Gibson , Oklahoma ! Fort Gibson , Oklahoma 0 6 Before his middle school opened , 13 - year - old Seth Trickey opened fire in the courtyard . While there were no fatalities , several students felt sparks from the bullets hitting the building walls . Five were injured , including a girl who was shot in the face . Trickey brought the gun from home . 21st Century ( edit ) 2000s ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description 000000002000 - 02 - 29 - 0000 February 29 , 2000 Flint , Michigan ! Flint , Michigan 0 Shooting of Kayla Rolland : At Buell Elementary School , 6 - year - old Dedrick Owens fatally shot 6 - year - old classmate Kayla Rolland . Owens has since been the youngest documented school shooter . 000000002000 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 2000 Lake Worth , Florida ! Lake Worth , Florida 0 13 - year - old honor student , Nathaniel Brazill , was sent home for throwing water balloons , but returned to his Lake Worth Middle School with a family pistol . He fatally shot teacher Barry Grunow , a popular teacher , he was Brazill 's favorite . 000000002000 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 , 2000 Seattle , Washington ! Seattle , Washington 0 58 - year - old Director of the Division of Pathology of the University of Washington Medical Center , Rodger C. Haggitt , M.D. , was shot dead by 42 - year - old Chinese ( Taiwan ) emigrant and then U.S. citizen , Jian Chen , M.D. , who had just completed his second year of forensic pathology residency training and had been notified of his contract non-renewal ( which Dr. Chen wrote would dishonor his family ) . Dr. Haggitt would later be honored with his name upon the History of the Rodger C. Haggitt Gastrointestinal Pathology Society . 000000002000 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 , 2000 Fayetteville , Arkansas ! Fayetteville , Arkansas 0 36 - year - old James Easton Kelly , a PhD candidate in Comparative Literature at University of Arkansas , killed 67 - year - old Dr. John R. Locke , the English professor overseeing his coursework . Kelly had been dismissed from this PhD program for lack of progress toward his degree . Kelly shot Dr. Locke three times before committing suicide in the director 's office , which had been isolated by campus police . 000000002000 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2000 New Orleans , Louisiana ! New Orleans , Louisiana 0 13 year - olds Darrel Johnson , and Alfred Anderson were initially charged with attempted first - degree murder in the shooting of 15 year - old William Pennington . Pennington , after being shot , managed to gain control of the gun and shoot Johnson in the back . Charges were later reduced to Aggravated Battery . 000000002000 - 12 - 01 - 0000 December 1 , 2000 San Diego , California ! San Diego , California 0 A 15 - year - old Junipero Serra High School student who showed off a handgun on campus and threatened to shoot a classmate , ended up accidentally shooting himself , causing minor injuries . 000000002001 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 , 2001 Santee , California ! Santee , California 13 Santana High School shooting : 15 - year - old student , Charles Andrew Williams , killed two students , 14 - year - old Bryan Zuckor , and 15 - year - old Randy Gordon , at Santana High School and wounded thirteen others . He was arrested and convicted of murder and attempted murder . He was sentenced to life with the chance of parole after serving fifty years . 000000002001 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2001 Williamsport , Pennsylvania ! Williamsport , Pennsylvania 0 14 - year - old student , Elizabeth Catherine Bush , wounded fellow student Kimberly Marchese in the cafeteria of Bishop Neumann High School . 000000002001 - 04 - 02 - 0000 April 2 , 2001 Spring , Texas ! Spring , Texas 0 13 year - old female student committed suicide with a handgun in a bathroom stall at Kleb Intermediate School . 000000002001 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2001 Parkland , Washington ! Parkland , Washington 0 40 - year - old music instructor and organist James D. Holloway was shot multiple times with a . 22 - caliber handgun at Pacific Lutheran University by a 55 - year - old man from Tacoma . The shooter was not a student or employee of the university and also killed himself . The victim was apparently chosen at random as the shooter had a personal dispute with a different staff member who was not on campus that day . 000000002001 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 , 2001 El Cajon , California ! El Cajon , California 0 5 18 - year - old former student , Jason Hoffman , opened fire at Granite Hills High School , injuring five people . He was convicted of assault and sentenced to prison , where he committed suicide in 2002 . 000000002001 - 03 - 30 - 0000 March 30 , 2001 Gary , Indiana ! Gary , Indiana 0 17 - year - old Donald Ray Burt Jr. , fatally shot Neal Boyd , IV with one bullet to the head in a parking lot outside Lew Wallace High School . 000000002002 - 01 - 15 - 0000 January 15 , 2002 New York City , New York ! New York City , New York 0 17 - year - old Vincent Rodriguez , wounded two students at Martin Luther King , Jr . High School in Manhattan , with a semi-automatic pistol . He was retaliating for the victims having harassed his girlfriend . In February 2003 , Rodriguez was sentenced to ten years in prison on charges of assault and attempted assault . 000000002002 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 , 2002 Grundy , Virginia ! Grundy , Virginia Appalachian School of Law shooting : Recently dismissed graduate student , 42 - year - old Peter Odighizuwa , killed three at the Appalachian School of Law . 42 - year - old dean Anthony Sutin , and 41 - year - old professor Thomas Blackwell were killed along with 33 - year - old student , Angela Dales . Three other students were also wounded . Odighizuwa received three life sentences and an additional 28 years without the possibility of parole until 2005 . 000000002002 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 , 2002 Milwaukee , Wisconsin ! Milwaukee , Wisconsin 0 16 - year - old Washington High School student , Joseph Johnson Jr. , was killed by Phillip D. Jackson Jr. , when violence erupts between rival fans in the parking lot , after a basketball game between Vincent High School . 000000002002 - 06 - 11 - 0000 June 11 , 2002 Conception , Missouri ! Conception , Missouri 71 - year - old Lloyd Robert Jeffress opened fire at random in the halls of Conception Abbey , a monastery in northwest Missouri . He killed two monks and seriously wounded another two before fatally shooting himself . Two weapons , a Chinese - made replica of the AK - 47 and a sawed - off . 22 - caliber rifle , were found near the body . 000000002002 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 2002 Bowie , Maryland ! Bowie , Maryland 0 In the Beltway sniper attacks , one victim of several was 13 - year - old Iran Brown , who was wounded as he arrived at Benjamin Tasker Middle School in Bowie , Maryland . His aunt , a nurse who had just dropped him off , rushed him to a hospital emergency room . Despite serious injuries , Brown survived the attack . 000000002002 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 , 2002 Tucson , Arizona ! Tucson , Arizona 0 Failing nursing college student and Gulf War veteran , 40 - year - old Robert Stewart Flores Jr. , killed three assistant professors of nursing at the University of Arizona , 50 - year - old Robin Rogers , 44 - year - old Cheryl McGaffic , and 45 - year - old Barbara Monroe , before turning the gun on himself . 000000002002 - 10 - 29 - 0000 October 29 , 2002 Jersey City , New Jersey ! Jersey City , New Jersey 0 A 15 - year - old student was shot in the abdomen and wounded inside a basement of Lincoln High School , during an argument with another student . Another 15 - year - old student was arrested and charged with attempted murder . 000000002003 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 2003 New Orleans , Louisiana ! New Orleans , Louisiana John McDonogh High School shooting . 18 - year - old Steven Williams , and 17 - year - old James Tate opened fire with an AK - 47 and a handgun in the gymnasium of John McDonogh High School , killing a 15 - year - old student and wounding three female students . Williams was sentenced to life imprisonment , and Tate was sentenced to fifteen years . 000000002003 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 , 2003 Red Lion , Pennsylvania ! Red Lion , Pennsylvania 0 14 - year - old student James Sheets , entered Red Lion Area Junior High School armed with his stepfather 's pistols . He killed the school 's principal , Eugene Segro , before killing himself . 000000002003 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2003 Cleveland , Ohio ! Cleveland , Ohio On May 9 , 2003 , Biswanath Halder , a 62 - year - old business school alumnus of Case Western Reserve University , killed a graduate student and wounded a professor and another student using a semi-automatic rifle . He held the building and its nearly 100 occupants hostage for seven hours before being apprehended by a SWAT team . He was sentenced to life in prison . 000000002003 - 09 - 24 - 0000 September 24 , 2003 Cold Spring , Minnesota ! Cold Spring , Minnesota 0 Rocori High School shooting : 15 - year - old John Jason McLaughlin , shot 15 - year - old freshman Seth Bartell and 17 - year - old senior Aaron Rollins at Rocori High School . Rollins was killed immediately , and Bartell died from his wounds sixteen days later . McLaughlin was sentenced to life in prison with the chance of parole in 2038 . 000000002004 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2004 Washington , D.C. ! Washington , D.C. 0 Thomas J. Boykin was acquitted of the murder of 17 - year - old James Richardson , a football player at Ballou High School in Southeast Washington . 000000002004 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 , 2004 East Greenbush , New York ! East Greenbush , New York 0 Jon W. Romano in East Greenbush , New York fired two rounds from a shotgun , wounding one teacher . He was tackled by the assistant principal and charged with one count of attempted murder . 000000002004 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 , 2004 Randallstown , Maryland ! Randallstown , Maryland 0 Two students were charged with a school shooting that arose from a dispute after a basketball game at Randallstown High School . Four persons were injured , two seriously . One student was paralyzed from the waist down . 000000002005 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2005 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 An 18 - year - old student at Bowen High School was shot in the leg as she left the school around 2 : 30 p.m. 000000002005 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 , 2005 Dover , Tennessee ! Dover , Tennessee 0 14 - year - old Jason Clinard , killed his bus driver , 47 - year - old Joyce Gregory , as she stopped to pick him up . Gregory had earlier reported Clinard for using snuff on the school bus . Clinard was given a life sentence . 000000002005 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 , 2005 Red Lake , Minnesota ! Red Lake , Minnesota 10 7 Red Lake shootings : 16 - year - old student Jeffrey Weise , killed his grandfather and grandfather 's companion at their home , where he had been living , at the Red Lake Indian Reservation . He drove to Red Lake Senior High School . Armed with his grandfather 's police weapons , Weise killed five students , one teacher , and one security guard , wounding seven others , before committing suicide . 000000002005 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 2005 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 At Harlan Community Academy High School , a fight broke out between two 15 - year - old boys in the gymnasium . Christopher Huff took out a pistol , shooting the other youth in the leg . A police officer on duty at the school arrested the gunman . The suspected shooter was charged as an adult with aggravated battery with a firearm . 000000002005 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 2005 Jacksboro , Tennessee ! Jacksboro , Tennessee Campbell County High School shooting : Inside the Campbell County High School office , 15 - year - old Kenneth Bartley , shot the school principal , Gary Seale . He shot assistant principals Ken Bruce and Jim Pierce . Bruce later died from his wound . Bartley was sentenced to forty - five years in prison with chance of parole after twenty - nine years . 000000002006 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 2006 Longwood , Florida ! Longwood , Florida 0 15 - year - old Christopher Penley , took a pellet gun to class at Milwee Middle School . After refusing to drop the weapon , he was shot when he pointed it at a police officer . 000000002006 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 , 2006 Roseburg , Oregon ! Roseburg , Oregon 0 14 - year - old freshman Vincent Wayne Leodoro , shot student 16 - year - old Joseph Monti , four times in the back with a semi-automatic handgun at Roseburg High School . Leodoro walked away from the school campus , and was confronted near a restaurant by six police officers . He threatened suicide but was persuaded to surrender . He was found guilty of attempted murder and assault in July 2006 , and will be held in prison until he turns twenty five years old . 000000002006 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 , 2006 Reno , Nevada ! Reno , Nevada 0 Pine Middle School shooting : In the hallway of Pine Middle School , 14 - year - old James Scott Newman , injured two 14 - year - old classmates , Alexander Rueda and Kenzie McKeon , with a revolver belonging to his parents . Two students received minor wounds . Newman was subdued by a physical education teacher . The youth was arrested and charged as an adult for attempted murder , use of a deadly weapon and use of a firearm by a minor . He later pleaded guilty to charges of two counts of battery with a deadly weapon , and was sentenced as a juvenile . Newman was sentenced to house arrest until he completed two - hundred hours of community service . August 24 , 2006 Essex Junction , Vermont Christopher Williams , 26 , shot his girlfriend 's mother , Linda Lambesis , 57 at her home and from there he went to Essex Elementary School where Andrea , his girlfriend , worked . After he arrived at the elementary school , which was not in session at the time , he shot and killed Mary Alicia Shanks , 56 , and shot Mary Snedeker , 52 , nonfatally . He left the school and allegedly shot Chad Johansen , 26 nonfatally . He then turned the gun on himself , but did not die as a result . 000000002006 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 , 2006 Hillsborough , North Carolina ! Hillsborough , North Carolina After shooting and killing his father , teenager Alvaro Castillo went to his high school , where he wounded two students . He was reportedly obsessed with the Columbine shootings and had written an email to the current Columbine high school principal before committing his own crime . 000000002006 - 09 - 02 - 0000 September 2 , 2006 Shepherdstown , West Virginia ! Shepherdstown , West Virginia 0 49 - year - old Douglas W. Pennington , killed himself and his two sons , 26 - year - old Logan P. Pennington , 24 - year - old Benjamin M. Pennington , during a visit to the campus of Shepherd University . 000000002006 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 2006 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ! Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 0 5 Five Duquesne basketball players were shot early Sunday morning during an apparent act of random violence on campus , leaving three hospitalized -- two of them in critical condition . 000000002006 - 09 - 27 - 0000 September 27 , 2006 Bailey , Colorado ! Bailey , Colorado 0 Platte Canyon High School hostage crisis : 53 - year - old drifter , Duane Roger Morrison , walked into Platte Canyon High School and took six girls hostage . He sexually assaulted them . As a SWAT team stormed the classroom , he killed 16 - year - old Emily Keyes , then took his own life . 000000002006 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2006 Cazenovia , Wisconsin ! Cazenovia , Wisconsin 0 Weston High School shooting : At around 8 a.m. , 15 - year - old freshman , Eric Hainstock , entered Weston High School . He aimed a 20 - gauge shotgun at social studies teacher , Chuck Keller , before it was wrestled from him by school custodian , Dave Thompson . Hainstock then shot 49 - year - old high school principal , John Alfred Klang , with a . 22 caliber revolver . Klang died later that afternoon . Hainstock was charged and convicted of murder , and is serving a life sentence . He will be eligible for parole in 2037 . 000000002006 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 , 2006 Nickel Mines , Pennsylvania ! Nickel Mines , Pennsylvania 6 West Nickel Mines School shooting : 32 - year - old milk truck driver , Charles Carl Roberts IV , killed five Amish girls and wounded five others before killing himself in an Amish school in the hamlet of Nickel Mines , in Bart Township , Lancaster County . 000000002006 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 2006 Joplin , Missouri ! Joplin , Missouri 0 0 13 - year - old student Thomas White fired one shot from a Mac - 90 rifle at a hallway ceiling at Memorial Middle School . The gunshot struck a water pipe , and nobody was injured . He also tried repeatedly to shoot principal Stephen Gilbreth at near - point - blank range as Gilbreth ushered him out of the school . Joplin police say the attempt was foiled by an improperly seated ammunition clip in the rifle . The principal was not injured . White was tried as an adult on charges of assault and firearms possession , and in 2009 he was sentenced to ten years of prison . 000000002007 - 01 - 03 - 0000 January 3 , 2007 Tacoma , Washington ! Tacoma , Washington 0 18 - year - old student Douglas S. Chanthabouly , killed 17 - year - old Samnang Kok , in the hallways of Henry Foss High School following a personal disagreement . In 2009 , Chanthabouly was sentenced to 23 years in prison on a charge of second - degree murder . 000000002007 - 03 - 07 - 0000 March 7 , 2007 Compton , California ! Compton , California 0 During an argument with several non-students and students , a student was shot in the elbow and wounded in the eating area at Centennial High School . The shooting occurred an hour after classes were dismissed , and students in after - school activities were sent home . 000000002007 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 , 2007 Blacksburg , Virginia ! Blacksburg , Virginia 33 23 Virginia Tech shooting : 23 - year - old student , Seung - Hui Cho , killed thirty - two students and faculty members at Virginia Tech , and wounded another seventeen students and faculty members in two separate attacks before committing suicide . The incident is the third - deadliest mass shooting by a single gunman in modern U.S. history . 000000002007 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2007 Cleveland , Ohio ! Cleveland , Ohio SuccessTech Academy shooting : Asa H. Coon , a 14 - year - old suspended student , returned to SuccessTech Academy , where he fired shots at people inside the school building , wounding two teachers and two students . He shot himself in the head , committing suicide . 000000002007 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2007 Miami Gardens , Florida ! Miami Gardens , Florida 0 43 - year - old 11th grade algebra teacher , Sergio Miranda , was shot by 19 - year - old Patrick Lively , outside Miami Carol City Senior High School during a robbery but was expected to survive . In 2011 , Lively received a life sentence . 000000002008 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 , 2008 Memphis , Tennessee ! Memphis , Tennessee 0 At Hamilton High School , a student shot a 16 - year - old student in the leg during a classroom argument over rap music . The victim 's injury was not life - threatening . 000000002008 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 , 2008 Baton Rouge , Louisiana ! Baton Rouge , Louisiana 0 Latina Williams , a 23 - year - old nursing student at Louisiana Technical College killed two classmates and herself in a second floor classroom . 000000002008 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 , 2008 Memphis , Tennessee ! Memphis , Tennessee 0 Following a feud that started off campus earlier in the week , a 19 - year - old senior was shot by a 17 - year - old sophomore during a gym class held in the cafeteria with about 75 other students at Mitchell High School , before handing the gun to a coach making no attempt to flee . The victim suffered at least two gunshot wounds and was in critical condition , the suspected shooter was in custody . `` He walked up to him , shot him , and made a statement to the coach that ' It 's over now , ' `` , said principal , Daniel Ware . 000000002008 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 , 2008 Oxnard , California ! Oxnard , California 0 Murder of Larry King : 14 - year - old Brandon McInerney , shot 15 - year - old Lawrence `` Larry '' King , twice in the head in the computer laboratory of E.O. Green Junior High School . McInerney was apprehended in a nearby neighborhood . King , who was openly homosexual , died two days later . McInerney was initially charged with a hate crime , but that charge was dropped . McInerney pleaded guilty to second - degree murder and was sentenced to 21 years in prison . 000000002008 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 , 2008 DeKalb , Illinois ! DeKalb , Illinois 6 21 Northern Illinois University shooting : 27 - year - old Steven Kazmierczak , shot multiple people with a shotgun in a classroom of Northern Illinois University , killing five and injuring 21 , before taking his own life . Kazmierczak was not enrolled at the university , but had attended in the years prior to the attack . 000000002008 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 , 2008 Federal Way , Washington ! Federal Way , Washington 0 26 - year - old Omero Mendez was waiting at the Lakota Middle School campus to pick up his girlfriend 's son . He was confronted by 16 - year - old Luis F. Cosgaya - Alvarez and two of his friends , driving in an SUV . Cosgaya - Alvarez flashed gang signs at Mendez , and shot him once in the head . Mendez later died of his injuries . Cosgaya - Alvarez was arrested a few days later in Seattle and was charged with murder . Cosgaya - Alvarez pleaded guilty to murder and weapon enhancements , and was sentenced to eighteen years in prison . 000000002008 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 , 2008 Knoxville , Tennessee ! Knoxville , Tennessee 0 At Central High School , 15 - year - old Jamar Siler killed 15 - year - old Ryan McDonald . In 2011 , Siler was sentenced to thirty years in prison after pleading guilty to murder in a plea agreement . September 2 , 2008 Willoughby , Ohio 0 0 A 15 - year - old student brought a handgun into South High School , and shot two rounds , one into the ceiling and one shattering a trophy case . The student then put the gun to his head . Then Assistant Principal Jeff Lyons talked the student out of doing any harm . 000000002008 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2008 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 16 - year - old Christopher Walker , was killed , and three other teenagers were seriously wounded during a drive - by shooting near Henry Ford High School , soon after classes let out . Three teenagers were arrested and charged in connection with the shooting . The shooter , 15 - year - old William Morton , was sentenced to life without parole , and Devon Bell was sentenced to forty - two years of prison . 000000002008 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 , 2008 Conway , Arkansas ! Conway , Arkansas University of Central Arkansas shootings : Four young men fatally shot two students , 18 - year - old Ryan Henderson , and 19 - year - old Chavares Block , and wounded a 19 - year - old campus visitor in the leg , outside the Arkansas Hall dormitory of University of Central Arkansas . 000000002008 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 , 2008 Fort Lauderdale , Florida ! Fort Lauderdale , Florida 0 15 - year - old Amanda Collette , was killed in the hallway at Dillard High School . The shooter , 15 - year - old Teah Wimberly , was sentenced to twenty - five years to life on a first - degree murder charge . 000000002009 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 , 2009 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 5 After attendees were leaving a basketball game at Dunbar High School , a truck pulled over and someone inside fired shots at the crowd , wounding five people , three critically. 18 - year - old Georgio Dukes , was arrested and charged a week later with five counts of felony aggravated battery with a firearm . Police believe that the attack was gang - related . 000000002009 - 04 - 26 - 0000 April 26 , 2009 Hampton , Virginia ! Hampton , Virginia 0 18 - year - old Odane Greg Maye , a former student of Hampton University , followed a 43 - year - old pizza delivery man into his former dormitory . Armed with three guns , Maye wounded the delivery man , then the dorm monitor . Lastly , Maye shot himself in a suicide attempt . He survived and was convicted of two charges of malicious wounding , two counts of using a gun in a felony ; burglary ; and shooting in an occupied building . He was sentenced to fourteen years of prison in November 2009 , and was ordered by a judge to pay more than $62,000 in restitution to his victims for lost wages . 000000002009 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2009 Cambridge , Massachusetts ! Cambridge , Massachusetts 0 20 - year - old Jabrai Copney , 23 - year - old Jason Aquino , and 19 - year - old Blayn Jiggetts , of New York City , invited 21 - year - old Justin Cosby , of Cambridge , into a Harvard College dormitory . After trying to rob him of a pound of marijuana , they shot him . Copney turned himself in four days later . Copney was convicted of murder . His partners pleaded guilty to armed robbery and manslaughter . His girlfriend , 21 - year - old Brittany Smith , pleaded guilty to accessory after the fact , firearm possession , and misleading a grand jury . 000000002009 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 , 2009 Larose , Louisiana ! Larose , Louisiana 0 15 - year - old Larose - Cut Off Middle School student , Justin Doucet , carried his backpack to a restroom , where he put on camouflage clothes and took out a semi-automatic handgun before storming into a nearby classroom . He attempted to shoot a teacher , Jessica Plaisance , but the gun did not fire . He returned to the restroom and shot himself in the head , dying a week later of his wounds . 000000002009 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 , 2009 San Francisco , California ! San Francisco , California 0 After students were being let out of International Studies Academy on the first day of summer school classes , a man left a car and opened fire , wounding three people , including a 17 - year - old female student . An 18 - year - old man was arrested for being an accessory in the crime . 000000002009 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 , 2009 San Bruno , California ! San Bruno , California 0 A 20 - year - old student was wounded in the parking lot of Skyline College after an argument between him and other men . The college campus was placed on lockdown . Three San Francisco residents , 18 - year - old Germaine B. Benjamin , 20 - year - old Dimaryea J. McGhee , and 18 - year - old Jacori W. Bender , were each arrested and charged with felony firearm offenses . 000000002009 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 , 2009 Conway , South Carolina ! Conway , South Carolina 0 16 - year - old student , Trevor Varinecz was killed by a school resource officer after allegedly stabbing the officer . 2010 -- 2014 ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description February 5 , 2010 Madison , Alabama ! Madison , Alabama 0 14 - year - old student , Hammad Memon , killed 14 - year - old Todd Brown at Discovery Middle School as classes were changing . The shooting was possibly related to gang activity . In May 2013 , Memon pleaded guilty to the murder and was sentenced to thirty years of prison . After Memon is released from prison , he is likely to be deported to his native Pakistan . February 12 , 2010 Huntsville , Alabama ! Huntsville , Alabama University of Alabama in Huntsville shooting : 44 - year - old biology professor , Amy Bishop , killed the chairman of the biology department , 52 - year - old Gopi K. Podila , and biology professors , 50 - year - old , Maria Ragland Davis and 52 - year - old Adriel D. Johnson . She also wounded biology professors , Luis Rogelio Cruz - Vera and Joseph G. Leahy , and staff assistant , Stephanie Monticciolo . February 19 , 2010 DeKalb , Illinois ! DeKalb , Illinois 0 Less than a week after Northern Illinois University solemnly marked the second anniversary of a mass shooting on campus that claimed the lives of five students , the DeKalb school was the scene of further gun violence . 24 - year - old NIU student , Brian Mulder , refused entry to 22 - year - old Zachary R. Isaacman , when he had tried to follow a female resident into the Stevenson Residence Hall North , where they were living , because he was not a resident . Moments later , while outside the dorm smoking with a friend , Mulder was shot by Isaacman , with a handgun in the leg above the knee . Isaacman tried to flee , but was caught by police within minutes . February 23 , 2010 Littleton , Colorado ! Littleton , Colorado 0 At Deer Creek Middle School , 32 - year - old Bruco Strong Eagle Eastwood opened fire from a rifle in a parking lot , and wounded two eighth - graders Reagan Webber and Matt Thieu , before being restrained by 57 - year - old Math teacher , David Benke , and held until his arrest . The boy 's wounds were critical for the four days following the shooting . In October 2011 , Eastwood was found not guilty by reason of insanity . March 9 , 2010 Columbus , Ohio ! Columbus , Ohio 51 - year - old Ohio State University custodian , Nathaniel Brown , killed a co-worker and wounded another . May 11 , 2010 Bladenboro , North Carolina ! Bladenboro , North Carolina 0 A West Bladen High School student was shot Tuesday afternoon on campus as students were leaving school for the day. Investigators say the incident started when a fight broke out between two groups of students near the high school 's entrance . September 8 , 2010 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 Two students were wounded in front of Mumford High School by 17 - year - old Steven Jamal Hare . He was tried as an adult and charged with assault with intent to kill . In 2012 , Hare was sentenced to 27 years in prison . September 28 , 2010 Austin , Texas ! Austin , Texas A 19 - year - old sophomore student Colton Tooley , wielding an AK - 47 and wearing a ski mask , opened fire and then killed himself in a University of Texas library October 1 , 2010 Salinas , California ! Salinas , California 0 15 - year - old student Jose Daniel Cisneros was killed after being shot several times on an athletic field at Alisal High School while walking to school . Police said that the shooting was gang - related . October 8 , 2010 Carlsbad , California ! Carlsbad , California 0 41 - year - old Brendan O'Rourke climbed over a fence and opened fire with a handgun in a playground of Kelly Elementary School , which had 230 students ; two second - grade female students were grazed in the arms before O'Rourke was subdued by a construction worker . He was found guilty of seven counts of attempted murder and was sentenced to 189 years to life in prison . November 29 , 2010 Marinette , Wisconsin ! Marinette , Wisconsin 0 15 - year - old Samuel Hengel , took 23 students and a teacher hostage inside a classroom of Marinette High School for five hours . He had stormed into the class , firing with a handgun at a movie projector . Police persuaded Hengel to release the hostages . After officers entered the building , Hengel shot himself in the head . He died the next day . December 6 , 2010 Aurora , Colorado ! Aurora , Colorado 0 In a gang - related attack outside Aurora Central High School , a 17 - year - old girl was paralysed . She was one of a group of students outside the school . 20 - year - old Luis Enrique Guzman - Rincon , had fired shots from a car trying to hit gang rivals . Guzman - Ricon was sentenced to thirty - five years in prison . January 5 , 2011 Omaha , Nebraska ! Omaha , Nebraska At Millard South High School , 18 - year - old student , Robert Butler Jr. , killed assistant principal Dr. Vicki Kaspar and wounded principal Curtis Case before opening fire at police in the front office area , causing the school nurse to be wounded by gunshot debris . Butler then drove to a parking lot and shot himself as police cornered him . March 25 , 2011 Martinsville , Indiana ! Martinsville , Indiana 0 Michael Phelps , a 15 - year - old suspended student , returned to Martinsville West Middle School with a handgun . In the entrance of the school , Phelps shot 15 - year - old Chance Jackson twice in the abdomen , critically wounding him . Phelps fled the school and dropped the handgun ; he was arrested shortly after . Jackson had to undergo surgery three times to save his life ; he suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder . Phelps was convicted of attempted murder in August 2011 , and was sentenced to thirty years in prison and five years of probation . March 31 , 2011 Houston , Texas ! Houston , Texas 5 Multiple gunmen opened fire during a powder puff football game at Worthing High School . One man , an 18 - year - old former student named Tremaine De Ante ' Paul , died . Five other people were injured . May 23 , 2011 Pearl City , Hawaii ! Pearl City , Hawaii 0 A 14 - year - old male student is accused of firing a handgun on the campus of Highlands Intermediate School , wounding one student . The gunman was arrested on suspicion of attempted murder . Two other suspects were arrested in connection with the shooting . October 24 , 2011 Fayetteville , North Carolina ! Fayetteville , North Carolina 0 Cape Fear High School shooting : 15 - year - old Catilyn Abercrombie , was shot in the neck with a rifle by fellow student , 15 - year - old Charles Underwood , at Cape Fear High School . She was hospitalized for two months in a serious condition . Underwood was arrested and charged with attempted murder . He was convicted of attempted first - degree murder and sentenced to fifteen years in prison . December 8 , 2011 Blacksburg , Virginia ! Blacksburg , Virginia 0 22 - year - old , Ross Truett Ashley , part - time business student at Radford University , killed a police officer engaged in an unrelated traffic stop on the campus of Virginia Tech , he then committed suicide in a nearby parking lot . December 9 , 2011 Edinburg , Texas ! Edinburg , Texas 0 Two students were shot after school at Harwell Middle School in Edinburg , Texas while trying out for their school 's basketball team . The shooting allegedly was done by an adult off campus , who was shooting at a target range . January 10 , 2012 Houston , Texas ! Houston , Texas 0 A student opened fire with a handgun at North Forest High School , wounding another student . The shooter said that he had been confronted by three students who had been bullying him and he shot in self - defense . He hit a 16 - year - old bystander in the leg . The 18 - year - old suspect was charged with aggravated assault with a deadly weapon . February 27 , 2012 Chardon , Ohio ! Chardon , Ohio Chardon High School shooting : 17 - year - old Thomas `` T.J. '' Lane , took a semi-automatic handgun and a knife to Chardon High School , where he fired ten shots at a group of students sitting in the cafeteria . He killed three boys and wounded three other students . One 16 - year - old died immediately , two others died the following day . Lane was arrested early the next morning while standing near his car . He was charged as an adult with murder , attempted murder , and firearms offenses . In March 2013 , he was convicted and sentenced to three life sentences without the possibility of parole . March 6 , 2012 Jacksonville , Florida ! Jacksonville , Florida 0 A murder - suicide resulted in two deaths on the campus of the Episcopal School of Jacksonville . Shane Schumerth , a Spanish teacher who had been fired that morning returned to the campus in the early afternoon via a pedestrian entrance , armed with an AK - 47 which he concealed in a guitar case . He entered the office of the Head of School , Dale Regan , and fired multiple shots , fatally wounding her . Schumerth then killed himself , in the office . April 2 , 2012 Oakland , California ! Oakland , California 7 Oikos University shooting : 43 - year - old One L. Goh , was accused of shooting dead seven students with a handgun and wounding three others at Oikos University , a Christian college . He fled the scene , stealing a victim 's car , and was apprehended hours later nearby . Goh was charged with seven counts of murder . In January 2013 , Goh was determined to be mentally unfit for trial and committed for treatment . August 16 , 2012 Memphis , Tennessee ! Memphis , Tennessee 0 Two Hamilton High School students were wounded in the parking lot of the school . The attack was believed to be gang - related . August 27 , 2012 Perry Hall , Maryland ! Perry Hall , Maryland 0 15 - year - old Robert Gladden , fired two shots with a shotgun inside the cafeteria at Perry Hall School . He hit a 17 - year - old senior in the lower back , causing critical wounds . The youth has Down syndrome . Gladden was subdued by two school faculty members , and arrested . In February 2013 , he was sentenced to thirty - five years in prison on attempted murder charges . September 7 , 2012 Normal , Illinois ! Normal , Illinois 0 0 A 14 - year - old student fired multiple gunshots in a classroom ceiling at Normal Community High School , and was tackled by a teacher . Nobody was injured . The student was arrested and charged with sixteen felony counts . September 26 , 2012 Stillwater , Oklahoma 0 A 13 - year - old male at Stillwater Junior High School pulled out a gun and shot himself in the head at 7 : 50 AM on the day of a school - wide standardized test . No one else was injured , and the cause of the suicide is still unknown . October 6 , 2012 Mobile , Alabama ! Mobile , Alabama 0 A University of South Alabama student , Gil Collar , was fatally shot by a campus police officer while having a medical emergency . Collar , 18 , had ingested a legal lab chemical . It is unknown if he had done so voluntarily . Acting erratically , he approached the police station while naked and battered . Officer Trevis Austin , equipped with pepper spray and a baton , felt his life was threatened by the unarmed 140 lb teen . Video shows that the officer shot Collar before the student approached within five feet of him . Austin was cleared of any wrongdoing by the university . October 19 , 2012 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 18 - year - old Banner Academy South student , Terrance Wright , was killed during an attempted robbery . Wright was approached by five would - be robbers as he left the school about 3 : 40 p.m. . He was shot in the chest as he fought back when one assailant was going through his pockets . Wright had been picked on at his previous high school because he was gay , which led him to transfer to Banner . October 31 , 2012 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0 At a Halloween party on the University of Southern California campus , an argument escalated and 20 - year - old Brandon Spencer , used a handgun to shoot rival gang member , Geno Hall , seven times , critically wounding him . Spencer wounded three other people , none were students at USC , they were hospitalized with less serious injuries . Spencer was arrested just minutes after the shooting , which took place outside USC 's Grand Ballroom at around 11 : 30 p.m. In April 2014 , he was convicted of attempted murder and sentenced to forty years to life in prison . December 14 , 2012 Newtown , Connecticut ! Newtown , Connecticut 28 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting : 20 - year - old Adam Lanza , killed twenty - six people and himself . He first killed his mother at their shared home before taking her guns and driving to the school . Lanza brought four guns with him . He killed twenty first - grade children aged six and seven during the attack at school , along with six adults , including four teachers , the principal , and the school psychologist . Two other persons were injured . Lanza then killed himself as police arrived at the school . January 7 , 2013 Fort Myers , Florida ! Fort Myers , Florida 0 Shots were fired at Apostolic Revival Center Christian School , leaving 27 - year - old Kristopher Smith dead in what was believed to be a retaliation killing , possibly for his talking with police about a previous incident . January 10 , 2013 Taft , California ! Taft , California 0 16 - year - old student , Bryan Oliver , entered a science classroom of Taft Union High School with a shotgun and opened fire , critically wounding 16 - year - old student Bowe Cleveland . He shot at but missed another student . The classroom teacher Ryan Heber convinced Oliver , to drop his weapon . He was later arrested . On January 14 , he was charged with two counts of attempted murder and assault with a firearm . He was convicted and accepted a plea deal with a sentence of 27 years and 4 months . According to the attorney for the Cleveland family , they were not satisfied with the sentence . January 12 , 2013 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 A 16 - year - old Osborn High School student is wounded after a basketball game . January 15 , 2013 St. Louis , Missouri ! St. Louis , Missouri 0 A 34 - year - old gunman wounded an administrator in his office on the fourth floor of Stevens Institute of Business and Arts . The suspected gunman , Sean Johnson , a part - time student , wounded himself in a stairwell . Both the administrator and Johnson were hospitalized in stable conditions . Johnson was charged with three felony charges , including assault . January 15 , 2013 Hazard , Kentucky ! Hazard , Kentucky 0 Two people were killed and a third person was wounded at the parking lot of Hazard Community and Technical College . The third victim , 12 - year - old Taylor Cornett , died from her wounds the next day . 21 - year - old Dalton Lee Stidham , was arrested and charged with three counts of murder . January 16 , 2013 Chicago , Illinois ! Chicago , Illinois 0 A 17 - year - old boy , Tyrone Lawson , was killed in a parking lot of Chicago State University . The shooting happened after high school basketball games held on the campus , where Lawson had been a spectator . Police arrested two brothers , Michael McNabb , 33 , and Brian Hewlett ( under the alias Stephen Gilbert ) , 30 after the shooting and recovered a weapon . January 22 , 2013 Houston , Texas ! Houston , Texas 0 Lone Star College -- North Harris shooting : Outside Lone Star College -- North Harris , two men got into an argument . One wounded the other . He also wounded a maintenance man , and accidentally shot himself in the leg . The shooter fled into the woods and was arrested hours later . The charges against the initial suspect were dropped and another man was arrested . January 31 , 2013 Phoenix , Arizona ! Phoenix , Arizona 0 0 An argument between two rival gangs escalated to what police described as a `` gun battle '' at Cesar Chavez High School . Approximately fifteen shots were fired in the vicinity of people waiting to get into a scheduled boys ' basketball game . No one was injured . January 31 , 2013 Atlanta , Georgia ! Atlanta , Georgia 0 A 14 - year - old male student was wounded at Price Middle School . The gunman , a 15 - year - old student , was believed to be arguing with the other student before using a handgun to shoot him . A teacher was also wounded . Afterward , the gunman was disarmed by a school resource officer and arrested ; police charged him with aggravated assault . March 18 , 2013 Orlando , Florida ! Orlando , Florida 0 At the University of Central Florida , 30 - year - old student James Oliver Seevakumaran pulled a fire alarm at the Tower One dormitory , to attract a crowd . He pointed a handgun at his roommate and threatened to shoot him in their room ; he released the roommate , who ran out and called 9 - 1 - 1 . Seevakumaran then fatally shot himself in the head . Authorities found an assault weapon , a couple hundred rounds of ammunition and four homemade bombs inside his backpack . April 12 , 2013 Christiansburg , Virginia ! Christiansburg , Virginia 0 New River Community College shooting incident : Two women were wounded during a shooting at the campus of New River Community College . 18 - year - old Neil Allen MacInnis , was taken into custody . In June 2014 , he was sentenced to 38 years in prison . April 16 , 2013 Grambling , Louisiana ! Grambling , Louisiana 0 Three students were injured on the campus of Grambling State University . April 18 , 2013 Cambridge , Massachusetts ! Cambridge , Massachusetts 0 Three days after committing the Boston Marathon bombings , while still at large , the brothers Dzhokhar Tsarnaev and Tamerlan Tsarnaev shot and killed Massachusetts Institute of Technology campus police officer Sean Collier in his patrol car near MIT 's Ray and Maria Stata Center . About three hours after the MIT shooting and after carjacking a vehicle , Tamerlan died in a gunfight with police in Watertown , Massachusetts . Another officer was seriously wounded . Shot in the neck and hiding in a boat parked nearby , Dzhokhar was arrested 18 hours later , and hospitalized in critical condition . He was sentenced to death in 2015 . May 14 , 2013 Birmingham , Alabama ! Birmingham , Alabama 0 0 Allegedly responding to a student fight , a mother of a student fired a weapon on the campus of Ossie Ware Mitchell Middle School . No one was injured . June 7 , 2013 Santa Monica , California ! Santa Monica , California 6 2013 Santa Monica shooting : 23 - year - old John Zawahri , began a killing spree at his home . After killing his 55 - year - old father , Samir `` Sam '' Zawahri , and 25 - year - old brother , Chris Zawahri , he set the house ablaze . Dressed all in black with body armor and wielding an AR - 15 - type semi-automatic rifle , Zawahri carjacked 41 - year - old Laura Siska , shooting 50 - year - old Debra Fine , as she attempted to intervene , before forcing Siska to drive to Santa Monica College . Upon arriving on the college campus , Zawahri began shooting at passing vehicles , including a police car and a city bus , leaving three people with minor injuries . Zawahri next targeted a Ford Explorer , killing the driver , 68 - year - old campus groundskeeper , Carlos Navarro Franco , and fatally wounding the passenger , his 26 - year - old daughter Marcela Diaz - Franco , a student at the college , who died two days later . 68 - year - old Margarita Gomez , who was collecting cans outside the library , died after being shot in the abdomen and chest . Zawahri opened fire on students who were trying to run away . It ended at the college library where he opened fire on students studying for finals , before being fatally wounded in an exchange of gunfire with responding police officers . August 20 , 2013 Decatur , Georgia ! Decatur , Georgia 0 0 Armed with an AK - 47 and other weapons , 20 - year - old Michael Brandon Hill fired six shots inside the front office of Ronald E. McNair Discovery Learning Academy . He barricaded himself in the office , where police returned fire . Nobody was injured . Children were evacuated . After talking with school bookkeeper , Antoinette Tuff in the front office , he was persuaded to surrender before anyone was hurt . Hill was arrested and charged . August 23 , 2013 Sardis , Mississippi ! Sardis , Mississippi 15 - year - old student , Roderick Bobo , was killed during a football game at North Panola High School in what was termed a gang - related shooting . Two others were injured in the shooting . Three men were charged as being responsible for the crime . August 30 , 2013 Winston - Salem , North Carolina ! Winston - Salem , North Carolina 0 A 15 - year - old male student was shot at Carver High School , at 2 : 30 p.m. . He was hospitalized with minor injuries . An 18 - year - old male student was apprehended without further incident . The suspected gunman is charged with assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury , carrying a concealed gun , possessing and discharging a firearm , and carrying a firearm onto educational property . The shooting was believed related to a dispute between the suspect and the victim . October 4 , 2013 Pine Hills , Florida ! Pine Hills , Florida 0 A 16 - year - old student was shot in the hip outside Agape Christian Academy after a fight broke out at 2 p.m. . An innocent bystander was hit by a stray bullet or shrapnel . The two victims were treated for minor injuries . The suspected shooter reportedly fled in a car with several other males , and was not caught . October 21 , 2013 Sparks , Nevada ! Sparks , Nevada 12 - year - old seventh - grade student Jose Reyes opened fire with a handgun at the basketball courts of Sparks Middle School , injuring one student in the shoulder . Michael Landsberry , a teacher and veteran , tried to intervene and was killed by Reyes . Reyes also wounded a student trying to help the teacher . Reyes then committed suicide by shooting himself in the head . The shooting happened before classes , and the school was evacuated and was closed for the week . November 2 , 2013 Greensboro , North Carolina ! Greensboro , North Carolina 0 A 21 - year - old student was wounded at North Carolina A&T State University . The victim was hospitalized for serious but non-life - threatening injuries . The university was temporarily locked down that night . No suspects are in custody . November 3 , 2013 Lithonia , Georgia ! Lithonia , Georgia 0 A Stephenson High School student and a janitor were shot in an apparent confrontation between football team members and a group of teens who were not attending the school . Both were innocent bystanders . November 13 , 2013 Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ! Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 0 After classes ended , at least one gunman came out of the woods and opened fire on three students as they were walking to their cars at Brashear High School . One student was grazed in the head , another was struck in the neck and shoulder , and a third was hit in the leg and foot . Six people were taken into custody . The shooting is believed to be drug - related . December 4 , 2013 Winter Garden , Florida ! Winter Garden , Florida 0 A 15 - year - old student was wounded by a 17 - year - old student near a soccer field on the campus of West Orange High School . The shooting occurred after a fight broke out between the two students . The 17 - year - old suspected shooter was taken into custody several miles away from the school , and is charged with attempted murder , aggravated battery with a firearm , possession of a firearm by a minor and possession of a firearm on school grounds . In October 2014 , the shooter was sentenced to twenty - five years in prison . December 13 , 2013 Centennial , Colorado ! Centennial , Colorado 0 18 - year - old Karl Pierson , shot 17 - year - old student Claire Davis in the head , fatally injuring her , in a hallway in Arapahoe High School . Pierson then took his own life . Pierson was armed with a shotgun , three Molotov cocktails , and a machete . His intention was to shoot the librarian who had disciplined him . Claire Davis died from her injuries on December 21 , 2013 . December 19 , 2013 Fresno , California ! Fresno , California 0 Four teens ( 16 , 16 , 16 and 17 years old ) entered Edison High School in what was believed as a gang - initiation process . After accosting a 62 - year - old woman about a mile away from school grounds , they found an athletic trainer who taught at Edison High and shot him several times in the leg and stomach . January 9 , 2014 Jackson , Tennessee ! Jackson , Tennessee 0 A 16 - year - old student was charged with bringing a gun to school at Liberty Technology Magnet High School and shooting a classmate in the thigh . The incident occurred outside the front of the school . January 13 , 2014 New Haven , Connecticut ! New Haven , Connecticut 0 A 14 - year - old boy was shot outside of a basketball game at the Hillhouse High School athletic facility , suffering wounds in his hand and leg. ( cite ) January 14 , 2014 Roswell , New Mexico ! Roswell , New Mexico 0 Two people were wounded inside the gymnasium of Berrendo Middle School , at about 8 : 10 a.m. . An 11 - year - old boy and a 13 - year - old girl were airlifted to a hospital in Lubbock , Texas in critical condition . The 12 - year - old suspected shooter , Mason Campbell , a seventh grade student , was apprehended at the scene after he was talked down by a staff member and dropped the shotgun . A staff member received minor injuries . Campbell was charged with three counts of aggravated battery with a deadly weapon . He was sentenced to a maximum sentence of confinement in a juvenile detention facility until he is twenty one years old . January 17 , 2014 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ! Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 0 A student allegedly shot two other students in the gymnasium at Delaware Valley Charter School . Both victims , a male and a female , were shot in the arm . They were taken to a nearby hospital and are in stable condition , police say . Police Commissioner Charles Ramsey said at a news conference that the shooter ran out of the school after the shooting but was taken into custody near his home . 17 - year - old Raisheem Rochwell was arrested and charged as an adult for aggravated assault , recklessly endangering another person and firearms offenses . Rochwell was sentenced to two years of juvenile detention . January 20 , 2014 Chester , Pennsylvania ! Chester , Pennsylvania 0 One person was critically injured at Widener University . The incident occurred around 10 p.m. outside the university sport 's complex and led to an 8 - hour university lock - down . The suspect was not immediately found . January 21 , 2014 West Lafayette , Indiana ! West Lafayette , Indiana 0 A 21 - year - old student , Andrew Boldt , was killed in a classroom building on the campus of Purdue University . 24 - year - old student Cody Cousins was found guilty of the murder and was sentenced to sixty - five years of prison . In October 2014 , Cousins committed suicide in his cell . January 24 , 2014 Orangeburg , South Carolina ! Orangeburg , South Carolina 0 A 20 - year - old student was killed at South Carolina State University . A 19 - year - old was arrested and charged with murder . January 25 , 2014 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0 A man was killed at Los Angeles Valley College . Two suspects were arrested in the fatal shooting . January 27 , 2014 Carbondale , Illinois ! Carbondale , Illinois 0 A group of students at Rebound High School got in an argument in the school 's parking lot . One student pulled out a gun and shot another student in the ensuing altercation . An 18 - year - old suspect is facing charges of attempted murder . January 28 , 2014 Nashville , Tennessee ! Nashville , Tennessee 0 One student was shot in the leg in an apparent altercation over a gambling debt at Tennessee State University . January 30 , 2014 Palm Bay , Florida ! Palm Bay , Florida 0 Three students were fighting in a parking lot of Eastern Florida State College and one pulled out a gun and shot another of the students . All three students claimed self - defense . January 31 , 2014 Des Moines , Iowa ! Des Moines , Iowa 0 After a basketball game at North High School , there was gunfire in a parking lot of the school . Six males in a black jeep had come moments before the shooting and returned at the time it happened . A 15 - year - old girl was injured by a ricocheting bullet . While officers were gaining control of the area , teachers on the scene led students into the school building for safety . February 10 , 2014 Salisbury , North Carolina ! Salisbury , North Carolina 0 A 16 - year - old student was shot in the stomach on the campus of Salisbury High School during a dispute in the school gym . 17 - year - old suspect was charged with assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious injury , possession of a firearm on school property and discharging a weapon on school property . February 10 , 2014 Lyndhurst , Ohio ! Lyndhurst , Ohio 0 0 Five shots were fired in the parking lot of Charles F. Brush High School , including one which hit an unoccupied police car . No one was reported to be injured , though a school basketball game was going on at the time . February 12 , 2014 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0 A male victim was shot in the back in a possible gang - related drive - by shooting near the University of Southern California . The suspect fled into the University Campus . The victim was last reported in stable condition before being transported to a local hospital . February 22 , 2014 Augusta , Georgia ! Augusta , Georgia 0 A shooting involving a campus police officer occurred at a Georgia Regents University dormitory complex . A male suspect entered a vehicle and nearly struck an officer , who opened fire . The suspect was taken to Georgia Regents Medical Center with injuries that were not believed to be critical . March 12 , 2014 Miami , Florida ! Miami , Florida 0 An elementary school teacher was killed outside The Academy of Knowledge Preschool by her husband . March 25 , 2014 College Park , Georgia ! College Park , Georgia 0 0 An argument between students led to shots being fired in a Benjamin Banneker High School parking lot during the afternoon . Investigators believe multiple people were present when shots were fired , but it was not known how many could face charges for the incident . No one was injured in the shooting . April 9 , 2014 Greenville , North Carolina ! Greenville , North Carolina 0 0 Just after the lunch hour , at D.H. Conley High School , a car drove past the school and witnesses said an occupant reached out of a car window and fired shots in the direction of the school . This incident occurred on Worthington and Tull Roads , directly in front of the school . No one was injured . April 11 , 2014 Detroit , Michigan ! Detroit , Michigan 0 After a Friday evening student awards ceremony called `` Grammy Night '' , four men who were affiliated with a gang fired into a crowd in the parking lot of East English Village Preparatory Academy . One 19 - year - old , Darryl Smith , was fatally shot in the head . Smith was not a student at the academy . May 4 , 2014 Augusta , Georgia ! Augusta , Georgia 0 Two men fired shots inside a dormitory at Paine College on Sunday , injuring one student in the head . Neither of the suspects were students at the college . May 5 , 2014 Augusta , Georgia ! Augusta , Georgia 0 An active shooter situation was reported at Paine College on Monday with one person reported to be shot . The suspect was apparently apprehended and in custody . It was the second shooting incident to occur at the college campus in two days . May 8 , 2014 Lawrenceville , Georgia ! Lawrenceville , Georgia 0 A person was shot on a student parking lot roof at Georgia Gwinnett College , receiving an injury . The specific cause has not been identified . May 14 , 2014 Richmond , California ! Richmond , California 0 A 14 - year - old student was injured during a drive - by shooting in front of John F. Kennedy High School at 8 : 30 a.m. . He was shot as he was running towards the school campus after a fight took place . The student suffered a serious but stable injury to his leg . Police are searching for a suspect . June 5 , 2014 Seattle , Washington ! Seattle , Washington 19 - year - old students , Paul Lee and Sarah Williams , and 24 - year - old student , Thomas Fowler , were shot inside a hallway of Otto Miller Hall at Seattle Pacific University . Freshman Lee was rushed to Harborview Medical Center but later died . The shooter was subdued with pepper spray and tackled to the ground by student building monitor , Jon Meis , as he paused to reload his shotgun. 26 - year - old Aaron Rey Ybarra was arrested at the scene and has been charged with premeditated and attempted murder . June 10 , 2014 Troutdale , Oregon ! Troutdale , Oregon At around 8 : 30 a.m. shots were fired at Reynolds High School . 14 - year - old freshman Emilio Hoffman was killed , a physical education teacher was injured , and the gunman , 15 - year - old Jared Padgett , exchanged gunfire with police officers and then committed suicide in a restroom stall . September 9 , 2014 Miami , Florida ! Miami , Florida 0 Towards the end of the school day , one alternative school student in Miami was shot as a small group of students tussled . The injury was minor , requiring hospitalization , and five young adults were later questioned . September 11 , 2014 Taylorsville , Utah ! Taylorsville , Utah 0 An elementary school teacher with a concealed weapon permit had her gun fire accidentally in a faculty bathroom . The bullet shattered a toilet , and fragments of both the bullet and the porcelain injured her leg . September 27 , 2014 Terre Haute , Indiana ! Terre Haute , Indiana 0 A 20 - year - old Indiana State University student was shot by another student on Saturday inside a residence hall . The injuries were not fatal , and a full recovery was expected . The shooter was arrested on the following day . September 30 , 2014 Albemarle , North Carolina ! Albemarle , North Carolina 0 Two students got in an argument at Albemarle High School around 7 : 30 a.m. on Tuesday , and one of the students shot the other twice including once in the leg . The student who committed the shooting was allegedly involved in a stabbing of a football player last year at West Montgomery High School , which is only 20 miles ( 32 km ) away in Mount Gilead , North Carolina . The school had held an active shooter training over the summer , which prepared the school for this incident . September 30 , 2014 Louisville , Kentucky ! Louisville , Kentucky 0 One student was injured at Fern Creek Traditional High School . The incident occurred around 1 p.m. , reportedly after student became enraged in a hallway and pulled out a gun . The student was arrested later that day . October 3 , 2014 Fairburn , Georgia ! Fairburn , Georgia 0 After a homecoming football game , a fatal shooting of 17 - year - old Kristofer Hunter , occurred in the Langston Hughes High School parking lot . The assailant , 18 - year - old Eric Dana Johnson Jr. , turned himself in a week later . October 24 , 2014 Marysville , Washington ! Marysville , Washington 5 Marysville Pilchuck High School shooting . 15 - year - old freshman , Jaylen Fryberg , shot five students in the school cafeteria of Marysville Pilchuck High School , fatally wounding four , before committing suicide . November 20 , 2014 Tallahassee , Florida ! Tallahassee , Florida At around 12 : 40 a.m. EST , a gunman opened fired in or near the Strozier Library at Florida State University . Three people suffered gunshot injuries and were taken to a local area hospital . One was in critical condition , another was in good condition , and the third was shortly released after treatment . The gunman , later identified as Myron May , an alumnus from the school , started firing towards responding police officers and was fatally shot by them on the steps of the library . November 20 , 2014 Miami , Florida ! Miami , Florida Two teens were shot during a fight at Miami Carol City High School . One of the boys died . December 5 , 2014 Claremore , Oklahoma ! Claremore , Oklahoma 0 38 - year - old Thomas Floyd Fees , a former Tulsa police officer , fired two gunshots the campus of Rogers State University before committing suicide . He had previously been arrested the day before for entering a female student 's dormitory room with observable intent to commit a sexual assault . December 12 , 2014 Portland , Oregon ! Portland , Oregon 0 Rosemary Anderson High School shooting : A gunman shot three students and a man outside Rosemary Anderson High School in north Portland . A 16 - year - old girl was in critical condition , while the others suffered minor injuries . Two men , aged eighteen and twenty - two , were arrested in connection with the shooting . 2015 to present ( edit ) Date Location Deaths Injuries Description January 15 , 2015 Milwaukee , Wisconsin ! Milwaukee , Wisconsin 0 A 15 - year - old boy , a student 's father , and a teacher were each injured in the school parking lot at Wisconsin Lutheran High School . The student had unspecified injuries that were treated . The father was shot in the knee and the teacher was grazed in the toe . A 36 - year - old man was charged in the shooting . January 16 , 2015 Ocala , Florida ! Ocala , Florida 0 Two were injured in gunfire that occurred after a Friday night basketball game . One was injured directly by a bullet , the other by ricocheting glass . February 4 , 2015 Frederick , Maryland ! Frederick , Maryland 0 Two students were shot near the gymnasium of Frederick High School during a junior varsity ( JV ) boys ' basketball game . Approximately two hundred students , staff , and faculty were placed on lockdown for several hours after the shooting while police searched for the suspects . No suspects have been apprehended , although witnesses report seeing four black males dressed all in black who are considered by police to be suspects in this shooting . February 14 , 2015 Merced , California ! Merced , California 0 A teenager was found killed in the parking lot of Tenaya Middle School . The shooting was reported to have occurred after school hours . February 23 , 2015 Daytona Beach , Florida ! Daytona Beach , Florida 0 Two students argued outside the music building at Bethune - Cookman University when one pulled out a gun . Both had guns and it is not disclosed who did the shooting , injuring three students . A reward was offered to help solve this case . March 30 , 2015 University City , Missouri ! University City , Missouri 0 Police said one person has been arrested for a shooting at Pershing Elementary School . The shooting occurred in the parking lot , with a 34 - year - old - man being shot in the buttocks . April 13 , 2015 Goldsboro , North Carolina ! Goldsboro , North Carolina 0 A faculty member was killed with a rifle in the school library of Wayne Community College . The suspected 20 - year - old gunman , Kenneth Stancil , was arrested in Florida the next day . As of January 2017 , Stancil , an admitted Neo-Nazi is being investigated for a hate crime . April 16 , 2015 Paradis , Louisiana ! Paradis , Louisiana 0 A police officer was shot outside a school in a school zone while he was directing school buses into J.B. Martin Middle School , and the suspect was apprehended at the scene . April 27 , 2015 Lacey , Washington ! Lacey , Washington 0 0 A 15 - year - old student at North Thurston High School walked into the commons area and fired two shots into the ceiling from a . 357 magnum pistol . Brady Olson , a teacher at the school , was able to tackle the student before they could turn the gun on other students . No one was injured or killed . The student is facing charges of firing and possessing a gun on school property . May 12 , 2015 Jacksonville , Florida ! Jacksonville , Florida 0 Police report that a 16 - year - old shot five bullets into a school bus and injured two students . Apparently , there was an argument that touched on previous events . May 24 , 2015 Flint , Michigan ! Flint , Michigan 0 7 In the early morning hours of Memorial Day weekend , a group of people were at Southwestern Classical Academy in the parking lot . Shots rang out and seven were injured , with two men being apprehended and charged . August 27 , 2015 Savannah , Georgia ! Savannah , Georgia 0 22 - year - old student Christopher Starks was fatally shot in a student union building at Savannah State University . The shooter has not been identified . September 3 , 2015 Sacramento , California ! Sacramento , California A man was arguing with at least one other person escalated into a physical fight on the parking lot of Sacramento City College . A man opened fire , killing a 25 - year - old student and wounding two others . The shooting suspect has not been arrested . September 14 , 2015 Cleveland , Mississippi ! Cleveland , Mississippi 0 A geography professor at Delta State University fatally shot a fellow history professor . The geography professor was chased by police and eventually died of a self - inflicted gunshot wound . September 30 , 2015 Harrisburg , South Dakota ! Harrisburg , South Dakota 0 A principal was shot in the arm and wounded at Harrisburg High School after an argument with a student . The suspect , a 16 - year - old student at the school , was taken into custody and is charged with first - degree attempted murder . October 1 , 2015 Roseburg , Oregon ! Roseburg , Oregon 10 9 Umpqua Community College shooting : At around 10 : 40 a.m. PDT , a gunman , later identified as 26 - year - old student Christopher Harper - Mercer , opened fire in a hall on the Umpqua Community College campus , killing eight students and one teacher , and injuring nine others . The gunman later committed suicide after engaging responding police officers in a brief gunfight . October 9 , 2015 Flagstaff , Arizona ! Flagstaff , Arizona One student died and three others were wounded in a shooting at Northern Arizona University . It is unclear what sparked the shooting , which took place near Mountain View Hall , a dormitory that houses most of the campus ' students involved in Greek organizations . An 18 - year - old student was arrested and charged with murder and aggravated assault . October 9 , 2015 Houston , Texas ! Houston , Texas One person died and another person was injured after someone opened fire outside a Texas Southern University dorm . October 22 , 2015 Nashville , Tennessee ! Nashville , Tennessee One person was killed and three others were wounded in a shooting at an outdoor courtyard at Tennessee State University . The shooting may have stemmed from an argument over a dice game . A suspect has not been identified or arrested . November 1 , 2015 Winston - Salem , North Carolina ! Winston - Salem , North Carolina One person died and another person was injured after someone opened fire on the campus of Winston - Salem State University . A 21 - year - old non-student suspect is sought . November 20 , 2015 North Las Vegas , Nevada ! North Las Vegas , Nevada 0 A 16 - year - old student was fatally shot during a fight after school hours that involved multiple people on the campus of Mojave High School . January 22 , 2016 Indianapolis , Indiana ! Indianapolis , Indiana 0 A 15 - year - old male was shot in the leg and injured during a night - time basketball game at Lawrence Central High School . January 29 , 2016 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ! Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 0 0 A gunshot was fired during a fight in a stairwell at Franklin High School , and no injuries were reported . Three people were detained . February 9 , 2016 Muskegon Heights , Michigan ! Muskegon Heights , Michigan 0 Four people , including two students , were injured during a basketball game event in the parking lot of Muskegon Heights High School . February 12 , 2016 Glendale , Arizona ! Glendale , Arizona 0 Two 15 - year - old girls died in an apparent Murder - Suicide at Independence High School . February 29 , 2016 Middletown , Ohio ! Middletown , Ohio 0 15 - year - old Cameron Smith , and 14 - year - old Cooper Caffrey , were shot when 14 - year - old James Austin Hancock , opened fire in the Madison High School cafeteria with a . 380 caliber handgun. 15 - year - old Brant Murray , and 14 - year - old Katherine Douchette , also suffered shrapnel injuries . Hancock was apprehended in a nearby wooded field . April 23 , 2016 Antigo , Wisconsin ! Antigo , Wisconsin Two students at a prom at Antigo High School were shot and injured by 18 - year - old former student Jakob Wagner . Wagner later exchanged fire with a school resource officer in the school 's parking lot , and was captured after being shot and wounded by police . He died hours later in a hospital . June 1 , 2016 Los Angeles , California ! Los Angeles , California 0 2016 UCLA shooting . Mainak Sarkar , age 38 , a Ph. D. student , killed his former professor , William S. Klug , age 39 , a professor of mechanical and aerospace engineering , in an engineering building at UCLA . Sarkar then killed himself . Sarkar , who lived in Minnesota , also killed his former wife , Ashley Hasti , age 31 , in her Brooklyn Park , Minnesota home . June 8 , 2016 Dorchester , Massachusetts One student was killed and three other individuals were injured when gunfire erupted outside of the Jeremiah Burke High School following a fire - alarm causing an evacuation of the school . Two suspects have been arrested . September 9 , 2016 Alpine , Texas ! Alpine , Texas A 14 - year - old female student shot a 16 - year - old girl in an Alpine High School restroom before committing suicide . A police officer accidentally shot another officer during the incident . September 28 , 2016 Townville , South Carolina ! Townville , South Carolina Townville Elementary School shooting : Two students and one teacher were wounded after a teen opened fire at Townville Elementary School . The suspect 's father was found dead at his home soon after the shooting . One of the victims , six - year - old Jacob Hall , died 3 days after the shooting . October 11 , 2016 Mobile , Alabama ! Mobile , Alabama 0 A student was shot in the abdomen and wounded at Vigor High School . The suspect , a 16 - year - old boy , turned himself in and was charged with assault . October 13 , 2016 Columbus , Ohio ! Columbus , Ohio 0 Two students were shot and wounded on the front lawn of Linden McKinley STEM Academy . One was shot in the shoulder , and the other shot in the chest , and were hospitalized in stable condition . October 18 , 2016 San Francisco , California ! San Francisco , California 0 Four students were shot outside June Jordan High School for Equity , a San Francisco public high school . One female victim was in critical condition , while three male victims suffered minor injuries ... Two people were arrested in the shooting . October 25 , 2016 Sandy , Utah 0 Police say the two teens ages 14 and 16 were involved in a confrontation on the far north end of Union Middle School . The boys got into an argument . The argument lead to a shooting . The 14 year old shot the 16 year old twice . He was sent to the hospital in critical but stable condition . December 1 , 2016 Bountiful , Utah 0 0 At Mueller Park Junior High School , a 15 - year - old student fired one shot into the ceiling and then pointed the weapon at his own neck . The student was confronted verbally by a teacher and another student and later arrested in possession of a shotgun , a handgun , and ammunition for each . January 20 , 2017 West Liberty , Ohio 0 A 17 - year - old student was charged with attempted murder and other crimes after bringing a gun to West Liberty - Salem High School and firing two shots at 17 - year - old student in a bathroom with a shotgun . The victim was injured . The student was `` also is accused of discharging the weapon in the school 's hallway before returning to the bathroom , where he was eventually taken into custody . '' January 20 , 2017 Seattle , Washington 0 A 34 - year - old man was shot in Red Square at University of Washington while protesting the visit of controversial journalist Milo Yiannopoulos . The shooter turned himself in to the university police and was later questioned and released without being charged with a crime . March 21 , 2017 King City , California 0 An 18 - year - old King City High School student was shot outside the school 's auditorium . The gunman ran across the school 's campus and baseball field , and fled the area . The school was then placed on lockdown . The victim was hospitalized with life - threatening injuries . A suspect was arrested in August 2017 . April 10 , 2017 San Bernardino , California North Park Elementary School shooting : Cedric Anderson , age 53 , of Riverside , California , died of a self - inflicted gunshot wound after shooting and killing his estranged wife , Karen Elaine Smith , age 53 , in a classroom . An eight - year - old student was also fatally shot , and a seven - year - old student was injured . May 4 , 2017 Irving , Texas 0 North Lake College : Adrian Victor Torres killed a 20 - year - old student , Janeera Nickol Gonzalez , whom he was stalking . He fatally shot her three times and the college went into lockdown before discovering that the suspect has died from a self - inflicted gunshot wound . September 13 , 2017 Rockford , Washington Freeman High School : Three students injured and one killed after a shooter opened fire . The suspect , a 15 - year - old student , was taken into police custody . September 20 , 2017 Mattoon , Illinois 0 Mattoon High School : A 14 - year - old male student was subdued by a female teacher when he attempted to open fire in the school cafeteria at 11 : 33 a.m. Multiple shots were fired in the process , and one student was struck in the chest and was driven to a nearby hospital suffering non-life - threatening wounds . The student was taken into custody without further incident . November 14 , 2017 Rancho Tehama Reserve , California 6 18 Rancho Tehama Reserve shootings : Neighbor on a rampage injured one student at Rancho Tehama Elementary School and fatally shot five adults at several locations . The secretary heard the gunfire near the school and ordered the school to go on lockdown . After a custodian and the teachers put it into action , 43 year - old Kevin Neal rammed a truck into the gate of the school and fired at the classrooms hitting one student when a bullet pierced the wall . Neal fatally shot himself after sheriff 's deputies rammed his vehicle during a pursuit . December 7 , 2017 Aztec , New Mexico 0 Aztec High School shooting : William Atchison , 21 - year - old former male student snuck into Aztec High School disguised as a student and hid in an unlocked washroom with a Glock 9mm hidden in his bag . He retreated from the washroom after being spotted by a school custodian who chased him shouting `` active shooter '' and `` lockdown '' . Atchinson was able to shoot and kill two students who were caught in the hallway before he killed himself . He had been investigated in 2016 by the FBI when he asked `` where to find cheap assault rifles for a mass shooting '' on an online forum . January 9 , 2018 Forest City , Iowa 0 0 A man shot a pellet gun at a school bus full of children , shattering a window . No one was injured . January 10 , 2018 Denison , Texas 0 0 A criminal justice club student picked up a loaded gun , belonging to an advisor , which the student thought was an unloaded training weapon . She then shot at a wall target , unintentionally firing a bullet , which went through the wall and broke a window . The advisor was a licensed peace officer permitted to carry a firearm on campus . January 20 , 2018 Winston - Salem , North Carolina 0 A student was fatally shot at a party at 1 a.m. on the campus of Wake Forest University . January 22 , 2018 Italy , Texas 0 A 16 - year - old male student fired at a 15 - year - old female classmate that he had briefly dated in the cafeteria of Italy High School . The gunman left the school immediately after opening fire and was arrested . January 22 , 2018 New Orleans , Louisiana 0 Shots were fired from a truck in the parking lot of NET Charter High School , targeting a crowd of students during lunch time . One student was slightly injured , apparently from injuries unrelated to gunfire . One person was arrested in connection with the shooting . January 23 , 2018 Marshall County , Kentucky 18 Marshall County High School shooting : Gabriel Ross Parker , a 15 - year - old male student shot 16 people in the lobby at Marshall County High School and caused non-gunshot injuries to 4 others . Two 15 - year - old students died : one killed at the scene , another died of wounds at Vanderbilt Medical Center . January 25 , 2018 Mobile , Alabama 0 0 A disagreement between two 16 - year - old students escalated when Jonah Neal pulled out a handgun . School administrators noticed the weapon and tried to calm him ; Neal then fled across campus . He was pursued by staff until he fired the gun four or five times into the air . Nobody was injured . Neal was taken into custody and charged for multiple offenses , including possession of a weapon on school property . January 31 , 2018 Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 0 A fight began in the school parking lot outside a basketball game , and the school went into lockdown after shots were fired . A 32 - year - old male was transported by private vehicle to Nazareth Hospital with two gunshot wounds in his leg . He was transferred by helicopter to another hospital , but died from his injuries . Police announced that they are searching for an adult male suspect . February 1 , 2018 Los Angeles , California 0 5 Two 15 - year - old students , a boy and a girl , were shot and injured inside a classroom at Sal Castro Middle School , which shares a campus with Belmont High School . Three other people suffered injuries unrelated to gunfire . A 12 - year - old girl was arrested and charged with negligent discharge of a firearm . February 5 , 2018 Oxon Hill , Maryland 0 A student was taken to hospital after exiting Oxon Hill High School and going to speak to individuals in a vehicle who then attempted to rob , and subsequently shot and wounded him in the school 's parking lot . Two other students were arrested and charged with attempted murder and robbery . February 14 , 2018 Parkland , Florida 18 17 Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting : A 19 - year - old former student whose behavior had led to his expulsion allegedly began shooting students and staff members with a semi-automatic rifle at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School after activating a fire alarm . Eighteen people were killed , and 17 others were injured . The suspected shooter blended in with the crowd of fleeing students and was arrested in a residential area of neighboring Coral Springs after walking away from the school . He was later charged with murder and attempted murder . March 2 , 2018 Mount Pleasant , Michigan 0 Central Michigan University shooting : 19 - year - old student James Eric Davis Jr. shot and killed his mother and father when they came to campus to take him home for spring break . After the shooting Davis fled and the campus was placed on lockdown . Around 15 hours later police arrested him and took him to a local hospital . The incident disrupted the travel plans of students and campus activities for several days . Davis was charged with two counts of murder and one count of unlawful possession of a firearm used to commit murder . March 7 , 2018 Birmingham , Alabama Huffman High School : One student was killed and another injured when shots were fired in the school building , prompting the school to go into lockdown shortly after the bell rang for school dismissal . Law enforcement originally labeled the shooting as `` accidental '' . Subsequently , a 17 - year - old male student was charged with manslaughter and will be charged as `` being a certain person forbidden to possess a pistol '' . Although the school has metal detectors , they were not being used that day . School resource officers were onsite at the time of the shooting . March 9 , 2018 Lexington , Kentucky 0 Frederick Douglass High School : A 16 - year - old male student unintentionally shot himself with a gun he had smuggled into a classroom , sustaining an injury to his left thumb . Police announced they were charging him with wanton endangerment and possession of a weapon on school property . After the shooting , the school superintendent announced that stationary metal detectors would be installed and all students would be required to enter through them . March 14 , 2018 Birmingham , Alabama University of Alabama at Birmingham : A disgruntled employee entered the UAB Highlands Hospital on the campus of the University of Alabama at Birmingham and shot two hospital employees , fatally wounding one , on the second floor . The perpetrator then shot and fatally wounded himself . March 20 , 2018 Great Mills , Maryland Great Mills High School : School placed on lockdown after a shooting occurred in the morning . A 17 - year - old male student , armed with a handgun , shot and fatally injured a female student ( with whom he had a prior relationship ) and wounded a male student . The student shot himself in the head , fatally , while the school resource officer simultaneously shot at him . April 20 , 2018 Ocala , Florida 0 Forest High School : A student was shot and injured in a classroom shortly before a national school walkout for gun control measures . His injuries were not life - threatening . A 19 - year - old former student was arrested . May 11 , 2018 Palmdale , California 0 Highland High School : A 14 - year - old former student allegedly fired a semi-automatic rifle shortly before classes were to begin . A 15 - year - old was struck in the shoulder but went into surgery and was expected to recover fully . The suspect ditched the gun in a field and was arrested nearby , and faces a charge of attempted murder . May 16 , 2018 Dixon , Illinois 0 Dixon High School : A 19 - year - old student recently kicked off football team allegedly fired shots prior to graduation rehearsal . A school resource officer shot the suspect , who suffered non-life threatening injuries . May 18 , 2018 Santa Fe , Texas 10 10 Santa Fe High School shooting : School was evacuated when fire alarms pulled at 7 : 45 am after students said they had heard gunshots . Shooter had a shotgun and . 38 revolver . Multiple IEDs and pipe bombs were also found around the school . May 18 , 2018 Jonesboro , Georgia Mount Zion High School : An argument led to a shooting in a parking lot after a high school graduation ceremony for graduates of Perry Learning Center . Mount Zion High School provided overflow parking for people attending the ceremony . May 25 , 2018 Noblesville , Indiana 0 Noblesville West Middle School shooting : Two people were shot and injured in a shooting at Noblesville West Middle School in Noblesville , Indiana . The shooter is an unnamed middle school student who exited his science classroom and entered with a gun . When he returned , he shot a female student and the science teacher , identified as Jason Seamen . Seamen was shot in the abdomen , hip , and forearm . The gun was wrestled away by Seamen after both he and the female student were shot . See also ( edit ) List of school mass shootings in the United States List of school shootings in the United States by death toll List of school - related attacks Mass shootings in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Middleton 2007 , p. 171 . Jump up ^ Dixon 2005 , p. 223 . Jump up ^ `` John Anthony Gardner Davis -- Biographical Information '' . University of Virginia School of Law -- Arthur J. Morris Law Library . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Painful Occurrence '' . Richmond Enquirer , Volume 37 , Number 58 ( Richmond , Virginia ) . November 17 , 1840 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Serious Case of Shooting -- Navigation '' . The New York Times . November 3 , 1853 . Jump up ^ `` School Master Murdered '' . The Daily Dispatch , Volume 10 , Number 41 ( Richmond , Virginia ) . August 16 , 1856 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth Of July North '' . The Daily Dispatch , Volume 14 , Number 5 ( Richmond , Virginia ) . July 7 , 1858 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One School Boy Shoots Another Dead '' . The Daily Dispatch , Volume 17 , Number 22 ( Richmond , Virginia ) . January 26 , 1860 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Murder In Ashland County '' . Cleveland Tri-weekly Leader , Volume 18 , Number 31 ( Cleveland , Ohio ) . February 6 , 1864 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Terrible Shooting Affray at Knight 's Ferry '' . The Daily Alta California , Volume 19 , Number 7084 ( San Francisco , California ) . February 17 , 1867 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brevities '' . Memphis Daily Appeal , Volume 17 , Number 219 ( Memphis , Tennessee ) . April 9 , 1867 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Boy Shot By His Schoolfellow - A Curious Affair '' . The New York Times . June 9 , 1867 . Jump up ^ `` Tragic Shooting Affair Near Chattanooga '' . The New York Times . December 26 , 1868 . Jump up ^ `` Sad Accident '' . Knoxville Daily Chronicle , Volume 1 , Number 230 ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) . January 28 , 1871 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A School Principal Shot by a Boy '' . The Sun , Volume 39 , Number 129 ( New York City ) . February 2 , 1872 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Wisconsin father '' . The Daily Phoenix , Volume 8 , Number 277 ( Columbia , North Carolina ) . February 11 , 1873 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One day last week '' . Nebraska Advertiser , Volume 18 , Number 35 ( Brownville , Nebraska ) 1856 -- 1882 . February 26 , 1874 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Accidents and Crimes '' . Mower County Transcript , Volume 12 , Number 2 ( Lansing , Minnesota ) . April 16 , 1874 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Lebanton Tragedy '' . Sacramento Daily Union , Volume 47 , Number 7191 ( Sacramento , California ) . April 22 , 1874 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The shooting of one school boy by another '' . Daily Globe , Volume 1 , Number 132 ( St. Paul , Minnesota ) . May 26 , 1878 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shot by a Telegraph Operator '' . The New York Times . May 26 , 1879 . Jump up ^ `` Local Brevities '' . Los Angeles Daily Herald , Volume 16 , Number 88 ( Los Angeles , California ) . December 2 , 1881 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` By Telegraph '' . Daily Evening Bulletin , Volume 1 , Number 27 ( Maysville , Kentucky ) . December 22 , 1881 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Savonburg Siftings '' . The Iola Register , Volume 16 , Number 8 ( Iola , Kansas ) . February 10 , 1882 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Condensed Telegrams '' . The Milan Exchange , Volume 9 , Number 7 ( Milan , Tennessee ) . April 15 , 1882 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Criminally Careless '' . Omaha Daily Bee , Volume 12 , Number 264 ( Omaha , Nebraska ) . February 16 , 1883 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More Ruffianism '' . Barbour County Index , Volume 4 , Number 25 ( Medicine Lodge , Kansas ) . November 23 , 1883 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School - Butter ! '' . Mississippi Library Commission . April 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wamack at Danville Va '' . The Austin Weekly Statesman , Volume 13 , Number 26 ( Austin , Texas ) . February 28 , 1884 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Another `` Jesse James '' Gang `` . The New York Times . March 7 , 1884 . Jump up ^ `` The Work of Drunken Ruffians '' . The New York Times . March 16 , 1884 . Jump up ^ `` A Teacher Shot Dead '' . The New York Times . June 12 , 1887 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting Into A Schoolhouse '' . The New York Times . June 14 , 1889 . Jump up ^ `` Shot by Schoolboy '' . The Daily Alta California , Volume 82 , Number 115 ( San Francisco , California ) . April 25 , 1890 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal Accident at a Military School '' . The Daily Alta California , Volume 83 , Number 181 ( San Francisco , California ) . December 28 , 1890 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fourteen Persons Wounded '' . The Daily Alta California , Volume 84 , Number 90 ( San Francisco , California ) . March 31 , 1891 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fired Into A Group Of Children '' . The New York Times . April 10 , 1891 . Jump up ^ `` Two Students Shot '' . The Morning Call , Volume 72 , Number 133 ( San Francisco , California ) . October 11 , 1892 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shot to Death at a Dance '' . The Morning Call , Volume 73 , Number 117 ( San Francisco , California ) . March 27 , 1893 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School Boys Quarrel '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Daily Republican , Volume 38 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . October 17 , 1894 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Virginia Hoodlums '' . The Herald , Volume 26 , Number 74 ( Los Angeles , California ) . December 13 , 1898 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Shot by Teacher is Dead '' . The New York Times . February 28 , 1903 . Jump up ^ `` Duelists Fatally Shot '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 30 , Number 288 ( Los Angeles , California ) . July 22 , 1903 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tragedy Ends Rivalry For Schoolgirl 's Love '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 95 , Number 129 ( San Francisco , California ) . April 7 , 1904 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Lad Kills Schoolmate '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 96 , Number 170 ( San Francisco , California ) . November 17 , 1904 . p. 7 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` High School Principal Shoots Irate Parent '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 97 , Number 17 ( San Francisco , California ) . December 17 , 1904 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pupil Shoots Trustee '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 32 , Number 132 ( Los Angeles , California ) . February 10 , 1905 . p. 4 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tragedy in Schoolroom '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 7 , Number 30 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . March 23 , 1907 . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Schoolboy Shot Dead by Pupils at Drill '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 35 , Number 80 ( Los Angeles , California ) . December 21 , 1907 . p. 9 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Janitor Shot At As He Unlocks Door Of School '' . The Carroll Herald , Volume 40 , Number 14 ( Carroll , Iowa ) . January 15 , 1908 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` Two Teachers Found Dead '' . The Kingston Daily Freeman , Volume 37 , Number 117 ( Kingston , New York ) . March 11 , 1908 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Villain in Amateur Show Shot by Hero '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 105 , Number 110 ( San Francisco , California ) . March 20 , 1909 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday School Boy Kills Superintendent '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 106 , Number 11 ( San Francisco , California ) . June 11 , 1909 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sheriff Hunts for Vandals '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 36 , Number 321 ( Los Angeles , California ) . August 18 , 1909 . p. 9 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Slays Pupil Who Would Run School '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 36 , Number 346 ( Los Angeles , California ) . September 12 , 1909 . p. 11 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maniac Shoots Into Crowd of School Boys '' . Los Angeles Herald , Volume 37 , Number 104 ( Los Angeles , California ) . January 13 , 1910 . p. 16 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shot at Major '' . Amador Ledger ( Jackson , California ) . March 11 , 1910 . p. 5 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kentucky School Election Kills One '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 108 , Number 78 ( San Francisco , California ) . August 17 , 1910 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Girl is Shot Down in Rehearsal of Play '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 109 , Number 149 ( San Francisco , California ) . April 28 , 1911 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Killed In Fight '' . Los Angeles Evening Herald , Volume 38 , Number 110 ( Los Angeles , California ) . February 1 , 1912 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Is Slain By Chinese Gunman '' . The San Francisco Call , Volume 111 , Number 64 ( San Francisco , California ) . February 2 , 1912 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 14 - year - old Poughkeepsie Boy Accidentally Shoots Playmate '' . The New York Times . February 17 , 1912 . Jump up ^ `` Ever Hear of Such Things ? '' . The Washington Herald , Number 2964 ( Washington , D.C. ) . November 20 , 1914 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shoots Brother '' . The Tacoma Times , Volume 12 , Number 21 ( Tacoma , Washington ) . January 13 , 1915 . p. 3 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Whipping Of Pupil Causes Fatal Fight '' . The Spartanburg Herald ( Spartanburg , South Carolina ) . February 5 , 1915 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Posse After Teacher 's Assailant '' . The Bemidji Daily Pioneer , Volume 14 , Number 229 ( Bemidji , Minnesota ) . September 22 , 1916 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Girl Driven Into Woods at Point of Gun '' . Oklahoma City Times , Volume 28 , Number 150 ( Oklahoma City , Oklahoma ) . September 23 , 1916 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fatal Fight in Casey County '' . The Adair County News , Volume 20 , Number 11 ( Columbia , Kentucky ) . January 10 , 1917 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Accidentally Shot '' . Harrisburg Telegraph , Volume 86 , Number 135 ( Harrisburg , Pennsylvania ) . June 6 , 1917 . p. 11 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Burglars Careers Ended '' . The Daily Gate City And Constitution - Democrat , Volume 125 , Number 101 ( Keokuk , Iowa ) . October 29 , 1917 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting at Manes '' . Mansfield Mirror , Volume 9 , Number 42 ( Mansfield , Missouri ) . December 6 , 1917 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Murder At Lincoln Institute '' . The Kansas City Sun , Volume 10 , Number 32 ( Kansas City , Missouri ) . April 6 , 1918 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brief State News '' . The Ward County Independent , Volume 16 , Number 52 ( Minot , North Dakota ) . April 11 , 1918 . p. 10 . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Shot at a School '' . Monroe City Democrat , Volume 31 , Number 40 ( Monroe City , Missouri ) . January 10 , 1919 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boys Imitate Bill Hart And Do Strange Things Which Bring Them Into Court '' . The Ogden Standard , Volume 49 , Number 95 ( Ogden , Utah ) . April 21 , 1919 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Refused Position , Man Attempts Life Of Two Professors '' . The Sacramento Union , Volume 209 , Number 36 ( Sacramento , California ) . August 5 , 1919 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School Teacher Shot By Pupils Is In Very Dangerous Condition '' . Daily Ardmoreite , Volume 27 , Number 109 ( Ardmore , Oklahoma ) . February 15 , 1920 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Angered By Teacher , Boy Shoots Girl '' . The Bismarck Tribune , Volume 39 ( Bismarck , North Dakota ) . March 4 , 1920 . p. 8 . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Shot At Teacher '' . The Watchman and Southron , Volume 50 , Number 24 ( Sumter , South Carolina ) . May 5 , 1920 . p. 6 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Starters Shot Kills Woman Viewing Race '' . Sausalito News , Volume 36 , Number 20 ( Sausalito , California ) . May 15 , 1920 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Police Probe Lad 's Shooting '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner , Volume 50 , Number 197 ( Ogden , Utah ) . August 1 , 1920 . p. 2 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Spanks Boy , Teacher Shot '' . The Morning Tulsa Daily World , Volume 15 , Number 25 ( Tulsa , Oklahoma ) . October 23 , 1920 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School Principal Shot For Whipping Student '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner , Volume 50 , Number 268 ( Ogden , Utah ) . November 5 , 1920 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Flashes '' . The Daily Ardmoreite , Volume 29 , Number 42 ( Ardmore , Oklahoma ) . February 17 , 1922 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` To Probe Guin Shooting '' . The Daily Ardmoreite , Volume 29 , Number 151 ( Ardmore , Oklahoma ) . August 1 , 1922 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Janitor Unaware He Shot Youth At College Gym '' . The Star and Sentinel , Volume 126 , Number 48 ( Gettysburg , Pennsylvania ) . January 1 , 1927 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` No , Mr. Huckabee , It 's Not Because God Has Been Removed From Schools '' . The Huffington Post ( New York City ) . May 28 , 1931 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Duluth Teacher Killed by an `` Unloaded '' Gun '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 31 , Number 80 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . May 28 , 1931 . p. 3 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Elliot Speer , Moody School Head , Slain by Shot Fired Through Window of Home '' . The New York Times . September 15 , 1934 . Jump up ^ `` Dr. Kyle Ends Life as He Faces Trial '' . The New York Times . May 9 , 1935 . Jump up ^ `` Kills Chicago Boy at College '' . The Chicago Tribune . May 20 , 1936 . Jump up ^ `` Lehigh Man Kills Teacher and Self '' . The New York Times . June 5 , 1936 . Jump up ^ `` School Boy Killed in Play Rehearsal '' . Reading Eagle , Volume 70 , Number 128 ( Reading , Pennsylvania ) . June 4 , 1937 . p. 16 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Shot by Boy to File No Charges '' . The New York Times . September 26 , 1937 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Shot in School Play Rehearsal Dead '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 37 , Number 288 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . January 26 , 1938 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Cecilia Rasmussen ( July 20 , 1997 ) . `` A Principal 's Bloody Rampage '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cecilia Rasmussen ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Jimmie Fidler in Hollywood , May 7 , 1940 '' . Los Angeles Times The Daily Mirror ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline : 1940 South Pasadena Shooting '' . KPCC 's databases ( Pasadena , California ) . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nash 1992 , p. 534 . Jump up ^ `` Father Slays Girl In Boarding School '' . The New York Times . July 5 , 1940 . Jump up ^ `` Two Boys Kill Teacher In School After `` Showing Off '' By Smoking `` . The New York Times . October 3 , 1942 . Jump up ^ `` Boy In School Shot , Robbed by 7 Thugs '' . The New York Times . June 26 , 1946 . Jump up ^ `` Husband Kills Teacher , Self '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 46 , Number 298 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . February 6 , 1947 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Rifle Shot Kills Boy '' . The New York Times . December 24 , 1948 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Showoff Shoots Classmate In School '' . The New York Times . March 12 , 1949 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Student Held in Slaying '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 49 , Number 228 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . November 12 , 1949 . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot at Dance '' . The New York Times . July 22 , 1950 . Jump up ^ `` Academy Employee Killed On Campus '' . Meriden Record , Volume 91 , Number 21 ( Meriden , Connecticut ) . January 25 , 1961 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Youths Held in Slaying of Teacher , Chum '' ( PDF ) . The Winona Republican - Herald , Volume 51 , Number 21 ( Winona , Minnesota ) . March 13 , 1951 . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Crazed Man Killed in Girls ' School '' . The New York Times . June 5 , 1951 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis Pupil Killed '' . The New York Times . November 27 , 1951 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dean Shot Over Pin Ups '' . The New York Times . April 9 , 1952 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Killed At Her Desk '' . The New York Times . July 15 , 1952 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Slaying of Boy in High School Held Accident '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . October 6 , 1953 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Forgive Boy Fatal Shooting Of Their Son '' . Lewiston Evening Journal , Volume 93 ( Lewiston , Maine ) . March 31 , 1954 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Dies , 2 Shot In College Party '' . The New York Times . May 16 , 1954 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Enraged Proctor Opens Fire , Slays Student In Dormitory '' . The New London Day , Volume 73 , Number 161 ( New London , Connecticut ) ( Evening ed . ) . January 11 , 1955 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Man who shot classmate wants to attend 50th reunion '' . Reading Eagle ( Reading , Pennsylvania ) ( Evening ed . ) . p . A7 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Kills Teacher , Wounds 2 Others '' . Milwaukee Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . May 5 , 1956 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Monitor Shot In School '' . The New York Times . October 20 , 1956 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Shot In East Side School '' . The New York Times . October 2 , 1957 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` $70,000 Bail Is Set For 8 In Shooting '' . The New York Times . March 6 , 1958 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Massapequa Boy Slain In School '' . The New York Times . May 1 , 1958 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 27 Seized in Bronx With Gang Arsenal '' . The New York Times . September 24 , 1959 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Teachers Shot To Death By Principal '' . Park City Daily News , Volume 106 , Number 28 ( Bowling Green , Kentucky ) . February 2 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Fatally Shot In Crowded Class '' . The Victoria Advocate , Volume 114 , Number 328 ( Victoria , Texas ) . March 31 , 1960 . Jump up ^ `` Principal Shot at School Desk '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle , Volume 74 , Number 225 ( Spokane , Washington ) . June 8 , 1960 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Ex State Woman 's Mate Kills Friend '' . Milwaukee Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . June 8 , 1960 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Student Killed By Shot Fired For Sound Effect '' . Winona Daily News ( Winona , Minnesota ) . January 5 , 1961 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` School Fight Mushrooms Into Murder '' . The Spokesman - Review , Volume 79 , Number 157 ( Spokane , Washington ) . October 18 , 1961 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ Elsea , Jerry ( 5 November 1963 ) . `` Jeff Student Shot in Back '' . The Cedar Rapids Gazette ( Vol. 81 , No. 300 ) . p. 1A column 7 . Retrieved 11 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` L.I. teacher shot by boy in school '' . The New York Times . April 28 , 1966 . Jump up ^ `` Sniper In Texas U. Tower Kills 12 , Hits 33 '' . The New York Times . August 2 , 1966 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , pp. 524 - 527 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ `` Boy , Teacher Shot by Youth at Grand Rapids '' . Winona Daily News ( Winona , Minnesota ) . October 5 , 1966 . p. 1 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crews 2016 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Youth , 18 , Slays 4 Women and Child in Beauty School '' . The New York Times . November 13 , 1966 . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tells of Shooting Girl in School '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . May 4 , 1967 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Offer Made To Frisk Students '' . The St. Petersburg Times ( St. Petersburg , Florida ) . February 1 , 1968 . Jump up ^ `` Curfew Imposed by Governor in Orangeburg , S.C. '' The New York Times . February 10 , 1968 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student Held In Slaying '' . The Spokesman - Review , Volume 85 , Number 317 ( Spokane , Washington ) . October 1 , 2006 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Students With Guns Expelled '' . Evening Independent ( St. Petersburg , Florida ) . May 24 , 1968 . Jump up ^ `` 17 Black Panther Members Are Arrested at the Home of Slain Youth in Los Angeles '' . The New York Times . January 18 , 1969 . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Principal 's Aide in Capital is Killed Chasing Thieves '' . The New York Times . January 25 , 1969 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ John Hinton ( May 13 , 1969 ) . `` 13 - year - old boy at Hanes Junior High School accidentally shot and killed in 1969 '' . Winston - Salem Journal ( Winston - Salem , North Carolina ) . Jump up ^ `` Principal Slain by Tomah Boy '' . Milwaukee Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . November 20 , 1969 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Boys Hurt , Killed In Shootings '' . The Spokesman - Review , Volume 87 , Number 237 ( Spokane , Washington ) . January 6 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Upset Over Doctoral Thesis -- Penn Student Wounds Two Professors , Takes Own Life in Seminar Shooting '' . Observer -- Reporter , Volume 161 , Number 70036 ( Washington , Pennsylvania ) . February 12 , 1970 . p. C - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Heavy Guard at Kent State After 4 Students Are Killed '' . The Free Lance -- Star , Volume 86 , Number 106 ( Fredericksburg , Virginia ) . May 5 , 1970 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , pp. 247 - 252 . Jump up ^ `` Jackson State -- May 1970 '' . Jackson State University ( Jackson , Mississippi ) . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , p. 293 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 324 . Jump up ^ `` Student injured in Harlan shooting '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . November 21 , 1970 . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Art Teacher Slain , Philadelphia Police Arrest Youth , 14 '' . The New York Times . February 2 , 1971 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Spoerhase ( November 12 , 1971 ) . `` Fatal Rampage Details Studied '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle , Volume 86 , Number 45 ( Spokane , Washington ) . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Killed In Gun Battle '' . The Phoenix ( Boston , Massachusetts ) . February 27 , 1973 . Jump up ^ `` Before Hearst SLA killed educator '' . San Francisco Chronicle ( San Francisco , California ) . November 14 , 2002 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Expelled Boy Kills Chicago Principal '' . The Pittsburgh Press , Volume 90 , Number 203 ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . January 18 , 1974 . p. 34 . Jump up ^ `` Pupil Shoots , Kills Athletic Director '' . Milwaukee Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . March 23 , 1974 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` McKeesport Student Shot At Kent State '' . The Pittsburgh Press , Volume 91 , Number 103 ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . October 5 , 1974 . p. 3 . ^ Jump up to : Crews 2016 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Killed and 9 Wounded by an Upstate Sniper , 18 '' . The New York Times . December 31 , 1974 . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Priest Killed In Classroom '' . The Blade , Volume 140 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . February 25 , 1975 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Charge Filed in Shooting '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle ( Spokane , Washington ) . September 24 , 1975 . Jump up ^ `` Intruders Wound 5 Students In Shooting At Detroit School '' . The Blade , Volume 141 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . February 13 , 1976 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit teacher shot to death in front of first grade class '' . The Morning Record , Volume 109 , Number 266 ( Meriden , Connecticut ) . November 11 , 1976 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Police Do n't Know Reason Student Killed His Principal '' . The Bryan Times , Volume 29 , Number 83 ( Bryan , Ohio ) . April 7 , 1977 . p. 3 . Jump up ^ `` Masked Thief Wounds Two at St. John 's High '' . The Washington Post , . November 19 , 1977 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot In Incident Inside School '' . Kentucky New Era , Volume 90 , Number 46 ( Hopkinsville , Kentucky ) . January 11 , 1978 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Floyd Abrams ( 2006 ) . Speaking Freely : Trials of the First Amendment . New York : Penguin Group . pp. 80 -- 81 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303675 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Roger Needham Must Answer '' . Evening Independent ( St. Petersburg , Florida ) . June 5 , 1978 . Jump up ^ `` Janitor Shot at Dallas School '' . Spokane Chronicle , Volume 92 , Number 188 ( Spokane , Washington ) . April 27 , 1978 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Perline & Goldschmidt 2004 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Students Hit By Gunfire '' . The Blade , Volume 143 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . October 18 , 1978 . p. 31 . ^ Jump up to : Klein 2013 , p. 153 . Jump up ^ `` Student Angered By Paddling Shoots Junior High Principal '' . Florence Times Tri-Cities Daily , Volume 109 , Number 291 ( Florence , Alabama ) . October 18 , 1978 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Chalmers 2009 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Chalmers 2009 , pp. 120 - 121 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , pp. 453 - 458 . Jump up ^ `` School Sniper Suspect Bragged Of ' Something Big To Get On TV ' '' . Evening Independent , Volume 72 , Number 75 ( St. Petersburg , Florida ) . January 30 , 1979 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` Sniping Suspect Had a Grim Goal '' . Los Angeles Times , reprinted in The Milwaukee Journal , Volume 97 ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . January 30 , 1979 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda - Spencer '' . San Diego Police Museum ( San Diego , California ) . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brenda Spencer '' . The Fliegen . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Shot ; School Janitor Held '' . The Milwaukee Journal , Volume 97 ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . April 17 , 1979 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Football player shot at scrimmage '' . The Day , Volume 99 , Number 76 ( New London , Connecticut ) . September 29 , 1979 . p. 32 . Jump up ^ `` Youths Sentenced for Darryl Williams Shooting '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun , Volume 88 ( Lewiston , Maine ) . March 27 , 1980 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Death of student makes no sense '' . The Bryan Times , Volume 32 , Number 7 ( Bryan , Ohio ) . January 9 , 1980 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Fatally Shot In School '' . The Ledger , Volume 74 , Number 150 ( Lakeland , Florida ) . March 21 , 1980 . p. 7C . Jump up ^ Compiled FROM College newspapers ( April 5 , 1980 ) . `` Student Kills Professor in Class '' . The Harvard Crimson ( Cambridge , Massachusetts ) . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Student killed in school shooting '' . Wilmington Morning Star , Volume 114 , Number 16 ( Wilmington , North Carolina ) . November 1 , 1980 . Jump up ^ `` Student killed in sorority '' . The Milwaukee Journal ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . January 28 , 1981 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Iver Peterson ( April 18 , 1981 ) . `` Student Held In Blazes And 2 Shotgun Deaths At Dorm '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2 students die in dorm shooting '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . April 18 , 1981 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nash 1992 , p. 81 . Jump up ^ `` Portland collgeg janitor shoots instructor , self '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle , Volume 96 , Number 75 ( Spokane , Washington ) . April 21 , 1984 . p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ `` Boy Sentenced : Murder '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun , Volume 90 ( Lewiston , Maine ) . February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Shotgun Murder , Suicide In High School Classroom '' . The Victoria Advocate , Volume 137 , Number 190 ( Victoria , Texas ) . November 13 , 1982 . p. 9A . Jump up ^ Toler , Carol ( 2014 - 03 - 04 ) . `` History : Shooting of Lake Highlands cafeteria worker remembered '' . Advocate Magazine ( Lake Highlands ) . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Mich . Girl Shot Dead , 2 Teens Face Charges '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . April 21 , 1984 . Jump up ^ Roger Munns ( May 19 , 1984 ) . `` Mother devastated in school shooting '' . The Daily Reporter , Volume 87 , Number 237 ( Spencer , Iowa ) . p. 3A . Jump up ^ `` North Texan is Charged in 2 Shootings '' . The Austin American Statesman , . October 1 , 1984 . p. 84 . Jump up ^ `` Bus Driver Killed ; Woman Arrested '' . The Blade , Volume 149 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . October 25 , 1984 . p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Youth quizzed after shooting at junior high '' . Spokane Chronicle , Volume 99 , Number 105 ( Spokane , Washington ) . January 22 , 1985 . p . A2 . Jump up ^ `` Three Teen - Agers Remain in Hospital After Shooting at Prep Football Game '' . The Argus - Press , Volume 131 , Number 247 ( Owosso , Michigan ) . October 19 , 1985 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` 3 dead in junior high romance '' . The Spokesman - Review , Volume 103 , Number 206 ( Spokane , Washington ) . November 28 , 1985 . p . C5 . Jump up ^ `` Teen shot after taking hostages '' . The Nashua Telegraph , Volume 117 , Number 205 ( Nashua , New Hampshire ) . December 5 , 1985 . p. 29 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Shot After Taking Two Hostages At School '' . The Blade , Volume 150 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . December 4 , 1985 . p. 10 . Jump up ^ `` 13 - year - old held in school shooting spree '' . Altus Times , Volume 63 , Number 294 ( Altus , Oklahoma ) . December 11 , 1985 . Jump up ^ Richard L. Madden ( December 12 , 1985 ) . `` At Junior High , Attempt To Deal With Shootings '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Shot In Shoulder By Her Student '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . March 7 , 1986 . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student shot to death in Mo '' . The Lewiston Daily Sun , Volume 94 ( Lewiston , Maine ) . April 30 , 1986 . Jump up ^ `` Missouri Youth , 15 , Shot To Death In Front Of Class '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . May 1 , 1986 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Three Wounded in High School Shooting '' . AP New Archive . Associate Press . 9 May 1986 . Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Couple Take Over School But Die After Bomb Blast '' . The New York Times . May 17 , 1986 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Radical Right Link Suggested in Hostage Case '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . May 18 , 1986 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Crews 2016 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Jamie Rogers ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` A history of violence -- Can Missoula public schools truly be prepared for a school shooting ? '' . Missoula Independent ( Missoula , Montana ) . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . After Moffatt recovered from the gunshot wound and four subsequent surgeries , he became the principal at Garfield Elementary in Lewistown , a position he held until retiring in 2010 . Today , he and his wife , Maggie , live in Missoula , and Moffatt occasionally substitutes for MCPS . He applauds the district 's efforts to address difficult issues , and he says he 's `` for anything that schools do to make the environment safer for kids . '' But , in his mind , any district can only achieve so much as long as gun laws remain the same . He points out that homicide is now the second leading cause of death for school - age Americans , and while school shootings are `` horrific tragedies , '' homicides on school grounds account for less than 2 percent of the lives lost . `` Some people think it always happens somewhere else , others think it 's going to happen anytime , '' he says of school shootings , `` but we need to look at the big picture . There are relatively few communities in the United States that have dealt with a school shooting ... But there are very few communities that have not lost a child to gun violence . '' Jump up ^ `` School shooting kills one '' . The Gadsden Times , Volume 120 , Number 156 ( Gadsden , Alabama ) . December 5 , 1986 . p . A1 . Jump up ^ `` Montana boy gets 206 year prison term '' . The Spokesman - Review , Volume 3 , Number 69 ( Spokane , Washington ) . June 4 , 1988 . p . A6 . Jump up ^ `` Killed Teacher , Self : More Light Shed on CSUN Gunman Who Took 2 Lives '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . February 10 , 1987 . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Donna Bryson ( March 3 , 1987 ) . `` School shooting linked to classmates ' teasing '' . Lawrence Journal - World ( Lawrence , Kansas ) . Jump up ^ James Risen ( April 17 , 1987 ) . `` Athlete Killed in Detroit School Violence '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rob Karwath ( September 30 , 1987 ) . `` Youth Freed On Bond In Shooting Of Teacher '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About 200 Attend Funeral for Student who Committed Suicide '' . Associated Press . December 20 , 1987 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two mothers say deputy 's guns were too easy for sons to steal '' . Boca Raton News , Volume 33 , Number 65 ( Boca Raton , Florida ) . February 24 , 1988 . p. 2B . Jump up ^ `` Winnetka police chief recounts day of horror '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . December 5 , 1988 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Basketball game ends in shooting '' . The Milwaukee Journal ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . July 11 , 1988 . p. 4B . Jump up ^ `` Man Shoots 11 in S.C. elementary school '' . Daily Kent Stater , Volume 63 , Number 18 ( Kent , Ohio ) . September 28 , 1988 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mason Staggs denied double jeopardy claim '' . Abilene Reporter - News ( Abilene , Texas ) . February 14 , 1997 . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Student With Pistol Kills One Teacher And Injures Another '' . The New York Times . December 17 , 1988 . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Crews 2016 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Jay Mathews ; Matt Lait ( January 18 , 1989 ) . `` Rifleman Slays Five At School ; 29 Pupils , Teacher Shot in California ; Assailant Kills Self '' . The Washington Post ( Washington , D.C. ) . p . A1 . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Steve Fidel ( February 11 , 1989 ) . `` Officers Seeking Answers After Junior High Shooting '' . Deseret News ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christine Vorce ( December 5 , 1989 ) . `` Teen shoots schoolmate , kills self on bus '' . The Pittsburgh Press , Volume 106 , Number 163 ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Victim goes home '' . Allegheny Times -- An edition of the Beaver County Times ( Beaver , Pennsylvania ) . December 17 , 1989 . p . A3 . Jump up ^ `` Black youth shot by whites in school '' . The Free Lance -- Star , Volume 106 , Number 74 ( Fredericksburg , Virginia ) . March 28 , 1990 . p. 6 . Jump up ^ `` 3 San Antonio teens wounded '' . The Victoria Advocate , Volume 145 , Number 128 ( Victoria , Texas ) . September 12 , 1990 . p. 3C . Jump up ^ `` Student fatally shoots himself '' . The Victoria Advocate , Volume 145 , Number 274 ( Victoria , Texas ) . February 7 , 1991 . p. 4C . Jump up ^ Ron Russell ; Michele Fuetsch ( April 24 , 1991 ) . `` Shot Fired at Guard Kills Boy at School '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` High school football star shot in cafeteria '' . The Gainesville Sun , Volume 116 , Number 76 ( Gainesville , Florida ) . September 19 , 1991 . p. 8A . Jump up ^ Phil Hersh ; Blair Kamin ; Steve Johnson ; Teresa Wiltz ; Monica Copeland ; Matt Murray ; Allan Johnson ; Helaine Olen ; Jerry Crimmins ; Eric Detwiler ( November 2 , 1991 ) . `` Student Goes On Killing Spree At Iowa Campus '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michel Marriott ( November 4 , 1991 ) . `` Iowa Gunman Was Torn by Academic Challenge '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jim Mann ( June 7 , 1992 ) . `` The Physics of Revenge : When Dr. Lu Gang 's American Dream Died , Six People Died With It '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ruthanne Shpiner ( December 10 , 2008 ) . `` Miya Rodolfo - Sioson , 1968 -- 2008 '' . Berkeley Daily Planet ( Berkeley , California ) . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Policeman kills suspect in Kent State shootings '' . Spokane Chronicle , Volume 106 , Number 102 ( Spokane , Washington ) . February 11 , 1992 . p . A4 . Jump up ^ `` Student shot , wounded on Kent State campus '' . The Blade , Volume 157 ( Toledo , Ohio ) . January 30 , 1992 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Shattered romance may have led to IU murder '' . Northwest Indiana Times ( Munster , Indiana ) . April 25 , 1992 . Jump up ^ Stephen O'Connor ( 1997 ) . Will My Name Be Shouted Out . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 83210 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` School Violence 1991 - 1992 '' . www.columbine-angels.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` ' Kind of chaos ' : Witnesses recall 1992 Palo Duro High School shooting '' . amarillo.com. 2012 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Three students shot at school '' . The Tuscaloosa News , Volume 174 , Number 294 ( Tuscaloosa , Alabama ) . October 20 , 1992 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` Security tightens after 11 Detroit students are shot '' . Ludington Daily News ( Ludington , Michigan ) . November 6 , 1992 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Mcquiston , John T. ( January 7 , 1993 ) . `` School Upset By Shooting Of Teen - Ager During Game '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2016 . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lebrun 2008 , p. 173 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot , Dies at Reseda High '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . February 23 , 1993 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student , 17 , killed in Texas school shooting '' . Daily News ( Galveston , Texas ) . May 16 , 1993 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 327 . Jump up ^ Diane Struzzi ( October 15 , 1993 ) . `` Prison Term For Murder At School '' . Philadelphia Media Network ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman Kills Himself After Firing on Schoolchildren '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . September 18 , 1993 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot At a School ; Gang War Is Suspected '' . The New York Times . November 5 , 1993 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Suspects held in murder of gang member '' . The Hour , Volume 124 , Number 220 ( Norwalk , Connecticut ) . September 20 , 1993 . p. 5 . Jump up ^ `` Breitlow called ` gentle giant ' '' . Milwaukee Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . December 2 , 1993 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Perline & Goldschmidt 2004 , p. 348 . Jump up ^ `` School shooting kills teen '' . Times - New , Volume 117 , Number 26 ( Hendersonville , North Carolina ) . January 26 , 1994 . p. 8A . Jump up ^ Linda Shaw ( January 27 , 2005 ) . `` Abuse victim who killed teacher settles with district '' . The Seattle Times ( Seattle , Washington ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Man wounded in shooting after school basketball game '' . Herald - Journal ( Spartanburg , South Carolina ) . February 19 , 1994 . p . B3 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman Kills 2 at Missouri Military School '' . Deseret News ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . March 2 , 1994 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy shot to death in Tenn. classroom '' . Boca Raton News ( Boca Raton , Florida ) . April 22 , 1994 . Jump up ^ `` Afternoon shooting shocks students '' . The Dispatch , Volume 112 , Number 137 ( Lexington , North Carolina ) . October 13 , 1994 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Perline & Goldschmidt 2004 , p. 345 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot Outside High School '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . October 18 , 1994 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student Shot Outside High School '' . The New York Times . November 8 , 1994 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dao , James ( December 15 , 1994 ) . `` Gunman Terrorizes Students in Campus Siege '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years after Ralph Tortorici took class hostage at UAlbany '' . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Case Of Insanity -- The Story Of Ralph Tortorici FRONTLINE PBS '' . www.pbs.org . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NYS Department of Corrections and Community Supervision '' . www.doccs.ny.gov . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eli Sanders ( March 5 , 2003 ) . `` The Shooter '' . The Stranger ( Seattle , Washington ) . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Death Of Joey '' . Orlando Sentinel ( Orlando , Florida ) . September 25 , 2005 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Klein 2013 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ `` Teen kills teacher , then himself '' . The Tuscaloosa News , Volume 177 , Number 286 ( Tuscaloosa , Alabama ) . October 13 , 1995 . p. 5A . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 328 . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ `` Second suspect indicted in shooting death of pregnant teen on school bus '' . Herald - Journal ( Spartanburg , South Carolina ) . June 2 , 1996 . p . A6 . Jump up ^ `` Man pleads innocent in slaying of 3 professors Calif. prosecutors to seek death penalty for student '' . The Baltimore Sun ( Baltimore , Maryland ) . August 20 , 1996 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tony Perry ( May 28 , 1997 ) . `` Ex-San Diego State Student Pleads Guilty to Murdering 3 Professors '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Man Gets 3 Life Terms For Killing 3 Professors '' . The New York Times . July 19 , 1997 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting at Penn State '' . The Behrend College Collegian , Volume 155 , Number 3 ( Erie , Pennsylvania ) . September 19 , 1996 . Jump up ^ Van Brunt 2012 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ `` Teen shot dead on school bus '' . The Register - Guard ( Eugene , Oregon ) . October 10 , 1996 . Jump up ^ `` Teen shot to death by classmate at school '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune , Volume 72 , Number 117 ( Sarasota , Florida ) . January 28 , 1997 . p. 5B . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , pp. 151 - 152 . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , pp. 56 - 59 . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , pp. 187 - 192 . Jump up ^ `` Teen guilty in Mississippi school - shooting rampage '' . CNN . June 12 , 1998 . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kellie McMaster ( October 16 , 1997 ) . `` School Shooting '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune , Volume 73 , Number 13 ( Sarasota , Florida ) ( Morning ed . ) . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Michael A. Scarcella ( October 18 , 2006 ) . `` Teenager in school shooting arrested '' . Herald - Tribune ( Sarasota , Florida ) . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of Worldwide School and Mass Shootings '' . InfoPlease ( London ) . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` One dead , three hurt after shooting at Penn '' . Reading Eagle ( Reading , Pennsylvania ) ( Evening ed . ) . March 2 , 1998 . p . B4 . Jump up ^ `` From wild talk and friendship , to five deaths in schoolyard '' . The New York Times . March 29 , 1998 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ Kristen Hays ( September 10 , 1999 ) . `` Edinboro teen killer sentenced '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tom Sharp ( May 20 , 1998 ) . `` Teenage passion turns deadly at Tennessee school '' . Park City Daily News , Volume 144 , Number 140 ( Bowling Green , Kentucky ) . p. 10 - A . Jump up ^ `` Davis gets life in prison '' . Kentucky New Era ( Hopkinsville , Kentucky ) . May 30 , 1999 . p. 9A . Jump up ^ Tony Clark ( May 21 , 1998 ) . `` Teen jailed after Oregon high school shooting spree '' . CNN . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student in custody after teacher , school aide shot '' . CNN . January 15 , 1998 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` University professor slain during class ; suspect held '' . Reading Eagle ( Reading , Pennsylvania ) ( Evening ed . ) . December 11 , 1998 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Teen students killed , wounded in suicide pact '' . Lawrence Journal - World , Volume 141 , Number 9 ( Lawrence , Kansas ) . January 9 , 1999 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Teen Dies In Suspected Suicide Pact '' . Chicago Tribune . 10 January 1999 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Dan Gallagher ( April 17 , 1999 ) . `` Did teen in school shooting have hit list ? '' . Deseret News ( Spokane , Washington ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , pp. 152 - 153 . Jump up ^ `` 6 hurt in Georgia high school shooting '' . CNN . May 20 , 1999 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Community honors memory of hate crime victim a decade later '' . Indiana Daily Student ( Bloomington , Indiana ) . July 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Michelle Koidin ( November 21 , 1999 ) . `` Girl dies from shooting at school in N.M. '' The Tuscaloosa News , Volume 181 , Number 325 ( Tuscaloosa , Alabama ) . p. 3A . Jump up ^ `` School shooter may end up in Lawrence '' . Lawrence Journal - World ( Lawrence , Kansas ) . September 26 , 2003 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Davies 2008 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Crews 2016 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Olympia Washington newspaper , Morning Olympian , 29 June 2000 , page 19 and 1 November 2000 , page 19 Jump up ^ `` U. Arkansas Deaths Murder - Suicide '' . CBS News . August 29 , 2000 . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Wounded student shoots teen attacker with same gun '' . Associated Press ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) . September 27 , 2000 . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego teen allegedly planned to shoot student '' . Berkeley Daily Planet ( Berkeley , California ) . December 6 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Often Ridiculed , the Suspect Said , ' I 'll Show You One Day ' '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . March 6 , 2001 . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` School prayer follows school shooting '' . CBS News . March 7 , 2001 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eighth - grade girl dies after shooting herself at school '' . April 2 , 2001 . Jump up ^ staff ( 16 May 2001 ) . `` Music Teacher Killed in Random Shooting at PLU '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Granite Hills gunman 's kin file claim vs. county , sheriff '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . May 10 , 2002 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Student fatally shot outside Indiana high school '' . KOTV - DT ( Tulsa , Oklahoma ) . March 31 , 2001 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Wakin ( January 16 , 2002 ) . `` Gunfire Wounds 2 Students Inside a Manhattan High School '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Francilines ( January 17 , 2002 ) . `` 3 Slain at Law School ; Student Is Held '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Man admits law school slayings to avoid death penalty '' . Park City Daily News , Volume 150 , Number 58 ( Bowling Green , Kentucky ) . February 27 , 2004 . p. 2A . Jump up ^ `` Teen killed after basketball game '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . February 21 , 2002 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Man , 71 , Kills 2 at Missouri Monastery and Then Himself '' . The New York Times . June 11 , 2016 . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ James Dao ( October 30 , 2003 ) . `` Boy tells sniper jury about getting shot outside of school '' . The Dispatch ( Lexington , North Carolina ) . p. 3A . Jump up ^ John Douglas ; Ann W. Burgess ; Allen G. Burgess ; Robert K. Ressler ( 2006 ) . Crime Classification Manual : A Standard System for Investigating and Classifying Violent Crimes . San Francisco , California : John Wiley & Sons . pp. 455 -- 457 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7879 - 8642 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` 4 Dead In Univ . Of Arizona Shooting '' . CBS News . October 29 , 2002 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Students Hurt in Shooting Near Jersey City School '' . The New York Times . November 2 , 2002 . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two More Arrested In Fatal School Shooting In New Orleans '' . WAFB ( Baton Rouge , Louisiana ) . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two who did time in McDonogh gym killing on trial in new murder case '' . The Times - Picayune ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) . September 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , pp. 684 - 685 . Jump up ^ `` York County 14 - year - old shoots principal , turns gun on himself '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette ( Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ) . April 25 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , p. 683 . Jump up ^ `` Other Campus Shootings '' . CBS News . May 9 , 2003 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Finley 2011 , p. 680 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Acquitted Of Murder in Ballou Shooting '' . The Washington Post ( Washington , D.C. ) . December 14 , 2004 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Student Opens Fire at a High School Near Albany , Hitting a Teacher '' . The New York Times . February 10 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reginald Fields ; Jonathan Rockoff ( March 8 , 2004 ) . `` ' It was just chaos ' '' . The Baltimore Sun ( Baltimore , Maryland ) . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Student is shot at Bowen High '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . February 9 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A Tribute To A Special Driver '' . School Bus Information Council . March 3 , 2005 . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` School gunman stole police pistol , vest '' . CNN International . March 23 , 2005 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Student injured in Harlan shooting '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . September 14 , 2005 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Greg Brobeck ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` One administrator killed , two injured in Campbell Co. school shooting '' . WATE - TV ( Knoxville , Tennessee ) . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cara DiPasquale ; Alberto Trevino ( November 9 , 2005 ) . `` Student kills 1 , injures 2 in high school shooting '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dennis Blank ( January 14 , 2006 ) . `` Gun - brandishing teen at school shot by deputy '' . The New York Times reprinted in The Register - Guard ( Eugene , Oregon ) . p . A3 . Jump up ^ `` 14 - Year - Old Charged in Oregon School Shooting '' . Fox News Channel . February 24 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen found guilty in Roseburg High shooting '' . KATU ( Portland , Oregon ) . June 29 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two Hurt in Reno Middle School Shooting '' . Fox News Channel . March 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Accused Reno school shooter ordered held '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune ( San Diego , California ) . March 20 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Essex Shooting Rampage '' . www.wcax.com . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina Shooting Suspect Obsessed with Columbine '' . USA Today . August 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Amy Clark ( September 2 , 2006 ) . `` Father Shoots 2 Sons , Self in W.Va '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael Laris ; Robert Samuels ( September 3 , 2006 ) . `` Man Kills 2 Sons , Himself At University in W.Va '' . The Washington Post ( Washington , D.C. ) . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sean Alfano ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` 5 Duquesne Basketball Players Shot '' . CBS AP . p. 7A . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . ( CBS station KDKA - TV in Pittsburgh reports . September 17 , 2006 , 12 : 45 PM ) Jump up ^ Catherine Tsai ( September 29 , 2006 ) . `` Killer sexually assaulted schoolgirls '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune ( Sarasota , Florida ) . p. 7A . Jump up ^ Lebrun 2008 , p. 181 . Jump up ^ `` Neighbor : Teen held in shooting bragged about getting into trouble '' . Southeast Missourian ( Cape Girardeau , Missouri ) . October 1 , 2006 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Klein 2013 , p. 88 . Jump up ^ `` Six killed in Pennsylvania school attack '' . The San Diego Union - Tribune ( San Diego , California ) . October 2 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mo. teen who fired shot in school sentenced to 10 years '' . Southeast Missourian ( Cape Girardeau , Missouri ) . September 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Lynn ( June 5 , 2009 ) . `` Young man convicted in Foss High School shooting sentenced to prison '' . The News Tribune ( Tacoma , Washington ) . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Student wounded in shooting '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . March 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Michael O'Malley ; Gabriel Baird ( October 11 , 2007 ) . `` Four shot at school , gunman kills himself '' . The Plain Dealer ( Cleveland , Ohio ) . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Florida Teacher Shot During Smoke Break '' . CBS News . November 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teacher Shot At South Florida High School '' . WIBW - TV ( Topeka , Kansas ) . November 6 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brian Hamacher ( October 26 , 2011 ) . `` Family Emotional As Teacher Shooter Sentenced to Life Behind Bars '' . WTVJ ( Miami , Florida ) . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kontji Anthony ( February 4 , 2008 ) . `` Police investigate shooting inside classroom at Hamilton High '' . WMC - TV ( Memphis , Tennessee ) . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 3 Dead in LTC Shooting '' . WAFB ( Baton Rouge , Louisiana ) . February 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` High school student shot in class after argument '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . February 12 , 2008 . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Calif. teen Brandon McInerney sentenced to 21 years for point - blank murder of gay classmate '' . CBS News . December 19 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 18 shot , six dead including gunman , at Northern Illinois University '' . CNN International . February 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Teen sought in school shooting captured , charged '' . KOMO - TV ( Seattle , Washington ) . August 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Killed in Shooting Near Detroit High School '' . Fox News Channel . October 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Four Men Charged in Fatal University of Central Arkansas Shooting '' . Fox News Channel . October 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kathy Bushouse ; Tonya Alanez ; Mike Clary ( November 14 , 2008 ) . `` Student may have told Dillard High officials about gun '' . The Baltimore Sun ( Baltimore , Maryland ) . Jump up ^ `` 18 - Year - Old Charged In Dunbar High Shootings '' . WMAQ - TV ( Chicago , Illinois ) . January 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Peter Dujardin ( November 11 , 2009 ) . `` Former Student Gets 14 Years In Shootings '' . Daily Press ( Newport News , Virginia ) . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ David Harris ; Jillian Fennimore ( May 22 , 2009 ) . `` DA : Songwriter killed Cambridge man at Harvard over drugs '' . The Patriot Ledger ( Quincy , Massachusetts ) . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . The case is being investigated by Harvard University Police , Cambridge Police , and the Massachusetts State Police assigned to the Middlesex District Attorney 's Office . Jump up ^ Valerie Faciane ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Larose middle school gets increased security after Monday 's shooting '' . The Times - Picayune ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Matt Stamey ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` Student shoots himself in head after attempting to shoot teacher '' . The Houma Courier ( Houma , Louisiana ) . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Amanada Martinez ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` Update : Shooting at International Studies Academy '' . Mission Local ( San Francisco , California ) . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Joshua Melvin ( May 10 , 2010 ) . `` Man involved in Skyline shooting pleads no contest to gun charge '' . San Mateo County Times ( San Mateo County , California ) . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 334 . Jump up ^ `` Hammad Memon pleads guilty to murder , sentenced to 30 years for 2010 shooting death of 14 - year - old classmate at Discovery Middle '' . The Birmingham News ( Birmingham , Alabama ) . May 28 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Angie Leventis Lourgos ; Cynthia Dizikes ; Andrew L. Wang ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` 1 hurt in NIU shooting -- Attack came two years after massacre at university '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` David Benke And Matt Thieu On TODAY Show ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post Denver . May 5 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jessica Fender ( June 10 , 2011 ) . `` Deer Creek Middle School shooter found not guilty by reason of insanity '' . The Denver Post ( Denver , Colorado ) . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://abc11.com/archive/7436594/ Jump up ^ `` People of the State of Michigan vs. Steven Jamal Hare '' ( PDF ) . State of Michigan . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shooter at University of Texas was a student '' . University of Texas . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Two dead in Salinas gang shootings '' . The Monterey County Herald ( Monterey , California ) . October 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Carlsbad School Shooter Given 189 - Year Prison Sentence '' . KGTV ( San Diego , California ) . April 20 , 2012 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Students safe '' . Eagle Herald ( Marinette , Wisconsin ) . November 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gang member gets 35 years for 2010 shooting at Aurora high school '' . The Denver Post ( Denver , Colorada ) . November 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Chris Welch ( January 6 , 2011 ) . `` Slain assistant principal sent student home because of trespass charge '' . CNN International . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Keating ( March 25 , 2011 ) . `` 15 - year - old student shoots classmate at school '' . Indiana Daily Student ( Bloomington , Indiana ) . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mike and Peggy O'Hare ( March 31 , 2011 ) . `` 1 dead , several injured in shooting at Worthing High '' . Houston Chronicle ( Houston , Texas ) . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A Third Hawaii Teen Arrested In School Shooting '' . Honolulu Civil Beat ( Honolulu , Hawaii ) . June 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Student shot on school grounds in North Carolina '' . CNN International . October 24 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bob Lewis ; Zinie Chen Sampson ( December 9 , 2011 ) . `` Ross Truett Ashley , Virginia Tech Shooter , Was 22 - Year - Old Radford University Student '' . The Huffington Post ( New York City ) . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2 Students Shot , Wounded at Texas Middle School '' . WTVY ( TV ) ( Dothan , Alabama ) . December 12 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teen who allegedly shot at bullies at North Forest High appears in court '' . KTRK - TV ( Houston , Texas ) . January 11 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Crews 2016 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Kim Palmer ( April 10 , 2012 ) . `` Competency hearing set for Ohio school shooting suspect '' . Reuters ( London ) . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Episcopal school head Dale Regan killed by fired teacher , who then kills himself '' . jacksonville.com . Archived from the original on November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Accused gunman in Oakland shooting unfit for trial : judge '' . Reuters ( London ) . January 7 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Scott Carroll ( August 16 , 2012 ) . `` Students involved in gang - related shooting outside Hamilton High School '' . The Commercial Appeal ( Memphis , Tennessee ) . Jump up ^ Jennifer Abbey ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` Alleged Baltimore School Shooter 's Victim Has Down 's Syndrome '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Student in custody following NCHS shooting '' . WHOI ( TV ) ( Peoria , Illinois ) . September 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman in custody after shots fired in Normal , Ill . school '' . Quad - City Times ( Davenport , Iowa ) . September 7 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` School shooting leaves Stillwater stunned '' . NewsOK.com. 2012 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` University of South Alabama officer shoots and kills student '' . The Birmingham News ( Birmingham , Alabama ) . October 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gil Collar Grand Jury Clears University Of South Alabama Cop Of Wrongdoing In Student 's Death '' . The Huffington Post ( New York City ) . March 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeremy Gorner ; Jennifer Delgado ( October 20 , 2012 ) . `` Chicago high school student fatally shot in robbery attempt '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evan Schwartz ( November 3 , 2012 ) . `` Suspect Arrested In USC Halloween Shooting '' . ViBe . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Olga Grigoryants ; Daina Beth Solomon ( August 22 , 2014 ) . `` Brandon Spencer Is Paying a 40 - Year Price for Four Shots That Killed No One '' . LA Weekly ( Culver City , California ) . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sandy Hook shooting : What happened ? '' . CNN International . December 2012 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Man shot to death in front of Fort Myers church '' . WBBH - TV ( Fort Myers , Florida ) . January 8 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 Unsolved Homicides Kristopher Smith '' . Fort Myers Police Department ( Fort Myers , Florida ) . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 336 . Jump up ^ `` Bryan Oliver sentenced to 27 years 4 months in prison , pay over $857 k for Taft High School shooting '' . February 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Daniel Rodriguez Rodriguez & Associates Bakersfield , California '' . Rodriguez and Associates . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman shoots man , himself at St. Louis school '' . WEAU ( Eau Claire , Wisconsin ) . January 15 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Suspect in St. Louis school shooting had warrant '' . January 17 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Beth Campbell ( January 15 , 2013 ) . `` Hazard Shooting : 2 Killed At Community College Shooting In Kentucky '' . The Huffington Post ( New York City ) . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 12 - year - old girl becomes third to die from shooting at Hazard college '' . Lexington Herald - Leader ( Lexington , Kentucky ) . January 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Evelyn Holmes ; Jason Knowles ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Teen fatally shot after CPS basketball game at CSU '' . KTRK - TV ( Houston , Texas ) . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Meredith Rodriguez ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Family of teen killed after basketball game sues Chicago State , CPS '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Colleen Curry ; Gina Sunseri ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` Lone Star College Shooting Leaves 3 Injured , ' Persons of Interest ' in Custody '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Phoenix police make 4 arrests in Chavez High School shooting '' . The Arizona Republic ( Phoenix , Arizona ) . April 4 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Jeff Black ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` 14 - year - old boy shot at Atlanta middle school , officials say '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Atlanta police gang unit investigating Price Middle School shooting '' . CBS46 Atlanta , Georgia . February 1 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ John Couwels ; Dana Ford ( March 18 , 2013 ) . `` Former university student found dead in dorm planned larger attack '' . CNN International . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Police : Student shot 2 women at Virginia community college before being subdued '' . CNN International . April 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kurt Boyd ; Ty Russell ( April 16 , 2013 ) . `` Update : Police arrest 2nd suspect in Grambling shooting '' . KNOE - TV ( Monroe , Louisiana ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://apps.bostonglobe.com/graphics/2015/03/tsarnaev-verdict/index.html ^ Jump up to : Ben Brumfield ( April 19 , 2013 ) . `` Officer killed on MIT campus near Boston '' . CNN International . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham mom arrested for firing gun at a middle school '' . Fox News Channel . May 16 , 2013 . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 6th Person Dies As A Result Of Santa Monica Rampage '' . KCBS - TV / KCAL - TV ( Los Angeles , California ) . June 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ https://www.cnn.com/2013/08/20/us/georgia-school-gunshots/index.html ^ Jump up to : Finley 2014 , p. 338 . Jump up ^ Michael King ( August 20 , 2013 ) . `` Shooting suspect in custody at Georgia school '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lauren Squires ( August 25 , 2013 ) . `` North Panola teen killed in shooting after football game '' . WMC - TV ( Memphis , Tennessee ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stephanie Silfer ( August 30 , 2013 ) . `` N.C. School Shooting : 1 injured after shots fired at a Winston - Salem high school ; student in custody , report says '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Desiree Stennett ; Amy Pavuk ( October 4 , 2013 ) . `` Two teens shot outside Pine Hills Christian school '' . Orlando Sentinel ( Orlando , Florida ) . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Michael Zennie ( October 21 , 2013 ) . `` Pictured : Hero teacher and former soldier shot dead for trying to talk down ' bullied ' 13 - year - old who opened fire on two classmates before killing himself with his parents ' semi-automatic handgun '' . Daily Mail . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Update : Police continue to search for suspects in A&T shooting '' . News & Record ( Greensboro , North Carolina ) . November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Alexis Stevens ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Stephenson High football player shot on campus '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Dunwoody , Georgia ) . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Three Pittsburgh teens shot after school lets out '' . CNN International . November 13 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Student shot in face at West Orange High School '' . WKMG - TV ( Orlando , Florida ) . December 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tom Watkins ; Ralph Ellis ( December 22 , 2013 ) . `` Colorado high school shooting victim dies at hospital '' . CNN International . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mariana Jacob ( December 24 , 2013 ) . `` Multiple arrests made in Edison High School teacher shooting '' . KFSN - TV ( Fresno , California ) . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Student charged with shooting on Jackson high school campus '' . WMC - TV ( Memphis , Tennessee ) . January 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Boy , 12 , faces battery charge in New Mexico school shooting '' . Reuters ( London ) . January 16 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 17 - year - old suspect charged as an adult in Philadelphia school shooting '' . Fox News Channel . January 19 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Campus lockdown lifted , search continues after one person shot on Widener University campus in Chester , Pa '' . Daily News ( New York City ) . January 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1 dead , 1 arrested after Purdue University shooting '' . CNN International . January 21 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tony Santaella ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` 1 injured in South Carolina State University shooting '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Valley College Murder Leads to 2 Arrests '' . LA Weekly ( Culver City , California ) . January 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 1 injured in shooting near Carbondale school '' . KFVS - TV ( Cape Girardeau , Missouri ) . January 27 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jade Walker ( January 28 , 2014 ) . `` Tennessee State University Shooting : Gunman Opens Fire On Campus , Injuring 1 '' . The Huffington Post ( New York City ) . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Three people involved in shooting at Palm Bay college claim self - defense '' . WFTV ( Orlando , Florida ) . January 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Witness to North High shooting : ' It takes you a second to realize if it 's real or not ' '' . The Des Moines Register ( Des Moines , Iowa ) . February 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shavonne Potts ; Emily Ford ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Police ID suspect in Salisbury High shooting '' . Salisbury Post ( Salisbury , North Carolina ) . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bullet struck empty police cruiser outside Brush High School near the end of boys ' basketball game '' . The Plain Dealer ( Cleveland , Ohio ) . February 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Drive - by shooting reported near University of Southern California '' . Daily News ( New York City ) . New York . February 12 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shooting at Georgia Regents University '' . WGCL - TV ( Atlanta , Georgia ) . February 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Fourth person arrested after shots fired outside Banneker High School '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Dunwoody , Georgia ) . March 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` More Security At D.H. Conley High School '' . WITN - TV ( Washington , North Carolina ) . April 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit teen shot after school event dies '' . WDIV - TV ( Detroit , Michigan ) . April 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Police are still searching for two men who fired shots at a Paine College men 's residence hall Sunday , injuring a 20 - year - old student '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Dunwoody , Georgia ) . May 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Suspect in Paine College shooting from DeKalb '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Dunwoody , Georgia ) . May 5 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Authorities respond to person shot at Georgia Gwinnett College '' . WGCL - TV ( Atlanta , Georgia ) . May 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Henry K. Lee ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Student shot outside Richmond high school '' . San Francisco Chronicle ( San Francisco , California ) . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lynsi Burton ; Jake Ellison ( June 6 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Pacific University shooting : ' It 's unimaginable ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle ( San Francisco , California ) . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Caitlin Cruz ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Ybarra chose SPU for shootings because he was unfamiliar with it , journal says '' . The Seattle Times ( Seattle , Washington ) . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 1 student killed , gunman dead in Oregon high school shooting '' . Chicago Tribune ( Chicago , Illinois ) . June 10 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 5 in custody after shooting outside NW Miami - Dade School '' . Standard - Examiner ( Ogden , Utah ) . September 11 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` SLC teacher hurt when gun accidentally shatters toilet '' . WPLG ( Miami , Florida ) . September 9 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana State University student arrested in campus shooting '' . Reuters ( London ) . September 28 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Suspected school shooter connected to stabbing at West Montgomery High School '' . WGHP ( High Point , North Carolina ) . October 1 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` LMPD : Student shot at Fern Creek Traditional High School '' . WAVE ( TV ) ( Louisville , Kentucky ) . September 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Police : Strong leads in shooting at Fulton football game '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution ( Dunwoody , Georgia ) . October 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Two dead , four hurt in shooting at Marysville - Pilchuck HS '' . KING - TV . October 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Journal indicates FSU shooter suspected government '' . Florida Today ( Melbourne , Florida ) . November 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen dies , 1 charged in Miami Carol City High School shooting '' . WPLG ( Miami , Florida ) . November 25 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RSU shooter identified as former Tulsa police officer '' . WXXA - TV ( Albany , New York ) . December 6 , 2014 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Police arrest after 4 shot near school '' . CNN International . December 13 , 2014 . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Milwaukee man charged in Wisconsin Lutheran High School shooting '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel ( Milwaukee , Wisconsin ) . January 22 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Girl , 14 , shot in high school parking lot , Ocala police say '' . WKMG - TV ( Orlando , Florida ) . January 19 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paige Jones ( February 4 , 2015 ) . `` Two students wounded in Frederick High School shooting '' . Frederick News - Post ( Frederick , Maryland ) . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Teenager found shot dead in Merced school parking lot '' . KFSN - TV ( Fresno , California ) . February 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Reward in Bethune - Cookman shooting increased to $10,000 '' . The Daytona Beach News - Journal ( Daytona Beach , Florida ) . February 25 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Man shot at elementary school in University City ; one suspect arrested '' . KMOV ( St. Louis , Missouri ) . March 30 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City Manager : One person killed in Wayne Community College shooting '' . WITN - TV ( Washington , North Carolina ) . April 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deputy shot while directing school traffic in apparent ambush '' . Policeone.com. April 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman tackled by teacher after firing shots at N. Thurston H.S. '' KOMO - TV ( Seattle , Washington ) . April 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Search continues for 16 - year - old suspect in school bus shooting '' . WJAX - TV ( Jacksonville , Florida ) . May 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Two men charged in shooting at Southwestern Academy in Flint '' . MLive.com ( Grand Rapids , Michigan ) . May 27 , 2015 . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Savannah State University student dies in campus shooting '' . CNN International . August 28 , 2015 . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1 Arrested , Gunman Sought After Deadly Shooting At Sacramento City College '' . KABC - TV ( Los Angeles , California ) . September 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ed Payne ( September 16 , 2015 ) . `` Delta State shooting '' . CNN . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dirk Lammers ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` S. Dakota high school principal shot , wounded ; students safe '' . Deseret News ( Salt Lake City , Utah ) . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andrew Blankstein ; Tom Winter ; Jacquellena Carrero ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` 10 Killed in Shooting at Oregon 's Umpqua Community College '' . NBC News . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Deadly Shooting Reported on University Campus in Arizona '' . ABC News . October 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One dead , one injured in shooting at Texas Southern University ; possible suspect detained '' . Los Angeles Times ( Los Angeles , California ) . October 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1 dead in shooting at Tennessee State University in Nashville '' . CNN International . October 23 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 1 killed in shooting at Winston - Salem State University in North Carolina '' . CNN International . November 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` One dead after shooting at suburban Las Vegas high school '' . Fox News Channel . November 20 , 2015 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Teen shot in leg following basketball game at Lawrence Central High School '' . WXIN ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) . January 22 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boy , 16 , arrested after shooting incident at Ben Franklin High School '' . WPVI - TV ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) . January 29 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 4 hurt in shootings outside Muskegon Heights High School , including 2 students '' . WXMI ( Grand Rapids , Michigan ) . February 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacques Billeaud ; Paul Davenport ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` Police : Shooting at Phoenix - area school was a murder - suicide '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer ( Seattle , Washington ) . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rick McCrabb ; Lauren Pack ; Ed Richter ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Latest on Madison H.S. shooting '' . WHIO ( AM ) ( Dayton , Ohio ) . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lauren Clark ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Parents of Madison H.S. shooting suspect speak ; victim returns '' . WHIO ( AM ) ( Dayton , Ohio ) . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ UCLA shooting updates : Woman who was married to UCLA shooter lived at Minnesota crime scene Archived June 1 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Los Angeles Times ( June 3 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ What we know about Ashley Hasti , Minnesota victim of UCLA shooter Mainak Sarkar Archived June 3 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine. , Star Tribune ( June 3 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` 2 suspects arrested in slaying outside Jeremiah Burke High School -- The Boston Globe '' . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2016 . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 6 - year - old shot at Townville Elementary still in critical condition '' . WYFF ( Greenville , South Carolina ) . September 29 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Jacob Hall , Townville Elementary School Shooting Victim , Has Died : Coroner '' . NBC News . October 1 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 16 - year - old boy arrested in Vigor High School shooting '' . Alabama.com . Archived from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Two students injured in shooting outside Linden - McKinley High School '' . NBC4i.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Students Shot Outside San Francisco High School '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ `` Update : SFPD Arrests 2 in June Jordan School Shooting '' . KQED . October 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 16 - year - old shot outside Sandy middle school '' . KSL5 . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ashton Edwards , Mark Green and Lauren Steinbrecher ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` Police say student , teacher jumped into action after shot fired at Bountiful school '' . KSTU . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parker Perry , No ruling on West Liberty - Salem school shooting suspect 's competency Archived May 6 , 2017 , at the Wayback Machine. , WHIO ( May 5 , 2017 ) . Jump up ^ Woodward , Benjamin ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` How the shooting at the UW protest of Milo Yiannopoulos unfolded '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Larson , Amy ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` Photo released of suspect after King City High student shot '' . KSBW . Jump up ^ Kentz , Rachel ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Suspect arrested in March shooting near King City High '' . The Californian . Jump up ^ Sonya Hamasaki & Darran Simon ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` Student one of 3 dead in San Bernardino school shooting '' . CNN . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tom Steele ; Julieta Chiquillo ; Eline de Bruijn ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` North Lake College gunman was stalking the woman he killed , her family says '' . Dallas Morning News . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 1 dead , 3 hurt in shooting at Spokane - area high school '' . Oregon Live . Associated Press . September 13 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2017 . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mattoon Community Unit School District 2 -- MHS students , staff secure following shooting '' . www.mattoon.k12.il.us . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` Suspect in Custody After Injuring One in Shooting at Illinois High School '' . Time . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 5 dead at multiple shooting locations in N. California county , including a school ; gunman is killed '' . www.msn.com . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2017 . Retrieved November 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Branson - Potts , Hailey ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Mother driving her boys to school when Rancho Tehama gunman struck shielded her son despite her wounds '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Mexico school shooter left note plotting attack , suicide '' . December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gunman disguised himself , randomly killed at New Mexico school '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Disaster - Kiwi Farms user shoots up school and then kills himself '' . Kiwi Farms . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 15 . Jump up ^ Levenson , Eric ; Diaz - Zuniga , Laura ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` New Mexico high school shooter was investigated by FBI in 2016 '' . CNN . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Look at all 11 school shooting that took place in the first 23 days of 2018 '' . MPRNews . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Harlow , Brittany . `` Bullet fired through classroom at Grayson College '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Lam , Katherine ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Texas high school shooting leaves 1 student wounded ; suspect in custody , police say '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 16 - year - old boy charged in Texas shooting , wounded student remains hospitalized '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carroll , John . `` Paramedic : Girl wounded in area school shooting bravest ' I 've ever seen ' '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.courier-journal.com/story/news/crime/2018/02/16/officials-release-identity-marshall-county-shooting-suspect/342649002/ Jump up ^ `` Kentucky school shooting : 2 dead , 15 more shot at Marshall County High School -- live updates '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Two dead , suspect in custody after shooting at Kentucky high school '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ CNN , Holly Yan , AnneClaire Stapleton and Paul P. Murphy , . `` Kentucky school shooting : 2 students killed , 18 injured '' . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Stump , Chris Best , Olivia ( 2018 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Shots fired at Murphy High School '' . WKRG . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Police : Man Dies Following Shooting Outside High School '' . 2018 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Sonya Hamasaki , Stella Chan and Jason Hanna ( 1 February 2018 ) . `` 2 students shot at Los Angeles school ; 12 - year - old girl in custody '' . CNN . Retrieved 1 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` This is the 18th school shooting so far in America in 2018 '' . ABC . February 15 , 2018 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Florida school shooting suspect hid among students after massacre '' . CBS News . CBS / AP . 15 February 2018 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Burch , Audra D.S. ( 14 February 2018 ) . `` Death Toll Is at 17 and Could Rise in Shooting '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jason ( 4 March 2018 ) . `` Central Michigan student used father 's gun to kill his parents , police say '' . CNN . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Siemaszko , Corky ; Blankstein , Andrew ( 2 March 2018 ) . `` Central Michigan University shooting leaves two dead , gunman on the loose '' . NBC News . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Smith , Mitch ( 2 March 2018 ) . `` Shooting Reported at Central Michigan University '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Grinberg , Emanuella ( 7 March 2018 ) . `` One student dead , another hurt in Alabama school shooting '' . CNN . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Andone , Dakin ; Burnside , Tina . `` Teen charged in fatal shooting at Alabama high school '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Teen charged with manslaughter in Birmingham school shooting '' . WHNT.com. 9 March 2018 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ WKYT . `` UPDATE : Student accidentally fires gun at high school in Lexington '' . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Carol ( 14 March 2018 ) . `` UAB Hospital Highlands shooting : 2 shot ; shooter down , Birmingham police say '' . AL.com . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Hanna , Jason . `` The Maryland school shooter was killed by his own bullet , not the school resource officer 's , police say '' . CNN . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` California school shooting : 1 injured ; suspect in custody in Palmdale - CNN '' . CNN . 2018 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Charges filed against ex-student accused of exchanging gunfire with cop at Dixon High School '' . The Chicago Tribune . 2018 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` School Resource Officer Stopped School Shooting , Authorities Say '' . The New York Times . 2018 - 05 - 17 . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Dead in Santa Fe , Texas , School Shooting ; Suspect Used Shotgun and Revolver '' . The New York Times . 2018 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 2 arrests made after deadly shooting outside high school graduation '' . WSB - TV . 2018 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Police : Student , teacher injured in shooting at Noblesville West Middle School in Indiana '' . CBS News . CBS . 25 May 2018 . Retrieved 25 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Herskovitz , Jon . `` Indiana middle schooler with two guns shoots teacher , student '' . U.S . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 26 . Bibliography ( edit ) Breaux , By Kia Shant'e. `` 3 die in Missouri abbey shooting CJOnline.com '' . cjonline.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . Chalmers , Phil ( 2009 ) . Inside the Mind of a Teen Killer ( illustrated ed . ) . Nashville , Tennessee : Thomas Nelson . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59555 - 152 - 8 . Crews , Gordon A. ( 2016 ) . Critical Examinations of School Violence and Disturbance in K - 12 Education . Hershey , Pennsylvania : Information Science Reference . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4666 - 9935 - 9 . Davies , Kim ( 2008 ) . The Murder Book : Examining Homicide ( illustrated ed . ) . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey : Pearson Prentice Hall . ISBN 978 - 0 - 13 - 172401 - 3 . Dixon , David ( 2005 ) . Never Come to Peace Again : Pontiac 's Uprising and the Fate of the British Empire in North America . University of Oklahoma Press ( illustrated ed . ) . Norman , Oklahoma . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3656 - 1 . Finley , Laura ( 2011 ) . Encyclopedia of School Crime and Violence ( 1st ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 36239 - 2 . Finley , Laura ( 2014 ) . School Violence : A Reference Handbook , 2nd Edition ( 2nd ed . ) . Santa Barbara , California : ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61069 - 624 - 1 . Klein , Jessie ( 2013 ) . The Bully Society : School Shootings and the Crisis of Bullying in America 's Schools ( reprint ed . ) . New York , New York : New York University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 6371 - 1 . Lebrun , Marcel ( 2008 ) . Books , Blackboards , and Bullets : School Shootings and Violence in America ( 1st ed . ) . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield Education . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57886 - 904 - 6 . Middleton , Richard ( 2007 ) . Pontiac 's War : Its Causes , Course and Consequences . New York : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97914 - 6 . Nash , Jay Robert ( 1992 ) . World Encyclopedia of 20th Century Murder ( 1st ed . ) . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59077 - 532 - 5 . Perline , Irvin H. ; Goldschmidt , Jona ( 2004 ) . The Psychology and Law of Workplace Violence : A Handbook for Mental Health Professionals and Employers ( illustrated ed . ) . Springfield , Illinois : Charles C Thomas Publisher . ISBN 978 - 0 - 398 - 07432 - 6 . Van Brunt , Brian ( 2012 ) . Ending Campus Violence : New Approaches to Prevention . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 1 - 136 - 51494 - 4 . External links ( edit ) School Safety Interim Study Committee -- Indiana Legislative Services Agency ( September 24 , 2013 ) Federal Report Looks at Crime and Safety in Schools -- Council for American Private Education ( CAPE ) ( January 2015 ) Indicators of School Crime and Safety : 2014 -- National Center for Education Statistics ( July 9 , 2015 ) Indicators of School Crime and Safety : 2014 -- Council of State Governments Justice Center ( July 15 , 2015 ) Selected Findings from the Indicators of School Crime and Safety : 2014 -- Center for Evidence - Based Crime Policy ( CEBCP ) Symposium ( August 17 , 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_school_shootings_in_the_United_States&oldid=843589445 '' Categories : Lists of disasters in the United States School shootings in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Incomplete lists from June 2017 Use mdy dates from November 2017 Use American English from November 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from February 2018 All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 04 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when did school shootings start in the united states	[ "\n\nDate\nLocation\nDeaths\nInjuries\nDescription\n\n\n000000001840-11-12-0000November 12, 1840\nCharlottesville, Virginia !Charlottesville, Virginia\n1\n0\nJohn Anthony Gardner Davis, a law professor at the University of Virginia, was shot by student Joseph Semmes, and died from his wound three days later.[3][4]\n\n" ]	[ "1840" ]
3819842833975461710	Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program	Comprehensive Agrarian Reform program - wikipedia Comprehensive Agrarian Reform program Jump to : navigation , search The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program , more commonly known as CARP , is an agrarian reform law of the Philippines whose legal basis is the Republic Act No. 6657 , otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law ( CARL ) . It is the redistribution of private and public agricultural lands to help the beneficiaries survive as small independent farmers , regardless of the `` tenurial '' arrangement . Its goals are to provide landowners equality in terms of income and opportunities , empower land owner beneficiaries to have an equitable land ownership , enhance the agricultural production and productivity , provide employment to more agricultural workers , and put an end to conflicts regarding land ownership . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Key components 3 Development 3.1 Land reform under Aquino administration ( 1986 -- 1992 ) 3.2 Land reform under Ramos administration ( 1992 -- 1998 ) 3.3 Land reform under Estrada administration ( 1998 -- 2001 ) 4 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms ( CARPER ) 4.1 Beneficiaries 4.2 Significant provisions 4.3 Achievements 5 Criticism 5.1 Unsuccessful after 26 years ? 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links Background ( edit ) The agrarian reform is part of the long history of attempts of land reform in the Philippines . The law was outlined by former President Corazon C. Aquino through Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 on June 22 , 1987 , and it was enacted by the 8th Congress of the Philippines and signed by Aquino on June 10 , 1988 . In 1998 , which was the year that it was scheduled to be completed , the Congress enacted Republic Act No. 8532 to allocate additional funds for the program and extending the automatic appropriation of ill - gotten wealth recovered by the Presidential Commission on Good Governance ( PCGG ) for CARP until the year 2008 . An amendatory law , CARPER or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms or the Republic Act . 9700 was passed . It extended the deadline of distributing agricultural lands to the farmers for an additional five years . This law also amends other provisions and regulations formerly stated in the CARP . It was signed into law on August 7 , 2009 and was set to be accomplished by the year 2014 . Key components ( edit ) This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . The specific problem is : appears to be pasted from legal document ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program relies heavily on the Department of Agrarian Reform ( DAR ) . As the lead implementing agency , the DAR has the responsibility in carrying out the principal aspects of the program , which are Land Tenure Improvement ( LTI ) , Program Beneficiary Development ( PBD ) , and the Agrarian Justice Delivery ( AJD ) . The Land Tenure Improvement is highly recognized as the most integral aspect of the program . This component seeks to secure the tenurial status of the farmers and farmworkers . The DAR implements this component through Land Acquisition and Distribution ( LAD ) or Non-land Transfer Schemes . The Land Acquisition and Distribution involves the redistribution of private and government - owned land to landless farmers and farm workers . Under Section 6 of RA 9700 ( Section 16 of RA 6657 as amended ) regarding Land Acquisition , the DAR identifies lands that are eligible for distribution under the CARP with accordance to the law , acquires the land by delivering a notice containing the offer with its corresponding value to the owner should he choose to accept the payment . Following the acquisition of lands under Section 11 of RA 9700 ( Section 26 of RA 6657 as amended ) the DAR distributes these to the qualified beneficiaries , who then pay for the land through the Land Bank of the Philippines or directly to their former owners . Under the CARP , a total target of 10.3 million hectares of land was programmed to be distributed over a span of ten years . Out of the total land , 6.5 million hectares of public disposal lands and Integrated Social Forestry areas are to be distributed by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( DENR ) while 3.8 million hectares of private agricultural lands are to be distributed by the DAR . From July 1987 to June 1992 , the DAR was able to distribute 1.77 million hectares benefiting . 933 million beneficiaries , while the DENR has distributed 1.88 million hectares to . 760 million farmers . Leasehold Operations is the alternative non-land transfer scheme that covers all tenanted agricultural lands in retained areas and in yet to be acquired or distributed lands . Under this component , the DAR mediates between the landowners and tenants so that their share tenancy arrangement could be turned into a leasehold agreement , whereby the beneficiaries will pay a fixed fee based on their own historical production records instead of paying a large percentage share of their produce to the landowner . The Program Beneficiaries Development is a support service delivery component of CARP . It aims to aid the agrarian reform beneficiaries by providing them necessary support services to make their lands more productive , and enable them to venture in income generating livelihood projects in accordance to Section 14 of RA 9700 ( Section 37 of RA 6657 as amended ) . Under the support service delivery programs , the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council ( PARC ) ensures that agrarian reform beneficiaries are provided with support services such as land surveys and tilting , construction of infrastructures , marketing and production assistance , credit and training . Agrarian Justice Delivery provides agrarian legal assistance and oversees the adjudication of cases . Under Section 19 of RA 97600 ( Section 50 of RA 6657 as amended ) , the DAR is hereby vested with the primary jurisdiction to determine and adjudicate agrarian reform matters and shall have exclusive original jurisdiction over all matters involving the implementation of agrarian reform except those falling under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Department of Agriculture ( DA ) and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( DENR ) . The Agrarian Legal Assistance is under the Bureau of Legal Assistance ( BALA ) . The BALA provides legal assistance to the beneficiaries affected by agrarian cases , particularly those whose legal rights as ARB 's are challenged by landowners . The Adjudication of Cases involves the adjudication of cases by the Department of Agrarian Reform Adjudication Board ( DARAB ) . The adjudication of cases deals with disputes pertaining to tenancy relations ; valuation of lands acquired by DAR under compulsory acquisition mode ; rights and obligations of persons , whether natural or juridical , engaged in the management cultivation and use of all agricultural lands ; ejectment and dispossession of tenants / leaseholders ; review of leasehold rentals ; and other similar disputes . Development ( edit ) At the end of the 20th century , the population of the Philippines increased rapidly to 75.32 million in a country of 297,410 square kilometers , with an average family size of six , making the Philippines known for high population density . In addition to this , with a population growth of 2.02 per year , the Philippine population is expected to double in the span of 25 years . 60 percent of the Philippine population is rural , and over 12 million Filipinos make a living directly from agricultural cultivation . Around 9.5 million hectares of land across the Philippines are used to plan various crops . In terms of landlessness , the number of landless agricultural families rose up from 5 million to 11.32 million families . Out of these 11.32 families , 4.6 million make a living from lands they do n't own . 0.70 million are rented , 2 million are laborers , while 1.9 million are farming as tenants . Land Reform under Aquino administration ( 1986 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) During the start of President Corazon Aquino 's term in 1986 , the Constitutional Commission approved Section 21 under Article II , which states that `` The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform . '' This led to the drafting of CARP , which took the Congress a year to make . On June 10 , 1988 , Republic Act No. 6657 , also known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law ( CARL ) , was passed to promote social justice and industrialization . Although it was still a product of adherence to democratic principles , this law was found to have many flaws . Because of much dissatisfaction with the agrarian reform law , proposals from peasant groups and non-government organizations grew in order to implement an alternative program that was more advantageous to them . However , this did not succeed . CARP recognizes not only farmers but all landless workers as beneficiaries with the condition that they cultivate the land . The two main departments in charge of this program are Department of Agrarian Reform ( DAR ) and Department of Environment and Natural Resources ( DENR ) . Aside from the land distribution , it also provides the delivery of support services and security to the farmers . Under the Aquino administration , a total of 898,420 landless tenants and farmers became recipients of land titles and support services . Even with this , it can be considered unsuccessful because it only accomplished 22.5 percent of land distribution in 6 years . This was due to the fact that Aquino assigned 4 different DAR secretaries . The major setback for CARP was Aquino 's Hacienda Luisita 's Stock Distribution Option , which says that she was the first landlord to evade CARP on a grand scale . Land Reform under Ramos administration ( 1992 -- 1998 ) ( edit ) The policies on agrarian reform under the Ramos administration focused on accelerating the direct land transfer and non-land transfer through adopting more rational , fair and inexpensive settlements . It encouraged landowners to invest in rural - based industries that are connected to agriculture . It made an amendment to Section 63 of CARL to increase the fund of this project to 100 billion . Salaries of workers and members of DAR board were increased to motivate them for more successful results as well . The target land to be given to farmer beneficiaries under this Administration was 3.4 million hectares , 4.7 million or 60 percent of which was successfully distributed . It achieved more than double the output of the Aquino administration . It focused on `` less contentious landholdings and acquisition modes , '' where they chose to work with autonomous NGOs and peasant organizations . However , controversies were unavoidable as they encountered landlords openly harassing peasants with guns and forcing them out of the lands . Land Reform under Estrada administration ( 1998 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) This administration focused on fast tracking land acquisition and distribution . It wanted to reduce uncertainties in land market in rural places to help farmers ' efficiency and private investment to grow . It encouraged joint ventures , corporative , contact farming and other marketing arrangements to protect the status of stakeholders and promotion of agri - industrialization . They also improved the databases of the implementing agencies of DAR and DENR to fully record and update the lands covered . Estrada highlighted that there was a need to conceptualize new approaches in doing things to build a new social agreement where producers , government and private sectors work with a common goal . The program encountered some problems such as strong landowners ' resistance . Tenants also complained on the limited amount of fund allocation provided by the government for the project . It aimed to complete 7.8 million hectares by 2004 . Since President Estrada lasted only 2.5 years as president , the total beneficiaries of CARP was only 0.18 million or 10 percent . Comprehensive Agrarian Reform program Extension with Reforms ( CARPER ) ( edit ) Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms , known also as CALPER or CARPer , ( Republic Act 9700 ) is the amendatory law that extends again the deadline of distributing agricultural lands to farmers for five years . It also amends other provisions stated in CARP . In December 2008 , the budget for CARP expired and there remained 1.2 million hectares of agricultural land waiting to be acquired and distributed to farmers . CARPER was signed into law on August 7 , 2009 by Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and was set to expire on June 30 , 2014 . However the program of distributing lands to farmer - beneficiaries continued even after June 2014 . Section 30 of RA 9700 or CARPER law states that cases on the matter which are still pending `` shall be allowed to proceed to its finality and be executed even beyond such date . '' Beneficiaries ( edit ) Beneficiaries of CARPER are landless farmers , including agricultural lessees , tenants , as well as regular , seasonal and other farmworkers . In a certain landholding the qualified beneficiaries who are tenants and regular farmworkers will receive 3 hectares each before distributing the remaining land to the other qualified beneficiaries like seasonal farmworks and other farmworkers ( Section 22 of CARL ) . The Department of Agrarian Reform ( DAR ) identifies and screens potential beneficiaries and validates their qualifications . Beneficiaries must be least 15 years old , be a resident of the barangay where the land holding is located , and own no more than 3 hectares of agricultural land . The CARPER law has bias for organized farmers to be beneficiaries because the Congress believes that the success rate of organized farmers is high and can make their awarded lands productive . Significant provisions ( edit ) Gender - Sensitive Agrarian Reform -- Section 1 of the CARPER law states that `` The State shall recognize and enforce , consistent with existing laws , the rights of rural women to own and control land , taking into consideration the substantive equality between men and women as qualified beneficiaries , to receive a just share of the fruits thereof , and to be represented in advisory or appropriate decision - making bodies . These rights shall be independent of their male relatives and of their civil status . '' Rural women will have a representative in the highest policy making body of DAR -- the Presidential Agrarian Reform Council ( PARC ) . Budget -- Section 21 amending Section 63 for CARL state that the budget allocated for the 5 - year extension is 150 Billion pesos which will be sourced from three funds : Agrarian Reform Fund , General Appropriations Acts ( GAA ) and other sources of funding like privatization of government asset , foreign donors , etc . This budget is the largest per year in the history of CARP . Creation of a Congressional Oversight Committee -- Section 26 of the CARPER law created a joint Congressional Oversight Committee to oversee and monitor the implementation of the act , which will be composed of the Chairpersons of the Committee on Agrarian Reform of both Houses of Congress , three Members of the House of Representatives , and three Members of the Senate of the Philippines , to be designated respectively by the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate of the Philippines . The chairpersons of the COCAR are the Chairpersons of the Committees on Agrarian Reform of the House of Representatives and of the Senate of the Philippines . The term of the COCAR will end six months after the expiration of the extended period of five years . The COCAR is provided with twenty - five million pesos ( P25 , 000,000.00 ) every year . CARPER as a Continuing Program -- Section 30 of the CARPER law mandates that `` any case and / or proceeding involving the implementation of the provisions of Republic Act No. 6657 , as amended , which may remain pending on June 30 , 2014 shall be allowed to proceed to its finality and be executed even beyond such date '' . Section 30 of CARPER law provides a way to legally continue the implementation of pending CARP cases after the 5 - year extension by filling the initiatory process of CARP . Policies in Converting Agricultural Lands -- Section 73 of the CARPER law : `` Any conversion by any landowner of his / her agricultural land into any non-agricultural use with intent to avoid the application of this Act to his / her landholdings and to dispossess his / her bonafide tenant farmers . '' Failure to comply will result in an imprisonment of 6 to 12 years and / or a penalty of 200,000 pesos to 1 million pesos . The CARPER law prohibits any conversion of irrigated and irrigable lands and mandates the National Irrigation Administration to identify these . CARPER law also states that non-implementation of the conversion plan will result to automatic coverage of the subject by CARP . Achievements ( edit ) In 2003 , 15 years into the program , studies funded by the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) , AsDB , FAO , European Union ( EU ) and the Philippine Government , had shown that poverty incidence among program beneficiaries declined from 47.6 to 45.2 percent , while increasing among their non-participating counterparts from 55.1 to 56.4 percent . The Official Gazette released an update on the accomplishments in the field of agrarian reform as of June 30 , 2014 . `` As of December 31 , 2013 , the government has acquired and distributed 6.9 million hectares of land , equivalent to 88 % of the total land subject to CARP . '' Of this area , the Aquino administration has distributed a total of 751,514 hectares , or 45 % of the total landholdings to be distributed to the farmer beneficiaries left under this administration . From this , DAR has distributed 412,782 hectares and DENR has already distributed 338,732 hectares . In 2014 -- 2016 , Department of Agrarian Reform still needs to acquire 771,795 hectares ( 187,686 hectares in 2014 ; 198,631 hectares in 2015 ; and 385,478 hectares in 2016 ) . The Department of Environment and Nation Resources still needs to acquire 134,857 hectares -- a total of 906,652 hectares . Criticism ( edit ) Unsuccessful after 26 years ? ( edit ) While CARP ( er ) has had some success in improving food security and reducing poverty overall - through improved farm productivity and increased farmer incomes - the program has not escaped criticism . Major implementation problems include resistance from existing landowners ( often objecting to the undervaluation of their properties ) , legislative gaps and funding shortfalls . There are also claims that the program has resulted in or worsened violent conflicts between landowners and poor farmers . By June 30 , 2014 , the official program end date , 664 farmers had been killed in the name of land reform , according to activist group Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas ( Peasant Movement of the Philippines , or KMP ) . 568 of these were victims of extrajudicial killings . In the four years of the Noynoy Aquino administration , 96 farmers were killed as opposed to the 9 that were killed during the Arroyo administration . According to Rafael Mariano , KMP chairman , `` Farmers asserting their rights to the land were subjected to human rights abuses while peasant leaders were rendered as criminals , incarcerated and , worse , were massacred '' . CARP expired when the Congress did not approve Aquino 's proposal to extend it for two more years . The Department of Agrarian Reform ( DAR ) has processed 494,945 agrarian law implementation cases since the start of the program , which the KMP claims demonstrate the program 's failure and negative impact on the lives of tenants and farmers . See also ( edit ) Land reform in the Philippines Department of Agrarian Reform ( Philippines ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Republic Act No. 6657 of 10 June 1988 An act instituting a comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote social justice and industrialization , providing the mechanism for its implementation , and for other purposes . Retrieved 5 December 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` What is CARP RA 6657 - Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program '' . dar.gov.ph . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://dirp3.pids.gov.ph/ris/wp/pidswp9113.pdf Jump up ^ Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229 Jump up ^ Republic Act No. 8532 Jump up ^ `` English - Department of Agrarian Reform '' . dar.gov.ph . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CARPER RA 9700 - Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms '' . dar.gov.ph . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` R.A. 9700 '' . lawphil.net . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Leones & Moreno 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Navarro , Conrado S. , `` Institutional Aspects of Policy Implementation and Management of the Philippine Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program '' Paper presented at the Policy Dialogue on Agrarian Reform Issues in Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation , Manila , Philippines , May 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Technical Advisory Support Services '' . dar.gov.ph . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Ri YuE Yap . `` Comprehensive Agrarian Reform in the Philippines '' . comprehensiveagrarianreform.blogspot.com . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.lis.dar.gov.ph/home/document_view/3194 Jump up ^ `` English - Department of Agrarian Reform '' . www.dar.gov.ph . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Republic Act No. 9700 Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Q and A : The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines '' . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Guardian 2003 . ^ Jump up to : Philippine Star 2014 . Sources ( edit ) Guardian , Edgar A. ( 2003 ) . `` Impact of access to land on food security and poverty : the case of Philippine agrarian reform '' . Land Reform , Land Settlement and Cooperatives . FAO ( 2 ) . Retrieved 30 November 2015 . Leones , Susana Evangelista ; Moreno , Frede G. ( 2012 ) . `` Agrarian Reform and Philippine Political Development '' . Political Economy : International Political Economy : 1 -- 17 . doi : 10.2139 / ssrn. 1967844 . Philippine Star , Ding Cervantes . `` After 26 years , CARP ends '' . http://www.philstar.com . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . External link in work = ( help ) External links ( edit ) CARP Law on The LAWPhil Project http://kilusangmagbubukidngpilipinas.com/ Land reform in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor ( Timor - Leste ) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos ( Keeling ) Islands Hong Kong Macau Martial law in the Philippines and People Power Revolution Batas militar sa Pilipinas Background 1965 Presidential elections Conjugal dictatorship Philippines -- United States relations US imperialism Cold War Vietnam War First Quarter Storm Communist insurgency Sabah claim Jabidah massacre Islamic insurgency 1969 elections Agrarian reform Coco Levy Fund scam Events Proclamation No. 1081 Human rights violations Plaza Miranda bombing 1973 Constitution 1978 elections Interim Batasang Pambansa Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr . 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4817555519807193717	A (Pretty Little Liars)	A ( Pretty Little Liars ) - wikipedia A ( Pretty Little Liars ) Jump to : navigation , search `` A '' Pretty Little Liars character First appearance Novel : Pretty Little Liars ( 2006 ) Television : `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Created by Sara Shepard Information Aliases Original A Big A Uber A A-moji A.D. Pathology Stalker Spy Blackmailer Torturer Manipulator M.O. Spying targets to discover secrets , taunting and threatening their victims via phone Location Rosewood , Pennsylvania `` A '' is a fictional character created in 2006 by author Sara Shepard . It is a character of both Pretty Little Liars ' books and television series , and primarily appears as a stalker and the main antagonist of the stories . `` A '' is one of the main characters of the stories , appearing anonymously in the majority of the episodes and books . The villain has already had many portrayals . Its basic occupation is to pursue and threaten the four protagonists of the stories . Thus , many identities have been revealed to be `` A '' . `` A '' has a specific and unhealthy way of dealing with the protagonists ; it often calls them as `` bitches '' , `` dolls '' and `` liars '' . Its handling and acts of terrorism caused great psychological and emotional damage to the protagonists , even leading them to be hospitalized . After the revelation of Mona Vanderwaal as the first and original `` A '' , she began receiving visits from someone , known as Red Coat , who offered her a partnership and together they built up the `` A-Team '' . The team had many members but disbanded after the season three finale and Big A began working with a single ally . The identity of the second `` A '' , Red Coat , and the leader of the `` A-Team '' was revealed to be CeCe Drake , while her ally that donned the Black Widow and other Red Coat disguise was revealed to be Sara Harvey . Five years later , a new mysterious entity arises and begins using Emojis to communicate but later baptizes themselves as `` A.D. '' , while the Liars refer to the anonymous figure as Uber A. Then , in the Series Finale , `` A.D. '' reveals themselves to be Alex Drake , the twin sister of Spencer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Characterization 2 Novels storylines 2.1 The first `` A '' 2.2 The second `` A '' 2.2. 1 The Helper , or Third `` A '' 3 Television storylines 3.1 Original `` A '' 3.2 Big `` A '' 3.3 Uber `` A '' 4 The A-Team 4.1 Members 4.1. 1 Sara Harvey 4.1. 2 Sydney Driscoll 4.1. 3 Toby Cavanaugh 4.1. 4 Spencer Hastings 4.1. 5 Lucas Gottesman 4.1. 6 Melissa Hastings 4.1. 7 Darren Wilden 4.1. 8 Jenna Marshall 4.1. 9 Noel Kahn 4.1. 10 Aria Montgomery 4.1. 11 Mary Drake 4.1. 12 Wren Kingston 5 Other `` A 's '' 5.1 Caleb Rivers 5.2 Shana Fring 6 Disguises 6.1 Red Coat 6.2 The Black Widow 6.3 The Queen of Hearts 6.4 The Black Swan 6.5 The Black Hoodie 7 References Development ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) `` A '' makes appearances as a figure with black leather gloves , a black hood , dark pants , and dark shoes . Throughout the seasons , the story focuses on the mystery of `` A '' . However , `` Big A '' also sported different disguises , including that of Red Coat , while their ally disguised themselves as The Black Widow , while also donning the Red Coat identity on certain occasions . Uber A also dressed up as several disguises , including those of a gardener , a maid and a surgeon . They later costume themselves with the traditional look . Novels storylines ( edit ) The first `` a '' ( edit ) Real identity : Mona Vanderwaal . Three year after the disappearance of Alison DiLaurentis , her four friends , Aria Montgomery , Spencer Hastings , Emily Fields , and Hanna Marin , each receive messages from someone calling themselves `` A . '' The girls had drifted apart over the years , so they had no idea that other people were getting texts as well . Additionally , the texts were about secrets only Ali knew about . At first , the messages were simply teasing and all of the girls wonder if their missing friend was the one who sent them . Though they knew she was most likely dead , she was still the only one who knew their darkest secrets . Once Ali 's body is discovered in her old backyard , the girls are even more baffled when they continue to receive threats . At Ali 's funeral , the girls are reunited and they find out that they 've all been receiving weird messages . As the girls stand outside after the funeral ends , they all get a text saying , `` I 'm still here , bitches . And I know everything . -- A '' . From that point on , the messages take on a distinctly more threatening tone . Aria is given an ultimatum to tell her mother about her father 's affair by midnight after the Foxy event , or A will do it for her . A continues to play life - altering games with the girls , from encouraging suspicion of Spencer 's involvement in Ali 's death to outing Emily 's sexuality to her conservative mother . However , A makes a serious mistake in texting Hanna on the night of Mona 's birthday party . Instead of using the plain Blackberry she bought just for tormenting the girls , A accidentally uses his / her own phone . Hanna , who has a new phone without all of her contacts recognizes the number , compelling A to act before Hanna can reveal A 's true identity to the others . A hits Hanna with an SUV , successfully destroying Hanna 's phone and putting her into a coma that eventually leads to a temporary loss of memory . Soon after that , `` A '' puts a drug in Emily 's pain cream which causes an Ulcer in the spot where she has been putting the cream . She ends up in the hospital and might not be able to swim again . A knew that there was a very good chance Hanna would regain her memory . Hanna 's best friend , Mona Vanderwaal , informs the girls that she has also received texts from A , drawing the five closer together in trying to figure out who their tormentor is . Mona subtly encourages Spencer 's fears that her sister , Melissa , might be A as well as Alison 's killer . During Hanna 's recovery masquerade celebration , she suddenly regains her memory , revealing that Mona is A. However , she , Emily , and Aria ca n't do much about it , because Spencer and Mona are on their way to the police station . After Spencer is warned about Mona by text , she tries to escape Mona 's car , but Mona catches on rather quickly and diverts to a path in a more remote area of Rosewood . She tells Spencer everything , from seeing Ali launch a firework into Toby Cavanaugh 's garage and blind her friend Jenna , to finding Ali 's diary of secrets among a pile of old DiLaurentis junk the St. Germains left at the curb , discovering the girls ' secrets that only Ali knew . Her motivation was to get revenge for her friend 's blindness , even though Jenna and Ali had planned together to launch the firework . Mona did n't know this and got a scar on her stomach from the ordeal . Mona also drops the bombshell that Ian Thomas killed Ali , due to Ali 's last diary entry about giving him an ultimatum to break up with Melissa . She then offers Spencer to become A with her and tell Hanna that she must not be remembering correctly , but she refuses . The two fight at Floating Man 's Quarry and Spencer accidentally pushes Mona , who falls and has her neck caught between rocks . The second `` a '' ( edit ) Real identity : Alison DiLaurentis As the girls move into the big red house they are shocked to receive messages from a new person claiming to be Alison . At first , they believe it 's just a prank , especially since the first `` A '' got major news time . Then the girls believe it 's Ian Thomas , who is the prime suspect of the investigation . Spencer is especially certain of this until finding Ian 's body in the woods bordering her estate and the old DiLaurentis home . The girls all get a message from `` A , '' saying `` He had to go . - A '' . However , this Alison is even more twisted than the first ; Ian 's body disappears and the town is largely convinced that it was a hoax . `` A '' even teases Spencer , stating , `` Just because I said Ian had to go , it did n't mean he had to die . '' `` A '' pretends to be Ian , using an IM screenname of USCMidfielderRoxx , a testament to his alma mater and his love for field hockey . Through this new fake identity , `` A '' feeds Spencer some interesting information about her family , specifically her father 's affair with Mrs. DiLaurentis and the possibility that Ali is her half sister . `` A '' proceeds to torment the girls even more : they force Spencer to focus more on her father 's secret by enabling Spencer 's surrogate mother to scam her and clear out her two million dollar trust fund . `` A '' taunts Aria with pictures of her and her mother 's new love interest in compromising situations . They threaten to send these to her mother , even though Aria has tried to ward off her mother 's new boyfriend . `` A '' lands Hanna in the Preserve at Addison - Stevens , a lush clinic for troubled patients . `` A '' sends Emily on a trip to the Amish community in Lancaster to dig up more dirt on Officer Wilden . Throughout the second half of the series , the second `` A '' keeps up this forced information search with the girls , pushing them to find more information on Wilden and Jason DiLaurentis . `` A '' even plants the idea that they killed Ali . However , when Jenna is found dead in Heartless , `` A '' plants all of their texts , pictures , etc. on a random lecherous construction worker . This is one of the same workers who was involved in building the DiLaurentises ' gazebo when `` Alison '' was still alive . The girls believe it is all over now , though the fact that the suspect is such a random person bothers them . Everyone in Rosewood is shocked when the DiLaurentis 's introduce the existence of a third child , Courtney DiLaurentis . She is the twin of Alison and was kept in various clinics because she was `` ill '' . However , `` Courtney '' is actually Alison DiLaurentis herself . She reveals her true identity to each of the girls , hoping to gain their friendship and telling them she never died the night of the sleepover . She claims that Courtney must have gotten out of the house and ran into the construction worker , who killed her . Though the girls believe her and are glad to have their friend back , Aria is the most suspicious of her . It was recently discovered that Courtney liked to pretend to be Ali and she was n't completely buying her story . Additionally , Wilden and Melissa are also suspicious of `` Courtney '' . Melissa knew about the twins since high school , as their brother Jason confided in her . He told her they hated each other , but Spencer tells her about `` Courtney 's '' statements that she and Ali shared everything together . '' Ali 's time is running out , for besides the few people suspicious of her , the police start to say that the construction worker has an alibi and might not be guilty . Her secret is further endangered when Aria finds and sends in a photo of a reflection of someone spying on the girls during the sleepover . The reflection is too blurry , but it is clearly a female . Ali takes Mona 's idea and convinces Spencer that Melissa is the culprit . Meanwhile , she kidnaps Melissa - who has just figured out the truth - and keeps her in her family 's Poconos home . She stuffs Melissa in a closet with Ian 's corpse . On the night of the school 's Valentine dance , Ali convinces the girls to hang out with her at the Poconos home . They ditch the party and get wasted at her home . She asks them if she could reenact the night of the sleepover and hypnotize them . Everyone reluctantly agrees , and minutes later they wake up to find Ali gone and the door of the room locked . A letter is slid underneath , informing the girls of the horrible truth : The Alison that they had been friends with had been Courtney all along and the real Ali killed her . Courtney was mentally unsound and wanted to be Ali so badly that she tried to drown her when they were children . One day , when she was home from the mental institute , Courtney stole Ali 's ring and imitated her when she saw Spencer and the others sneaking into their backyard . Ali was sent to the new mental institute , the Preserve , in Courtney 's place , and was forced to take her sister 's messed up life . On the night of the sleepover , she spied on the girls , followed Courtney after her fight with Spencer , and killed her in revenge for taking her perfect life . She hates the girls for ruining her life and tries to kill them too by boarding up the entire home and setting it on fire . The girls , including Melissa , manage to escape , but no one knows whether Ali is alive . It 's hinted that she might be , as Emily hears a faint giggle in the distance as she visits Courtney 's grave in the evening . The helper , or third `` a '' ( edit ) By the end of Crushed , the Liars know that the Second `` A '' , Alison , has had an accomplice the whole time , and that this accomplice is the Third `` A '' . They believe that Alison did indeed survive the fire in the Poconos house , and thus that the Second and Third `` A '' are currently operating together to bring them down ( and eventually kill them ) . The helper later is revealed to be Nick Maxwell , Alison 's boyfriend when she was hospitalized . Nick was caught by the police when he and Alison planned to kill the Liars via poisoning . However , months later , the Liars visit Nick in the prison in order to discover some clues about Alison 's whereabouts , and he gives them some information . Television storylines ( edit ) Original `` a '' ( edit ) Original A was the first `` A '' and revealed to be Mona Vanderwaal . Mona began torturing Alison by sending her gifts , threats and soon attacking her while wearing a zombie costume . `` A '' continued to mess with Ali and her mother Jessica DiLaurentis , whom she believed it to be Spencer Hastings . After Alison 's disappearance , `` A '' went away for a year but after the corpse of Bethany Young ( believed to be Alison at the time ) was found , she reemerged . `` A '' began sending the Liars messages about things only Alison knew about them and soon even began messing with their parents . Doctor Anne Sullivan had previously dealt with the person behind the hoodie and when `` A '' trashed her office she immediately recognized the person . She almost exposes her identity to the Liars but `` A '' kidnaps her and went as far as to threaten her son 's life . But the Liars are still close to figuring it out and during the second half of season two they manage to get a hold of `` A 's '' phone . They hatch a plan to catch her with this and it works . They find out that `` A '' had a lair at the Lost woods resort and Spencer and Mona ( `` A 's '' newest victim ) head over there and find a room full of pictures of Alison and the girls along with a sketch of `` A 's '' costume to the ball , The Black Swan . However , Spencer begins to notice other clues and soon realizes `` A '' is right there with her . She turns around to see Mona in a black hoodie , who reveals herself as `` A '' . She kidnaps Spencer and gives her an opportunity to join the `` A '' team but Spencer declines and the two get into a fight , where Mona is pushed off of a cliff . Though Mona survives , she is sent to Radley Sanitarium for medical assistance . While in the psychiatric hospital , Mona takes up a partnership suggested by the then unknown CeCe Drake that starts off the second game . After this , Mona became another henchmen in the `` A '' hierarchy , obeying the orders of CeCe , whom she knew as Red Coat . Mona was kicked off of the A-Team in the season three finale . However , Mona joins the new `` A.D. '' team in Season 7 , after `` A.D. '' sends Wren to kill her and she offers to help instead . She helps them kidnap Spencer and wears a Melissa mask , but ultimately turns on them and brings the Liars to them , as well as a cop . However , this turns out to be a ruse and the `` cop '' is actually Mona 's French boyfriend , who helps her take Mary and Alex ( the two remaining members ) to France to live in her own personal Dollhouse . Mona is the final `` A '' of the series , being the `` winner '' of the game . Big `` a '' ( edit ) Big A was the person who took over the `` A '' game from Mona Vanderwaal after she was admitted to Radley Sanitarium and revealed to be CeCe Drake . She had visited Mona in Radley and used her to get information about the Liars before taking over the game herself and had used Mona , Toby and Spencer to do her dirty work and sometimes went under the Red Coat disguise . Big A often hid out at a lair situated in Room A at an apartment building at Mayflower Hill and a mobile RV which was stolen but Toby gave it back to `` A '' in exchange for information about his mother 's death . However , the Team was disbanded in the third - season finale and CeCe acted on her own with a few minions and an ally , who is Sara Harvey . It is revealed that Charlotte had been hiding out in the basement of the DiLaurentis house and drilled holes through the floor to spy on the family in her Red Coat disguise and shared the identity with Alison . Her disguise as Red Coat was exposed in the fourth season mid finale when Emily was trapped on a saw at Ravenswood and later got into a fight with Aria who discovered her identity and Charlotte later fell off a platform and escaped . In `` A is for Answers '' the Liars are under attack by `` A '' who shoots Ezra Fitz on the rooftop . However , in the fifth - season premiere , the shooter is revealed to be Shana Fring who attempted to kill Alison but was later shoved off a stage by Aria and died from the impact . After all of this , Charlotte fled to France under the Vivian Darkbloom identity to escape custody for Wilden 's death but returned . In the series 's 100 episode , Charlotte placed a bomb in the Cavanaugh house which detonated , signalling her return to Rosewood . In season five , CeCe breaks into the Vanderwaal home and kidnaps Mona just as she is about to tell the Liars that Alison is `` A '' and covers up her kidnapping as a homicide . She then brings Mona to the Dollhouse and tortures her and forces her to dress up and act like Alison . Just as the Liars are being brought to jail , CeCe kidnaps them and tortures them inside the Dollhouse . Inside , the Liars discover that Big `` A '' is named Charles DiLaurentis . CeCe / Charlotte reveals herself as `` A '' and tells her story ; saying that she is transgender , was formerly known as Charles DiLaurentis , and became ' A ' because the Liars were happy that Alison was gone . She worked with Sara Harvey , who was the Black Widow and a decoy Red Coat , and was also responsible for the `` death '' of Alison and the death of Wilden , and after telling her story , she attempts suicide by jumping off Radley but is stopped . She is admitted to Welby State and her reign as `` A '' finally ends and stays in the psychiatric hospital for five years . When she is released , Charlotte is murdered by Mona Vanderwaal and her death causes the birth of `` A.D. '' , the new Uber A. After her death , it is revealed that Noel Kahn was also working for Charlotte . It is also revealed that her birth mother is Jessica 's twin , Mary Drake , and her birth father is Ted Wilson , while Spencer is her sister . Uber `` a '' ( edit ) Uber A , also known as A.D. , is the third major `` A '' to have tormented the Liars . In the show 's series finale , Uber A 's identity is revealed to be Alex Drake , Spencer 's twin sister who was put up for adoption at birth . She desperately craves vengeance over the tragic passing of Charlotte DiLaurentis , who was her half - sister , and is trying to seek out the person responsible . Unlike Mona or Charlotte , Alex does not use any nicknames at first but instead signs their messages with emojis , which differentiates her from the A-Team . This causes Caleb to nickname her Amoji . However , in the sixth - season finale , she begins using the alias `` A.D. '' and kidnaps Hanna , whom she believes is accountable for her sister 's homicide . Hanna manages to escape Uber A 's clutches and Alex goes after Alison , who the Liars suggested as guilty for her own cousin 's murder . Uber A eventually finds out that Alison is innocent after searching her jacket . While Uber A does work on their own , she also works through a new `` A-Team '' of helpers , known to consist of Jenna Marshall , Sydney Driscoll , and Aria Montgomery , who are assisting them in completing the endgame . The series finale explains that Alex Drake was put up for adoption in exchange for a sum of money ( for Mary ) , but then left at an orphanage by her adopted parents who were concerned for their image . She ran away from the orphanage at ten years old and eventually started working in a bar in London , where Wren Kingston mistook her for Spencer , revealing the existence of Alex 's twin and Charlotte . Wren introduces Charlotte and Alex in an airport ( just after Charlotte met Archer Dunhill ) and they immediately connect , becoming very close in a short amount of time . After Charlotte is released from Welby , she tells Alex that she wishes to return to Rosewood and resume the game , but Alex says she should n't go unless she gets to come too , since she wants to meet Spencer . Charlotte says no and describes the Hastings as `` toxic people '' before leaving for Rosewood , where she was murdered by Mona . Alex is enraged and forces Wren to shoot her so that she looks exactly like Spencer and can successfully impersonate her . She then goes to Rosewood and picks up the game as `` Uber A '' . Alex has made several appearances where she impersonates Spencer , including , but not limited to : The run in with Ezra at the airport where she introduced Wren , the kiss between `` Spencer '' and Toby just before the latter planned to leave Rosewood with Yvonne , and Hanna 's `` dream '' where she `` hallucinated '' Spencer while A.D held her hostage . The latter was done so that Alex could find out whether Hanna was telling the truth about killing Charlotte . The A-Team ( edit ) The A-Team is a group of anonymous characters that worked together as `` A '' . The team would work under the orders of the `` A '' in charge , who has been Mona Vanderwaal , the original leader and founder and CeCe Drake , the second leader . Five years later , Alex Drake , also known as Uber A , assembles a team of their own . This team continues using the same name , though is also referred to as the `` A.D. - Team '' . Members ( edit ) Sara Harvey ( edit ) Sara was the right - hand woman to Charlotte and also revealed as an A-Team member halfway throughout the sixth season . Sara is revealed as a Red Coat and the Black Widow , hired to pose as a decoy whenever Charlotte could n't sport the Red Coat disguise . She then became Charlotte 's friend and ally in the `` A '' game and assisted her in most of her schemes . Sara was allegedly diagnosed with Stockholm Syndrome following Charlotte 's arrest , but later discloses to Alison that she lied under oath , also admitting that she and Charlotte were in fact close friends and she felt as though they were sisters . Later , Sara was possibly enlisted by `` A.D. '' to work with them . However , Sara was killed by Noel Kahn after she tried to reveal more than she should to Emily . Sydney Driscoll ( edit ) Sydney is Uber A 's helper for a brief while . She is first seen communicating with them through text messages , when she makes a donation under their name at the Vogel Vision Institute . When Aria and Emily confront her , Driscoll claims that she is simply representing a client who prefers to remain anonymous . However , she returns in the following episode and reveals herself to be `` A.D. '' . She offers Aria the chance to join their team , but Aria realizes that Sydney is communicating with someone through an ear piece , revealing that she 's just a minion . Aria asks her why she would join their tormentor and Driscoll replies that she wants to be part of the `` winning team '' . However , Uber A , who reveals herself as Spencer 's twin sister Alex Drake , reveals in the series finale that Sydney was n't involved in the Blind School shooting and joined the A-Team because Alex found out she had been stealing from a bank and she fit the hoodie . Toby Cavanaugh ( edit ) Toby was recruited by Mona to join the A-Team when he got a job in Bucks County . His participation in the team was revealed in the mid-season finale of the third season . He worked hand in hand with Mona and did most of the dirty work for the team , like running down Lucas and attacking Hanna . However , like Mona , he did n't know the identity of Red Coat . Spencer finds out about his betrayal and goes off the deep end , especially after discovering his corpse . However , it is revealed that he is alive and well , with the corpse being a trick by Mona and Red Coat that he says he did n't know about until after . He is also revealed to be a double agent and gets kicked off the team . Spencer Hastings ( edit ) Spencer joined the A-Team briefly near the ending of the third season after having been invited by Mona at the Radley while hospitalized . Initially , Spencer was extremely determined to be part of the team . However , she later unfolds the truth behind the disappearance of Toby and became a double agent as well . Likewise Toby , she got kicked off from the team . She is the `` A '' who kidnapped Malcolm , causing a break up between Ezra and Aria . Lucas gottesman ( edit ) Lucas was the personal assistant to Mona . He was blackmailed by Mona and the A-Team into sending texts and doing their dirty work . Lucas claims his blackmail began after Mona discovered he was selling test answers , however Mona later discloses that Lucas was the `` A '' who gave Emily a massage back in the second season while Mona was off riding with Hanna . During the seventh - season episode `` Hold Your Piece '' , Pastor Ted Wilson reveals to Hanna that he used to run a summer camp for troubled boys , and Charlotte was a camper there prior to her sex change . Wilson is disheartened when describing that he interacted with his offspring without awareness they were related . Ted then showcases Hanna a picture of himself back when he worked at the camp , chaperoning Charles and Lucas , whom he described as his son 's `` only friend '' . Melissa Hastings ( edit ) Melissa was blackmailed by Mona into wearing the Black Swan disguise to the Masquerade Ball in order to distract Jenna . Mona threatened to reveal her fake pregnancy if she did n't obey her orders . Later , Melissa got onto the Halloween Train dressed as the Queen of Hearts and drugged Aria . Wilden then attempted to push her off of the train in a box with Garrett 's dead body . It is implied that she was once again blackmailed . It is implied in `` A Dark Ali '' that Melissa is once again working for `` A '' , as she is seen handing a recording ( presumed stolen by `` A '' ) to a man resembling Cyrus Petrillo and later implies to Spencer that `` A '' has something in store for Ali and the Liars . Darren Wilden ( edit ) Wilden was also part of the team as he was the Queens of Hearts responsible for trying to kill Spencer . He also murdered Garrett Reynolds fearing he 'd expose him as a crooked cop and placed his corpse in a box beside a fainted Aria . Wilden 's reasoning for helping the team is unknown but implied to be blackmail . Jenna Marshall ( edit ) Jenna was a member of the A-Team during the reign of Big A and was also working anonymously for Uber A. She remains around Rosewood in `` Along Comes Mary '' and befriends Sara Harvey . Meanwhile , Aria Montgomery and Emily Fields discover that Jenna was on Archer 's payroll for unknown reasons . On the episode 's closing scene , Marshall and Sara are having drinks at The Radley when an unknown figure approaches the two and reveals themselves to be Noel Kahn , who proceeds to join the duo . When confronted by Emily in regards to her involvement with Archer during `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' , Jenna admits she befriended Charlotte DiLaurentis after reading about her stay at Welby and reached out . In a flashback , Charlotte enlists Jenna 's help to track down the whereabouts of her birth mother and come up with an alias for Archer . The pseudonym `` Elliott Rollins '' was later created so Archer could deliberately meet Alison and take advantage of her good intentions to benefit Charlotte 's eventual release from the psychiatric hospital . In `` The DArkest Knight '' all of the Liars get a text message , ordering them to head over to 1465 , Elm Street . After being lured to an abandoned school for blind students , they 're held hostage by Noel and Jenna , with Marshall tracking them down at gunpoint . During the cat - and - mouse chase , Jenna takes aim at the Liars only to backfire , until a second gunshot is heard and it injures Spencer . As Marshall prepares to finish her off , Mary Drake suddenly emerges from behind and knocks her out . While Drake attempts to help Spencer , an unknown figure drags Jenna away from the building . On the closing scene of the episode , the anonymous entity places her in the back of a van , while she questions them if they were responsible for the gunshot that hit Spencer . As the mysterious figure proceeds to rip off an old man 's mask and toss it over to Jenna 's side , Marshall feels it up and realizes that A.D. was the one who rescued her . At the end of `` Playtime '' , Jenna is seated in A.D. 's lair , sipping tea . She thanks the unidentified individual for the drink and reminds them of their promise to update her on the `` game '' . Dressed in a nurse 's uniform , A.D. drops a binder on Marshall 's lap with pages of information written in braille . After Jenna reads a paragraph , she mutters the word `` endgame '' and grins in delight . During `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' , Jenna walks into the police station in order to come clean about her actions and interrupts a conversation between Spencer and detective Marco Furey . Marshall reports that she kept a low profile after the events that took place at the abandoned school for blind students to avoid being harmed by Noel . According to Jenna , Noel was accountable for Sara Harvey 's homicide and she feared to be his ensuing victim . Kahn recruited Jenna with the assertion that Charlotte left enough money in her will to afford Marshall another eye surgery . Nevertheless , Jenna suspected Noel of stealthily plotting to steal the cash all to himself since his parents had financially cut him off . In an attempt to spare her life , Marshall brought a gun to the deserted sight school as an act of self - defense and pretended to hold a grudge against the Liars . After Jenna describes her side of the story , Furey orders one of his associates to escort Marshall to a conference room so she can make an official statement . As Jenna exits the room , Spencer claims that she 's an unreliable narrator . However , Furey informs Spencer that the authorities do n't have enough evidence against Marshall because the bullet that injured Spencer did n't match the gun found at the location . Later in the episode , Caleb confronts Jenna stating that the authorities were already detecting holes in her allegations . However , Marshall assures Caleb they wo n't be able to prosecute her since Noel was the only person who could contradict her statement . In the series finale , Spencer 's twin , Alex Drake , is revealed to be `` A.D. '' . She reveals that Jenna was looking for her and recruited Noel to help . However , Jenna was desperate for another chance to see and offered to help her in the game . Noel Kahn ( edit ) Noel Kahn returned to Rosewood to team up with Jenna Marshall and Sara Harvey . Kahn served as one of Charlotte 's former minions and worked for her at the Dollhouse , having been responsible for placing blood all over Spencer Hastings to convince she had hurt someone . Noel became the prime suspect for Uber A , particularly after Alison reveals that he pushed a girl down a flight of stairs when he was drunk during a UPenn frat party . Hanna abducts him at the end of `` The Wrath of Kahn '' in an attempt to obtain a video confession that proves he 's their tormentor . In the following episode `` The DArkest Knight '' , she instead ends up slashing his leg with a knife in order to test his DNA and see if it matches Mary Drake 's . The results later come back negative and Kahn ends up escaping . Noel and Jenna later lure the Liars to an abandoned school for blind students so they could be held hostage and eventually murdered . During a cat - and - mouse chase , Kahn ends up stumbling upon an axe that decapitates his head after failing to fight Emily and Hanna . In the following episode , `` Playtime '' , Detective Marco Furey informs Spencer that Jenna and Noel frequently visited Archer Dunhill at Welby . During `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' , Jenna walks into the police station in order to come clean about her actions and interrupts a conversation between Spencer and detective Marco Furey . Marshall reports that she kept a low profile after the events that took place at the abandoned school for blind students to avoid being harmed by Noel . According to Jenna , Noel was accountable for Sara Harvey 's homicide and she feared to be his ensuing victim . Kahn recruited Jenna with the assertion that Charlotte left enough money in her will to afford Marshall another eye surgery . Nevertheless , Jenna suspected Noel of stealthily plotting to steal the cash all to himself since his parents had financially cut him off . In an attempt to spare her life , Marshall brought a gun to the deserted sight school as an act of self - defense and pretended to hold a grudge against the Liars . However , when Caleb later confronts Jenna about the authorities detecting holes in her allegations , she informs him that the only person who could contradict her side of the story was Noel . Aria Montgomery ( edit ) Aria is `` A.D. 's '' helper . Aria is given the offer to join the team in `` Power Play '' . She accepts in the following episode and begins supplying information to Uber A. After the Liars discover Lucas ' graphic novel , Aria is sent by Uber A to retrieve it . Once she delivers it , she is given an `` A '' hoodie in return . She breaks into Alison 's house sporting the disguise and trashes the nursery for her baby . In the next episode , Aria is sent by `` A.D. '' to deliver a `` gift '' to the Hastings family . She connects to their Bluetooth and leaves a burner phone there to play a video recording of Peter and Mary discussing Jessica 's murder . She later gets back into her `` A '' disguise and breaks into Alison 's house to put the puzzle piece onto the and retrieve her file . `` A.D. '' contacts Aria again and gives her a phone to communicate on . `` A.D. '' asks Aria to meet them and to wear the uniform to do so . Mona overhears the call and tells the Liars of Aria 's involvement with the A-Team . Aria gets into her `` A '' hoodie and goes to meet `` A.D. '' , only to be confronted by the Liars . She then officially defects from the team and rejoins the Liars . Mary Drake ( edit ) Mary joins the A.D. - Team after the time jump , when Alex helps break her out of prison and then helps her with kidnapping Spencer and keeping her locked away in their bunker . When Alex tries to kill Spencer , Mary tries to convince her to just keep her locked up , but Alex refuses and punches her to keep her from interfering . Mary and Alex are then kidnapped by Mona and kept as her dolls in her own personal dollhouse . Wren Kingston ( edit ) Wren is one of the helpers to Alex . He shoots her so that she will have the same scar as Spencer and then later comes to Welby to kill Mona as `` A.D. '' for Alex , only stopping once Mona says she can help get Mary out . Alex kills Wren so that she does n't have to break up with him in order to get her endgame wishes . Despite Wren being the only person to know almost everything about Alex 's game , he does n't participate much during the actual game , only doing a few things for Alex . Other `` a 's '' ( edit ) Caleb rivers ( edit ) Caleb used the identity of `` A '' to text Hanna in Season 3 , in order to trick her into meeting him . He sent her the text `` The Apple Rose Grille at closing time . Go alone or Caleb pays . - A '' to find out this information from her about the new `` A '' . Shana Fring ( edit ) Shana pretended to be `` A '' to attack the Liars in New York . She donned a black hoodie and attacked them at the coffee shop , only to end up shooting Ezra instead , who had found out her identity . In the following episode , she continued to hunt down the Liars , and sent a group of black hoodies to trick them . The black hoodies used the alias `` A '' during their taunting of the Liars . Shana revealed herself to the girls and revealed that she wanted justice for Jenna . The Liars falsely believed that Shana was Big A . Disguises ( edit ) During the TV series , the antagonists used various disguises at parties and events , in order to watch over the girls . They are : Red Coat ( edit ) Main article : Red Coat ( Pretty Little Liars ) Red Coat is a disguise used by two members of the A-Team . CeCe Drake took on the disguise to lead the A-Team and go out in public , while she hired Sara Harvey to act as a decoy whenever she could n't sport the disguise in her assignments . The Black Widow ( edit ) The Black Widow is a previously anonymous character who attended detective Darren Wilden 's funeral in `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' . The disguise is all black clothing , with her face concealed by a black veil . The Black Widow is shown to be a part of the A-Team , when she is seen inside the `` A '' R.V. placing a Mona doll with the rest of the `` A '' doll collection . She then lifts up her veil to reveal a burned Ali mask underneath , revealing that she was the Red Coat at the Lodge . In the fifth season , the disguise is seen inside one of `` A '' 's lairs . In `` Game Over , Charles '' , it is revealed that Sara Harvey was the Black Widow . Charlotte sent her to Wilden 's funeral to make sure he was deceased . In `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' , Sara shows up to Charlotte 's funeral in a variation of the disguise , though this time revealing her face . In a nightmare that Alison had during `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' , her mom , Jessica DiLaurentis shows up as the Black Widow . The Queen of Hearts ( edit ) The Queen of Hearts is a previously anonymous character that made an appearance during the third season 's Halloween special , `` This Is a Dark Ride '' . In the fourth season 's premiere , it is revealed that there were actually two of them in the Halloween train , Melissa Hastings and Darren Wilden . Wilden attacked Spencer and fought Paige , while Melissa drugged Aria and took her body . Wilden also murdered Garrett Reynolds fearing he 'd expose his corrupt activities and Melissa later admits to Spencer that she was blackmailed into doing his bidding . However , in Mona 's footage , evidence shows that Wilden tried to abandon the train and Melissa is heard ordering him to stay . Wilden would later place a fainted Aria in a box beside Garrett 's corpse and then gathered with Melissa in an attempt to push them off the train . They fled the scene once Aria regained her consciousness and stabbed Wilden . The Black Swan ( edit ) The Black Swan is a previously anonymous character that made an appearance during the Masquerade Ball . Melissa was revealed to be the person behind the disguise in `` Birds of a Feather '' . She claimed that `` A '' ( Mona ) threatened her , stating that her false pregnancy would 've been exposed if she did not distract Jenna during the event . The disguise is inspired by Odile from Swan Lake . The Black hoodie ( edit ) Of course , the black hoodie has been the most significant disguise over the years and probably the most well known . Almost every single `` A '' has worn the signature black hoodie and it will be one of the biggest things for as long as Pretty Little Liars will be remembered . The disguise has been used by Mona , Charlotte , Toby , Spencer , Lucas , Sydney , Aria , Wren , and Alex . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Pilot '' . ABC Family . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 15 March 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season Finale Recap : ( Spoiler ) 's Twin Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game Over , Charles '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2015 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Shari ( 11 August 2016 ) . `` '' Pretty Little Liars '' Finale Recap : `` Game Over , Charles '' ( VIDEO ) `` . Gossip Cop . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sorren , Martha . `` Sara Harvey Is Red Coat On ' Pretty Little Liars ' & She Was In Cahoots With CeCe '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha . `` Pretty Little Liars boss definitively answers who was behind the show 's biggest mysteries '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://freeform.go.com/shows/pretty-little-liars/news/who-is-sydney-on-pretty-little-liars Jump up ^ `` The Lady Killer '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A dAngerous gAme '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What Becomes of the Broken Hearted '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' A ' is for A-l-i-v-e '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2013 . Jump up ^ I. Marlene King ( @ imarleneking ) ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` @ SherrieScream4 pretending '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Miss Me x 100 '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` This Is a Dark Ride '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2014 . Jump up ^ Director : Glatter , Lesli Linka . Writer : King , I. Marlene ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Unmasked '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 2 . Episode 25 . ABC Family . ( hide ) Pretty Little Liars Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll Related Book series 2006 novel Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_(Pretty_Little_Liars)&oldid=841473122 '' Categories : Pretty Little Liars characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional murderers Fictional kidnappers Fictional hackers Fictional stalkers Fictional blackmailers Literary villains Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 02 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who is in the a team in pll	[]	[]
469932411027877640	Jacklyn Zeman	Jacklyn Zeman - wikipedia Jacklyn Zeman Jacklyn Zeman ( 1953 - 03 - 06 ) March 6 , 1953 ( age 65 ) Englewood , New Jersey , U.S. Occupation Actress Years active 1974 -- present Spouse ( s ) Murray the K ( 1979 -- 81 ) Steve Gribbin ( 1985 -- 86 ) Glenn Gorden ( 1988 -- 2007 ) Jacklyn Zeman ( born March 6 , 1953 ) is an American actress . She is known for her role as Barbara `` Bobbie '' Spencer on General Hospital . She is sometimes credited as Jackie Zeman . Contents 1 Personal life 2 Filmography 3 Awards and nominations 4 References 5 External links Personal life ( edit ) Zeman was born in Englewood , New Jersey , to a family of Jewish descent . Her parents are Rita Zeman - Rohlman , a magazine supervisor , and Richard S. Zeman , a systems engineer . She grew up in Bergenfield , New Jersey and completed her high school studies at age 15 at Bergenfield High School , after which she studied dance on a scholarship at New York University . She was a Playboy Bunny at the Playboy Club in 1972 . Zeman has been married three times . Her first marriage , to Murray Kaufman , a popular DJ known as Murray the K , lasted from September 16 , 1979 to 1981 . Her second marriage , to Steve Gribbin , lasted from 1985 to 1986 . Zeman and her third husband , Glenn Gorden , were married from February 14 , 1988 , to June 21 , 2007 . Zeman and Gorden have two daughters , Cassidy Zee Gorden ( born September 16 , 1990 ) and Lacey Rose Gorden ( born July 15 , 1992 ) . In the 1990s , Zeman was the spokeswoman for Excedrin aspirin ; she currently works with the Home Shopping Network , designing and presenting a signature line of jewelry . She was close friends with her late GH co-star Shell Kepler ( Nurse Amy Vining ) and delivered a eulogy at her funeral . She was also close to another late GH co-star Anna Lee ( wealthy matriarch Lila Quartermaine ) , whom Zeman paid tribute to in 2004 , prior to Lee 's death . She recently said in an interview , when asked if Lee had a pretty great memory : `` Absolutely , she did ! She was so beautiful and funny . Oh , my God , she was funny . She had a bawdy sense of humor . And of how many women , she stayed on that show for so many years , and well , well , well , with an older woman , which she was on , and still , they could shot her so tight with such beautiful close - ups , because , she had such ( well , not only ) , a beautiful face , when she continued to having as she aged , but the beauty and the light within her , in her spirit , it just truly say , ' A Star Shines . ' She is the perfect example of that ! '' She also responded if Lee had been like a ' surrogate grandmother ' to Zeman , both on - and off - the camera , `` I have great respect and admiration for Anna Lee personally and professionally . She was always a pleasure to spend time with both on and off the set . I still think of her often and I feel blessed to have experienced her friendship and her amazing sense of humor . I miss her beautiful smiling face . '' The last thing she said about the times that she & Lee spent together , while not doing General Hospital , like fundraisers or primarily eating out was , `` Yes , and I enjoyed every minute of the time Anna Lee and I spent together . She was such fun to be around and she had the best sense of humor . Very earthy . I miss her so much but I feel such gratitude to have known her and worked with her and I will always remember her with love and friendship in my heart . '' Zeman 's home in Malibu , California was reported to be in foreclosure in 2012 . Filmography ( edit ) ( 1976 -- 77 ) : One Life to Live as Lana McClain ( credited as Jackie Zeman ) ( 1976 ) : The Edge of Night as Bobbi ( 1977 -- 2010 , 2013 -- ) : General Hospital as Bobbie Spencer ( 1977 ) : The Day the Music Died as Samantha as ( credited as Jackie Zeman ) ( 1982 ) : National Lampoon 's Class Reunion as Jane Washbur Awards and nominations ( edit ) Daytime Emmys nominations Outstanding Supporting Actress ( 1981 ) for General Hospital Outstanding Supporting Actress ( 1995 ) for General Hospital Outstanding Supporting Actress ( 1997 ) for General Hospital Outstanding Lead Actress ( 1998 ) for General Hospital Soap Opera Digest Award Favorite Villainess ( 1979 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://www.jweekly.com/2003/11/14/celebrity-jews-5/ Jump up ^ http://www.filmreference.com/film/93/Jacklyn-Zeman.html Jump up ^ Staff . Jackie Zeman ; Malibu , California , FabOverFifty.com . Accessed September 11 , 2012 . `` When did you start acting ? In high school . We had a great drama department at Bergenfield High School . I got cast in all of the plays and loved it . I played Peggy Evans in Come Blow Your Horn and Puck in A Midsummer Night 's Dream . '' Jump up ^ FAQ : The Playboy Clubs Jump up ^ SoapZone : General Hospital News & Gossip Jump up ^ http://www.blogtalkradio.com/daytimeafterdark1976/2013/05/18/special-guest-jackie-zeman Jump up ^ http://starsqa.com/jacklyn-zeman-interviews Jump up ^ http://starsqa.com/jacklyn-zeman-interviews Jump up ^ http://realestalker.blogspot.com/2012/08/distressed-sale-soap-star-jackie-zeman.html External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jacklyn Zeman . Jacklyn Zeman on IMDb WorldCat Identities ISNI : 0000 0000 2477 9494 LCCN : n85235688 VIAF : 35899739 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacklyn_Zeman&oldid=864336563 '' Categories : 1953 births Actresses from New Jersey American soap opera actresses American television actresses Living people People from Bergenfield , New Jersey Bergenfield High School alumni Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 15 : 31 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	where is the actress who plays monica on general hospital	[]	[]
2504867944329605862	The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film)	The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 film ) - wikipedia The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 film ) Jump to : navigation , search The Last of the Mohicans Theatrical release poster Directed by Michael Mann Produced by Michael Mann Hunt Lowry Screenplay by Michael Mann Christopher Crowe Story by John L. Balderston Paul Perez Daniel Moore Based on The Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper The Last of the Mohicans by Philip Dunne Starring Daniel Day - Lewis Madeleine Stowe Jodhi May Music by Trevor Jones Randy Edelman Cinematography Dante Spinotti Edited by Dov Hoenig Arthur Schmidt Production company Morgan Creek Productions Distributed by 20th Century Fox ( USA & Canada ) Warner Bros . ( International ) Release date August 26 , 1992 ( 1992 - 08 - 26 ) ( France ) September 25 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 25 ) ( United States ) Running time 112 minutes Country United States Language English French Mohawk Huron Budget $40 million Box office $75.5 million ( North America ) The Last of the Mohicans is a 1992 American epic historical drama , set in 1757 during the French and Indian War . It was directed by Michael Mann , based on James Fenimore Cooper 's eponymous 1826 novel and George B. Seitz 's 1936 film adaptation , owing more to the latter than the novel . The film stars Daniel Day - Lewis , Madeleine Stowe , and Jodhi May , with Russell Means , Wes Studi , Eric Schweig , and Steven Waddington in supporting roles . It was produced by Morgan Creek Pictures . The soundtrack features music by Trevor Jones and Randy Edelman , and the song `` I Will Find You '' by Clannad . The main theme of the film is taken from the tune `` The Gael '' by Scottish singer - songwriter Dougie MacLean . Released on September 25 , 1992 in the United States , The Last of the Mohicans was met with nearly universal praise from critics and commercial success during its box - office run . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Props 5 Locations 6 Reception and honors 6.1 Box office 7 Alternate versions 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) The story takes place in 1757 , during the French and Indian War in the Adirondack Mountains , in the British colony of New York . British Army Major Duncan Heyward arrives in Albany . He has been sent to serve under Colonel Edmund Munro , the commander of Fort William Henry . Heyward is given the task of escorting the colonel 's two daughters , Cora and Alice , to their father . He is a family friend and in love with Cora , to whom he proposes before they leave , but she does not give him an answer . Major Heyward , the two women , and a troop of British soldiers march through the rugged countryside , guided by Magua , a Huron warrior . Magua leads the party into an ambush . All of the soldiers are killed or wounded , but Heyward and the women are rescued by the timely intervention of the Mohican chief Chingachgook , his son Uncas , and his white , adopted son `` Hawkeye '' , who kill all of the ambushers except Magua , who escapes . The rescuers agree to take the women and Heyward to the fort . During the fight , Hawkeye noticed that Magua attempted to kill Cora and asks Duncan if he knows why . During the trek , Cora and Hawkeye are attracted to each other , as are Uncas and Alice . When the party nears the fort , they find it under siege by the French and their Huron allies . The party manages to sneak in and are greeted by Colonel Munro , who asks Major Heyward about the requested , desperately needed reinforcements . While there , Cora and Hawkeye share a passionate kiss , and Heyward becomes jealous . In response , Cora finally tells him she will not marry him . When Munro refuses to allow the militiamen to sneak away to defend their own families and homes , as he had earlier promised , Hawkeye arranges it anyway . He stays , however , and is condemned to death . Before that happens , during a parlay , French general Louis - Joseph de Montcalm shows Munro an intercepted message which states that no reinforcements have been sent . Montcalm offers to allow the British to evacuate the fort with honor , keeping their weapons . Munro has little choice but to accept . However , Magua , a French ally , is furious at this arrangement . He harbors great hatred for Munro , blaming him for past wrongs done to him and his family . The following day , Colonel Munro , his soldiers , and their women and children leave the fort . Magua and his Huron warriors ambush them . Magua personally kills Munro . Hawkeye and the Mohicans fight their way out , leading Cora , Alice , and Heyward to temporary safety . Later , however , Magua captures the major and the women . Magua takes his prisoners to a Huron settlement and addresses its sachem . He is interrupted by Hawkeye , who comes in alone to plead for their lives . The sachem rules that Heyward be returned to the British , Alice given to Magua , and Cora burned alive . Hawkeye , for his great bravery , may leave unharmed . Hawkeye tells Heyward , who is serving as translator , to beg the sachem to let Hawkeye take Cora 's place . Instead , Heyward trades his own life for Cora 's . Once Cora and Hawkeye are far enough away , Hawkeye shoots Heyward to end his suffering . Chingachgook , Uncas , and Hawkeye then set out after Magua 's party to free Alice . Uncas races ahead and engages Magua in personal combat , but is killed . Alice chooses to step off the cliff to her death rather than go to the beckoning Magua . While Hawkeye holds Magua 's remaining men at bay , Chingachgook duels Magua and avenges his son . Chingachgook prays to the Great Spirit to receive Uncas , calling himself `` the last of the Mohicans '' . Cast ( edit ) Daniel Day - Lewis as Hawkeye / Nathaniel Poe Madeleine Stowe as Cora Munro Russell Means as Chingachgook Eric Schweig as Uncas Jodhi May as Alice Munro Steven Waddington as Maj . Duncan Heyward Wes Studi as Magua Maurice Roëves as Col. Edmund Munro Patrice Chéreau as Gen. Louis - Joseph de Montcalm Edward Blatchford as Jack Winthrop Tracey Ellis as Alexandra Cameron Terry Kinney as John Cameron Sebastian Roché as Martin Justin M. Rice as James Cameron Dennis Banks as Ongewasgone Pete Postlethwaite as Capt . Beams Colm Meaney as Maj . Ambrose Mac Andrews as Gen. Daniel Webb Benton Jennings as Scottish Officer Jared Harris as British Lieutenant Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) Props ( edit ) Much care was taken with recreating accurate costumes and props . American Bladesmith Society master bladesmith Daniel Winkler made the tomahawks used in the film and knifemaker Randall King made the knives . Wayne Watson is the maker of Hawkeye 's `` Killdeer '' rifle used in the film . The gunstock war club made for Chingachgook was created by Jim Yellow Eagle . Magua 's tomahawk was made by Fred A. Mitchell of Odin Forge & Fabrication . Costumes were originally designed by multiple Academy Award winner James Acheson , but he left the film and had his name removed because of artistic differences with Mann . Designer Elsa Zamparelli was brought in to finish . Locations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Despite the film taking place in upstate New York , according to the film credits , it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina . Locations used include Lake James , Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate . Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls , Triple Falls , Bridal Veil Falls , and High Falls , all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest . Another of these falls was Linville Falls , in the mountains of North Carolina . Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville , NC at The Manor on Charlotte St . Reception and honors ( edit ) The Last of the Mohicans opened to general acclaim , with critics praising the film for its cinematography and music . Critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three stars and called it `` quite an improvement on Cooper 's all but unreadable book , and a worthy successor to the Randolph Scott version , '' going on to say that `` The Last of the Mohicans is not as authentic and uncompromised as it claims to be -- more of a matinee fantasy than it wants to admit -- but it is probably more entertaining as a result . '' Desson Howe of The Washington Post classified the film as `` glam - opera '' and `` the MTV version of gothic romance '' . Rita Kempley of the Post recognized the `` heavy drama , '' writing that the film `` sets new standards when it comes to pent - up passion '' , but commented positively on the `` spectacular scenery '' . The Last of the Mohicans is certified `` Fresh '' at the film site Rotten Tomatoes , with a positive rating of 94 % ( 34 reviews out of 35 counted fresh ) . The film won the Academy Award for Best Sound ( Chris Jenkins , Doug Hemphill , Mark Smith , Simon Kaye ) . American Film Institute recognition : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Hawkeye - Nominated Hero Box Office ( edit ) The film opened in the United States on September 25 , 1992 , in 1,856 theaters . It was the number 1 movie on its opening weekend . By the end of its first weekend , The Last of the Mohicans had generated $10,976,661 , and by the end of its domestic run , the film had made $75,505,856 . It was ranked the 17th highest - grossing film of 1992 in the United States . Alternate versions ( edit ) The film was released theatrically in 1992 at a length of 112 minutes . It was released at this length on VHS in the U.S. It was re-edited to a length of 117 minutes for its U.S. DVD release on November 23 , 1999 , which was billed as the `` Director 's Expanded Edition '' . It was again re-edited for its U.S. Blu - ray release on October 5 , 2010 , this time billed as the `` Director 's Definitive Cut '' , with a length of 114 mins . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Last of the Mohicans '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 18 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Haskew , Mike ( 2006 - 09 - 01 ) . `` Star - Spangled Hawks Take Wing '' . 33 ( 9 ) . Blade Magazine . pp. 30 -- 37 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( September 25 , 1992 ) . `` The Last of The Mohicans '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Desson Howe ( September 25 , 1992 ) . `` The Last of The Mohicans '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rita Kempley ( September 25 , 1992 ) . `` The Last of The Mohicans '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Freshness count '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The 65th Academy Awards ( 1993 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains Nominees Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office '' . The Los Angeles Times . 1992 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Fox , David J. ( 1992 - 10 - 06 ) . `` Box Office Has n't Seen the Last of ' Mohicans '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Gerald Wurm ( 2010 - 04 - 07 ) . `` Last Of The Mohicans , The ( Comparison : Theatrical Version - Director 's Expanded Edition ) '' . Movie-Censorship.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Last of the Mohicans ( Director 's Expanded Edition ) : Daniel Day - Lewis , Madeleine Stowe , Russell Means , Eric Schweig , Jodhi May , Steven Waddington , Wes Studi , Maurice RoÃ `` ves , Patrice ChÃ © reau , Edward Blatchford , Terry Kinney , Tracey Ellis , Michael Mann , Christopher Crowe , Daniel Moore , James Fenimore Cooper , John L. Balderston , Paul Perez , Philip Dunne : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` The Last of the Mohicans Blu - ray : Director 's Definitive Cut '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Gerald Wurm ( 2010 - 10 - 29 ) . `` Last of the Mohicans , The ( Comparison : Theatrical Version - Director 's Definitive Cut ) '' . Movie-Censorship.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 18 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 film ) Kristopher Tapley : Michael Mann looks back on ' The Last of the Mohicans ' 20 years later at hitfix.com The Last of the Mohicans on IMDb The Last of the Mohicans at the TCM Movie Database The Last of the Mohicans at AllMovie The Last of the Mohicans at Box Office Mojo Films directed by Michael Mann The Jericho Mile ( 1979 ) Thief ( 1981 ) The Keep ( 1983 ) Manhunter ( 1986 ) L.A. Takedown ( 1989 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) Heat ( 1995 ) The Insider ( 1999 ) Ali ( 2001 ) Collateral ( 2004 ) Miami Vice ( 2006 ) Public Enemies ( 2009 ) Blackhat ( 2015 ) James Fenimore Cooper 's The Last of the Mohicans Fictional characters Magua Chingachgook Natty Bumppo Historical characters Colonel Munro Daniel Webb Marquis de Montcalm Tamenund Films The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 American ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1920 German ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1932 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1936 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1968 ) Last of the Redmen ( 1947 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1971 ) The Last of the Mohicans ( 1992 ) Related Hawkeye and the Last of the Mohicans Leatherstocking Tales The Last of the Mohicans ( soundtrack ) VIAF : 177610562 LCCN : no94041546 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_of_the_Mohicans_(1992_film)&oldid=801890223 '' Categories : 1992 films 1757 in fiction 1990s drama films 1990s historical films 1990s war films 20th Century Fox films American drama films American epic films American films American historical films American war films English - language films Films about Native Americans Films based on The Last of the Mohicans Films directed by Michael Mann Films set in the Thirteen Colonies Films shot in North Carolina Films that won the Best Sound Mixing Academy Award French - language films Mohawk - language films Morgan Creek Productions films War epic films Warner Bros. films Film scores by Randy Edelman Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Articles needing additional references from September 2012 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 September 2017 , at 15 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	last of the mohicans filming locations north carolina	[ "Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.", "Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.", "Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.", "Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.", "Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.", "Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.", "Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.", "Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.", "Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.", "Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St." ]	[ "Blue Ridge Mountains", "Lake James", "Chimney Rock Park", "The Biltmore Estate", "Hooker Falls", "Triple Falls", "Bridal Veil Falls", "High Falls", "DuPont State Recreational Forest", "Linville Falls" ]
-1233129184147603021	Technology and society	Technology and society - wikipedia Technology and society See also : Science , technology and society hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Technology society and life or technology and culture refers to cyclical co-dependence , co-influence , and co-production of technology and society upon the other ( technology upon culture , and vice versa ) . This synergistic relationship occurred from the dawn of humankind , with the invention of simple tools and continues into modern technologies such as the printing press and computers . The academic discipline studying the impacts of science , technology , and society , and vice versa is called science and technology studies . Contents 1 Pre-historical 2 Modern examples and effects 3 Economics and technological development 3.1 Funding 3.1. 1 Government funding for new technology 3.1. 2 Private funding 3.2 Other economic considerations 4 Sociological factors and effects 4.1 Values 4.1. 1 Institutions and groups 4.2 International 5 Environment 6 Construction and shaping 6.1 Choice 6.2 Autonomous technology 6.3 Government 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Pre-historical ( edit ) The importance of stone tools , circa 2.5 million years ago , is considered fundamental in the human development in the hunting hypothesis . Primatologist Richard Wrangham theorizes that the control of fire by early humans and the associated development of cooking was the spark that radically changed human evolution . Texts such as Guns , Germs , and Steel suggest that early advances in plant agriculture and husbandry fundamentally shifted the way that collective groups of individuals , and eventually societies , developed . Modern examples and effects ( edit ) Technology has become a huge part in society and day - to - day life . When societies know more about the development in a technology , they become able to take advantage of it . When an innovation achieves a certain point after it has been presented and promoted , this technology becomes part of the society . Digital technology has entered each process and activity made by the social system . In fact , it constructed another worldwide communication system in addition to its origin . A 1982 study by The New York Times described a technology assessment study by the Institute for the Future , `` peering into the future of an electronic world '' . The study focused on the emerging videotex industry , formed by the marriage of two older technologies , communications and computing . It estimated that 40 percent of American households will have two - way videotex service by the end of the century . By comparison , it took television 16 years to penetrate 90 percent of households from the time commercial service was begun . Since the creation of computers achieved an entire better approach to transmit and store data . Digital technology became commonly used for downloading music and watching movies at home either by DVDs or purchasing it online . Digital music records are not quite the same as traditional recording media . Obviously , because digital ones are reproducible , portable and free . However , although these previous examples only show a few of the positive aspects of technology in society , there are negative side effects as well . Within this virtual realm , social media platforms such as Instagram , Facebook , and Snapchat have altered the way Generation Y culture is understanding the world and thus how they view themselves . In recent years , there has been more research on the development of social media depression in users of sites like these . `` Facebook Depression '' is when users are so affected by their friends ' posts and lives that their own jealousy depletes their sense of self - worth . They compare themselves to the posts made by their peers and feel unworthy or monotonous because they know that their life is not nearly as exciting as the lives of others . Another instance of the negative effects of technology in society , is how quickly it is pushing younger generations into maturity . With the world at their fingertips , children can learn anything they wish to . But with the uncensored sources from the internet , without proper supervision , children can be exposed to explicit material at inappropriate ages . This comes in the forms of premature interests in experimenting with makeup or opening an email account or social media page -- all of which can become a window for predators and other dangerous entities that threaten a child 's innocence . Technology has a serious effect on youth 's health . The overuse of technology is said to be associated with sleep deprivation which is linked to obesity and poor academic performance in the lives of adolescents . Economics and technological development ( edit ) Nuclear reactor , Doel , Belgium In ancient history , economics began when occasional , spontaneous exchange of goods and services was replaced over time by deliberate trade structures . Makers of arrowheads , for example , might have realized they could do better by concentrating on making arrowheads and barter for other needs . Regardless of goods and services bartered , some amount of technology was involved -- if no more than in the making of shell and bead jewelry . Even the shaman 's potions and sacred objects can be said to have involved some technology . So , from the very beginnings , technology can be said to have spurred the development of more elaborate economies . In the modern world , superior technologies , resources , geography , and history give rise to robust economies ; and in a well - functioning , robust economy , economic excess naturally flows into greater use of technology . Moreover , because technology is such an inseparable part of human society , especially in its economic aspects , funding sources for ( new ) technological endeavors are virtually illimitable . However , while in the beginning , technological investment involved little more than the time , efforts , and skills of one or a few men , today , such investment may involve the collective labor and skills of many millions . Funding ( edit ) Consequently , the sources of funding for large technological efforts have dramatically narrowed , since few have ready access to the collective labor of a whole society , or even a large part . It is conventional to divide up funding sources into governmental ( involving whole , or nearly whole , social enterprises ) and private ( involving more limited , but generally more sharply focused ) business or individual enterprises . Government funding for new technology ( edit ) The government is a major contributor to the development of new technology in many ways . In the United States alone , many government agencies specifically invest billions of dollars in new technology . ( In 1980 , the UK government invested just over 6 - million pounds in a four - year program , later extended to six years , called the Microelectronics Education Programme ( MEP ) , which was intended to give every school in Britain at least one computer , software , training materials , and extensive teacher training . Similar programs have been instituted by governments around the world . ) Technology has frequently been driven by the military , with many modern applications developed for the military before they were adapted for civilian use . However , this has always been a two - way flow , with industry often developing and adopting a technology only later adopted by the military . Entire government agencies are specifically dedicated to research , such as America 's National Science Foundation , the United Kingdom 's scientific research institutes , America 's Small Business Innovative Research effort . Many other government agencies dedicate a major portion of their budget to research and development . Private funding ( edit ) Research and development is one of the smallest areas of investments made by corporations toward new and innovative technology . Many foundations and other nonprofit organizations contribute to the development of technology . In the OECD , about two - thirds of research and development in scientific and technical fields is carried out by industry , and 98 percent and 10 percent respectively by universities and government . But in poorer countries such as Portugal and Mexico the industry contribution is significantly less . The U.S. government spends more than other countries on military research and development , although the proportion has fallen from about 30 percent in the 1980s to less than 10 percent . The 2009 founding of Kickstarter allows individuals to receive funding via crowdsourcing for many technology related products including both new physical creations as well as documentaries , films , and webseries that focus on technology management . This circumvents the corporate or government oversight most inventors and artists struggle against but leaves the accountability of the project completely with the individual receiving the funds . Other economic considerations ( edit ) Appropriate technology , sometimes called `` intermediate '' technology , more of an economics concern , refers to compromises between central and expensive technologies of developed nations and those that developing nations find most effective to deploy given an excess of labour and scarcity of cash . Persuasion technology : In economics , definitions or assumptions of progress or growth are often related to one or more assumptions about technology 's economic influence . Challenging prevailing assumptions about technology and its usefulness has led to alternative ideas like uneconomic growth or measuring well - being . These , and economics itself , can often be described as technologies , specifically , as persuasion technology . Technocapitalism Technological diffusion Technology acceptance model Technology lifecycle Technology transfer Sociological factors and effects ( edit ) See also : Social construction of technology Values ( edit ) The implementation of technology influences the values of a society by changing expectations and realities . The implementation of technology is also influenced by values . There are ( at least ) three major , interrelated values that inform , and are informed by , technological innovations : Mechanistic world view : Viewing the universe as a collection of parts , ( like a machine ) , that can be individually analyzed and understood . This is a form of reductionism that is rare nowadays . However , the `` neo-mechanistic world view '' holds that nothing in the universe can not be understood by the human intellect . Also , while all things are greater than the sum of their parts ( e.g. , even if we consider nothing more than the information involved in their combination ) , in principle , even this excess must eventually be understood by human intelligence . That is , no divine or vital principle or essence is involved . Efficiency : A value , originally applied only to machines , but now applied to all aspects of society , so that each element is expected to attain a higher and higher percentage of its maximal possible performance , output , or ability . Social progress : The belief that there is such a thing as social progress , and that , in the main , it is beneficent . Before the Industrial Revolution , and the subsequent explosion of technology , almost all societies believed in a cyclical theory of social movement and , indeed , of all history and the universe . This was , obviously , based on the cyclicity of the seasons , and an agricultural economy 's and society 's strong ties to that cyclicity . Since much of the world is closer to their agricultural roots , they are still much more amenable to cyclicity than progress in history . This may be seen , for example , in Prabhat Rainjan Sarkar 's modern social cycles theory . For a more westernized version of social cyclicity , see Generations : The History of America 's Future , 1584 to 2069 ( Paperback ) by Neil Howe and William Strauss ; Harper Perennial ; Reprint edition ( September 30 , 1992 ) ; ISBN 0 - 688 - 11912 - 3 , and subsequent books by these authors . Institutions and groups ( edit ) Technology often enables organizational and bureaucratic group structures that otherwise and heretofore were simply not possible . Examples of this might include : The rise of very large organizations : e.g. , governments , the military , health and social welfare institutions , supranational corporations . The commercialization of leisure : sports events , products , etc . ( McGinn ) The almost instantaneous dispersal of information ( especially news ) and entertainment around the world . International ( edit ) Technology enables greater knowledge of international issues , values , and cultures . Due mostly to mass transportation and mass media , the world seems to be a much smaller place , due to the following : Globalization of ideas Embeddedness of values Population growth and control Environment ( edit ) Main article : Environmental technology Technology provides an understanding , and an appreciation for the world around us . Most modern technological processes produce unwanted by products in addition to the desired products , which is known as industrial waste and pollution . While most material waste is re-used in the industrial process , many forms are released into the environment , with negative environmental side effects , such as pollution and lack of sustainability . Different social and political systems establish different balances between the value they place on additional goods versus the disvalues of waste products and pollution . Some technologies are designed specifically with the environment in mind , but most are designed first for economic or ergonomic effects . Historically , the value of a clean environment and more efficient productive processes has been the result of an increase in the wealth of society , because once people are able to provide for their basic needs , they are able to focus on less - tangible goods such as clean air and water . The effects of technology on the environment are both obvious and subtle . The more obvious effects include the depletion of nonrenewable natural resources ( such as petroleum , coal , ores ) , and the added pollution of air , water , and land . The more subtle effects include debates over long - term effects ( e.g. , global warming , deforestation , natural habitat destruction , coastal wetland loss . ) Each wave of technology creates a set of waste previously unknown by humans : toxic waste , radioactive waste , electronic waste . One of the main problems is the lack of an effective way to remove these pollutants on a large scale expediently . In nature , organisms `` recycle '' the wastes of other organisms , for example , plants produce oxygen as a by - product of photosynthesis , oxygen - breathing organisms use oxygen to metabolize food , producing carbon dioxide as a by - product , which plants use in a process to make sugar , with oxygen as a waste in the first place . No such mechanism exists for the removal of technological wastes . Construction and shaping ( edit ) Choice ( edit ) Society also controls technology through the choices it makes . These choices not only include consumer demands ; they also include : the channels of distribution , how do products go from raw materials to consumption to disposal ; the cultural beliefs regarding style , freedom of choice , consumerism , materialism , etc. ; the economic values we place on the environment , individual wealth , government control , capitalism , etc . According to Williams and Edge , the construction and shaping of technology includes the concept of choice ( and not necessarily conscious choice ) . Choice is inherent in both the design of individual artifacts and systems , and in the making of those artifacts and systems . The idea here is that a single technology may not emerge from the unfolding of a predetermined logic or a single determinant , technology could be a garden of forking paths , with different paths potentially leading to different technological outcomes . This is a position that has been developed in detail by Judy Wajcman Therefore , choices could have differing implications for society and for particular social groups . Autonomous technology ( edit ) In one line of thought , technology develops autonomously , in other words , technology seems to feed on itself , moving forward with a force irresistible by humans . To these individuals , technology is `` inherently dynamic and self - augmenting . '' Jacques Ellul is one proponent of the irresistibleness of technology to humans . He espouses the idea that humanity can not resist the temptation of expanding our knowledge and our technological abilities . However , he does not believe that this seeming autonomy of technology is inherent . But the perceived autonomy is because humans do not adequately consider the responsibility that is inherent in technological processes . Langdon Winner critiques the idea that technological evolution is essentially beyond the control of individuals or society in his book Autonomous Technology . He argues instead that the apparent autonomy of technology is a result of `` technological somnambulism , '' the tendency of people to uncritically and unreflectively embrace and utilize new technologies without regard for their broader social and political effects . Government ( edit ) Individuals rely on governmental assistance to control the side effects and negative consequences of technology . Supposed independence of government . An assumption commonly made about the government is that their governance role is neutral or independent . However some argue that governing is a political process , so government will be influenced by political winds of influence . In addition , because government provides much of the funding for technological research and development , it has a vested interest in certain outcomes . Other point out that the world 's biggest ecological disasters , such as the Aral Sea , Chernobyl , and Lake Karachay have been caused by government projects , which are not accountable to consumers . Liability . One means for controlling technology is to place responsibility for the harm with the agent causing the harm . Government can allow more or less legal liability to fall to the organizations or individuals responsible for damages . Legislation . A source of controversy is the role of industry versus that of government in maintaining a clean environment . While it is generally agreed that industry needs to be held responsible when pollution harms other people , there is disagreement over whether this should be prevented by legislation or civil courts , and whether ecological systems as such should be protected from harm by governments . Recently , the social shaping of technology has had new influence in the fields of e-science and e-social science in the United Kingdom , which has made centers focusing on the social shaping of science and technology a central part of their funding programs . See also ( edit ) Technology portal Appropriate technology Critique of technology Cultural lag High technology History of science and technology Information culture Internet Knowledge economy List of emerging technologies Science and technology studies Social shaping of technology Technological convergence Technological evolution Technological superpowers Technology tree Technopoly : the Surrender of Culture to Technology Theories of technology References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Catching Fire : How Cooking Made Us Human ^ Jump up to : ( Puricelli 2011 , p. 4 ) Jump up ^ ( Rückriem 2009 , p. 88 ) Jump up ^ ( Katz 2010 , p. 185 ) Jump up ^ Lynden , Burke . `` Generation Y Heavily Dependent On Technology , Promotes Laziness '' . The Jambar . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Woollaston , Victoria . `` Kids ARE growing up faster today - and it 's all down to technology '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Saudi med J. 2016 pages 436 - 439 Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Andrey Korotayev , Artemy Malkov , and Daria Khaltourina . Introduction to Social Macrodynamics : Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth ISBN 5 - 484 - 00414 - 4 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived July 23 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( McGinn 1991 ) Jump up ^ Galtung , Johan . `` Prabhat rainjan sarkar 's social cycles , world unity and peace ; Renaissance 2000 honoring Sarkar 's 75th Anniversary , LA 1 '' . Metafuture.org . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ ( Williams & Edge 1996 ) Jump up ^ ( McGinn 1991 , p. 73 ) Further reading ( edit ) Puricelli , F ( 2011 ) . `` Early Twentieth Century Transportation Technology and the Creation of Modern American Culture '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 11 - 03 . Rückriem , F ( 2009 ) . Digital technology and mediation : A challenge to activity theory . Learning and expanding with activity theory ' . Katz , M ( 2011 ) . Capturing Sound : How Technology Has Changed Music . Hendery , S ( 2009 ) . `` Great gadget , stratospheric price '' . Cochrane , T ; Bateman , R ( 2010 ) . `` Smartphones give you wings : Pedagogical affordances of mobile Web 2.0 . Australasian Journal of Educational Technology '' . Adas , Michael ( 1989 ) . Machines as the Measure of Men : Science , Technology , and Ideologies of Western Dominance . Ithaca : Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 2303 - 1 . Bereano , P. ( 1977 ) . Technology as a Social and Political Phenomenon . Wiley & Sons , ISBN 0471068756 . Castells , Manuel ( 2009 ) . The Rise of the Network Society ( 2nd ed . ) . Oxford , UK. : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1405196864 . Dickson , D. ( 1977 ) . Politics of Alternative Technology . Universe Publisher , ISBN 0876639171 . Easton , T. ( 2011 ) . Taking Sides : Clashing Views in Science , Technology , and Society . McGraw - Hill / Dushkin , ISBN 0078050278 . Huesemann , Michael H. , and Joyce A. Huesemann ( 2011 ) . Technofix : Why Technology Wo n't Save Us or the Environment , New Society Publishers , Gabriola Island , British Columbia , Canada , ISBN 0865717044 , 464 pp . Andrey Korotayev , Artemy Malkov , and Daria Khaltourina . Introduction to Social Macrodynamics : Compact Macromodels of the World System Growth ISBN 5 - 484 - 00414 - 4 ) MacKenzie , D. , and J. Wajcman. ( 1999 ) . The Social Shaping of Technology . McGraw Hill Education , ISBN 0335199135 . McGinn , Robert E. ( 1991 ) . Science , Technology , and Society . Englewood Cliffs , N.J. : Prentice - Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 794736 - 4 . Mesthene , E.G. ( 1970 ) . Technological Change : Its Impact on Man and Society . Harvard University Press , ISBN 0674872355 . Mumford , L. ( 2010 ) . Technics and Civilization . University of Chicago Press , ISBN 0226550273 . Noble , David F. ( 1984 ) , Forces of Production : A Social History of Industrial Automation , New York , New York , USA : Knopf , ISBN 978 - 0 - 394 - 51262 - 4 , LCCN 83048867 . Postman , N. ( 1993 ) . Technopoly : The Surrender of Culture to Technology . Vintage , ISBN 0679745408 . Sclove , R.E. ( 1995 ) . Democracy and Technology . The Guilford Press , ISBN 089862861X . Dan Senor and Saul Singer , Start - up Nation : The Story of Israel 's Economic Miracle , Hachette Book Group , New York , ( 2009 ) ISBN 0 - 446 - 54146 - X Shaw , Jeffrey M. ( 2014 ) . Illusions of Freedom : Thomas Merton and Jacques Ellul on Technology and the Human Condition . Eugene , OR : Wipf and Stock . ISBN 978 - 1625640581 . Smil , Vaclav ( 1994 ) . Energy in World History . Boulder : Westview Press . pp. 259 -- 267 . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 1901 - 3 . Cited at Technology Chronology ( accessed September 11 , 2005 ) . Williams , Robin ; Edge , David ( 1996 ) . `` What is the Social Shaping of Technology ? ( The Introduction to paper `` The Social Shaping of Technology '' . ) `` . Research Policy 25 . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2006 . Retrieved August 10 , 2006 . Winston , Morton ( 2003 ) . `` Children of invention '' . In Morton Winston and Ralph Edelbach ( eds . ) , . Society , Ethics , and Technology ( 2nd ed . ) . Belmont , Calif. : Thomson / Wadsworth . ISBN 0 - 534 - 58540 - X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Technology in society . 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-3502966679599336548	Hellenic Navy	Hellenic Navy - Wikipedia Hellenic Navy Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the naval forces of modern Greece . For information on naval warfare in ancient Greece , see Hellenistic - era warships . Hellenic Navy Πολεμικό Ναυτικό Hellenic Navy Seal Active 1821 ( de facto ) 1828 ( official ) Country Greece Role National Defense Size over 30 000 Personnel 98 Warships including : 13 Frigates 11 Submarines 17 FAMCs 8 Gunboats 9 Tank - landing Ships 6 Patrol Boats Fleet Support & other Auxiliary Ships 21 Aircraft Part of Hellenic Armed Forces Patron St. Nicholas Motto ( s ) Μέγα τὸ τῆς θαλάσσης κράτος `` The rule of the sea is indeed a great matter '' Colors Blue , White & Gold March The Aegean sailors . Engagements Greek war of independence Balkan wars World War I World War II Operation UNIFIL Operation Desert Storm Operation Desert Shield Operation Sharp Guard Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Active Endeavour Operation IFITOS Operation Atalanta Operation Ocean Shield 2011 military intervention in Libya Operation Aginor War on Terror Website Hellenic Navy Commanders Chief of the Navy General Staff Vice Admiral Nikolaos Tsounis Chief of the Fleet Command Vice Admiral Konstantinos Karageorgis Notable commanders Andreas Miaoulis Konstantinos Kanaris Pavlos Kountouriotis Insignia Identification symbol ΠΝ Naval ensign Naval jack Pennant The Hellenic Navy ( HN ; Greek : Πολεμικό Ναυτικό , Polemikó Naftikó , abbreviated ΠΝ ) is the naval force of Greece , part of the Hellenic Armed Forces . The modern Greek navy has its roots in the naval forces of various Aegean Islands , which fought in the Greek War of Independence . During the periods of monarchy ( 1833 -- 1924 and 1936 -- 1973 ) it was known as the Royal Navy ( Βασιλικόν Ναυτικόν , Vasilikón Naftikón , abbreviated ΒΝ ) . The total displacement of all the navy 's vessels is approximately 150,000 tons . The motto of the Hellenic Navy is `` Μέγα τὸ τῆς Θαλάσσης Κράτος '' from Thucydides ' account of Pericles ' oration on the eve of the Peloponnesian War . This has been translated as `` The rule of the sea is a great matter '' . The Hellenic Navy 's emblem consists of an anchor in front of a crossed Christian cross and trident , with the cross symbolizing Greek Orthodoxy , and the trident symbolizing Poseidon , the god of the sea in Greek mythology . Pericles ' words are written across the top of the emblem . `` The navy , as it represents a necessary weapon for Greece , should only be created for war and aim to victory . '' -- Greek Government ( 1866 ) Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Navy during the Revolution 1.2 The Royal Hellenic Navy of King Otto 1.3 Growth of the Navy under King George 1.4 Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 1.5 World War I and after : 1914 -- 1940 1.6 World War II 1.7 Post-war era 1.8 1980 to present 2 Chain of Command 2.1 Main Commands 2.2 Combat Arms 2.3 Combat Support Arms 2.4 Combat Service Support 3 Equipment 3.1 Ships and submarines 4 Ranks and insignia 4.1 Officers 4.2 NCOs and enlisted 5 Hellenic Navy Flags 6 Photo gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Hellenic Navy The history of the Hellenic Navy begins with the birth of modern Greece , and due to the maritime nature of the country , it has always featured prominently in modern Greece 's military history . The Navy during the Revolution ( edit ) The destruction of the Ottoman flagship at Chios by Constantine Kanaris . Painting by Nikiphoros Lytras . At the beginning of the Greek War of Independence , the naval forces of the Greeks consisted primarily of the merchant fleet of the Saronic islanders from Hydra , Spetsai and Poros and also the islanders of Psara and Samos . The fleet was of crucial importance to the success of the revolt . Its goal was to prevent as much as possible the Ottoman Navy from resupplying the isolated Ottoman garrisons and land reinforcements from the Ottoman Empire 's Asian provinces . Although Greek crews were experienced seamen , the light Greek ships , mostly armed merchantmen , were unable to stand up to the large Turkish ships of the line in direct combat . So the Greeks conducted the equivalent of modern - day naval special operations , resorting to the use of fireships ( Greek : πυρπολικά or μπουρλότα ) , with great success . It was in the use of such ships that courageous seamen like Constantine Kanaris won international renown . Under the leadership of capable admirals , most prominently Andreas Miaoulis of Hydra , the Greek fleet achieved early victories , guaranteeing the survival of the revolt in the mainland . The `` sortie of the Greek brig Aris '' during the Greek War of Independence , by Konstantinos Volanakis . However , as Greece became embroiled in a civil war , the Sultan called upon his strongest subject , Muhammad Ali of Egypt , for aid . Plagued by internal strife and financial difficulties in keeping the fleet in constant readiness , the Greeks failed to prevent the capture and destruction of Kasos and Psara in 1824 , or the landing of the Egyptian army at Modon . Despite victories at Samos and Gerontas , the Revolution was threatened with collapse until the intervention of the Great Powers in the Battle of Navarino in 1827 . There the Egypto - Ottoman fleet was decisively defeated by the combined fleets of the Britain , France and the Russian Empire , effectively securing the independence of Greece . When Ioannis Capodistrias became governor of newly liberated Greece in 1828 , the Greek fleet consisted of few remaining ships , which had participated in the war for independence . The first minister of `` Naval affairs '' was Constantine Kanaris , and the most powerful ship of the fleet at that time , the frigate Hellas , had been constructed in the United States in 1825 . The Hellenic Navy established its headquarters at the island of Poros and the building of a new series of ships began at the naval base while old ships were gradually being retired . Furthermore , continuous efforts towards the education of officers were initiated . Young people were initially trained at the military school of Scholi Evelpidon and afterwards they were transferred to the navy , as there was no such thing as a Naval Academy . In 1831 , Greece descended into anarchy with numerous areas , including Mani and Hydra , in revolt . It was during this revolt that the flagship Hellas , docked at Poros , was set on fire by Admiral Andreas Miaoulis . Capodistrias was assassinated a few months after . The Royal Hellenic Navy of King Otto ( edit ) When the new King Otto arrived in the Greek capital , Nafplion , in 1832 aboard the British warship HMS Madagascar , the Greek fleet consisted of 1 corvette , 3 brigs , 6 gollettes , 2 gunboats , 2 steamboats and a few more small vessels . The first Naval School was founded in 1846 on the Corvette Loudovikos and Leonidas Palaskas was assigned as its director . However the inefficient training of the officers , coupled with conflict between those who pursued modernization and those who were stalwarts of the traditions of the veterans of the struggle for independence , resulted in a restricted and inefficient navy , which was limited to policing the sea and the pursuit of pirates . During the 1850s , the more progressive elements of the navy won out and the fleet was augmented with more ships . In 1855 , the first iron propeller - driven ships were ordered from England . These were the steamships Panopi , Pliksavra , Afroessa , and Sfendoni . Growth of the Navy under King George ( edit ) Navy uniforms in the 1890s . Battleship Psara . On October 29 , 1863 , following an enthronement ceremony in his native Copenhagen and a tour of several of the European capitals , Prince Wilhelm of Denmark arrived aboard the Greek flagship Hellas , to take up the throne as King George I of Greece . During the 1866 Cretan revolt , the ships of the Royal Hellenic Navy were in no condition to support it . Such failure led to the government awakening to the problem of naval insufficiency and the adoption of a policy stating that : `` The navy , as it represents a necessary weapon for Greece , should only be created for war and aim to victory . '' Because of this , the fleet was supplied with new and bigger ships , reflecting a number of innovations including the use of iron in shipbuilding industry and the invention of the torpedo ; with these advances , the effectiveness and the appearance of the Hellenic Navy changed . Meanwhile , after 1878 , because of the Russo - Turkish War and the need to expand the Greek navy , a new and larger naval base was established in the area of Faneromeni of Salamis and a few years later it was transferred to the area of Arapis where it remains today . At the same time the Naval Academy was founded and Ilias Kanellopoulos was made Director . A committee from France headed by Admiral Lejeune introduced a new , advanced naval organization and the methodological training of enlisted personnel through the establishment of a training school in the old building of the naval base in Poros . During the government of Charilaos Trikoupis in 1889 , the fleet was further increased with the acquisition of new battleships : Hydra , Spetsai , and Psara from France . Thus , when Greece went to war in the Greco - Turkish War in 1897 , the Hellenic Navy established its dominance in the Aegean Sea . However , it was unable to change the outcome of the war on land , which was a national humiliation . In 1907 , the Hellenic Navy General Staff ( Γενικό Επιτελείο Ναυτικού ) was founded , with then - Captain Pavlos Kountouriotis as its first head . After the war , in 1897 , the Ottoman Empire embarked on a program of naval expansion for its fleet and as a response to that , in 1909 , the cruiser Georgios Averof was bought from Italy . In 1910 , an English naval mission arrived , headed by Admiral Tuffnel , in order to recommend improvements in the organization and training of the navy . The mission led to the adoption of the English style of management , organization and training , especially in the area of strategy . Balkan Wars 1912 -- 1913 ( edit ) Admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis and the crew of Averof , 1912 The Navy , shortly before the Balkan Wars , was composed of a destroyer and battleship fleet . Its mission was primarily offensive , aiming at capturing the Ottoman - held islands of the Eastern Aegean , and establish naval supremacy in the area . To that end , its commander - in - chief , Rear Admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis , established a forward base at the Moudros bay at Lemnos , directly opposite the Dardanelles straits . After defeating the two Turkish sallies from the Straits at Elli ( December 1912 ) and Lemnos ( January 1913 ) , the Aegean Sea was secured for Greece . The Balkan Wars were followed by a rapid escalation between Greece and the Ottoman Empire over the as yet unclear status of the islands of the Eastern Aegean . Both governments embarked on a naval armaments race , with Greece purchasing the obsolete battleships Lemnos and Kilkis and the light cruiser Elli as well as ordering two dreadnoughts , the Vasilefs Konstantinos and the Salamis and a number of destroyers . However , with the outbreak of the First World War , construction of the dreadnoughts stopped . World War I and after : 1914 -- 1940 ( edit ) See also : The Hellenic Navy in 1917 Greek battleship Lemnos and torpedo boat Dafni during the occupation of Constantinople , 1919 . Initially during the war , Greece followed a course of neutrality , with the Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos favoring the Entente and pro-German King Constantine I advocating neutrality . This dispute eventually led to a deep political conflict , known as the `` National Schism '' . In November 1916 , in order to apply pressure on the royal government in Athens , the French confiscated the Greek ships . They continued to operate with French crews , primarily in convoy escort and patrol duties in the Aegean , until Greece entered the war on the side of the Allies in June 1917 , at which point they were returned to Greece . Subsequently , the Greek Navy took part in the Allied operations in the Aegean , in the Allied expedition in support of Denikin 's White Armies in the Ukraine , and in the operations of the Greco - Turkish War of 1919 -- 1922 in Asia Minor . After Greece 's catastrophic defeat , the 1920s and early 1930s were a politically turbulent period , with the economy in a bad state , so the Navy received no new units , apart from the modernization of four destroyers and the acquisition of six French submarines in 1927 and four Italian destroyers in 1929 . World War II ( edit ) Further information : Military history of Greece during World War II In 1938 , Greece ordered four modern Greyhound class destroyers in British shipyards , making a serious step towards modernization . The outbreak of war in Europe , however , allowed only two to be delivered . Greece entered World War II with a navy consisting of 2 battleships , 1 armoured cruiser , 14 destroyers , and six submarines . During the Greco - Italian War , the Navy took over convoy escort missions in the Ionian Sea and even embarked on three raids against the Italian supply convoys in the Strait of Otranto , although without success . The most important role was given to the submarines , which although obsolete , sank some Italian cargo ships in the Adriatic , losing one submarine in the process . The Greek submarine force ( six boats ) was however too small to be able to seriously hinder the supply lines between Italy and Albania ( between 28 October 1940 and 30 April 1941 , Italian ships made 3,305 voyages across the Otranto straits , carrying 487,089 military personnel , including 22 field divisions , and 584,392 tons of supplies while losing overall only seven merchant ships and one escort ship ) . When Nazi Germany attacked Greece , the RHN suffered heavily at the hands of the Luftwaffe , with 25 ships , including the old battleship , now artillery training ship , Kilkis and the hulk of her sister Lemnos , lost within a few days in April 1941 . It was then decided to shift the remaining fleet ( one cruiser -- the famous Georgios Averof -- three destroyers and five submarines ) to join up with the British Mediterranean Fleet at Alexandria . `` RHNS Georgios Averof '' in camo paint , RN Bombay Station , 1942 , while serving under UK Royal Navy Command . As the war progressed , the number of Hellenic Royal Navy vessels increased after the concession of several destroyers and submarines by the British Royal Navy . The most notable aspects of the Hellenic Royal Navy 's participation in World War II include the operations of the destroyer Vassilissa Olga which , until sunk in Leros on September 23 , 1943 , was the most successful Allied destroyer in the Mediterranean Sea ; the participation of two destroyers in Operation Overlord ; and the story of the destroyer Adrias , which while operating close to the coast of Kalymnos in October 1943 hit a mine , resulting in the loss of the vessel 's prow , while blowing the two - gun forward turret over the bridge . After some minor repairs at Gümüşlük Bay in Turkey the Adrias managed to return to Alexandria in a 400 - mile ( 640 km ) trip , even though all the forepart of the ship , up to the bridge , was missing . Post-war era ( edit ) The destroyer Kanaris ( D212 ) , a few weeks before decommission . After World War II , the Royal Hellenic Navy was significantly strengthened by the concession of British and Italian ships . The organisation also changed in line with modern naval doctrines of that era after the entrance into NATO in 1952 . At the beginning of the 1950s , US military aid formed the core of the country 's armed forces . The Royal Hellenic Navy received the first Bostwick - class destroyers which took on the name Beasts ( Θηρία ) , while withdrawing the British ones . Gunboat HS Aittitos P - 268 ( Ospray HSY - 56A class ) at the port of Kos Frigate Psara ( F454 ) sailing down the Firth of Clyde at the start of Neptune Warrior multinational training exercise . The next significant change was during the early 1970s , when Greece was the first Mediterranean naval force to order missile - equipped Fast Attack Craft ( Combattante II ) and the Type 209 submarines , whereas US military aid continued in the form of FRAM II class destroyers . In 1979 , the Hellenic Navy placed an order in the Netherlands for two modern Standard class frigates ( the Elli class ) . These were the first acquisitions of new main surface vessels , rather than the use of second - hand ships , in almost four decades . 1980 to present ( edit ) The arrivals of Hydra class ( MEKO 200 HN ) and more Standard class frigates along with the orders for more missile corvettes , Poseidon class Type 209 submarine submarines and naval helicopters allowed the retirement of the obsolete vessels . Greece also received four Charles F. Adams class destroyers from the US Navy in 1991 - 1992 . All four have since been decommissioned since their electronics and armament were obsolete and they required large crews . The advance continued when Greece ordered Type 214 submarines that feature an air - independent propulsion ( AIP ) system , Sikorsky S - 70B - 6 / 10 Aegean Hawk helicopters and Project 1232.2 Zubr class hovercraft from Russia and Ukraine . Plans included the modernization of Standard class frigates with new electronics and radar systems , the modernization of Glaukos and Poseidon class submarines with new sonars , electronics and air - independent propulsion engines ( programs Neptune I / II ) . Chain of Command ( edit ) Hellenic Navy Organization Navy General Staff ( Chief ) Current fleet Salamis Naval Base Crete Naval Base Aegean Sea Naval Command Ionian Sea Naval Command Northern Greece Naval Command Navy Aviation Command Naval Academy History History of the Navy Historic ships Battles Admirals Standing Deployments NATO SNMG2 NATO SNMCMG2 Operation Active Endeavour Operation UNIFIL EU NAVFOR Atalanta Main Commands ( edit ) Greek Name English Name Location Γενικόν Επιτελείον Ναυτικού ( ΓΕΝ ) Hellenic Navy General Staff Athens Αρχηγείον Στόλου ( ΑΣ ) Fleet Headquarters - Ναυτική Διοίκηση Αιγαίου ( ΝΔΑ ) Aegean Sea Naval Command Piraeus Ναυτική Διοίκηση Ιονίου ( ΝΔΙ ) Ionian Sea Naval Command Patras Ναυτική Διοίκηση Βορείου Ελλάδος ( ΝΔΒΕ ) Northern Greece Naval Command Thessaloniki Διοίκηση Ναυτικής Εκπαίδευσης ( ΔΝΕ ) Naval Training Command - Διοίκηση Διοικητικής Μέριμνας ( ΔΔΜΝ ) Logistics Command - Διοίκηση Αεροπορίας Ναυτικού ( ΔΑΝ ) Navy Aviation Command - Ναύσταθμος Κρήτης Crete Naval Base Souda Bay Ναύσταθμος Σαλαμίνας Salamis Naval Base Salamis Island Υδρογραφική Υπηρεσία Hydrographic Service - Υπηρεσία Φάρων Lighthouse Service - Combat arms ( edit ) Διοίκηση Φρεγατών ( ΔΦΓ ) Frigate Command Διοίκηση Πλοίων Επιτηρήσεως ( ΔΠΕ ) Surveillance Ships Command , formerly Διοίκηση Κανονιοφόρων ( ΔΚΦ ) Gunboat Command Διοίκηση Ταχέων Σκαφών ( ΔΤΣ ) Fast Attack Craft Command Διοίκηση Υποβρυχίων ( ΔΥ ) Submarine Command Διοίκηση Αμφιβίων Δυνάμεων ( ΔΑΔ ) Amphibious Assault Forces Command Greece does not have a marine corps established as a separate branch attached to the naval service . Instead , the Army includes the 32nd Marine Brigade ( 32η Ταξιαρχία Πεζοναυτών ) ; the Navy provides the landing craft etc . Διοίκηση Υποβρυχίων Καταστροφών ( ΔΥΚ ) Underwater Demolition Command Διοίκηση Αεροπορίας Ναυτικού ( ΔΑΝ ) Navy Aviation Command 1η Μοίρα Ελικοπτέρων Ναυτικού ( ΜΕΝ 1 ) 1st Navy Helicopter Squadron ( AB - 212 ASW ) , 112th Combat Wing , Elefsis , 38 ° 08 ′ 31 '' N 23 ° 57 ′ 03 '' E / 38.14194 ° N 23.95083 ° E / 38.14194 ; 23.95083 2η Μοίρα Ελικοπτέρων Ναυτικού ( ΜΕΝ 2 ) 2nd Navy Helicopter Squadron ( S - 70B Aegean Hawk ) , 112th Combat Wing , Elefsis , 38 ° 08 ′ 31 '' N 23 ° 57 ′ 03 '' E / 38.14194 ° N 23.95083 ° E / 38.14194 ; 23.95083 Μοίρα Αεροσκαφών Ναυτικού ( ΜΑΝ ) Navy Aircraft Squadron , 112th Combat Wing , Elefsis , currently with no active aircraft . 38 ° 04 ′ 13 '' N 23 ° 33 ′ 56 '' E / 38.07028 ° N 23.56556 ° E / 38.07028 ; 23.56556 Ελικοσταθμός Αμφιάλης = Amfiali Heliport 37 ° 59 ′ 30 '' N 23 ° 34 ′ 28 '' E / 37.99167 ° N 23.57444 ° E / 37.99167 ; 23.57444 Combat Support Arms ( edit ) Διοίκηση Ναρκοπολέμου ( ΔΝΑΡ ) Minesweeper Command Combat Service Support ( edit ) Σχολή Εξάσκησης Ναυτικής Τακτικής ( ΣΕΝΤ ) Naval Tactical Training School ( under Fleet Headquarters ) Equipment ( edit ) Ships and submarines ( edit ) Main articles : List of active Hellenic Navy ships and List of decommissioned ships of the Hellenic Navy Ranks and insignia ( edit ) Officers ( edit ) NATO code OF - 10 OF - 9 OF - 8 OF - 7 OF - 6 OF - 5 OF - 4 OF - 3 OF - 2 OF - 1 OF ( D ) Student officer Greece ( Edit ) No equivalent No equivalent Admiral Vice Admiral Rear Admiral Commodore Captain Commander Lieutenant Commander Lieutenant Sub Lieutenant Ensign Officer Designate Ναύαρχος Αντιναύαρχος Υποναύαρχος Αρχιπλοίαρχος Πλοίαρχος Αντιπλοίαρχος Πλωτάρχης Υποπλοίαρχος Ανθυποπλοίαρχος Σημαιοφόρος Σημαιοφόρος Επίκουρος Αξιωματικός Simaioforos Epikouros Axiomatikos -- Naval Cadet Simaioforos -- Sub-lieutenant Anthypoploiarchos -- Lieutenant ( junior grade ) Ypoploiarchos -- Lieutenant Plotarchis -- Lieutenant commander Antiploiarchos -- Commander Ploiarchos -- Captain Archiploiarchos -- Commodore Yponavarchos -- Rear admiral Antinavarchos -- Vice admiral Navarchos -- Admiral NCOs and enlisted ( edit ) NATO Code OR - 9 OR - 8 OR - 7 OR - 6 OR - 5 OR - 4 OR - 3 OR - 2 OR - 1 Greece ( Edit ) No equivalent male female No equivalent male female Warrant Officer Chief Petty Officer Petty Officer first class Petty Officer Senior Seaman Seaman Ανθυπασπιστής Αρχικελευστής Επικελευστής Κελευστής Δίοπος Ναύτης Naftis -- Seaman Diopos -- Able seaman Klirotos Kelefstis -- Leading seaman ( Conscripts only ) Kelefstis -- Petty officer Epikelefstis -- Chief petty officer Archikelefstis -- Senior chief petty officer Anthipaspistis -- Warrant officer Hellenic Navy flags ( edit ) Royal HN Naval Ensign ( 1833 - 1858 ) . Royal HN Naval Ensign ( 1863 - 1924 and 1935 - 1970 ) . HN Naval Ensign and the universal flag of Greece . Royal HN Naval Jack , 1935 . HN Naval Jack . Minister of Defence flag . HN 4 - star Admiral 's Flag . HN Senior Officer 's flag . HN Commissioning Pennant . Photo gallery ( edit ) Admiral and War of Independence hero Constantine Kanaris ( 1793 - 1877 ) . Summer service uniform of a Leading Rating ( Telegraphist ) , 1912 Admiral and President of Greece Pavlos Kountouriotis ( 1855 - 1935 ) . Portrait of Rear Admiral Sofoklis Dousmanis ( 1868 - 1952 ) . LST HS Syros , L - 144 , undergoing trials , 1964 . Frigates HS Spetsai , F - 453 and HS Bouboulina , F - 463 , at Phaleron Bay . Greek frigate Spetsai ( F - 453 ) in Trieste Submarine S - 120 Papanikolis ( 214 type ) Jason - class tank landing ship HS Chios at Phaleron Bay Hydrographic vessel HS Nautilus A-478 in Syros harbour HS Pandora A-419 , a passenger ship connecting Piraeus Harbor and Salamis Naval Base . HS Psara , F - 454 , in Operation `` Enduring Freedom '' . HN S - 70B - 6 Aegean Hawk The Hellenic Navy band participating in the Army Day parade in Sofia , Bulgaria . See also ( edit ) History of the Hellenic Navy List of active Hellenic Navy ships List of decommissioned ships of the Hellenic Navy Hellenic Naval Cadets Academy Greek Merchant Navy References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Thucydides ( 1910 ) . `` 1.143. 5 '' . The Peloponnesian War . London ; New York : J.M. Dent ; E.P. Dutton . At the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ Thucydides ( 1942 ) . `` 1.143. 5 '' . Historiae in two volumes ( in Greek ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . At the Perseus Project . Jump up ^ Thucydides , History of the Peloponnesian War , 1.143 . ^ Jump up to : Official website of the Hellenic Navy Archived 2007 - 08 - 22 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Politics and Statecraft in the Kingdom of Greece , John Anthony Petropulos , Princeton University Press , 1968 . Jump up ^ Vice Admiral C. Paizis - Paradellis , HN ( 2002 ) . Hellenic Warships 1829 - 2001 ( 3rd Edition ) . Athens , Greece : The Society for the study of Greek History . p. 205 . ISBN 960 - 8172 - 14 - 4 . Jump up ^ Pier Filippo Lupinacci , Vittorio Emanuele Tognelli , La difesa del traffico con l'Albania , la Grecia e l'Egeo , Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare , Rome 1965 , pp. 47 - 49 . Jump up ^ Heyman , Charles ( 2011 ) . The Armed Forces of the European Union 2012 - 2013 . Pen & Sword Books Ltd. p. 53 . Jump up ^ http://www.hnhs.gr/ Jump up ^ `` Υπηρεσία Φάρων '' . Hellenicnavy.gr . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Greece has only one level of Warrant Officer . According to the current issue ( 2010 ) of STANAG 2116 , the Greek Warrant Officers are included in OR - 9 , however they are afforded the privileges of an officer . See STANAG 2116 note 16 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hellenic Navy . Official Website of the Hellenic Navy . Note regarding copyright : The Hellenic Navy allows free use and distribution of images from their web site with proper attribution , however they have no set copyright policy for derivative work . See also appropriate template from Greek Wikipedia : el : Template : ΠΔΕΠΝ . Zisis Fotakis ( 2005 ) . Greek Naval Strategy and Policy 1910 - 1919 ( Naval Policy and History ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 35014 - 3 . Andrew Toppan ( 2002 ) . `` World Navies Today : Greece '' . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 04 . : Excellent resource with details for ships of the Hellenic Navy . Caution : List not updated since 2002 . Royal Hellenic or Greek Navy in World War I , including warship losses Ship classes of the Hellenic Navy Frigates Hydra class Elli class Gunboats Asheville class Thetis class Osprey 55 class Osprey HSY - 55 class Osprey HSY - 56A class Submarines Glafkos class ( Neptune I ) Poseidon class ( Neptune II ) Papanikolis class Fast attack craft La Combattante IIa class La Combattante III class La Combattante IIIb class Roussen class Mine warfare ships Hunt class mine hunters Osprey class mine hunters MSC - 294 class minesweepers General support ships Etna class replenishment ship Lüneburg - class replenishment ships Auxiliary ships Ouranos class coastal tankers Orion class coastal tankers Training ships HS Aris A74 Landing Vessels Jason class LSTs Zubr class LCACs Barbe class Hellenic Armed Forces Governing bodies KYSEA Ministry of National Defence Council of General Staff Chiefs National Defence General Staff Branches Hellenic Navy General Staff Chief Hellenic Army General Staff Chief Hellenic Air Force General Staff Chief Hellenic Coast Guard ( paramilitary ) Equipment Hellenic Army Current Historical Navy ships Military aircraft Schools Hellenic Military Academy Hellenic Air Force Academy Hellenic Naval Academy Related Tomb of the Unknown Soldier ( Athens ) National Guard Special Forces NATO Balkan Battlegroup Cypriot National Guard ELDYK Other Ranks Military awards and decorations Military history Conscription Defence industry Football team Military of Greece Portal NATO Maritime Forces Maritime forces Albanian Naval Force Belgian Maritime Component Bulgarian Navy Royal Canadian Navy Croatian Navy Royal Danish Navy Danish Naval Home Guard Estonian Navy French Navy French Maritime Gendarmerie German Navy Hellenic Navy Icelandic Coast Guard Italian Navy Latvian Naval Forces Lithuanian Naval Force Montenegrin Navy Royal Netherlands Navy Royal Norwegian Navy Norwegian Home Guard Naval Component Polish Navy Portuguese Navy Romanian Naval Forces Slovenian Navy Spanish Navy Spanish Royal Guard `` Oceanic Sea '' Composite Company Turkish Naval Forces Turkish Coast Guard Command Royal Navy United States Navy United States Coast Guard Land forces maritime component Hungarian Ground Forces United States Army Transportation Corps Air forces maritime component United States Air Force maritime forces Current navies in Europe Sovereign states European Union Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Republic of Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Other Albania Azerbaijan Georgia Iceland Kazakhstan Montenegro Norway Russia Serbia Switzerland Turkey Ukraine States with limited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Greece articles History Chronology Pelasgian civilizations Aegean civilizations Minoan civilization Mycenaean period Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical period Hellenistic period Roman era Byzantine era Frankish and Latin era Stato da Màr Ottoman era War of Independence Balkan Wars Modern Greece By topic Constitutional Economic Military Greek countries and regions Hellenic languages Megali Idea Geography Cities Climate Earthquakes Environmental issues Islands Lakes Mountains National Parks Regions Rivers Volcanoes Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Elections Foreign relations Hellenic Parliament Human rights LGBT Judicial system Law enforcement Military Political parties President Prime Minister Economy Agriculture Athens Stock Exchange Banking Central bank Companies Debt crisis Energy Greek economic miracle Ports Rankings Shipping Taxation Telecommunications Tourism Trade unions Transportation Society Crime Demographics Diaspora Education Healthcare Immigration Language Minorities Religion Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Castles Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine ( wine ) Dances Dress Greek Orthodox Church Flag and national colours Flags Literature Media Modern Greek Enlightenment Music ( Folk , Rebetiko ) Mythology Name of Greece Names of the Greeks Newspapers Orders and decorations People Philhellenism Public holidays Sport ( Ancient Olympics , Modern Olympics ) Television Theatre World Heritage Sites Outline Index Bibliography Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hellenic_Navy&oldid=843656026 '' Categories : 1828 establishments in Greece Military units and formations established in 1828 Hellenic Navy Navies by country Hidden categories : CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Greek - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Edit Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 37 . 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6749139941676094801	Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show)	Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( U.S. game show ) - wikipedia Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( U.S. game show ) Jump to : navigation , search Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Genre Game show Created by David Briggs Mike Whitehill Steven Knight Developed by Michael Davies Directed by Mark Gentile ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Matthew Cohen ( 2002 -- 10 ) Rob George ( 2010 -- 13 ) Brian McAloon ( 2013 -- 14 ) Rich DiPirro ( 2014 -- present ) Presented by ABC : Regis Philbin Syndication : Meredith Vieira ( 2002 -- 13 ) Cedric the Entertainer ( 2013 -- 14 ) Terry Crews ( 2014 -- 15 ) Chris Harrison ( 2015 -- present ) Composer ( s ) Keith Strachan ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Matthew Strachan ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Jeff Lippencott ( 2010 -- present ) Mark T. Williams ( 2010 -- present ) Country of origin United States No. of seasons 19 ( 3 on ABC , 16 in syndication ) No. of episodes ABC ( Original ) : 363 Syndicated : 2,655 ( as of October 6 , 2017 ) ABC ( Super Millionaire ) : 12 ABC ( 10th Anniversary Special ) : 11 Production Executive producer ( s ) Michael Davies ( 1999 -- 2010 ) Paul Smith ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Leigh Hampton ( 2004 -- 10 ) Rich Sirop ( 2010 -- 14 ) James Rowley ( 2014 -- present ) Location ( s ) New York , New York ( 1999 -- 2014 ) Stamford , Connecticut ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Las Vegas , Nevada ( 2016 -- present ) Running time 39 -- 48 minutes ( ABC ) 19 -- 25 minutes ( syndication ) Production company ( s ) Valleycrest Productions ( 1999 -- present ) Celador ( 1999 -- 2007 ) 2waytraffic ( 2007 -- present ) Distributor Buena Vista Television ( 1999 -- 2007 ) Disney -- ABC Domestic Television ( 2007 -- present ) Release Original network ABC ( 1999 -- 2002 , 2004 , 2009 ) Syndication ( 2002 -- present ) Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) ( 1999 -- 2011 ) 720p / 1080i ( HDTV ) ( 2011 -- present ) Audio format Stereo Original release ABC August 16 , 1999 ( 1999 - 08 - 16 ) -- June 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 06 - 27 ) Syndication September 16 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 16 ) -- present External links Website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( often informally called Millionaire ) is an American television game show based on the same - titled British program and developed for the United States by Michael Davies . The show features a quiz competition in which contestants attempt to win a top prize of $1,000,000 by answering a series of multiple - choice questions of increasing difficulty ( although , for a time , most of the questions were of random difficulty ) . The program has endured as one of the longest - running and most successful international variants in the Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? franchise . The original U.S. version aired on ABC from August 16 , 1999 , to June 27 , 2002 , and was hosted by Regis Philbin . The daily syndicated version of the show began airing on September 16 , 2002 , and was hosted for eleven seasons by Meredith Vieira until May 31 , 2013 . Later hosts included Cedric the Entertainer in the 2013 -- 14 season , Terry Crews in the following season ( 2014 -- 15 ) , and Chris Harrison , who began hosting on September 14 , 2015 . As the first U.S. network game show to offer a million - dollar top prize , the show made television history by becoming one of the highest - rated game shows in the history of American television . The U.S. Millionaire has won seven Daytime Emmy Awards , and TV Guide ranked it No. 6 in its 2013 list of the 60 greatest game shows of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 1.1 Core rules 1.2 Format history 1.3 Payout structure 1.4 Lifelines 1.5 Top prize winners 2 Personnel 2.1 Hosts 2.2 Production staff 3 Production 3.1 Origins 3.2 Audition process 3.3 Music 3.4 Set 4 Broadcast history 4.1 ABC 4.2 Syndication 4.3 GSN 5 Special editions 5.1 Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire 5.2 10th Anniversary Celebration 5.3 Million Dollar Tournament of Ten 6 Reception 7 Other media 7.1 Merchandise 7.2 Disney Parks attraction 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Core rules ( edit ) Screenshot illustrating how question text and answer choices appear on - screen At its core , the game is a quiz competition in which the goal is to correctly answer a series of fourteen ( originally fifteen ) consecutive multiple - choice questions . The questions are of increasing difficulty , except in the 2010 -- 15 format overhaul , where the contestants were faced with a round of ten questions of random difficulty , followed by a round of four questions of increasing difficulty . Each question is worth a specified amount of money ; the amounts are cumulative in the first round , but not in the second . If the contestant gives a wrong answer to any question , their game is over and their winnings are reduced ( or increased , in the first two questions ) to $1,000 for tier - one questions , $5,000 for tier - two questions , and $50,000 for tier - three questions . However , the contestant has the option of `` walking away '' without giving an answer after being presented with a question , in which case the game ends and the contestant is guaranteed to walk away with all the money they have previously received . With the exception of the shuffle format , upon correctly answering questions five and ten , contestants are guaranteed at least the amount of prize money associated with that level . If the contestant gives an incorrect answer , their winnings drop down to the last milestone achieved . Since 2015 , if the contestant answers a question incorrectly before reaching question five , he or she leaves with $1,000 , even on the first question that is worth only $500 . For celebrities , the minimum guarantee for their nominated charities is $10,000 . Prior to the shuffle format , a contestant left with nothing if ( s ) he answered a question incorrectly before reaching the first milestone . In the shuffle format era , contestants who incorrectly answered a question had their winnings reduced to $1,000 in round one and $25,000 in round two . Format history ( edit ) On the ABC versions , ten contestants competed in a preliminary `` Fastest Finger '' round for the right to play the main game on each episode . The contestants were presented with a question and a list of four answers which needed to be put in a specific order . Using keys on their podiums , each of the contestants attempted to enter the correct order in the shortest amount of time , with a maximum time limit of 20 seconds . If the main game ended and there was still time available for another game , the remaining contestants played another Fastest Finger round for a chance to play the main game . In the event of a tie between two or more contestants , those contestants played an additional Fastest Finger question to break the tie . If all contestants answered the question incorrectly , the round was repeated with another question . Fastest Finger was eliminated from the gameplay when the syndicated version premiered in 2002 . From 2008 to 2010 , time limits were used for each question . Contestants were given up to 15 seconds each for questions one through five , 30 seconds each for questions six through ten , and 45 seconds each for questions eleven through fourteen . Unused time was banked , and if the contestant reached question fifteen , he or she was given 45 seconds plus the amount of time previously banked . If the clock reached zero before a contestant could provide a final answer , the contestant was forced to walk away with the winnings they had at that point . During the clock format era , a `` Millionaire Menu '' was introduced , in which categories are revealed for each question at the beginning of the game , and are made visible to the contestant for their future reference . Some prize levels also changed at the start of season eight . Most of the episodes in season eight ( from the `` Million Dollar Tournament of Ten '' onward ) featured special `` Celebrity Questions '' that were mid-level in monetary value , and were provided by notable individuals whose identities were not revealed until the contestant reached their special questions . When the ninth syndicated season began on September 13 , 2010 , the format was overhauled . Ten questions were asked in round one , each assigned one of ten different money amounts which were randomized at the beginning of the game , as were the questions themselves . The difficulty of the questions was not tied to the dollar value . The dollar values for each question remained hidden until a contestant either provided a correct answer or chose to `` jump '' the question . The value of each question answered correctly was added to the contestant 's bank , for a maximum total of $68,600 . A contestant who completed the round successfully could walk at any subsequent point with all the money in their bank , or could walk without completing the round with half that amount ( e.g. , a contestant who banked $30,000 would leave with $15,000 ) . After completing round one , the contestant moved on to a second round of gameplay ( the `` Classic Millionaire '' round ) , in which four non-categorized questions were played for set non-cumulative values and a correct answer augmented the contestant 's winnings to that point , as in the older formats . The shuffle format changes , including the randomization and double - round distribution of questions , were reverted for the fourteenth syndicated season . From 2011 to 2014 , certain weeks of the show were designated as `` Double Your Money '' weeks . In those , a pre-selected question in round one was designated the `` Double Money Question . '' When a contestant answered such a question correctly , the monetary value behind the question was doubled and added to his or her bank , giving him or her the possibility of adding up to $50,000 to his or her bank on a single question ; under these special rules , it was possible for a contestant to finish round one with a maximum total of $93,600 in their bank . However , when a contestant `` jumped '' the question , they forfeited the doubled money . In the event that a contestant leaves and very little time remains ( in the final part of an episode ) , a randomly selected audience member is given one chance to win $1,000 by answering the next question intended for the previous contestant ( or $2,000 if the next question was on a Double Money episode ) . Regardless of the outcome , the audience member receives a special prize . In seasons nine and ten , the prize was a copy of the Millionaire video game ; as of season eleven , audience members now receive 20 free playings for a Facebook game based on the show 's format . In season thirteen , which gave this game the name `` Thousandaire '' , the question the audience player faced did not come from the previous player 's stack , but was instead a separate question . Two additional audience games were also introduced and played in season thirteen : `` Team Millionaire '' , where two audience members are both presented with a single question and lock in their individual answers separately for the chance to win $500 and a bonus question with which they can double their money ; and `` Fastest Feet '' , a variation of Fastest Finger which four audience members play for the chance to split $1,000 . Payout structure ( edit ) Five different ladders have been used for a season or more over the course of the series . Question number Question value 1999 -- 2004 2004 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 15 2015 -- present $100 $500 Random value ( $100 , $500 , $1,000 , $2,000 , $3,000 , $5,000 , $7,000 , $10,000 , $15,000 , and $25,000 ) The value of each correct response accumulated through the first 10 questions , for a potential maximum of $68,600 . $500 $200 $1,000 $1,000 $300 $2,000 $2,000 $500 $3,000 $3,000 5 $1,000 $5,000 $5,000 6 $2,000 $7,500 $7,000 7 $4,000 $10,000 $10,000 8 $8,000 $12,500 $20,000 9 $16,000 $15,000 $30,000 10 $32,000 $25,000 $50,000 11 $64,000 $50,000 $100,000 12 $125,000 $100,000 $250,000 13 $250,000 $500,000 14 $500,000 $1,000,000 15 $1,000,000 The original primetime payment structure was also used for the first two seasons of the syndicated version . The third syndicated season saw a reduction in the values for questions ten through twelve . In the eighth syndicated season , the lower question values were adjusted to raise the first safe haven to $5,000 . When the `` shuffle format '' was used , the first ten questions had random amounts from $100 to $25,000 , as listed above . In addition , the number of questions needed to win the million was reduced to 14 , removing the $50,000 level ; the last four values remained the same for round two . When the shuffle format ended at the start of the 2015 -- 16 season , the switch to 14 questions was retained ; the first safe haven was kept at $5,000 , but the second was raised to $50,000 . The $500,000 and $1,000,000 prizes were initially lump - sum payments , but were changed to annuities in September 2002 when the series moved to syndication . Contestants winning either of these prizes receive $250,000 thirty days after their show broadcasts and the remainder paid in equal annual payments . The $500,000 prize consists of $25,000 per year for 10 years , while the $1,000,000 prize consists of $37,500 per year for 20 years . Any contestant who answers one of the first five questions incorrectly still receives a $1,000 consolation prize , contrary to what the home audience is told . This is in contrast to the old format , in which contestants who answered one of the first five questions incorrectly actually left with nothing at all . Lifelines ( edit ) Contestants are given a series of lifelines to aid them with difficult questions . They can use as many lifelines as desired per question , but each lifeline can only be used once per game . Three lifelines are available from the start of the game . Depending on the format of the show , additional lifelines may become available after the contestant correctly answers the fifth or tenth question . In the clock format , usage of lifelines temporarily paused the clock while the lifelines were played . The show 's original three lifelines were `` 50 : 50 '' , in which the computer eliminates two of the incorrect answers ; `` Phone - a-Friend '' , which allowed the contestant to make a 30 - second call to one of a number of friends ( who provided their phone numbers in advance ) and read them the question and answer choices , after which the friend provided input ; and `` Ask the Audience '' , in which audience members use touch pads to designate what they believe the correct answer to be , after which the percentage of the audience choosing each specific option is displayed to the contestant. 50 : 50 was eliminated at the end of the show 's sixth syndicated season , only to be restored in season fourteen . Phone - a-Friend was removed on the episode aired January 11 , 2010 , after it was determined that there was an increasing trend of contestants ' friends using search engines and other Internet resources , unfairly privileging individuals who had computer access over those who did not , and that it was contrary to the original intent of the lifeline where friends were supposed to provide assistance based on what they already knew . From 2004 to 2008 , there was a fourth lifeline called `` Switch the Question '' , earned upon answering question ten , in which the computer replaced , at the contestant 's request , one question with another of the same monetary value ; however , any lifelines used on the original question were not reinstated for the new question . Switch the Question returned as `` Cut the Question '' on a special week of shows with child contestants aired in 2014 . During the Super Millionaire spin - off , two new lifelines were introduced : `` Double Dip '' , which allowed the contestant to make two guesses at a question , but required them to play out the question , forbidding them to walk away or use any further lifelines ; and `` Three Wise Men '' , in which the contestant was allowed to ask a sequestered panel of three people chosen by the producers , appearing via face - to - face audio and video feeds , which answer they believed was correct , within a time limit of 30 seconds . When the clock format was implemented , Double Dip replaced 50 : 50 , and the show introduced a new lifeline called `` Ask the Expert '' , which was like Three Wise Men but had one person ( usually a celebrity or a former Millionaire contestant ) functioning as an expert instead of a panel of three people , lacked the time limit of its predecessor , and allowed the contestant and expert to discuss the question . Ask the Expert was originally available after the fifth question , but was moved to the beginning of the game after Phone - a-Friend was removed . The show 's lifelines sometimes used corporate sponsorship . The Phone - a-Friend lifeline was sponsored by the original AT&T throughout the run of the ABC primetime show and in the first season of the syndicated version , then by the current AT&T for the 2009 primetime episodes . From 2004 to 2006 , Ask the Audience was sponsored by AOL , which allowed users of its Instant Messenger to add the screen name MillionaireIM to their buddy list and receive an instant message with the question and the four possible answers , to which the users replied with their choices . In addition , the Ask the Expert lifeline was sponsored by Skype for its live audio and video feeds . During the shuffle format era , the show introduced a new lifeline , `` Jump the Question '' , which was able to be used twice in a single game for seasons nine through twelve . At any point prior to selecting a final answer , a contestant could use Jump the Question to skip the current question and move on to the next one , thus reducing the number of questions they had to correctly answer . However , if the contestant used Jump the Question , they did not gain any money from the question they chose to skip ( for example , a contestant would not gain the typical $100,000 if they jumped to the $250,000 question ) . This lifeline could not be used on the $1 million question , since it is the final question in the game . The `` Plus One '' lifeline , introduced in season thirteen , allows a contestant to bring a companion with him or her to the podium for help in answering a question . The introduction of this lifeline reduced the number of Jump the Question lifelines available from two to one . On occasional specially designated weeks , starting with a Halloween - themed week that aired from October 29 to November 2 , 2012 , the shuffle format used a special lifeline called `` Crystal Ball '' , which allows the contestant to see the money value of a round one question prior to giving an answer . Jump the Question was removed at the end of the show 's thirteenth syndicated season . For the show 's fourteenth season , during a special week of college shows , players got another lifeline called `` Extra Help '' , played similarly to `` Plus One '' and allowing for another companion to help the player ; however , it could only be used after `` Plus One '' was used . Top prize winners ( edit ) See also : List of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? top prize winners The first contestant to correctly answer all 15 questions and win the top prize of $1,000,000 was John Carpenter , on the episode aired November 19 , 1999 . In 2000 , the million dollar top prize was awarded five times : to Dan Blonsky on the episode aired January 18 , to Joe Trela on March 23 , to Bob House on June 13 , to Kim Hunt on July 6 , and to David Goodman on July 11 . In January 2001 , when no contestant had won $1 million in any show that aired over a period of five months , the top prize was then changed from a flat $1 million to an accumulating jackpot that increased by $10,000 for each episode where the top prize was not won . On April 10 , 2001 , Kevin Olmstead correctly answered the final question and won $2,180,000 , making him the biggest winner in television history at the time . The top prize for correctly answering the final question returned to $1 million following Olmstead 's win and has remained unchanged since ; just five days after Olmstead 's win , the standard $1 million prize was awarded to Bernie Cullen . The last top prize winner on the original network version was Ed Toutant , on the episode aired September 7 , 2001 ; he had previously appeared on the episode aired January 31 , 2001 when the jackpot was $1,860,000 , where he was ruled to have answered his $16,000 question incorrectly , but when it was discovered that there was a mistake in that question , Toutant was invited back and won the $1,860,000 jackpot . On the Super Millionaire spin - off , Robert Essig won $1,000,000 after answering the twelfth question and then walked away , not reaching the final question for $10,000,000 . On the syndicated version 's first season , two contestants correctly answered all 15 questions and won the top prize of $1,000,000 : Kevin Smith on February 18 , 2003 , and Nancy Christy on May 8 of the same year . During the Million Dollar Tournament of Ten which aired in November 2009 , Sam Murray , who had previously supplied correct responses for eleven questions , risked his winnings on a special $1,000,000 question ; he was the only contestant to answer his question correctly . Personnel ( edit ) Hosts ( edit ) Regis Philbin , host of the original network version The original network version of the U.S. Millionaire and the subsequent primetime specials were hosted by Regis Philbin . When the syndicated version was being developed , the production team felt that it was not feasible for Philbin to continue hosting , as the show recorded four episodes in a single day , and that the team was looking for qualities in a new host : it had to be somebody who would love the contestants and be willing to root for them . Rosie O'Donnell was initially offered a hosting position on this new edition , but declined the opportunity almost immediately . Eventually Meredith Vieira , who had previously competed in a celebrity charity event on the original network version , was named host of the new syndicated edition . ABC originally offered Vieira hosting duties on the syndicated Millionaire to sweeten one of her re-negotiations for the network 's daytime talk show The View , which she was moderating at the time . When the show was honored by GSN on its Gameshow Hall of Fame special , Vieira herself further explained her motivation for hosting the syndicated version as follows : `` I did the show because I fell in love with the show , and really , first and foremost , as a parent , ( I feel that ) there are n't that many shows on television that you can watch as a family . And when Michael Davies approached me and said , `` Would you be interested in hosting the syndicated version ? '' , I said , `` Just point me toward the contract ! I am so there ! '' '' From 2007 to 2011 , when Vieira was concurrently working as a co-host of Today , guest hosts appeared in the second half of each season of the syndicated version . Guest hosts who filled in for Vieira included Philbin , Al Roker , Tom Bergeron , Tim Vincent , Dave Price , Billy Bush , Leeza Gibbons , Cat Deeley , Samantha Harris , Shaun Robinson , Steve Harvey , John Henson , Sherri Shepherd , Tim Gunn , and D.L. Hughley . On January 10 , 2013 , Vieira announced that after eleven seasons with the syndicated Millionaire , she would be leaving the show as part of an effort to focus on other projects in her career . She finalized taping of her last episodes with the show in November 2012 . While Philbin briefly considered a return to the show , Cedric the Entertainer was introduced as her successor when season twelve premiered on September 2 , 2013 . On April 30 , 2014 , Deadline announced that Cedric had decided to leave the show in order to lighten his workload , resulting in him being succeeded by Terry Crews for the 2014 -- 15 season . Crews was succeeded by Chris Harrison , host of The Bachelor and its spin - offs , when season 14 premiered on September 14 , 2015 . Production staff ( edit ) The original executive producers of the U.S. Millionaire were British television producers Michael Davies and Paul Smith , the latter of whom undertook the responsibility of licensing Millionaire to American airwaves as part of his effort to transform the UK program into a global franchise . Smith served until 2007 and Davies until 2010 ; additionally , Leigh Hampton ( previously co-executive producer in the later days of the network version and in the syndicated version 's first two seasons ) served as an executive producer from 2004 to 2010 . Rich Sirop , who was previously a supervising producer , became the executive producer in 2010 and held that position until 2014 , when he left Millionaire to hold the same position with Vieira 's newly launched syndicated talk show , and was replaced by James Rowley . Vincent Rubino , who had previously been the syndicated Millionaire 's supervising producer for its first two seasons , served as that version 's co-executive producer for the 2004 -- 05 season , after which he was succeeded by Vieira herself , who continued to hold the title until her departure in 2013 ( sharing her position with Sirop for the 2009 -- 10 season ) . Producers of the network version included Hampton , Rubino , Leslie Fuller , Nikki Webber , and Terrence McDonnell . For its first two seasons the syndicated version had Deirdre Cossman for its managing producer , then Dennis F. McMahon became producer for the next two seasons ( joined by Dominique Bruballa as his line producer ) , after which Jennifer Weeks produced the next four seasons of syndicated Millionaire shows , initially accompanied by Amanda Zucker as her line producer , but later joined for the 2008 -- 09 season by Tommy Cody ( who became sole producer in the 2009 -- 10 season ) . The first 65 shuffle format episodes were produced by McPaul Smith , and as of 2011 , the title of producer is held by Bryan Lasseter . The network version had Ann Miller and Tiffany Trigg for its supervising producers ; they were joined by Wendy Roth in the first two seasons , and by Michael Binkow in the third and final season . After Rubino 's promotion to co-executive producer , the syndicated version 's later supervising producers included Sirop ( 2004 -- 09 ) , Geena Gintzig ( 2009 -- 10 ) , Brent Burnette ( 2010 -- 12 ) , Geoff Rosen ( 2012 -- 14 ) , and Liz Harris ( 2014 -- 16 ) , who currently serves as the co-executive producer . The original network version of Millionaire was directed by Mark Gentile , who later served as the syndicated version 's consulting producer for its first two seasons , and then as the director of Duel , which ran on ABC from December 2007 to July 2008 . The syndicated version was directed by Matthew Cohen from 2002 to 2010 , by Rob George from 2010 to 2013 , and by Brian McAloon in the 2013 -- 14 season . Former Price Is Right director Rich DiPirro became Millionaire 's director in 2014 . Production ( edit ) The U.S. version of Millionaire is a co-production of 2waytraffic , a division of Sony Pictures Entertainment , and Valleycrest Productions , a division of The Walt Disney Company . 2waytraffic purchased Millionaire 's original production company Celador in 2008 , while Valleycrest has produced the series since its beginning , and holds the copyright on all U.S. Millionaire episodes to date . The show is distributed by Valleycrest 's corporate sibling Disney - ABC Home Entertainment & Television Distribution ( previously known as Buena Vista Television ) . The U.S. Millionaire was taped at ABC 's Television Center East studio on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York from 1999 to 2012 . Tapings were moved to NEP Broadcasting 's Metropolis Studios in East Harlem in 2013 , and production moved to studios located in Stamford , Connecticut the following year . For the 2016 -- 17 season , production relocated to Bally 's Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . Episodes of the syndicated version are produced from June to December . The show originally taped four episodes in a single day , but that number has since been changed to five . Origins ( edit ) When the U.S. version of Millionaire was first conceived in 1998 , Michael Davies was a young television producer who was serving as the head of ABC 's little - noticed reality programming division ( at a time when reality television had not yet become a phenomenon in America ) . At that time , ABC was lingering in third place in the ratings indexes among U.S. broadcast networks , and was on the verge of losing its status as one of the `` Big Three '' networks . Meanwhile , the popularity of game shows was at an all - time nadir , as with the exception of The Price Is Right , the genre was absent from networks ' daytime lineups at that point . Having earlier created Debt for Lifetime Television and participated with Al Burton and Donnie Brainard in the creation of Win Ben Stein 's Money for Comedy Central , Davies decided to create a primetime game show that would save the network from collapse and revive interest in game shows . Davies originally considered reviving CBS 's long - lost quiz show The $64,000 Question for a new era , with a new home on ABC . However , this effort 's development was limited as when the producer heard that the British Millionaire was about to make its debut , he got his friends and family members in the UK to record the show , and subsequently ended up receiving about eight FedEx packages from different family members , each containing a copy of Millionaire 's first episode . Davies was so captivated by everything that he had seen and heard , from host Chris Tarrant 's intimate involvement with the contestant to the show 's lighting system and music tracks , that he chose to abandon his work on the $64,000 Question revival in favor of introducing Millionaire to American airwaves , convinced that it would become extraordinarily popular . When Davies presented his ideas for the U.S. Millionaire to ABC , the network 's executives initially rejected them , so he resigned his position there and became an independent producer . Determined to bring his idea for the show to fruition , Davies decided that he was betting his whole career on Millionaire 's production , and the first move that he made was planning to attach a celebrity host to the show . Along with Philbin , a number of other popular television personalities were considered for hosting positions on the U.S. Millionaire during its development , including Peter Jennings , Bob Costas , Phil Donahue , and Montel Williams , but among those considered , it was Philbin who wanted the job the most , and when he saw an episode of the British Millionaire and was blown away by his content , Davies and his team ultimately settled on having him host the American show . When Davies approached ABC again after having hired Philbin , the network finally agreed to accept the U.S. Millionaire . With production now ready to begin , the team had only five months to finish developing the show and get it launched , with Davies demanding perfection in every element of Millionaire 's production . Audition process ( edit ) With few exceptions , any legal resident of the United States who is 18 years of age or older has the potential of becoming a contestant through Millionaire 's audition process . Those ineligible include employees , immediate family or household members , and close acquaintances of SPE , Disney , or any of their respective affiliates or subsidiaries ; television stations that broadcast the syndicated version ; or any advertising agency or other firm or entity engaged in the production , administration , or judging of the show . Also ineligible are current candidates for political office and individuals who have appeared on a different game show outside of cable that has been broadcast within the past year , is intended to be broadcast within the next year , or played the main game on any of the U.S. versions of Millionaire itself . Potential contestants of the original primetime version had to compete in a telephone contest which had them dial a toll - free number and answer three questions by putting objects or events in order . Callers had ten seconds to enter the order on a keypad , with any incorrect answer ending the game / call . The 10,000 to 20,000 candidates who answered all three questions correctly were selected into a random drawing in which approximately 300 contestants competed for ten spots on the show using the same phone quiz method . Accommodations for contestants outside the New York City area included round trip airfare ( or other transportation ) and hotel accommodations . The syndicated version 's potential contestants , depending on tryouts , are required to pass an electronically scored test comprising a set of thirty questions which must be answered within a 10 - minute time limit . Contestants who fail the test are eliminated , while those who pass are interviewed for an audition by the production staff , and those who impress the staff the most are then notified by postal mail that they have been placed into a pool for possible selection as contestants . At the producers ' discretion , contestants from said pool are selected to appear on actual episodes of the syndicated program ; these contestants are given a phone call from staff and asked to confirm the information on their initial application form and verify that they meet all eligibility requirements . Afterwards , they are given a date to travel to the show 's taping facilities to participate in a scheduled episode of the show . Unlike its ABC counterpart , the syndicated version does not offer transportation or hotel accommodations to contestants at the production company 's expense ; that version 's contestants are instead required to provide transportation and accommodations of their own . The syndicated Millionaire also conducts open casting calls in various locations across the United States to search for potential contestants . These are held in late spring or early summer , with all dates and locations posted on the show 's official website . The producers make no guarantee on how many applicants will be tested at each particular venue ; however , the show will not test any more than 2,500 individuals per audition day . In cases when the show features themed episodes with two people playing as a team , auditions for these episodes ' contestants are announced on the show 's website . Both members of the team must pass the written test and the audition interview successfully in order to be considered for selection . If only one member of the team passes , he or she is placed into the contestant pool alone and must continue the audition process as an individual in order to proceed . Music ( edit ) Originally , the U.S. Millionaire carried over the musical score from the British version , composed by father - and - son duo Keith and Matthew Strachan . Unlike older game show musical scores , Millionaire 's musical score was created to feature music playing almost throughout the entire show . The Strachans ' main Millionaire theme song took some inspiration from the `` Mars '' movement of Gustav Holst 's The Planets , and their question cues from the $2,000 to the $32,000 / $25,000 level , and then from the $64,000 / $50,000 level onwards , took the pitch up a semitone for each subsequent question , in order to increase tension as the contestant progressed through the game . On GSN 's Gameshow Hall of Fame special , the narrator described the Strachan tracks as `` mimicking the sound of a beating heart , '' and stated that as the contestant worked their way up the money ladder , the music was `` perfectly in tune with their ever - increasing pulse . '' The original Millionaire musical score holds the distinction of being the only game show soundtrack to be acknowledged by the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers , as the Strachans were honored with numerous ASCAP awards for their work , the earliest of them awarded in 2000 . The original music cues were given minor rearrangements for the clock format in 2008 ; for example , the question cues were synced to the `` ticking '' sounds of the game clock . Even later , the Strachan score was removed from the U.S. version altogether for the introduction of the shuffle format in 2010 , in favor of a new musical score with cues written by Jeff Lippencott and Mark T. Williams , co-founders of the Los Angeles - based company Ah2 Music . Set ( edit ) The U.S. Millionaire 's basic set is a direct adaptation of the British version 's set design , which was conceived by Andy Walmsley . Paul Smith 's original licensing agreement for the U.S. Millionaire required that the show 's set design , along with all other elements of the show 's on - air presentation ( musical score , lighting system , host 's wardrobe , etc . ) , adhere faithfully to the way in which they were presented in the British version ; this same licensing agreement applied to all other international versions of the show , making Walmsley 's Millionaire set design the most reproduced scenic design in television history . The original version of the U.S. Millionaire 's set cost $200,000 to construct . The U.S. Millionaire 's production design is handled by George Allison , whose predecessors have included David Weller and Jim Fenhagen . Unlike older game shows whose sets are or were designed to make the contestant ( s ) feel at ease , Millionaire 's set was designed to make the contestant feel uncomfortable , so that the program feels more like a movie thriller than a typical quiz show . The floor is made of Plexiglas beneath which lies a huge dish covered in mirror paper . Before the shuffle format was implemented in 2010 , the main game had the contestant and host sit in chairs in the center of the stage , known as `` Hot Seats '' ; these measured 3 feet ( 0.91 m ) high , were modeled after chairs typically found in hair salons , and each seat featured a computer monitor directly facing it to display questions and other pertinent information . Shortly after the shuffle format was introduced to Millionaire , Vieira stated in an interview with her Millionaire predecessor on his morning talk show that the Hot Seat was removed because it was decided that the seat , which was originally intended to make the contestant feel nervous , actually ended up having contestants feel so comfortable in it that it did not service the production team any longer . The lighting system is programmed to darken the set as the contestant progresses further into the game . There are also spotlights situated at the bottom of the set area that zoom down on the contestant when they answer a major question ; to increase the visibility of the light beams emitted by such spotlights , oil is vaporized , creating a haze effect . Media scholar Dr. Robert Thompson , a professor at Syracuse University , stated that the show 's lighting system made the contestant feel as though they were outside of prison when an escape was in progress . When the shuffle format was introduced , the Hot Seats and corresponding monitors were replaced with a single podium , and as a result , the contestant and host stand throughout the game and are also able to walk around the stage . Also , two video screens were installed -- one that displays the current question in play , and another that displays the contestant 's cumulative total and progress during the game . In September 2012 , the redesigned set was improved with a modernized look and feel , in order to take into account the show 's transition to high - definition broadcasting , which had just come about the previous year . The two video screens were replaced with two larger ones , having twice as many projectors as the previous screens had ; the previous contestant podium was replaced with a new one ; and light - emitting diode ( LED ) technology was integrated into the lighting system to give the lights more vivid colors and the set and gameplay experience a more intimate feel . Broadcast history ( edit ) ABC ( edit ) The U.S. version of Millionaire was launched by ABC as a half - hour primetime program on August 16 , 1999 . When it premiered , it became the first U.S. network game show to offer a million - dollar top prize to contestants . After airing thirteen episodes and reaching an audience of 15 million viewers by the end of the show 's first week on the air , the program expanded to an hour - long format when it returned in November . The series , of which episodes were originally shown only a day after their initial taping , was promoted to regular status on January 18 , 2000 and , at the height of its popularity , was airing on ABC five nights a week . The show was so popular during its original primetime run that rival networks created or re-incarnated game shows of their own ( e.g. , Greed , Twenty One , etc . ) , as well as importing various game shows of British and Australian origin to America ( such as Winning Lines , Weakest Link , and It 's Your Chance of a Lifetime ) . The nighttime version initially drew in up to 30 million viewers a day three times a week , an unheard - of number in modern network television . In the 1999 -- 2000 season , it averaged No. 1 in the ratings against all other television shows , with 28,848,000 viewers . In the next season ( 2000 -- 01 ) , three nights out of the five weekly episodes placed in the top 10 . However , the show 's ratings began to fall during the 2000 -- 01 season , so that at the start of the 2001 -- 02 season , the ratings were only a fraction of what they had been one year before , and by season 's end , the show was no longer even ranked among the top 20 . ABC 's reliance on the show 's popularity led the network to fall quickly from its former spot as the nation 's most watched network . As ABC 's overexposure of the primetime Millionaire led the public to tire of the show , there was speculation that the show would not survive beyond the 2001 -- 02 season . The staff planned on switching it to a format that would emphasize comedy more than the game and feature a host other than Philbin , but in the end , the primetime show was canceled , with its final episode airing on June 27 , 2002 . Syndication ( edit ) In 2001 , Millionaire producers began work on a half - hour daily syndicated version of the show , with the idea being that it would serve as an accompaniment to the network series which was still in production . ABC 's cancellation of the network Millionaire ended that idea ; however , the syndicated Millionaire still had enough interest to be greenlit and BVT sold the series to local stations for the 2002 -- 03 season . The syndicated series nearly met the same fate as its predecessor , however , due in part to worries that stemmed from a decision made by one of its affiliates . In the New York media market , BVT sold the syndicated Millionaire to CBS 's flagship station , WCBS - TV . In the season that had passed , WCBS ' mid-afternoon schedule included the syndicated edition of NBC 's Weakest Link , which aired at 4 pm from its January 2002 premiere . Joining Millionaire as a new syndicated series was a spinoff of The Oprah Winfrey Show hosted by Dr. Phil McGraw . WCBS picked up both series for 2002 -- 03 , with Dr. Phil serving as lead - in for the syndicated Millionaire , which was plugged into the time slot that Weakest Link had been occupying . At mid-season , WCBS announced that for the 2003 -- 04 season it had acquired the broadcast rights to The People 's Court after WNBC , which had been airing the revived series since its 1997 debut , dropped it from its lineup . WCBS announced plans to move The People 's Court into the time slot that was occupied by Millionaire and the still - airing 4 : 30 pm local newscast once it joined the station 's lineup in September 2003 . This led to speculation that the syndicated Millionaire would not be returning for a second season , and BVT 's concerns over losing its New York affiliate were compounded by the fact that there were not many time slots available for the show in New York outside of the undesirable late - night slots that syndicators try to avoid . In June 2003 , a shakeup at one of BVT 's corporate siblings provided the series with an opening . ABC announced that it would be returning the 12 : 30 pm network time slot to its affiliates in October of that year following the cancellation of the soap opera Port Charles . ABC 's flagship , WABC - TV , was thus in need of a program to fill the slot and BVT went to them asking if the station would pick up Millionaire . WABC agreed to do this and when the new season launched that fall , the station began airing Millionaire at 12 : 30 pm . Millionaire continued to air on WABC in the afternoon until the end of the 2014 -- 15 season , when it acquired the broadcast rights to FABLife for the 2015 -- 16 season . To make room for FABLife , the afternoon airing of Millionaire was moved to independent station WLNY - TV ; however , FABLife was canceled in January 2016 , and as a result , Millionaire moved back to WABC for the 2016 -- 17 season . According to e-mails released in the Sony Pictures Entertainment hack , Millionaire narrowly avoided cancellation after the 2014 -- 15 season . The show 's declining ratings prompted DADT to demand a dramatically reduced licensing fee for renewal , which SPE was hesitant to accept . The series was nonetheless renewed for the 2015 -- 16 season , with various cuts to the show 's production budget and a return to the original format ( but with only 14 questions ) . Had the show not been renewed , SPE would have placed the show on extended hiatus for three years , reclaimed full rights to the show ( without the innovations and format added in the syndicated run , to which DADT owns intellectual property rights ) , and shopped the revived show to another network or syndicator . On January 17 , 2017 , it was announced that Millionaire has been renewed through 2018 . Millionaire was subsequently renewed through the 2018 -- 19 season on January 17 , 2018 . GSN ( edit ) Game Show Network ( GSN ) acquired the rerun rights to the U.S. Millionaire in August 2003 . The network initially aired only episodes from the three seasons of the original prime - time run ; however , additional episodes were later added . These included the Super Millionaire spin - off , which aired on GSN from May 2005 to January 2007 , and the first two seasons of the syndicated version , which began airing on November 10 , 2008 . On December 4 , 2017 , GSN acquired the rerun rights to the Harrison episodes of Millionaire ( seasons fourteen and fifteen ) , which began airing December 18 , 2017 . Special editions ( edit ) Various special editions and tournaments have been conducted which feature celebrities playing the game and donating winnings to charities of their choice . During celebrity editions on the original ABC version , contestants were allowed to receive help from their fellow contestants during the first ten questions . The most successful celebrity contestants throughout the show 's run have included Drew Carey , Rosie O'Donnell , Norm Macdonald , and Chip Esten , all of whom won $500,000 for their respective charities . The episode featuring O'Donnell's $500,000 win averaged 36.1 million viewers , the highest number for a single episode of the show . There have also been special weeks featuring two or three family members or couples competing as a team , a `` Champions Edition '' where former big winners returned and split their winnings with their favorite charities , a `` Zero Dollar Winner Edition '' featuring contestants who previously missed one of the first - tier questions and left with nothing , and a `` Tax - Free Edition '' in which H&R Block calculated the taxes of winnings to allow contestants to earn stated winnings after taxes , and various theme weeks featuring college students , teachers , brides - to - be , etc. as contestants . Additionally , the syndicated version once featured an annual `` Walk In & Win Week '' with contestants who were randomly selected from the audience without having to take the audition test . Special weeks have also included shows featuring questions concerning specific topics , such as professional football , celebrity gossip , movies , and pop culture . During a week of episodes in November 2007 , to celebrate the 1,000 th episode of the syndicated Millionaire , all contestants that week started with $1,000 so that they could not leave empty - handed , and only had to answer ten questions to win $1,000,000 . During that week , twenty home viewers per day also won $1,000 each . Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire ( edit ) In 2004 , Philbin returned to host 12 episodes of a spin - off program titled Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire in which contestants could potentially win $10,000,000 . ABC aired five episodes of this spin - off during the week of February 22 , 2004 , and an additional seven episodes later that year in May . As usual , contestants had to answer a series of 15 multiple - choice questions of increasing difficulty , but the dollar values rose substantially . The first five questions for Super Millionaire were worth $1,000 , $2,000 , $3,000 , $4,000 , $5,000 ( the first safe haven ) ; the remaining ten questions were worth $10,000 , $20,000 , $30,000 , $50,000 , $100,000 ( the second safe haven ) , $500,000 , $1,000,000 , $2,500,000 , $5,000,000 , and $10,000,000 . Contestants were given the standard three lifelines in place at the time ( 50 : 50 , Ask the Audience , and Phone - a-Friend ) at the beginning of the game . However , after correctly answering the $100,000 question , the contestant earned two additional lifelines : Three Wise Men and Double Dip . The Three Wise Men lifeline involved a panel of three experts , one of whom was always a former Millionaire contestant and at least one of whom was female . When this lifeline was used , the contestant and panel had 30 seconds to discuss the question and choices before the audio and video feeds were dropped . Double Dip gave a contestant two chances to answer a question . Once used , no further lifelines could be used ; moreover , if the `` first final answer '' was incorrect , the contestant could not walk away . If the `` second final answer '' was also wrong , the contestant left with $100,000 . 10th Anniversary Celebration ( edit ) To celebrate the tenth anniversary of Millionaire 's U.S. debut , the show returned to ABC primetime for an eleven - night event hosted by Philbin , which aired August 9 -- 23 , 2009 . The Academy Award - winning movie Slumdog Millionaire and the 2008 economic crisis helped boost interest of renewal of the game show . The episodes featured game play based on the previous rule set of the syndicated version ( including the rule changes implemented in season seven ) but used the Fastest Finger round to select contestants . Various celebrities also made special guest appearances at the end of every episode ; each guest played one question for a chance at $50,000 for a charity of their choice , being allowed to use any one of the four lifelines in place at the time ( Phone - a-Friend , Ask the Audience , Double Dip , and Ask the Expert ) , but still earned a minimum of $25,000 for the charity if they answered the question incorrectly . On August 18 , 2009 , New York City resident Nik Bonaddio appeared on the program , winning $100,000 with the help of the audience and later , Gwen Ifill as his lifelines . Bonaddio then used the proceeds to start the sports analytics firm numberFire , which was sold in September 2015 to FanDuel , a fantasy sports platform . The finale of the tenth anniversary special , which aired on August 23 , 2009 , featured Ken Basin , an entertainment lawyer , Harvard Law graduate , and former Jeopardy ! contestant , who went on to become the first contestant to play a $1,000,000 question in the `` clock format '' era . With a time of 4 : 39 ( 45 seconds + 3 : 54 banked time ) , Basin was given a question involving President Lyndon Baines Johnson 's fondness for Fresca . Using his one remaining lifeline , Basin asked the audience , which supported his own hunch of Yoo - hoo rather than the correct answer . He decided to answer the question and lost $475,000 , becoming the first contestant in the U.S. version to answer a $1,000,000 question incorrectly . After Basin finished his run , Vieira appeared on - camera and announced that all remaining Fastest Finger contestants would play with her on the first week of the syndicated version 's eighth season . After this , the million dollar question was not played again on a standard episode until September 25 , 2013 , when Josina Reaves became the second U.S. Millionaire contestant to incorrectly answer her $1,000,000 question , about a 1555 treatise written by Nostradamus , but only lost $75,000 as she used her Jump the Question lifelines on her $250,000 and $500,000 questions . Million dollar tournament of ten ( edit ) Although the syndicated Millionaire had produced two millionaires in its first season , Nancy Christy 's May 2003 win was still standing as the most recent when the program began its eighth season in fall of 2009 . Deciding that six - plus years had been too long since someone had won the top prize , producers conducted a tournament to find a third million dollar winner . For the first nine weeks of the 2009 -- 10 season , each episode saw contestants attempt to qualify for what was referred to as the `` Tournament of Ten '' . Contestants were seeded based on how much money they had won , with the biggest winner ranked first and the lowest ranked tenth . Ties were broken based on how much time a contestant had banked when they had walked away from the game . The tournament began on the episode aired November 9 , 2009 , and playing in order from the lowest to the highest seed , tournament contestants played one at a time at the end of that episode and the next nine . The rules were exactly the same as they were for a normal million dollar question under the clock format introduced the season before , except here , the contestants had no lifelines at their disposal . Each contestant received a base time of 45 seconds . For each question they had answered before walking away , the contestants received any unused seconds that were left when they gave their answers . The accumulated total of those unused seconds was then added to the base time to give the contestants their final question time limit . Each contestant had the same decision facing them as before , which was whether to attempt to answer the question or walk away with their pre-tournament total intact . Attempting the question and answering incorrectly incurred the same penalty as in regular play , with a reduction of their pre-tournament winnings to $25,000 . If the question was answered correctly , the player that did so became the tournament leader . If another player after him / her answered correctly , that player assumed the lead and the previous leader kept their pre-tournament winnings . The highest remaining seed to have attempted and correctly answered their question at the end of the tournament on November 20 , 2009 would be declared the winner and become the syndicated series ' third millionaire . The first contestant to attempt to answer the million dollar question was Sam Murray , the tournament 's eighth - seeded qualifier . On November 11 , Murray was asked approximately how many people had lived on Earth in its history and correctly guessed 100 billion . Murray was still atop the leaderboard entering the November 20 finale as he remained the only contestant to even attempt to answer his or her question . The only person who could defeat him was top seed and $250,000 winner Jehan Shamsid - Deen , who was asked a question regarding the Blorenge , cited as `` a rare example of a word that rhymes with orange '' . Shamsid - Deen considered taking the risk , believing ( correctly ) that the name belonged to a mountain in Wales . However , she decided that the potential of losing $225,000 did not justify the risk and elected to walk away from the question , giving Murray the win and the million dollar prize . Reception ( edit ) Since its introduction to the United States , GSN credited Who Wants to Be a Millionaire with not only single - handedly reviving the game show genre , but also breaking new ground for it . The series revolutionized the look and feel of game shows with its unique lighting system , dramatic music cues , and futuristic set . The show also became one of the highest - rated and most popular game shows in U.S. television history , and has been credited with paving the way for the rise of the primetime reality TV phenomenon to prominence throughout the 2000s . The U.S. Millionaire also made catchphrases out of various lines used on the show . In particular , `` Is that your final answer ? '' , asked by Millionaire 's hosts whenever a contestant 's answer needs to be verified , was popularized by Philbin during his tenure as host , and was also included on TV Land 's special `` 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases '' , which aired in 2006 . Meanwhile , during his tenure as host , Cedric signed off shows with a catchphrase of his own , `` Watch yo ' wallet ! '' The original primetime version of the U.S. Millionaire won two Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show in 2000 and 2001 . Philbin was honored with a Daytime Emmy in the category of Outstanding Game Show Host in 2001 , while Vieira received one in 2005 , and another in 2009 . TV Guide ranked the U.S. Millionaire # 7 on its 2001 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later ranked it # 6 on its 2013 `` 60 Greatest Game Shows '' list . GSN ranked Millionaire # 5 on its August 2006 list of the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time , and later honored the show in January 2007 on its only Gameshow Hall of Fame special . Other Media ( edit ) Merchandise ( edit ) In 2000 , Pressman released two board game adaptions of Millionaire as well as a junior edition recommended for younger players . Several video games based on the varying gameplay formats of Millionaire have also been released throughout the course of the show 's U.S. history . Between 1999 and 2001 , Jellyvision produced five video game adaptations based upon the original primetime series for personal computers and Sony 's PlayStation console , all of them featuring Philbin 's likeness and voice . The first of these adaptations was published by Disney Interactive , while the later four were published by Buena Vista Interactive which had just been spun off from DI when it reestablished itself in attempts to diversify its portfolio . Of the five games , three featured general trivia questions , one was sports - themed , and another was a `` Kids Edition '' featuring easier questions . In 2008 , Imagination Games released a DVD version of the show , based on the 2004 -- 08 format and coming complete with Vieira 's likeness and voice , as well as a quiz book and a 2009 desktop calendar . Additionally , two Millionaire video games were released by Ludia in conjunction with Ubisoft in 2010 and 2011 ; the first of these was a game for Nintendo 's Wii console and DS handheld system based on the clock format , while the second , for Microsoft 's Xbox 360 , was based on the shuffle format . Ludia has also created a Facebook game based on Millionaire , which debuted on March 21 , 2011 . This game features an altered version of the shuffle format , condensing the number of questions to twelve -- eight in round one , and four in round two . A contestant can compete against eight other Millionaire fans in round one , and play round two alone if they make it into the top three . There is no `` final answer '' rule ; the contestant 's responses are automatically locked in . Answering a question correctly earns a contestant the value of that question , multiplied by the number of people who responded incorrectly . Contestants are allowed to use two of their Facebook friends as Jump the Question lifelines in round one , and to use the Ask the Audience lifeline in round two to invite up to 50 such friends of theirs to answer a question for a portion of the prize money of the current question . Disney parks attraction ( edit ) Main article : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! The building that housed the Californian version , shown here after its 2004 closure Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! was an attraction at the Disney 's Hollywood Studios theme park ( when it was known as Disney - MGM Studios ) at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando , Florida and at Disney California Adventure Park in Anaheim , California . Both the Florida and California Play It ! attractions opened in 2001 ; the California version closed in 2004 , and the Florida version closed in 2006 and was replaced by Toy Story Midway Mania ! The format in the Play It ! attraction was very similar to that of the television show that inspired it . When a show started , a `` Fastest Finger '' question was given , and the audience was asked to put the four answers in order ; the person with the fastest time was the first contestant in the Hot Seat for that show . However , the main game had some differences : for example , contestants competed for points rather than dollars , the questions were set to time limits , and the Phone - a-Friend lifeline became Phone a Complete Stranger which connected the contestant to a Disney cast member outside the attraction 's theater who would find a guest to help . After the contestant 's game was over , they were awarded anything from a collectible pin , to clothing , to a Millionaire CD game , to a 3 - night Disney Cruise . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The simplified title is often used by hosts and in promotional materials . Jump up ^ To qualify for 2004 's Super Millionaire spin - off , potential contestants were required to answer five questions . Each person who successfully answered all five questions chose one tape date , and the contestants for that tape date were drawn from that pool . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Gameshow Hall of Fame . GSN . January 21 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Syndicated Version original rules '' . Valleycrest Productions , Ltd. and Buena Vista Television . June 28 , 2002 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Official Rules ( Season 13 ) '' . dadt.com . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The New Season of `` Millionaire '' is a Real Game - Changer `` . Disney - ABC Domestic Television . August 16 , 2010 . Retrieved August 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire primetime on WCHS - TV8 '' . wchstv.com . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Network Version Rules '' . Valleycrest Productions and Buena Vista Television . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2000 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( TV Series ) ( 2002 ) '' . Blockbuster . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Kicks Off Seventh Season by Introducing New Changes to the Game , Creating New Levels of Excitement , Emotional Drama and Heart - Pounding Tension for Both Viewers and Contestants '' . The Futon Critic . August 18 , 2008 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Miller , Trisha ( October 22 , 2009 ) . `` '' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' to Add Celebrity Questions `` . Reuters . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 18 , 2014 ) . `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Season 13 With New Host Terry Crews to Premiere Monday , September 8 '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 6 . September 14 , 2009 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire : Official Rules ( Archive ) '' . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 66 . January 11 , 2010 . Syndicated . Vieira : `` For the sake of the audience here ( in the studio ) and the audience at home , there has been a slight change in gameplay that I want to explain to you folks . On the board , we no longer have Phone - a-Friend as a lifeline . Now , I want to explain to you why . Technology has changed , as you know , over the years and we feel that it has compromised the integrity of that lifeline and the ( original ) intent ( thereof ) , because often when a contestant calls somebody , a friend at home , who do they get ? They get Mr. Internet , and we feel that it is n't fair that some people have access to a computer and some do n't , because the game is really not about that ; it 's about what 's inside somebody 's head . '' ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Ask the Expert Lifeline '' . About.com . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2010 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` America Online and Buena Vista Television Break New Ground by Expanding ' Ask the Audience ' Lifeline beyond the ' Millionaire ' Studio via Instant Messaging '' . Business Wire . August 23 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Who Wants to be a Millionaire ' Celebrates Halloween With an Added `` Crystal Ball '' Lifeline , A Spooky Set Makeover and a Contestant in Drag `` . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2012 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 14 . Episode 21 . September 28 , 2015 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ `` Taxman scoops a million '' . BBC News . November 21 , 1999 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire Makeovers ! '' . People . Vol. 54 no . 20 . Time Inc . November 13 , 2000 . Retrieved July 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Double jackpot winner on US Millionaire '' . BBC News . April 11 , 2001 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kaplan , Don ( April 16 , 2001 ) . `` Improbably , Millionaire Strikes Again '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Berr , Jonathan ( September 29 , 2010 ) . `` Million Dollar Game Show Winners : What Happens After the Money Comes In '' . Aol.com . Daily Finance . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 3 . Episode 1 . September 7 , 2001 . ABC . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Gary ( February 24 , 2004 ) . `` Millionaire could be ABC 's Interim Answer '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Pulls Out All the Stops for November Sweeps '' . The Futon Critic . October 27 , 2004 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Tournament of Ten Results '' . ThoughtCo . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weprin , Alex ( April 22 , 2009 ) . `` Who Wants To Be a Millionaire ? Returning To ABC '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime ' Millionaire ' Considered '' . ABC News . June 8 , 2001 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Kicks Off Coast to Coast Bus Tour '' . BusinessWire . July 23 , 2002 . The weekday version of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire , featuring Meredith Vieira as host , premieres on Monday , September 16 in nationwide syndication . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2013 ) . `` Meredith Vieira Leaving Syndicated `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' Series `` . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 25 , 2009 ) . `` Regis Philbin Hosts Daytime Millionaire November 30 -- December 4 '' . TV By the Numbers ( Press release ) . Zap2it . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Al Roker Fills in on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , 1st Contestant from Jacksonville '' . First Coast News . Gannett Company . March 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Tom Bergeron Net Worth '' . The Richest . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Folkerth , Kathleen ( July 12 , 2007 ) . `` Resident Takes Turn in Millionaire Hot Seat '' . Akron.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nachman , Laura ( March 4 , 2008 ) . `` Former Good Day Philadelphia Host Dave Price Subs on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . Philly TV and Radio . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Cast '' . tv.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Holly ( October 3 , 2008 ) . `` Cat Deeley to present Who Wants To Be A Millionaire in the States '' . NOW . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rizzo , Monica ( May 8 , 2009 ) . `` Samantha Harris to Host Millionaire -- For a Week '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Monroe Native to Appear on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . WKOW . June 4 , 2009 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Jersey Journal ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Jersey City Man Wins $15,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . nj.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Wipeout : John Henson '' . ABC . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Needham , Bob ( March 14 , 2011 ) . `` Ann Arbor Resident Appearing on Who Wants To Be a Millionaire this Week '' . The Ann Arbor News . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bergmann , Caitlin ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Tim Gunn Takes over Millionaire '' . Lifetime . Archived from the original on April 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` DL Hughley , Tony Roberts , Timmy Hall and Hope Flood '' . UpOut . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Vieira to leave `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' `` . The New York Times Media Decoder . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shain , Michael ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Regis considering return to Who Wants to be a Millionaire '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cedric the Entertainer Will Host `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire , '' Replace Meredith Vieira `` . The Huffington Post . March 20 , 2013 . Retrieved September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Cedric The Entertainer To Succeed Meredith Vieira As Host Of Syndicated Who Wants To Be A Millionaire '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( April 30 , 2014 ) . `` ' Who Wants To Be Millionaire ' Host Cedric The Entertainer To Depart '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Terry Crews Named New Host of Who Wants To Be A Millionaire '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2014 . Retrieved June 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 13 April 2015 ) . `` Chris Harrison Named New Host Of ' Who Wants To Be A Millionaire ' , Replacing Terry Crews '' . deadline.com . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : End credits lists of appropriate U.S. Millionaire episodes . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire '' . Andy Walmsley , Production Designer . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ The Meredith Vieira Show . Season 1 . Episode 1 . September 8 , 2014 . Syndication . Jump up ^ `` ' Switch the Question ' Added as New Lifeline on ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' '' . August 24 , 2004 . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sony buys Who Wants To Be a Millionaire ? parent '' . mcvuk.com . March 13 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Loveday , Samantha ( December 1 , 2006 ) . `` New owners take on Celador International and Millionaire brand '' . toynews-online.biz . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Valleycrest Productions LTD '' . PowerProfiles . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire has the First Million Dollar Question of the Season ! '' . Fox 43 Central Pennsylvania . September 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Just , Olivia ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` Disney moves filming of ' Millionaire ' to Stamford '' . CT Post . Hearst Media Services Connecticut , LLC . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Relocates to Las Vegas '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Furman , Elina ; Furman , Leah ( 2000 ) . So You 'd Like to Win a Million : Facts , Trivia , and Inside Hints on Game Show Success . Macmillan . ISBN 9780312976354 . Jump up ^ Davies , Michael ( 2000 ) . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : The Official Book from the Hit TV Show . Hyperion Books . p. 14 . ISBN 9780786885770 . Jump up ^ Tracy , Kathleen ( 2000 ) . Regis ! : The Unauthorized Biography . ECW Press . p. 147 . ISBN 9781550224399 . ^ Jump up to : Grosvenor , Carrie . `` Be a Contestant on Who Wants to be a Millionaire '' . about.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Perry , Claudia ( March 28 , 2007 ) . `` Who wants to be a game - show contestant ? '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Smurthwaite , Nick ( March 21 , 2005 ) . `` Million Pound Notes : Keith Strachan '' . The Stage . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ah2 Music Marks 10th Anniversary '' . TrailerMusicVibe . August 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Disney - ABC Domestic Television ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` Season 23 , Episode 8 '' . Live ! with Regis and Kelly . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( September 10 , 2012 ) . `` Anderson Live , Wendy Williams , Rachael Ray Among Syndicated Shows Getting Set Makeovers ( Photos ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 9 , 2009 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Returns for its Ten Year Anniversary '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Carter , Bill ( August 9 , 2009 ) . `` Millionaire Far From Its Final Answer '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Walt Disney Company ( February 5 , 2001 ) , Disney Factbook 2000 -- Year in Review , p. 7 Jump up ^ Bauder , David ( August 4 , 2009 ) . `` '' ABC Hopes `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire '' Lightning Can Strike Twice `` '' . Huffington Post . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings 1999 -- 2000 '' . fbibler.chez.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings 2000 -- 2001 '' . fbibler.chez.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings 2001 -- 2002 '' . fbibler.chez.com . Retrieved March 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( November 29 , 2001 ) . `` ABC 's Millionaire May Not Survive Beyond the Current Season '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : ABC Game Show Returning to primetime '' . TV Series Finale. April 22 , 2009 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carter , Bill ( June 20 , 2001 ) . `` TV Notes : Games to Clash on Syndication '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pendleton , Jennifer ( May 13 , 2002 ) . `` ' Dr. Phil , ' ' Millionaire , ' ' John Walsh ' arrive , but heat factor is lacking '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Millionaire poorer in N.Y. '' The Hollywood Reporter . Highbeam Business . December 2 , 2002 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire nabs key slots in syndication '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 2 , 2003 . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2003 . Jump up ^ `` Local Listings '' . Millionaire TV . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anotado , Cory ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` Millionaire re-introduces ladder format for 2015 season '' . Buzzerblog . Retrieved June 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Anotado , Cory ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` What Millionaire Needed to Stay On The Air '' . Buzzerblog . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross ( January 17 , 2017 ) . `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire & RightThisMinute Renewed For Syndication On ABC Stations Through 2018 '' . Deadline.com . PMC . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Renewed for 17th Season on ABC Stations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brennan , Steve ( September 23 , 2003 ) . `` GSN Wins Millionaire Rerun Rights '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GSN Renews and Expands Its ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Inventory and Acquires ' Super Millionaire ' Series '' ( Press release ) . PR Newswire. April 18 , 2005 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Meredith Vieira - Hosted Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Episodes Make Cable Debut Beginning November 10 , 2008 '' ( Press release ) . GSN Corporate . November 10 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2014 . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GSN Adds Who Wants to Be a Millionaire to Daytime Schedule , 12 / 18 '' . GSN Corporate ( Press release ) . Broadway World . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Avalos , Regina ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : Seasons 14 and 15 Coming to GSN '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( May 7 , 2014 ) . `` Chip Esten on Nashville Finale , Show 's Future '' . CBS News . Retrieved July 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Huff , Richard ( May 5 , 2000 ) . `` Starstruck Millionaire : Celebrity Specials Win Show its Best Ratings Ever '' . New York Daily News . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Season Premiere '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : Walk in and Win '' . dadt.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire , and Host Meredith Vieira , Celebrate 1,000 Episodes by Giving $100,000 Away to Home Viewers ! '' . Marketwired . October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Who Wants To Be A Millionaire Returns With A Hollywood Makeover '' . AccessHollywood.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : 10th Anniversary Celebration . Episode 6 . August 18 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ `` numberFire : Moneyball for Fantasy Football Leagues '' . FastCompany.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : 10th Anniversary Celebration . Episode 11 . August 23 , 2009 . ABC . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 12 . Episode 18 . September 25 , 2013 . Syndicated . Jump up ^ Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . Season 8 . Episode 1 . September 7 , 2009 . Syndicated . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ' Tournament of Ten '' . about.com . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ The Star Ledger . December 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Meredith Vieira biography '' . www.hollywood.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2008 . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Names the 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time '' . TV Guide . February 2 , 2001 . Jump up ^ Fretts , Bruce ( June 17 , 2013 ) . `` Eyes on the Prize '' . TV Guide . pp. 14 -- 15 . Jump up ^ The 50 Greatest Game Shows of All Time . August 31 , 2006 . GSN . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( Second Edition ) '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Junior '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? ( 1999 ) '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Second Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 3rd Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Sports Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? Kids Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved July 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : DVD Game '' . BoardGameGeek . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire : Quiz Book '' . Barnes & Noble . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Millionaire 2009 Desktop Calendar '' . Desk Calendar Pad . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ubisoft Releases Who Wants to Be a Millionaire Video Game for Wii and DS '' . IGN . October 6 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 2012 Edition '' . GameFAQs . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Shaul , Brandy ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Millionaire now on Facebook : Compete with others for virtual riches '' . AOL . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaffer , Joshua C. ( 2010 ) . Discovering the Magic Kingdom : An Unofficial Disneyland Vacation Guide . Author House . p. 207 . ISBN 9781452063133 . Jump up ^ Marx , Jennifer and Dave ( December 29 , 2006 ) . `` Who Wants to Be a Winner ? Passport Tips for Who Wants to Be a Millionaire -- Play It ! '' . PassPorter.com . Further reading ( edit ) Fisher , David ; Davies , Michael P. ( 2000 ) . Who Wants to Be a Millionaire : The Official Book from the Hit TV Show . Cader Books . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8577 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Official website Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US -- 1999 -- 2002 ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Millionaire at TV.com Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( US -- current ) on IMDb Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire ( US ) on IMDb Preceded by Win Ben Stein 's Money Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game / Audience Participation Show 2000 -- 2001 Succeeded by Jeopardy ! Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Password ( 1974 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1975 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1976 ) Family Feud ( 1977 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1978 ) Hollywood Squares ( 1979 ) Hollywood Squares / The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1980 ) The $20,000 Pyramid ( 1981 ) Password Plus ( 1982 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1983 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1984 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1985 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1986 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1987 ) The Price Is Right ( 1988 ) The $25,000 Pyramid ( 1989 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1990 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1991 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1992 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1993 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1994 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1995 ) The Price Is Right ( 1996 ) The Price Is Right ( 1997 ) Jeopardy ! ( 1998 ) Win Ben Stein 's Money ( 1999 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2000 ) Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ( 2001 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2002 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2003 ) The Price Is Right ( 2004 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2005 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2006 ) The Price Is Right ( 2007 ) Cash Cab ( 2008 ) Cash Cab ( 2009 ) Cash Cab ( 2010 ) Jeopardy ! / Wheel of Fortune ( 2011 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2012 ) The Price Is Right ( 2013 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2014 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2015 ) The Price Is Right ( 2016 ) Jeopardy ! ( 2017 ) Nielsen Media Research top - rated United States network television show 1950s 50 -- 51 : Texaco Star Theater 51 -- 52 : Arthur Godfrey 's Talent Scouts 52 -- 53 , 53 -- 54 , 54 -- 55 : I Love Lucy 55 -- 56 : The $64,000 Question 56 -- 57 : I Love Lucy 57 -- 58 , 58 -- 59 , 59 -- 60 : Gunsmoke 1960s 60 -- 61 : Gunsmoke 61 -- 62 : Wagon Train 62 -- 63 , 63 -- 64 : The Beverly Hillbillies ( S1 , S2 ) 64 -- 65 , 65 -- 66 , 66 -- 67 : Bonanza 67 -- 68 : The Andy Griffith Show ( S8 ) 68 -- 69 , 69 -- 70 : Rowan & Martin 's Laugh - In 1970s 70 -- 71 : Marcus Welby , M.D. 71 -- 72 , 72 -- 73 , 73 -- 74 , 74 -- 75 , 75 -- 76 : All in the Family ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 , S6 ) 76 -- 77 : Happy Days ( S4 ) 77 -- 78 , 78 -- 79 : Laverne & Shirley ( S3 , S4 ) 79 -- 80 : 60 Minutes 1980s 80 -- 81 , 81 -- 82 : Dallas ( S4 , S5 ) 82 -- 83 : 60 Minutes 83 -- 84 : Dallas ( S7 ) 84 -- 85 : Dynasty 85 -- 86 , 86 -- 87 , 87 -- 88 , 88 -- 89 : The Cosby Show ( S2 , S3 , S4 , S5 ) 89 -- 90 : Roseanne ( S2 ) / The Cosby Show ( S6 ) 1990s 90 -- 91 : Cheers ( S9 ) 91 -- 92 , 92 -- 93 , 93 -- 94 : 60 Minutes 94 -- 95 : Seinfeld ( S6 ) 95 -- 96 , 96 -- 97 : ER ( S2 , S3 ) 97 -- 98 : Seinfeld ( S9 ) 98 -- 99 : ER ( S5 ) 99 -- 2000 : Who Wants to Be a Millionaire 2000s 00 -- 01 : Survivor ( S2 - AO ) 01 -- 02 : Friends ( S8 ) 02 -- 03 , 03 -- 04 , 04 -- 05 , : CSI : Crime Scene Investigation ( S3 , S4 , S5 ) 05 -- 06 , 06 -- 07 , 07 -- 08 , 08 -- 09 , 09 -- 10 : American Idol ( S5 , S6 , S7 , S8 , S9 ) 2010s 10 -- 11 : American Idol ( S10 ) 11 - 12 : NBC Sunday Night Football 12 - 13 : NCIS ( S10 ) 13 - 14 , 14 - 15 , 15 - 16 , 16 -- 17 : NBC Sunday Night Football Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire_(U.S._game_show)&oldid=826175745 '' Categories : 1990s American television series 1999 American television series debuts 2000s American television series 2010s American television series American Broadcasting Company network shows American game shows American television series based on British television series Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show winners English - language television programs First - run syndicated television programs in the United States Television shows filmed in New York ( state ) Nielsen ratings winners Quiz shows Television series by Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Television series by Sony Pictures Television Who Wants to Be a Millionaire ? 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-8684745843031089011	Love on a Two-Way Street	Love on a Two - Way Street - wikipedia Love on a Two - Way Street Jump to : navigation , search `` Love on a Two - Way Street '' Single by The Moments from the album Not on the Outside , But on the Inside , Strong ! B - side `` I Wo n't Do Anything '' Released March 1970 Format 7 '' single Genre R&B , soul Length 3 : 05 ( single edit ) 3 : 46 ( album version ) Label Stang Records All Platinum Songwriter ( s ) Sylvia Robinson , Bert Keyes Producer ( s ) Sylvia Robinson `` Love on a Two - Way Street '' is a Soul ballad written by Sylvia Robinson and Bert Keyes in 1968 . The song was originally recorded by Lezli Valentine , an artist signed to All Platinum , the record label that Sylvia Robinson co-owned with her husband , Joe . The song was then recorded by The Moments , an R&B vocal group signed to All Platinum subsidiary Stang Records , as filler for their 1968 album Not on the Outside , But on the Inside , Strong ! . Sylvia and Joe decided to release the song as a single in March 1970 and it went on to become one of the biggest R&B hits of that year , spending five weeks at number one on Billboard 's Soul Singles chart and reaching number three on the Hot 100 chart . Billboard ranked the record as the No. 25 song of 1970 . It was also certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million copies . Willie and The Mighty Magnificents provided most of the musical backing on the song and Bert Keyes created the string arrangement that was overdubbed onto the track while also playing piano on the recording session . According to the song 's original vocalist , Lezli Valentine , she was a third contributor to the song writing most of the song 's lyrics : Sylvia came into the office on the morning Two Way Street was created and said that she had a dream but that the only thing she remembered was `` Love on a Two - way Street , Lost on a lonely Highway . '' -- We went into Bert 's office ... Sylvia asked Bert to play what he felt ( that became the melody ) ... I , Lezli Valentine , began to write the story line ... `` True love will never die , so I 've been told but now I must cry , it is finally goodbye , I know ... With music softly playing his lips were gently saying honey I love you '' ... Sylvia wrote `` he held me in desperation , I thought it was a revelation and then he walked out '' ... I , Lezli Valentine wrote ... `` how could I be so blind to give of love the very first time , to be fooled is a hurting thing '' ... Sylvia wrote `` to be loved and fooled is a crying shame '' ... Lezli Valentine wrote `` while I bear the blame , as he laughs my name '' , the rest was completed , I recorded it ; the lead sheets were hand delivered by one of the original Moments , John , who lived in DC . The original application was altered without my knowledge ( omitting Lezli Valentine 's name as a lyric writer ... there are three writers on I Found Love On A Two - Way Street ) Joseph Robinson , Sr. definitely knew this , ( Joseph R. Robinson , Sr. said he would rectify this , evidently he never did . Each time I telephoned him on this he said he would take care of it ) as did Ebert Mahon ... AKA Bert Keyes and several recording artists in the Soul Sound Studios at the time ! This was nerve wrecking and resulted in hospitalizations . The Moments ' version of the song has been sampled by The AB 's formally known as Asamov in 2005 for the song `` Supa Dynamite '' , by Caribou in the track `` Subotnick '' from 2005 's The Milk of Human Kindness , and by Jay - Z and Alicia Keys ' single `` Empire State of Mind '' in 2009 . Cover versions ( edit ) In 1981 , Cotillion Records artist , Stacy Lattisaw covered `` Love on a Two - Way Street '' which peaked at number two R&B , number 19 Adult Contemporary , and number twenty six on the Hot 100 . This version also peaked at number 23 on the Cash Box Top 100 during August of that year . Gloria Estefan included her version on her 1994 album , Hold Me , Thrill Me , Kiss Me . The song was also covered by Boz Scaggs on his 2013 album , Memphis . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 408 . Jump up ^ Billboard Year - End Hot 100 singles of 1970 Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 341 . External links ( edit ) Soul-patrol.com Preceded by `` Turn Back the Hands of Time '' by Tyrone Davis Billboard 's Best Selling Soul Singles number one single ( The Moments version ) May 16 -- June 13 , 1970 Succeeded by `` The Love You Save '' by The Jackson 5 Stacy Lattisaw Studio albums Young and in Love Let Me Be Your Angel With You Sneakin ' Out Sixteen Perfect Combination I 'm Not the Same Girl Take Me All the Way Personal Attention What You Need Singles `` When You 're Young and in Love '' `` Dynamite ! '' `` Jump to the Beat '' `` Let Me Be Your Angel '' `` Love on a Two Way Street '' `` Attack of the Name Game '' `` Hey There Lonely Boy '' `` Perfect Combination '' / `` Heartbreak Look '' `` Block Party '' `` Baby It 's You '' `` Where Do We Go from Here '' `` I Do n't Have the Heart '' Related articles Johnny Gill Book : Stacy Lattisaw Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_on_a_Two-Way_Street&oldid=819395166 '' Categories : 1968 songs 1970 singles 1981 singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by Sylvia Robinson Stacy Lattisaw songs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 03 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who wrote the song love on a two way street	[ "\"Love on a Two-Way Street\" is a Soul ballad written by Sylvia Robinson and Bert Keyes in 1968. The song was originally recorded by Lezli Valentine, an artist signed to All Platinum, the record label that Sylvia Robinson co-owned with her husband, Joe. The song was then recorded by The Moments, an R&B vocal group signed to All Platinum subsidiary Stang Records, as filler for their 1968 album Not on the Outside, But on the Inside, Strong!. Sylvia and Joe decided to release the song as a single in March 1970 and it went on to become one of the biggest R&B hits of that year, spending five weeks at number one on Billboard's Soul Singles chart and reaching number three on the Hot 100 chart.[1] Billboard ranked the record as the No. 25 song of 1970.[2] It was also certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million copies. Willie and The Mighty Magnificents provided most of the musical backing on the song and Bert Keyes created the string arrangement that was overdubbed onto the track while also playing piano on the recording session.", "\"Love on a Two-Way Street\" is a Soul ballad written by Sylvia Robinson and Bert Keyes in 1968. The song was originally recorded by Lezli Valentine, an artist signed to All Platinum, the record label that Sylvia Robinson co-owned with her husband, Joe. The song was then recorded by The Moments, an R&B vocal group signed to All Platinum subsidiary Stang Records, as filler for their 1968 album Not on the Outside, But on the Inside, Strong!. Sylvia and Joe decided to release the song as a single in March 1970 and it went on to become one of the biggest R&B hits of that year, spending five weeks at number one on Billboard's Soul Singles chart and reaching number three on the Hot 100 chart.[1] Billboard ranked the record as the No. 25 song of 1970.[2] It was also certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million copies. Willie and The Mighty Magnificents provided most of the musical backing on the song and Bert Keyes created the string arrangement that was overdubbed onto the track while also playing piano on the recording session." ]	[ "Sylvia Robinson", "Bert Keyes" ]
6206796067684931954	Nerve supply to the skin	Nerve supply to the skin - wikipedia Nerve supply to the skin Cutaneous innervation refers to the area of the skin which is supplied by a specific cutaneous nerve . Dermatomes are similar ; however , a dermatome only specifies the area served by a spinal nerve . In some cases , the dermatome is less specific ( when a spinal nerve is the source for more than one cutaneous nerve ) , and in other cases it is more specific ( when a cutaneous nerve is derived from multiple spinal nerves . ) Modern texts are in agreement about which areas of the skin are served by which nerves , but there are minor variations in some of the details . The borders designated by the diagrams in the 1918 edition of Gray 's Anatomy are similar , but not identical , to those generally accepted today . The concept of autonomous territory and the concept of maximal territory of cutaneous distribution for every cutaneous branch are immensely useful to clinicians assessing patients with neurological disorders . Contents ( hide ) 1 Importance of the peripheral nervous system 2 Importance of the central nervous system 3 The role of nerve endings on the surface of the skin 3.1 Hairy skin 3.2 Nonhairy skin 3.3 Exposed mucous membranes 4 Distribution of sensory neurons 5 Types of sensory neurons 6 Pathways to the CNS 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Importance of the peripheral nervous system ( edit ) The peripheral nervous system ( PNS ) is divided into the somatic nervous system , the autonomic nervous system , and the enteric nervous system . However , it is the somatic nervous system , responsible for body movement and the reception of external stimuli , which allows one to understand how cutaneous innervation is made possible by the action of specific sensory fibers located on the skin , as well as the distinct pathways they take to the central nervous system . The skin , which is part of the integumentary system , plays an important role in the somatic nervous system because it contains a range of nerve endings that react to heat and cold , touch , pressure , vibration , and tissue injury . Importance of the central nervous system ( edit ) The central nervous system ( CNS ) works with the peripheral nervous system in cutaneous innervation . The CNS is responsible for processing the information it receives from the cutaneous nerves that detect a given stimulus , and then identifying the kind of sensory inputs which project to a specific region of the primary somatosensory cortex . The role of nerve endings on the surface of the skin ( edit ) Groups of nerve terminals located in the different layers of the skin are categorized depending on whether the skin is hairy , nonhairy , or an exposed mucous membrane . Hairy skin ( edit ) The hairy parts of the body such as the forearm or the leg have two groups of nerve endings : those that end along with the hair follicles , and also with the arborizations of unmyelinated axons which are referred to as `` free '' nerve endings because they are served by both myelinated and unmyelinated axons . Nonhairy skin ( edit ) Nonhairy skin , such as the palms of hands and the soles of feet , has three types of nerve terminations . The first one , Meissner 's corpuscles are encapsulated nerve endings attached to the epidermis in the dermal papilli that detect changes in texture and vibrations . Merkel 's discs are arborizations of nonmyelinated axons that end in terminals on specialized tactile cells and which detect sustained touch and pressure . Lastly , there are also `` free '' nerve endings which are similar in structure to those in hairy skin , though they are more numerous . Exposed mucous membranes ( edit ) The exposed mucous membranes of the lips , the anal mucous membrane , and the external genital organs form the most densely innervated parts of the body . Though there is no specific categorization , both `` free '' nerve endings and unencapsulated nerve endings of myelinated axons are found within the dermis of those areas . The cornea , one of the other exposed mucous membranes , contains `` free '' nerve endings served by nonmyelinated axons . The conjunctiva contains a less dense distribution of `` free '' nerve endings that are served by both myelinated and unmyelinated axons . Distribution of sensory neurons ( edit ) The distribution of the sensory neurons within the skin accounts for the large and overlapping receptive fields of the skin . The size of the receptive fields in turn explains why almost any given stimulus to the human skin can potentially activate a very large number of nerve terminals . Therefore , it is more likely that a stimulus caused by the prick of a needle be detected by more than a hundred nerve endings all sharing the same receptive field , than for that same needle prick to be detected by only one nerve ending . Types of sensory neurons ( edit ) The different kinds of sensory stimuli that are picked up by sensory neurons are grouped into two categories : epicritic and protopathic . Epicritic neurons detect gentle touch such as caresses ; light vibrations ; the ability to recognize the shape of an object being held ; and two - point discrimination , or the spacing of two points being touched simultaneously . Protopathic neurons are responsible for detecting pain , itch , tickle , and temperature . The different types of stimuli that are detected by a given receptor allow for a relative specificity between stimuli and receptor . Pathways to the CNS ( edit ) The sensory modality that is detected by the afferent fibers is an important factor to consider because it determines the pathway that the dorsal root ganglion neurons will take within the central nervous system . The sensory neurons coming from the body synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord , bringing in information about touch sensations ( epicritic ) , or modalities of pain ( protopathic ) . While both types of sensory neurons must first synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord , the area of the dorsal horn where they synapse is different . Their pathway to the thalamus is also different . Neurons that carry information about touch , vibration , and proprioception sensations from the lower body enter the spinal cord below spinal level T6 , where they synapse in the dorsal horn to form reflex circuits , but also send axon branches through the gracile fascicle to the brainstem . Similarly , information from the upper body enters the spinal cord at level T6 and above , and ascend toward the brainstem in the Cuneate fasciculus . Together the gracile and cuneate form the dorsal column in the spine . Neurons that carry information about pain and temperature synapse in the dorsal horn at the anterolateral fascicles . While the neurons for touch sensations ascend ipsilaterally through the posterior column - medial lemniscus pathway to the thalamus ; neurons for pain and temperature ascend contralaterally to the thalamus through the anterolateral system . When both sensory pathways reach the integrating center that is the thalamus , they make their final ascent to the somatosensory areas in the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex . See also ( edit ) Cutaneous innervation of the upper limbs Cutaneous innervation of the lower limbs Cutaneous innervation of the head Aesthesiography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Spicher , C.J. , Desfoux , N. & Sprumont , P. Atlas des territoires cutanés du corps humain ; Esthésiologie de 240 branches . Montpellier , Paris : Sauramps Médical , 2010 ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Weddell , G. , and Miller , S. ( 1962 ) Cutaneous Sensibility . Annual Reviews 24 : 199 - 222 Jump up ^ Kandel , Eric ; James Schwartz ; Thomas Jessell ( 2000 ) . Principles of Neural Science . McGraw - Hill . Jump up ^ Kandel , Eric ; James Schwartz ; Thomas Jessell ( 2000 ) . Principles of Neural Science . McGraw - Hill . p. 446 . Jump up ^ Kandel , Eric ; James Schwartz ; Thomas Jessell ( 2000 ) . Principles of Neural Science . McGraw - Hill . p. 448 . External links ( edit ) Overview at luc.edu Overview at neuroguide.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nerve_supply_to_the_skin&oldid=822442063 '' Categories : Peripheral nervous system Skin physiology Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 11 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	describe how peripheral nerve cutaneous innervation relates to the concept of a dermatome	[]	[]
-3337690649462845316	United States presidential line of succession	United States presidential line of succession - wikipedia United States presidential line of succession Jump to : navigation , search The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated , dies , resigns , or is removed from office ( by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate ) . The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices . The succession follows the order of vice president , Speaker of the House of Representatives , President pro tempore of the Senate , and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States . The Cabinet currently has fifteen members , beginning with the Secretary of State , and followed by the rest in the order of their positions ' creation . Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as president are also ineligible to succeed the president by succession , for example most commonly if they are not a natural - born U.S. citizen . Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency , and in 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission raised a number of other issues with the current line of succession . Contents ( hide ) 1 Current order 2 Eligibility 2.1 Eligibility requirements 2.2 Acting officers 3 Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 4 Constitutional provisions 5 Acting president and president 6 History of succession law set by Congress 6.1 Presidential Succession Act 1792 6.2 Presidential Succession Act 1886 6.3 Presidential Succession Act 1947 6.4 Postmaster General removed 1971 6.5 Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 7 Successions beyond vice president 8 Constitutional concerns 9 See also 10 References 11 External Links Current order ( edit ) The current presidential order of succession is as follows : Key Eligible Democrat ( D ) Eligible Republican ( R ) Eligible Independent ( I ) Eligible unknown Not eligible No . Office Current officer Vice President Mike Pence ( R ) Speaker of the House of Representatives Paul Ryan ( R ) President pro tempore of the Senate Orrin Hatch ( R ) Secretary of State Rex Tillerson ( R ) 5 Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin ( R ) 6 Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis ( I ) 7 Attorney General Jeff Sessions ( R ) 8 Secretary of the Interior Ryan Zinke ( R ) 9 Secretary of Agriculture Sonny Perdue ( R ) 10 Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross ( R ) 11 Secretary of Labor Alex Acosta ( R ) 12 Secretary of Health and Human Services Alex Azar ( R ) 13 Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Ben Carson ( R ) -- Secretary of Transportation Elaine Chao ( R ) 14 Secretary of Energy Rick Perry ( R ) 15 Secretary of Education Betsy DeVos ( R ) 16 Secretary of Veterans Affairs David Shulkin ( I ) 17 Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen ( I ) Jump up ^ Not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the presidency . Cabinet officers are in line according to the chronological order of their department 's creation or the department of which their department is the successor ( the Department of Defense being successor to the Department of War , and the Department of Health and Human Services being successor to the Department of Health , Education and Welfare ) . Eligibility ( edit ) Eligibility requirements ( edit ) To be eligible to serve as president , a person must be a natural - born U.S. citizen , at least 35 years of age , and a resident within the United States for at least 14 years . These eligibility requirements are specified both in the U.S. Constitution , Article II , Section 1 , Clause 5 , and in the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ( e ) ) . Acting officers ( edit ) Acting officers may be eligible . In 2009 , the Continuity of Government Commission , a private non-partisan think tank , reported , The language in the current Presidential Succession Act is less clear than that of the 1886 Act with respect to Senate confirmation . The 1886 Act refers to `` such officers as shall have been appointed by the advice and consent of the Senate to the office therein named ... '' The current act merely refers to `` officers appointed , by and with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Read literally , this means that the current act allows for acting secretaries to be in the line of succession as long as they are confirmed by the Senate for a post ( even for example , the second or third in command within a department ) . It is common for a second in command to become acting secretary when the secretary leaves office . Though there is some dispute over this provision , the language clearly permits acting secretaries to be placed in the line of succession . ( We have spoken to acting secretaries who told us they had been placed in the line of succession . ) Motivation for changes to the succession in 1945 ( edit ) Two months after succeeding Franklin D. Roosevelt , President Harry S. Truman proposed that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate be granted priority in the line of succession over the Cabinet so as to ensure the president would not be able to appoint his successor to the presidency . The Secretary of State and the other Cabinet officials are appointed by the president , while the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate are elected officials . The Speaker is chosen by the U.S. House of Representatives , and every Speaker has been a member of that body for the duration of their term as Speaker , though this is not technically a requirement ; the President pro tempore is chosen by the U.S. Senate and customarily the Senator of the majority party with the longest record of continuous service fills this position . The Congress approved this change and inserted the Speaker and President pro tempore in line , ahead of the members of the Cabinet in the order in which their positions were established . In his speech supporting the changes , Truman noted that the House of Representatives is more likely to be in political agreement with the president and vice president than the Senate . The succession of a Republican to a Democratic presidency would further complicate an already unstable political situation . However , when the changes to the succession were signed into law , they placed Republican House Speaker Joseph W. Martin first in the line of succession after the vice president . Some of Truman 's critics said that his ordering of the Speaker before the President pro tempore was motivated by his dislike of the then - current holder of the latter rank , Senator Kenneth McKellar . Further motivation may have been provided by Truman 's preference for House Speaker Sam Rayburn to be next in the line of succession , rather than Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius , Jr . Constitutional provisions ( edit ) The line of succession is mentioned in three places in the Constitution : Article II , Section 1 , Clause 6 makes the vice president first in the line of succession and allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither the president nor vice president can serve . The current such law governing succession is the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 ( 3 U.S.C. § 19 ) . Section 3 of the 20th Amendment provides that if the president - elect dies before his term begins , the vice president - elect becomes president on Inauguration Day and serves for the full term to which the president - elect was elected . The section also provides that if , on Inauguration Day , a president has not been chosen or the president - elect does not qualify for the presidency , the vice president - elect acts as president until a president is chosen or the president - elect qualifies . Finally , Section 3 allows the Congress to provide by law for cases in which neither a president - elect nor a vice president - elect is eligible or available to serve . The 25th Amendment , ratified in 1967 , clarified Article II , Section 1 : that the vice president is the direct successor of the president . He or she becomes president if the president dies , resigns or is removed from office . The amendment also provides for the situation where the president is temporarily disabled , such as if the president has a surgical procedure or becomes mentally unfit . The amendment also provides for vice presidential succession , by requiring vice presidential vacancies to be filled by the president and confirmed by both houses of the Congress . Previously , whenever a vice president had succeeded to the presidency or had otherwise left the office empty ( through death , resignation , or removal from office ) , the vice presidency remained vacant until the next presidential and vice presidential terms began . Acting president and president ( edit ) Main article : Acting President of the United States New president Lyndon Johnson was sworn in aboard Air Force One , following the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963 . Article II , Section 1 of the United States Constitution provides that : In case of the removal of the President from office , or of his death , resignation , or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office , the same shall devolve on the Vice President ... until the disability be removed , or a President elected . This originally left open the question whether `` the same '' refers to `` the said office '' or only `` the powers and duties of the said office . '' Some historians , including Edward Corwin and John D. Feerick , have argued that the framers ' intention was that the vice president would remain vice president while executing the powers and duties of the presidency ; however , there is also much evidence to the contrary , the most compelling of which is Article I , section 3 , of the Constitution itself , the relevant text of which reads : The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate , but shall have no vote , unless they be equally divided . The Senate shall chuse ( sic ) their other officers , and also a President pro tempore , in the absence of the Vice President , or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States . This text appears to answer the hypothetical question of whether the office or merely the powers of the presidency devolved upon the vice president on his succession . Thus , the 25th Amendment merely restates and reaffirms the validity of existing precedent , apart from adding new protocols for presidential disability . Not everyone agreed with this interpretation when it was first actually tested , and it was left to Vice President John Tyler , the first presidential successor in U.S. history , to establish the precedent that was respected in the absence of the 25th Amendment . In 1841 , John Tyler became the first person to succeed to the presidency . Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison in 1841 and after a brief hesitation , Tyler took the position that he was the president and not merely acting president upon taking the presidential oath of office . However , some contemporaries -- including John Quincy Adams , Henry Clay and other members of Congress Whig party leaders and even Tyler 's own cabinet -- believed that he was only acting as president and did not have the office itself . Nonetheless , Tyler adhered to his position , even returning , unopened , mail addressed to the `` Acting President of the United States '' sent by his detractors. Tyler 's view ultimately prevailed when the Senate voted to accept the title `` President , '' and this precedent was followed thereafter . The question was finally resolved by Section 1 of the 25th Amendment , which specifies that `` In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation , the Vice President shall become President . '' The amendment does not specify whether officers other than the vice president can become president rather than acting president in the same set of circumstances . The Presidential Succession Act refers only to other officers acting as president rather than becoming president . History of succession law set by Congress ( edit ) Presidential succession Act 1792 ( edit ) Main article : Presidential Succession Act Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1792 The Presidential Succession Act of 1792 was the first succession law passed by Congress . The act was contentious because the Federalists did not want the then Secretary of State , Thomas Jefferson , who had become the leader of the Democratic - Republicans , to follow the vice president in the succession . There were also separation of powers concerns over including the Chief Justice of the United States in the line . The compromise they worked out established the President pro tempore of the Senate as next in line after the vice president , followed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives . In either case , these officers were to `` act as President of the United States until the disability be removed or a president be elected . '' The Act called for a special election to be held in November of the year in which dual vacancies occurred ( unless the vacancies occurred after the first Wednesday in October , in which case the election would occur the following year ; or unless the vacancies occurred within the last year of the presidential term , in which case the next election would take place as regularly scheduled ) . The people elected president and vice president in such a special election would have served a full four - year term beginning on March 4 of the next year , but no such election ever took place . Presidential succession Act 1886 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1886 In 1881 , after the death of President Garfield , and in 1885 , after the death of Vice President Hendricks , there had been no President pro tempore in office , and as the new House of Representatives had yet to convene , no Speaker either , leaving no one at all in the line of succession after the vice president . When Congress convened in December 1885 , President Cleveland asked for a revision of the 1792 act , which was passed in 1886 . Congress replaced the President pro tempore and Speaker with officers of the president 's Cabinet , with the Secretary of State first in line . In the first 100 years of the United States , six former Secretaries of State had gone on to be elected president , while only two congressional leaders had advanced to that office . As a result , changing the order of the line of succession seemed reasonable . Presidential succession Act 1947 ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Presidential Succession Act 1947 The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 , signed into law by President Harry S. Truman , added the Speaker of the House and President pro tempore back in the line , but switched the two from the 1792 order . It remains the sequence used today . Since the reorganization of the military in 1947 had merged the War Department ( which governed the Army ) with the Department of the Navy into the Department of Defense , the Secretary of Defense took the place in the order of succession previously held by the Secretary of War . The office of Secretary of the Navy , which had existed as a Cabinet - level position since 1798 , had become subordinate to the Secretary of Defense in the military reorganization , and so was dropped from the line of succession in the 1947 Succession Act . Postmaster General removed 1971 ( edit ) Until 1971 , the Postmaster General , the head of the Post Office Department , was a member of the Cabinet , initially the last in the presidential line of succession before new officers were added . Once the Post Office Department was re-organized into the United States Postal Service , a special agency independent of the executive branch , the Postmaster General ceased to be a member of the Cabinet and was thus removed from the line of succession . Secretary of Homeland Security added 2006 ( edit ) The United States Department of Homeland Security was created in 2002 . On March 9 , 2006 , pursuant to the renewal of the Patriot Act as Pub. L. 109 -- 177 , the Secretary of Homeland Security was added to the line of succession . The order of Cabinet members in the line has always been the same as the order in which their respective departments were established . Despite custom , many in Congress had wanted the Secretary to be placed at number eight on the list -- below the Attorney General , above the Secretary of the Interior , and in the position held by the Secretary of the Navy prior to the creation of the Secretary of Defense -- because the Secretary , already in charge of disaster relief and security , would presumably be more prepared to take over the presidency than some of the other Cabinet secretaries . Despite this , the 2006 law explicitly specifies that the `` Secretary of Homeland Security '' follows the `` Secretary of Veterans Affairs '' in the succession , effectively at the end of the list . Successions beyond vice president ( edit ) David Rice Atchison 's tombstone ( Plattsburg , Missouri ) , including the claim `` President of the United States for One Day '' While nine vice presidents have succeeded to the office upon the death or resignation of the president , and two vice presidents have temporarily served as acting president , no other officer has ever been called upon to act as president . On March 4 , 1849 , President Zachary Taylor 's term began , but he declined to be sworn in on a Sunday , citing religious beliefs , and the vice president was not sworn either . As the last President pro tempore of the Senate , David Rice Atchison was thought by some to be next in line after the vice president , and his tombstone claims that he was US President for the day . However , Atchison took no oath of office to the presidency either , and his term as Senate President pro tempore had by then expired . In 1865 , when Andrew Johnson assumed the presidency on the death of Abraham Lincoln , the office of vice president became vacant . At that time , the Senate President pro tempore was next in line to the presidency . In 1868 , Johnson was impeached by the House of Representatives and subjected to trial in the Senate , and if he had been convicted and thereby removed from office , Senate President pro tempore Benjamin Wade would have become acting president . This posed a conflict of interest , as Wade 's `` guilty '' vote could have been decisive in removing Johnson from office and giving himself presidential powers and duties . ( Johnson was acquitted by a one - vote margin . ) In his book The Shadow Presidents , which he published in 1979 , Michael Medved describes a situation that arose prior to the 1916 election , when the First World War was raging in Europe . In view of the contemporary international turmoil , President Woodrow Wilson thought that if he lost the election it would be better for his opponent to begin his administration straight away , instead of waiting through the lame duck period , which at that time had a duration of almost four months . President Wilson and his aides formed a plan to exploit the rule of succession so that his rival Charles Evans Hughes could take over the presidency as soon as the result of the election was clear . The plan was that Wilson would appoint Hughes to the post of Secretary of State . Wilson and his Vice President Thomas R. Marshall would then resign , and as the Secretary of State was at that time designated next in line of succession , Hughes would become president immediately . As it happened , President Wilson won re-election , so the plan was never put into action . New president Gerald Ford is sworn in following the resignation of Richard Nixon on August 9 , 1974 . Since the 25th Amendment 's ratification , its Second Section , which addresses vice presidential succession as noted above , has been invoked twice . During the 1973 vice presidential vacancy , House Speaker Carl Albert was first in line . As the Watergate scandal made President Nixon 's removal or resignation possible , Albert would have become acting president and -- under Title 3 , Section 19 ( c ) of the U.S. Code -- would have been able to `` act as President until the expiration of the then current Presidential term '' on January 20 , 1977 . Albert openly questioned whether it was appropriate for him , a Democrat , to assume the powers and duties of the presidency when there was a public mandate for the presidency to be held by a Republican . Albert announced that should he need to assume the presidential powers and duties , he would do so only as a caretaker . However , with the nomination and confirmation of Gerald Ford to the vice presidency , which marked the first time the Second Section of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked , these series of events were never tested . Albert again became first - in - line during the first four months of Ford 's presidency , before the confirmation of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller , which marked the second time Section 2 of the Twenty - fifth Amendment was invoked . In 1981 , when President Ronald Reagan was shot , Vice President George H.W. Bush was traveling in Texas . Secretary of State Alexander Haig responded to a reporter 's question regarding who was running the government by stating : Constitutionally , gentlemen , you have the President , the Vice President and the Secretary of State in that order , and should the President decide he wants to transfer the helm to the Vice President , he will do so . He has not done that . As of now , I am in control here , in the White House , pending return of the Vice President and in close touch with him . If something came up , I would check with him , of course . A bitter dispute ensued over the meaning of Haig 's remarks . Most people believed that Haig was referring to the line of succession and erroneously claimed to have temporary presidential authority , due to his implied reference to the Constitution . Haig and his supporters , noting his familiarity with the line of succession from his time as White House Chief of Staff during Richard Nixon 's resignation , said he only meant that he was the highest - ranking officer of the Executive branch on - site , managing things temporarily until the vice president returned to Washington . Constitutional concerns ( edit ) Several constitutional law experts have raised questions as to the constitutionality of the provisions that the Speaker of the House and the President pro tempore of the Senate succeed to the presidency . James Madison , one of the authors of the Constitution , raised similar constitutional questions about the Presidential Succession Act of 1792 in a 1792 letter to Edmund Pendleton . Two of these issues can be summarized : The term `` Officer '' in the relevant clause of the Constitution is most plausibly interpreted to mean an `` Officer of the United States '' , who must be a member of the Executive or Judicial Branch . The Speaker and the President pro tempore are not officers in this sense . Under the principle of separation of powers , the Constitution specifically disallows legislative officials from also serving in the executive branch . For the Speaker or the Senate President pro tempore to become acting president , they must resign their position , at which point they are no longer in the line of succession . This is seen by some to form a constitutional paradox . However , the current Act specifies that the Speaker becomes president `` upon his resignation as Speaker '' and as a member of Congress , allowing for a seamless transition . In 2003 the Continuity of Government Commission suggested that the current law has `` at least seven significant issues ... that warrant attention '' , specifically : The reality that all figures in the current line of succession work and reside in the vicinity of Washington , D.C. In the event of a nuclear , chemical , or biological attack , it is possible that everyone on the list would be killed or incapacitated . Doubt ( such as those expressed above by James Madison ) that congressional leaders are eligible to act as president . A concern about the wisdom of including the President pro tempore in the line of succession as the `` largely honorific post traditionally held by the longest - serving Senator of the majority party '' . For example , from January 20 , 2001 , to June 6 , 2001 , the President pro tempore was then - 98 - year - old Strom Thurmond of South Carolina . A concern that the current line of succession can force the presidency to abruptly switch parties mid-term , as the president , Speaker , and the President pro tempore are not necessarily of the same party as each other . A concern that the succession line is ordered by the dates of creation of the various executive departments , without regard to the skills or capacities of the persons serving as their Secretary . The fact that , should a Cabinet member begin to act as president , the law allows the House to elect a new Speaker ( or the Senate , a new President pro tempore ) , who could in effect remove the Cabinet member and assume the office themselves at any time . The absence of a provision where a president is disabled and the vice presidency is vacant ( for example , if an assassination attempt simultaneously wounded the president and killed the vice president ) . See also ( edit ) Central Locator System Designated survivor List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots United States presidential line of succession in fiction References ( edit ) Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 19 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link Jump up ^ Wilson , Reid ( October 20 , 2013 ) . `` The Presidential order of succession '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Continuity of the Presidency , '' Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 , p. 34 . ( Archived by WebCite at ( 1 ) Accessed : 2012 - 05 - 23 ) Jump up ^ `` Special Message to the Congress on the Succession to the Presidency . June 19 , 1945 '' by President Harry S. Truman ; from the American Presidency Project archives ^ Jump up to : Wildavsky , Aaron B. ( 2003 ) . Horowitz , Irving , ed . The revolt against the masses and other essays on politics and public policy ( Google Books ) . Transaction Publishers . p. 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7658 - 0960 - 5 . Retrieved July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading - '' . kipnotes.com - Nachrichten zum trading . ^ Jump up to : Schlesinger , Arthur M. , Jr . ( Autumn 1974 ) . `` On the Presidential Succession '' . Political Science Quarterly . 89 ( 3 ) : 475 , 495 -- 496 . JSTOR 2148451 . ^ Jump up to : Rankin , Robert S. ( Feb 1946 ) . `` Presidential Succession in the United States '' . The Journal of Politics . 8 ( 1 ) : 44 -- 56 . doi : 10.2307 / 2125607 . JSTOR 2125607 . ^ Jump up to : Abbott , Philip ( Dec 2005 ) . `` Accidental Presidents : Death , Assassination , Resignation , and Democratic Succession '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 35 ( 4 ) : 627 , 638 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1741 - 5705.2005. 00269. x . JSTOR 27552721 . Jump up ^ Crapol , Edward P. ( 2006 ) . John Tyler : the accidental president . UNC Press Books . p. 10 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3041 - 3 . OCLC 469686610 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Charlton Thomas ; Willsey , Joseph H. ( 1895 ) . Harper 's Book of Facts : a Classified History of the World ; Embracing Science , Literature , and Art . New York : Harper & Brothers . p. 884 . LCCN 01020386 . Retrieved April 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Postmasters General '' . postalmuseum.si.edu . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ US Congress ( 2005 ) . USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act OF 2005 . 109th Congress Public Law 177 . Retrieved on October 29 , 2015 from http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-109publ177/html/PLAW-109publ177.htm . Jump up ^ `` 1801 : President for a Day -- March 4 , 1849 '' . May 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ David Mikkelson ( October 8 , 2007 ) . `` President for a Day '' . snopes . Jump up ^ Medved , Michael ( 1979 ) . The Shadow Presidents : The Secret History of the Chief Executives and Their Top Aides . New York , U.S.A. : Times Books . p. 149 . ISBN 0 - 8129 - 0816 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Alexander Haig '' , Time , April 2 , 1984 Jump up ^ `` Is the Presidential Succession Law Constitutional ? '' Archived January 24 , 2005 , at the Wayback Machine. , Akhil Reed Amar , Stanford Law Review , November 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Article 2 , Section 1 , Clause 6 : James Madison to Edmund Pendleton '' . Jump up ^ Wikisource : Presidential Succession Act 1947 Jump up ^ First Report p. 4 , continuityofgovernment.org Retrieved December 28 , 2010 via Internet Archive to repair dead link External links ( edit ) Ask Gleaves : Presidential Succession from the website of Grand Valley State University 3 U.S.C. § 19 -- `` Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' Presidential Succession Act of 1792 , 1 Stat. 239 ( from the American Memory website of the Library of Congress `` Presidential Line of Succession Examined '' , a September 20 , 2003 article from the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel `` WI Presidential Succession Act of 1947 held unconstitutional '' , David Tenner , Usenet group : soc. history. what - if , January 14 , 2003 . Fools , Drunkards , & Presidential Succession from the Federalist Society website Testimony of M. Miller Baker from the U.S. Senate website The Presidency : Preserving Our Institutions Second report of the Continuity of Government Commission , June 2009 ( includes the text of the Presidential Succession Acts of 1792 , 1886 and 1947 ) Presidential line of succession in the United States of America Vice President ( Mike Pence ) Speaker of the House of Representatives ( Paul Ryan ) President pro tempore of the Senate ( Orrin Hatch ) Secretary of State ( Rex Tillerson ) Secretary of the Treasury ( Steven Mnuchin ) Secretary of Defense ( Jim Mattis ) Attorney General ( Jeff Sessions ) Secretary of the Interior ( Ryan Zinke ) Secretary of Agriculture ( Sonny Perdue ) Secretary of Commerce ( Wilbur Ross ) Secretary of Labor ( Alex Acosta ) Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Alex Azar ) Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) Secretary of Homeland Security ( Kirstjen Nielsen ) Jump up ^ Never confirmed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and thus ineligible for the presidential line of succession . Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Burial places Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States Orders of succession Monarchies Bahrain Belgium Bhutan Brunei Denmark Japan Jordan Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malaysia Monaco Morocco Netherlands Norway Saudi Arabia Spain Swaziland Sweden Thailand Tonga United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms Presidencies Argentina Austria Brazil Colombia D.R. Congo Dominican Republic France Finland Germany Iceland India Indonesia Ireland Italy South Korea Mexico Pakistan Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Romania Russia Sri Lanka Taiwan United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_line_of_succession&oldid=828161126 '' Categories : United States presidential succession Continuity of government in the United States Vice Presidency of the United States Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from November 2016 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from March 2015 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本語 Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 15 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 22 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who would be president if both president and vice president died	[ "The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which persons may become or act as President of the United States if the incumbent president becomes incapacitated, dies, resigns, or is removed from office (by impeachment by the House of Representatives and subsequent conviction by the Senate). The line of succession is set by the United States Constitution and the Presidential Succession Act of 1947[1] as subsequently amended to include newly created cabinet offices. The succession follows the order of vice president, Speaker of the House of Representatives, President pro tempore of the Senate, and then the heads of federal executive departments who form the Cabinet of the United States. The Cabinet currently has fifteen members, beginning with the Secretary of State, and followed by the rest in the order of their positions' creation. Those heads of department who are ineligible to act as president are also ineligible to succeed the president by succession, for example most commonly if they are not a natural-born U.S. citizen." ]	[ "Speaker of the House of Representatives" ]
-6245382849917687110	CorelDRAW	CorelDraw - Wikipedia CorelDraw Jump to : navigation , search CorelDRAW CorelDraw CorelDraw X8 under Windows 10 Developer ( s ) Corel Initial release January 16 , 1989 ; 29 years ago ( 1989 - 01 - 16 ) Stable release 2017 / 11 April 2017 ; 11 months ago ( 2017 - 04 - 11 ) Preview release X8 / 15 March 2016 ; 2 years ago ( 2016 - 03 - 15 ) Written in C++ , C# Operating system Microsoft Windows Type Vector graphics editor License Proprietary Website www.coreldraw.com Wikimedia Commons has media related to Created with CorelDRAW . CorelDraw ( styled CorelDRAW ) is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation . It is also the name of Corel 's Graphics Suite , which bundles CorelDraw with bitmap - image editor Corel Photo - Paint as well as other graphics - related programs ( see below ) . The latest version is marketed as Graphics Suite 2017 ( equivalent to version 19 ) , and was released in April 2017 . CorelDraw is designed to edit two - dimensional images such as logos and posters . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Features by version 2 Features 2.1 Supported platforms 3 CDR file format 3.1 Structure 3.2 Use of CDR - files in other programs 3.3 Other applications supporting CDR files 4 See also 5 Notes and references 6 External links History ( edit ) In 1987 , Corel engineers Michel Bouillon and Pat Beirne undertook to develop a vector - based illustration program to bundle with their desktop publishing systems . That program , CorelDraw , was initially released in 1989 . CorelDraw 1. x and 2. x ran under Windows 2. x and 3.0 . CorelDraw 3.0 came into its own with Microsoft 's release of Windows 3.1 . The inclusion of TrueType in Windows 3.1 transformed CorelDraw into a serious illustration program capable of using system - installed outline fonts without requiring third - party software such as Adobe Type Manager ; paired with a photo - editing program ( Corel Photo - Paint ) , a font manager and several other pieces of software , it was also part of the first all - in - one graphics suite . Features by version ( edit ) CorelDraw Version support Windows Compatibility New Features Release date Version Reading files Writing files Jan 1989 2.1 First version Mar 1989 1.01 2.1 Introduces backups on save , and draw rectangles from their centre Apr 1989 1.02 2.1 IBM PIF file format support Jul 1989 1.10 2.1 102 new fonts in Corel 's proprietary WFN format , with WFNBOSS file font manager Feb 1990 1.11 2.1 AutoCAD DXF import / export support Sep 1991 1 , 2 1 , 2 3.0 Envelope tool ( for distorting text or objects using a primary shape ) , Blend ( for morphing shapes ) , Extrusion ( for simulating perspective and volume in objects ) and Perspective ( to distort objects along X and Y axes ) . CorelDraw for Unix also became available . 15 May 1992 1 , 2 , 3 2 , 3 3.0 , 3.1 ( preferred ) Included Corel Photo - Paint asp ( for bitmap editing ) , CorelSHOW ( for creating on - screen presentations ) , CorelCHART ( for graphic charts ) , Mosaic and CorelTRACE ( for vectorizing bitmaps ) . The inclusion of this software was the precedent for the actual graphic suites . CorelDraw for Unix also became available . The fonts bundled with CorelDraw are no longer in the proprietary Corel format WFN , but in Type 1 PostScript fonts and TTF TrueType formats . 20 May 1993 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 3 , 4 3.1 Photo - Paint ( for bitmap editing ) , CorelSHOW ( for creating on - screen presentations ) , CorelCHART ( for graphic charts ) , CorelMOVE for animation , Mosaic and CorelTRACE ( for vectorizing bitmaps ) . Multi-page capabilities , Powerlines , support for graphic tablets , Clone tool , elastic node editing , Envelope tool . 27 May 1994 5 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 3 , 4 , 5 3.1 This is the last version which was made for Windows 3. x . Corel Ventura was included in the suite ( and then sold as a separate program ) ; it was a desktop publishing application akin to PageMaker , Quark XPress , or InDesign . 24 Aug 1995 6 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 5 , 6 95 This is the first version which was made exclusively for 32 - bit Windows . New features were customizable interface , Polygon , Spiral , Knife and Eraser tools . Corel Memo , Corel Presents , Corel Motion 3D , Corel Depth , Corel Multimedia Manager , Corel Font Master and Corel DREAM ( for 3D modelling ) were included in the suite . 8 Oct 1996 7 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 5 , 6 , 7 95 , NT 4 Context - sensitive Property bar , Print Preview with Zoom and Pan options , Scrapbook ( for viewing a drag - and - dropping graphic objects ) , Publish to HTML option , Draft and Enhanced display options , Interactive Fill and Blend tools , Transparency tools , Natural Pen tool , Find & Replace wizard , Convert Vector to Bitmap option ( inside Draw ) , Spell checker , Thesaurus and Grammar checker . The suite included Corel Scan and Corel Barista ( a Java - based document exchange format ) . 27 Oct 1997 8 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 6 , 7 , 8 95 , NT 4 Digger selection , Docker windows , Interactive Distortion , 3D , Envelope and tools , Realistic Dropshadow tool , interactive color mixing , color palette editor , guidelines as objects , custom - sized pages , duotone support . Corel Versions was included in the suite . 31 Aug 1999 9 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 95 , 98 , NT 4 Mesh fill tool ( for complex color filling ) , Artistic Media tool , Publish to PDF features , embedded ICC color profiles , Multiple On - screen Color Palettes and Microsoft Visual Basic for Applications 6 support . The suite included Canto Cumulus LE , a piece of software for media management . 13 Nov 2000 10 10 10 98 , Me , NT 4 , 2000 CorelR. A.V.E. ( for vector animation ) , Perfect Shapes , Web graphics tools ( for creating interactive elements such as buttons ) , Page sorter , multilingual document support , navigator window . Open , save , import and export in SVG format . 1 Aug 2002 11 11 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 98 , Me , NT 4 , 2000 , XP Symbols library , image slicing ( for web design ) , pressure - sensitive vector brushes , 3 - point drawing tools . 10 Feb 2004 12 12 12 2000 , XP Dynamic guides , Smart Drawing tools , Export to MS Office or Word option , Virtual Segment Delete tool , Unicode text support . 17 Jan 2006 X3 ( 13 ) X3 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , X3 2000 , 2003 , XP ( 32 - bit , 64 - bit ) , Vista ( 32 - bit only ) , 7 , 8 Double click Crop tool ( the first vector software able to crop groups of vectors and bitmap images at the same time ) , Smart fill tool , Chamfer / Fillet / Scallop / Emboss tool , Image Adjustment Lab . Trace became integrated inside Draw under the name PowerTrace . 22 Jan 2008 X4 ( 14 ) 7 to X4 7 to X4 XP , Vista , 7 , 8 Whatthefont font identification service linked inside CorelDraw , ConceptShare , Table tool , independent page layers , live text formatting , support for RAW camera files . 23 Feb 2010 X5 ( 15 ) 7 to X5 7 to X5 XP , Vista , 7 , 8 Built - in content organizer ( CorelConnect ) , CD , web graphics and animation tools , multi-core performance improvement , digital content ( professional fonts , clip arts , and photos ) , object hinting , pixel view , enhanced Mesh tool with transparency options , added touch support , and new supported file formats . It has developed Transformation , which makes multiple copies of a single object . For the first time , OpenType versions of Helvetica , Frutiger , Futura and Garamond # 3 font families ( 32 fonts total ) from Linotype foundry are included instead of the Bitstream counterparts . All but Garamond are in OpenType Pro format . 20 Mar 2012 X6 ( 16 ) 7 to X6 7 to X6 XP ( 32 - bit only ) , Vista , 7 , 8 Includes 64 - bit and multi-core processor native support , support for 64 - bit Adobe Photoshop plugins , and additional tools to import and export from Adobe Creative Suite and Publisher . Object properties , styles , and color styling have each been consolidated into their own docking toolbars . A new Unicode OpenType - based text engine modernizes text handling , including full international language support ( the legacy text mode is retained ) . Dynamic alignment guides allow for easy repositioning without setting static guidelines . CorelConnect content organizer allows for in - application access to online sources such as Flickr for assets such as images and clip art . New tools permit manipulating vector images by pushing , pulling , smearing , etc . Various improvements in frame - based layout , masking , clipping and effects have been made . 27 March 2014 X7 ( 17 ) 7 to X7 7 to X7 7 , 8 , 10 * 15 March 2016 X8 ( 18 ) 7 to X8 7 to X8 7 , 8 , 10 11 April 2017 2017 ( 19 ) 7 to 19 7 to 19 7 , 8 , 10 From Windows 7 , 32 - bit and 64 - bit supported † CorelDraw 10 to X4 can open files of version 3 and later , but certain features may not be supported . ‡ The list of file formats that CorelDraw 10 to X4 can write may not be complete in this table . * CorelDraw X7 on Windows 10 requires Update 5 Features ( edit ) Supported platforms ( edit ) CorelDraw was originally developed for Microsoft Windows 3 and currently runs on Windows XP , Windows Vista , Windows 7 , Windows 8 and Windows 10 . The latest version , 2017 , was released on 11 April 2017 . Versions for Mac OS and Mac OS X were at one time available , but due to poor sales these were discontinued . The last port for Linux was version 9 ( released in 2000 , it did not run natively ; instead , it used a modified version of Wine to run ) and the last version for OS X was version 11 ( released in 2001 ) . Also , up until version 5 , CorelDraw was developed for Windows 3.1 x , CTOS and OS / 2 . With version 6 , CorelDraw introduced the automation of tasks using a Corel proprietary scripting language , COREL Script . With version 10 , support for VBA ( Visual Basic for Applications ) was introduced for scripting by what Corel calls now macros . Corel recommends to no longer use the COREL Script language but only VBA . CDR file format ( edit ) CorelDraw file format Hex dump of the header of a CDR file as RIFF container , written with version 3 Filename extension . cdr Latest release X8 ( i.e. 18 ) Open format ? no Structure ( edit ) In its first versions , the CDR file format was a completely proprietary file format primarily used for vector graphic drawings , recognizable by the first two bytes of the file being `` WL '' . Starting with CorelDraw 3 , the file format changed to a Resource Interchange File Format ( RIFF ) envelope , recognizable by the first four bytes of the file being `` RIFF '' , and a `` CDR * vrsn '' in bytes 9 to 15 , with the asterisk `` * '' being in early versions just a blank . Beginning with CorelDraw 4 it included the version number of the writing program in hexadecimal ( `` 4 '' meaning version 4 , `` D '' meaning version 14 ) . The actual data chunk of the RIFF remains a Corel proprietary format . From version X4 ( 14 ) on , the CDR file is a ZIP - compressed directory of several files , among them XML - files and the RIFF - structured riffdata. cdr with the familiar version signature in versions X4 ( CDREvrsn ) and X5 ( CDRFvrsn ) , and a root. dat with CorelDraw X6 , where the bytes 9 to 15 look slightly different -- `` CDRGfver '' in a file created with X6. `` F '' was the last valid hex digit , and the `` fver '' now indicates that the letter before does no longer stand for a hex digit . There is no publicly available CDR file format specification . Other CorelDraw file formats include CorelDraw Compressed ( CDX ) , CorelDraw Template ( CDT ) and Corel Presentation Exchange ( CMX ) . Use of CDR - files in other programs ( edit ) In December 2006 the sK1 open source project team started to reverse - engineer the CDR format . The results and the first working snapshot of the CDR importer were presented at the Libre Graphics Meeting 2007 conference taking place in May 2007 in Montreal ( Canada ) . Later on the team parsed the structure of other Corel formats with the help of the open source CDR Explorer . As of 2008 , the sK1 project claims to have the best import support for CorelDraw file formats among open source software programs . The sK1 project developed also the UniConvertor , a command line open source tool which supports conversion from CorelDraw ver. 7 - X4 formats ( CDR / CDT / CCX / CDRX / CMX ) to other formats . UniConvertor is also used in Inkscape and Scribus open source projects as an external tool for CorelDraw files importing . In 2007 , Microsoft blocked CDR file format in Microsoft Office 2003 with the release of Service Pack 3 for Office 2003 . Microsoft later apologized for inaccurately blaming the CDR file format and other formats for security problems in Microsoft Office and released some tools for solving this problem . In 2012 the joint LibreOffice / re-lab team implemented libcdr , a library for reading CDR files from v1 to the currently latest X7 version and CMX files . The library has extensive support for shapes and their properties , including support for color management and spot colors , and has a basic support for text . The library provides a built - in converter to SVG , and a converter to OpenDocument is provided by writerperfect package . The libcdr library is used in LibreOffice starting from version 3.6 , and thanks to public API it can be freely used by other applications . Other applications supporting CDR files ( edit ) Main article : Comparison of vector graphics editors CDR file format import is partially or fully supported in following applications : Adobe Illustrator - CorelDraw 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 Corel PaintShop Photo Pro Corel WordPerfect Office Inkscape with UniConvertor installed ; partial support LibreOffice with libcdr installed - CorelDraw 1 to X7 Adobe FreeHand - CorelDraw 7 , 8 Microsoft Visio 2002 - CorelDraw ! drawing file versions 3.0 , 4.0 , 5.0 , 6.0 and 7.0 (. cdr ) , Corel Clipart (. cmx ) sK1 - partial support Xara Designer Pro and Xara Photo & Graphic Designer - early versions of CorelDraw CDR and CMX 22 See also ( edit ) Comparison of vector graphics editors Comparison of raster to vector conversion software Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ Link text , additional text . Jump up ^ Link text , additional text . Jump up ^ Link text , additional text . Jump up ^ Link text , additional text . ^ Jump up to : `` A Short History of CorelDraw '' , at corel.com , retrieved 11 Jan 2011 . ( PDF version ) ^ Jump up to : Gerard Metrailler , `` A little history of CorelDraw Graphics Suite '' , Fri , Oct 26 2007 at coreldraw.com/blogs/ Jump up ^ Lisa Picarille , `` CorelDraw to be ported to Sun , Dec HP Unix , InfoWorld , 11 Mar 1991 , page 27 Jump up ^ `` New Products : Unix '' , Computerworld , 21 Sep 1992 , page 58 Jump up ^ `` Corel Announces ' CorelDraw 3.0 ' '' , May 15 , 1992 / PRNewswire / via www.highbeam.com Jump up ^ Heck , Mike ( July 13 , 1992 ) . `` CorelDraw 3 moves faster , integrates modules '' . InfoWorld . Vol. 14 no . 28 . San Mateo , CA : InfoWorld Publishing . pp. 66 -- 67 . ISSN 0199 - 6649 . Jump up ^ `` Index of ftp://ftp.corel.com/pub/CorelDRAW/DRAW_Unix/ '' at corel.com Jump up ^ `` New Products '' , Computerworld , 30 Aug 1993 , page 55 . Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw 3 will remain on market as low - price option '' , InfoWorld , April 19 , 1993 . ( Anticipated date ) Jump up ^ `` Testers praise CorelDraw 5 '' , InfoWorld , April 18 , 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Corel Corporation Begins Shipping CorelDraw 6 Suite for Windows 95 '' , August 24 , 1995 , at corel.com via archive.org Jump up ^ `` Corel Corporation Announces the Launch of CorelDraw 7 '' , October 8 , 1996 , at corel.com via archive.org Jump up ^ `` Corel Corporation Launches CorelDraw 8 '' , October 27 , 1997 , at corel.com via archive.org Jump up ^ `` Corel Launches CorelDraw 9 Premium Color Edition '' , August 31 , 1999 , at corel.com via archive.org Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw 10 Graphics Suite Available Now '' , Nov. 13 , 2000 , Corel Press Release via findarticles.com Jump up ^ Troidl , David ( 2007 ) . `` SVG -- From CorelDraw to Your Browser '' . Graphics Unleashed . Archived from the original on 23 February 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw Graphics Suite 11 Now Available '' , Aug 1 , 2002 , at corel.com via archive.org Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw Graphics Suite 12 Marks a New Era of Intelligent Graphics Software '' , Corel press release , via Archive.org Jump up ^ `` Corel Introduces CorelDraw Graphics Suite X3 '' , Jan 17 - 06 , at corel.com . Full text at hexus.net Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw Graphics Suite X4 Unveiled Today '' , January 22 , 2008 , at Corel.com Jump up ^ Arah , Tom ( January 2008 ) . `` Product Reviews : CorelDraw Graphics Suite X4 '' . PC Pro . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw Graphics Suite X5 Delivers More Versatility , Content and Color Tools for Graphics Professionals '' , February 23 , 2010 at corel.com Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw X5 Whats New : CorelDraw Graphics Suite X5 '' . Corel Corporation . February 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Iconic Fonts from Monotype Imaging Part of CorelDraw Graphics Suite X5 Archived 2013 - 01 - 29 at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` Corel Releases CorelDraw Graphics Suite X6 '' , March 20 , 2012 at corel.com Jump up ^ `` CorelDRAW Graphics Suite X6 Reviewer 's Guide - Corel Corporation '' ( PDF ) . Corel Corporation . February 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` CorelDRAW Graphics X7 Press release '' , March 27 , 2014 , corel.com Jump up ^ `` CorelDRAW Graphics X8 Press release '' , March 15 , 2016 , corel.com Jump up ^ `` CorelDRAW Graphics 2017 Press release '' , April 11 , 2017 , corel.com Jump up ^ `` System Requirements -- CorelDraw Graphics Suite X5 '' . Archived from the original on 28 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` CorelDRAW X7 Supported file formats : CorelDraw ( CDR ) - CorelDraw ( CDR ) technical notes '' . Jump up ^ `` CorelDRAW CDR Signature Format '' . NTFS.com . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Corel Corporation . `` Corel Draw file format '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ ``. CDR File Extension '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CorelDRAW X7 Supported file formats : CorelDRAW Template ( CDT ) - Additional file formats '' . Jump up ^ `` Corel Presentation Exchange ( CMX ) , CorelDRAW X7 Help '' . ^ Jump up to : `` sK1 illustration program - The history of sK1 '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Libre Graphics Meeting 2007 - Friday May 4 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CDR explorer '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` Can I open / import *. cdr ( Corel Draw Vector drawing file ) files in Inkscape ? '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` UniConvertor at Sourceforge.net '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : `` sK1 - UniConvertor - universal vector graphics translator '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Information about certain file types that are blocked after you install Office 2003 Service Pack 3 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` CorelDraw . CDR file format and Microsoft Office 2003 SP3 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft admits to ' mistakes ' in Office format fracas '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Support for Corel DRAW files in free software gets another chance '' . Libre Graphics World . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LibreOffice CorelDraw Import filter - text support hatches out '' . Fridrich Strba . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Libcdr resurrects Waldo , gets basic spot colors support '' . Libre Graphics World . Retrieved July 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Supported file formats in Illustrator CS4 and CS5 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Adobe Freehand MX 11.0 - Minimum System Requirements '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Visio2000 : File Formats That Can Be Imported into Visio '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . You can import the following file formats into your Visio drawings : CorelDraw ! Drawing File versions 3.0 , 4.0 , 5.0 , 6.0 and 7.0 (. cdr ) , Corel Clipart (. cmx ) Jump up ^ `` What you wo n't find in Microsoft Office Visio 2003 '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . The following file formats and converters are no longer supported : CorelDraw ! 3.0 - 7.0 , Corel Clipart Format , CMX Jump up ^ `` UniConvertor 1.1. 5 review '' . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Xara Designer - Import and Export '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Official website Old CorelDraw 4 product announcement ( May 20 , 1993 / Listing availability for Windows , OS / 2 , CTOS and Unix ) Vector graphics editors Free and open - source Embroidermodder Inkscape Ipe Karbon LibreOffice Draw sK1 Skencil SVG - edit Xfig Xara Xtreme LX Proprietary Adobe Illustrator Adobe FreeHand Adobe Fireworks Affinity Designer ConceptDraw PRO CorelDRAW DrawPlus Microsoft Expression Design PhotoLine Sketch Xara Photo & Graphic Designer Category Comparison Graphics file formats Raster ANI ANIM APNG ART BMP BPG BSAVE CAL CIN CPC CPT DDS DPX ECW EXR FITS FLIC FLIF FPX GIF HDRi HEVC ICER ICNS ICO / CUR ICS ILBM JBIG JBIG2 JNG JPEG JPEG - LS JPEG 2000 JPEG XR JPEG XT JPEG - HDR KRA MNG MIFF NRRD ORA PAM PBM / PGM / PPM / PNM PCX PGF PICtor PNG PSD / PSB PSP QTVR RAS RGBE Logluv TIFF SGI TGA TIFF TIFF / EP TIFF / IT UFO / UFP WBMP WebP XBM XCF XPM XWD Raw CIFF DNG Vector AI CDR CGM DXF EVA EMF Gerber HVIF IGES PGML SVG VML WMF Xar Compound CDF DjVu EPS PDF PICT PS SWF XAML Metadata Exchangeable image file format ( Exif ) Extensible Metadata Platform ( XMP ) Category Comparison Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CorelDRAW&oldid=821289824 '' Categories : Corel software Vector graphics editors Raster to vector conversion software Windows - only software Font editors Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Pages using deprecated image syntax Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Pages using Infobox software with unknown parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu मराठी Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 January 2018 , at 15 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what is coreldraw for what purpose we use this software	[ "CorelDraw (styled CorelDRAW) is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation. It is also the name of Corel's Graphics Suite, which bundles CorelDraw with bitmap-image editor Corel Photo-Paint as well as other graphics-related programs (see below). The latest version is marketed as Graphics Suite 2017 (equivalent to version 19), and was released in April 2017. CorelDraw is designed to edit two-dimensional images such as logos and posters.", "CorelDraw (styled CorelDRAW) is a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation. It is also the name of Corel's Graphics Suite, which bundles CorelDraw with bitmap-image editor Corel Photo-Paint as well as other graphics-related programs (see below). The latest version is marketed as Graphics Suite 2017 (equivalent to version 19), and was released in April 2017. CorelDraw is designed to edit two-dimensional images such as logos and posters." ]	[ "a vector graphics editor developed and marketed by Corel Corporation", "to edit two-dimensional images such as logos and posters" ]
463242070397303730	Pumpkin pie	Pumpkin pie - wikipedia Pumpkin pie Jump to : navigation , search Pumpkin pie Pumpkin pie in Halloween Type Pie Course Dessert Place of origin England Main ingredients Pie shell , pumpkin , eggs , condensed milk , sugar , nutmeg , cinnamon , cloves , ginger Cookbook : Pumpkin pie Media : Pumpkin pie Pumpkin pie is a dessert pie with a spiced , pumpkin - based custard filling . The pumpkin is a symbol of harvest time , and pumpkin pie is often eaten during the fall and early winter . In the United States and Canada , it is usually prepared for Thanksgiving and other occasions when pumpkin is in season . The pie consists of a pumpkin - based custard , ranging in color from orange to brown , baked in a single pie shell , rarely with a top crust . The pie is generally flavored with cinnamon , powdered ginger , nutmeg , and cloves . Allspice is also commonly used and can replace the clove and nutmeg , as its flavor is similar to both combined . Cardamom and vanilla are also sometimes used as batter spices . The spice mixture is called pumpkin pie spice . The pie is often made from canned pumpkin or packaged pumpkin pie filling ( spices included ) , mainly from varieties of Cucurbita moschata . Contents ( hide ) 1 Preparation 2 History 3 In popular culture 3.1 Poetry 3.2 Songs 4 Records 5 See also 6 References Preparation ( edit ) Pumpkin pie filling being made Pies made from pumpkins use pie pumpkins which measure about six to eight inches in diameter . They are considerably smaller than jack o'lanterns . The first step for getting the edible part out of the pumpkin is to slice it in half and remove the seeds . The two halves are heated until soft , in an oven , over an open fire , on a stove top , or in a microwave oven . Sometimes the pumpkin halves are brined to soften the pulp instead of being cooked . At this point the pulp is scooped out and puréed . The pulp is mixed with eggs , evaporated and / or sweetened condensed milk , sugar , and a spice mixture called pumpkin pie spice , which includes nutmeg and other spices ( e.g. , ginger , cinnamon , cloves , allspice , mace ) , then baked in a pie shell . Similar pies are made with butternut squash or sweet potato fillings . History ( edit ) Homemade pumpkin pie in Thanksgiving The pumpkin is native to the continent of North America . The pumpkin was an early export to France ; from there it was introduced to Tudor England , and the flesh of the `` pompion '' was quickly accepted as pie filler . During the seventeenth century , pumpkin pie recipes could be found in English cookbooks , such as Hannah Woolley 's The Gentlewoman 's Companion ( 1675 ) . Pumpkin `` pies '' made by early American colonists were more likely to be a savory soup made and served in a pumpkin than a sweet custard in a crust . It was not until the early nineteenth century that the recipes appeared in American cookbooks or pumpkin pie became a common addition to the Thanksgiving dinner . The Pilgrims brought the pumpkin pie back to New England , while the English method of cooking the pumpkin took a different course . In the 19th century , the English pumpkin pie was prepared by stuffing the pumpkin with apples , spices , and sugar and then baking it whole . In the United States after the Civil War , the pumpkin pie was resisted in southern states as a symbol of Yankee culture imposed on the south , where there was no tradition of eating pumpkin pie . Many southern cooks instead made sweet potato pie , or added bourbon and pecans to give a southern touch . Today , throughout much of the United States , it is traditional to serve pumpkin pie after Thanksgiving dinner . Additionally , many modern companies produce seasonal pumpkin pie - flavored products such as candy , cheesecake , coffee , ice cream , french toast , waffles and pancakes , and many breweries produce a seasonal pumpkin ale or beer ; these are generally not flavored with pumpkins , but rather pumpkin pie spices . Commercially made pumpkin pie mix is made from Cucurbita pepo , Cucurbita maxima , and Cucurbita moschata ( Libbey Select uses the Select Dickinson Pumpkin variety of C. moschata for its canned pumpkins ) . Pumpkin pies were briefly discouraged from Thanksgiving dinners in 1947 as part of a rationing campaign , mainly because of the eggs in the recipe . In popular culture ( edit ) A slice of home - made pumpkin pie Poetry ( edit ) Lydia Maria Child 's Thanksgiving poem `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' ( 1844 ) references pumpkin pie in one of its verses : `` Hurrah for the fun ! Is the pudding done ? / Hurrah for the pumpkin pie ! '' John Greenleaf Whittier wrote in his poem `` The Pumpkin '' ( 1850 ) : Ah ! on Thanksday , when from East and from West , From North and from South comes the pilgrim and guest ; When the gray - haired New Englander sees round his board The old broken links of affection restored ; When the care - wearied man seeks his mother once more , And the worn matron smiles where the girl smiled before ; What moistens the lip and what brightens the eye , What calls back the past , like the rich Pumpkin pie ? A can of pureed pumpkin , typically used as the main ingredient in the pie filling Songs ( edit ) Oscar Ferdinand Telgmann and George Frederick Cameron wrote the song `` Farewell O Fragrant Pumpkin Pie '' in the opera Leo , the Royal Cadet ( 1889 ) : Farewell , O fragrant pumpkin pie ! Dyspeptic pork , adieu ! Though to the college halls I hie . On field of battle though I die , my latest sob , my latest sigh shall wafted be to you ! And thou , O doughnut rare and rich and fried divinely brown ! Thy form shall fill a noble niche in memory 's chamber whilst I pitch my tent beside the river which rolls on through Kingston town . And my Love -- my little Nell , the apple of my eye to thee how can I say farewell ? I love thee more than I can tell ; I love thee more than anything -- but -- pie ! The Christmas - themed song `` There 's No Place Like Home for the Holidays '' makes a reference to homemade pumpkin pie being looked forward to by a man returning to his family 's home in Pennsylvania . `` Rockin ' Around the Christmas Tree '' contains the lyric , `` Later we 'll have some pumpkin pie / And we 'll do some caroling '' . `` Sleigh Ride '' , another popular Christmas song , also mentions sitting around a fire after being out in the snow and eating pumpkin pie . Records ( edit ) Pumpkin Pie The world 's largest pumpkin pie was made in New Bremen , Ohio , at the New Bremen Pumpkinfest . It was created on September 25 , 2010 . The pie consisted of 1,212 pounds of canned pumpkin , 109 gallons of evaporated milk , 2,796 eggs , 7 pounds of salt , 14.5 pounds of cinnamon , and 525 pounds of sugar . The final pie weighed 3,699 pounds ( 1,678 kg ) and measured 20 feet ( 6 m ) in diameter . See also ( edit ) List of pies Bundevara Sweet potato pie References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Rombauer , I. S and M.R. Becker. 1980 . The Joy of Cooking . Bobs - Merrill Company , NY , NY . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Make Homemade Pumpkin Pie '' . PickYourOwn.org . Retrieved October 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Andrew F. Smith , `` Pumpkins '' , The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America . Ed . Gordon Campbell . Oxford University Press , 2003 . Saint Mary 's College of California . 21 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Woolley , Hannah , The Gentlewoman 's Companion ... , 3rd ed . ( London , England : Edward Thomas , 1682 ) , `` Pumpion pye '' , pp. 220 -- 221 . Jump up ^ `` American Classic IX : Pumpkin Pie '' . Good Eats . Jump up ^ Colquhoun , Kate ( 2007 - 12 - 24 ) . `` A Dessert With a Past '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 . Jump up ^ Reports on the herbaceous plants and on the quadrupeds of Massachusetts , 1840 Jump up ^ `` How did the squash get its name ? '' . Library of Congress . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Ariel Knoebel ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` How Pumpkin Pie Sparked a 19th - Century Culture War '' . Atlas Obscura . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richardson , R.W. `` Squash and Pumpkin '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture , Agricultural Research Service , National Plant Germplasm System . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Stephens , James M. `` Pumpkin -- Cucurbita spp '' . University of Florida . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Baggett , J.R. `` Attempts to Cross Cucurbita moschata ( Duch . ) Poir . ' Butternut ' and C. pepo L. ' Delicata ' '' . North Carolina State University . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Humes , Michele ( November 23 , 2009 ) . `` The Way We Ate : The Year Harry Truman Passed on Pumpkin Pie '' . Diner 's Journal . The New York Times . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Pumpkin - Poets.org - Poetry , Poems , Bios & More '' . Poets.org . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Leo , the Royal cadet ( microform ) : Cameron , George Frederick , 1854 - 1885 : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive '' . Archive.org. 2001 - 03 - 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 World Record Pumpkin Pie '' . Pumpkin Nook . Retrieved 5 January 2011 . Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Pumpkin Pie American pies Sweet Apple crisp Apple pie Bean pie Blackberry pie Black bottom pie Blueberry pie Bob Andy pie Buttermilk pie Cashew pie Cherry pie Chess pie Cream pie Derby Pie Fried pie Grape pie Key lime pie Lemon ice box pie Maraca pie Mississippi mud pie Peanut pie Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Rhubarb pie Shaker Lemon Pie Shoofly pie Strawberry rhubarb pie Sweet potato pie Sugar pie Walnut pie Savory Crawfish pie Pot pie Natchitoches meat pie Manufacturers Hostess Kellogg Company Little Debbie Marie Callender 's Mrs. Smith 's Sara Lee Tasty Baking Company Thanksgiving History and traditions Canada Samuel de Champlain Martin Frobisher Halifax First Nations United States Pilgrims Mayflower Plymouth Colony Plymouth , Massachusetts Plymouth Rock Native Americans Samoset Squanto Wampanoag Cornucopia National Thanksgiving Proclamation Franksgiving National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation William Penn Sarah Josepha Hale Blackout Wednesday Abraham Lincoln Mourt 's Relation Cuisine Thanksgiving dinner Turkey Deep - fried Tofurkey Stuffing Gravy Butternut squash Apple cider Hazelnuts Cranberry sauce Carrots Mashed potatoes Sweet potatoes Acorn squash Yams Corn Green bean casserole Apple pie Pumpkin pie Pecan pie Sweet potato pie Tamale Songs `` Alice 's Restaurant '' `` Bless This House '' `` Bringing In the Sheaves '' `` Come , Ye Thankful People , Come '' `` For the Beauty of the Earth '' `` Jingle Bells '' `` Let All Things Now Living '' `` Now Thank We All Our God '' `` Over the River and Through the Wood '' `` Simple Gifts '' `` The Thanksgiving Song '' `` We Gather Together '' `` We Plough the Fields and Scatter '' Associated events Cultural Christmas and holiday season Harvest festivals Thanksgiving in film Thanksgiving television specials Winter festivals Lighting of the Macy 's Great Tree World 's Largest Disco Black Friday Parades Novant Health ( Charlotte ) McDonald 's ( Chicago ) America 's ( Detroit ) Oktoberfest ( Kitchener - Waterloo ) Hollywood Christmas ( Los Angeles ) Macy 's ( New York City ) 6abc - Dunkin ' Donuts ( Philadelphia ) Celebrate the Season ( Pittsburgh ) America 's Hometown ( Plymouth ) Protests National Day of Mourning Unthanksgiving Day Buy Nothing Day Sports Football NFL on Thanksgiving Day CFL Thanksgiving Classic English -- Latin rivalry Missouri Turkey Day Game Turkey Day Classic Basketball AdvoCare Invitational Battle 4 Atlantis Wooden Legacy Maui Invitational Tournament Turkey Trots Atlanta Marathon Berwick Run for the Diamonds Buffalo Turkey Trot Dallas Turkey Trot Feaster Five Road Race Manchester Road Race Others National Dog Show Pumpkin chucking Turkey bowling Turkey Night Grand Prix Christmas Christmas Eve Children 's Day Boxing Day Nochebuena Saint Nicholas Day St. Stephen 's Day Sol Invictus Yule In Christianity Biblical Magi Adoration of the Magi Adoration of the Shepherds Advent Angel Gabriel Annunciation Annunciation to the shepherds Baptism of the Lord Bethlehem Christingle Christmastide Epiphany Herod the Great Jesus Joseph Mary Massacre of the Innocents flight into Egypt Nativity Fast Nativity of Jesus in art in later culture Nativity scene Saint Nicholas Star of Bethlehem Twelfth Night In folklore Badalisc La Befana Belsnickel Caganer Christkind Ded Moroz Elves Father Christmas Grýla Jack Frost Joulupukki Knecht Ruprecht Korvatunturi Krampus Mikulás Miner 's figure Mrs. Claus Nisse / Tomte North Pole Old Man Winter Olentzero Père Fouettard Père Noël Rudolph the Red - 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dish supper Smörgåsbord Wigilia Sweets bûche de Noël Cake Candy cane Cookies Fruitcake Gingerbread Kourabiedes Melomakarono Mince pie Pavlova Pecan pie Pumpkin pie Pudding Rosca de reyes Szaloncukor Turrón Soup Menudo Sauce Cranberry sauce Beverages Apple cider Champurrado Eggnog Mulled wine Smoking Bishop Ponche crema Dumpling Hallaca Tamale Meat Ham Roast goose Romeritos Turkey Stuffing Portal Cucurbita List of gourds and squashes Species C. andreana C. argyrosperma C. californica C. cordata C. cylindrata C. digitata C. ecuadorensis C. ficifolia C. foetidissima C. fraterna C. galeottii C. gracilior C. kellyana C. lundelliana C. martinezii C. maxima C. moorei C. moschata C. okeechobeensis C. palmata C. palmeri C. pedatifolia C. pepo C. radicans C. scabridifolia C. sororia C. texana Squashes Summer squash Aehobak Crookneck squash Gem squash Pattypan squash Straightneck squash Tromboncino Zucchini Winter squash Acorn squash Big Max Butternut squash Calabaza Cushaw squash Delicata squash Kabocha Marrow Red kuri squash Spaghetti squash Turban squash Pumpkins Connecticut Field pumpkin Giant pumpkin 1068 Wallace Prizewinner list Squash - based Raw materials Buffalo gourd oil Pumpkin seed oil Squash blossoms Dishes Bundevara Hitlerszalonna Kabak tatlısı Mashed pumpkin Pepita Pumpkin pie Squash soup Soup joumou Stuffed squash Activities Pumpkin carving Pumpkin chucking Pumpkin queen Food portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pumpkin_pie&oldid=822989413 '' Categories : American pies Christmas food Custard desserts Halloween food Squash and pumpkin dishes Sweet pies Cuisine of the Southern United States American cuisine Canadian cuisine Thanksgiving food Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本語 Polski Português Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 29 January 2018 , at 17 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where was the worlds biggest pumpkin pie made	[ "The world's largest pumpkin pie was made in New Bremen, Ohio, at the New Bremen Pumpkinfest.[17] It was created on September 25, 2010. The pie consisted of 1,212 pounds of canned pumpkin, 109 gallons of evaporated milk, 2,796 eggs, 7 pounds of salt, 14.5 pounds of cinnamon, and 525 pounds of sugar.[17] The final pie weighed 3,699 pounds (1,678 kg) and measured 20 feet (6 m) in diameter.[17]" ]	[ "New Bremen, Ohio, at the New Bremen Pumpkinfest" ]
-5166466129796978404	List of Arrow episodes	List of Arrow episodes - wikipedia List of Arrow episodes Jump to : navigation , search Arrow is an American television series , developed by Greg Berlanti , Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg , based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow . The series premiered in the United States on October 10 , 2012 for The CW television network . The first five seasons have been released on DVD to Regions 1 , 2 and 4 and on Blu - ray to Regions A and B . Arrow follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen ( Stephen Amell ) , who , after five years of being stranded on a hostile island , returns home to his mother , Moira Queen ( Susanna Thompson ) and sister , Thea Queen ( Willa Holland ) and becomes a bow and arrow - wielding vigilante . He is initially aided by his friends , John Diggle ( David Ramsey ) and Felicity Smoak ( Emily Bett Rickards ) , and later aspiring vigilantes Roy Harper ( Colton Haynes ) , Ray Palmer ( Brandon Routh ) , Curtis Holt ( Echo Kellum ) , Rene Ramirez ( Rick Gonzalez ) , Evelyn Sharp ( Madison McLaughlin ) , Rory Regan ( Joe Dinicol ) , and Dinah Drake ( Juliana Harkavy ) join them . In addition , Queen 's team receives help from the Lance family ; Laurel ( Katie Cassidy ) , Sara ( Caity Lotz ) , and Quentin ( Paul Blackthorne ) , sharing the goal of bringing justice to Starling City ( later Star City ) . The series also featured flashbacks in most episodes in the first five seasons to the time Queen was missing , and how his experiences there shaped him into the man who returned home to fight crime . On January 8 , 2017 , The CW renewed the series for a sixth season , which debuted on October 12 , 2017 . As of March 29 , 2018 , 131 episodes of Arrow have aired . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.2 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.3 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.4 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) 4 Home media 5 References 6 External links Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Average viewers ( in millions ) 23 October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 130 3.68 23 October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 128 3.28 23 October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 135 3.52 23 October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 145 2.90 5 23 October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 147 2.21 6 23 October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 1 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' David Nutter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 10 ) 296818 4.14 `` Honor Thy Father '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 17 ) 2J7302 3.55 `` Lone Gunmen '' Guy Bee Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg October 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 24 ) 2J7303 3.51 `` An Innocent Man '' Vince Misiano Moira Kirland & Lana Cho October 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 31 ) 2J7304 3.05 5 5 `` Damaged '' Michael Schultz Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 07 ) 2J7305 3.75 6 6 `` Legacies '' John Behring Moira Kirland & Marc Guggenheim November 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 14 ) 2J7306 3.83 7 7 `` Muse of Fire '' David Grossman Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Marc Guggenheim November 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 28 ) 2J7307 3.74 8 8 `` Vendetta '' Ken Fink Beth Schwartz & Andrew Kreisberg December 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) 2J7308 3.35 9 9 `` Year 's End '' John Dahl Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim December 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) 2J7309 3.11 10 10 `` Burned '' Eagle Egilsson Moira Kirland & Ben Sokolowski January 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 16 ) 2J7310 3.06 11 11 `` Trust But Verify '' Nick Copus Gabrielle Stanton January 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 23 ) 2J7311 3.14 12 12 `` Vertigo '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 30 ) 2J7312 2.97 13 13 `` Betrayal '' Guy Bee Lana Cho & Beth Schwartz February 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 06 ) 2J7313 2.96 14 14 `` The Odyssey '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim February 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) 2J7314 3.29 15 15 `` Dodger '' Eagle Egilsson Beth Schwartz February 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 20 ) 2J7315 3.15 16 16 `` Dead to Rights '' Glen Winter Geoff Johns February 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 27 ) 2J7316 3.17 17 17 `` The Huntress Returns '' Guy Bee Jake Coburn & Lana Cho March 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 20 ) 2J7317 3.02 18 18 `` Salvation '' Nick Copus Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle March 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 27 ) 2J7318 2.65 19 19 `` Unfinished Business '' Michael Offer Bryan Q. Miller & Lindsey Allen April 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 03 ) 2J7319 2.92 20 20 `` Home Invasion '' Ken Fink Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz April 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 24 ) 2J7320 3.10 21 21 `` The Undertaking '' Michael Shultz Jake Coburn & Lana Cho May 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 01 ) 2J7321 2.89 22 22 `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' John Behring Drew Z . Greenberg & Wendy Mericle May 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 08 ) 2J7322 2.62 23 23 `` Sacrifice '' David Barrett Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 15 ) 2J7323 2.77 Season 2 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) Main article : Arrow ( season 2 ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 24 `` City of Heroes '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim October 9 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 09 ) 2J7451 2.74 25 `` Identity '' Nick Copus Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz October 16 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 16 ) 2J7452 3.06 26 `` Broken Dolls '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 23 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 23 ) 2J7453 2.89 27 `` Crucible '' Eagle Egilsson Andrew Kreisberg & Wendy Mericle October 30 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 30 ) 2J7454 2.37 28 5 `` League of Assassins '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Drew Z . Greenberg November 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 06 ) 2J7455 2.80 29 6 `` Keep Your Enemies Closer '' Guy Bee Ben Sokolowski & Beth Schwartz November 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 13 ) 2J7456 3.09 30 7 `` State v. Queen '' Bethany Rooney Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg November 20 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 20 ) 2J7457 2.66 31 8 `` The Scientist '' Michael Schultz Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Geoff Johns December 4 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 04 ) 2J7458 3.24 32 9 `` Three Ghosts '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Geoff Johns & Ben Sokolowski December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 2J7459 3.02 33 10 `` Blast Radius '' Rob Hardy Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu January 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 15 ) 2J7460 2.52 34 11 `` Blind Spot '' Glen Winter Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz January 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 22 ) 2J7461 2.49 35 12 `` Tremors '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg January 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 29 ) 2J7462 2.95 36 13 `` Heir to the Demon '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn February 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 05 ) 2J7463 2.86 37 14 `` Time of Death '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz February 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 26 ) 2J7464 2.45 38 15 `` The Promise '' Glen Winter Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski March 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 05 ) 2J7465 2.21 39 16 `` Suicide Squad '' Larry Teng Keto Shimizu & Bryan Q. Miller March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 2J7466 2.42 40 17 `` Birds of Prey '' John Behring Mark Bemesderfer & A.C. Bradley March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7467 2.62 41 18 `` Deathstroke '' Guy Bee Marc Guggenheim & Drew Z . Greenberg April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7468 2.32 42 19 `` The Man Under the Hood '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Geoff Johns Teleplay by : Andrew Kreisberg & Keto Shimizu April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7469 2.26 43 20 `` Seeing Red '' Doug Aarniokoski Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7470 2.19 44 21 `` City of Blood '' Michael Schultz Holly Harold April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7471 2.31 45 22 `` Streets of Fire '' Nick Copus Jake Coburn & Ben Sokolowski May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7472 2.33 46 23 `` Unthinkable '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7473 2.37 Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` The Calm '' Glen Winter Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn October 8 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 08 ) 3J5151 2.83 The newly promoted Captain Quentin Lance calls off the task - force against Arrow . Elsewhere , Werner Zytle , who has claimed the mantle of Vertigo , attempts to kill Arrow in a bid to raise his profile . After losing the first battle , Oliver and Roy are able to stop Zytle , along with some help from Sara who is back in town for an unknown reason . Meanwhile , businessman Ray Palmer successfully acquires Queen Consolidated under a plan of rebuilding the city and renaming it `` Star City '' . Diggle and Lyla welcome a baby girl , which convinces Diggle to take Oliver 's suggestion and retire from field duty . Oliver and Felicity go on a first date , but Oliver ends it explaining how he can not be both the Arrow and Oliver , although he acknowledges loving her . Sara is shot in the chest with arrows by an unseen figure before falling from a rooftop to her death . In flashbacks , Waller assigns agent Maseo Yamashiro as Oliver 's handler . After numerous failed attempts to escape , Oliver agrees to proceed with his training to prevent Waller from killing Maseo 's family as punishment for his failure in restraining Oliver . 48 `` Sara '' Wendey Stanzler Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu October 15 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 15 ) 3J5152 2.32 Laurel takes Sara 's body to the team . Quentin alerts Oliver to another archer in the city killing people , unaware about Sara . Oliver follows a lead and is able to identify the archer as Simon Lacroix . The team learns of Lacroix 's next target and intercepts him . Laurel arrives , determined to avenge Sara 's death . As Oliver attempts to dissuade her , Lacroix reveals that he was not in Starling City at the time of Sara 's death . The team buries Sara ; and Laurel decides not to tell Quentin that Sara is dead . Diggle decides to return to field duty again . Meanwhile , Roy reveals to Oliver that Thea left town when she learned he was working with the Arrow . In Corto Maltese , Thea is shown with Malcolm and has proven to be capable of defeating more than one henchman in combat . Felicity decides to work for Ray . In flashbacks , Oliver is tasked with killing Tommy , after Tommy comes to Hong Kong to find Oliver after seeing activity on Oliver 's email account . To save Tommy , Oliver pretends to kidnap him and tricks him into thinking that it was a ruse to gain ransom money before Maseo , posing as a police officer , rescues Tommy . 49 `` Corto Maltese '' Stephen Surjik Erik Oleson & Beth Schwartz October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5153 2.55 With no more leads in Sara 's murder , Oliver focuses his attention on bringing Thea home . Felicity is able to track her to Corto Maltese . Thea initially refuses to return . While he waits to convince her , Oliver assists Diggle on a mission for A.R.G.U.S. to ascertain the whereabouts of one of its agents , Mark Shaw . Mark is revealed to have broken into the A.R.G.U.S. database and stolen information to sell on the black market . Oliver and Diggle manage to stop him , who convinces Diggle to tell Waller that he is dead . After a last minute plea , and Oliver revealing the truth about Robert 's death , Thea agrees to return , which Merlyn allows . Meanwhile , trying to emulate Sara , Laurel attempts to exact vengeance on an abusive boyfriend of a fellow A.A. member , but she is overpowered and ends up in the hospital . Later , she seeks out boxer Ted Grant to train her to fight after Oliver 's refusal . Using Felicity 's help , Ray opens a file of details of advanced weaponry . Nyssa confronts Oliver and demands Sara 's whereabouts . In flashbacks to six months prior , Merlyn begins training Thea to calm her mind and heal her emotional pain , while also mastering control over physical pain . 50 `` The Magician '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5154 2.49 Oliver informs Nyssa that Sara was killed ; and Nyssa reveals to Oliver that Merlyn is alive and Sara was sent by the League to confirm his existence . After tracking Merlyn , Oliver agrees to meet him in a public location , where Merlyn tells Oliver that he did not kill her , but only returned to Starling City to save Thea . Nyssa kidnaps Thea in an attempt to draw out Merlyn , known by the League as the `` Magician '' ; but Oliver arrives to rescue Thea . Merlyn arrives shortly after to clear his name and insinuates to Nyssa that it was Ra 's who had Sara killed . Nyssa does not believe him ; but Oliver does and vows to protect Merlyn for as long as he is in Starling . Nyssa warns Oliver that he has made a serious enemy in the League before leaving and reporting back to Ra 's . Quentin gets worried about Sara 's status . In flashbacks , Oliver completes his first assassination , and learns that Waller was behind Edward Fyers ' actions on the island ; and her intention was to kill Chien on a flight to Hong Kong . Since Oliver stopped the attack , Waller demands him to help her find out the reason of Chien 's presence . 51 5 `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5155 2.73 A cyber terrorist attacks Starling City , threatening to shut down all banks and set everyone on an even socioeconomic status . While Oliver and Roy attempt to keep the peace on the streets , Felicity works to locate the virus . She quickly realizes that she designed the virus five years earlier , and that it is unstoppable . Her mother Donna shows up unannounced , and the two have a falling out over how different they are from each other . Felicity soon realizes that Donna was unknowingly sent by the cyber terrorist -- revealed to be Felicity 's ex-boyfriend Cooper -- who kidnaps them both . Using Donna as leverage , Cooper forces Felicity to divert a set of armored vehicles , carrying newly minted money , to their location . She secretly uses a smart watch presented by Ray to Donna to also contact Oliver , who arrives with Roy and Diggle and stops Cooper and his team . Felicity reconciles with Donna . Roy begins having nightmares that he was the one who killed Sara . Meanwhile , Laurel continues to train with Ted , and reveals to him the real reason that she is learning to fight . Thea buys a house using the money inherited from Merlyn and convinces Oliver to stay with her . 52 6 `` Guilty '' Peter Leto Erik Oleson & Keto Shimizu November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5156 2.60 In flashbacks , Maseo 's wife , Tatsu , uses a type of meditation to help Oliver remember where a dead associate of Chien 's dropped a letter , hoping that he leaves her family soon . From the letter , the name Li Kuan Hui is extracted . In the present , a murderer begins taking out gang members ; and when a body shows up in Ted 's gym , he becomes a suspect . Ted reveals to Oliver that he was once a vigilante who retired after a drug dealer was beaten to death by accident . Ted reveals the murderer was his former protégé Isaac Stanzler , who was responsible for the death of the dealer , but is bested by Oliver before escaping . Isaac kidnaps Ted and Laurel ; but Oliver and his team are able to successfully stop him . Meanwhile , Roy tells Felicity about his dreams and later confesses to Oliver and Laurel . Using the technique learned from Tatsu , Oliver helps Roy access his memories to realize that he did not kill Sara ; however , Roy discovers he did kill a cop while under the effects of Mirakuru . Ted decides to continue training Laurel . Isaac is confronted by a female archer calling herself `` Cupid '' . 53 7 `` Draw Back Your Bow '' Rob Hardy Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5157 2.64 Cupid , revealed to had been saved by the Arrow during Slade 's attack , murders Isaac and leaves his body dressed up as the Arrow . Following a lead , Oliver learns that she is a former cop named Carrie Cutter who is obsessed with him as a result of her condition . Carrie uses a former C.I. to track down Oliver 's hideout , the Verdant , which is reopened by Thea . Oliver lures Carrie away and rejects her romantic advancement before she tries to kill the both of them . He stops her , which reinforces Carrie 's delusion that he is in love with her . Subsequently , Oliver gives her to A.R.G.U.S. as a new member of their Squad . Meanwhile , Ray rebrands Queen Consolidated into Palmer Technologies . Oliver struggles with how much time Felicity is spending with Ray ; and the situation is made worse when he finds them kissing . Ray is later shown working on a personal exosuit design called A.T.O.M. A killer using boomerang blades appears in the city . In flashbacks to Hong Kong , Oliver and Tatsu go off to find Maseo when he goes missing , during which time she ends her displeasure towards Oliver . They return home and find Maseo safe and sound . 54 8 `` The Brave and the Bold '' Jesse Warn Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Grainne Godfree December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5158 3.92 Flashbacks to Hong Kong show Oliver learning how to torture suspects effectively to get information . In the present , Oliver and Roy track down the home of Digger Harkness , the boomerang - wielding murderer , but they only find A.R.G.U.S. operatives looking for the same man . Caitlin and Cisco arrive in Starling City to help Felicity investigate Sara 's death . Digger attempts to kill Lyla ; Roy , Oliver and Barry arrive and stop him . Later , Lyla reveals Digger was part of the Suicide Squad . Oliver 's extreme interrogation methods lead Barry to question how emotionally stable Oliver is . Digger traces Oliver 's hideout , where he wounds Lyla before escaping . In order to leave town , Digger plants 5 bombs around the city . While Oliver captures Digger , Barry uses both his and Oliver 's teams to defuse the bombs at the same time . Digger is incarcerated in the island with Slade . Lyla accepts Diggle 's marriage proposal . Before Barry and his team 's departure , he and Oliver decide to have a friendly duel . This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 1 episode 8 . 55 9 `` The Climb '' Thor Freudenthal Jake Coburn & Keto Shimizu December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5159 3.06 The League demands Oliver to find and turn over Sara 's killer in 48 hours or they will begin murdering Starling City citizens , a mission led by Maseo , revealed to have joined the League . S.T.A.R. Labs sends Felicity the DNA results , which appears to be Oliver 's D.N.A. Realizing that she has been lying , Arrow confronts Thea , who demonstrates her fighting skill before escaping . Later , Merlyn informs Oliver that he drugged Thea and manipulated her into killing Sara and not remembering it . Merlyn filmed the event to use as leverage to force Oliver to take the blame and challenge Ra 's to a duel , which no one has dared in 67 years . Ra 's overpowers Oliver before impaling him and kicking him over the side of a cliff . Meanwhile , Laurel reveals Sara 's death to Dinah and convinces her not to tell Quentin . Dinah asks her to avenge Sara 's murder . Ray shows the A.T.O.M. design to Felicity and states his intention to use the exosuit to protect the city as a vigilante . In flashbacks , Oliver and Maseo learn that Chien has stolen an engineered super-virus . China breaks into Maseo 's house and kidnaps Tatsu after overpowering her . 56 10 `` Left Behind '' Glen Winter Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5160 3.06 In flashbacks , Oliver and Maseo steal the counterpart to the super-virus , thus making Chien 's portion inert . Oliver also slips a GPS tracker on one of Chien 's men so that they can locate Tatsu . In the present , Diggle and Roy work to continue protecting the city in Oliver 's absence . With the Arrow missing , a new crime lord named Danny `` Brick '' Brickwell plots to take over the Glades . After Thea expresses concern over Oliver 's absence , Merlyn investigates the site of the duel and brings the bloodied sword back to the team , proclaiming Oliver 's death . Diggle discovers Brickwell 's plan , to secure all the evidence against street enforcers so they are released from jail and forced to join his crew , and heads to the police warehouse with Roy to stop him . Fearing for their lives , Felicity decides to trap the duo in the warehouse and let Brickwell escape . Afterward , Felicity proclaims the group non-existent without Oliver and quits both the group and helping Ray with A.T.O.M. Laurel starts fighting Brickwell 's operatives , donning an altered Canary costume . Merlyn advises Thea to leave Starling City with him . Meanwhile , Maseo finds Oliver 's body and takes it to Tatsu , who revives Oliver . 57 11 `` Midnight City '' Nick Copus Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5161 2.91 While Oliver attempts to rest and heal , members of the League arrive , forcing Maseo and Tatsu to kill them to protect Oliver . Maseo wounds himself so Ra 's will believe Oliver escaped the former . Roy and Diggle warn Laurel to stay off the streets after Roy saves her from a fight . Brick kidnaps the city 's aldermen , killing one during a rescue attempt . In exchange for the remaining aldermen , Brick demands that all police presence evacuate the Glades for good . The team is able to locate the aldermen and successfully rescue them , but the Mayor still agrees to remove the police after Brick reveals that he has targeted every legislative body member . Meanwhile , Felicity decides to rejoin the team and help Ray with his plan . Merlyn tells Thea about Ra 's , and she convinces him to stay and fight instead of flight . Chase , the DJ for Verdant , is revealed to be a spy for the League , informing Maseo about Merlyn 's decision . In flashbacks , Maseo and Oliver manage to save Tatsu . 58 12 `` Uprising '' Jesse Warn Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5162 2.94 Flashbacks chronicle the death of Merlyn 's wife , Merlyn killing the man believed to have killed her and his journey to the League to seek training . In the present , Oliver decides to return to Starling City . Tatsu informs him that if he wants to defeat Ra 's , he will need to seek swordsman training from a student , like Maseo . With the police out of the Glades , Roy and Laurel are tasked with fighting Brick 's men to keep the peace . Quentin gives the team all the information the police have on Brick to help locate him . Merlyn spies on the team as they review the evidence against Brick , and discovers that Brick was responsible for the death of Merlyn 's wife . Merlyn propositions the team to join forces to take down Brick , but the team refuses . Instead , they rally the citizens of the Glades to take on Brick and his men . Merlyn overpowers Brick before Oliver arrives and persuades him to spare Brick 's life and let the police arrest him . Cindy tells Quentin her knowledge that the new female vigilante is not Sara . In the aftermath , Oliver requests Merlyn train him so that he can take on Ra 's . 59 13 `` Canaries '' Michael Schultz Jake Coburn & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5163 2.67 Werner Zytle escapes custody by poisoning a guard with Vertigo . As Oliver tries to keep Laurel off the streets as a vigilante , Merlyn informs him that to beat Ra 's he will need to bring Thea into the team . Oliver reveals the truth to her , who accepts and praises him for the work he has been doing as the Arrow . Laurel tracks down Zytle and takes him on herself , only to be poisoned with Vertigo . She begins to hallucinate images of Sara , who attacks her . Oliver and Roy arrive in time to get her back to the base for treatment . Oliver realizes that his team does not fight for him anymore , but for the city . Chase attempts to kill Thea , but Roy and Merlyn show up and Chase commits suicide . Oliver and Laurel successfully capture Zytle together . On Merlyn 's advice , Oliver takes Thea to the island for training . Laurel finally tells Quentin , who already knows the former 's alter ego , about Sara 's death . In flashbacks , Oliver is captured by A.R.G.U.S. and interrogated for the location of Maseo and his family . Maseo is captured trying to save Oliver . Waller brings Oliver and Maseo to Starling City to find Chien . 60 14 `` The Return '' Dermott Downs Marc Guggenheim & Erik Oleson February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5164 2.91 While on the island of Lian Yu , Oliver begins Thea 's training . He goes to the A.R.G.U.S. prison to visit with Slade , but he discovers the guard dead and Slade missing . Oliver warns Thea and they find out that Merlyn had Slade freed as part of their training . Slade arrives and captures them , imprisoning them in the A.R.G.U.S. cell . The duo manages to open the doors and escape . Oliver reveals to Thea that she killed Sara . Slade arrives and engages them . Oliver dissuades Thea from killing Slade , who gets imprisoned back in the cell . The duo returns to Starling City , where Thea confronts Merlyn for forcing her to kill Sara . Thea decides to work with him to fight Ra 's , but denounces their personal relationship . Quentin blames Laurel for hiding the truth . In flashbacks , Oliver and Maseo start tracking an employee of Queen Consolidated associated with Chien . Oliver looks in on his family and discovers that Thea is using drugs . Oliver and Maseo acquire the virus and arrest Chien . Oliver is introduced to General Matthew Shrieve , who promises to free him after he is debriefed in China . 61 15 `` Nanda Parbat '' Gregory Smith Story by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski Teleplay by : Erik Oleson & Ben Sokolowski February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5165 3.07 Oliver and Thea continue their training with Merlyn . Thea confesses the whole truth to Laurel , who instead blames Merlyn ; Thea makes a deal to turn him over to the League . Laurel confronts Merlyn and is outmatched , but they are interrupted by Nyssa and the League , and Merlyn is captured . Having imprisoned Nyssa , Oliver decides to go to Nanda Parbat to rescue Merlyn to prevent Thea from blaming herself when she realizes that she has sentenced her father to death . Oliver and Diggle infiltrate Nanda Parbat , but walk into a trap set by Ra 's . Oliver tells Diggle that Thea was not his only motive and he could not accept the defeat from someone else . Diggle states that he considers him a brother . Thea confesses the truth to Nyssa and offers her the chance at revenge , and Ray tests the flight capabilities of his completed A.T.O.M. exo - suit . Instead of killing Oliver , Ra 's expresses his praise for Oliver 's courage and strength , and asks Oliver to replace him as the head of the League . In flashbacks , Oliver is debriefed by Matthew and freed . On their way , Oliver and the Yamashiros are attacked . Oliver flees for safety with Akio , Maseo 's son . 62 16 `` The Offer '' Dermott Downs Beth Schwartz & Brian Ford Sullivan March 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 18 ) 3J5166 2.56 Ra 's explains that the localized pool of water in Nanda Parbat has healing effects that have allowed him to live far longer than any mortal man . The pool is becoming less effective on him , so Ra 's is looking for a replacement . In a show of good faith to convince Oliver , Ra 's releases Diggle and Merlyn and forgives all blood debts . Oliver returns to Starling and releases Nyssa . Oliver and his team return to stopping crime , but Quentin tells the Arrow that he will not aid him anymore because of hiding Sara 's death . Afterward , Oliver realizes that he is not ready to give up being the Arrow ; Oliver informs Maseo of his decision , who warns Oliver of the consequences of defying Ra 's . Upset with Ra 's for his offer to Oliver , Nyssa leaves him and returns to Starling City , befriending Laurel and deciding to train her . Ra 's , dressed as the Arrow , frames the vigilante for murder . Thea leaves Malcolm and moves in Roy 's . In flashbacks to Hong Kong , Oliver and Akio continue to be on the run , during which they seemingly stumble across a woman resembling Shado . 63 17 `` Suicidal Tendencies '' Jesse Warn Keto Shimizu March 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 25 ) 3J5167 2.86 Diggle and Lyla officially remarry , but Waller interrupts their honeymoon to recruit them for a Suicide Squad mission to rescue Senator Cray from a kidnapping . The kidnapping turns out be a ruse by Cray , to help his bid for President . The team rescues the hostages , but Lawton seemingly sacrifices himself so everyone can get out safely . He is announced responsible for the kidnapping , and Cray 's involvement is covered up . The police issue a warrant for the Arrow , which Ray supports . Oliver discovers that Ra 's has sent multiple assassins to impersonate him . In his new A.T.O.M. suit , Ray locates the Arrow and through facial scans learns his identity . Laurel refuses to accept Ray 's evidence against Oliver . Ray engages Oliver in a fight , but Oliver disables Ray 's suit . Oliver convinces Ray that he is being framed . Diggle decides to leave Oliver 's team and Lyla decides to resign from A.R.G.U.S. Maseo , dressed as the Arrow , murders the mayor and shoots another arrow at Felicity . In flashbacks , Lawton struggles to transition back into society from the military , including his wife and child leaving him . Lawton is propositioned by H.I.V.E. to assassinate Andrew Diggle , John 's brother . 64 18 `` Public Enemy '' Dwight Little Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle April 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 01 ) 3J5168 2.48 Ray takes the arrow for Felicity . Quentin issues an arrest warrant for the Arrow and his team , with shoot to kill orders in effect . Oliver uses Nyssa to track Maseo 's location . Ra 's appears and repeats his demand . The police arrive and Oliver and his team manage to escape . Ra 's kidnaps Quentin and reveals the Arrow 's identity , which Quentin announces at a press conference . Oliver decides to turn himself in exchange for immunity for his teammates . Roy dresses as the Arrow , stops Oliver 's transport van and surrenders to the police , claiming that he has been the Arrow all along . Meanwhile , Ray is revealed to have developed a deadly thrombus that has no known cure . He reveals to have nanobots that can destroy the clot . Felicity injects them and saves him by the help of Donna . In flashbacks , the woman resembling Shado turns out to be her twin sister Mei . The assailants come after them , but Maseo and Tatsu arrive and rescue them . Before leaving , Oliver tells Mei that Shado and Yao are dead . 65 19 `` Broken Arrow '' Doug Aarniokoski Story by : Jake Coburn Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan April 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 15 ) 3J5169 2.47 Roy is arrested and the District Attorney decides not to charge Oliver . However , Quentin knows the truth and decides to continue investigating Oliver , who and his team start working on how to stop metahuman Jake Simmons . Oliver enlists Ray 's help . After a failed first attempt , Oliver and Ray sync their movements through a neural network , but when the network malfunctions during the battle , Ray defeats Simmons himself , and places him under S.T.A.R. Labs ' custody . Cisco deduces that Simmons did not acquire his powers from the particle accelerator explosion . With the help of A.R.G.U.S , Roy fakes his own murder so that the public believes the Arrow is dead and Oliver innocent . As a result , Roy is forced to leave the city . Ra 's visits Thea and impales her with his sword . In flashbacks , Oliver infiltrates A.R.G.U.S. to stop Waller , only to discover that she is a prisoner of Shrieve , who was behind the attack and plans to release the virus in Hong Kong . Oliver , Maseo , and Tatsu steal the vaccine and decide to stop Shrieve 's plan . 66 20 `` The Fallen '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama April 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 22 ) 3J5170 2.72 Oliver rushes Thea to a hospital , where her death is said to be apparently inevitable . Maseo contacts Oliver to let him know that if he accepts Ra 's offer , he will be able to use the Lazarus Pit to heal her . Malcolm warns against this , stating that the pit changes a person in their soul , but Oliver decides to take her to Nanda Parbat regardless . Thea is dipped into the pit and returns healed but in a state of confusion , and her memories jumbled . Felicity has sex with Oliver before drugging him so the team can sneak him out of the fortress , which is aided by Maseo . Cornered by the Assassins , Oliver wakes in time to order them to stand down . Afterward , Oliver returns to take his place as head of the League , alone . Thea wakes up in her apartment , her mind clear and distraught that Oliver sacrificed himself for her . Oliver renounces his old life , taking on an apprentice role in the League and the name Al Sah - him until he is ready to take over as the new Ra 's . In flashbacks , Oliver , Maseo , and Tatsu go after the virus , but during a fight it is released . 67 21 `` Al Sah - him '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 29 ) 3J5171 2.39 Oliver begins his training , which includes breaking down his psyche so that his allegiance is only to the League and his new identity as Al Sah - him . Ra 's recounts the moment that he was chosen to become the leader of the League , and a duel with his best friend Damien Darhk who saw himself as the heir . Ra 's hesitated and Damien fled , stealing from the Lazarus Pit and starting his own group . Damien is revealed to had hired Gholem Qadir and Mark Shaw . Subsequently , Oliver is directed to kill Nyssa . Oliver and the League come to Starling City , where team Arrow announce their protection of Nyssa . Oliver kidnaps Lyla to force the team to give her up . At the exchange , a fight breaks out and Nyssa is taken by the League . Oliver almost kills Diggle , but Thea , in her own suit , arrives and stops him . Felicity reveals to Thea that Roy is alive . In Nanda Parbat Ra 's orders Nyssa to marry Oliver , and Oliver has to use the Alpha / Omega virus to cleanse Starling City as afinal act of commitment . In flashbacks , Oliver , Maseo , and Tatsu , who were vaccinated , watch as the citizens of Hong Kong , including Akio , become infected . 68 22 `` This Is Your Sword '' Wendey Stanzler Story by : Erik Oleson Teleplay by : Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan May 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 06 ) 3J5172 2.54 In flashbacks , Maseo and Oliver go after Shreive to see if he has a cure . They only succeed in leading Shrieve to their location , while Akio dies in Tatsu 's arms . In the present , Diggle and Laurel patrol Starling City , taking on any criminals they find . Thea finds Roy and reunites with him . Oliver learns that Maseo is the one who provided Ra 's with the Omega virus when he originally came to Nanda Parbat . Sneaking away from the castle , Oliver , revealed to have been in league with Malcolm and that his agreement to become Ra 's heir was a charade to get close to Ra 's and slowly dismantle the League from within , tells Malcolm Ra 's plan . On Oliver 's advice , Malcolm uses Tatsu to convince the team of the truth . The team , including Tatsu , Ray , and Malcolm go to Nanda Parbat where Tatsu kills Maseo before they are overrun by the League and captured . Malcolm reveals Oliver 's treachery to Ra 's , whom Oliver manages to convince of his loyalty . Roy secretly leaves Thea . Ra 's exposes the team , excluding Tatsu , to the virus before sealing them away in a cell . Afterward , Oliver and Nyssa get married . 69 23 `` My Name Is Oliver Queen '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Jake Coburn May 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 13 ) 3J5173 2.83 While Ra 's and Oliver head toward Starling City , the team wakes in the dungeon . Malcolm informs them that he secretly gave them the vaccine . Barry arrives and frees them . Oliver and Nyssa attack Ra 's and other Assassins . Ra 's escapes with a canister of the virus , vowing to destroy Starling . Ra 's reveals to have four targets . Felicity locates them , and Oliver organizes the team , along with Quentin and the police , to those locations , with Thea arriving in Roy 's suit to help . Oliver duels Ra 's , as the team successfully stops the attack and minimizes the casualties . Oliver kills Ra 's before being saved from the police by Felicity in the A.T.O.M. suit . Afterward , Oliver decides to have a normal life with Felicity instead of operating as a vigilante , knowing that there are other vigilantes that can take his place . Oliver cedes the title of Ra 's to Malcolm , to whom Nyssa kneels , but promises vengeance . Ray begins testing a way to miniaturize his A.T.O.M. suit , which results in an explosion . In flashbacks , Oliver tortures Shrieve for hours before Maseo executes him . The trio separates and Oliver decides to live a lonely life away from his family . He boards a ship headed to Coast City . Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` Green Arrow '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Beth Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 7 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 07 ) 3J5801 2.67 Diggle , Thea , and Laurel continue fighting crime in Starling City , recently renamed ' Star City ' in honor of Ray , who apparently died in the explosion . The city 's leadership , which includes Quentin , assemble to discuss a group of criminals named the `` Ghosts '' who are terrorizing the city . Damien Darhk , revealed to be controlling the Ghosts , systematically begins assassinating the city 's leadership , but fails to kill Quentin . Laurel and Thea convince Oliver , who was trying to propose to Felicity , to return and help them , which Diggle reluctantly approves . Oliver realizes that Felicity has been helping the team , which tracks the Ghosts , where they witness Damien using some form of mystical energy manipulation . Oliver notices Speedy 's excessive aggressiveness . Working together , the team stops Damien 's terrorist attack . Diggle deduces that Damien is leading H.I.V.E. Afterward , taking the name `` Green Arrow '' , Oliver broadcasts a message to the city vowing to be a beacon of hope , while Quentin is revealed to be working with Damien under duress . In flashbacks , Waller finds Oliver and forces him back on Lian Yu to assess a new threat . He is captured upon arrival . 71 `` The Candidate '' John Behring Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu October 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 14 ) 3J5802 2.50 The Queen family friend Jessica Danforth decides to run for mayor . During her announcement , she is attacked by Lonnie Machin , an anarchist for hire working for Damien . Queen explains to his sister that her aggressiveness is a result of being in the Lazarus Pit . Diggle tells Laurel about H.I.V.E. The team successfully stops Machin , but Speedy sets him on fire in the process . Later , Machin escapes police custody . Laurel decides to take Thea back to Nanda Parbat both to find a way to stop the aggression and to bring Sara 's body to the pit . Queen decides to run for mayor after Danforth backs out of the race . Meanwhile , Felicity takes over for Ray at the company and tasks an operative named Curtis Holt to find a way to save the financial crisis . In flashbacks , Oliver kills the soldier and is tasked by Waller to infiltrate the local military operation run by an officer named Reiter . Reiter decides to recruit Oliver for his cause instead of killing him . 72 `` Restoration '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed October 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 21 ) 3J5803 2.40 Laurel and Thea arrive in Nanda Parbat and request Merlyn to use the Lazarus Pit for Sara . He initially refuses and tells Thea that she needs to kill some people once in a while to suppress the lust . In order to appease her , he eventually agrees to revive Sara . When Sara returns feral , Nyssa destroys the Lazarus Pit in retaliation , and Merlyn has her imprisoned . Meanwhile , an A.R.G.U.S. operative delivers Diggle information on a H.I.V.E. operative , Mina Fayad . Fayad meets with Damien about the growing issue with the vigilantes in Star City . She brings in a metahuman named Jeremy Tell , who can turn his playing card tattoos into physical projectiles . After Tell 's initial failure , Damien kills Fayad for challenging him . Felicity reveals to Holt that she is aiding Green Arrow . Diggle and Green Arrow team up and take down Tell , who refuses to talk because of fearing Damien more . He is imprisoned in Iron Heights . In flashbacks , in order to impress his handler , Queen uses torture techniques to interrogate the prisoners who are being used to harvest heroin - cocaine hybrid plants . He secretly frees a woman . 73 `` Beyond Redemption '' Lexi Alexander Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski October 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 28 ) 3J5805 2.64 Quentin has Green Arrow look into the death of two police officers and the team discovers they were killed by members of the Anti-Vigilante Task Force . Laurel brings Quentin to see Sara , who is chained up in the basement of Laurel 's apartment . Smoak identifies Liza Warner as a suspect and , while searching for her , Oliver discovers Quentin meeting with Darhk and confronts Quentin , who reveals that Darhk threatened to kill Laurel . Darhk advises Quentin to kill Sara ; but Laurel dissuades him . Green Arrow and the team stop the corrupt officers before Liza attempts to kill the vigilante ; but Quentin convinces her to surrender . Later , Queen asks Quentin to spy on Darhk and announces his candidacy , Smoak opens an audio of Palmer 's apparent final moments , and Laurel discovers that Sara has escaped . In flashbacks , Queen gets Taiana , the woman , to a cave and convinces officer Conklin of her death ; but he discovers his communication device with Waller . 74 5 `` Haunted '' John Badham Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama November 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 04 ) 3J5804 2.60 In flashbacks , Reiter dismisses Conklin 's accusation . Instead , he introduces them to a recent captive named John Constantine , who escapes and forces Queen to help him locate a mystical object on the island . Afterwards , Constantine warns Queen to be wary of Reiter 's real plans and uses the object to cast a spell on the him . In the present , Sara starts killing women and Green Arrow discovers she is alive . The team realizes that Sara is looking for Thea and plans to kill her . They capture Sara and Oliver contacts John , who helps restore Sara 's soul . Meanwhile , Darhk gives Quentin a new task to install a computer virus in a security company . Diggle goes along and sees his brother 's name among the list of individuals being deleted by the virus . Later , Smoak and Holt learn that Palmer is still alive and Diggle learns that his brother was killed because he was a drug cartel leader . 75 6 `` Lost Souls '' Antonio Negret Beth Schwartz & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 11 ) 3J5806 2.30 As Oliver works on his campaign , Felicity continues searching for Ray with the help of Curtis . Ray is able to send a new message , letting Felicity know that he survived the explosion because his suit successfully shrank him down to a small size , that he is being held prisoner , and where to find the schematics to build a device to return him to his normal size . In a second message , Felicity discovers that Darhk is the one imprisoning Ray , hoping to get the technology from his suit . The team tracks Darhk to his hideout and , with the device created by Curtis , they successfully save and restore Ray . Thea starts dating Alex while Quentin and Donna start their own date . Darhk orders tests a power source made from Ray 's technology on a mystical board . Meanwhile , Sara struggles with the bloodlust and decides to leave Star City to gain control . In flashbacks , Reiter sends Oliver on a search for another ancient ruin that is supposed to yield a `` gift '' for Reiter . Conklin has a worker turn on Oliver , who kills him , giving the former the opportunity to question Oliver 's motives . 76 7 `` Brotherhood '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Keto Shimizu November 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 18 ) 3J5807 2.69 While Ray refuses to return to Palmer Tech , H.I.V.E. destroy money meant for the city bank . John gives Oliver information that H.I.V.E. murdered his brother Andy because he was a criminal rival . Darhk tells Quentin about his knowledge of Quentin 's betrayal . The team heads to a lab , where they are attacked by Darhk 's group and John discovers that Andy is still alive , working for H.I.V.E. John refuses to see Andy as anything more than a traitor , unworthy of saving . The team finds out that Darhk uses pills to control his operatives ' minds , which could have been administered to Andy . They locate him and the rest of H.I.V.E , successfully extracting Andy with help from Ray and John , who confronts Andy with the documents , which Andy confirms . After an encounter with Darhk , Thea learns that his powers may help cure her bloodlust permanently after Darhk 's failure to drain her lifeforce . In flashbacks , Conklin reveals that the worker Oliver killed was Taiana 's brother , diverting accusation from the former . However , Reiter finds the truth by a mystical object and has Oliver whip Conklin as punishment . Oliver later convinces Taiana to help him find a map . 77 8 `` Legends of Yesterday '' Thor Freudenthal Story by : Greg Berlanti & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Brian Ford Sullivan & Marc Guggenheim December 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 02 ) 3J5808 3.66 Malcolm orchestrates a meeting between Savage , Barry , and Oliver . Savage demands they turn over Kendra and Carter or he will destroy both Central City and Star City with the Staff of Horus . They devise a plan to deliver the pair as a ruse to get close enough to destroy the staff . The plan fails ; Kendra and Carter are killed and Savage uses the staff to destroy everyone else in the city . Barry escapes and runs fast enough to go back in time to the point of the original negotiation . Barry informs Oliver of his time travel and the mistakes that led to their defeat . They change their approach to the plan and Barry is able to steal the staff . He and Oliver use it on Savage , burning his body . Afterward , Kendra and Carter decide to use their powers to help others in another city . Cisco gives her a tracking device . Meanwhile , Oliver learns about his son , William , and accepts Samantha 's condition not to tell William or anyone else about the paternity in order to be able to see William . Malcolm collects Savage 's ashes , repeating the words Savage said the first time he killed the pair . This episode concludes a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 2 episode 8 . The two episodes also set up Legends of Tomorrow . 78 9 `` Dark Waters '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski December 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 09 ) 3J5809 2.82 Oliver 's campaign starts an initiative to clean up the Star City bay . Darhk sends a drone to the bay and begins shooting at the citizens helping , injuring several . In response , Oliver reveals Darhk to the media as the leader of H.I.V.E. and the Ghosts . In retaliation , Darhk crashes Oliver 's campaign holiday party and kidnaps John , Felicity , and Thea . Oliver makes contact and agrees to exchange himself for them . Darhk tricks Oliver and attempts to kill them all in front of him . Malcolm , dressed as Green Arrow , and Laurel arrive and rescue everyone . Afterward , Oliver proposes to Felicity , who accepts . As they leave , Darhk 's men shoot up Oliver 's limo and hit Felicity while Darhk reunites with his wife and daughter . Meanwhile , H.I.V.E 's plan , titled Genesis , is revealed to include mass growing of corn in a large field . In flashbacks , Oliver returns to the ship the Amazo and acquires the maps . However , Conklin finds Taiana alive and confronts Oliver . 79 10 `` Blood Debts '' Jesse Warn Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff January 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 20 ) 3J5810 2.83 While Felicity goes under multiple surgeries , Oliver and the team continue searching for Darhk . Oliver turns to Quentin for information on Darhk 's location , while John interrogates his brother Andy . They track down Darhk 's location , but find only several dead Ghost soldiers and an anarchy symbol , deducing that Machin is back and out for revenge against Darhk . Machin is caught and Oliver interrogates him before freeing him to go after Darhk , tracking him in the process . Andy reveals Darhk 's family house , where Machin goes too ; the team arrives and saves Darhk 's family , but Machin escapes . Darhk grants Oliver time to spend with his own family before Darhk can kill him . Meanwhile , Felicity is left paralyzed from being shot . John regains his relationship with Andy . Darhk 's wife , Ruvé , is revealed to be his accomplice and H.I.V.E 's plan is revealed to be destroying the world and rebuilding it . In flashbacks , Conklin presents his proof to Reiter , who allows the former to whip Oliver as punishment , until Reiter notices the spell on Oliver 's abdomen . In exchange for Taiana 's safety , Oliver agrees to help Reiter . 80 11 `` A.W.O.L. '' Charlotte Brandström Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 27 ) 3J5811 2.78 Felicity returns home from the hospital , trying to figure out her place on the team now that she is a paraplegic . An A.R.G.U.S. agent seeks out John and Lyla for assistance , but is kidnapped before he can tell the pair anything . The pair goes to Waller , who secretly gives her a portable hard drive that reveals the operative was taken by an organization known as `` Shadowspire '' . John recognizes the name and recounts first meeting the war profiteering group in Afghanistan . With Andy 's help , the team tracks Shadowspire . Oliver pressures Felicity for help , who has started having hallucinations of her hacker past self . Shadowspire infiltrates A.R.G.U.S. looking for the access codes to a project known as `` Rubicon '' , killing Waller when she refuses to help . Oliver and the team , with Felicity 's assistance , enter A.R.G.U.S. and stop Shadowspire . Oliver vows to look for a way to cure Felicity 's paralysis ; and John takes Andy to his house . In flashbacks , Reiter is revealed as the leader of Shadowspire . 81 12 `` Unchained '' Kevin Fair Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz February 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 03 ) 3J5812 2.48 The team goes after a burglar and Oliver and Thea manage to corner him . He escapes when Thea loses consciousness . Malcolm reveals to Oliver that since she has not taken a life , the bloodlust is killing her . Oliver finds out that the burglar is Roy . They free Roy from the control of a man who goes by the name Calculator . Felicity tracks the Calculator through the web , who reveals he intends to shut down the entire city , killing everyone in the process . The team manages to stop the plan . Meanwhile , Ruve enters the mayoral race , Thea slips into a coma , the Calculator is revealed to be Felicity 's father , Noah Kuttler . Roy decides to leave again . Nyssa escapes her cell in Nanda Parbat , visits Tatsu and somehow convinces her to give her Lotus , a cure for Thea 's bloodlust . She demands Oliver to kill Malcolm in exchange for Lotus . In flashbacks , Reiter tortures Oliver for information on the maps he acquired . Oliver has a mystical meeting with the soul of Shado , who gives him a special stone . He reveals to Taiana that he killed her brother . 82 13 `` Sins of the Father '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Keto Shimizu February 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 10 ) 3J5813 2.44 Oliver refuses Nyssa 's offer ; instead , he manages to convince Malcolm to relinquish control of the League to Nyssa in exchange for the Lotus . At the exchange , Malcolm double - crosses Nyssa and a war starts between the two Assassin factions in Star City . Oliver convinces Malcolm to challenge Nyssa to a duel . Oliver uses ancient rules to trade places with Nyssa as her husband . The former bests Malcolm but , instead of killing him , cuts off the hand wearing the Demon 's Head ring and exchanges the ring for the Lotus . However , Nyssa disbands the League and destroys the ring . Malcolm informs Darhk about Oliver 's son , William . Meanwhile , Noah reveals to Felicity that he is the Calculator , claiming to have changed into a good person . She finds out that he is lying and turns him over to the police . In flashbacks , Taiana takes the stone from Oliver and gives it to Reiter , demanding her freedom , which Reiter refuses to do and tasks her to help Oliver recover . She later reconciles with him . Reiter informs Oliver that the stone led to the location of what he seeks ; and they are going to `` dig '' . 83 14 `` Code of Silence '' James Bamford Wendy Mericle & Oscar Balderrama February 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 17 ) 3J5814 2.44 Malcolm joins Darhk , Ruvé , and the other leaders of H.I.V.E. and it is revealed that they are moving on to `` Phase 5 '' of their plan . Darhk sends a group of mercenaries , known as the Demolition Team , to take out Quentin , whom Laurel saves . With Curtis ' help , Felicity realizes that the Demolition Team is planning to destroy the building of the mayoral debate between Oliver and Ruvé , leaving her alive as a sympathetic survivor . Oliver and his team stop the mercenaries in time for Oliver to win the debate . Oliver and Felicity become engaged and Curtis presents her a device that can cure her paralysis . Darhk kidnaps William . Meanwhile , Thea finds out about William and supports Oliver 's decision to hide it from Felicity . Quentin tells Donna about his previous involvement with Darhk . In flashbacks , in order to gain the approval of the prisoners , Oliver kills Conklin , who reveals that Reiter plans to kill all the prisoners after he finds his `` ultimate power '' . 84 15 `` Taken '' Gregory Smith Story by : Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Keto Shimizu & Brian Ford Sullivan February 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 24 ) 3J5815 2.70 Darhk demands Oliver withdraw from the mayoral race in exchange for William . Oliver reveals the truth about William to the rest of the team while revealing his alter ego to Samantha . He asks a Detroit - based vigilante named Mari McCabe for help , as her powers are derived from magic . Mari tracks William 's location ; but they fail to rescue him . Oliver withdraws from the race while the team discovers the root of Darhk 's powers and sets a plan to destroy his mystical idol . The plan works ; Darhk is left powerless and arrested , while William is saved . They also discover that Malcolm was the one who kidnapped William . Later , Oliver sends William and his mother away for safety , planning to reveal the truth to William when he is 18 . Felicity decides to break up with Oliver while she recovers her ability to walk . In flashbacks , a passage is discovered that leads to Reiter 's `` ultimate power '' and the spell on Oliver 's stomach allows him to pass unharmed . 85 16 `` Broken Hearts '' John Showalter Rebecca Bellotto & Nolan Dunbar March 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 23 ) 3J5816 2.09 Carrie Cutter returns to Star City and begins targeting high profile couples . While the team works to track her whereabouts and prevent any more killings , Laurel works on Darhk 's prosecution . After several failed attempts to find a suitable witness , Quentin testifies to his involvement . The team discovers that Carrie is targeting couples that have recently been married . In order to draw her out , Oliver convinces Felicity to stage a `` secret '' wedding with him to set themselves up as targets , intentionally leaking the information to the media . The plan works and Carrie attacks Oliver and Felicity at the ceremony . Felicity distracts her long enough for Diggle and Thea to apprehend her . Darhk 's bail is denied and is remanded into custody . Quentin is suspended pending an investigation , while Felicity quits the team for good . In custody , Darhk is shown wearing a mystical ring he secretly carried inside . In flashbacks , Oliver leads Reiter to a mystical idol , but steals it and runs off into the tunnels with Taiana . The pair incapacitate two mercenaries and acquire their guns . 86 17 `` Beacon of Hope '' Michael Schultz Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan March 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 30 ) 3J5817 2.34 Brie Larvan orchestrates her release from prison and travels to Star City in search of the bio-mechanical chip that helps Felicity walk . Brie attacks Palmer Tech , holding the board hostage until Felicity turns herself over . Curtis tracks down Oliver 's hideout , discovering his secret in the process , so that he can offer his help to the team to save Felicity , Donna , and Thea . Oliver is stung by one of Brie 's robotic bees . Curtis realizes the sting actually implanted a bee within Oliver that is replicating itself . Laurel uses her Canary Cry to save Oliver . Felicity is able to evacuate the board members , while Brie reveals she is after the chip because she has a tumor that is going to leave her paralyzed . Curtis develops a virus to shut down the bees and uses them to stop Brie . Meanwhile , Malcolm visits Darhk and informs him that H.I.V.E. is proceeding with `` Genesis '' without Darhk , who later gains the loyalty of Michael Amar . Andy is revealed to be still allegiant to Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver engages Reiter , whose powers from the idol dwindle ; and Reiter escapes into the tunnels to recover it . Oliver and Taiana decide to save the prisoners instead . 87 18 `` Eleven - Fifty - Nine '' Rob Hardy Marc Guggenheim & Keto Shimizu April 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 06 ) 3J5818 2.24 Andy tells John that he was approached by Malcolm about a plan to break Darhk out of prison . Oliver and John foil H.I.V.E. 's plan , but it turns out to be a ruse designed to let Malcolm and his loyal Assassins invade the bunker and steal Darhk 's idol . Malcolm delivers the idol to Darhk , who finds out that it is incomplete . John reveals to Andy that he personally hid the missing piece in another location . Oliver becomes suspicious of Andy . Darhk and Amar orchestrate a prison riot and the team sets out to stop him with Andy joining them . However , when the team reaches Darhk , Andy turns on them and gives Darhk the missing piece to his idol . With his powers restored , Darhk subdues the team and stabs Laurel before escaping with Malcolm , Andy , and tens of other inmates . Laurel later dies at the hospital . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana help the prisoners escape and set off a bomb to bury Reiter in the tunnels . Reiter kills his two accompanying mercenaries in order to survive by the idol . 88 19 `` Canary Cry '' Laura Belsey Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz April 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 27 ) 3J5819 2.27 As the team , including the rejoined Felicity , mourns Laurel 's death and tries to determine their next move against Darhk , another woman posing as the Black Canary appears in Star City . She turns out to be Evelyn Sharp , the daughter of H.I.V.E. prisoners who were left behind after Oliver saved his team when they were kidnapped by Darhk previously . John , angry at being betrayed by Andy , goes after Ruvé , the new mayor ; but Oliver intervenes . Ruvé issues arrest warrants for all vigilantes . Sharp goes after Ruvé publicly , but Oliver is able to dissuade her from killing Ruvé . Meanwhile , Quentin starts looking for ways to revive Laurel ; but Oliver manages to dissuade him . At Laurel 's funeral , Oliver reveals her as the Black Canary to preserve her image with the city . Afterwards , Oliver vows to find a way to defeat and kill Darhk . In flashbacks , Oliver and Laurel struggle to come to terms with Tommy Merlyn 's death . In the end , Oliver leaves Laurel to cope on her own and returns to Lian Yu . 89 20 `` Genesis '' Gregory Smith Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich May 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 04 ) 3J5820 2.07 Darhk returns to H.I.V.E. and kills two of the board members before renewing his plans for `` Genesis '' . Oliver and Felicity go to Hub City and meet an immortal shaman , Fortuna , who starts educating Oliver about dark magic . After a mystical ritual , Fortuna tells Oliver that the darkness inside him is too strong to channel the light . In Star City , John locates Andy , but is captured after a brief shootout . Andy puts a tracking device on him , then allows John to escape so that Darhk and his team can go after John and Lyla and steal `` Rubicon '' , the key to the world 's nuclear weapons . Oliver manages to stop Darhk by channeling the power of light , nullifying Darhk 's powers and forcing him to retreat . John kills Andy . Meanwhile , Thea and Alex , who is working for Ruve now , go to an unknown city for vacation . She soon realizes that the city is atypical and finds out that Alex is using Darhk 's mind control pills . She is subdued by Darhk 's operatives and the city is revealed to be under Star City . The team realizes that Darhk plans to detonate nuclear weapons and build a new world over the ashes . 90 21 `` Monument Point '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Jenny Lynn May 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 11 ) 3J5821 2.16 Darhk begins taking control of the world 's nuclear missiles . The team seeks out Noah to help disable Rubicon . Darhk sends Danny Brickwell and Amar to find and kill Noah , but Oliver and his team are able to rescue him . Noah agrees to help , but it requires a high - powered processor from Palmer Tech . Felicity learns she has been fired as CEO and is unable to get the processor , forcing the team to break in and steal it . H.I.V.E. locates the team when Noah hacks into Rubicon . As H.I.V.E. attacks , Felicity and Noah shut down Rubicon and stop all the missiles but one , which launches and heads to Monument Point . Felicity only manages to redirect it to Havenrock , reducing the casualties to tens of thousands . Oliver and Diggle find Darhk in the Star City nexus chamber , gathering more power from all the deaths caused by the explosion . Meanwhile in the underground city , Malcolm tells Thea it is designed to protect Darhk and his chosen people from the nuclear apocalypse . Lonnie attacks the city and kills Alex . In flashbacks , Reiter escapes the cave - in , but Oliver and Taiana steal the idol back . The idol then begins to affect Taiana . 91 22 `` Lost in the Flood '' Glen Winter Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama May 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 18 ) 3J5822 1.94 His power grown exponentially , Darhk attempts to reactivate `` Rubicon '' with the help of Felicity 's former boyfriend , Cooper , and launch the remaining missiles . However , Noah , Felicity , and Curtis successfully shut down `` Rubicon '' for good . Meanwhile , Oliver and Diggle discover the underground town and track Thea 's whereabouts . Malcolm uses a mind - controlling drug on her which makes her turn on Oliver , but Oliver manages to talk her back to reality . Just then , Machin takes over H.I.V.E. 's command center and threatens to destroy Darhk 's town . Oliver , Diggle , and Thea intercede , but the main power source gets ruptured and explodes , destroying the city . The town is evacuated and Machin escapes , but not before killing Ruvé . Donna convinces Noah to leave and never come back . Darhk decides to use `` Rubicon '' to destroy the whole Earth and shows up at Oliver 's home , where Felicity , Donna , and Curtis are . In flashbacks , the idol begins to slowly corrupt Taiana , feeding her ever more power from each soldier she and Oliver kill . Oliver takes the idol and tries to talk her down , but Reiter suddenly arrives and confronts them both . 92 23 `` Schism '' John Behring Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 3J5823 2.19 Darhk steals the laptop keeping him locked out of `` Rubicon '' and launches over 15,000 nuclear missiles , giving the team two hours to prevent worldwide annihilation . With Star City citizens rioting , Oliver addresses everyone directly , inspiring hope in them to stay strong , while Felicity and Curtis divert the missile aimed at Star City . Oliver goes after Darhk , while Felicity , Merlyn , and Thea track down `` Rubicon '' . Felicity convinces Cooper to stop helping Darhk , at the cost of his life . Curtis devises a means to stop the missiles . Oliver is able to nullify Darhk 's powers with the hope he inspired throughout the city . While the citizens of Star City take on Darhk 's remaining men , Oliver duels and kills Darhk . Afterward , Thea , Diggle and Lance , who gets fired from SCPD , leave the team for new lives , and the city council appoints Oliver as the interim mayor . In flashbacks , Oliver and Taiana manage to kill Reiter . She then convinces him to kill her when she is unable to escape the darkness within . Oliver radios Waller to rescue the rest of the prisoners and keep the idol safe , intending to go to Russia to meet Taiana 's family as he promised . Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 93 `` Legacy '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) T27. 13201 1.87 Five months after the death of Damien Darhk , Oliver is distracted from his new duties as mayor due to continuing as Green Arrow alone , his old team members having gone their separate ways . He is encouraged by Felicity to build a new team by recruiting the amateur vigilantes now working in Star City , like Rene Ramirez . A new criminal crew appears , headed by Tobias Church , and kidnaps Mayor Queen in a bid to draw out and kill the Green Arrow , thereby taking over the city . He is rescued by Speedy , but she permanently quits the team after seeing that Oliver is again willing to kill . Church escapes from the Green Arrow and a team of several police officers , then later unites all the organized crime cartels and street gangs under his leadership . Oliver finally agrees to form a new team and includes Curtis at Curtis ' request . Elsewhere , a mysterious hooded figure in black kills a policeman in cold blood . In a flashback , Oliver encounters his old friend Anatoli Knyazev in Russia . Anatoli agrees to help him kill Konstantin Kovar , the tyrant running Taiana 's village , by initiating him to the Bratva , the only group that can possibly defeat Kovar . 94 `` The Recruits '' James Bamford Speed Weed & Beth Schwartz October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13202 1.94 Green Arrow recruits Rene , Evelyn Sharp , and Curtis and begins training them using an exercise from his Bratva initiation , revealed through flashbacks . As mayor , Oliver arranges to have AmerTek provide free medical care for Star City 's disenfranchised at a special clinic . A new metahuman , `` Ragman '' , appears and starts attacking AmerTek executives . The recruits leave Green Arrow because they do not trust him . Thea discovers that AmerTek CEO Janet Carroll is working with Church and Felicity learns that it was AmerTek 's nuclear missiles that Damien Darhk used to try and destroy the world . Ragman and Green Arrow stop an arms buy between Carroll and Church . Ragman later reveals that he was the only survivor of the Havenrock bombing . Green Arrow convinces him to put aside vengeance and join his team . Later , Oliver reveals his identity to the other recruits as a sign of trust and they agree to rejoin the team . Thea decides to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor . Church is attacked by the mysterious archer who calls himself `` Prometheus '' , who wants to personally kill Green Arrow . Meanwhile , Diggle , back in the Army and on a covert operation , is ambushed by his superior , who plans to sell a nuclear trigger and frame Diggle . 95 `` A Matter of Trust '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13203 1.79 Green Arrow investigates a new drug , `` Stardust '' , but still believes his team is not ready for the streets . While he is being informed about Prometheus , Rene and Evelyn secretly raid Stardust dealer Derek Sampson 's warehouse . The raid goes wrong and Sampson ends up with superhuman strength and an inability to feel pain . Oliver learns what happened from District Attorney Adrian Chase , convincing him that he still can not trust his recruits . Felicity advises him to accept the recruits as they are and Green Arrow finally uses his new team to stop Sampson from creating more superhumans . Oliver also publicly endorses Thea 's decision to appoint Quentin as Deputy Mayor after negative news stories almost cause her to resign . Felicity admits to Rory ( Ragman ) that she was the one responsible for Havenrock . Diggle is incarcerated and hallucinates Floyd Lawton as his cellmate due to guilt over killing his brother . Afterward , he tells Lyla that he will not fight the charges against him , so she asks Oliver to help her break Diggle out of prison . Flashbacks focus on Anatoli teaching Oliver the need to trust his brothers in the Bratva . 96 `` Penance '' Dermott Downs Brian Ford Sullivan & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13204 1.87 Oliver 's team captures an associate of Church 's and delivers him and his loot to the SCPD . Afterward , Rory formally leaves the team , saying that he can not work with Felicity . Oliver leaves Star City to help Lyla break Diggle out of prison over Felicity and the team 's objections . Quentin and Adrian personally deliver the evidence to the SCPD , which turns out to be a disguised bomb . The explosion allows Church 's group to break in and steal weapons from evidence . Oliver infiltrates a federal prison and locates Diggle , who agrees to escape to safeguard Oliver . Oliver takes him and Lyla to a H.I.V.E. safe house . Felicity attempts to reconcile matters with Rory . She and the team determine that Church is planning an assault on the SCPD 's anti-crime unit , where Adrian is interrogating Church 's man . Rory rejoins the team and they help everyone inside escape the attack . However , Curtis is injured and Church captures Rene , intending to torture him to death . Oliver returns and vows to rescue Rene , while Adrian decides to trust the vigilantes ' motives . In flashbacks , Anatoli tasks Oliver with gaining information from , and then killing , an associate of Kovar . Oliver completes the assignment and Anatoli welcomes him into the Bratva . 97 5 `` Human Target '' Laura Belsey Oscar Balderrama & Sarah Tarkoff November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13205 1.61 Oliver rescues Rene , who tells him that he gave up Green Arrow 's true identity to Church . Church plans to kill Oliver as the Mayor instead of as the vigilante . Diggle rejoins the team and suggests that bodyguard Christopher Chance , the `` Human Target '' , could be able to help them . Christopher impersonates Oliver at City Hall and fakes the Mayor 's death when Church 's mercenary attacks . The team realizes that Church plans to consolidate the drug traffic of five cities through Star City , needing Green Arrow eliminated for his plan to succeed . Oliver and his team , joined by Diggle and Christopher , raid Church 's meeting and capture him along with several other crime lords . Oliver publicly claims that his faked death was part of a sting operation . Prometheus kills Church during transport , despite Church telling him Green Arrow 's identity . Television reporter Susan Williams obtains evidence that Oliver was in Russia during the time he was supposedly stranded on the island . Meanwhile , Oliver finds out that Felicity is dating Billy Malone , a police detective recently assigned to the anti-crime unit . In flashbacks , Oliver is ambushed by other Bratva members . However , the men are killed by Christopher , whom Anatoli had hired to protect Oliver . 98 6 `` So It Begins '' John Behring Wendy Mericle & Brian Ford Sullivan November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13206 1.95 Oliver , Diggle , and Felicity privately track Prometheus , who starts killing seemingly random civilians with throwing stars . A news report on the killings causes tension in the city and angers the recruits , since they were not informed . Felicity steals one of the stars from Billy to examine it . A pattern between the victims relates to Oliver 's list from when he first started out as the Hood . This further angers the recruits , Evelyn most of all , as they did not know about Oliver 's `` kill list '' from when he initially returned . Felicity uses the pattern to predict future victims and the team splits up . Evelyn encounters Prometheus and engages him , managing to cut his arm before being overpowered . Oliver then arrives , but Prometheus escapes . Meanwhile , Thea discovers that Quentin never quit drinking . Evelyn reconciles with Oliver and Felicity tells Billy that she works with the Green Arrow , which intrigues him . She later tells Oliver that evidence she has discovered suggests that Prometheus could be an SCPD officer ; Quentin is shown waking from an alcohol - induced sleep with a slash across his arm and a throwing star in his possession . In flashbacks , during a Bratva operation , Oliver is abducted by Kovar 's men and taken to him . 99 7 `` Vigilante '' Gordon Verheul Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13207 1.86 A new vigilante appears in Star City , one who kills criminals in cold blood . Quentin tenders his resignation as Deputy Mayor . He later tells Thea about the throwing star and his drunken blackouts , but believes he is being set up . The team intercepts the Vigilante during a bank robbery , but he gets away , as does Eric Dunn , the head of the robbers . D.A. Chase forces one of the other robbers to reveal Dunn 's location and Green Arrow saves him from the Vigilante . Thea convinces Quentin to go into rehabilitation , while Oliver and Susan start getting closer . The team poses as bank robbers to lure out the Vigilante , who again escapes even after Oliver defeats and nearly unmasks him . Thea tells Oliver about Quentin and the possibility of his being framed ; they deduce that Prometheus must know Green Arrow 's identity . Evelyn is revealed to be working for Prometheus . In flashbacks , Kovar introduces Oliver to his servant Galina , Taiana 's mother . He also claims that the Bratva have only been using Oliver for their own ends , including making a deal with him . Kovar then releases Oliver back to the Bratva . 100 8 `` Invasion ! '' James Bamford Story by : Greg Berlanti Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle November 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 30 ) T27. 13208 3.55 Oliver finds himself back at Queen Manor ; both his parents are alive , he is about to be married to Laurel Lance , and Diggle is the Hood . However , it is revealed that he , Diggle , Thea , Sara , and Ray are all being held unconscious inside pods aboard the Dominator mothership . Meanwhile , Felicity , Curtis , and Cisco Ramon try to hack into the Dominators ' mainframe using a piece of their technology . The team recovers a necessary device with the help of the Flash and Supergirl and manages to locate the others . Oliver begins seeing flashes of his former life , as do Sara and Ray . All five captives soon realize that they are inside a shared hallucination of simulated reality . Their escape attempt is blocked by manifestations of Malcolm Merlyn , Deathstroke , Damien Darhk , and their mercenaries . The group defeats all of them , then leaves the dream and awakens inside the ship . Escaping in a shuttle , they are rescued by the Waverider . Ray deduces that the Dominators were gathering information from their minds to help them complete a special `` weapon '' , using the hallucination as a distraction . The team learns that the Dominator mothership is headed toward Earth . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on The Flash season 3 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 2 episode 7 . 101 9 `` What We Leave Behind '' Antonio Negret Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz December 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13209 1.94 Prometheus obtains further intel about the team from Evelyn . He then attacks and hospitalizes Curtis , injecting him with a tuberculosis vaccine developed by Justin Claybourne , a corrupt pharmaceutical manufacturer named on Oliver 's former kill list . Flashbacks show that Oliver killed Claybourne after discovering that he financed a TB epidemic , then raised the price on his drug to boost his company 's profits . When the team tracks down Prometheus , Evelyn reveals her true allegiance and escapes with Prometheus . Investigating Prometheus on his own , Billy sends information he discovers to Felicity just before the villain captures him . The information turns out to be about Claybourne 's illegitimate son , who may now be seeking retribution . Oliver deduces that Prometheus is at the former office building of the corporation that created the epidemic and goes there alone . He finds that Prometheus has staged it to resemble Oliver 's prior attack . Oliver kills Prometheus , only to discover he has actually killed a gagged Billy , whom the real Prometheus set up as himself to trick Oliver . Curtis ' husband Paul leaves him after discovering Curtis is a vigilante ; Felicity mourns Billy 's death ; Diggle is recaptured ; Oliver encounters a woman inside the lair who appears to be Laurel Lance , alive and well . 102 10 `` Who Are You ? '' Gregory Smith Ben Sokolowski & Brian Ford Sullivan January 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13210 1.68 Oliver welcomes the seemingly - revived Laurel into the team , but it becomes clear that she is Laurel 's Earth - Two doppelganger Black Siren , having been broken out of S.T.A.R. Labs by Prometheus . Laurel escapes and calls Oliver for a meeting , which ends in her capture . Learning about Paul , Rene convinces Curtis to focus on his capabilities , not his flaws . Oliver places Laurel in an A.R.G.U.S. facility , hoping to change her one day . Oliver reveals his plans to follow their Laurel 's dying wish , to find a new Black Canary . In Hub City , a woman with a sonic scream stops an attempted assault in a bar . Meanwhile , Oliver convinces Adrian to represent John whose corrupt superior , General Walker , arrives to transfer him into custody . However , Adrian manages to keep John in his jurisdiction . In flashbacks , Gregor , the Bratva traitor , attempts to force Oliver 's obedience , but Oliver is rescued by a female archer named Talia . 103 11 `` Second Chances '' Mark Bunting Speed Weed & Sarah Tarkoff February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13211 1.91 During the S.T.A.R. Labs incident , CCPD undercover officer Tina Boland develops a sonic scream after watching her partner die at the hands of drug dealer Sean Sonus . In the present day , Adrian tells Oliver that the NSA had been investigating Walker , but its file has disappeared . While Felicity tries to locate it , Oliver takes Rene and Curtis to Hub City to recruit Tina . She initially refuses to join , but the team intercepts her attacking Sonus , who is also a metahuman with sonic powers . Sonus escapes and Oliver reveals his identity to convince Tina to let him help her . Oliver 's team helps her defeat the dealers during a shipment , but Oliver fails to dissuade her from killing Sonus . Meanwhile , Felicity meets with a hacktivist whom she inspired during her college days and receives the file against Walker along with a cache of other secret information . With the file , Adrian manages to get John released . Tina meets Oliver and agrees to join the team , revealing that her real name is Dinah Drake . In flashbacks , Talia helps Oliver kill an important associate of Kovar 's . She also urges Oliver to become the avenger his father wanted him to be for Starling City . 104 12 `` Bratva '' Ben Bray Oscar Balderrama & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13212 1.61 In flashbacks , Oliver and Talia kill a drug merchant from Robert Queen 's list . Talia presses Oliver to return home , but he chooses to help Anatoli kill Gregor . In the present , the team learns that Walker is in Russia for a deal with Markovian terrorists . Oliver takes everyone except Rene , who is helping Quentin prepare for an interview with Susan . Anatoli refuses to help Oliver unless he does something criminal in return , which Oliver refuses . After Felicity blackmails a Russian analyst , the team captures Walker 's henchman , whom John tortures to no avail . To prevent John and Felicity from acting against their morals , Oliver and Dinah accept Anatoli 's terms and attacks a rival . The team and the Bratva intercept Walker 's deal . John decides to spare Walker , who is arrested by the Military Police , while Rory uses his rags to contain the nuclear blast of Walker 's failsafe bomb . Upon returning , Oliver sleeps with Susan , who later deduces his alter - ego after learning about a similar hooded vigilante who was in Russia five years ago . Rory tells Felicity that his rags do not function anymore and that he needs to leave temporarily . Meanwhile , with Rene 's help , Quentin 's interview is successful and they become friends . 105 13 `` Spectre of the Gun '' Kristin Windell Marc Guggenheim February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13213 1.66 Sixteen months ago , Rene watched as his wife , an addict , was killed by a dealer in front of their daughter , Zoe , who was transferred to foster care , barring Rene from seeing her . He was inspired by the Green Arrow killing Darhk and saving Star City and decided to start his vigilantism . In the present , Rene now works for Quentin as his assistant . An armed man attacks city hall , killing seven staff members and wounding several others . Felicity identifies the shooter as James Edlund , a former clerk and a proponent of gun control who lost his family in a shootout months prior . Thea and Quentin encourage Oliver to deal with the situation as the mayor , not the vigilante . Oliver decides to work with the city council towards a gun control act . Rene and Curtis locate Edlund 's hideout and find his next target , where Oliver confronts Edlund as the mayor and dissuades him from killing anyone , convincing him to surrender . Oliver reaches an agreement with the council with Rene 's help . Curtis promises to help Rene get Zoe back legally . Meanwhile , John convinces Dinah to return to a normal life , and she enlists in the SCPD . 106 14 `` The Sin - Eater '' Mary Lambert Barbara Bloom & Jenny Lynn February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13214 1.54 Oliver meets Prometheus ' alleged mother , but she refuses to help him . During a prison transfer , Chien , Carrie , and Warner kill the guards and escape . Oliver appoints Dinah as an SCPD officer . Pike receives evidence that the Green Arrow killed Malone and orders a manhunt . Oliver and Quentin track down the trio , but they escape due to the intervention of the ACU . Oliver surmises that Prometheus is responsible for sending the evidence . Susan asks Oliver if he is the Green Arrow and he says no . Thea discredits her by having Felicity hack Susan 's files and insert proof that she committed plagiarism . Susan gets angry with Oliver , who then confronts Thea . He reveals the circumstances surrounding Malone 's death to Pike . The team intercepts the trio stealing money from a stash left by Church , but are ambushed by their mercenaries . The ACU arrives and arrests the trio , allowing the team to leave . Quentin gives Dinah his blessing to assume the Black Canary identity . Word of the cover - up is later leaked to the media and the allegations are serious enough that impeachment is on the table . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli engage Gregor and his men . Gregor prepares to kill Anatoli . 107 15 `` Fighting Fire with Fire '' Michael Schultz Speed Weed & Ben Sokolowski March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13215 1.60 Oliver 's impeachment process begins , with Adrian serving as his attorney . The Vigilante starts targeting the former , but is opposed by Prometheus , who is revealed to be Adrian . Using Pandora , Felicity and Thea learn about a secret that can be used to blackmail an alderman . Oliver and John dissuade them from using it . Using a piece of the Vigilante 's visor , Curtis manages to track him down to where he plans to assassinate Oliver . To give himself a fighting chance to remain mayor , Oliver publicly disavows the Green Arrow as a `` cop killer '' , stating his motive for the cover - up was to protect the people from losing hope . The Vigilante escapes . The council votes against impeachment , but Thea resigns from Oliver 's administration in order to work on her morality . Paul decides to divorce Curtis . Susan gets her job back due to Felicity 's anonymous testimony . Felicity then secretly joins Helix . Adrian aggressively demands that Susan listen to his story . In flashbacks , Anatoli demands `` spross dopross '' , the process by which the Pakhan may be overthrown . Oliver infiltrates Kovar 's mansion and acquires evidence that Gregor has been embezzling the Bratva 's money . The majority of the captains vote for Anatoli , but Gregor starts a mutiny . 108 16 `` Checkmate '' Ken Shane Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13216 1.53 Oliver meets Talia , who reveals herself to be Ra 's al Ghul 's daughter . She tells Oliver that she hates him for killing her father , so she helped Adrian become Prometheus . Oliver confronts Adrian , who says that he has kidnapped Williams and she will starve if Oliver kills him . The Green Arrow breaks into Adrian 's house and tries to reason with Adrian 's wife , Doris , until the ACU storms in , forcing him to escape . Felicity agrees to hack Department of Homeland Security drones for Helix in exchange for assistance in finding Williams ' location . Oliver 's team enters the building , finding and rescuing Williams before Oliver confronts Adrian . Diggle brings Doris to try and convince Adrian to surrender , only for him to mortally stab her . Oliver engages Adrian while the others take Williams and Doris away . Talia arrives and helps Adrian overpower and abduct Oliver . Adrian tells Oliver that he plans to help Oliver learn who he really is . Meanwhile , Adrian continues acting normally at City Hall , angering the team . In flashbacks , most of the Bratva captains are killed in the shootout before Gregor escapes . Oliver and Knyazev attack Gregor during a meeting with his loyal followers and subdue him . 109 17 `` Kapiushon '' Kevin Tancharoen Brian Ford Sullivan & Emilio Ortega Aldrich March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13217 1.38 In flashbacks , Anatoli becomes the new Pakhan . Kovar buys Sarin gas from Malcolm . Anatoli learns that Kovar is planning a coup against the Russian government . By torturing an operative of Kovar , Oliver learns that Kovar has invited key government officials to his casino , where he plans to assassinate all of them by the gas . Oliver convinces Galina , Taiana 's mother , to give him her key card to the casino . Oliver and the Bratva infiltrate the casino , where Kovar learns about Galina 's betrayal and kills her , angering Oliver , who fails to stop the spread of the gas in time , leading to Viktor 's death . Anatoli fails to persuade Oliver from killing Kovar . The former appoints him as a Bratva captain . Malcolm helps Kovar 's operatives revive him . In the present , Adrian tortures Oliver to make him confess a `` secret '' . The former brings a seemingly reluctant Evelyn , apparently killing her after Oliver refuses to do it . Oliver reveals that he killed people because he liked it , which Adrian wanted to hear . Evelyn is revealed to be alive and still assisting Adrian . Adrian lets Oliver go , and he returns to the hideout and tells the team about his decision to end his vigilantism . 110 18 `` Disbanded '' JJ Makaro Rebecca Bellotto March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13218 1.55 With Chase having broken him , Oliver disbands the team and calls in the Bratva to take out Chase . Diggle tries to talk Oliver out of it , reminding him that there are better ways of doing things . Felicity goes to Helix and manages to find pixelated footage of Chase taking off his Prometheus mask . Oliver allows the Bratva to steal diabetes medicine as a downpayment , but they are stopped by the team . Diggle tells Oliver that they can fix him if he is willing to accept help . Oliver rejoins the team , taking out the Bratva and saving hostages that Anatoli had taken as leverage . Felicity and Curtis manage to decode Chase 's pixelation device , revealing Prometheus ' identity to the police . Oliver claims he 's not ready to put the hood back on yet but , with his team , it will be sooner rather than later . When Chase 's guards try to arrest him , he kills them and leaves his safe house . In flashbacks , Oliver wants to return to Lian Yu , so Anatoli plans one last heist to help sick children , hoping to convince Oliver to stay , but Oliver still intends to return to Lian Yu in order to stage his dramatic return to Starling City . 111 19 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' Joel Novoa Speed Weed & Elizabeth Kim April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13219 1.36 With law enforcement agencies unable to locate Chase , Felicity agrees to Alena 's plan to free former Helix leader Cayden James , who created a biometric tracker that can find anyone , but is currently in A.R.G.U.S. custody without due process . Lyla plans to use James as bait to destroy Helix , but Alena , having already anticipated that , finds James ' true location and leads her team , including Felicity , to the rescue . They are interrupted by the team , but Felicity forces them to allow Helix to escape with James . Helix ends their connection with Felicity , but provides her with James ' scanner , which she uses to learn that Chase is already in the team 's hideout , starting an assault . Meanwhile , Quentin confronts Rene for not visiting Zoe , though legally possible . Rene believes himself to be an unsuitable father . However , Quentin organizes a visit , making Rene decide to fight to regain custody of Zoe . John confronts Lyla for her moral ambiguity which led to their divorce previously . 112 20 `` Underneath '' Wendey Stanzler Wendy Mericle & Beth Schwartz May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13220 1.36 Chase triggers an EMP within the team hideout , deactivating all the equipment , stranding Oliver and Felicity , and rendering her paralyzed . Curtis learns about the attack , informing Rene and Dinah . Diggle and Lyla agree to put their problems aside when they hear about Oliver and Felicity . The team soon realizes that , after a period of time , a backup generator will activate , igniting the methane gas currently leaking into the base . Oliver is injured trying to find a way out . Eventually , Diggle is lowered down an access shaft with the others ' help and manages to pull up both Oliver and Felicity . The team takes refuge at A.R.G.U.S. , where Diggle and Lyla reconcile . Later , Chase is revealed to have tracked down Oliver 's son , William . In flashbacks to the period after Damien 's death , Oliver , Felicity , and Curtis continue working together . Curtis arranges to have Oliver and Felicity spend time together , leading to their having sex in the lair , but she decides that she is not ready to get back together with Oliver , who accepts it . 113 21 `` Honor Thy Fathers '' Laura Belsey Marc Guggenheim & Sarah Tarkoff May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13221 1.65 Chase 's prosecutions are discredited and most of the convicts , including Sampson , are released on bail . Oliver is sent a body , identified as Henry Goodwin . While Curtis and Dinah track Sampson , the others investigate Goodwin , who is revealed to have been killed by Robert Queen , shocking Thea and Oliver . The team deduces that Chase and Sampson are working together to release Claybourne 's weaponized tuberculosis in Star City . With Oliver wearing the Green Arrow costume again , they track the bomb and engage Sampson 's party while Oliver duels Chase . Sampson is captured as Curtis defuses the bomb . Oliver reveals that Claybourne planned to disown Chase due to Chase 's mental condition . Disillusioned , Chase asks Oliver to kill him , but Oliver arrests him instead . Oliver gives Thea a video of Robert asking her to look after Oliver . Meanwhile , Rene refuses to testify in court so as not to upset Zoe , leading to the judge dismissing his claim . In flashbacks , Oliver and Anatoli return to Lian Yu , where they arrange for Oliver 's return to Starling City . Anatoli leaves to bribe the boatmen to sail towards the island , but Oliver gets captured by Kovar , who knows about Oliver 's plan . 114 22 `` Missing '' Mairzee Almas Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13222 1.44 The team holds a birthday party for Oliver , but Rene , Dinah , and Curtis are later kidnapped by Chase 's outside team . Realizing that Chase is picking them off after Thea and Quentin are kidnapped by Black Siren and Evelyn , Oliver accepts Malcolm 's aid to help him lean on Chase . However , Chase reveals he has kidnapped William and Oliver is forced to free him . Felicity and Diggle are kidnapped by Talia and the League of Assassins , Oliver recruits Nyssa to help him fight Chase 's army . Tracking a plane carrying Chase , they realize they are going to Lian Yu . Arriving on the island , Oliver visits Slade and asks for his help . In flashbacks , Kovar injects a drug into Oliver that forces him to suffer visceral hallucinations of painful moments from the last five years . After enduring visions of Yao Fei and Laurel , Oliver eventually finds the strength to escape . 115 23 `` Lian Yu '' Jesse Warn Wendy Mericle & Marc Guggenheim May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13223 1.72 Oliver recruits a Mirakuru-less and hate - free Slade Wilson . Harkness reveals his allegiance to Chase . Oliver 's party frees Felicity , Thea , Curtis , and Samantha , trapping Evelyn . Oliver asks Malcolm to take Felicity 's party to Chase 's plane in order to escape and manages to free John , Rene , Dinah , and Quentin , who knocks Black Siren unconscious while Nyssa defeats Talia . Malcolm kills Harkness , but sacrifices himself by taking Thea 's place on a tripped landmine , allowing Felicity 's party to escape . They reach the plane , but learn that the whole island is rigged with C4 , which will detonate if Chase dies . Oliver asks John to lead the others to Felicity 's party and escape while Oliver captures Chase on a boat and frees William , who learns that his father is the Green Arrow . The plane is sabotaged , so Oliver tells the others to run to a ship on the eastern shore . Unsure of the others ' fates , Chase kills himself in front of Oliver and William , causing the bombs to demolish Lian Yu . In flashbacks , Oliver kills Kovar and his men , reaching the boat in time and calling Moira . Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 116 `` Fallout '' James Bamford Marc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle October 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 12 ) T27. 13451 1.52 In flashbacks , Slade heads to the A.R.G.U.S. ship alone while the others take refuge in the plane . Samantha runs off to find William and Thea follows . John 's right pectoral muscles are injured while rescuing Felicity . Oliver finds Thea in critical condition and a dying Samantha asks him to look after William . Dinah and Quentin are attacked by Black Siren , whom he shoots . She is later saved by an unknown man working for Cayden James . In the present , Thea is still comatose and William blames Oliver for Samantha 's death . Black Siren and her mercenary team attack the SCPD station . During another confrontation , John 's hesitation gets Rene hurt . Determining Black Siren will next attack City Hall , Team Arrow sets a trap . However , her gang instead attacks the hideout before being driven off by Team Arrow . Quentin 's reluctance to harm `` Laurel '' further allows her to escape . Oliver arranges another hearing for Rene to reclaim his daughter . Curtis discovers that Black Siren stole a prototype T - sphere . Slade tells Oliver that he is traveling to Calgary to find his son , advising him to choose between vigilantism and William . Oliver and William reconcile slightly , but pictures of Oliver wearing the Green Arrow suit leak to the media . 117 `` Tribute '' Laura Belsey Story by : Adam Schwartz Teleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Beth Schwartz October 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 19 ) T27. 13452 1.51 Oliver publicly denies being the Green Arrow , facing an investigation by FBI agent Samanda Watson along with William 's concerns of losing him . Anatoli and his men kidnap a group of Markovian delegates , demanding ransom . Believing Anatoli leaked the photo , Felicity and Curtis work on discrediting it while tracking the hostages , three of whom Team Arrow saves while Anatoli escapes with one . Anatoli tells Oliver that he needs to convince the Bratva that the former is not weak and is no longer friends with Oliver , injecting the hostage with a toxin which will kill him soon . Detecting the toxin and acquiring the antidote , Oliver injects it to the hostage , whom Anatoli kills anyway . He escapes after telling Oliver that he did not leak the photo , for which the media acquires evidence from an `` anonymous source '' that is fake . However , Watson tells Oliver that she will continue investigating him . As John prepares to tell Oliver about his degenerative nerve damage , the latter convinces him to wear the Green Arrow mantle , deciding to choose William over vigilantism . 118 `` Next of Kin '' Kevin Tancharoen Speed Weed & Oscar Balderrama October 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 26 ) T27. 13453 1.34 Team Arrow arrests Faust , with John refusing to shoot arrows . The City Council begins drafting a tighter anti-vigilante bill . Telling Dinah that he has overcome his tremors , John is revealed to have leadership problems when rogue CIA operatives begin hunting down a former member in order to silence him . Rene asks Oliver to return to the team . The latter has Felicity help William with his mathematics test while convincing John of his competence . Team Arrow tracks down a rogue group of mercenaries led by Onyx Adams to a hotel and engages them , defeating them all and saving the civilians from a biological weapon . With no way to stop the bill , Oliver converts it to a city - wide referendum . Watson begins suspecting John , who receives an arrow - firing crossbow invented by Felicity and Curtis . Oliver resumes his relationship with her while John is revealed to be injecting drugs to control his tremors . 119 `` Reversal '' Gregory Smith Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T27. 13454 1.33 Black Siren begins killing seemingly unimportant individuals while Felicity is approached by Alena , who tells her that Cayden James is planning something with hundreds of millions of casualties worldwide . They meet black market dealer `` Amnesiac '' to buy a `` ghost drive '' . Feeling concerned , Oliver intervenes and attacks the thugs , angering Felicity , who steals the drive . Team Arrow tracks down Black Siren to the Helix facility , with the former revealed to be working for James , who tasks his men to kill Felicity and Alena , who is critically shot during the rescue by Team Arrow . Felicity learns that James has stolen the victims ' fingerprints , necessary to enter the International Domain Name Directory ( IDND ) , the global internet infrastructure . Believing that James intends to destroy the internet , Team Arrow attacks his party at the IDND , where Felicity manages to breach through the firewall to stop James ' apparent attack . She adds Alena for her startup , calling it Helix and intending to mass produce her spinal implant . James is revealed to have intentionally lured Felicity into breaking the firewall so that he can have secret access and cover his tracks . He provides Black Siren with a device to stop tracking by Curtis . Slade calls Oliver and asks his help . 120 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' Joel Novoa Ben Sokolowski & Spiro Skentzos November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T27. 13455 1.29 Slade asks Oliver to help him find his son , who 's being held in jail . The two meet up with an old acquaintance of Slade , who provides them with the information they need . When they get to the prison , Slade instructs Oliver to find his son , Joe , then get him out of there , as he knows Joe will not want to see him , despite Oliver 's objections . Slade engages the security , known as the Jackals , in combat , where he discovers his acquaintance is actually a member of them . When Slade demands they release Joe , he reveals it 's not that easy as their boss is Joe himself . Dinah struggles to prevent a politician from a sniper attack by Vigilante , as the politician supports the Anti-vigilante bill . Dinah later gets lucky , and blurts out her Canary Cry on Vigilante who removes his mask , revealing he is actually Dinah 's old partner Vincent Sobel , thought long dead . He later attempts another assassination attempt at a TV interview , but is once again met by Dinah and shot in the head by an officer . Vincent reveals the Particle Accelerator changed him as well , and claims he did not tell Dinah he was alive , as he believes their work as cops had become ineffective . Dinah watches helplessly as he disappears . 121 6 `` Promises Kept '' Antonio Negret Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T27. 13456 1.28 Slade and Oliver continue to try and persuade Joe to leave with them , but Joe refuses , claiming that he had seen his father kill someone before he had been influenced by Mirakuru . Slade tries to explain that it was a paid hit , but Joe refuses to forgive him , stating that learning who his father truly was led him down this path . Joe and Slade end up fighting until Oliver steps in , after which Joe escapes but not before revealing the existence of his brother Grant . Slade tells Oliver he will continue to try and find both of his sons , but advises Oliver that he go back to his , not wanting Oliver to make the same mistakes he made . Meanwhile , Team Arrow eventually finds out about John 's tremors , leading John to apologize to everyone . Curtis offers to help John , the same way he helped Felicity when she was injured . John asks to have the night to think it over . 122 7 `` Thanksgiving '' Gordon Verheul Wendy Mericle & Speed Weed November 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 23 ) T27. 13457 1.09 Oliver , Felicity , William and Quentin organize a Thanksgiving food drive to raise money for a new SCPD Precinct . Oliver is promptly arrested by FBI Agent Watson under charges of vigilantism for being the Green Arrow . James and Black Siren subsequently break out of prison , intent on causing chaos , since the Green Arrow is caught . Thankfully , Oliver 's trial is delayed . When John gets injured in the field , Oliver suits up as the Green Arrow once again , with Team Arrow looking to stop a bomb planted by James and Black Siren at the stadium during a concert . They subsequently discover the bomb is fake and that the cops guarding the stadium are not cops , whom are swiftly taken out by Dinah , Curtis and Rene , but James and Black Siren escape . Oliver visits John in hospital and claims he will wear the hood until John has recovered , whereupon he can reclaim it . Thea wakes from her coma and reunites with Oliver , Felicity , John and William . 123 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 2 '' James Bamford Story by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski November 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 27 ) T27. 13458 2.52 In S.T.A.R. Labs , a captured interdimensional villain from Earth - X , Prometheus - X , is revealed to be a parallel universe doppelgänger of Tommy Merlyn . After he cruelly taunts Oliver over his attachment to Tommy , Prometheus - X commits suicide out of loyalty to Earth - X 's Nazi regime . Prometheus - X 's partners , Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's doppelgänger ) , Overgirl ( Kara Danvers ' doppelgänger ) , and Eobard Thawne steal a sublight generator , the Prism , from research company Dayton Optical Systems ; Oliver , Barry , Kara , and the others believe that Dark Arrow seeks to build a neutron bomb with it to aid his conquest on Earth - 1 . After a series of battles , most of the heroes including Team Arrow are in captivity at S.T.A.R. Labs after the Nazi forces infiltrate it , and Oliver , Barry and his allies are transported to Earth - X 's concentration camp , but Kara is moved to S.T.A.R. Labs . Oliver is determined to kill Dark Arrow after his capture . The villains reveal that Overgirl is dying and Dark Arrow plans to use the Prism , charged by S.T.A.R. Labs ' particle accelerator , to produce artificial red sunlight that would weaken both Kara and Overgirl 's respective invulnerability , allowing a heart transplant for Overgirl but killing Kara in the process . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 , and concludes on The Flash season 4 episode 8 and Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 124 9 `` Irreconcilable Differences '' Laura Belsey Beth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T27. 13459 1.30 Oliver and Felicity celebrate their wedding with everyone . The case against Oliver intensifies when Quentin learns that a member of Team Arrow is testifying against him , causing Oliver to have the team tracked . Quentin is kidnapped by Black Siren and James . Dinah is discovered to be meeting with Vincent , and tensions grow in the team until Rene admits he is the one testifying against Oliver . He explains Watson cornered him with evidence that he is Wild Dog , and if he did not testify , he would never be able to see his daughter again . Oliver briefly evicts Rene from the team , but the entire team puts aside any differences to rescue Quentin , whom Black Siren willingly allows to escape once they are outside . Oliver permanently ousts Rene for abandoning the primary mission to go looking for Lance on his own , violating Oliver 's trust again . Rene is later reunited with his daughter , while Dinah and Curtis leave Team Arrow , unable to trust Oliver , John and Felicity . Through a hidden camera , Oliver , John and Felicity are shown being monitored by the cabal of James , his second in command Boots , Black Siren , Anatoli , Vincent and Ricardo Diaz . 125 10 `` Divided '' James Bamford Ben Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) T27. 13460 1.38 Oliver continues being the Green Arrow while refusing to have Rene , Dinah , and Curtis help him , while Felicity and Curtis struggle to cure John of his tremors , in the process discovering that their hideout has been bugged forcing them to relocate to A.R.G.U.S. Oliver once again faces Cayden James , discovering that he has a cabal at his command . Dinah spends time with Vincent before discovering he has allied with Cayden James and attempts to arrest him before being overpowered . After his fight with Cayden James 's Cabal , Oliver , Felicity , and John discover that in order to win , they need to bring the team back together . Oliver apologizes to Rene , Dinah and Curtis , but despite his apology , they refuse to return to the team . Instead , they decide to start their own team , with Oliver wishing them luck . Curtis shows Dinah and Rene their new hideout . 126 11 `` We Fall '' Wendey Stanzler Speed Weed & Spiro Skentzos January 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 25 ) T27. 13461 1.38 Cayden James attacks the city 's critical Internet infrastructure , causing numerous casualties including police captain Frank Pike , before demanding ransom payment of $10 million dollars a day from Oliver to prevent a deadlier attack from happening . James reveals details of his vendetta against Oliver ; a misfired arrow believed was from the Green Arrow killed his son Owen a year ago . However , Oliver knows that he is not responsible because he was in Hub City at the time , therefore there is another suspect . Vincent claims that he is undercover with James ' cabal , and he gives Curtis , Rene , and Dinah some Intel . When one of James ' attacks endangers William and his class during a fieldtrip , Oliver is forced to reveal to his son that he resumed being the Green Arrow when rescuing him . Oliver and Quentin set up safe zones for citizens following the attacks , eventually James ' cabal targets them . Oliver and his former team put aside of their differences and stop James ' party 's attack on the safe zones ' occupants . Despite William being hurt by Oliver 's lies , Felicity helps William to see it was for good intentions and gets him to accept his father 's duty . Unable to find proof of his innocence before the deadline , Oliver gives into James ' demands to buy time to find it . 127 12 `` All for Nothing '' Mairzee Almas Beth Schwartz & Oscar Balderrama February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13462 1.24 Oliver is almost out of money to pay Cayden James . Fearing he will detonate the bomb , Vince , who infiltrated James ' organization , agrees to download data that could lead the two vigilante teams to find where the bomb is located . Despite being successful in transmitting the data to Felicty , he is identified as the traitor , caught , and tortured by Anatoli . The location of the bomb is revealed , but Dinah , Curtis , and Rene decide not to follow Oliver in order to save Vince . However , James anticipates this and used Vince as bait . Dinah is immobilized because of rubble collapsing on top of her and is forced to watch as Black Siren executes Vince . Lacking the manpower , Green Arrow and Spartan are unable to retrieve the bomb before it 's moved to a new location . However , they retrieve the falsified proof that shows Green Arrow killing James ' son ; the video was edited using the same technology that was used to forge the picture that exposed Oliver as the Green Arrow , implying another adversary is operating behind the scenes . 128 13 `` The Devil 's Greatest Trick '' JJ Makaro Sarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich February 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13463 1.30 Cayden James threatens to set the bomb off at midnight . Alena and Felicity are able to decode the video of Oliver killing Cayden 's son , proving it was someone else , and clearing Oliver . With help from Barry Allen , Oliver is able to delay James from leaving town by showing him the new evidence . James concludes that it was someone in his group who is behind it and asks for his former allies to be brought to him or he will set off the bomb . The team brings Laurel , Diaz and Anatoli to James , but Laurel says she was behind his son 's death and her actions allow everyone but James to escape . Diaz approaches Cayden in custody , revealing himself as the person responsible for the death of his son and that he has the new police captain on his payroll , killing Cayden before he leaves . 129 14 `` Collision Course '' Ken Shane Oscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13464 1.11 Dinah , Curtis and Rene analyse the latest place Laurel was seen and manage to determine that she was dragged away by somebody . It turns out Quentin took Laurel to a secure cabin to allow her to heal , which Thea eventually finds out and informs Oliver . Oliver demands the return of the city 's money , which Laurel promises , if they get her out of the country . Curtis deactivates the chip preventing John 's tremors , allowing them to track down Oliver , John and Felicity and hence find Laurel , though Quentin refuses to let Dinah kill Laurel . The two teams fight , with Rene eventually getting injured , and Oliver throwing a device that prohibits Dinah 's scream , allowing Laurel to incapacitate them with her own scream and escape . At the hospital , when John and Felicity come to see Rene , Curtis and Dinah turn them away , saying they want nothing to do with them anymore . At the edge of the city , Laurel begs a van driver to help her . 130 15 `` Doppelganger '' Kristin Windell Story by : Christos Gage & Ruth Fletcher Gage Teleplay by : Speed Weed March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) T27. 13465 1.28 Laurel appears at City Hall , revealing her story about how she was kidnapped and held against her will . Oliver and Thea find out that Ricardo is keeping a hostage , which is revealed to be former Team Arrow member Roy Harper , prompting Thea to once again assume the mantel of Speedy to try and rescue Roy . Dinah , upon hearing of the situation , says she is willing to help out this once , but Oliver refuses , saying if she does not trust him , he does not trust her . Oliver and John eventually take on Ricardo and his minions , who escape , but they do manage to rescue Roy . Oliver goes to see Laurel , who claims she can not change who she is , but she will try to be good , if Oliver gives her the space to do so , which Oliver agrees to . But when he leaves , Black Siren receives a message from Diaz and smiles , implying that she works with him . Roy and Thea spend an evening together , where they are observed by a woman who reports that the heir of Ra 's al Ghul has been located . 131 16 `` The Thanatos Guild '' Joel Novoa Beth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13466 TBD Nyssa comes to Star City for Thea , claiming that a splinter group from the League of Assassins , The Thanatos Guild , lead by a woman called Athena , are coming for her for the location of a map that Malcolm supposedly knew the location of . Thea reluctantly agrees to help Nyssa , but claims she is leaving afterward . Team Arrow eventually find the box containing the map and use mathematics to unlock it , only for the map to be blank when opened , but Felicity helps to reveal the hidden markers underneath . Dinah grows suspicious of her superior in the police , suspecting that she might be peddling Diaz 's drugs . Thea talks to Oliver about handing the Green Arrow mantle back to John , but Oliver worries that the current circumstances may be a little too much for John at the moment . Thea , Roy and Nyssa eventually depart and Oliver says goodbye . 132 17 `` Brothers in Arms '' Mark Bunting Sarah Tarkoff & Jeane Wong April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) T27. 13467 TBD 133 18 `` Fundamentals '' Ben Bray Speed Weed & Emilio Ortega Aldrich April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) T27. 13468 TBD Ratings ( edit ) Season 3 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) `` The Calm '' October 8 , 2014 1.0 2.83 0.4 1.4 `` Sara '' October 15 , 2014 0.8 2.32 0.6 1.4 `` Corto Maltese '' October 22 , 2014 0.9 2.55 N / A N / A `` The Magician '' October 29 , 2014 1.0 2.49 N / A N / A 5 `` The Secret Origin of Felicity Smoak '' November 5 , 2014 1.1 / 3 2.73 N / A N / A 6 `` Guilty '' November 12 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.60 0.6 1.5 7 `` Draw Back Your Bow '' November 19 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.64 0.6 1.5 8 `` The Brave and the Bold '' December 3 , 2014 1.4 / 4 3.92 N / A N / A 9 `` The Climb '' December 10 , 2014 1.1 / 3 3.06 N / A N / A 10 `` Left Behind '' January 21 , 2015 1.1 / 4 3.06 0.7 1.8 11 `` Midnight City '' January 28 , 2015 1.1 / 3 2.91 0.7 1.8 12 `` Uprising '' February 4 , 2015 1.2 / 4 2.94 N / A N / A 13 `` Canaries '' February 11 , 2015 1.1 / 3 2.67 N / A N / A 14 `` The Return '' February 18 , 2015 1.2 / 4 2.91 N / A N / A 15 `` Nanda Parbat '' February 25 , 2015 1.1 / 3 3.07 N / A N / A 16 `` The Offer '' March 18 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.56 0.7 1.6 17 `` Suicidal Tendencies '' March 25 , 2015 1.0 / 4 2.86 0.8 1.8 18 `` Public Enemy '' April 1 , 2015 0.8 / 3 2.48 0.6 1.4 19 `` Broken Arrow '' April 15 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.47 0.7 1.6 20 `` The Fallen '' April 22 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.72 N / A N / A 21 `` Al Sah - him '' April 29 , 2015 0.9 2.39 N / A N / A 22 `` This Is Your Sword '' May 6 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.54 0.7 1.7 23 `` My Name Is Oliver Queen '' May 13 , 2015 1.0 / 4 2.83 0.7 1.7 Season 4 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Green Arrow '' October 7 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.67 N / A 1.43 N / A 4.10 `` The Candidate '' October 14 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.50 N / A 1.34 N / A 3.84 `` Restoration '' October 21 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.40 0.6 1.36 1.5 3.77 `` Beyond Redemption '' October 28 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.64 N / A N / A N / A N / A 5 `` Haunted '' November 4 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` Lost Souls '' November 11 , 2015 0.9 / 3 2.30 N / A 1.22 N / A 3.52 7 `` Brotherhood '' November 18 , 2015 1.1 / 4 2.69 N / A N / A N / A N / A 8 `` Legends of Yesterday '' December 2 , 2015 1.4 / 4 3.66 0.7 1.61 2.1 5.27 9 `` Dark Waters '' December 9 , 2015 1.0 / 3 2.82 0.6 1.22 1.6 4.04 10 `` Blood Debts '' January 20 , 2016 1.1 / 3 2.83 0.7 1.47 1.8 4.30 11 `` A.W.O.L. '' January 27 , 2016 1.1 / 4 2.78 0.6 1.24 1.7 4.01 12 `` Unchained '' February 3 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.48 0.6 1.26 1.5 3.74 13 `` Sins of the Father '' February 10 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.6 1.32 1.5 3.77 14 `` Code of Silence '' February 17 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.44 0.7 1.40 1.6 3.85 15 `` Taken '' February 24 , 2016 1.0 / 3 2.70 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Broken Hearts '' March 23 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.09 0.6 1.33 1.3 3.41 17 `` Beacon of Hope '' March 30 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.34 N / A N / A N / A N / A 18 `` Eleven - Fifty - Nine '' April 6 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.24 0.6 1.16 1.4 3.39 19 `` Canary Cry '' April 27 , 2016 0.9 / 3 2.27 N / A 1.18 N / A 3.45 20 `` Genesis '' May 4 , 2016 0.7 / 3 2.07 0.6 1.19 1.3 3.26 21 `` Monument Point '' May 11 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.16 0.5 1.13 1.3 3.29 22 `` Lost in the Flood '' May 18 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.94 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.20 23 `` Schism '' May 25 , 2016 0.8 / 3 2.19 0.6 1.12 1.4 3.31 Season 5 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Legacy '' October 5 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.87 0.6 1.20 1.3 3.07 `` The Recruits '' October 12 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.94 0.6 1.23 1.3 3.17 `` A Matter of Trust '' October 19 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.79 0.6 1.15 1.2 2.94 `` Penance '' October 26 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.87 0.5 1.09 1.2 2.96 5 `` Human Target '' November 2 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.61 0.5 1.03 1.1 2.65 6 `` So It Begins '' November 9 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.95 0.4 1.01 1.1 2.95 7 `` Vigilante '' November 16 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.86 0.5 N / A 1.2 N / A 8 `` Invasion ! '' November 30 , 2016 1.3 / 5 3.55 0.7 1.80 2.0 5.34 9 `` What We Leave Behind '' December 7 , 2016 0.7 / 3 1.94 0.5 1.13 1.2 3.07 10 `` Who Are You ? '' January 25 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.68 0.5 1.13 1.1 2.82 11 `` Second Chances '' February 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.91 0.5 1.08 1.1 2.99 12 `` Bratva '' February 8 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.61 0.5 1.12 1.1 2.73 13 `` Spectre of the Gun '' February 15 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.66 N / A 0.90 N / A 2.56 14 `` The Sin - Eater '' February 22 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.54 0.4 0.92 0.9 2.46 15 `` Fighting Fire with Fire '' March 1 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.60 N / A N / A N / A N / A 16 `` Checkmate '' March 15 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.53 0.4 0.86 0.9 2.39 17 `` Kapiushon '' March 22 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 0.95 0.9 2.33 18 `` Disbanded '' March 29 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.55 0.4 N / A 0.9 N / A 19 `` Dangerous Liaisons '' April 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.36 N / A N / A N / A N / A 20 `` Underneath '' May 3 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.86 0.9 2.24 21 `` Honor Thy Fathers '' May 10 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.65 0.4 1.00 1.0 2.64 22 `` Missing '' May 17 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.44 0.4 0.94 0.9 2.38 23 `` Lian Yu '' May 24 , 2017 0.6 / 3 1.72 0.5 0.96 1.1 2.67 Season 6 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Fallout '' October 12 , 2017 0.6 / 2 1.52 0.5 1.18 1.1 2.70 `` Tribute '' October 19 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.51 0.5 1.08 1.0 2.59 `` Next of Kin '' October 26 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.34 0.4 1.05 0.9 2.38 `` Reversal '' November 2 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.33 0.4 0.90 0.9 2.23 5 `` Deathstroke Returns '' November 9 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.4 1.08 0.9 2.37 6 `` Promises Kept '' November 16 , 2017 0.5 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.20 7 `` Thanksgiving '' November 23 , 2017 0.3 / 1 1.09 0.5 1.07 0.8 2.16 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 2 '' November 27 , 2017 0.9 / 3 2.52 0.8 1.89 1.7 4.41 9 `` Irreconcilable Differences '' December 7 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.30 0.4 0.86 0.8 2.12 10 `` Divided '' January 18 , 2018 0.5 / 2 1.38 0.4 1.00 0.9 2.38 11 `` We Fall '' January 25 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.38 0.4 0.96 0.8 2.34 12 `` All for Nothing '' February 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.24 0.4 0.89 0.8 2.13 13 `` The Devil 's Greatest Trick '' February 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.30 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.21 14 `` Collision Course '' March 1 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.11 0.4 1.02 0.8 2.13 15 `` Doppelganger '' March 8 , 2018 0.4 / 2 1.28 N / A 0.86 N / A 2.15 Home media ( edit ) Season DVD release dates Blu - ray release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Region A Region B September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 October 2 , 2013 September 17 , 2013 September 23 , 2013 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 December 3 , 2014 September 16 , 2014 September 22 , 2014 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 September 22 , 2015 September 28 , 2015 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 September 7 , 2016 August 30 , 2016 September 5 , 2016 5 September 19 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 September 9 , 2017 September 19 , 2017 September 18 , 2017 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS ' , ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . May 29 , 2013 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 14 TV Season Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` 2014 -- 15 Full TV Season Ratings : Rankings For All Shows '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Weintraub , Steve ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Arrow ' : Marc Guggenheim Goes In - Depth on How the Show Is Made , Teases Season 6 Details '' . Collider . Retrieved September 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Catch The CW 's Season Finales This April and May ! '' . The Futon Critic . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 11 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments for ' Arrow ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Animal Practice ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down Plus Unscrambled FOX Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up + World Series Game 1 Final Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' CSI ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' 30 Rock ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 29 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' and ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Supernatural ' and ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' Rises to Tie Series Debut , ' The X Factor ' Dips + ' The Middle ' & ' Arrow ' Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Middle ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' The Neighbors ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Super Bowl 's Greatest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Supernatural ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Modern Family ' , ' The Neighbors ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' CSI ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' , ' Guys With Kids ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' American Idol ' , & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up ; ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' Whitney ' and ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 4 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 25 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Survivor ' , Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' , ' CSI ' , ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' The Voice ' , ' Family Tools ' , ' Survivor ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Supernatural ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 10 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , Back in the Game , Modern Family and The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 17 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , Toy Story of TERROR ! & Back in the Game Adjusted Up ; Nashville & Ironside Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 24 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Modern Family & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 31 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night & CSI Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : CSI Adjusted Up ; Criminal Minds Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The CMA Awards '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , The Middle & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The X Factor , Modern Family , Arrow , Survivor & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up ; Law and Order : SVU , The Tomorrow People & Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & The Middle Adjusted Up ; Modern Family Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Law and Order : SVU & The Tomorrow People Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Super Fun Night Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol & Nashville Adjusted Up ; Survivor , The Middle , Mixology , Suburgatory & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Mixology & Nashville Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Modern Family & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Mixology Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , Suburgatory & Modern Family Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , American Idol & Suburgatory Adjusted Up ; Revolution & CSI Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , Arrow , American Idol , Modern Family , Law & Order : SVU & Suburgatory Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Revolution , Arrow , Survivor , Suburgatory , Modern Family & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; Chicago P.D. Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Revised Wednesday , October 8 Final Ratings : The Flash Encore Adjusted Up ; The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 16 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Mysteries of Laura , Modern Family & Red Band Society Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2014 . Retrieved October 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; black - ish Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Stalker Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Nashville Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , The Mysteries of Laura & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( November 13 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for The 100 , Red Band Society or Nashville '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for Arrow , Modern Family or The 100 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Hell 's Kitchen & Chicago P.D. Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( January 22 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up ; The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Stalker & The 100 Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for Empire '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol Adjusted Up , Fresh Off the Boat & The 100 Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow & American Idol Adjusted Up ; The Goldbergs , The 100 , The Mentalist , The Mysteries of Laura , black - ish & Criminal Minds Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , Arrow , American Idol & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The 100 & Stalker Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Empire , American Idol , Survivor & Arrow Adjusted Up ; The 100 , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2015 . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow & Survivor Adjusted Up ; Supernatural Adjusted Down & Final Empire Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 26 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , Modern Family & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : American Idol , Survivor , The Middle , The Goldbergs , & Modern Family Adjusted Up ; The Mysteries of Laura Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : The Middle , The Goldbergs & Criminal Minds Adjusted Up ; Arrow & Supernatural Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Modern Family , Arrow , Criminal Minds & Survivor Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Survivor , Criminal Minds & Law & Order : SVU Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Arrow , Nashville , & The Goldbergs Adjusted Up ; American Idol , Criminal Minds , Supernatural & black - ish Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : Law & Order : SVU , Survivor , The Middle & American Idol Adjusted Up ; Supernatural , black - ish & Nashville Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' SVU ' and others adjusted up , ' Arrow ' holds , ' Nashville ' adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Empire , Modern Family and Arrow adjusted up , Nashville adjusted down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Rosewood adjusted up , Empire and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Supernatural adjusts down , The Middle and The Goldbergs adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Guggenheim , Marc ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` The next episode of Arrow , written by @ briforsul & @ ojbalderrama begins production today '' . Twitter . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow adjusts up , Criminal Minds rises but still at series low '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : black - ish and Code Black adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : Arrow , Rosewood , Survivor and The Middle adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Empire ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 9 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Modern Family ' and all other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Mike & Molly ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Arrow ' and everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 4 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' 2 Broke Girls ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Goldbergs ' and ' SVU ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' , ' Code Black ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' Criminal Minds ' and ' Chicago P.D. ' all adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 31 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Survivor ' and ' Beyond Borders ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 28 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' The Middle ' and ' Empire ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 5 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Chicago PD ' and ' Heartbeat ' adjust up , ' Nashville ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' Nashville ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 19 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Goldbergs ' , ' SVU ' adjust up ; ' Arrow ' , ' Supernatural ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' SVU ' finale adjusts up , ' Supernatural ' finale adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Arrow taps Rick Gonzalez as DC Comics vigilante Wild Dog '' . EW.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' , ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' The Goldbergs ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' Blindspot ' and ' Frequency ' adjust down , full debate numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' , ' SVU ' , ABC comedies adjust up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Survivor ' adjusts up , CMAs hold vs. World Series : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Black - ish ' adjusts down , others hold : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' SVU ' and ' Modern Family ' reruns adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon ' , ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Gotham ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gotham ' and ' Supernatural ' adjust up , ' Arrow ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , scripted shows all unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 28 , 2017 ) . `` Primetime NFL adjusts up on Thanksgiving : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' CMA Country Christmas , ' ' Good Doctor , ' ' Pentatonix Christmas ' adjust down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' rerun adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 617 ) `` Brothers in Arms '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 618 ) `` Fundamentals '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Red Band Society ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 12 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' How to Get Away With Murder ' & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Have Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' New Girl ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Blacklist ' Tops Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week Ending October 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 8 , 2014 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Has Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Ratings Increase ; ' Reign ' Tops Percentage Gains & ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Viewer Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 8 Ending November 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` ' Empire ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 Increase , ' Revenge ' Leads Percentage Gainers & ' Elementary ' Tops Viewership Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending January 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 17 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Notches Biggest Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Increase , ' Hart of Dixie ' Top Percentage Gainer in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 18 Ending February 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Empire ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains + ' The Originals ' Tops Percentage Increases in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 26 Ending March 22 '' . TV by the Numbers. April 6 , 2015 . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' Forever ' Tops Percentage Increases & ' The Blacklist ' Wins Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 27 Ending March 29 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 Gains , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage & Viewership Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 28 Ending April 5 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Gains , ' Reign ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' The Vampire Diaries ' Top Percentage Growth in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 30 Ending April 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 26 , 2015 ) . `` ' The Big Bang Theory ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' The Blacklist ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 32 Ending May 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 1 , 2015 ) . `` ' Modern Family ' Leads Adults 18 -- 49 & Viewership Growth , ' Wayward Pines ' Tops Percentage Gains in Live + 7 Ratings for Week 33 Ending May 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 31 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 3 : ' Quantico ' more than doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' score biggest gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 4 : ' Jane the Virgin ' premiere doubles , ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' top charts for Oct. 12 -- 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 5 : ' Empire ' and ' Blindspot ' have biggest toal gains , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 8 : ' Empire ' , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' top charts for Nov. 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings , week 11 : ' Empire ' fall finale on top , ' Vampire Diaries ' leads percentage gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gets biggest bump of the season in week 12 , 5 shows double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Modern Family ' tops the week of March 21 -- 27 , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 -- May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 -- 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Blindspot ' leads for May 23 -- 29 as summer slowdown begins '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Rich get richer as ' Empire , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 -- 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 -- 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' score in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 -- 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Designated Survivor ' stay on top in broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 -- 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` 13 shows double , ' This Is Us ' & ' Big Bang ' lead broadcast Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2016 . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' makes more big gains in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24 , 2016 . Retrieved November 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Big Bang , ' ' Designated Survivor ' are the Big Three in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2016 . Retrieved December 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` 6 shows double in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' reaches season highs week 12 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and TGIT rise above the rest in week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2017 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2017 . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 10 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2017 . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Big Bang ' gain the most , 10 shows double : Week 33 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' finale lead week 34 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Designated Survivor ' finales make biggest gains in week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Bull ' season finales lead week 36 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow : Season 1 ( Blu - ray + DVD ) '' . Amazon . Retrieved July 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( DVD / Ultraviolet ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved May 16 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved January 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( DVD / Ultraviolet ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 2 ( Blu - Ray ) '' . Amazon UK . Retrieved April 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( DVD ) '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( DVD ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 '' . JBHifi.com . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 3 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2015 ) '' . Amazon UK . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow -- Warner Shoots Out a Press Release for ' The Complete 4th Season ' '' . TVShowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( DVD ) ( 2016 ) '' . JB Hi - Fi . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 4 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2016 ) '' . Amazon UK . ^ Jump up to : `` Arrow : The Complete Fifth Season '' . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 5 ( DVD ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon UK . Jump up ^ `` Buy Arrow : Season 5 DVD From EzyDVD.com.au '' . EzyDVD.com.au . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arrow -- Season 5 ( Blu - ray ) ( 2017 ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Arrow Television in the United States portal 2010s portal Official website List of Arrow episodes on IMDb List of Arrow episodes at The Futon Critic Arrow at TV.com ( hide ) Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! '' `` Crisis on Earth - X '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Arrow_episodes&oldid=833206838 '' Categories : Arrow ( TV series ) episodes Lists of American action - adventure television series episodes Lists of American crime television series episodes Lists of American drama television series episodes Lists of American fantasy television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 07 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when does arrow season 6 ep 10 come out	[ "\n\nNo.\noverall\nNo. in\nseason\nTitle\nDirected by\nWritten by\nOriginal air date\nProd.\ncode\nU.S. viewers\n(millions)\n\n\n116\n1\n\"Fallout\"\nJames Bamford\nMarc Guggenheim & Wendy Mericle\nOctober 12, 2017 (2017-10-12)\nT27.13451\n1.52[127]\n\n\nIn flashbacks, Slade heads to the A.R.G.U.S. ship alone while the others take refuge in the plane. Samantha runs off to find William and Thea follows. John's right pectoral muscles are injured while rescuing Felicity. Oliver finds Thea in critical condition and a dying Samantha asks him to look after William. Dinah and Quentin are attacked by Black Siren, whom he shoots. She is later saved by an unknown man working for Cayden James. In the present, Thea is still comatose and William blames Oliver for Samantha's death. Black Siren and her mercenary team attack the SCPD station. During another confrontation, John's hesitation gets Rene hurt. Determining Black Siren will next attack City Hall, Team Arrow sets a trap. However, her gang instead attacks the hideout before being driven off by Team Arrow. Quentin's reluctance to harm \"Laurel\" further allows her to escape. Oliver arranges another hearing for Rene to reclaim his daughter. Curtis discovers that Black Siren stole a prototype T-sphere. Slade tells Oliver that he is traveling to Calgary to find his son, advising him to choose between vigilantism and William. Oliver and William reconcile slightly, but pictures of Oliver wearing the Green Arrow suit leak to the media.\n\n\n117\n2\n\"Tribute\"\nLaura Belsey\nStory by : Adam Schwartz\nTeleplay by : Marc Guggenheim & Beth Schwartz\nOctober 19, 2017 (2017-10-19)\nT27.13452\n1.51[128]\n\n\nOliver publicly denies being the Green Arrow, facing an investigation by FBI agent Samanda Watson along with William's concerns of losing him. Anatoli and his men kidnap a group of Markovian delegates, demanding ransom. Believing Anatoli leaked the photo, Felicity and Curtis work on discrediting it while tracking the hostages, three of whom Team Arrow saves while Anatoli escapes with one. Anatoli tells Oliver that he needs to convince the Bratva that the former is not weak and is no longer friends with Oliver, injecting the hostage with a toxin which will kill him soon. Detecting the toxin and acquiring the antidote, Oliver injects it to the hostage, whom Anatoli kills anyway. He escapes after telling Oliver that he did not leak the photo, for which the media acquires evidence from an \"anonymous source\" that is fake. However, Watson tells Oliver that she will continue investigating him. As John prepares to tell Oliver about his degenerative nerve damage, the latter convinces him to wear the Green Arrow mantle, deciding to choose William over vigilantism.\n\n\n118\n3\n\"Next of Kin\"\nKevin Tancharoen\nSpeed Weed & Oscar Balderrama\nOctober 26, 2017 (2017-10-26)\nT27.13453\n1.34[129]\n\n\nTeam Arrow arrests Faust, with John refusing to shoot arrows. The City Council begins drafting a tighter anti-vigilante bill. Telling Dinah that he has overcome his tremors, John is revealed to have leadership problems when rogue CIA operatives begin hunting down a former member in order to silence him. Rene asks Oliver to return to the team. The latter has Felicity help William with his mathematics test while convincing John of his competence. Team Arrow tracks down a rogue group of mercenaries led by Onyx Adams to a hotel and engages them, defeating them all and saving the civilians from a biological weapon. With no way to stop the bill, Oliver converts it to a city-wide referendum. Watson begins suspecting John, who receives an arrow-firing crossbow invented by Felicity and Curtis. Oliver resumes his relationship with her while John is revealed to be injecting drugs to control his tremors.\n\n\n119\n4\n\"Reversal\"\nGregory Smith\nSarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich\nNovember 2, 2017 (2017-11-02)\nT27.13454\n1.33[130]\n\n\nBlack Siren begins killing seemingly unimportant individuals while Felicity is approached by Alena, who tells her that Cayden James is planning something with hundreds of millions of casualties worldwide. They meet black market dealer \"Amnesiac\" to buy a \"ghost drive\". Feeling concerned, Oliver intervenes and attacks the thugs, angering Felicity, who steals the drive. Team Arrow tracks down Black Siren to the Helix facility, with the former revealed to be working for James, who tasks his men to kill Felicity and Alena, who is critically shot during the rescue by Team Arrow. Felicity learns that James has stolen the victims' fingerprints, necessary to enter the International Domain Name Directory (IDND), the global internet infrastructure. Believing that James intends to destroy the internet, Team Arrow attacks his party at the IDND, where Felicity manages to breach through the firewall to stop James' apparent attack. She adds Alena for her startup, calling it Helix and intending to mass produce her spinal implant. James is revealed to have intentionally lured Felicity into breaking the firewall so that he can have secret access and cover his tracks. He provides Black Siren with a device to stop tracking by Curtis. Slade calls Oliver and asks his help.\n\n\n120\n5\n\"Deathstroke Returns\"\nJoel Novoa\nBen Sokolowski & Spiro Skentzos\nNovember 9, 2017 (2017-11-09)\nT27.13455\n1.29[131]\n\n\nSlade asks Oliver to help him find his son, who's being held in jail. The two meet up with an old acquaintance of Slade, who provides them with the information they need. When they get to the prison, Slade instructs Oliver to find his son, Joe, then get him out of there, as he knows Joe will not want to see him, despite Oliver's objections. Slade engages the security, known as the Jackals, in combat, where he discovers his acquaintance is actually a member of them. When Slade demands they release Joe, he reveals it's not that easy as their boss is Joe himself. Dinah struggles to prevent a politician from a sniper attack by Vigilante, as the politician supports the Anti-vigilante bill. Dinah later gets lucky, and blurts out her Canary Cry on Vigilante who removes his mask, revealing he is actually Dinah's old partner Vincent Sobel, thought long dead. He later attempts another assassination attempt at a TV interview, but is once again met by Dinah and shot in the head by an officer. Vincent reveals the Particle Accelerator changed him as well, and claims he did not tell Dinah he was alive, as he believes their work as cops had become ineffective. Dinah watches helplessly as he disappears.\n\n\n121\n6\n\"Promises Kept\"\nAntonio Negret\nOscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto\nNovember 16, 2017 (2017-11-16)\nT27.13456\n1.28[132]\n\n\nSlade and Oliver continue to try and persuade Joe to leave with them, but Joe refuses, claiming that he had seen his father kill someone before he had been influenced by Mirakuru. Slade tries to explain that it was a paid hit, but Joe refuses to forgive him, stating that learning who his father truly was led him down this path. Joe and Slade end up fighting until Oliver steps in, after which Joe escapes but not before revealing the existence of his brother Grant. Slade tells Oliver he will continue to try and find both of his sons, but advises Oliver that he go back to his, not wanting Oliver to make the same mistakes he made. Meanwhile, Team Arrow eventually finds out about John's tremors, leading John to apologize to everyone. Curtis offers to help John, the same way he helped Felicity when she was injured. John asks to have the night to think it over.\n\n\n122\n7\n\"Thanksgiving\"\nGordon Verheul\nWendy Mericle & Speed Weed\nNovember 23, 2017 (2017-11-23)\nT27.13457\n1.09[133]\n\n\nOliver, Felicity, William and Quentin organize a Thanksgiving food drive to raise money for a new SCPD Precinct. Oliver is promptly arrested by FBI Agent Watson under charges of vigilantism for being the Green Arrow. James and Black Siren subsequently break out of prison, intent on causing chaos, since the Green Arrow is caught. Thankfully, Oliver's trial is delayed. When John gets injured in the field, Oliver suits up as the Green Arrow once again, with Team Arrow looking to stop a bomb planted by James and Black Siren at the stadium during a concert. They subsequently discover the bomb is fake and that the cops guarding the stadium are not cops, whom are swiftly taken out by Dinah, Curtis and Rene, but James and Black Siren escape. Oliver visits John in hospital and claims he will wear the hood until John has recovered, whereupon he can reclaim it. Thea wakes from her coma and reunites with Oliver, Felicity, John and William.\n\n\n123\n8\n\"Crisis on Earth-X, Part 2\"\nJames Bamford\nStory by : Marc Guggenheim & Andrew Kreisberg\nTeleplay by : Wendy Mericle & Ben Sokolowski\nNovember 27, 2017 (2017-11-27)\nT27.13458\n2.52[134]\n\n\n\nIn S.T.A.R. Labs, a captured interdimensional villain from Earth-X, Prometheus-X, is revealed to be a parallel universe doppelgänger of Tommy Merlyn. After he cruelly taunts Oliver over his attachment to Tommy, Prometheus-X commits suicide out of loyalty to Earth-X's Nazi regime. Prometheus-X's partners, Dark Arrow (Oliver's doppelgänger), Overgirl (Kara Danvers' doppelgänger), and Eobard Thawne steal a sublight generator, the Prism, from research company Dayton Optical Systems; Oliver, Barry, Kara, and the others believe that Dark Arrow seeks to build a neutron bomb with it to aid his conquest on Earth-1. After a series of battles, most of the heroes including Team Arrow are in captivity at S.T.A.R. Labs after the Nazi forces infiltrate it, and Oliver, Barry and his allies are transported to Earth-X's concentration camp, but Kara is moved to S.T.A.R. Labs. Oliver is determined to kill Dark Arrow after his capture. The villains reveal that Overgirl is dying and Dark Arrow plans to use the Prism, charged by S.T.A.R. Labs' particle accelerator, to produce artificial red sunlight that would weaken both Kara and Overgirl's respective invulnerability, allowing a heart transplant for Overgirl but killing Kara in the process.\n\nThis episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8, and concludes on The Flash season 4 episode 8 and Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8.\n\n\n124\n9\n\"Irreconcilable Differences\"\nLaura Belsey\nBeth Schwartz & Sarah Tarkoff\nDecember 7, 2017 (2017-12-07)\nT27.13459\n1.30[135]\n\n\nOliver and Felicity celebrate their wedding with everyone. The case against Oliver intensifies when Quentin learns that a member of Team Arrow is testifying against him, causing Oliver to have the team tracked. Quentin is kidnapped by Black Siren and James. Dinah is discovered to be meeting with Vincent, and tensions grow in the team until Rene admits he is the one testifying against Oliver. He explains Watson cornered him with evidence that he is Wild Dog, and if he did not testify, he would never be able to see his daughter again. Oliver briefly evicts Rene from the team, but the entire team puts aside any differences to rescue Quentin, whom Black Siren willingly allows to escape once they are outside. Oliver permanently ousts Rene for abandoning the primary mission to go looking for Lance on his own, violating Oliver's trust again. Rene is later reunited with his daughter, while Dinah and Curtis leave Team Arrow, unable to trust Oliver, John and Felicity. Through a hidden camera, Oliver, John and Felicity are shown being monitored by the cabal of James, his second in command Boots, Black Siren, Anatoli, Vincent and Ricardo Diaz.\n\n\n125\n10\n\"Divided\"\nJames Bamford\nBen Sokolowski & Emilio Ortega Aldrich\nJanuary 18, 2018 (2018-01-18)\nT27.13460\n1.38[136]\n\n\nOliver continues being the Green Arrow while refusing to have Rene, Dinah, and Curtis help him, while Felicity and Curtis struggle to cure John of his tremors, in the process discovering that their hideout has been bugged forcing them to relocate to A.R.G.U.S. Oliver once again faces Cayden James, discovering that he has a cabal at his command. Dinah spends time with Vincent before discovering he has allied with Cayden James and attempts to arrest him before being overpowered. After his fight with Cayden James's Cabal, Oliver, Felicity, and John discover that in order to win, they need to bring the team back together. Oliver apologizes to Rene, Dinah and Curtis, but despite his apology, they refuse to return to the team. Instead, they decide to start their own team, with Oliver wishing them luck. Curtis shows Dinah and Rene their new hideout.\n\n\n126\n11\n\"We Fall\"\nWendey Stanzler\nSpeed Weed & Spiro Skentzos\nJanuary 25, 2018 (2018-01-25)\nT27.13461\n1.38[137]\n\n\nCayden James attacks the city’s critical Internet infrastructure, causing numerous casualties including police captain Frank Pike, before demanding ransom payment of $10 million dollars a day from Oliver to prevent a deadlier attack from happening. James reveals details of his vendetta against Oliver; a misfired arrow believed was from the Green Arrow killed his son Owen a year ago. However, Oliver knows that he is not responsible because he was in Hub City at the time, therefore there is another suspect. Vincent claims that he is undercover with James’ cabal, and he gives Curtis, Rene, and Dinah some Intel. When one of James’ attacks endangers William and his class during a fieldtrip, Oliver is forced to reveal to his son that he resumed being the Green Arrow when rescuing him. Oliver and Quentin set up safe zones for citizens following the attacks, eventually James' cabal targets them. Oliver and his former team put aside of their differences and stop James’ party's attack on the safe zones' occupants. Despite William being hurt by Oliver's lies, Felicity helps William to see it was for good intentions and gets him to accept his father’s duty. Unable to find proof of his innocence before the deadline, Oliver gives into James’ demands to buy time to find it.\n\n\n127\n12\n\"All for Nothing\"\nMairzee Almas\nBeth Schwartz & Oscar Balderrama\nFebruary 1, 2018 (2018-02-01)\nT27.13462\n1.24[138]\n\n\nOliver is almost out of money to pay Cayden James. Fearing he will detonate the bomb, Vince, who infiltrated James' organization, agrees to download data that could lead the two vigilante teams to find where the bomb is located. Despite being successful in transmitting the data to Felicty, he is identified as the traitor, caught, and tortured by Anatoli. The location of the bomb is revealed, but Dinah, Curtis, and Rene decide not to follow Oliver in order to save Vince. However, James anticipates this and used Vince as bait. Dinah is immobilized because of rubble collapsing on top of her and is forced to watch as Black Siren executes Vince. Lacking the manpower, Green Arrow and Spartan are unable to retrieve the bomb before it's moved to a new location. However, they retrieve the falsified proof that shows Green Arrow killing James' son; the video was edited using the same technology that was used to forge the picture that exposed Oliver as the Green Arrow, implying another adversary is operating behind the scenes.\n\n\n128\n13\n\"The Devil's Greatest Trick\"\nJJ Makaro\nSarah Tarkoff & Emilio Ortega Aldrich\nFebruary 8, 2018 (2018-02-08)\nT27.13463\n1.30[139]\n\n\nCayden James threatens to set the bomb off at midnight. Alena and Felicity are able to decode the video of Oliver killing Cayden's son, proving it was someone else, and clearing Oliver. With help from Barry Allen, Oliver is able to delay James from leaving town by showing him the new evidence. James concludes that it was someone in his group who is behind it and asks for his former allies to be brought to him or he will set off the bomb. The team brings Laurel, Diaz and Anatoli to James, but Laurel says she was behind his son's death and her actions allow everyone but James to escape. Diaz approaches Cayden in custody, revealing himself as the person responsible for the death of his son and that he has the new police captain on his payroll, killing Cayden before he leaves.\n\n\n129\n14\n\"Collision Course\"\nKen Shane\nOscar Balderrama & Rebecca Bellotto\nMarch 1, 2018 (2018-03-01)\nT27.13464\n1.11[140]\n\n\nDinah, Curtis and Rene analyse the latest place Laurel was seen and manage to determine that she was dragged away by somebody. It turns out Quentin took Laurel to a secure cabin to allow her to heal, which Thea eventually finds out and informs Oliver. Oliver demands the return of the city's money, which Laurel promises, if they get her out of the country. Curtis deactivates the chip preventing John's tremors, allowing them to track down Oliver, John and Felicity and hence find Laurel, though Quentin refuses to let Dinah kill Laurel. The two teams fight, with Rene eventually getting injured, and Oliver throwing a device that prohibits Dinah's scream, allowing Laurel to incapacitate them with her own scream and escape. At the hospital, when John and Felicity come to see Rene, Curtis and Dinah turn them away, saying they want nothing to do with them anymore. At the edge of the city, Laurel begs a van driver to help her.\n\n\n130\n15\n\"Doppelganger\"\nKristin Windell\nStory by : Christos Gage & Ruth Fletcher Gage\nTeleplay by : Speed Weed\nMarch 8, 2018 (2018-03-08)\nT27.13465\n1.28[141]\n\n\nLaurel appears at City Hall, revealing her story about how she was kidnapped and held against her will. Oliver and Thea find out that Ricardo is keeping a hostage, which is revealed to be former Team Arrow member Roy Harper, prompting Thea to once again assume the mantel of Speedy to try and rescue Roy. Dinah, upon hearing of the situation, says she is willing to help out this once, but Oliver refuses, saying if she does not trust him, he does not trust her. Oliver and John eventually take on Ricardo and his minions, who escape, but they do manage to rescue Roy. Oliver goes to see Laurel, who claims she cannot change who she is, but she will try to be good, if Oliver gives her the space to do so, which Oliver agrees to. But when he leaves, Black Siren receives a message from Diaz and smiles, implying that she works with him. Roy and Thea spend an evening together, where they are observed by a woman who reports that the heir of Ra's al Ghul has been located.\n\n\n131\n16\n\"The Thanatos Guild\"\nJoel Novoa\nBeth Schwartz & Ben Sokolowski\nMarch 29, 2018 (2018-03-29)\nT27.13466\nTBD\n\n\nNyssa comes to Star City for Thea, claiming that a splinter group from the League of Assassins, The Thanatos Guild, lead by a woman called Athena, are coming for her for the location of a map that Malcolm supposedly knew the location of. Thea reluctantly agrees to help Nyssa, but claims she is leaving afterward. Team Arrow eventually find the box containing the map and use mathematics to unlock it, only for the map to be blank when opened, but Felicity helps to reveal the hidden markers underneath. Dinah grows suspicious of her superior in the police, suspecting that she might be peddling Diaz's drugs. Thea talks to Oliver about handing the Green Arrow mantle back to John, but Oliver worries that the current circumstances may be a little too much for John at the moment. Thea, Roy and Nyssa eventually depart and Oliver says goodbye.\n\n\n132\n17\n\"Brothers in Arms\"[142]\nMark Bunting\nSarah Tarkoff & Jeane Wong\nApril 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)\nT27.13467\nTBD\n\n\n133\n18\n\"Fundamentals\"[143]\nBen Bray\nSpeed Weed & Emilio Ortega Aldrich\nApril 12, 2018 (2018-04-12)\nT27.13468\nTBD\n\n" ]	[ "January 18, 2018" ]
-6815046110811087429	Seventh grade	Seventh grade - wikipedia Seventh grade Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Seventh grade ( called Year 8 in the England and Wales , called First Year in Scotland ) is a year of education in many nations . The seventh grade is the seventh school year after kindergarten . Students are usually 12 -- 13 years old . Contents ( hide ) 1 Around the world 1.1 United States 1.2 Great Britain 1.3 Hong Kong 1.4 Australia 1.5 Ireland 1.6 Iran 1.7 Brazil 1.8 Bulgaria 1.9 Philippines 1.10 Israel 1.11 South Africa 1.12 Sweden and Finland 1.13 New Zealand 1.14 South Asia 1.15 Singapore 1.16 France 1.17 Romania 1.18 Canada 1.19 Taiwan 1.20 Greece 1.21 Russia 1.22 The Netherlands 1.23 Malaysia 1.24 Saudi Arabia 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Around the World ( edit ) United States ( edit ) In the United States , in math , students focus commonly on an introduction to pre-algebra or the beginnings of algebra including ratio , proportion , and percent . New topics sometimes include scientific notation , concepts with negative numbers , and more advanced geometry . In social studies , advanced pre-Civil War History is taught . Though American history is usually the norm , other cultures and time periods may be taught . In science , it is usually moderate - level biology . In some parts of the United States , seventh grade is the first school year in which students have different teachers for each of their subjects , and so they change classrooms at the end of each period . Foreign language is often introduced at this level . The students can typically choose from several languages depending on school ability . Great britain ( edit ) In England and Wales , pupils aged between 12 and 13 are in Year 8 which is the second year of Secondary School . The Scottish equivalent is Secondary 1 or S1 - the first year of Secondary education . The Northern Irish equivalent is Year 9 or Second Form , the second year of secondary education . Hong Kong ( edit ) In Hong Kong , pupils aged 12 to 14 are in Secondary 2 or Form 2 , the second year of secondary education . Australia ( edit ) In some states of Australia including Victoria , New South Wales , Australian Capital Territory , and Tasmania , Year 7 is the first year of secondary school , but it is actually the eighth year of schooling ( Prep / Kindergarten , 1 through 6 then Year 7 ) . In Australia , Year 7 students are aged 12 -- 13 years old . Ireland ( edit ) The Irish equivalent to seventh grade is First Year , which is the first year of secondary education . Students are usually 12 - 13 years old . Iran ( edit ) In Iran , Grade 7 is the first year of Highschool A. There are 2 stages of Highschool in Iran : A and B. A ranges from grade 7 to 9 and B ranges from 9 to 12 . Most of Iranian 7 graders are 13 years old . Brazil ( edit ) In Brazil , the time for elementary school was recently raised from 8 to 9 years , and the minimum age required to enter the seventh grade was changed from 11 to 12 years old . The students are usually between 12 and 13 years old . Bulgaria ( edit ) In Bulgaria , it would correspond to седми клас or 7 - ми клас . Students are usually 13 years old . Philippines ( edit ) In the Philippines , Grade 7 is the first year of Junior High School . Topics mainly discussed are the following subjects like , for the major subjects are Elementary - based Algebra ( Math in Grade 7 ) , Integrated Science ( Science in Grade 7 ) , Filipino subject with Ibong Adarna , English and Philippines History ( Political Studies in Grade 7 ) . Values Education , World Literature , MAPEH ( Music , Arts , Physical Education and Health ) , Computer and TLE ( Technology and Livelihood Education ) are some of the minor subjects . Students are usually 12 -- 13 years old . Israel ( edit ) In Israel , in most formal places , the seventh grade is the first year of middle school . South Africa ( edit ) In South Africa , Grade 7 is the final year of primary school and is also the final year before High School as there is no such thing as Middle School in South Africa . Pupils ( called Learners by the Department of Education ) are usually between the ages of 11 , 12 and 13 . Sweden and Finland ( edit ) In Sweden and Finland , this is the seventh year of compulsory school and the first year of `` junior high '' . New Zealand ( edit ) In New Zealand , the equivalent is Year 8 . It is the final year of education at either intermediate school ( which is Year 7 & 8 ) or a full primary school . ( A normal primary school finishes at Year 6 ) . Students are usually 12 to 13 years old . There are some high schools that start at Year 7 . South ASIA ( edit ) In India , Pakistan and other South Asian Countries , grade seven is called Class Seven and forms middle school . Singapore ( edit ) In Singapore , seventh grade is called Secondary One , and it is the start of one 's secondary education after one completes primary education . Pupils are typically at the age of 13 in seventh grade . France ( edit ) In France , seventh grade is called 5ème ( 5 years before Terminale , where most students take the Baccalauréat ) . 5ème is the second year of French secondary school , which is call collège . Romania ( edit ) In Romania , seventh grade is called Seventh Class . Canada ( edit ) The elementary school curriculum varies with the organisation and educational aims of individual schools and local communities . Promotion from one grade to the next is based on testing and a child whose performance is poor may be required to repeat a year , while a gifted child may be allowed to skip a year . Elementary schools provide instruction in the fundamental skills of reading , writing and maths , as well as history , geography , crafts , music , science , art , and physical education ( phys ed. or gym ) . French and ' foreign ' languages , which used to be taught only at high schools , are now introduced during the last few years of elementary school in some areas and students can enter an ' early French immersion programme ' at kindergarten or grade 1 level . Taiwan ( edit ) In Taiwan , seventh grade refers to two things : students in the first year of junior - high but also to people born between the years 70 - 79 ( the seventh decade ) of the Minguo calendar , which equates to between 1981 and 1989 . Greece ( edit ) In Greece , seventh grade is called 1st year of middle school ( 1η γυμνασίου in Greek ) . It is the first year of Greece 's middle school ( γυμνάσιο ) . Students are taught subjects such as : Physical Education , Science ( Chemistry , Physics , Biology ) , Religious Education , and language subjects Russia ( edit ) In Russia , students in seventh grade are usually 12 -- 14 years old . It is third grade of the middle school . Children study such subjects as : Algebra , Geometry , Russian language , foreign language ( often English ) , Physics , Biology , History , Social studies , Geography , Arts , Literature , Music , Physical Education , Information Technologies , labour training ( wood processing , sewing , cooking ) , in some regions native languages . The Netherlands ( edit ) In the Netherlands the 7th grade is called `` de eerste klas '' or `` brugklas '' , the first year of high school ( middle school does n't exist in the Netherlands , when you 're 12 you go from primary school ( basisschool ) to high school ( middelbare school ) ) . After 4 / 5 / 6 years ( depending on your level of education ) you can get your diploma . Malaysia ( edit ) In Malaysia , seventh grade can be referred as Form 1 . It is the beginning of student 's secondary school after completing primary school at the age of 13 . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) In Saudi Arabia , seventh grade is the first year of Middle School . See also ( edit ) Educational stage References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 7th Grade Math Worksheets -- Topics To Study '' . 7th Grade Math . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` SEVENTH GRADE AFRICA , ASIA , AND AUSTRALIA '' . Standard Course of Study . Public Schools of North Carolina . Retrieved 3 March 2013 . External links ( edit ) 7th grade math practice Preceded by Sixth grade Seventh grade age 12 - 13 Succeeded by Eighth grade ( hide ) Educational years Pre-kindergarten / Preschool Kindergarten First grade Second grade Third grade Fourth grade Fifth grade Sixth grade Seventh grade Eighth grade Ninth grade Tenth grade Eleventh grade Twelfth grade Thirteenth grade Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seventh_grade&oldid=801675897 '' Categories : Educational years Secondary education Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 September 2017 , at 03 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what grade is 12 years old in usa	[ "Seventh grade (called Year 8 in the England and Wales, called First Year in Scotland) is a year of education in many nations. The seventh grade is the seventh school year after kindergarten. Students are usually 12–13 years old." ]	[ "Seventh grade" ]
3868437395577944399	European colonization of the Americas	European colonization of the Americas - wikipedia European colonization of the Americas Jump to : navigation , search `` American settlers '' redirects here . For prehistoric settlers of the Americas , see Settlement of the Americas . `` Conquest of America '' redirects here . For other uses , see Conquest of America ( disambiguation ) . Part of a series on European colonization of the Americas First wave of European colonization British Couronian Danish Dutch French German Hospitaller ( Maltese ) Norse Portuguese Russian Scottish Spanish Swedish Colonization of Canada Colonization of the United States Decolonization Colonialism portal The European colonization of the Americas describes the history of the settlement and establishment of control of the continents of the Americas by most of the naval powers of Europe . Political map of the Americas in 1794 Systematic European colonization began in 1492 , when a Spanish expedition headed by the Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus sailed west to find a new trade route to the Far East but inadvertently landed in what came to be known to Europeans as the `` New World '' . Running aground on the northern part of Hispaniola on 5 December 1492 , which the Taino people had inhabited since the 7th century , the site became the first European settlement in the Americas apart from a small Norse attempt in Newfoundland centuries before . European conquest , large - scale exploration and colonization soon followed . Columbus 's first two voyages ( 1492 -- 93 ) reached the Bahamas and various Caribbean islands , including Hispaniola , Puerto Rico and Cuba . In 1498 , John Cabot , on behalf of England , landed on the North American coast , and a year later , Columbus 's third voyage reached the South American coast . As the sponsor of Christopher Columbus 's voyages , Spain was the first European power to settle and colonize the largest areas , from North America and the Caribbean to the southern tip of South America . Other powers such as France also founded colonies in the Americas : in eastern North America , a number of Caribbean islands and small coastal parts of South America . Portugal colonized Brazil , tried colonizing the eastern coasts of present - day Canada and settled for extended periods northwest ( on the east bank ) of the River Plate . The Age of Exploration was the beginning of territorial expansion for several European countries . Europe had been preoccupied with internal wars and was slowly recovering from the loss of population caused by the Black Death ; thus the rapid rate at which it grew in wealth and power was unforeseeable in the early 15th century . Eventually , most of the Western Hemisphere came under the control of European governments , leading to changes to its landscape , population , and plant and animal life . In the 19th century over 50 million people left Europe for the Americas . The post-1492 era is known as the period of the Columbian Exchange , a dramatically widespread exchange of animals , plants , culture , human populations ( including slaves ) , ideas and communicable disease between the American and Afro - Eurasian hemispheres following Columbus 's voyages to the Americas . Contents ( hide ) 1 Norse trans - oceanic contact 2 Early conquests , claims and colonies 3 Early state - sponsored colonists 4 The search for riches 5 Religious immigration 6 Forced immigration and enslavement 6.1 Slavery 7 Disease and indigenous population loss 8 Impact of colonial land ownership on long - term development 9 List of European colonies in the Americas 9.1 English and ( after 1707 ) British 9.2 Courland ( indirectly part of Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ) 9.3 Danish 9.4 Dutch 9.5 French 9.6 Knights of Malta 9.7 Norwegian 9.8 Portuguese 9.9 Russian 9.10 Scottish 9.11 Spanish 9.12 Swedish 10 Failed attempts 10.1 German 10.2 Italian 11 Exhibitions and collections 12 See also 13 Notes 14 Bibliography 15 External links Norse trans - oceanic contact ( edit ) Main article : Norse colonization of the Americas Voyages of the Vikings to America . Norse journeys to Greenland and Canada are supported by historical and archaeological evidence . A Norse colony in Greenland was established in the late 10th century , and lasted until the mid 15th century , with court and parliament assemblies ( þing ) taking place at Brattahlíð and a bishop located at Garðar . The remains of a Norse settlement at L'Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland , Canada , were discovered in 1960 and were dated to around the year 1000 ( carbon dating estimate 990 -- 1050 CE ) . L'Anse aux Meadows is the only site widely accepted as evidence of pre-Columbian trans - oceanic contact . It was named a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1978 . It is also notable for its possible connection with the attempted colony of Vinland , established by Leif Erikson around the same period or , more broadly , with the West Norse colonization of the Americas . Early conquests , claims and colonies ( edit ) Territorial evolution of North America of non-native nation states from 1750 to 2008 Central America & Caribbean sovereignty 1700 -- present Early explorations and conquests were made by the Spanish and the Portuguese immediately following their own final reconquest of Iberia in 1492 . In the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas , ratified by the Pope , these two kingdoms divided the entire non-European world into two areas of exploration and colonization , with a north to south boundary that cut through the Atlantic Ocean and the eastern part of present - day Brazil . Based on this treaty and on early claims by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa , discoverer of the Pacific Ocean in 1513 , the Spanish conquered large territories in North , Central and South America . Amerigo Vespucci awakens `` America '' in a Stradanus 's engraving ( circa 1638 ) Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés took over the Aztec Kingdom and Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire . As a result , by the mid-16th century , the Spanish Crown had gained control of much of western South America , Central America and southern North America , in addition to its earlier Caribbean territories . Over this same timeframe , Portugal claimed lands in North America ( Canada ) and colonized much of eastern South America , naming it Santa Cruz and Brazil . Other European nations soon disputed the terms of the Treaty of Tordesillas . England and France attempted to plant colonies in the Americas in the 16th century , but these failed . England and France succeeded in establishing permanent colonies in the following century , along with the Dutch Republic . Some of these were on Caribbean islands , which had often already been conquered by the Spanish or depopulated by disease , while others were in eastern North America , which had not been colonized by Spain north of Florida . Early European possessions in North America included Spanish Florida , Spanish New Mexico , the English colonies of Virginia ( with its North Atlantic offshoot , Bermuda ) and New England , the French colonies of Acadia and Canada , the Swedish colony of New Sweden , and the Dutch New Netherland . In the 18th century , Denmark -- Norway revived its former colonies in Greenland , while the Russian Empire gained a foothold in Alaska . Denmark - Norway would later make several claims in the Caribbean , starting in the 1600s . As more nations gained an interest in the colonization of the Americas , competition for territory became increasingly fierce . Colonists often faced the threat of attacks from neighboring colonies , as well as from indigenous tribes and pirates . Early state - sponsored colonists ( edit ) Juan Ponce de León ( Santervás de Campos , Valladolid , Spain ) Further information : Portugal in the Age of Discovery , Spanish colonization of the Americas , and First European colonization wave ( 15th century -- 19th century ) The first phase of well - financed European activity in the Americas began with the Atlantic Ocean crossings of Christopher Columbus ( 1492 -- 1504 ) , sponsored by Spain , whose original attempt was to find a new route to India and China , known as `` the Indies '' . He was followed by other explorers such as John Cabot , who was sponsored by England and reached Newfoundland . Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil and claimed it for Portugal . Amerigo Vespucci , working for Portugal in voyages from 1497 to 1513 , established that Columbus had reached a new set of continents . Cartographers still use a Latinized version of his first name , America , for the two continents . Other explorers included Giovanni da Verrazzano , sponsored by France in 1524 ; the Portuguese João Vaz Corte - Real in Newfoundland ; João Fernandes Lavrador , Gaspar and Miguel Corte - Real and João Álvares Fagundes , in Newfoundland , Greenland , Labrador , and Nova Scotia ( from 1498 to 1502 , and in 1520 ) ; Jacques Cartier ( 1491 -- 1557 ) , Henry Hudson ( 1560s -- 1611 ) , and Samuel de Champlain ( 1567 -- 1635 ) , who explored the region of Canada he reestablished as New France . In 1513 , Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and led the first European expedition to see the Pacific Ocean from the west coast of the New World . In an action with enduring historical import , Balboa claimed the Pacific Ocean and all the lands adjoining it for the Spanish Crown . It was 1517 before another expedition , from Cuba , visited Central America , landing on the coast of Yucatán in search of slaves . Iberian Union ( 1598 ) These explorations were followed , notably in the case of Spain , by a phase of conquest : The Spaniards , having just finished the Reconquista of Spain from Muslim rule , were the first to colonize the Americas , applying the same model of governing their European holdings to their territories of the New World . Ten years after Columbus 's discovery , the administration of Hispaniola was given to Nicolás de Ovando of the Order of Alcántara , founded during the Reconquista . As in the Iberian Peninsula , the inhabitants of Hispaniola were given new landmasters , while religious orders handled the local administration . Progressively the encomienda system , which granted tribute ( access to indigenous labor and taxation ) to European settlers , was set in place . A relatively common misconception is that a small number of conquistadores conquered vast territories , aided only by disease epidemics and their powerful caballeros . In fact , recent archaeological excavations have suggested a vast Spanish - Indian alliance numbering in the hundreds of thousands . Hernán Cortés eventually conquered Mexico with the help of Tlaxcala in 1519 -- 1521 , while the conquest of the Incas was carried out by some 40,000 Incan renegades led by Francisco Pizarro in between 1532 and 1535 . Over the 1st century and a half after Columbus 's voyages , the native population of the Americas plummeted by an estimated 80 % ( from around 50 million in 1492 to eight million in 1650 ) , mostly by outbreaks of Old World diseases . In 1532 , Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor sent a vice-king to Mexico , Antonio de Mendoza , in order to prevent Cortes ' independentist drives , who definitively returned to Spain in 1540 . Two years later , Charles V signed the New Laws ( which replaced the Laws of Burgos of 1512 ) prohibiting slavery and the repartimientos , but also claiming as his own all the American lands and all of the indigenous people as his own subjects . Painting depicting a Castas with his mixed - race daughter and his Mulatta wife by Miguel Cabrera , 1763 When in May 1493 , the Pope Alexander VI issued the Inter caetera bull granting the new lands to the Kingdom of Spain , he requested in exchange an evangelization of the people . Thus , during Columbus 's second voyage , Benedictine friars accompanied him , along with twelve other priests . As slavery was prohibited between Christians , and could only be imposed in non-Christian prisoners of war or on men already sold as slaves , the debate on Christianization was particularly acute during the 16th century . In 1537 , the papal bull Sublimis Deus definitively recognized that Native Americans possessed souls , thus prohibiting their enslavement , without putting an end to the debate . Some claimed that a native who had rebelled and then been captured could be enslaved nonetheless . Later , the Valladolid debate between the Dominican priest Bartolomé de Las Casas and another Dominican philosopher Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda was held , with the former arguing that Native Americans were beings doted with souls , as all other human beings , while the latter argued to the contrary and justified their enslavement . The process of Christianization was at first violent : when the first Franciscans arrived in Mexico in 1524 , they burned the places dedicated to pagan cult , alienating much of the local population . In the 1530s , they began to adapt Christian practices to local customs , including the building of new churches on the sites of ancient places of worship , leading to a mix of Old World Christianity with local religions . The Spanish Roman Catholic Church , needing the natives ' labor and cooperation , evangelized in Quechua , Nahuatl , Guaraní and other Native American languages , contributing to the expansion of these indigenous languages and equipping some of them with writing systems . One of the first primitive schools for Native Americans was founded by Fray Pedro de Gante in 1523 . To reward their troops , the Conquistadores often allotted Indian towns to their troops and officers . Black African slaves were introduced to substitute for Native American labor in some locations -- including the West Indies , where the indigenous population was nearing extinction on many islands . During this time , the Portuguese gradually switched from an initial plan of establishing trading posts to extensive colonization of what is now Brazil . They imported millions of slaves to run their plantations . The Portuguese and Spanish royal governments expected to rule these settlements and collect at least 20 % of all treasure found ( the quinto real collected by the Casa de Contratación ) , in addition to collecting all the taxes they could . By the late 16th century American silver accounted for one - fifth of Spain 's total budget . In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Europeans entered American ports . The search for riches ( edit ) Fur traders in Canada , trading with people of Indigenous ancestry , 1777 Inspired by the Spanish riches from colonies founded upon the conquest of the Aztecs , Incas , and other large Native American populations in the 16th century , the first Englishmen to settle permanently in America hoped for some of the same rich discoveries when they established their first permanent settlement in Jamestown , Virginia in 1607 . They were sponsored by common stock companies such as the chartered Virginia Company financed by wealthy Englishmen who exaggerated the economic potential of this new land . The main purpose of this colony was the hope of finding gold . It took strong leaders , like John Smith , to convince the colonists of Jamestown that searching for gold was not taking care of their immediate needs for food and shelter and the biblical principle that `` he who will not work shall not eat '' ( see 2 Thessalonians 3 ) . The lack of food security leading to extremely high mortality rate was quite distressing and cause for despair among the colonists . To support the Colony , numerous supply missions were organized . Tobacco later became a cash crop , with the work of John Rolfe and others , for export and the sustaining economic driver of Virginia and the neighboring colony of Maryland . From the beginning of Virginia 's settlements in 1587 until the 1680s , the main source of labor and a large portion of the immigrants were indentured servants looking for new life in the overseas colonies . During the 17th century , indentured servants constituted three - quarters of all European immigrants to the Chesapeake region . Most of the indentured servants were teenagers from England with poor economic prospects at home . Their fathers signed the papers that gave them free passage to America and an unpaid job until they became of age . They were given food , clothing , housing and taught farming or household skills . American landowners were in need of laborers and were willing to pay for a laborer 's passage to America if they served them for several years . By selling passage for five to seven years worth of work they could then start out on their own in America . Many of the migrants from England died in the first few years . Economic advantage also prompted the Darien Scheme , an ill - fated venture by the Kingdom of Scotland to settle the Isthmus of Panama in the late 1690s . The Darien Scheme aimed to control trade through that part of the world and thereby promote Scotland into a world trading power . However , it was doomed by poor planning , short provisions , weak leadership , lack of demand for trade goods , and devastating disease . The failure of the Darien Scheme was one of the factors that led the Kingdom of Scotland into the Act of Union 1707 with the Kingdom of England creating the united Kingdom of Great Britain and giving Scotland commercial access to English , now British , colonies . In the French colonial regions , the focus of economy was on sugar plantations in Caribbean . In Canada the fur trade with the natives was important . About 16,000 French men and women became colonizers . The great majority became subsistence farmers along the St. Lawrence River . With a favorable disease environment and plenty of land and food , their numbers grew exponentially to 65,000 by 1760 . Their colony was taken over by Britain in 1760 , but social , religious , legal , cultural and economic changes were few in a society that clung tightly to its recently formed traditions . Religious immigration ( edit ) Penn 's Treaty with the Indians Roman Catholics were the first major religious group to immigrate to the New World , as settlers in the colonies of Portugal and Spain ( and later , France ) belonged to that faith . English and Dutch colonies , on the other hand , tended to be more religiously diverse . Settlers to these colonies included Anglicans , Dutch Calvinists , English Puritans and other nonconformists , English Catholics , Scottish Presbyterians , French Huguenots , German and Swedish Lutherans , as well as Quakers , Mennonites , Amish , Moravians and Jews of various nationalities . Many groups of colonists went to the Americas searching for the right to practice their religion without persecution . The Protestant Reformation of the 16th century broke the unity of Western Christendom and led to the formation of numerous new religious sects , which often faced persecution by governmental authorities . In England , many people came to question the organization of the Church of England by the end of the 16th century . One of the primary manifestations of this was the Puritan movement , which sought to `` purify '' the existing Church of England of its many residual Catholic rites that they believed had no mention in the Bible . A strong believer in the notion of rule by divine right , Charles I , King of England and Scotland , persecuted religious dissenters . Waves of repression led to the migration of about 20,000 Puritans to New England between 1629 and 1642 , where they founded multiple colonies . Later in the century , the new Pennsylvania colony was given to William Penn in settlement of a debt the king owed his father . Its government was set up by William Penn in about 1682 to become primarily a refuge for persecuted English Quakers ; but others were welcomed . Baptists , Quakers , German and Swiss Protestants and Anabaptists flocked to Pennsylvania . The lure of cheap land , religious freedom and the right to improve themselves with their own hand was very attractive . Forced immigration and enslavement ( edit ) Main article : Atlantic slave trade African slaves 17th - century Virginia , 1670 . Slavery was a common practice in the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans , as different American Indian groups captured and held other tribes ' members as slaves . Many of these captives were forced to undergo human sacrifice in Amerindian civilizations such as the Aztecs . In response to some enslavement of natives in the Caribbean during the early years , the Spanish Crown passed a series of laws prohibiting slavery as early as 1512 . A new stricter set of laws was passed in 1542 , called the New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of Indians , or simply New Laws . These were created to prevent the exploitation of the indigenous peoples by the encomenderos or landowners , by strictly limiting their power and dominion . This helped curb Indian slavery considerably , though not completely . Later , with the arrival of other European colonial powers in the New World , the enslavement of native populations increased , as these empires lacked legislation against slavery until decades later . The population of indigenous peoples declined ( mostly from European diseases , but also from forced exploitation and atrocities ) . Later , native workers were replaced by Africans imported through a large commercial slave trade . By the 18th century , the overwhelming number of black slaves was such that Amerindian slavery was less commonly used . Africans , who were taken aboard slave ships to the Americas , were primarily obtained from their African homelands by coastal tribes who captured and sold them . Europeans traded for slaves with the slave capturers of the local native African tribes in exchange for rum , guns , gunpowder , and other manufactures . Slavery ( edit ) The total slave trade to islands in the Caribbean , Brazil , Mexico and to the United States is estimated to have involved 12 million Africans . The vast majority of these slaves went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil , where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished . At most about 600,000 African slaves were imported into the U.S. , or 5 % of the 12 million slaves brought across from Africa . Life expectancy was much higher in the U.S. ( because of better food , less disease , lighter work loads , and better medical care ) so the numbers grew rapidly by excesses of births over deaths , reaching 4 million by the 1860 Census . Slaves were a valuable commodity both for work and for sale in slave markets and so the policy of actively encouraging or forcing slaves to breed developed , especially after the ending of the Atlantic slave trade . From 1770 until 1860 , the rate of growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe , and was nearly twice as rapid as that of England . Slaves imported to the Thirteen colonies / United States by time period : 1619 -- 1700 -- 21,000 1701 -- 1760 -- 189,000 1761 -- 1770 -- 63,000 1771 -- 1790 -- 56,000 1791 -- 1800 -- 79,000 1801 -- 1810 -- 124,000 1810 -- 1865 -- 51,000 Total -- 597,000 Disease and indigenous population loss ( edit ) See also : Disease in colonial America and Native American disease and epidemics Drawing accompanying text in Book XII of the 16th - century Florentine Codex ( compiled 1540 -- 1585 ) Nahua suffering from smallpox The European lifestyle included a long history of sharing close quarters with domesticated animals such as cows , pigs , sheep , goats , horses , dogs and various domesticated fowl , from which many diseases originally stemmed . Thus , in contrast to the indigenous people , Europeans had developed a richer endowment of antibodies . The large - scale contact with Europeans after 1492 introduced novel germs to the indigenous people of the Americas . Epidemics of smallpox ( 1518 , 1521 , 1525 , 1558 , 1589 ) , typhus ( 1546 ) , influenza ( 1558 ) , diphtheria ( 1614 ) and measles ( 1618 ) swept the Americas subsequent to European contact , killing between 10 million and 100 million people , up to 95 % of the indigenous population of the Americas . The cultural and political instability attending these losses appears to have been of substantial aid in the efforts of various colonists in New England and Massachusetts to acquire control over the great wealth in land and resources of which indigenous societies had customarily made use . Such diseases yielded human mortality of an unquestionably enormous gravity and scale -- and this has profoundly confused efforts to determine its full extent with any true precision . Estimates of the pre-Columbian population of the Americas vary tremendously . Others have argued that significant variations in population size over pre-Columbian history are reason to view higher - end estimates with caution . Such estimates may reflect historical population maxima , while indigenous populations may have been at a level somewhat below these maxima or in a moment of decline in the period just prior to contact with Europeans . Indigenous populations hit their ultimate lows in most areas of the Americas in the early 20th century ; in a number of cases , growth has returned . Impact of colonial land ownership on long - term Development ( edit ) Geographic differences between the colonies played a large determinant in the types of political and economic systems that later developed . In their paper on institutions and long - run growth , economists Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson , and James A. Robinson argue that certain natural endowments gave rise to distinct colonial policies promoting either smallholder or coerced labor production . Densely settled populations , for example , were more easily exploitable and profitable as slave labor . In these regions , landowning elites were economically incentivized to develop forced labor arrangements such as the Peru mit'a system or Argentinian latifundias without regard for democratic norms . French and British colonial leaders , conversely , were incentivized to develop capitalist markets , property rights , and democratic institutions in response to natural environments that supported smallholder production over forced labor . James Mahoney , a professor at Northwestern University , proposes that colonial policy choices made at critical junctures regarding land ownership in coffee - rich Central America fostered enduring path dependent institutions . Coffee economies in Guatemala and El Salvador , for example , were centralized around large plantations that operated under coercive labor systems . By the 19th century , their political structures were largely authoritarian and militarized . In Colombia and Costa Rica , conversely , liberal reforms were enacted at critical junctures to expand commercial agriculture , and they ultimately raised the bargaining power of the middle class . Both nations eventually developed more democratic and egalitarian institutions than their highly concentrated landowning counterparts . List of European colonies in the Americas ( edit ) Puerto Plata , Dominican Republic . Founded in 1502 , the city is the oldest continuously - inhabited European settlement in the New World . Cumaná , Venezuela . Founded in 1510 , it is the oldest continuously - inhabited European city in the continental Americas . English and ( after 1707 ) British ( edit ) See also : § Scottish colonization of the Americas Further information : List of Hudson 's Bay Company trading posts British America ( 1607 -- 1783 ) Thirteen Colonies ( 1607 -- 1783 ) Rupert 's Land ( 1670 -- 1870 ) British Columbia ( 1793 -- 1871 ) British North America ( 1783 -- 1907 ) British West Indies Belize Courland ( indirectly part of Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ) ( edit ) New Courland ( Tobago ) ( 1654 -- 1689 ) ; Courland is now part of Latvia Danish ( edit ) Danish West Indies ( 1754 -- 1917 ) Greenland ( 1814 -- present ) Dutch ( edit ) New Netherland ( 1609 -- 1667 ) Essequibo ( 1616 -- 1815 ) Dutch Virgin Islands ( 1625 -- 1680 ) Berbice ( 1627 -- 1815 ) New Walcheren ( 1628 -- 1677 ) Dutch Brazil ( 1630 -- 1654 ) Pomeroon ( 1650 -- 1689 ) Cayenne ( 1658 -- 1664 ) Demerara ( 1745 -- 1815 ) Suriname ( 1667 -- 1954 ) ( After independence still within the Kingdom Of The Netherlands until 1975 ) Curaçao and Dependencies ( 1634 -- 1954 ) ( Aruba and Curaçao are still in the Kingdom Of The Netherlands , Bonaire ; 1634 -- present ) Sint Eustatius and Dependencies ( 1636 -- 1954 ) ( Sint Maarten is still in the Kingdom Of The Netherlands , Sint Eustatius and Saba ; 1636 -- present ) French ( edit ) Further information : List of French forts in North America New France ( 1604 -- 1763 ) Acadia ( 1604 -- 1713 ) Canada ( 1608 -- 1763 ) Louisiana ( 1699 -- 1763 , 1800 -- 1803 ) Newfoundland ( 1662 -- 1713 ) Île Royale ( 1713 -- 1763 ) French Guiana ( 1763 -- present ) French West Indies Saint - Domingue ( 1659 -- 1804 , now Haiti ) Tobago Virgin Islands France Antarctique ( 1555 -- 1567 ) Equinoctial France ( 1612 -- 1615 ) Knights of Malta ( edit ) Saint Barthélemy ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Christopher ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Croix ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Saint Martin ( 1651 -- 1665 ) Norwegian ( edit ) See also : List of possessions of Norway Greenland ( 986 -- 1814 ) Vinland , known as Newfoundland ( Partly in the 11th century ) Dano - Norwegian West Indies ( 1754 -- 1814 ) Sverdrup Islands ( 1898 -- 1930 ) Erik the Red 's Land ( 1931 -- 1933 ) Portuguese ( edit ) Colonial Brazil ( 1500 -- 1815 ) became a Kingdom , United Kingdom of Portugal , Brazil and the Algarves . Terra do Labrador ( 1499 / 1500 -- ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Land of the Corte - Real , also known as Terra Nova dos Bacalhaus ( Land of Codfish ) -- Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) ( 1501 -- ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Portugal Cove - St. Philip 's ( 1501 -- 1696 ) Nova Scotia ( 1519 ? -- 1520s ? ) Claimed region ( sporadically settled ) . Barbados ( 1536 -- 1620 ) Colonia do Sacramento ( 1680 -- 1705 / 1714 -- 1762 / 1763 -- 1777 ( 1811 -- 1817 ) ) Cisplatina ( 1811 -- 1822 , now Uruguay ) French Guiana ( 1809 -- 1817 ) Russian ( edit ) Russian America ( Alaska ) ( 1799 -- 1867 ) Scottish ( edit ) Nova Scotia ( 1622 -- 1632 ) Darien Scheme on the Isthmus of Panama ( 1698 -- 1700 ) Stuarts Town , Carolina ( 1684 -- 1686 ) Spanish ( edit ) Cuba ( until 1898 ) Viceroyalty of New Granada ( 1717 -- 1819 ) Captaincy General of Venezuela Viceroyalty of New Spain ( 1535 -- 1821 ) Nueva Extremadura Nueva Galicia Nuevo Reino de León Nuevo Santander Nueva Vizcaya Las Californias Santa Fe de Nuevo México Captaincy General of Guatemala Louisiana ( New Spain ) Spanish Florida Viceroyalty of Peru ( 1542 -- 1824 ) Captaincy General of Chile Puerto Rico ( 1493 -- 1898 ) Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata ( 1776 -- 1814 ) Hispaniola ( 1493 -- 1865 ) ; the island currently comprising Haiti and the Dominican Republic , under Spanish rule in whole or in part from 1492 -- 1865 . Swedish ( edit ) New Sweden ( 1638 -- 1655 ) Saint Barthélemy ( 1784 -- 1878 ) Guadeloupe ( 1813 -- 1814 ) Failed attempts ( edit ) German ( edit ) Klein - Venedig ( Holy Roman Empire ) Hanauisch - Indien ( in German ) Saint Thomas ( Brandenburg colony ) German caribbean ( German Empire ) Ernst Thälmann Island ( East Germany ) Italian ( edit ) Tuscan Brazil ( now French Guiana ) Exhibitions and collections ( edit ) In 2007 , the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History and the Virginia Historical Society ( VHS ) co-organized a traveling exhibition to recount the strategic alliances and violent conflict between European empires ( English , Spanish , French ) and the Native people living in North America . The exhibition was presented in three languages and with multiple perspectives . Artifacts on display included rare surviving Native and European artifacts , maps , documents , and ceremonial objects from museums and royal collections on both sides of the Atlantic . The exhibition opened in Richmond , Virginia on March 17 , 2007 , and closed at the Smithsonian International Gallery on October 31 , 2009 . The related online exhibition explores the international origins of the societies of Canada and the United States and commemorates the 400th anniversary of three lasting settlements in Jamestown ( 1607 ) , Québec ( 1608 ) , and Santa Fe ( 1609 ) . The site is accessible in three languages . See also ( edit ) List of the oldest churches in the Americas Martín de Argüelles Atlantic world Bandeirantes Chronology of the colonization of North America Colonial history of the United States Colonialism Columbian Exchange Conquistador Hernán Cortés European colonization of the Southern United States Former colonies and territories in Canada History of the west coast of North America Indigenous peoples of the Americas Influx of disease in the Caribbean Imperialism List of North American cities founded in chronological order Norse colonization of the Americas Francisco Pizarro Population history of American indigenous peoples Portuguese Empire Romanus Pontifex and Inter caetera Settler colonialism Spanish conquest of Yucatán Spanish Empire Thirteen Colonies , which became the United States in 1776 Timeline of the European colonization of North America Timeline of imperialism # Colonization of North America Treaty of Alcáçovas Treaty of Tordesillas Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Alan ( 2001 ) . American Colonies . New York : Penguin Books . ISBN 9780142002100 . Jump up ^ David Eltis Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic slave trade Jump up ^ T. Douglas Price ( 2015 ) . Ancient Scandinavia : An Archaeological History from the First Humans to the Vikings . Oxford University Press . p. 321 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 023198 - 9 . Jump up ^ S.A. Wurm ; Peter Mühlhäusler ; Darrell T. Tyron ( 1996 ) . Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific , Asia , and the Americas . Walter de Gruyter . p. 1048 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 11 - 013417 - 9 . Jump up ^ Linda S. Cordell ; Kent Lightfoot ; Francis McManamon ; George Milner ( 30 December 2008 ) . Archaeology in America : An Encyclopedia : An Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 82 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 02189 - 3 . Jump up ^ John Logan Allen ( 2007 ) . North American Exploration . U of Nebraska Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 1015 - 9 . Jump up ^ Axel Kristinsson ( 2010 ) . Expansions : Competition and Conquest in Europe Since the Bronze Age . ReykjavíkurAkademían . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 9979 - 9922 - 1 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 1536 Inca Rebellion unearthed Peruvian Travel Trends '' . Ferturperu.info. 2009 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` La catastrophe démographique '' ( The Demographic Catastrophe ) in L'Histoire n ° 322 , July -- August 2007 , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : `` Espagnols - Indiens : le choc des civilisations '' , in L'Histoire n ° 322 , July -- August 2007 , pp. 14 -- 21 ( interview with Christian Duverger , teacher at the EHESS ) Jump up ^ `` Spain '' . MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America '' by James Axtell Archived March 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Spanish Colonial System , 1550 -- 1800 . Population Development '' . Archived from the original on February 4 , 2009 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Barker , Deanna ( 10 March 2004 ) . `` Indentured Servitude in Colonial America '' . National Association for Interpretation , Cultural Interpretation and Living History Section . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved 5 February 2013 . Jump up ^ John Prebble , Darien : the Scottish Dream of Empire ( 2000 ) Jump up ^ Brocklehurst , `` The Banker who Led Scotland to Disaster '' . Jump up ^ W.J. Eccles , The Canadian Frontier , 1534 -- 1760 ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Leslie Choquette , Frenchmen into peasants : modernity and tradition in the peopling of French Canada ( 1997 ) Jump up ^ John Chester Miller ( 1966 ) . The First Frontier : Life in Colonial America . University Press of America . p. 80 . ISBN 9780819149770 . Jump up ^ `` Encyclopædia Britannica 's Guide to Black History '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ García Icazbalceta , Joaquín `` Colección de documentos para la historia de México '' `` Leyes y ordenanzas '' ( Dada en la ciudad de Barcelona , a veinte días del mes de Noviembre , año del nacimiento de nuestro Salvador Jesucristo de mill e quinientos e cuarenta y dos años ) y addenda 4 de junio de 1543 ; 26 de junio de 1543 ; 26 de mayo de 1544 text on Internet Cervantes Virtual Jump up ^ Ronald Segal ( 1995 ) . The Black Diaspora : Five Centuries of the Black Experience Outside Africa . New York : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 11396 - 3 . It is now estimated that 11,863,000 slaves were shipped across the Atlantic . ( Note in original : Paul E. Lovejoy , `` The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Africa : A Review of the Literature , '' in Journal of African History 30 ( 1989 ) , p. 368 . ) ... It is widely conceded that further revisions are more likely to be upward than downward . Jump up ^ `` Quick guide : The slave trade '' . bbc.co.uk . March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ Stephen D. Behrendt , David Richardson , and David Eltis , W.E.B. Du Bois Institute for African and African - American Research , Harvard University . Based on `` records for 27,233 voyages that set out to obtain slaves for the Americas '' . Stephen Behrendt ( 1999 ) . `` Transatlantic Slave Trade '' . Africana : The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience . New York : Basic Civitas Books . ISBN 0 - 465 - 00071 - 1 . Jump up ^ Sublette , Ned and Constance Sublette ( 2016 ) . American Slave Coast : A History of the Slave - Breeding Industry . Chicago IL : Chicago Review Press , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Michael Tadman , `` The Demographic Cost of Sugar : Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas , '' The American Historical Review Dec. 2000 105 : 5 online Archived November 23 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Source : Miller and Smith , eds . Dictionary of American Slavery ( 1988 ) p. 678 Jump up ^ Includes 10,000 to Spanish Louisiana before 1803 . Jump up ^ Baten , Jörg ( 2016 ) . A History of the Global Economy . From 1500 to the Present . Cambridge University Press . p. 163 . ISBN 9781107507180 . Jump up ^ American Indian Epidemics Archived February 14 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Smallpox : Eradicating the Scourge '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ Mann , Charles C. ( 2005 ) . 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus . Knopf . pp. 106 -- 09 . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 3205 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The Story Of ... Smallpox '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 28 . Jump up ^ 1491 : New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus ( ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4006 - X ) , Charles C. Mann , Knopf , 2005 . Jump up ^ Thornton , pp. xvii , 36 . Jump up ^ Daron Acemoglu , Simon Johnson , and James A. Robinson , `` Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long - Run Growth , '' Handbook of Economic Growth 1 : 385 - 472 . 2005 . Jump up ^ James Mahoney , `` Path - Dependent Explanations of Regime Change : Central America in Comparative Perspective . '' Studies in Comparative International Development , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Jamestown , Québec , Santa Fe : Three North American Beginnings '' . National Museum of American History , Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved 4 April 2012 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bailyn , Bernard , ed . Atlantic History : Concept and Contours ( Harvard UP , 2005 ) Bannon , John Francis . History of the Americas ( 2 vols. 1952 ) , older textbook Bolton , Herbert E. `` The Epic of Greater America , '' American Historical Review 38 , no . 3 ( April 1933 ) : 448 -- 74 in JSTOR Davis , Harold E. The Americas in History ( 1953 ) , older textbook Egerton , Douglas R. et al . The Atlantic World : A History , 1400 -- 1888 ( 2007 ) Eltis , David . The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas ( 2000 ) . Hinderaker , Eric ; Horn , Rebecca . `` Territorial Crossings : Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas , '' William and Mary Quarterly , ( 2010 ) 67 # 3 pp. 395 -- 432 in JSTOR Lockhart , James , and Stuart B. Schwartz . Early Latin America : A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil ( 1983 ) . Merriman , Roger Bigelow . The Rise of The Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New ( 4 vol. 1934 ) Morison , Samuel Eliot . The European Discovery of America : The northern voyages , A.D. 500 -- 1600 ( 1971 ) Morison , Samuel Eliot . The European Discovery of America : The southern voyages , 1492 -- 1616 ( 1971 ) Parry , J.H. The Age of Reconnaissance : Discovery , Exploration , and Settlement , 1450 -- 1650 ( 1982 ) Sarson , Steven , and Jack P. Greene , eds . The American Colonies and the British Empire , 1607 -- 1783 ( 8 vol , 2010 ) ; primary sources Sobecki , Sebastian . `` New World Discovery '' . Oxford Handbooks Online ( 2015 ) . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordhb / 9780199935338.013. 141 Starkey , Armstrong ( 1998 ) . European - Native American Warfare , 1675 -- 1815 . University of Oklahoma Press ISBN 978 - 0 - 8061 - 3075 - 0 Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America ( 2003 ) External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : European colonization of the Americas `` The Political Force of Images , '' Vistas : Visual Culture in Spanish America , 1520 - 1820 . 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4193342117304529891	Talk:Chinese name	Talk : Chinese name - Wikipedia Talk : Chinese name External links checked 2008 - 07 - 19 . -- User : Ceyockey ( talk to me ) 18 : 15 , 19 July 2008 ( UTC ) hide This article is of interest to the following WikiProjects : WikiProject China show ( Rated B - class , Top - importance ) China Wikipedia : WikiProject China Template : WikiProject China China - related articles China portal This article is within the scope of WikiProject China , a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of China related articles on Wikipedia . If you would like to participate , please visit the project page , where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks . This article has been rated as B - Class on the project 's quality scale . Top This article has been rated as Top - importance on the project 's importance scale . 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Contents ( hide ) 1 2 or 3 characters 2 Alternate variation 3 Adressing people 4 `` Limited supply 5 Question : flexibility 6 Ah ( 阿 ) 7 Diminutives with 仔 and 子 8 阿 is also an official middle name 9 Yao Ming examples 10 Western names 11 multiple names 12 Fred Yao Ming 13 He 's not Henry ... he 's my brother 14 Is it possible to determine a person 's sex by their chinese name ? 15 This page does not account for chinese middle name 16 Stereotype Name ? 17 Chinese_name # Alternative_names : need review ! 18 `` Era name '' example 19 3 variations 20 Given names of siblings 21 Confusing examples 22 Mr. + Given name 23 Sources for article / related article expansion 24 Using sources sensibly 25 Taiwan during Japanese colonialism 26 Sorry just a minor correction 27 Ancient Names 28 Minority naming practices in China 29 Use Pinyin instead of other spelling 30 Given names supported by computers 31 National Geographic style manual 32 External links modified 33 Taiwan / Diaspora citations 34 Is the example box useful ? 35 Reduplicated names 2 or 3 characters ( edit ) math > 3 characters , and thus , most Chinese names consist of 3 characters . In the last 30 + years , giving children one - character names has been very popular in mainland China . I 'm not sure about the exact percentages and numbers , but it is quite obvious . About 6 in 10 mainland people I know that are 30 and below have two - character names ( one character surname - one character given ) . `` Overseas '' Chinese ( inc . HK , Macau Taiwan ) have not really experienced this phenomenon . Have a look at names of older Chinese , such as politicans , and compare them to young Chinese , such as Olympic athletes . You 'll notice a stark comparison . It seems to harken back to the age of the Han dynasty and before when it was the norm for Chinese to have one - character personal names . Personally , I think it should be the other way . Use of longer names with three or more characters in the personal name and / or surnames with two or more characters is the definite way to go . A few interesting suggestions : http://english.epochtimes.com/news/5-3-20/27200.html. 13 : 22 , 4 September 2005 ( UTC ) One - character given names are very common in China . I do n't think this is a good thing from a practical point of view . There must be 100,000 s of people with exactly the same ( full , written ) name and many more with names which sound the same ( but different characters ) . LDHan 08 : 52 , 18 January 2006 ( UTC ) You 're both exaggerating . It 's fewer than 1 in 7 people . -- LlywelynII 13 : 25 , 16 March 2012 ( UTC ) it 's convention like it says in the article . A common belief is that with the Cultural Revolution and how most parents of the time were n't educated passed even a middle school level so when it came time for them to name their kids one of two things happened either they chose a common one character name or they went with some pro-PRC kinda name like 建国 . Aristocratic or families with a greater education usually choose two character names to keep a generation name and an individual name . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.38. 213.212 ( talk ) 20 : 09 , 2 May 2012 ( UTC ) Alternate variation ( edit ) In the United States at least , many Chinese seem to use a variation not mentioned here : Using both a Chinese ( not Western ) given name and their Chinese surname , but in the western order . -- Delirium 06 : 08 , August 27 , 2005 ( UTC ) Similar patterns seem to exist in several places influenced by Western culture ( e.g. Hongkong , Taiwan , etc ) . - Dpr 07 : 44 , 14 September 2005 ( UTC ) Not true . I live in Taiwan and my English name on my passport is following the pattern of surname - given name . -- G.S.K. Lee 05 : 54 , 26 September 2005 ( UTC ) Well , there 's at least a few people who do that , but do you have any reliable sources ? -- LlywelynII 13 : 25 , 16 March 2012 ( UTC ) Adressing people ( edit ) The article says : `` Note that because old people are well respected in Chinese society , lao ( old ) does not carry disrespect , offense or any negative implications even if it 's used to refer to an older woman . '' A professor of mine has stated something similar . However I tried this with a friend from Mainland China and was told in a very agitated manner that I should n't do this , you can only do this with men . What exactly are social connotations of 老 ? - anonymous I 've edited the article to go into this more deeply , but the long and the short of it is , xiao and lao are both relatively regional ( much more common in the north than in the south ) and further are generally not constructed on the spot by a stranger ( as mister or mrs might be used in English ) but are rather established nicknames . As such , you 're best off never using these unless other people are using them . This rule is advisable even for Chinese , because , as I said , these habits are very regional and may be different in unexpected ways from the place you grew up in . Personally , when I hear lao - so - and - so my brain seems to assume that they are male , and while I can find no specific objection to the prefix being used to show respect to a particularly old woman , I must admit that I would never do this and that I have never heard anyone else do this . YMMV ... 70.132. 3.92 02 : 44 , 25 February 2007 ( UTC ) They 're women . Of course they do n't appreciate being called old , dummy . That 's a cross-cultural truism. =) -- LlywelynII 13 : 25 , 16 March 2012 ( UTC ) `` Limited supply ( edit ) With a limited supply of family names , Chinese depend on using given names to introduce variety in naming . ' In what culture is the `` supply '' of family names not `` limited '' ... or in fact does the range of family names influence at all the choice of given names in any culture ? Logically speaking , individuals do not choose their own or their children 's family names anyway ( except in rare circumstances ) . -- Dpr 07 : 44 , 14 September 2005 ( UTC ) I agree . Or , to put it another way , `` You 're from Ireland ? Wow , do you know Patrick Kelly ? '' HouseOfScandal 18 : 36 , 16 October 2006 ( UTC ) I have no idea what you 're on about , but the tone of that sentence is awful anyway . Simply rewrote the article . -- LlywelynII 13 : 25 , 16 March 2012 ( UTC ) Plus its wrong anyway . Having a greater variety of given names never had anything to do with the surname . if that was so then there would n't be so many like named people these days . 彬彬 is one of the common examples . Another is 伟 . The reason names are varied also does n't have to do with being varied at all . It really has nothing to do with being common or uncommon like names are common in the west while surnames are more varied . Chinese names are given based on what aspirations the parents or grandparents have for the child . Choosing names for strength or power was good for a boy because typically a boy was expected to become strong and powerful . In a rural sense it makes him more useful in his future labors . In a urban sense it hopes that he 'll rise in power or wealth and have a prosperous adulthood . Similar reasoning applies to girls and names using characters for beauty , grace , tranquility , etc Besides this a name could signify something about the child 's birth or circumstance . Single character names also take this into account but are more limited . It is because of the purpose of the name that Chinese names might be more varied than given names in the west . A fun fact : Because names come from the aspirations of parents there are a few common trends in naming depending on the region . For example 宏 hong is a very common character used in boy names in the Canton region . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.38. 213.212 ( talk ) 20 : 26 , 2 May 2012 ( UTC ) Question : flexibility ( edit ) Is Chinese culture nearly unique in the world to have a system of name - selection which is almost infinitely variable where few people , including famous people , will ever be encountered with the same name ? I.e. Muhammeds amount in ME culture ; Johns , Williams , etc etc in the West ; Japanese names are not as flexible as Chinese names , right ? ( e.g. Miko , Keiko , at least for females seem to be fixed ) . I hope my question is worded clearly . Thanks -- Dpr 07 : 44 , 14 September 2005 ( UTC ) Probably not . Many Native American cultures also seem to have names that are unique per individual . -- Yuje 08 : 54 , 14 September 2005 ( UTC ) Good point . Nonetheless , I think it 's fair to say that numerically , among cultures of the world , this practice is rare . Thanks . -- Dpr 04 : 39 , 16 September 2005 ( UTC ) Not really . 1 ) Though there is a large amount of Chinese characters out there , true , but modern Chinese given names often use a limited range of characters with inherent good meaning with them , and obsolete characters are seldom put into use . Furthermore there are some character combinations very popular for names in each region of China , and there indeed are people who have exact the same surname + given name with important figures . 2 ) The same phenomenon can also be seen in Japan , that is , some character combinations are just very popular among people when it comes to naming their babies . But with the majority of Japanese surname have 2 characters , people with exact the same full name are less in Japan . -- G.S.K. Lee 06 : 19 , 26 September 2005 ( UTC ) I guess it should be highlighted that the practice is common in East Asia ( including also Vietnamese if I 'm not mistaken ) , and among some indigenous cultures , but among Latin Americans , North Americans , Eastern and Western Europeans ( including Russia ) , Australia , and ( I 'm pretty sure ) , the Middle East - Southwest Asia , it 's historically almost unheard of to create your own name for your child . Yes , it is a growing trend today in the West , admittedly . Which side of the divide does Africa fall on mostly ? -- Dpr 09 : 17 , 9 October 2005 ( UTC ) Vietnamese and Koreans , for the most part , actually have Chinese names , from the surnames to the way that personal names are given . Japan is much more similar to the West in that there seems to be a commonly - used set of personal names , and a near undeterminable number of surnames in existence . 12 : 13 , 29 November 2005 ( UTC ) `` Japan is much more similar to the West in that there seems to be a commonly - used set of personal names . '' I disagree with this part . It is not that much . -- G.S.K. Lee 03 : 42 , 30 November 2005 ( UTC ) Actually , Japan is much stricter with naming than the West : they have an officially - approved list of names . Read this : Jinmeiyo_kanji . -- wkerney 1 : 27 , 12 April 2006 ( UTC ) I think there are several issues here . With two character generational names it is much more unlikely you will get two people with the same name . But this is n't just applicable to the Chinese . When you have 3 parts of your name you will have far less coincidence . There might be a lot of William Gates but there are far fewer William Henry Gateses . I used this example to illustrate another fact . Unlike a number of culture , the Americans for example , the Chinese do n't give their children the same names as them ( however it is n't that common among the English either except perhaps among the royalty ) . Finally another reason why you find far fewer coincidences of Chinese names in the English speaking world is because of romanisation differences . Until recently , most romanisation has been fairly variable . E.g. uou have Li , Lee etc for the surname . Frequently these are the same character but the romanisation is different . You might have a Li Mei Hui and a Lee May Hooi . These could both be the same name when written and spoken in Mandarin or whatever but they will obviously not appear the same if you do a search in English . Nil Einne 19 : 03 , 1 April 2006 ( UTC ) Taking both single character names and modern post-PRC names into account , Chinese names are much more repetitive just like the example of Liu Xiang . Aside from this Chinese names can be as varied as there are combinations of two characters . Names that fall into this category are greatly varied and a single person even with a common surname like Li will still never have a recurring name . ie : there is only one 毛泽东 in the world but there might be hundreds of 张宏 and 李强国 . Also consider that a single Chinese person born pre-PRC could have had upwards of five names from birth name to posthumous name . Modern writers , actors , singers may also and commonly do create `` pennames '' in the same fashion . Jackie Chan 成龙 is a notable example . Japan has a strict list of acceptable characters for names but there are still some uncommon names based on the same Chinese tradition of name creation . The strict guidelines are very modern after all . Also consider that the same two Chinese characters may be read in a number of combinations through Japanese kun'yomi , on'yomi , and totally new readings based on the parent . Japanese phone books typically use furigana to spell out the name as a result . In the west it never really became popular to make up a strange name for a child . Naming a child with an original name is usually ridiculed . For example , in the sitcom Friends when Rachel proposes the name Rain for Emma Geller - Green Ross laughs about it . Shiloh Jolie - Pitt was used as an example to ridicule celebrities for giving their children unconventional names . I think it has to do with naming tradition . Chinese names all mean something . Western names do have meaning to them but mostly this is forgotten . Naming a child George has nothing to do with the child ever becoming or relating to being a farmer for example . I make the assumption most would n't even know that this is the name 's definition . However naming a child 大牛 most likely comes from a rural family that hopes this child will be strong for physical labor . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.38. 213.212 ( talk ) 20 : 53 , 2 May 2012 ( UTC ) Ah ( 阿 ) ( edit ) I do n't think this is confined to Hokkien or Cantonese speaking areas only . I 'm pretty sure it 's the case all over China Corrected . There are countless ahs all over China . : D -- Huaiwei 01 : 38 , 16 January 2006 ( UTC ) `` Ah '' is more common in the south . much less so in the north . add `` xiao '' or repetition is more common in the north . 128.147. 38.10 15 : 14 , 11 April 2007 ( UTC ) The prefix 阿 is not a diminutive constructor , but the opposite , when you consider the etymology . So the prefix 阿 in 阿明 is in a sense similar to the 老 in 老王 . While 小 can be attached to either the family name or ( part of ) the given name ( 小王 , 小明 ) , 老 is more often used with family names and 阿 more often with given names . Y.R. Chao discusses the prefixes 阿 , 老 , and 小 on pp. 216 -- 7 in A Grammar of Spoken Chinese , and notes that `` In Cantonese the prefix ah - is used with monosyllabic surnames with the same effect as prefixing 老 lao - , as 亞王 Ah Woang = Mandarin 老王 Lao Wang . '' Footnote * : `` The character 阿 commonly used in Mandarin and Wu - dialect texts for this prefix is pronounced o in Cantonese . The usual character for this prefix in Cantonese texts is 亞 , which would be yah in Mandarin , as in 亞細亞 ' Asia ' . '' I hope this helps clarify things a little . -- Ydw ( talk ) 16 : 29 , 25 August 2008 ( UTC ) Diminutives with 仔 and 子 ( edit ) I think that the characters 仔 and 子 may also be used as suffixes to form diminutive nicknames , albeit apparently less commonly used than 小 , but I have not done research on this . Ydw ( talk ) 03 : 08 , 22 December 2010 ( UTC ) Works in Japanese , but in China the second one is more likely to make you look like an old master . -- LlywelynII 13 : 25 , 16 March 2012 ( UTC ) Untrue that only applies to past figures . Modern uses for 子 are similar to Japan but usually are reserved for nicknames not involving the given name . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.38. 213.212 ( talk ) 20 : 56 , 2 May 2012 ( UTC ) 阿 is also an official middle name ( edit ) Mention that at least in Taiwan , 阿 can be found as the middle name on ID cards , not just a nickname . Mainly older people though . -- User : Jidanni 2006 - 07 - 09 But what do you think `` middle name '' means in this context ? -- LlywelynII 13 : 25 , 16 March 2012 ( UTC ) Yao Ming examples ( edit ) I 've attempted to clarify the name - order discussion in the first couple of paragraphs by using further examples based on Yao Ming 's name , but I 've resorted to giving him the fictional Western `` first '' name Fred in the two final examples . I 'm not sure of the easiest way to indicate that he 's not really named Fred ( a peril of mixing real and fictitious examples , I guess ) . If I 've actually misunderstood and the examples are incorrect , I invite corrections . -- Eric S. Smith 15 : 35 , 24 August 2006 ( UTC ) Better to avoid it . -- LlywelynII 13 : 25 , 16 March 2012 ( UTC ) Western names ( edit ) How do the Chinese figure out their `` Western '' name ? Choice or something else ? I 've never been able to figure this out and the article does n't explain it . - RomeW Normally people just simply choose the one they like from those common names flying around , etc . John , Paul , Anna , blah - blah , whatever , and make it their own names . In rare instances , for example , me , you can find people with unique names , with each name probably has its own story behind . -- G.S.K. Lee 21 : 53 , 27 August 2006 ( UTC ) People usaully older people do n't choose a western name at all , though some chose a name that is easy for them to pronounce . -- Johanna451940 01 : 49 , 10 May 2007 ( UTC ) I live in Taiwan and I am jealous of the freedom that the younger Taiwanese have in chosing their Western name . It can be practically anything . In my wife 's company , I know a guy named Water , a guy named Cash , and a guy who uses the name of a video game character . -- - Taiwan On 08 : 30 , 17 April 2009 ( UTC ) -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.200. 157.177 ( talk ) This is the same as a westerner asking what his name is in Chinese . Since the naming conventions are completely different between European and Han names , this is impossible . A person simply romanizes the Chinese name or transliterates the western name . That 's why modern Chinese usually adopt a western name they choose themselves . If they really tried to translate the name into a western text , Yao Ming would end up being Bright Yao . LOL In the same light my name ( I picked the name Jeffrey ) would be instead Construct Powerful Chang . LOL -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.38. 213.212 ( talk ) 21 : 27 , 2 May 2012 ( UTC ) Multiple names ( edit ) i want to know more about how chinese have multiple names . theyll have a name they were born with . then they give themselves a name . their mum gives them a name . their dad gives them a name . they have honourary names , style name , courtesy name , Posthumous name , actual name , and like 5 different names by the time they die . As far as I know , when one is born , his / her father gives him / her a given name . Along with the family name , that 's his / her name . When he reaches 20 years old ( educated men only ) , or when she is getting married ( educated only , rare ) , he / she gives himself / herself a name , called Zi or Biaozi , which often has some meanting related to his / her given name . Not like in a western country people call each other 's firsname a lot , Chinese people do not do that in most case , except really close friends or family member . Instead , they can use just the Zi to call eath other . And to use Zi , instead of to use the given name , is a way to pay repection . In addition , some people ( really educted ones ) give themselves some Hao , like The Resident of Blahblah ( usually the name of his study room , like Wind Whisper Room ) , or The Lord of Rings ( just kidding ) . One may have a lot of Hao , while most people do not have any Hao . After a man died , only if he was an emperor or someone with a lot of power , he might get a Yihao , usually describing his whole life , like The King of Weakness , or The Emperor of Conquer . In summary , Family name and given name , Zi for educated ones , Hao for people who want to show off , and Yihao for died emperors . Not too many . Today , most Chinese have only the family name and given name , and more and more people in big cities are having westernized names . Of course , writers always have pennames , but that 's a different story. -- Mongol 20 : 41 , 5 October 2006 ( UTC ) Fred Yao Ming ( edit ) I 've never known anyone have a name like that : Westernized name , family name , then given name . I am only aware of usages of Ming Yao , Fred Yao , Fred Ming Yao , Ming Fred Yao , or Yao Ming . Can anyone give an example of a name like Fred Yao Ming ? Otherwise , probably I will have that line changed . -- Mongol 20 : 20 , 5 October 2006 ( UTC ) Never mind , I got the answer : this is a Hong Kong usage. -- Mongol 20 : 51 , 5 October 2006 ( UTC ) Westernized name , family name , the given name , is quite common in Singapore . The only thing is that this full structure seldom used when addressing someone casually . For example , it is common for someone to register his name as `` John Lim Guan Heng '' , when `` John '' is the westernized name , `` Lim '' is the surname ( family name ) , and `` Guan Heng '' is the given name . However , the casual and popular way to call out to this person is by using `` John '' or `` John Lim '' , rather than `` John Lim Guan Heng '' . This is similar to how in the west people would usually use `` Hello , John '' instead of `` Hello , John Edward Smith '' . However , Surname - Given Name - Westernized name usage is very rare in Singapore . So I will edit that part in the main article . Atticuslai ( talk ) 06 : 41 , 11 July 2008 ( UTC ) He 's not Henry ... he 's my brother ( edit ) I note that the text reads `` For instance , referring to Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong as Hsien or Hsien Lee would be confusing as this could just as easily refer to his brother . '' How is this essenrially different from referring to ( for example ) Henry Jones as `` Jones '' when this could just as easily refer to his brothers , sisters , children , cousins , etc. ? HouseOfScandal 18 : 38 , 16 October 2006 ( UTC ) I think the point is that Hsien or Hsien Lee is only half the given name which is actually Hsien Loong , and Hsien or Hsien Lee would only be used by somone not familiar with Chinese names . The difference is such a person would think Hsien is the given name and the Loong as a middle name . LDHan 19 : 42 , 16 October 2006 ( UTC ) It was badly worded from the beginning . -- LlywelynII 13 : 25 , 16 March 2012 ( UTC ) Is it possible to determine a person 's sex by their Chinese name ? ( edit ) Are there names that are typically male or female or unisex ? ( I expect there are ) Is there a list of such names available ? -- -- Preceding unsigned comment added by Vaios ( talk contribs ) 13 : 16 , 3 November 2006 Since Chinese given names are made up character by character , there are virtually unlimited combinations of names however , typically female names use \ certain characters that appears more feminine , and vice versa yet this is not always so , some very traditional families would give their daughters quite masculine names , hoping that their next child would be a boy . with the romanization or the pinyin , it is nearly impossible for foreigners to tell the difference between names -- -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.71. 100.177 ( talk ) 17 : 00 , 15 February 2007 In general it is not possible to determine a person 's gender from his or her Chinese name . The following apparently feminine names are actually names of famous Chinese men : 梅蘭芳 , 陳其美 ( 陳英士 ) , 林毓蓉 ( 林彪 ) . It is also common to find females with gender - neutral or even masculine names . In my own family , two distant relatives ( a male and a female ) actually have the same name by coincidence : the family name , their generation name , and their register names ( which is of the 玉 radical group ) are all identical . Perhaps only if the name contains feminine characters of the 女 radical group , such as 嬌娟妮姍娜婷 , can one be more certain that the person is female . Note , however , that the characters 如 and 威 , even though they belong to the 女 radical group , are used in both male and female names . -- Ydw ( talk ) 23 : 38 , 25 August 2008 ( UTC ) 安 is another charcter in the 女 radical group that is gender neutral and used in male names ( e.g. , 李安 , 王安 , 陳履安 ) and female names . -- Ydw ( talk ) 05 : 22 , 5 September 2008 ( UTC ) In short , not really . There 's a lot of unisex names and a few boys or a few girls might use any supposedly `` sexed '' name . On the other hand , there are a few stand - outs : all the Meis will tend to be female and Yehao and Laidi will pretty much only be girls . -- LlywelynII 13 : 25 , 16 March 2012 ( UTC ) If taken from an outsider view yeh chinese names are all neutral but if you 're familiar with Chinese names and naming traditions you can guess a name 's gender . Most names have a telltale character that will point out the person 's gender in much the same way as it is in the west . For instance Paulette is obviously a girl 's name because of the - ette . Jacques is definite male name and Susan is a definite female name . Hard characters ( 龙 , 强 , 牛 ) are usually used for men while soft characters ( 美 , 珍 , 静 ) are used for women . The true neutral name problem comes from softer characters like 文 , 敏 , or 红 . This is a big problem for one character names as in two character names these characters will be likely used as generation names . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.38. 213.212 ( talk ) 21 : 23 , 2 May 2012 ( UTC ) This page does not account for Chinese middle name ( edit ) The chinese ( at least here in malaysia ) order their name as : < family > < middle > < first > For instance , my wife 's chinese name is : `` Lai Sin Ho '' ; ' Lai ' is the family name , ' Sin ' is her middle given name , and ' Ho ' is her main given name . I understand also that many chinese do NOT have middle name , but this is NOT always the case . That 's a misunderstanding by those unfamiliar with asian culture . there is a vietnamese dude I know who does the same thing . In your wife 's case , `` Sin Ho '' is the formal form of her first name . either the first or the second character , can be used as a pet name by the family , so those unfamiliar with their culture take it as a `` main '' first name . The family may also use some variations of this as a petname , like `` Sin Sin '' , `` Ah Sin '' , `` Siu Sin '' , or otherwise `` Ah Ho '' etc. there are asians who consciously decide to use it as their main name , kinda akin to someone named William tells you to call them Bill , but in most circumstances , if you do n't know that person well , it 's considered disrespectful. 128.147. 38.10 15 : 08 , 11 April 2007 ( UTC ) I was rather disappointed at how this article was written as well . It seems that , in this article , they have combined the generation and personal names into a single personal name ( eg Sinho instead of Sin Ho ) . They also contradict themselves by talking about how odd it is for a male to have a character like Xiao in his name and later acknowledge the generation name by pointing out that girls are sometimes given different generation names to boys . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.191. 176.74 ( talk ) 04 : 49 , 18 June 2012 ( UTC ) Stereotype Name ? ( edit ) In Taiwan , the stereotype name equivalent to `` John Smith '' in English is 王小明 ( Wong , shao - ming ( ? ) ) . This article does not introduce any one of them ( in any Chinese region ) , while the article Japanese Name does . timdream 23 : 25 , 5 May 2007 ( UTC ) That basically is the only `` John Smith '' name Chinese people use . It 's kinda like `` Tom , Dick , and Harry '' . 王小明 ( It 's actually : Wong Xiao - Ming ) is the simplest name , usually used for naming characters in children 's schoolbooks , nothing too hard for the kids to read . -- Johanna451940 01 : 54 , 10 May 2007 ( UTC ) 王小明 should be `` Wang Xiaoming '' . LDHan 10 : 05 , 10 May 2007 ( UTC ) It should be Wong Xiaoming . It 's only `` wang '' if its of Cantonese spelling , I think . 01 : 54 , 8 November 2007 ( UTC ) Hyung - Qing `` Wong '' is Cantonese for 黄 ( Huang ) . Wang is right . 130.126. 75.181 ( talk ) 06 : 03 , 28 March 2008 ( UTC ) cecikierk Wong is the Cantonese for 黄 and 王 . Hyung - Qing had it precisely backwards . Wang Xiaoming in China , Wang Hsiao - ming on Taiwan , Billy Bob Wong Hsiao Ming in Hong Kong . -- LlywelynII 13 : 25 , 16 March 2012 ( UTC ) Chinese_name # Alternative_names : need review ! ( edit ) Hello , I rewritted this section : please review need ! 220.135. 4.212 ( talk ) 13 : 45 , 27 April 2008 ( UTC ) Get an account and it 's easier to talk , but thanks for being nice enough to post here when you 're unsure . -- LlywelynII 13 : 25 , 16 March 2012 ( UTC ) `` Era name '' example ( edit ) Under `` Era name , '' the article reads : The era name can sometimes be use in ways which refer to the monarch himself , and not to the period ( Ex : the Emperor Meiji , having ruled during the Meiji era ( Enlightened rule ) , he is now known as Emperor Meiji ) . The Emperor Meiji was Japanese so I 'm deleting the example . Someone might want to add a legitimate example for Chinese . -- Hakanai ( talk ) 20 : 34 , 13 August 2008 ( UTC ) 3 variations ( edit ) The article currently reads : There are 3 variations : Western name , surname , and Chinese given name , in that order ( `` Fred Yao Ming '' ) . Western name , Chinese given name , and surname ( `` Fred Ming Yao '' ) . Or surname , Chinese given name , followed by Western name ( `` Yao Ming Fred '' ) . Is this accurate ? I fail to understand the reasoning behind the third variation , which seems a rather awkward `` adapation '' to Western naming conventions . It seems rather a maladaption ( a mistake ) , as it neglects the name inversion which the major point of the exercise in the first place -- unless the intent of the person is to become known as `` Mr. Fred '' . Robert K S ( talk ) 20 : 48 , 10 February 2009 ( UTC ) Given names of siblings ( edit ) The article currently states : Depending on region and family , female children may not be entered into the family tree , and thus will not be given a generation name . A frequent naming pattern for female offspring in this case could share the same last character in the given name while varying the first character ( in place of the generation name ) . A well known example of such system can be found from the names of the main four sisters in the novel `` A Dream of Red Mansions '' 红楼梦 , where they were named 元春 ( yuan chun ) , 迎春 ( yin chun ) , 探春 ( tan chun ) , and 惜春 ( xi chun ) . This is unreferenced , and in my experience the more common naming scheme is actually the opposite -- siblings share the first character of a given name , not the second . ( Some famous examples off the cuff : Jung Chang , whose original name was Zhang Erhong ( in pinyin ) , had four siblings whose names were all Er__ ; Mao Zedong 's siblings were all Ze__ . ) Can we remove , or at least downplay , the unsourced bit quoted above , and find a source for this more common naming pattern and mention it ? rʨanaɢ / 11 : 58 , 4 June 2009 ( UTC ) Removed via cleanup . If people are really curious about the ins and outs of generation names , there 's an article on it they can read . -- LlywelynII 13 : 25 , 16 March 2012 ( UTC ) Confusing examples ( edit ) I found the examples in , for example , the diaspora section , to be confusing . I can indentify the Western elements of the names in an example , but , not understanding Chinese , can not tell which other name elements are meant to be surnames and which given names . The examples are therefore confusing and unhelpful to me . Would it be a reasonable reform for this article to adopt a uniform convention of encoding the functions of name elements by different typefaces , such as boldface or italics ? The convention could be explained at the top of the article . This is functionally not unlike the European convention of writing surnames in addresses in all capitals . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.86. 92.198 ( talk ) 18 : 57 , 2 October 2009 ( UTC ) I do n't see a problem . Each of the examples there seems to have extensive explanation and discussion . rʨanaɢ / 19 : 12 , 2 October 2009 ( UTC ) How about this : `` ... it is equally acceptable for Western names to appear before or after the Chinese given name , thus Tan Keng Yam Tony may also be written as Tony Tan Keng Yam ... '' . I can recognize `` Tony '' as a Western name . But `` Tan '' , `` Keng '' , and `` Yam '' I ca n't identify as given names or surnames . The sentence seems to say that `` Yam '' is the given name in the first example and that `` Tan '' is the given name in the second example . I would be surer that this is a contradiction if I could sort the three Chinese name elements into given names or surnames . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.184. 95.117 ( talk ) 04 : 36 , 4 October 2009 ( UTC ) In any case , in one example `` Tony '' is clearly before the entire Chinese name and in the other example `` Tony '' is clearly after it , so there 's no contradiction . And the following sentence ( General usage tend to prefer placing the Western name first as this permits the Western and Chinese name order to be preserved simultaneously ( ex . `` Tony Tan '' and `` Tan Keng Yam '' can be combined to `` Tony Tan Keng Yam '' ) ) makes it obvious that `` Tan '' is the family name . I will also add a hyphen in the given name . ( Actually , his romanized name appears to be written most commonly in non-hyphenated form . ) rʨanaɢ / 11 : 11 , 4 October 2009 ( UTC ) If the rule is that `` ... it is equally acceptable for Western names to appear before or after the entire Chinese name ... '' , then why is n't it stated that way ? The rule as given would allow `` Tan Tony Keng Yam '' , if your identification of the name elements is correct , which I have to take your word for . You say that it is obvious that `` Tan '' is the family name because it is both preceded by `` Tony '' in one example and followed by `` Tony '' in the other . The same can be said for `` Keng '' and `` Yam '' ; so it 's not really obvious unless you already know what looks like a family name and what looks like a given name . I think that the article would be improved by examples that do not need to be decoded , especially when prior knowledge of Chinese is required for that . -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.86. 92.198 ( talk ) 20 : 24 , 14 October 2009 ( UTC ) Mr. + Given name ( edit ) I think the statement `` Mr. + Given name is never used '' is totally wrong . Since Mr. is translated as 先生 , and 先生 has a longer history and is actually have different meaning . Given name + 先生 is in fact very common in practice , moreover Given name + salutary tile ( 先生 , comrade , 师傅 , etc . ) is a friendly way to call people . -- 刻意 ( Kèyì ) 10 : 36 , 18 February 2011 ( UTC ) No one made that statement anywhere . rʨanaɢ ( talk ) 10 : 43 , 18 February 2011 ( UTC ) Seems to be made in the third paragraph in the introduction to the article . KaJunl ( talk ) 16 : 19 , 19 October 2014 ( UTC ) Sources for article / related article expansion ( edit ) `` Chinese Names '' at House of Chinn & `` Ways of Naming '' at Passage to China . -- LlywelynII 17 : 06 , 16 March 2012 ( UTC ) Using sources sensibly ( edit ) I know the two I just posted above are n't academic treatises and sources like Xinhua have their own problems , but I just wanted to point out that Slate is only a reliable source in the loosest of senses . It 's professionally run and hires people who list `` writer '' on their resumes ( which they know to spell with accents ) , but it 's essentially a glorified blog with very little editorial oversight . The cited article does list that English names began with white collar workers annoyed at FDI agents ' mangling of their names . Problem is that 's an informal personal anecdote from what was apparently a single conversation with the single source contacted by the author for the piece . The claim is farcical on its face : China 's trading ports have traditions of English names dating back more than two centuries and bi - and trilingualism in China have an even longer history . In her defense , the grad student cited would probably qualify and annotate the claims attributed to her appropriately if she were called on it , but we should really know to take such puff pieces carefully and with more salt . -- LlywelynII 17 : 11 , 17 March 2012 ( UTC ) Have you checked WP : RS noticeboard to see what others said about Slate ? Using the noticeboard can help determine which sources are better than others . You are welcome to start a post there too if you want . WhisperToMe ( talk ) 05 : 05 , 6 April 2012 ( UTC ) Taiwan during Japanese colonialism ( edit ) Taiwan : A New History By Murray A. Rubinstein mentions how the Japanese authorities tried to get Han Taiwanese to convert their names to Japanese names around World War II , so they can be detached from their Han places of ancestry It 's on Google Books - p. 240 WhisperToMe ( talk ) 05 : 05 , 6 April 2012 ( UTC ) Sorry just a minor correction ( edit ) It said Dongfang with the given words 东风 in an example of a post-PRC name . 风 romanizes to feng not fang . But i wanted to be sure so I 'm writing this here . I know the name Dongfang 东方 but not Dongfeng so I was n't sure if it was a Chinese character error or a pinyin error . Somebody please look into this . Thanks ! -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.38. 213.212 ( talk ) 19 : 41 , 2 May 2012 ( UTC ) Ancient Names ( edit ) Anyone can add a section on ancient Chinese names ? Such as those in the Zhou dynasty ? -- Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.11. 242.130 ( talk ) 21 : 03 , 7 June 2012 ( UTC ) Minority naming practices in China ( edit ) Uyghur people have given Islamic , Russian , and European personal names to their children . http://books.google.com/books?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&pg=PA117#v=onepage&q&f=false Rajmaan ( talk ) 22 : 40 , 11 March 2014 ( UTC ) Use Pinyin instead of other spelling ( edit ) In China mainland , Pingyin is officially recognized and widely used , so 王 should be Wang instead of Wong . According to `` The Chinese phonetic alphabet spelling rules for Chinese names '' ( 中国人名汉语拼音字母拼写规则 , GB / T 28039 - 2011 ) , if not in special cases , Chinese name should be spelled in Pinyin . Even if you are referring to a person from Hong Kong , Macau or Taiwan , the Rule states : `` If necessary , you can attach his / her Latin name in brackets or note '' If referring to the special character `` ü '' , you can use `` yu '' instead of it. This is a PDF from Ministry of Education website : http://www.moe.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2012/06/01/20120601104529410.pdfLywzc ( talk ) 08 : 57 , 5 May 2014 ( UTC ) As a European I also find it bewildering that this article uses a Hong Kong Cantonese transcription of Chinese names even when the reference is to all of China , where the Mandarin Pinyin transcription would be appropriate . Looking at the article history it seems as if the change to Hong Kong Cantonese is a recent one , only from March this year . I consider this change to be close to vandalism . Roufu ( talk ) 09 : 34 , 9 May 2014 ( UTC ) Yes , it was indeed a disruptive POV - pushing edit by User : Abc. brown . He has done this before in October 2013 , and this is his second time . -- benlisquare 13 : 39 , 9 May 2014 ( UTC ) Given names supported by computers ( edit ) The article says that approximately 32,000 given names are supported by computers . I clicked on the source , and the New York Times article actually only says that 32,000 characters are supported , not 32,000 names ( which are typically two characters ) . This should be clarified . KaJunl ( talk ) 16 : 15 , 19 October 2014 ( UTC ) National Geographic style manual ( edit ) This is what National Geographic has written about the subject in its style guide : http://stylemanual.ngs.org/home/C/chinese-names-and-terms - http://www.webcitation.org/6Y6ehKZUa WhisperToMe ( talk ) 16 : 56 , 27 April 2015 ( UTC ) External links modified ( edit ) Hello fellow Wikipedians , I have just modified one external link on Chinese name . Please take a moment to review my edit . If you have any questions , or need the bot to ignore the links , or the page altogether , please visit this simple FaQ for additional information . I made the following changes : Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130927141238/http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207 to http://crlao.ehess.fr/docannexe.php?id=1207 When you have finished reviewing my changes , please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know ( documentation at ( ( Sourcecheck ) ) ) . As of February 2018 , `` External links modified '' talk page sections are no longer generated or monitored by InternetArchiveBot . No special action is required on behalf of editors regarding these talk page notices , other than regular verification , as with any edit , using the archive tools per instructions below . This message updated dynamically through the template ( ( sourcecheck ) ) ( last update : 1 May 2018 ) . If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot , you can report them with this tool . If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves , you can fix them with this tool . Cheers. -- InternetArchiveBot ( Report bug ) 14 : 33 , 22 November 2016 ( UTC ) Taiwan / diaspora citations ( edit ) As far as I can tell , nothing in these two sections has ever been verified . Surely statistics about how common last names are should be backed by sources ... and this story about naming children things like `` Pig Shit '' reads like an urban legend . Examples of real people who use variations on traditional names are fine , but these sections make many vague claims about `` common practice '' . Is the example box useful ? ( edit ) The example box in section Alternative names , which was added by 220.135. 4.212 ( talk contribs WHOIS ) , who has long since left Wikipedia , is ridden with problems : It has no references and appears to be WP : OR . We have a whole article dedicated to Names of Sun Yat - sen , to which the box here has no connection . ( Apparently , that article was unknown to the creator of the box . ) His Chinese name Sun Zhong - shan ( 孫中山 ) does n't even appear in the box . ( Which is supposed to illustrate an article called `` Chinese name '' ! ) This omission might due to the next problem : Because of the unusual history of his Chinese name 孫中山 , Sun Yat - sen is a particularly bad example for this article . It contains entries that are not matched by the existing subsections of that section or elsewhere in this article . Example : `` Official name '' , `` Caricatural name '' . It uses its own ideosyncratic terminology . Some of this has been corrected since , but much remains , e.g. `` posthume '' for posthumous . Likewise , `` Official name '' appears to refer to his genealogical name . It omits 氏 and 姓 as well as Western name and Nickname . The example for `` Milk name '' does not fit the pattern in subsection Milk . This may , however , be a problem with our subsection , since the subsection is in conflict with Names of Sun Yat - sen # Small name : Sun Dixiang . This requires further research . The numbering wrongly suggests some official or conventional ordering and disagrees with the subsection numbering . Since we already have a much better box , ( ( infobox chinese ) ) , which appears in most articles with Chinese names , I see no need for this problematic box here . Can we delete it ? -- Sebastian 08 : 55 , 11 January 2018 ( UTC ) Reduplicated names ( edit ) List of people with reduplicated names # Chinese lists some people with the `` same '' given name and family name ; meaning the same pinyin excluding tone . It seems to me that duplicate names are somewhat less rare in Chinese than in English ; e.g. `` Li Li '' is more common than `` James James '' . My exposure to Chinese is minimal , so this may simply be confirmation bias and / or small sample size . And the smaller number of legal syllables in Chinese means the scope for `` random '' duplicates is greater ( though choosing names is hardly random ) . One might subdivide these `` same '' into three levels of sameness : different tones ( e.g. Dǒng Dòng ) homophones with same tone but different character ( e.g. Yáng Yáng 杨洋 ) same character ( e.g. Miao Miao 苗苗 ) So , are any of these three types likely to be especially appealing or unappealing to a significant section of Chinese speakers ? This is perhaps too vague and subjective a question for an encyclopedic answer , but perhaps not . For comparison , I will give my own subjective view regarding English names : a perfect homonym like `` James James '' or `` Neville Neville '' is likely to make many people feel sorry for a child whose parents they will assume were trying to be funny or clever . One might extend the discussion to two - syllable given names , where the two characters are the `` same '' as each other and / or one is the `` same '' as the surname . The article already says `` It is also more common for female names to employ ... doubled characters '' . It also says `` parents often use a milk name ... typically employing ... doubled characters '' ; Reduplication # Chinese suggests it 's not just baby names but also pet names ( both human hypocorisms and animal names as in Panda diplomacy ) is this always `` doubled characters '' or could a different , homonymous character be used ? jnestorius 14 : 45 , 19 January 2018 ( UTC ) I see from this post on languagelog by Victor Mair that reduplicated characters may have different tones ( shūshu 叔叔 / jiùjiu 舅舅 ) . A 2016 Quora comment on Chinese names : `` Reduplication ... was very popular in the 1980s and is still used today . '' jnestorius 13 : 18 , 22 January 2018 ( UTC ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Chinese_name&oldid=821758599 '' Categories : B - Class China - related articles Top - importance China - related articles B - Class China - related articles of Top - importance WikiProject China articles B - Class Hong Kong articles Mid-importance Hong Kong articles WikiProject Hong Kong articles B - Class Anthroponymy articles High - importance Anthroponymy articles Talk New section Contents About Wikipedia This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 13 : 18 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	what do you call somone from hong kong	[]	[]
-7863319389232858558	Federalist Party	Federalist party - wikipedia Federalist party Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the late 18th - to early 19th - century American political party . For similarly named parties , see Federal Party ( disambiguation ) . Federalist Party Leader Alexander Hamilton ( 1789 -- 1792 ) John Jay ( 1792 -- 1795 ) John Adams ( 1795 -- 1802 ) Charles C. Pinckney ( 1802 -- 1806 ) DeWitt Clinton ( 1806 -- 1813 ) Rufus King ( 1813 -- 1824 ) Founded 1791 ; 227 years ago ( 1791 ) Dissolved 1824 ( 1824 ) Succeeded by National Republican Party Ideology American School Centralization Classical conservatism Federalism Hamiltonianism Modernization Colors Black and white Politics of United States Political parties Elections The Federalist Party was the first American political party . It existed from the early 1790s to 1816 ; its remnants lasted into the 1820s . The Federalists called for a strong national government that promoted economic growth and fostered friendly relationships with Great Britain , as well as opposition to revolutionary France . The party controlled the federal government until 1801 , when it was overwhelmed by the Democratic - Republican opposition led by Thomas Jefferson . The Federalist Party came into being between 1792 and 1794 as a national coalition of bankers and businessmen in support of Alexander Hamilton 's fiscal policies . These supporters developed into the organized Federalist Party , which was committed to a fiscally sound and nationalistic government . The only Federalist president was John Adams ; although George Washington was broadly sympathetic to the Federalist program , he remained officially non-partisan during his entire presidency . Federalist policies called for a national bank , tariffs , and good relations with Great Britain as expressed in the Jay Treaty negotiated in 1794 . Hamilton developed the concept of implied powers and successfully argued the adoption of that interpretation of the United States Constitution . Their political opponents , the Democratic - Republicans led by Thomas Jefferson , denounced most of the Federalist policies , especially the bank and implied powers , and vehemently attacked the Jay Treaty as a sell - out of republican values to the British monarchy . The Jay Treaty passed , and the Federalists won most of the major legislative battles in the 1790s . They held a strong base in the nation 's cities and in New England . After the Democratic - Republicans , whose base was in the rural South , won the hard - fought election of 1800 , the Federalists never returned to power . They recovered some strength by their intense opposition to the War of 1812 , but they practically vanished during the Era of Good Feelings that followed the end of the war in 1815 . The Federalists left a lasting legacy in the form of a strong federal government with a sound financial base , and after losing executive power they decisively shaped Supreme Court policy for another three decades through the person of Chief Justice John Marshall . Contents ( hide ) 1 Rise 1.1 Religious dimension 2 Party strength in Congress 3 Effects of foreign affairs 3.1 Jay Treaty 4 Whiskey Rebellion 5 Newspaper editors at war 5.1 Ceremonies and civil religion 6 Adams Administration , 1797 -- 1801 6.1 Alien and Sedition Acts 6.2 Election of 1800 6.3 Jefferson in power 7 Federalists in opposition 7.1 Jefferson Administration 7.2 Anti-war party 7.3 Madison Administration 8 Opposition to the War of 1812 9 Interpretations 10 Electoral history 10.1 Presidential elections 10.2 Congressional election 11 See also 12 References 13 Bibliography 14 External links Rise ( edit ) On taking office in 1789 , President Washington nominated New York lawyer Alexander Hamilton to the office of Secretary of the Treasury . Hamilton wanted a strong national government with financial credibility . Hamilton proposed the ambitious Hamiltonian economic program that involved assumption of the state debts incurred during the American Revolution , creating a national debt and the means to pay it off , and setting up a national bank , along with creating tariffs . James Madison was Hamilton 's ally in the fight to ratify the new Constitution , but he and Thomas Jefferson opposed Hamilton 's programs by 1791 . Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted in 1787 and ratified in 1788 , even though both Hamilton and Madison played major roles . Parties were considered to be divisive and harmful to republicanism . No similar parties existed anywhere in the world . By 1790 Hamilton started building a nationwide coalition . Realizing the need for vocal political support in the states , he formed connections with like - minded nationalists and used his network of treasury agents to link together friends of the government , especially merchants and bankers , in the new nation 's dozen major cities . His attempts to manage politics in the national capital to get his plans through Congress , then , `` brought strong '' responses across the country . In the process , what began as a capital faction soon assumed status as a national faction and then , finally , as the new Federalist party . '' The Federalist Party supported Hamilton 's vision of a strong centralized government , and agreed with his proposals for a national bank and heavy government subsidies . In foreign affairs , they supported neutrality in the war between France and Great Britain . A portrait of Alexander Hamilton by John Trumbull , 1806 The majority of the Founding Fathers were originally Federalists . Alexander Hamilton , James Madison , and many others can all be considered Federalists . These Federalists felt that the Articles of Confederation had been too weak to sustain a working government and had decided that a new form of government was needed . Hamilton was made Secretary of the Treasury , and when he came up with the idea of funding the debt he created a split in the original Federalist group . Madison greatly disagreed with Hamilton , not just on this issue but on many others as well ; he and John J. Beckley created the Anti-Federalist faction . These men would form the Republican party under Thomas Jefferson . By the early 1790s newspapers started calling Hamilton supporters `` Federalists '' and their opponents `` Democrats , '' `` Republicans , '' `` Jeffersonians '' or -- much later -- `` Democratic - Republicans '' . Jefferson 's supporters usually called themselves `` Republicans '' and their party the `` Republican Party . '' The Federalist party became popular with businessmen and New Englanders ; Republicans were mostly farmers who opposed a strong central government . Cities were usually Federalist strongholds ; frontier regions were heavily Republican . These are generalizations ; there are special cases : the Presbyterians of upland North Carolina , who had immigrated just before the Revolution , and often been Tories , became Federalists . The Congregationalists of New England and the Episcopalians in the larger cities supported the Federalists , while other minority denominations tended toward the Republican camp . Catholics in Maryland were generally Federalists . The state networks of both parties began to operate in 1794 or 1795 . Patronage now became a factor . The winner - takes - all election system opened a wide gap between winners , who got all the patronage , and losers , who got none . Hamilton had many lucrative Treasury jobs to dispense -- there were 1,700 of them by 1801 . Jefferson had one part - time job in the State Department , which he gave to journalist Philip Freneau to attack the Federalists . In New York , however , George Clinton won the election for governor and used the vast state patronage fund to help the Republican cause . Washington tried and failed to moderate the feud between his two top cabinet members . He was re-elected without opposition in 1792 . The Democratic - Republicans nominated New York 's Governor Clinton to replace Federalist John Adams as vice president , but Adams won . The balance of power in Congress was close , with some members still undecided between the parties . In early 1793 , Jefferson secretly prepared resolutions introduced by William Branch Giles , Congressman from Virginia , designed to repudiate Hamilton and weaken the Washington Administration . Hamilton defended his administration of the nation 's complicated financial affairs , which none of his critics could decipher until the arrival in Congress of the Republican Albert Gallatin in 1793 . Federalists counterattacked by claiming the Hamiltonian program had restored national prosperity , as shown in one 1792 anonymous newspaper essay : To what physical , moral , or political energy shall this flourishing state of things be ascribed ? There is but one answer to these inquiries : Public credit is restored and established . The general government , by uniting and calling into action the pecuniary resources of the states , has created a new capital stock of several millions of dollars , which , with that before existing , is directed into every branch of business , giving life and vigor to industry in its infinitely diversified operation . The enemies of the general government , the funding act and the National Bank may bellow tyranny , aristocracy , and speculators through the Union and repeat the clamorous din as long as they please ; but the actual state of agriculture and commerce , the peace , the contentment and satisfaction of the great mass of people , give the lie to their assertions . Jefferson wrote on February 12 , 1798 : Two political Sects have arisen within the U.S. the one believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support ; the other that like the analogous branch in the English Government , it is already too strong for the republican parts of the Constitution ; and therefore in equivocal cases they incline to the legislative powers : the former of these are called federalists , sometimes aristocrats or monocrats , and sometimes tories , after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition : the latter are stiled republicans , whigs , jacobins , anarchists , disorganizers , etc. these terms are in familiar use with most persons . '' Religious dimension ( edit ) In New England the Federalist party was closely linked to the Congregational church . When the party collapsed , the church was disestablished . In 1800 , and others elections , Federalists targeted infidelity in any form . They repeatedly charged that Republican candidates , especially Jefferson , were atheistic or nonreligious . Conversely , the Baptists , Methodists and other dissenters , and the religiously nonaligned , favored the Republican cause . Jefferson told the Baptists of Connecticut there should be a `` wall of separation '' between church and state . Party strength in Congress ( edit ) Many Congressmen were very hard to classify in the first few years , but after 1796 there was more certainty : Election year House 1788 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1820 1822 Federalist 37 39 51 47 57 60 38 39 25 24 50 36 68 64 39 26 32 24 Republican 28 30 54 59 49 46 65 103 116 118 92 107 114 119 146 160 155 189 % Republican 43 % 43 % 51 % 56 % 46 % 43 % 63 % 73 % 82 % 83 % 65 % 75 % 63 % 65 % 79 % 86 % 83 % 89 % Senate 1788 1790 1792 1794 1796 1798 1800 1802 1804 1806 1808 1810 1812 1814 1816 1818 1820 1822 Federalist 18 16 16 21 22 22 15 9 7 6 7 6 8 12 12 9 7 Republican 8 13 14 11 10 10 17 25 27 28 27 30 28 26 30 37 44 44 % Republican 31 % 45 % 47 % 34 % 31 % 31 % 53 % 74 % 71 % 82 % 79 % 83 % 78 % 68 % 71 % 80 % 92 % 94 % Source : Kenneth C. Martis , The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress , 1789 -- 1989 ( 1989 ) ; the numbers are estimates by historians . The affiliation of many Congressmen in the earliest years is an assignment by later historians . The parties were slowly coalescing groups ; at first there were many independents . Cunningham noted that only about a quarter of the House of Representatives , up until 1794 , voted with Madison as much as two - thirds of the time , and another quarter against him two - thirds of the time , leaving almost half as fairly independent . Effects of foreign affairs ( edit ) International affairs -- the French Revolution and the subsequent war between royalist Britain and republican France -- decisively shaped American politics in 1793 -- 1800 , and threatened to entangle the nation in wars that `` mortally threatened its very existence . '' The French revolutionaries guillotined King Louis XVI in January 1793 , leading the British to declare war to restore the monarchy . The King had been decisive in helping America achieve independence . Now he was dead and many of the pro-American aristocrats in France were exiled or executed . Federalists warned that American republicans threatened to replicate the horrors of the French Revolution , and successfully mobilized most conservatives and many clergymen . The Republicans , some of whom had been strong Francophiles , responded with support , even through the Reign of Terror , when thousands were guillotined , though it was at this point that many began backing away from their pro-France leanings . Many of those executed had been friends of the United States , such as the Comte D'Estaing , whose fleet had fought alongside the Americans in the Revolution . ( Lafayette had already fled into exile , and Thomas Paine went to prison in France . ) The Republicans denounced Hamilton , Adams , and even Washington as friends of Britain , as secret monarchists , and as enemies of the republican values . The level of rhetoric reached a fever pitch . Paris in 1793 sent a new minister , Edmond Charles Genêt ( known as Citizen Genêt ) , who systematically mobilized pro-French sentiment and encouraged Americans to support France 's war against Britain and Spain . Genêt funded local Democratic - Republican Societies that attacked Federalists . He hoped for a favorable new treaty and for repayment of the debts owed to France . Acting aggressively , Genêt outfitted privateers that sailed with American crews under a French flag and attacked British shipping . He tried to organize expeditions of Americans to invade Spanish Louisiana and Spanish Florida . When Secretary of State Jefferson told Genêt he was pushing American friendship past the limit , Genêt threatened to go over the government 's head and rouse public opinion on behalf of France . Even Jefferson agreed this was blatant foreign interference in domestic politics . Genêt 's extremism seriously embarrassed the Jeffersonians and cooled popular support for promoting the French Revolution and getting involved in its wars . Recalled to Paris for execution , Genêt kept his head and instead went to New York , where he became a citizen and married the daughter of Governor Clinton . Jefferson left office , ending the coalition cabinet and allowing the Federalists to dominate . Jay Treaty ( edit ) The Jay Treaty battle in 1794 -- 95 was the effort by Washington , Hamilton and John Jay to resolve numerous difficulties with Britain . Some of these issues dated to the Revolution , such as boundaries , debts owed in each direction , and the continued presence of British forts in the Northwest Territory . In addition America hoped to open markets in the British Caribbean and end disputes stemming from the naval war between Britain and France . Most of all the goal was to avert a war with Britain -- a war opposed by the Federalists , that some historians claim the Jeffersonians wanted . As a neutral party , the United States argued , it had the right to carry goods anywhere it wanted . The British nevertheless seized American ships carrying goods from the French West Indies . The Federalists favored Britain in the war , and by far most of America 's foreign trade was with Britain ; hence a new treaty was called for . The British agreed to evacuate the western forts , open their West Indies ports to American ships , allow small vessels to trade with the French West Indies , and set up a commission that would adjudicate American claims against Britain for seized ships , and British claims against Americans for debts incurred before 1775 . One possible alternative was war with Britain , a war that America was ill - prepared to fight . The Republicans wanted to pressure Britain to the brink of war ( and assumed that America could defeat a weak Britain ) . Therefore , they denounced the Jay Treaty as an insult to American prestige , a repudiation of the French alliance of 1777 , and a severe shock to Southern planters who owed those old debts , and who were never to collect for the lost slaves the British captured . Republicans protested against the treaty , and organized their supporters . The Federalists realized they had to mobilize their popular vote , so they mobilized their newspapers , held rallies , counted votes , and especially relied on the prestige of President Washington . The contest over the Jay Treaty marked the first flowering of grassroots political activism in America , directed and coordinated by two national parties . Politics was no longer the domain of politicians ; every voter was called on to participate . The new strategy of appealing directly to the public worked for the Federalists ; public opinion shifted to support the Jay Treaty . The Federalists controlled the Senate and they ratified it by exactly the necessary 2⁄3 vote , 20 -- 10 , in 1795 . However , the Republicans did not give up and public opinion swung toward the Republicans after the Treaty fight ; and in the South the Federalists lost most of the support they had among planters . Whiskey rebellion ( edit ) The excise tax of 1791 caused grumbling from the frontier including threats of tax resistance . Corn , the chief crop on the frontier , was too bulky to ship over the mountains to market , unless it was first distilled into whiskey . This was profitable , as the United States population consumed , per capita , relatively large quantities of liquor . After the excise tax , the backwoodsmen complained the tax fell on them rather than on the consumers . Cash poor , they were outraged that they had been singled out to pay off the `` financiers and speculators '' back East , and to salary the federal revenue officers who began to swarm the hills looking for illegal stills . Insurgents in western Pennsylvania shut the courts and hounded federal officials , but Jeffersonian leader Albert Gallatin mobilized the western moderates , and thus forestalled a serious outbreak . Washington , seeing the need to assert federal supremacy , called out 13,000 state militia , and marched toward Washington , Pennsylvania , to suppress this Whiskey Rebellion . The rebellion evaporated in late 1794 as Washington approached , personally leading the army ( only two sitting Presidents have directly led American military forces , Washington during the Whiskey Rebellion and Madison in an attempt to save the White House during the War of 1812 ) . The rebels dispersed and there was no fighting . Federalists were relieved that the new government proved capable of overcoming rebellion , while Republicans , with Gallatin their new hero , argued there never was a real rebellion and the whole episode was manipulated in order to accustom Americans to a standing army . Angry petitions flowed in from three dozen Democratic - Republican Societies created by Citizen Genêt . Washington attacked the societies as illegitimate ; many disbanded . Federalists now ridiculed Republicans as `` democrats '' ( meaning in favor of mob rule ) or `` Jacobins '' ( a reference to The Terror in France ) . Washington refused to run for a third term , establishing a two - term precedent that was to stand until 1940 and eventually to be enshrined in the Constitution as the 22nd Amendment . He warned in his Farewell Address against involvement in European wars , and lamented the rising North - South sectionalism and party spirit in politics that threatened national unity . The party spirit , he lamented : serves always to distract the Public Councils , and enfeeble the Public Administration . It agitates the Community with ill - founded jealousies and false alarms ; kindles the animosity of one part against another , foments occasionally riot and insurrection . It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption , which find a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions . Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another . Washington never considered himself a member of any party , but broadly supported most Federalist policies . Newspaper editors at war ( edit ) The spoils system helped finance Federalist printers until 1801 , and Republican editors after that . Federalist Postmasters General , Timothy Pickering ( 1791 -- 94 ) and Joseph Habersham ( 1795 -- 1801 ) appointed and removed local postmasters to maximize Party funding . Numerous printers were appointed as postmasters . They did not deliver the mail but they did collect fees from mail users and obtained free delivery of their own newspapers and business mail . To strengthen their coalitions and hammer away constantly at the opposition , both parties sponsored newspapers in the capital ( Philadelphia ) and other major cities . On the Republican side , Philip Freneau and Benjamin Franklin Bache blasted the administration with all the scurrility at their command . Bache in particular targeted Washington himself as the front man for monarchy who must be exposed . To Bache , Washington was a cowardly general and a money - hungry baron who saw the Revolution as a means to advance his fortune and fame , Adams was a failed diplomat who never forgave the French their love of Benjamin Franklin and who craved a crown for himself and his descendants , and Alexander Hamilton was the most inveterate monarchist of them all . The Federalists , with twice as many newspapers at their command , slashed back with equal vituperation . John Fenno and `` Peter Porcupine '' ( William Cobbett ) were their nastiest penmen , and Noah Webster their most learned . Hamilton subsidized the Federalist editors , wrote for their papers , and in 1801 established his own paper , the New York Evening Post . Though his reputation waned considerably following his death , Joseph Dennie ran three of the most popular and influential newspapers of the period , The Farmer 's Weekly Museum , the Gazette of the United States and Port Folio . Ceremonies and civil religion ( edit ) The Apotheosis of Washington , as seen looking up from the Capitol rotunda in Washington . The Federalists were conscious of the need to boost voter identification with their party . Elections remained of central importance , but the rest of the political calendar was filled with celebrations , parades , festivals and visual sensationalism . The Federalists employed multiple festivities , exciting parades , and even quasi-religious pilgrimages and `` sacred '' days that became incorporated into the American civil religion . George Washington was always their hero , and after his death he became viewed as a sort of demigod looking down from heaven to bestow his blessings on the party . At first , the Federalists focused on commemorating the ratification of the Constitution and organized parades to demonstrate widespread popular support for the new Federalist Party . The parade organizers incorporated secular versions of traditional religious themes and rituals , thereby fostering a highly visible celebration of the nation 's new civil religion . The Fourth of July became a semi-sacred day -- a status it maintains in the 21st century . Its celebration in Boston emphasized national over local patriotism , and included orations , dinners , militia musters , parades , marching bands , floats and fireworks . By 1800 , the Fourth of July was closely identified with the Federalist party . Republicans were annoyed , and staged their own celebrations on the same day -- with rival parades sometimes clashing with each other , which generated even more excitement and larger crowds . After the collapse of the Federalists starting in 1815 , the Fourth of July became a nonpartisan holiday . Adams Administration , 1797 -- 1801 ( edit ) Main article : John Adams John Adams Hamilton distrusted Vice President Adams -- who felt the same way about Hamilton -- but was unable to block his claims to the succession . The election of 1796 was the first partisan affair in the nation 's history , and one of the more scurrilous in terms of newspaper attacks . Adams swept New England and Jefferson the South , with the middle states leaning to Adams . Thus Adams was the winner by a margin of three electoral votes , and Jefferson , as the runner - up , became Vice President under the system set out in the Constitution prior to the ratification of the 12th Amendment . The Federalists were strongest in New England , but also had strengths in the middle states . They elected Adams as president in 1796 , when they controlled both houses of Congress , the Presidency , eight state legislatures and ten governorships . Foreign affairs continued to be the central concern of American politics , for the war raging in Europe threatened to drag in the United States . The new President was a loner , who made decisions without consulting Hamilton or other High Federalists . Benjamin Franklin once quipped that Adams was a man always honest , often brilliant , and sometimes mad . Adams was popular among the Federalist rank and file , but had neglected to build state or local political bases of his own , and neglected to take control of his own cabinet . As a result , his cabinet answered more to Hamilton than to himself . Hamilton was especially popular because he rebuilt the Army -- and had commissions to give out . Alien and Sedition Acts ( edit ) After an American delegation was insulted in Paris in the XYZ affair ( 1797 ) , public opinion ran strongly against the French . An undeclared `` Quasi-War '' with France from 1798 to 1800 , saw each side attacking and capturing the other 's shipping . It was called `` quasi '' because there was no declaration of war , but escalation was a serious threat . The Federalists , at the peak of their popularity , took advantage by preparing for an invasion by the French Army . To silence Administration critics , the Federalists passed the Alien and Sedition Acts in 1798 . The Alien Act empowered the President to deport such aliens as he declared to be dangerous . The Sedition Act made it a crime to print false , scandalous , and malicious criticisms of the federal government , but it conspicuously failed to criminalize criticism of Vice President Thomas Jefferson . Several Republican newspaper editors were convicted under the Act and fined or jailed , and three Democratic - Republican newspapers were shut down . In response Jefferson and Madison secretly wrote the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions passed by the two states ' legislatures , that declared the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional , and insisted the states had the power to nullify federal laws . Undaunted , the Federalists created a navy , with new frigates , and a large new army , with Washington in nominal command and Hamilton in actual command . To pay for it all they raised taxes on land , houses and slaves , leading to serious unrest . In one part of Pennsylvania the Fries ' Rebellion broke out , with people refusing to pay the new taxes . John Fries was sentenced to death for treason , but received a pardon from Adams . In the elections of 1798 the Federalists did very well , but this issue started hurting the Federalists in 1799 . Early in 1799 , Adams decided to free himself from Hamilton 's overbearing influence , stunning the country and throwing his party into disarray by announcing a new peace mission to France . The mission eventually succeeded , the `` Quasi-War '' ended , and the new army was largely disbanded . Hamiltonians called Adams a failure , while Adams fired Hamilton 's supporters still in the cabinet . Hamilton and Adams intensely disliked one another , and the Federalists split between supporters of Hamilton ( `` High Federalists '' ) and supporters of Adams . Hamilton became embittered over his loss of political influence and wrote a scathing criticism of Adams ' performance as President of the United States in an effort to throw Federalist support to Charles Cotesworth Pinckney ; inadvertently this split the Federalists and helped give the victory to Jefferson . Election of 1800 ( edit ) Main article : U.S. presidential election , 1800 Adams ' peace moves proved popular with the Federalist rank and file , and he seemed to stand a good chance of re-election in 1800 . If the Three - Fifths Compromise had not been enacted , he most likely would have won reelection since many Federalist legislatures removed the right to select electors from their constituents in fear of a Democratic victory . Jefferson was again the opponent and Federalists pulled out all stops in warning that he was a dangerous revolutionary , hostile to religion , who would weaken the government , damage the economy , and get into war with Britain . Many believed that if Jefferson won the election it would be the end of the newly formed United States . The Republicans crusaded against the Alien and Sedition laws , and the new taxes , and proved highly effective in mobilizing popular discontent . The election hinged on New York : its electors were selected by the legislature , and given the balance of north and south , they would decide the presidential election . Aaron Burr brilliantly organized his forces in New York City in the spring elections for the state legislature . By a few hundred votes he carried the city -- and thus the state legislature -- and guaranteed the election of a Republican President . As a reward he was selected by the Republican caucus in Congress as their vice presidential candidate . Alexander Hamilton , knowing the election was lost anyway , went public with a sharp attack on Adams that further divided and weakened the Federalists . Members of the Republican party planned to vote evenly for Jefferson and Burr because they did not want for it to seem as if their party was divided . The party took the meaning literally and Jefferson and Burr tied in the election with 73 electoral votes . This sent the election to the House of Representatives to break the tie . The Federalists had enough weight in the House to swing the election in either direction . Many would rather have seen Burr in the office over Jefferson , but Hamilton , who had a strong dislike of Burr , threw his political weight behind Jefferson . During the election neither Jefferson nor Burr attempted to swing the election in the House of Representatives . Jefferson remained at Monticello to oversee the laying of bricks to a section of his home . Jefferson allowed for his political beliefs and other ideologies to filter out through letters to his contacts . Thanks to Hamilton 's support Jefferson would win the election and Burr would become his Vice President . Many Federalists held to the belief that this was the end of the United States and that the experiment they had begun had ended in failure . ( This unintended complication led directly to the proposal and ratification of the 12th Amendment . ) `` We are all republicans -- we are all federalists , '' proclaimed Jefferson in his inaugural address . This election marked the first time power had been transferred between opposing political parties , an act that occurred , remarkably , without bloodshed . Though there had been strong words and disagreements , contrary to the Federalists fears , there was no war and no ending of one government system to let in a new one . His patronage policy was to let the Federalists disappear through attrition . Those Federalists such as John Quincy Adams ( John Adams ' own son ) and Rufus King willing to work with him were rewarded with senior diplomatic posts , but there was no punishment of the opposition . Jefferson in power ( edit ) Jefferson had a very successful first term , typified by the Louisiana Purchase , which was ironically supported by Hamilton but opposed by most Federalists at the time as unconstitutional . Some Federalist leaders ( see Essex Junto ) began courting Jefferson 's Vice-President and Hamilton 's nemesis Aaron Burr in an attempt to swing New York into an independent confederation with the New England states , which along with New York were supposed to secede from the United States after Burr 's election to Governor . However , Hamilton 's influence cost Burr the governorship of New York , a key in the Essex Junto 's plan , just as Hamilton 's influence had cost Burr the Presidency nearly 4 years before . Hamilton 's thwarting of Aaron Burr 's ambitions for the second time was too much for Burr to bear . Hamilton had known of the Essex Junto ( whom Hamilton now regarded as apostate Federalists ) , and Burr 's plans and opposed them vehemently . This opposition by Hamilton would lead to his fatal duel with Burr in July 1804 . The thoroughly disorganized Federalists hardly offered any opposition to Jefferson 's reelection in 1804 . Federalists seemed doomed . Jefferson had taken away most of their patronage , including federal judgeships . The party now controlled only five state legislatures and seven governorships . after again losing the presidency in 1804 , the party was now down to three legislatures and five governorships ( four in New England ) . Their majorities in Congress were long gone , dropping in the Senate from 23 and 1796 , 218 and 1800 to only six in 1804 . In New England and in some districts in the middle states the Federalists clung to power , but the tendency from 1800 to 1812 was steady slippage almost everywhere , as the Republicans perfected their organization and the Federalists tried to play catch - up . Some younger leaders tried to emulate the Democratic - Republican tactics , but their overall disdain of democracy along with the upper class bias of the party leadership eroded public support . In the South , the Federalists steadily lost ground everywhere . Federalists in opposition ( edit ) Fisher Ames ( 1758 -- 1808 ) of Massachusetts ranks as one of the more influential figures of his era . Ames led Federalist ranks in the House of Representatives . His acceptance of the Bill of Rights garnered support in Massachusetts for the new Constitution . His greatest fame however came as an orator who defined the principles of the Federalist Party , and the follies of the Republicans . Ames offered one of the first great speeches in American Congressional history when he spoke in favor of the Jay Treaty . Ames was part of Hamilton 's faction He cautioned against the excesses of democracy unfettered by morals and reason : `` Popular reason does not always know how to act right , nor does it always act right when it knows . '' He warned his countrymen of the dangers of flattering demagogues , who incite dis - union and lead their country into bondage : `` Our country is too big for union , too sordid for patriotism , too democratic for liberty . What is to become of it , He who made it best knows . Its vice will govern it , by practising upon its folly . This is ordained for democracies . '' Jefferson Administration ( edit ) Main article : Thomas Jefferson The Federalists continued for several years to be a major political party in New England and the Northeast , but never regained control of the Presidency or the Congress . With the death of Washington and Hamilton , and the retirement of Adams , the Federalists were left without a strong leader . John Marshall , as Chief Justice , stayed out of politics . A few younger leaders did appear , notably Daniel Webster . Federalist policies favored factories , banking , and trade over agriculture , and thus became unpopular in the growing Western states . They were increasingly seen as aristocratic and unsympathetic to democracy . In the South the party had lingering support in Maryland , but elsewhere was crippled by 1800 and faded away by 1808 . Massachusetts and Connecticut remained the party strongholds . Historian Richard J. Purcell explains how well organized the party was in Connecticut : It was only necessary to perfect the working methods of the organized body of office - holders who made up the nucleus of the party . There were the state officers , the assistants , and a large majority of the Assembly . In every county there was a sheriff with his deputies . All of the state , county , and town judges were potential and generally active workers . Every town had several justices of the peace , school directors and , in Federalist towns , all the town officers who were ready to carry on the party 's work . Every parish had a `` standing agent , '' whose anathemas were said to convince at least ten voting deacons . Militia officers , state 's attorneys , lawyers , professors and schoolteachers were in the van of this `` conscript army . '' In all , about a thousand or eleven hundred dependent officer - holders were described as the inner ring which could always be depended upon for their own and enough more votes within their control to decide an election . This was the Federalist machine . After 1800 the major Federalist role came in the judiciary . Although Jefferson managed to repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801 and thus dismissed many lower level Federalist federal judges , the effort to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase in 1804 failed . Led by the last great Federalist , John Marshall as Chief Justice from 1801 to 1835 , the Supreme Court carved out a unique and powerful role as the protector of the Constitution and promoter of nationalism . Anti-war party ( edit ) As the wars in Europe intensified , the United States became increasingly involved . The Federalists restored some of their strength by leading the anti-war opposition to Jefferson and Madison , 1807 -- 1814 . President Jefferson imposed an embargo on Britain in 1807 ; the Embargo Act of 1807 prevented all American ships from sailing to a foreign port . The idea was that the British were so dependent on American supplies that they would come to terms . For 15 months the Embargo wrecked American export businesses , largely based in the Boston - New York region , causing a sharp depression in the Northeast . Evasion was common and Jefferson and Treasury Secretary Gallatin responded with tightened police controls more severe than anything the Federalists had ever proposed . Public opinion was highly negative , and a surge of support breathed fresh life into the Federalist party . The Republicans nominated Madison for the presidency in 1808 . Federalists , meeting in the first - ever national convention , considered the option of nominating Jefferson 's Vice President George Clinton as their own candidate , but balked at working with him and again chose Charles Cotesworth Pinckney , their 1804 candidate . Madison lost New England excluding Vermont but swept the rest of the country and carried a Republican Congress . Madison dropped the Embargo , opened up trade again , and offered a carrot and stick approach . If either France or Britain agreed to stop their violations of American neutrality , the U.S. would cut off trade with the other country . Tricked by Napoleon into believing France had acceded to his demands , Madison turned his wrath on Britain , and the War of 1812 began . Young Daniel Webster , running for Congress from New Hampshire in 1812 , first gained overnight fame with his anti-war speeches . Madison Administration ( edit ) Thus the nation was at war during the 1812 presidential election , and war was the burning issue . Opposition to the war was strong in traditional Federalist strongholds in New England and New York , where the party made a comeback in the elections of 1812 and 1814 . In their second national convention , in 1812 , the Federalists , now the peace party , nominated DeWitt Clinton , the dissident Republican mayor of New York City , and an articulate opponent of the war . Madison ran for reelection promising a relentless war against Britain and an honorable peace . Clinton , denouncing Madison 's weak leadership and incompetent preparations for war , could count on New England and New York . To win he needed the middle states and there the campaign was fought out . Those states were competitive and had the best - developed local parties and most elaborate campaign techniques , including nominating conventions and formal party platforms . The Tammany Society in New York City highly favored Madison ; the Federalists finally adopted the club idea in 1808 . Their Washington Benevolent Societies were semi-secret membership organizations which played a critical role in every northern state ; they held meetings and rallies and mobilized Federalist votes . New Jersey went for Clinton , but Madison carried Pennsylvania and thus was reelected with 59 % of the Electoral votes . However the Federalists gained 14 seats in Congress . Opposition to the war of 1812 ( edit ) The War of 1812 went poorly for the Americans for two years . Even though Britain was concentrating its military efforts on its war with Napoleon , the United States still failed to make any headway on land , and was effectively blockaded at sea by the Royal Navy . The British raided and burned Washington , D.C. in 1814 and sent a force to capture New Orleans . The war was especially unpopular in New England : the New England economy was highly dependent on trade , and the British blockade threatened to destroy it entirely . In 1814 , the British Navy finally managed to enforce their blockade on the New England coast , so the Federalists of New England sent delegates to the Hartford Convention in December 1814 . During the proceedings of the Hartford Convention , secession from the Union was discussed , though the resulting report listed a set of grievances against the Democratic - Republican federal government and proposed a set of Constitutional amendments to address these grievances . They demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring a two - thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed , new states admitted , or war declared . It also indicated that if these proposals were ignored , then another convention should be called and given `` such powers and instructions as the exigency of a crisis may require '' . The Federalist Massachusetts Governor had already secretly sent word to England to broker a separate peace accord . Three Massachusetts `` ambassadors '' were sent to Washington to negotiate on the basis of this report . By the time the Federalist `` ambassadors '' got to Washington , the war was over and news of Andrew Jackson 's stunning victory in the Battle of New Orleans had raised American morale immensely . The `` ambassadors '' hastened back to Massachusetts , but not before they had done fatal damage to the Federalist Party . The Federalists were thereafter associated with the disloyalty and parochialism of the Hartford Convention , and destroyed as a political force . Across the nation , Republicans used the great victory at New Orleans to ridicule the Federalists as cowards , defeatists , and secessionists . Pamphlets , songs , newspaper editorials , speeches and entire plays on the Battle of New Orleans drove home the point . They fielded their last presidential candidate ( Rufus King ) in 1816 . With its passing partisan hatreds and newspaper feuds declined and the nation entered the `` Era of Good Feelings '' . After the dissolution of the final Federalist congressional caucus in 1825 , the last traces of Federalist activity came in Delaware and Massachusetts local politics in the late 1820s , where in 1829 Harrison Gray Otis was elected Mayor of Boston , and became the last major Federalist office holder . As late as 1828 the party won control of the Delaware state legislature , and as late as 1830 the Federalists controlled the Massachusetts Senate . Interpretations ( edit ) Intellectually , Federalists were profoundly devoted to liberty . As Samuel Eliot Morison explained , they believed that liberty is inseparable from union , that men are essentially unequal , that vox populi ( voice of the people ) is seldom if ever vox Dei ( the voice of God ) , and that sinister outside influences are busy undermining American integrity . Oxford - trained British historian Patrick Allitt concludes that Federalists promoted many positions that would form the baseline for later American conservatism , including the rule of law under the Constitution , republican government , peaceful change through elections , judicial supremacy , stable national finances , credible and active diplomacy , and protection of wealth . In terms of `` classical conservatism '' , the Federalists had no truck with European - style aristocracy , monarchy , or established religion . Historian John P. Diggins says that : Thanks to the framers , American conservatism began on a genuinely lofty plane . James Madison , Alexander Hamilton , John Marshall , John Jay , James Wilson , and , above all , John Adams aspired to create a republic in which the values so precious to conservatives might flourish : harmony , stability , virtue , reverence , veneration , loyalty , self - discipline , and moderation . This was classical conservatism in its most authentic expression . The Federalists were dominated by businessmen and merchants in the major cities who supported a strong national government . The party was closely linked to the modernizing , urbanizing , financial policies of Alexander Hamilton . These policies included the funding of the national debt and also assumption of state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War , the incorporation of a national Bank of the United States , the support of manufactures and industrial development , and the use of a tariff to fund the Treasury . In foreign affairs , the Federalists opposed the French Revolution , engaged in the `` Quasi War '' ( an undeclared naval war ) with France in 1798 -- 99 , sought good relations with Britain and sought a strong army and navy . Ideologically the controversy between Republicans and Federalists stemmed from a difference of principle and style . In terms of style the Federalists feared mob rule , thought an educated elite should represent the general populace in national governance , and favored national power over state power . Republicans distrusted Britain , bankers , merchants and did not want a powerful national government . The Federalists , notably Hamilton , were distrustful of `` the people , '' the French , and the Republicans . In the end , the nation synthesized the two positions , adopting representative democracy and a strong nation state . Just as importantly , American politics by the 1820s accepted the two - party system whereby rival parties stake their claims before the electorate , and the winner takes control of majorities in state legislatures and the Congress , and gains governorships and the presidency . As time went on , the Federalists lost appeal with the average voter and were generally not equal to the tasks of party organization ; hence , they grew steadily weaker as the political triumphs of the Republican Party grew . For economic and philosophical reasons , the Federalists tended to be pro-British -- the United States engaged in more trade with Great Britain than with any other country -- and vociferously opposed Jefferson 's Embargo Act of 1807 and the seemingly deliberate provocation of war with Britain by the Madison Administration . During `` Mr. Madison 's War '' , as they called it , the Federalists made a temporary comeback . However they lost all their gains and more during the patriotic euphoria that followed the war . The membership was aging rapidly , but a few young men from New England did join the cause , most notably Daniel Webster . After 1816 the Federalists had no national power base apart from John Marshall 's Supreme Court . They had some local support in New England , New York , eastern Pennsylvania , Maryland and Delaware . After the collapse of the Federalist Party in the course of the 1824 presidential election , most surviving Federalists ( including Daniel Webster ) joined former Republicans like Henry Clay to form the National Republican Party , which was soon combined with other anti-Jackson groups to form the Whig Party in 1833 . By then , nearly all remaining Federalists joined the Whigs . However , some former Federalists like James Buchanan , Louis McLane and Roger B. Taney became Jacksonian Democrats . The `` Old Republicans , '' led by John Randolph of Roanoke , refused to form a coalition with the Federalists and instead set up a separate opposition since Jefferson , Madison , Gallatin , Monroe , John C. Calhoun and Clay had in effect adopted Federalist principles of implied powers to purchase the Louisiana Territory , and after the failures and lessons of the War of 1812 , raised tariffs to protect factories , chartered the Second national bank , promoted a strong army and navy and promoted internal improvements . All these measures were opposed to the strict construction of the constitution , which was the formal basis of the republicans ; but the drift of the party to support them could not be checked . It was aided by the supreme court , whose influence as a nationalizing factor now first became apparent . The whole change reconciled the federalists to their absorption into the republican party . Indeed , they claimed , with considerable show of justice , that the absorption was in the other direction : that the republicans had recanted ; and that the `` Washington - Monroe policy , '' as they termed it after 1820 , was all that federalists had ever desired . The name `` Federalist '' came increasingly to be used in political rhetoric as a term of abuse , and was denied by the Whigs , who pointed out that their leader Henry Clay was the Republican party leader in Congress during the 1810s . Electoral History ( edit ) Presidential elections ( edit ) Election Candidate Running mate Votes Vote % Electoral votes + / - Outcome of election 1792 George Washington John Adams 28,579 100.0 132 / 132 New Victory 1796 John Adams Thomas Pinckney 35,726 53.4 71 / 138 New Victory 1800 Charles C. Pinckney 25,952 38.6 65 / 138 6 Lost 1804 Charles C. Pinckney Rufus King 38,919 27.2 14 / 176 51 Lost 1808 62,431 32.4 47 / 176 34 Lost 1812 DeWitt Clinton Jared Ingersoll 132,781 47.6 89 / 217 42 Lost 1816 Rufus King John E. Howard 34,740 30.9 34 / 217 55 Lost 1820 No candidate 17,465 16.2 0 / 232 34 Lost ^ a : While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate , Clinton technically ran as a Democratic - Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist party itself , the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate . This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties ( such as in Pennsylvania ) , but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic - Republicans as well . ^ b : The Federalist caucus did not even bother to make a formal nomination , although many Federalists supported Rufus King . Congressional election ( edit ) United States House of Representatives Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- House Speaker 1794 47 / 105 New Jonathan Dayton 1796 57 / 106 10 1798 60 / 106 Theodore Sedgwick 1800 38 / 106 22 Nathaniel Macon 1802 39 / 142 1804 28 / 142 11 1806 26 / 142 Joseph Bradley Varnum 1808 48 / 142 22 1810 36 / 143 12 Henry Clay 1812 68 / 182 32 1814 64 / 183 1816 40 / 185 24 1818 26 / 186 14 1820 32 / 187 6 Philip Barbour 1822 24 / 213 8 Henry Clay United States Senate Election year No. of overall seats won + / -- Senate President 1794 / 1795 20 / 30 New John Adams 1796 / 1797 21 / 32 Thomas Jefferson 1798 / 1799 22 / 32 1800 / 1801 17 / 32 5 Aaron Burr 1802 / 1803 9 / 32 8 1804 / 1805 7 / 34 George Clinton 1806 / 1807 6 / 34 1808 / 1809 8 / 34 1810 / 1811 7 / 34 1812 / 1813 8 / 36 Elbridge Gerry 1814 / 1815 11 / 36 1816 / 1817 13 / 36 Daniel D. Tompkins 1818 / 1819 9 / 42 1820 / 1821 4 / 46 5 1822 / 1823 5 / 48 See also ( edit ) List of political parties in the United States Democratic - Republican Party ( United States ) First Party System Federalist Era Essex Junto Blue light federalists Port - Folio References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Viereck , Peter ( 1956 , 2006 ) Conservative Thinkers : From John Adams to Winston Churchill . New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction Publishers , pp. 87 -- 95 . Jump up ^ `` Anti-Federalist vs. Federalist '' . Diffen . Jump up ^ The Federalists were supporters of the Federal Government , so for a strong central government . ^ Jump up to : John P. Diggins ( 1994 ) . Up from Communism . Columbia UP . p. 390 . ISBN 9780231084895 . ^ Jump up to : Chambers , Political Parties in a New Nation ( 1963 ) Jump up ^ Wood , Empire of Liberty : A history of the Early Republic , 1789 -- 1815 ( 2009 ) Jump up ^ Formisano ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Chambers , Parties in a New Nation , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Miller The Federalist Era 1789 -- 1801 ( 1960 ) pp 210 -- 28 . Jump up ^ John C. Miller , The Federalist Era 1789 -- 1801 ( 1960 ) pp 84 -- 98 Jump up ^ After 1793 -- 4 , with the Terror in the French Revolution , `` Democrat '' became a negative term , until the middle of Madison 's presidency ; the Federalists continued to use it to describe their opponents . Robert A. Dahl , `` James Madison : Republican or Democrat ? . '' Perspectives on Politics 3 # 3 ( 2005 ) : 439 -- 448 ; Dumas Malone , Jefferson , 3 : 162 . Jump up ^ Manning J. Dauer , The Adams Federalists , chapter 2 . Jump up ^ L. Marx Renzulli , Maryland : the Federalist years p 142 , 183 , 295 Jump up ^ Leonard D. White , The Federalists . A Study in Administrative History ( 1948 ) p 123 . ^ Jump up to : Miller , The Federalist Era 1789 -- 1801 ( 1960 ) . Jump up ^ Eugene R. Sheridan , `` Thomas Jefferson and the Giles Resolutions , '' William and Mary Quarterly 49 # 4 ( 1992 ) , pp. 589 -- 608 in JSTOR Jump up ^ The Gazette of United States , September 5 , 1792 , in Charles A. Beard , Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy . ( 1915 ) p. 231 . Jump up ^ letter to John Wise in Francis N. Thorpe , ed `` A Letter from Jefferson on the Political Parties , 1798 , '' American Historical Review v. 3 # 3 ( April 1898 ) pp 488 -- 89 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Kelly Olds , `` Privatizing the church : disestablishment in Connecticut and Massachusetts . '' Journal of Political Economy ( 1994 ) : 277 -- 297 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Amanda Porterfield , Conceived in Doubt : Religion and Politics in the New American Nation ( 2012 ) Jump up ^ Jonathan J. Den Hartog , Patriotism and Piety : Federalist Politics and Religious Struggle in the New American Nation ( 2015 ) . Jump up ^ Constance B. Schulz , `` ' Of Bigotry in Politics and Religion ' : Jefferson 's Religion , the Federalist Press , and the Syllabus . '' The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 91 # 1 ( 1983 ) : 73 -- 91 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Cunningham ( 1957 ) , 82 . Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick , ch 8 ; Sharp ( 1993 ) p. 70 for quote Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick pp. 314 -- 16 on Jefferson 's favorable responses . Jump up ^ Marshall Smelser , `` The Federalist Period as an Age of Passion , '' American Quarterly 10 ( Winter 1958 ) , 391 -- 459 . Jump up ^ Smelser , `` The Jacobin Phrenzy : Federalism and the Menace of Liberty , Equality and Fraternity , '' Review of Politics 13 ( 1951 ) 457 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick , Age of Federalism , pp 451 -- 61 Jump up ^ Eugene R. Sheridan , `` The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet : A Study in Transatlantic Politics and Diplomacy '' . Diplomatic History 18 # 4 ( 1994 ) , 463 -- 68 . Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick , pp. 330 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick , pp. 375 -- 406 . Jump up ^ Elkins and McKitrick , pp. 406 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1960 ) p. 149 . Jump up ^ Todd Estes , `` Shaping the politics of public opinion : Federalists and the Jay Treaty debate . '' Journal of the Early Republic 20.3 ( 2000 ) : 393 -- 422 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Sharp 113 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Miller ( 1960 ) pp. 155 -- 62 Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Judiciary '' . Jump up ^ Carl E. Prince , `` The Federalist Party and Creation of a Court Press , 1789 -- 1801 . '' Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 53 # 2 ( 1976 ) : 238 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Si Sheppard , The Partisan Press : A History of Media Bias in the United States ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ Jeffrey L. Pasley . `` The Tyranny of Printers '' : Newspaper Politics in the Early Republic ( 2001 ) Jump up ^ Donald H. Stewart , The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period ( 1969 ) Jump up ^ Lora , Ronald ( 1999 ) . The Conservative Press in Eighteenth - and Nineteenth - century America . Greenwood Publishing Group . pp. 103 -- 111 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31043 - 2 . Jump up ^ David Waldstreicher , In the midst of perpetual fetes : The making of American nationalism , 1776 -- 1820 ( 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Jürgen Heideking , `` The federal processions of 1788 and the origins of American civil religion . '' Soundings ( 1994 ) : 367 -- 387 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Len Travers , `` Hurrah for the Fourth : Patriotism , Politics , and Independence Day in Federalist Boston , 1783 -- 1818 . '' Essex Institute Historical Collections 125 : 129 -- 161 . Jump up ^ Kevin Coe , et al . The Rhetoric of American Civil Religion : Symbols , Sinners , and Saints ( Lexington Books , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Bernard A. Weisberger , America afire : Jefferson , Adams , and the first contested election ( Perennial , 2001 ) . Jump up ^ Philip J. Lampi , `` The Federalist Party Resurgence , 1808 -- 1816 : Evidence from the New Nation Votes Database . '' Journal of the Early Republic 33.2 ( 2013 ) : 255 -- 281 . Jump up ^ Richard H. Kohn , Eagle and sword : The Federalists and the creation of the military establishment in America , 1783 -- 1802 ( 1975 ) . Jump up ^ James Morton Smith , `` President John Adams , Thomas Cooper , and Sedition : A Case Study in Suppression '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1955 ) 42 # 3 pp. 438 -- 465 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Marc A. Franklin , David A. Anderson , & Lyrissa Barnett Lidsky , Mass Media Law ( 7th ed. 2005 ) . ^ Jump up to : Manning Dauer , The Adams Federalists ( Johns Hopkins UP , 1953 ) . Jump up ^ Brian Phillips Murphy , `` ' A Very Convenient Instrument ' : The Manhattan Company , Aaron Burr , and the Election of 1800 . '' William and Mary Quarterly 65.2 ( 2008 ) : 233 -- 266 . Jump up ^ Miller , John C. `` The Federalist Era 1789 -- 1801 '' ( 1960 ) Jump up ^ `` Thomas Jefferson : First Inaugural Address . U.S. Inaugural Addresses. 1989 '' . Jump up ^ Susan Dunn , Jefferson 's second revolution : The Election Crisis of 1800 and the Triumph of Republicanism ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ David H. Fischer , `` The Myth of the Essex Junto . '' William and Mary Quarterly ( 1964 ) : 191 -- 235 . Jump up ^ Lampi , `` The Federalist Party Resurgence , '' p 259 Jump up ^ Elisha P. Douglass , `` Fisher Ames , Spokesman for New England Federalism . '' Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 103.5 ( 1959 ) : 693 -- 715 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Russell Kirk , The Conservative Mind : From Burke to Eliot ( 2001 ) . p. 83 Jump up ^ Fisher Ames , letter of October 26 , 1803 , Works , p. 483 . As cited in Kirk , The Conservative Mind p. 83 Jump up ^ Google Books . Jump up ^ Richard J. Purcell , Connecticut in Transition : 1775 -- 1818 1963 . p. 190 . Jump up ^ Jerry W. Knudson , `` The Jeffersonian Assault on the Federalist Judiciary , 1802 -- 1805 ; Political Forces and Press Reaction . '' American Journal of Legal History 14.1 ( 1970 ) : 55 -- 75 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Lampi , `` The Federalist Party Resurgence , '' Jump up ^ James M. Banner , To the Hartford Convention : The Federalists and the origins of party politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 ( 1970 ) . Jump up ^ Kenneth E. Shewmaker , ' `` This Unblessed War ' : Daniel Webster 's Opposition to the War of 1812 '' Historical New Hampshire 53 # 1 ( 1998 ) pp 21 -- 45 Jump up ^ William Alexander Robinson , `` The Washington Benevolent Society in New England : a phase of politics during the War of 1812 '' , Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society ( 1916 ) vol 49 pp 274ff . Jump up ^ Joseph F. Stoltz , `` ' It Taught our Enemies a Lesson : ' The Battle of New Orleans and the Republican Destruction of the Federalist Party . '' Tennessee Historical Quarterly 71 # 2 ( 2012 ) : 112 -- 127 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Samuel Eliot Morison , Harrison Gray Otis , 1765 -- 1848 : the urbane Federalist ( 2nd ed. 1969 ) pages x -- xi Jump up ^ Patrick Allitt , The Conservatives ( 2009 ) p 26 Jump up ^ Chernow ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Shaw Livermore , Jr. , The Twilight of Federalism : The Disintegration of the Federalist Party 1815 -- 1830 ( 1962 ) Jump up ^ Robert Vincent Remini ( 1997 ) . Daniel Webster : The Man and His Time . W.W. Norton . pp. 94 -- 95 . ISBN 9780393045529 . Jump up ^ James H. Broussard ( 1978 ) . The Southern Federalists : 1800 -- 1816 . LSU Press . p. 274 . ISBN 9780807125205 . Jump up ^ Lynn Parsons ( 2009 ) . The Birth of Modern Politics : Andrew Jackson , John Quincy Adams , and the Election of 1828 : Andrew Jackson , John Quincy Adams , and the Election of 1828 . Oxford University Press . p. 164 . ISBN 9780199718504 . Jump up ^ Cyclopedia of Political Science , Political Economy , and the Political History of the United States Jump up ^ Hans Sperber and Travis Trittschuh , American Political Terms : An Historical Dictionary ( 1962 ) p 150 Bibliography ( edit ) Ben - Atar , Doron S. , and Liz B. MacMillan , eds . Federalists Reconsidered ( 1999 ) Banner , James M. ( 1970 ) . To the Hartford Convention : The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts , 1789 -- 1815 . Beeman , Richard R. ( 1972 ) . The Old Dominion and the New Nation , 1788 -- 1801 . Broussard , James H. ( 1978 ) . The Southern Federalists : 1800 -- 1816 . Buel , Richard , Jr. ( 1972 ) . Securing the Revolution : Ideology in American Politics , 1789 -- 1815 . Cornell University Press . ISBN 0 - 8014 - 0705 - 2 . Chambers , William Nisbet . Political Parties in a New Nation : The American Experience , 1776 -- 1809 ( 1963 ) William Chambers , ed. , ed. ( 1972 ) . The First Party System : Federalists and Republicans . John Wiley & Sons , Inc . ISBN 0 - 471 - 14340 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Chernow , Ron ( 2004 ) . Alexander Hamilton . Penguin Books . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 009 - 2 . Chernow , Ron . Washington : A Life ( 2010 ) Cunningham , Noble E. , Jr. ( 1965 ) . The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809 . Elkins , Stanley and Eric McKitrick . The Age of Federalism - The Early American Republic , 1788 - 1800 ( 1990 ) . A major scholarly survey ; online free Ferling , John . John Adams : A Life ( 1992 ) Fischer , David Hackett ( 1965 ) . The Revolution of American Conservatism : The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy . Formisano , Ronald ( 1983 ) . The Transformation of Political Culture : Massachusetts Parties , 1790s -- 1840s . Formisano , Ronald P. `` State Development in the Early Republic , '' in Boyd Shafer and Anthony Badger , eds . Contesting Democracy : Substance and Structure in American Political History , 1775 -- 2000 , ( 2001 ) pp. 7 -- 35 . Fox , Dixon Ryan ( 1919 ) . The Decline of Aristocracy in the Politics of New York , 1801 -- 1840 . Longmans , Green & Co. , agents . ASIN B000863CHY . Hartog , Jonathan J. Den . Patriotism and Piety : Federalist Politics and Religious Struggle in the New American Nation ( University of Virginia Press ; 2015 ) 280 pages ; Hickey , Donald R. `` Federalist Party Unity and the War of 1812 . '' Journal of American Studies ( 1978 ) 12 # 1 pp : 23 -- 39 vol 4 of Richard Hildreth , History of the United States ( 1851 ) covering 1790s Humphrey , Carol Sue ( 1996 ) . The Press of the Young Republic , 1783 -- 1833 . Jensen , Richard . `` Federalist Party , '' in Encyclopedia of Third Parties ( ME Sharpe , 2000 ) Knudson , Jerry W. Jefferson and the Press : Crucible of Liberty ( 2006 ) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist newspapers covered election of 1800 ; Thomas Paine ; Louisiana Purchase ; Hamilton - Burr duel ; impeachment of Chase ; and the embargo Lampi , Philip J. `` The Federalist Party Resurgence , 1808 -- 1816 : Evidence from the New Nation Votes Database . '' Journal of the Early Republic 33 # 2 ( 2013 ) : 255 -- 281 . online McCormick , Richard P. ( 1966 ) . The Second Party System : Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era . details the collapse state by state McCullough , David ( 2002 ) . John Adams . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 2313 - 6 . McDonald , Forrest ( 1974 ) . The Presidency of George Washington . University Press of Kansas . ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0110 - 4 . Mason , Matthew , `` Federalists , Abolitionists , and the Problem of Influence , '' American Nineteenth Century History 10 ( March 2009 ) , 1 -- 27 . Miller , John C. ( 1960 ) . The Federalist Era : 1789 -- 1801 . Harper . ISBN 1 - 57766 - 031 - 5 . scholarly online free Mitchell , Broadus ( 1962 ) . Alexander Hamilton : The National Adventure , 1788 -- 1804 . McMillan . Morison , Samuel Eliot . Harrison Gray Otis , 1765 -- 1848 : The Urbane Federalist ( 1969 ) Jeffrey L. Pasley , et al. eds. , ed. ( 2004 ) . Beyond the Founders : New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Norman Risjord , ed. , ed. ( 1969 ) . The Early American Party System . Harper & Row . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) Risjord , Norman K . `` The Virginia Federalists , '' Journal of Southern History Vol. 33 , No. 4 ( November 1967 ) , pp. 486 -- 517 in JSTOR Sharp , James Rogers ( 1993 ) . American Politics in the Early Republic : The New Nation in Crisis . Yale University Press . , detailed political history of 1790s Sheehan , Colleen . `` Madison v. Hamilton : The Battle Over Republicanism and the Role of Public Opinion '' American Political Science Review 2004 98 ( 3 ) : 405 -- 24 . in JSTOR Siemers , David J. ' ' Ratifying the Republic : Antifederalists and Federalists in Constitutional Time ( 2002 ) Smelser , Marshall ( 1968 ) . The Democratic Republic 1801 -- 1815 . general survey Theriault , Sean M. `` Party Politics during the Louisiana Purchase , '' Social Science History 2006 30 ( 2 ) : 293 -- 324 ; doi : 10.1215 / 01455532 - 30 - 2 - 293 Tinkcom , Harry M. ( 1950 ) . The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania , 1790 -- 1801 . Viereck , Peter ( 1956 , 2006 ) Conservative Thinkers from John Adams to Winston Churchill . New Brunswick , NJ : Transaction Publishers . Waldstreicher , David . `` The Nationalization and Racialization of American Politics : 1790 -- 1840 , '' in Boyd Shafer and Anthony Badger , eds . Contesting Democracy : Substance and Structure in American Political History , 1775 -- 2000 , ( 2001 ) pp. 37 -- 83 . Wood , Gordon S. 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-6869459535771356728	Fakir-Sannyasi rebellion	Fakir - Sannyasi rebellion - wikipedia Fakir - Sannyasi rebellion Jump to : navigation , search The Sannyasi rebellion or Sannyasi revolt ( Bengali : সন্ন্যাসী বিদ্রোহ , The monks ' rebellion ) were the activities of sannyasis and fakirs ( Hindu and Muslim ascetics , respectively ) in Bengal against the East India Company rule in the late 18th century . It is also known as the Sannyasi rebellion ( সন্ন্যাসী বিদ্রোহ ) which took place around Murshidabad and Baikunthupur forests of Jalpaiguri . Historians have not only debated what events constitute the rebellion , but have also varied on the significance of the rebellion in Indian history . While some refer to it as an early war for India 's independence from foreign rule , since the right to collect tax had been given to the British East India Company after the Battle of Buxar in 1764 , others categorize it as acts of violent banditry following the depopulation of the province in the Bengal famine of 1770 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early events 2 Clashes between the Company and ascetics 3 Legacy 4 References Early events ( edit ) At least three separate events are called the Sannyasi Rebellion . One refers to a large body of Hindu sannyasis who travelled from North India to different parts of Bengal to visit shrines . En route to the shrines , it was customary for many of these ascetics to exact a religious tax from the headmen and zamindars or regional landlords . In times of prosperity , the headmen and zamindars generally obliged . However , since the East India Company had received the Diwani or right to collect the tax , many of the tax demands increased and the local landlords and headmen were unable to pay both the ascetics and the English . Crop failures , and famine , which killed ten million people or an estimated one - third of the population of Bengal compounded the problems since much of the arable land lay fallow . Majnun Shah , the leader of a large group of fakirs who were traveling through Bengal , claimed in 1772 that 150 of them had been killed without cause in the previous year . Such repression was one of the reasons that caused distress leading to violence , especially in Natore in Rangpur , now in modern Bangladesh . However , some modern historians argue that the movement never gained popular support . The other two movements involved a sect of Hindu ascetics , the Dasnami naga sannyasis who likewise visited Bengal on pilgrimage mixed with moneylending opportunities . To the British , these ascetics were looters and must be stopped from collecting money that belonged to the Company and possibly from even entering the province . It was felt that a large body of people on the move was a possible threat . Clashes between the Company and ascetics ( edit ) When the Company 's forces tried to prevent the sannyasis and fakirs from entering the province or from collecting their money in the last three decades of the 18th century , fierce clashes often ensued , with the Company 's forces not always victorious . Most of the clashes were recorded in the years following the famine but they continued , albeit with a lesser frequency , up until 1802 . The reason that even with superior training and forces , the Company was not able to suppress sporadic clashes with migrating ascetics was that the control of the Company 's forces in the far - removed hilly and jungle covered districts like Birbhum and Midnapore on local events was weak . Legacy ( edit ) The Sannyasi rebellion was the first of a series of revolts and rebellions in the Western districts of the province including ( but not restricted to ) the Chuar Revolt of 1799 and the Santhal Revolt of 1855 -- 56 . What effect the Sannyasi Rebellion had on rebellions that followed is debatable . Perhaps , the best reminder of the Rebellion is in literature , in the Bengali novel Anandamath , written by India 's first modern novelist Bankim Chandra Chatterjee . The song , Vande Mataram , which was written in 1876 , was used in the book Anandamath in 1882 ( pronounced Anondomôţh in Bengali ) and the 1952 movie based on the book . Vande Mataram was later declared to be India 's National Song ( not to be confused with the Indian National Anthem ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lorenzen , D.N. ( 1978 ) . `` Warrior Ascetics in Indian History '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . American Oriental Society . 98 ( 1 ) : 617 -- 75 . doi : 10.2307 / 600151 . JSTOR 600151 . Jump up ^ Ghosh , Jamini Mohan ( 1930 ) . Sannyasi and fakir raiders in Bengal . Bengal Secretariat Book Depot . p. 47 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , P.J. ( 1987 ) . Bengal : the British Bridgehead . The New Cambridge History of India . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 25330 - 6 . Indian Independence Movement History Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo - Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo - Maratha Wars First Second Third Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo - Sikh War Second Anglo - Sikh War Sannyasi Rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophies and ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) Partition of Bengal ( 1947 ) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi - Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu -- German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-Cooperation Movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie - Begar Movement Chauri Chaura incident , 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani Bazaar massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi -- Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All - India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Party Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar Tehrik Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Social reformers A. Vaidyanatha Iyer Ayya Vaikundar Ayyankali B.R. Ambedkar Baba Amte Bal Gangadhar Tilak Dayananda Saraswati Dhondo Keshav Karve G. Subramania Iyer Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Gopal Hari Deshmukh Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar J.B. Kripalani Jyotirao Phule Kandukuri Veeresalingam Mahadev Govind Ranade Mahatma Gandhi Muthulakshmi Reddi Narayana Guru Niralamba Swami Pandita Ramabai Periyar E.V. Ramasamy Ram Mohan Roy Rettamalai Srinivasan Sahajanand Saraswati Savitribai Phule Shahu Sister Nivedita Sri Aurobindo Syed Ahmad Khan Vakkom Moulavi Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Vinoba Bhave Vitthal Ramji Shinde Vivekananda Independence activists Abul Kalam Azad Accamma Cherian Achyut Patwardhan A.K. Fazlul Huq Alluri Sitarama Raju Annapurna Maharana Annie Besant Ashfaqulla Khan Babu Kunwar Singh Bagha Jatin Bahadur Shah II Bakht Khan Bal Gangadhar Tilak Basawon Singh Begum Hazrat Mahal Bhagat Singh Bharathidasan Bhavabhushan Mitra Bhikaiji Cama Bhupendra Kumar Datta Bidhan Chandra Roy Bipin Chandra Pal C. Rajagopalachari Chandra Shekhar Azad Chetram Jatav Chittaranjan Das Dadabhai Naoroji Dayananda Saraswati Dhan Singh Dukkipati Nageswara Rao Gopal Krishna Gokhale Govind Ballabh Pant Har Dayal Hemu Kalani Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi Jatindra Mohan Sengupta Jatindra Nath Das Jawaharlal Nehru K. Kamaraj Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Khudiram Bose Shri Krishna Singh Lala Lajpat Rai M. Bhaktavatsalam M.N. Roy Mahadaji Shinde Mahatma Gandhi Mangal Pandey Mir Qasim Mithuben Petit ‎ Muhammad Ali Jauhar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari Nagnath Naikwadi Nana Fadnavis Nana Sahib P. Kakkan Prafulla Chaki Pritilata Waddedar Pritilata Waddedar Purushottam Das Tandon R. Venkataraman Rahul Sankrityayan Rajendra Prasad Ram Prasad Bismil Rani Lakshmibai Rash Behari Bose Sahajanand Saraswati Sangolli Rayanna Sarojini Naidu Satyapal Dang Shuja - ud - Daula Shyamji Krishna Varma Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Siraj ud - Daulah Subhas Chandra Bose Subramania Bharati Subramaniya Siva Surya Sen Syama Prasad Mukherjee Tara Rani Srivastava Tarak Nath Das Tatya Tope Tiruppur Kumaran Ubaidullah Sindhi VO Chidamabaram V.K. Krishna Menon Vallabhbhai Patel Vanchinathan Veeran Sundaralingam Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Virendranath Chattopadhyaya Yashwantrao Holkar Yogendra Shukla more British leaders Wavell Canning Cornwallis Irwin Chelmsford Curzon Ripon Minto Dalhousie Bentinck Mountbatten Wellesley Lytton Clive Outram Cripps Linlithgow Hastings Independence Cabinet Mission Annexation of French colonies in India Constitution Republic of India Indian annexation of Goa Indian Independence Act Partition of India Political integration Simla Conference Bengali renaissance People Sri Aurobindo Atul Prasad Sen Rajnarayan Basu Jagadish Chandra Bose Subhash Chandra Bose Satyendra Nath Bose Bethune Upendranath Brahmachari Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay Akshay Kumar Datta Henry Derozio Alexander Duff Michael Madhusudan Dutt Romesh Chunder Dutt Anil Kumar Gain Dwarkanath Ganguly Kadambini Ganguly Monomohun Ghose Ramgopal Ghosh Aghore Nath Gupta David Hare Kazi Nazrul Islam Eugène Lafont Ashutosh Mukherjee Kalikrishna Mitra Harish Chandra Mukherjee Ramakrishna Paramahamsa Gour Govinda Ray Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury Raja Ram Mohan Roy Meghnad Saha Akshay Chandra Sarkar Mahendralal Sarkar Brajendra Nath Seal Girish Chandra Sen Keshub Chandra Sen Haraprasad Shastri Debendranath Tagore Rabindranath Tagore Satyendranath Tagore Jnanadanandini Devi Sitanath Tattwabhushan Brahmabandhav Upadhyay Ram Chandra Vidyabagish Dwarkanath Vidyabhusan Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar Swami Vivekananda Paramahansa Yogananda Begum Rokeya Culture Adi Dharm Bengali literature Bengali poetry Bengali music Brahmo Samaj British Raj British Indian Association History of Bengal Nazrul geeti Rabindra Nritya Natya Rabindra Sangeet Sambad Prabhakar Socialism in Bengal Swadeshi Satyagraha Tattwabodhini Patrika Tagore family Bangiya Sahitya Parishad Young Bengal Institutions Anandamohan College Asiatic Society Banga Mahila Vidyalaya Bangabasi College Bethune College Bengal Engineering and Science University , Shibpur Calcutta Madrasah College Calcutta Medical College Fort William College General Assembly 's Institution Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya Hindu Theatre Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Midnapore College National Council of Education , Bengal Oriental Seminary Presidency College Ripon College Sanskrit College Scottish Church College Serampore College St. Xavier 's College , Kolkata Vidyasagar College Visva - Bharati University University of Calcutta University of Dhaka Other renaissance and revolutionary movements Bhakti movement Gaudiya Vaishnavism Brahmoism Fakir - Sannyasi rebellion Indian independence movement Kalighat painting Jugantar movement Bengal School of Art Hindu -- German Conspiracy Kallol Gananatya Andolan Bratachari movement Bengali Little Magazine Movement Parallel cinema Indian Communism Naxalism Hungryalism Prakalpana Movement Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fakir-Sannyasi_rebellion&oldid=831219447 '' Categories : Revolutionary movement for Indian independence History of Bengal Murshidabad district 18th century in British India Rebellions in India Wars involving India Wars involving the United Kingdom 18th - century conflicts 18th century in India Rebellions against the British Empire 18th - century rebellions Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from April 2012 Articles containing Bengali - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 19 March 2018 , at 12 : 52 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who was the famous leader of sanyasi and fakir insurgency	[]	[]
-1301901672263080845	Count Dracula	Count Dracula - wikipedia Count Dracula Jump to : navigation , search For the film , see Count Dracula ( 1970 film ) . For other uses , see Dracula ( disambiguation ) . Count Dracula Dracula character Bela Lugosi as Count Dracula in the 1931 film Dracula . Created by Bram Stoker Portrayed by See below Information Nickname ( s ) Evil Eye Ordog Pokol Stregoika Vrolok Vlkoslag D . Nosferatu Aliases Dracula Count De Ville Mr. De Ville Species Vampire Undead human Werewolf Gender Male Title Transylvanian Noble Voivode of Wallachia Solomonari Vampire King Spouse ( s ) Possibly Brides of Dracula ( unclear ) Nationality Székely Count Dracula is the title character of Bram Stoker 's 1897 gothic horror novel Dracula . He is considered to be both the prototypical and the archetypal vampire in subsequent works of fiction . He is also depicted in the novel to be the origin of werewolf legends . Some aspects of the character are believed to have been inspired by the 15th - century Wallachian Prince Vlad the Impaler , who was also known as Dracula . Other character aspects have been added or altered in subsequent popular fictional works . The character has subsequently appeared frequently in popular culture , from films to animated media to breakfast cereals . Contents ( hide ) 1 Stoker 's creation 1.1 Early life 1.2 Narrative 1.2. 1 Short story 1.2. 2 Novel 1.3 Characteristics 2 Powers and weaknesses 2.1 Shapeshifting 2.2 Vampirism 2.2. 1 Bloodletting 2.2. 2 Vampire 's Baptism of Blood 2.3 Limitations of his powers 2.4 Weaknesses 2.4. 1 Thirst 2.4. 2 Religious symbolism 2.4. 3 Death - sleep 2.5 Other abilities 3 Character development subsequent to the novel 4 Modern and postmodern analyses of the character 5 Screen portrayals 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Stoker 's creation ( edit ) Bram Stoker 's novel takes the form of an epistolary tale , in which Count Dracula 's characteristics , powers , abilities and weaknesses are narrated by multiple narrators , from different perspectives . Count Dracula is an undead , centuries - old vampire , and a Transylvanian nobleman who claims to be a Székely descended from Attila the Hun . He inhabits a decaying castle in the Carpathian Mountains near the Borgo Pass . Unlike the vampires of Eastern European folklore , which are portrayed as repulsive , corpse - like creatures , Dracula wears a veneer of aristocratic charm . In his conversations with Jonathan Harker , he reveals himself as deeply proud of his boyar heritage and nostalgic for the past , which he admits have become only a memory of heroism , honour and valour in modern times . Early life ( edit ) Details of his early life are obscure , but it is mentioned `` he was in life a most wonderful man . Soldier , statesman , and alchemist . Which latter was the highest development of the science knowledge of his time . He had a mighty brain , a learning beyond compare , and a heart that knew no fear and no remorse ... there was no branch of knowledge of his time that he did not essay . '' He studied the black arts at the academy of Scholomance in the Carpathian Mountains , overlooking the town of Sibiu ( also known as Hermannstadt ) and has a deep knowledge of alchemy and magic . Taking up arms , as befitting his rank and status as a voivode , he led troops against the Turks across the Danube . According to his nemesis Abraham Van Helsing , `` He must indeed have been that Voivode Dracula who won his name against the Turk , over the great river on the very frontier of Turkey - land . If it be so , then was he no common man : for in that time , and for centuries after , he was spoken of as the cleverest and the most cunning , as well as the bravest of the sons of the land beyond the forest . '' Dead and buried in a great tomb in the chapel of his castle , Dracula returns from death as a vampire and lives for several centuries in his castle with three terrifyingly beautiful female vampires beside him . Narrative ( edit ) Cover of Dracula 's Guest , a collection of short stories authored by Bram Stoker Short story ( edit ) In `` Dracula 's Guest '' , the narrative follows an unnamed Englishman traveller as he wanders around Munich before leaving for Transylvania . It is Walpurgis Night and the young Englishman foolishly leaves his hotel , in spite of the coachman 's warnings , and wanders through a dense forest alone . Along the way , he feels that he is being watched by a tall and thin stranger ( possibly Count Dracula ) . The short story climaxes in an old graveyard , where the Englishman encounters a sleeping female vampire called Countess Dolingen in a marble tomb with a large iron stake driven into it . This malevolent and beautiful vampire awakens from her marble bier to conjure a snowstorm before being struck by lightning and returning to her eternal prison . However , the Englishman 's troubles are not quite over , as he is dragged away by an unseen force and rendered unconscious . He awakens to find a `` gigantic '' wolf lying on his chest and licking at his throat ; however , the wolf merely keeps him warm and protects him until help arrives . When the Englishman is finally taken back to his hotel , a telegram awaits him from his expectant host Dracula , with a warning about `` dangers from snow and wolves and night '' . Novel ( edit ) As the Dracula novel begins in the late 19th century , Dracula acts on a long - contemplated plan for world domination , and infiltrates London to begin his reign of terror . He summons Jonathan Harker , a newly qualified English solicitor , to provide legal support for a real estate transaction overseen by Harker 's employer . Dracula at first charms Harker with his cordiality and historical knowledge , and even rescues him from the clutches of the three female vampires in the castle . In truth , however , Dracula merely wishes to keep Harker alive long enough to complete the legal transaction and to learn as much as possible about England . Dracula leaves his castle and boards a Russian ship , the Demeter , taking along with him 50 boxes of Transylvanian soil , which he needs in order to regain his strength and rest during daylight . During the voyage to Whitby , a coastal town in northern England , he sustains himself on the ship 's crew members . Only one body is later found , that of the captain , who is found tied up to the ship 's helm . The captain 's log is recovered and tells of strange events that had taken place during the ship 's journey . Dracula leaves the ship in the form of a dog . Soon the Count is menacing Harker 's fiancée , Wilhelmina `` Mina '' Murray , and her friend , Lucy Westenra . There is also a notable link between Dracula and Renfield , a patient in an insane asylum overseen by John Seward , who is compelled to consume insects , spiders , birds , and other creatures -- in ascending order of size -- in order to absorb their `` life force '' . Renfield acts as a kind of sensor , reacting to Dracula 's proximity and supplying clues accordingly . Dracula begins to visit Lucy 's bed chamber on a nightly basis , draining her of blood while simultaneously infecting her with the curse of vampirism . Not knowing the cause for Lucy 's deterioration , her three suitors - Seward , Arthur Holmwood and Quincey Morris - call upon Seward 's mentor , the Dutch doctor Abraham Van Helsing. Van Helsing soon deduces her condition 's supernatural origins , but does not speak out . Despite an attempt at keeping the vampire at bay with garlic , Dracula attacks Lucy 's house one final time , killing her mother and transforming Lucy herself into one of the undead . Harker escapes Dracula 's castle and returns to England , barely alive and deeply traumatized . On Seward 's suggestion , Mina seeks Van Helsing 's assistance in assessing Harker 's health . She reads his journal and passes it along to Van Helsing . This unfolds the first clue to the identity of Lucy 's assailant , which later prompts Mina to collect all of the events of Dracula 's appearance in news articles , saved letters , newspaper clippings and the journals of each member of the group . This assists the group in investigating Dracula 's movements and later discovering that Renfield 's behaviour is directly influenced by Dracula . They then discover that Dracula has purchased a residence just next door to Seward 's . The group gathers intelligence to track the location of Dracula for the purpose of destroying him . Max Schreck as Count Orlok , the first confirmed cinematic representation of Dracula ( in Nosferatu , 1922 ) . After the undead Lucy attacks several children , Van Helsing , Seward , Holmwood and Morris enter her crypt and destroy her to save her soul . Later , Harker joins them and the party work to discover Dracula 's intentions . Harker aids the party in tracking down the locations of the boxes to the various residences of Dracula and discovers that Dracula purchased multiple real estate properties ' over the counter ' throughout the North , South , East and West sides of London under the alias ' Count De Ville ' . Dracula 's main plan was to move each of his 50 boxes of earth to his various properties in order to arrange multiple lairs throughout and around the perimeter of London . The party pries open each of the graves , places wafers of Sacramental bread within each of them , and seals them shut . This deprives the Count of his ability to seek safety in those boxes . Dracula gains entry into Seward 's residence by coercing an invitation out of Renfield . As he attempts to enter the room in which Harker and Mina are staying , Renfield tries to stop him ; Dracula then mortally wounds him . With his dying breath , Renfield tells Seward and Van Helsing that Dracula is after Mina. Van Helsing and Seward discover Dracula biting Mina then forcing her to drink his blood . The group repel Dracula using crucifixes and sacramental bread , forcing Dracula to flee by turning into a dark vapor . The party continue to hunt Dracula to search for his remaining lairs . Although Dracula 's ' baptism ' of Mina grants him a telepathic link to her , it backfires when Van Helsing hypnotizes Mina and uses her supernatural link with Dracula to track him as he flees back to Transylvania . The heroes follow Dracula back to Transylvania , and in a climactic battle with Dracula 's gypsy bodyguards , finally destroy him . Despite the popular image of Dracula having a stake driven through his heart to kill him , Mina 's narrative describes his decapitation by Harker 's kukri while Morris simultaneously pierced his heart with a Bowie knife ( Mina Harker 's Journal , 6 November , Dracula Chapter 27 ) . His body then turns into dust , but not before Mina sees an expression of peace on his face . Characteristics ( edit ) Although early in the novel Dracula dons a mask of cordiality , he often flies into fits of rage when his plans are frustrated . When the three vampire women who live in his castle attempt to seduce Jonathan Harker , Dracula physically assaults one and ferociously berates them for their insubordination . He then relents and talks to them more kindly , telling them that he does indeed love each of them . He has an appreciation for ancient architecture , and when purchasing a home he prefers them to be aged , saying `` A new home would kill me '' , and that to make a new home habitable to him would take a century . Dracula is very proud of his warrior heritage , proclaiming his pride to Harker on how the Székely people are infused with the blood of heroes . He also expresses an interest in the history of the British Empire , speaking admiringly of its people . He has a somewhat primal and predatory worldview ; he pities ordinary humans for their revulsion to their darker impulses . He is not without human emotions , however ; he often says that he too can love . Though usually portrayed as having a strong Eastern European accent , the original novel only specifies that his spoken English is excellent , though strangely toned . His appearance varies in age . He is described early in the novel as thin , with a long white mustache , pointed ears and sharp teeth . It is also noted later in the novel ( Chapter 11 subsection `` The Escaped Wolf '' ) by a zookeeper who sees him that he has a hooked nose and a pointed beard with a streak of white in it . He is dressed all in black and has hair on his palms . Jonathan Harker described him as an old man , `` cruel looking '' and giving an effect of `` extraordinary pallor '' . When angered , the Count showed his true bestial nature , his blue eyes flaming red . I saw ... Count Dracula ... with red light of triumph in his eyes , and with a smile that Judas in hell might be proud of . -- Jonathan Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 4 As the novel progresses , Dracula is described as taking on a more and more youthful appearance . After Harker strikes him with a shovel , he is left with a scar on his forehead which he bears throughout the course of the novel . Dracula also possesses great wealth and having Gypsies in his homeland who are loyal to him as servants and protectors . Powers and weaknesses ( edit ) Count Dracula is portrayed in the novel using many different supernatural abilities , and is believed to have gained his abilities through dealings with the Devil . Chapter 18 of the novel describes many of the abilities , limitations and weaknesses of vampires and Dracula in particular . Dracula has superhuman strength which , according to Van Helsing , is equivalent to that of 20 strong men . He does not cast a shadow or have a reflection from mirrors . He is immune to conventional means of attack ; a sailor tries to stab him in the back with a knife , but the blade goes through his body as though it is air . Why Harker 's and Morris ' physical attacks are able to harm him in other parts of the book is never explained although it is noteworthy that the failed stabbing by the sailor occurred at night and the successful attacks were during daylight hours . The Count can defy gravity to a certain extent and possesses superhuman agility , able to climb vertical surfaces upside down in a reptilian manner . He can travel onto `` unhallowed '' ground such as the graves of suicides and those of his victims . He has powerful hypnotic , telepathic and illusionary abilities . He also has the ability to `` within limitations '' vanish and reappear elsewhere at will . If he knows the path , he can come out from anything or into anything regardless of how close it is bound even if it is fused with fire . He has amassed cunning and wisdom throughout centuries , and he is unable to die by the mere passing of time alone . He can command animals such as rats , owls , bats , moths , foxes and wolves . However , his control over these animals is limited , as seen when the party first enters his house in London . Although Dracula is able to summon thousands of rats to swarm and attack the group , Holmwood summons his trio of terriers to do battle with the rats . The dogs prove very efficient rat killers , suggesting they are Manchester terriers trained for that purpose . Terrified by the dogs ' onslaught , the rats flee and any control which Dracula had over them is gone . Dracula can also manipulate the weather and , within his range , is able to direct the elements , such as storms , fog and mist . Shapeshifting ( edit ) Dracula can shapeshift at will , able to grow and become small , his featured forms in the novel being that of a bat , a wolf , a large dog and a fog or mist . When the moonlight is shining , he can travel as elemental dust within its rays . He is able to pass through tiny cracks or crevices while retaining his human form or in the form of a vapour ; described by Van Helsing as the ability to slip through a hairbreadth space of a tomb door or coffin . This is also an ability used by his victim Lucy as a vampire . When the party breaks into her tomb , they dismantle the secured coffin to find it completely empty ; her corpse being no longer located within . Vampirism ( edit ) One of Dracula 's most mysterious powers is the ability to turn others into vampires by biting them . According to Van Helsing : When they become such , there comes with the change the curse of immortality ; they can not die , but must go on age after age adding new victims and multiplying the evils of the world . For all that die from the preying of the Un-dead become themselves Un-dead , and prey on their kind . And so the circle goes on ever widening , like as the ripples from a stone thrown in the water . Friend Arthur , if you had met that kiss which you know of before poor Lucy die , or again , last night when you open your arms to her , you would in time , when you had died , have become nosferatu , as they call it in Eastern Europe , and would for all time make more of those Un-Deads that so have filled us with horror . -- Dr. Seward 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 16 The vampire bite itself does not cause death . It is the method vampires use to drain blood of the victim and to increase their influence over them . This is described by Van Helsing : The Nosferatu do not die like the bees when they sting once . He is only stronger , and being stronger , have yet more power to work evil . -- Mina Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 18 Victims who are bitten by a vampire and do not die , are hypnotically influenced by them : Those children whose blood she suck are not yet so much worse ; but if she live on , Un-Dead , more and more lose their blood and by her power over them they come to her . -- Mina Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 18 Van Helsing later describes the aftermath of a bitten victim when the vampire has been killed : But if she die in truth , then all cease ; the tiny wounds of the throats disappear , and they go back to their plays unknowing of whatever has been . -- Mina Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 18 As Dracula slowly drains Lucy 's blood , she dies from acute blood loss and later transforms into a vampire , despite the efforts of Seward and Van Helsing to provide her with blood transfusions . He is aided by powers of necromancy and divination of the dead , that all who die by his hand may reanimate and do his bidding . Bloodletting ( edit ) Dracula requires no other sustenance but fresh human blood , which has the effect of rejuvenating him and allowing him to grow younger . His power is drawn from the blood of others , and he can not survive without it . Although drinking blood can rejuvenate his youth and strength , it does not give him the ability to regenerate ; months after being struck on the head by a shovel , he still bears a scar from the impact . Dracula 's preferred victims are women . Harker states that he believes Dracula has a state of fasting as well as a state of feeding . Dracula does state to Mina however that exerting his abilities caused a desire to feed . Vampire 's baptism of blood ( edit ) Count Dracula is depicted as the `` King Vampire '' , and can control other vampires . To punish Mina and the party for their efforts against him , Dracula bites her on at least three occasions . He also forces her to drink his blood ; this act curses her with the effects of vampirism and gives him a telepathic link to her thoughts . However , hypnotism was only able to be done before dawn . Van Helsing refers to the act of drinking blood by both the vampire and the victim `` the Vampire 's Baptism of Blood '' . `` you , their best beloved one , are now to me , flesh of my flesh , blood of my blood , kin of my kin , my bountiful wine - press for a while , and shall be later on my companion and my helper . You shall be avenged in turn , for not one of them but shall minister to your needs . But as yet you are to be punished for what you have done . You have aided in thwarting me . Now you shall come to my call . When my brain says ' Come ! ' to you , you shall cross land or sea to do my bidding . '' The effects changes Mina ' physically and mentally over time . A few moments after Dracula attacks her , Van Helsing takes a wafer of sacramental bread and places it on her forehead to bless her ; when the bread touches her skin , it burns her and leaves a scar on her forehead . Her teeth start growing longer but do not grow sharper . She begins to lose her appetite , feeling repulsed by normal food , begins to sleep more and more during the day ; can not wake unless at sunset and stops writing in her diary . When Van Helsing later crumbles the same bread in a circle around her , she is unable to cross or leave the circle , discovering a new form of protection . Dracula 's death can release the curse on any living victim of eventual transformation into vampire . However , Van Helsing reveals that were he to successfully escape , his continued existence would ensure that even if he did not victimize Mina further , she would transform into a vampire upon her eventual natural death . Limitations of his powers ( edit ) Dracula is much less powerful in daylight and is only able to shift his form at dawn , noon , and dusk ( he can shift his form freely at night or if he is at his grave ) . The sun is not fatal to him , as sunlight does not burn and destroy him upon contact , though most of his abilities cease . The sun that rose on our sorrow this morning guards us in its course . Until it sets to - night , that monster must retain whatever form he now has . He is confined within the limitations of his earthly envelope . He can not melt into thin air nor disappear through cracks or chinks or crannies . If he go through a doorway , he must open the door like a mortal . -- Johnathan Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 22 His power ceases , as does that all of all evil things , at the coming of the day . Only at certain times can he have limited freedom . If he be not at the place whither he is bound , he can only change himself at noon or exact sunrise or sunset . -- Mina Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 18 He is also limited in his ability to travel , as he can only cross running water at low or high tide . Due to this , he is unable to fly across a river in the form of a bat or mist or even by himself board a boat or step off a boat onto a dock unless he is physically carried over with assistance . He is also unable to enter a place unless invited to do so by someone of the household , even a visitor ; once invited , he can enter and leave the premises at will . Weaknesses ( edit ) Thirst ( edit ) Dracula has a bloodlust which he is seemingly unable to control . At the sight of blood he becomes enveloped in a demonic fury which is fueled by the need to feed . Other adaptations call this uncontrollable state ' the thirst ' . Religious symbolism ( edit ) There are items which afflict him to the point he has no power and can even calm him from his insatiable appetite for blood . He is repulsed by garlic , as well as sacred items and symbols such as crucifixes , and sacramental bread . at the instant I saw that the cut had bled a little , and the blood was trickling over my chin . I laid down the razor , turning as I did so half round to look for some sticking plaster . When the Count saw my face , his eyes blazed with a sort of demoniac fury , and he suddenly made a grab at my throat . I drew away and his hand touched the string of beads which held the crucifix . It made an instant change in him , for the fury passed so quickly that I could hardly believe that it was ever there . -- Jonathan Harker 's journal , Dracula , Chapter 2 Placing the branch of a wild rose upon the top of his coffin will render him unable to escape it ; a sacred bullet fired into the coffin could kill him so that he remain true - dead . Mountain Ash is also described as a form of protection from a vampire although the effects are unknown . This was believed to be used as protection against evil spirits and witches during the Victorian era . Death - sleep ( edit ) The state of rest to which vampires are prone during the day is described in the novel as a deathlike sleep in which the vampire sleeps open - eyed , is unable to awaken or move , and also may be unaware of any presence of individuals who may be trespassing . Dracula is portrayed as being active in daylight at least once in order to pursue a victim . Dracula also purchases many properties throughout London ' over the counter ' which shows that he does have the ability to have some type of presence in daylight . `` on a pile of newly dug earth , lay the Count ! He was either dead or asleep . I could not say which , for eyes were open and stony , but without the glassiness of death , and the cheeks had the warmth of life through all their pallor . The lips were as red as ever . But there was no sign of movement , no pulse , no breath , no beating of the heart . I bent over him , and tried to find any sign of life , but in vain ... I thought he might have the keys on him , but when I went to search I saw the dead eyes , and in them dead though they were , such a look of hate , though unconscious of me or my presence , that I fled from the place , and leaving the Count 's room by the window '' He requires Transylvanian soil to be nearby to him in a foreign land or to be entombed within his coffin within Transylvania in order to successfully rest ; otherwise , he will be unable to recover his strength . This has forced him to transport many boxes of Transylvanian earth to each of his residences in London . It should be noted however that he is most powerful when he is within his Earth - Home , Coffin - Home , Hell - Home , or any place unhallowed . Further , if Dracula or any vampire has had their fill in blood upon feeding , they will be caused to rest in this dead state even longer than usual . Other abilities ( edit ) While universally feared by the local people of Transylvania and even beyond , Dracula commands the loyalty of gypsies and a band of Slovaks who transport his boxes on their way to London and to serve as an armed convoy bringing his coffin back to his castle . The Slovaks and gypsies appear to know his true nature , for they laugh at Harker when he tries to communicate his plight , and betray Harker 's attempt to send a letter through them by giving it to the Count . Dracula seems to be able to hold influence over people with mental disorders , such as Renfield , who is never bitten but who worships Dracula , referring to him over the course of the novel as `` Master '' and `` Lord '' . Dracula also afflicts Lucy with chronic sleepwalking , putting her into a trance - like state that allows them not only to submit to his will but also seek him and satisfy his need to feed . Dracula 's powers and weaknesses vary greatly in the many adaptations . Previous and subsequent vampires from different legends have had similar vampire characteristics . Character development subsequent to the novel ( edit ) Main article : Dracula in popular culture Christopher Lee starred as Dracula in numerous British horror films produced by Hammer Films . Shown here is the 1958 film Dracula . It was Lee who fixed the image of the fanged vampire in popular culture . Dracula is one of the most famous characters in popular culture . He has been portrayed by more actors in more visual media adaptations of the novel than any other horror character . Actors who have played him include Max Schreck , Béla Lugosi , John Carradine , Christopher Lee , Francis Lederer , Denholm Elliott , Jack Palance , Louis Jourdan , Frank Langella , Klaus Kinski , Gary Oldman , Leslie Nielsen , George Hamilton , Keith - Lee Castle , Gerard Butler , Duncan Regehr , Richard Roxburgh , Marc Warren , Rutger Hauer , Stephen Billington , Thomas Kretschmann , Dominic Purcell , Luke Evans and Lon Chaney Jr ... In 2003 , Count Dracula , as portrayed by Lugosi in the 1931 film , was named as the 33rd greatest movie villain by the AFI . Gary Oldman as Dracula in Bram Stoker 's Dracula . The character is closely associated with the western cultural archetype of the vampire , and remains a popular Halloween costume . Count Dracula appears in Mad Monster Party ? voiced by Allen Swift . This version is shown to be wearing a monocle . Count Dracula is among the monsters that Baron Boris von Frankenstein invites to the Isle of Evil in order to show off the secret of total destruction and announce his retirement from the Worldwide Organization of Monsters . In Sesame Street , there is a character called Count von Count who was based on Bela Lugosi 's interpretation of Count Dracula and Jack Davis ' design for Dracula from Mad Monster Party ? . Count Dracula appears in Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( a `` prequel of sorts '' to Mad Monster Party ? ) voiced again by Allen Swift . He and his son are invited by Baron Henry von Frankenstein to attend the wedding of Frankenstein 's Monster and its mate at the Transylvania Astoria Hotel . Dracula is the primary antagonist of the Castlevania video game series and the main protagonist of the Lords of Shadow reboot series . Dracula appears as the lead character of Dracula the Un-dead , a novel by Stoker 's great - grand nephew Dacre presented as a sequel to the original . Count Dracula is the main character of the Hotel Transylvania franchise , voiced by Adam Sandler . Dracula , going by an inversion of his name , `` Alucard , '' serves as the main character of the anime and manga series Hellsing and Hellsing Ultimate where he serves Integra Hellsing , Abraham 's great - granddaughter , as an anti-vampire warrior devoted to the British Crown . Modern and postmodern analyses of the character ( edit ) Portrait of Vlad III Dracula . Already in 1958 , Cecil Kirtly proposed that Count Dracula shared his personal past with the historical Transylvanian - born Voivode Vlad III Dracula of Wallachia , also known as Vlad the Impaler or Vlad Țepeș . Following the publication of In Search of Dracula by Radu Florescu and Raymond McNally in 1972 , this supposed connection attracted much popular attention . This work argued that Bram Stoker based his Dracula on Vlad the Impaler . Historically , the name `` Dracula '' is the given name of Vlad Țepeș ' family , a name derived from a secret fraternal order of knights called the Order of the Dragon , founded by Sigismund of Luxembourg ( king of Hungary and Bohemia , and Holy Roman Emperor ) to uphold Christianity and defend the Empire against the Ottoman Turks . Vlad II Dracul , father of Vlad III , was admitted to the order around 1431 because of his bravery in fighting the Turks and was dubbed Dracul ( Dragon ) thus his son became Dracula ( son of the dragon ) . From 1431 onward , Vlad II wore the emblem of the order and later , as ruler of Wallachia , his coinage bore the dragon symbol . Stoker came across the name Dracula in his reading on Romanian history , and chose this to replace the name ( Count Wampyr ) that he had originally intended to use for his villain . However , some Dracula scholars , led by Elizabeth Miller , have questioned the depth of this connection as early as 1998 . They argue that Stoker in fact knew little of the historic Vlad III , Vlad the Impaler and that he used only the name `` Dracula '' and some miscellaneous scraps of Romanian history . As well , and there are no comments about Vlad III in the author 's working notes . While having a conversation with Jonathan Harker in Chapter 3 , Dracula refers to his own background , and these speeches show elements which Stoker directly copied from Wilkinson 's book . Stoker mentions the Voivode of the Dracula race who fought against the Turks after the defeat in the Battle of Kosovo , and was later betrayed by his brother , historical facts which unequivocally point to Vlad III , described as `` Voïvode Dracula '' by Wilkinson : Who was it but one of my own race who as Voivode crossed the Danube and beat the Turk on his own ground ? This was a Dracula indeed ! Woe was it that his own unworthy brother , when he had fallen , sold his people to the Turk and brought the shame of slavery on them ! Was it not this Dracula , indeed , who inspired that other of his race who in a later age again and again brought his forces over the great river into Turkey - land ; who , when he was beaten back , came again , and again , though he had to come alone from the bloody field where his troops were being slaughtered , since he knew that he alone could ultimately triumph ! ( Chapter 3 , pp. 19 ) The Count 's intended identity is later commented by Professor Van Helsing , referring to a letter from his friend Arminius : He must , indeed , have been that Voivode Dracula who won his name against the Turk , over the great river on the very frontier of Turkey - land . ( Chapter 18 , pp. 145 ) This indeed encourages the reader to identify the Count with the Voivode Dracula first mentioned by him in Chapter 3 , the one betrayed by his brother : Vlad III Dracula , betrayed by his brother Radu the Handsome , who had chosen the side of the Turks . But as noted by the Dutch author Hans Corneel de Roos , in Chapter 25 , Van Helsing and Mina drop this rudimentary connection to Vlad III and instead describe the Count 's personal past as that of `` that other of his race '' who lived `` in a later age '' . By smoothly exchanging Vlad III for a nameless double , Stoker avoided that his main character could be unambiguously linked to a historical person traceable in any history book . Similarly , the novelist did not want to disclose the precise site of the Count 's residence , Castle Dracula . As confirmed by Stoker 's own handwritten research notes , the novelist had a specific location for the Castle in mind while writing the narrative : an empty mountain top in the Transylvanian Kelemen Alps near the former border with Moldavia . Efforts to promote the Poenari Castle ( ca . 200 km away from the novel 's place of action near the Borgo Pass ) as the `` real Castle Dracula '' have no basis in Stoker 's writing ; Stoker did not know this building . Regarding the Bran Castle near Brașov , Stoker possibly saw an illustration of Castle Bran ( Törzburg ) in Charles Boner 's book on Transylvania . Although Stoker may have been inspired by its romantic appearance , neither Boner , nor Mazuchelli nor Crosse ( who also mention Terzburg or Törzburg ) associate it with Vlad III ; for the site of his fictitious Castle Dracula , Stoker preferred an empty mountain top . Furthermore , Stoker 's detailed notes reveal that the novelist was very well aware of the ethnic and geo - political differences between the `` Roumanians '' or `` Wallachs '' / `` Wallachians '' , descendants of the Dacians , and the Székelys or Szeklers , allies of the Magyars or Hungarians , whose interests were opposed to that of the Wallachians . In the novel 's original typewritten manuscript , the Count speaks of throwing off the `` Austrian yoke '' , which corresponds to the Szekler political point of view . This expression is crossed out , however , and replaced by `` Hungarian yoke '' ( as appearing in the printed version ) , which matches the historical perspective of the Wallachians . This has been interpreted by some to mean that Stoker opted for the Wallachian , not the Szekler interpretation , thus lending more consistency to the Romanian identity of his Count : although not identical with Vlad III , the Vampire is portrayed as one of the `` Dracula race '' . Screen portrayals ( edit ) Year Title Actor playing Dracula Notes 1921 Dracula 's Death Vanko ! Erik Vanko 1922 Nosferatu Schreck ! Max Schreck Renamed Count Orlok for legal reasons 1931.1 ! 1931 Dracula Lugosi ! Bela Lugosi 1931.2 ! 1931 Dracula Villar ! Carlos Villar Spanish version using Lugosi 's sets and a different cast and crew . 1943 Son of Dracula Chaney ! Lon Chaney , Jr . 1944 House of Frankenstein Carradine ! John Carradine 1945 House of Dracula Carradine ! John Carradine 1948 Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein Lugosi ! Bela Lugosi 1953 Drakula İstanbul'da Kaptan ! Atıf Kaptan 1958.1 ! 1958 Dracula Lee ! Christopher Lee 1958.2 ! 1958 return ! The Return of Dracula Lederer ! Francis Lederer 1966.1 ! 1966 Dracula : Prince of Darkness Lee ! Christopher Lee 1966.2 ! 1966 Billy the Kid vs Dracula Carradine ! John Carradine 1968.1 ! 1968 Dracula Has Risen from the Grave Lee ! Christopher Lee 1968.2 ! 1968 Dracula Elliott ! Denholm Elliott Episode of UK TV series Mystery and Imagination 1969 magic ! The Magic Christian Lee ! Christopher Lee 1970.1 ! 1970 Count Dracula Lee ! Christopher Lee 1970.2 ! 1970 Taste the Blood of Dracula Lee ! Christopher Lee 1970.3 ! 1970 One More Time Lee ! Christopher Lee 1970.4 ! 1970 Scars of Dracula Lee ! Christopher Lee 1971 Cuadecuc , vampir Lee ! Christopher Lee 1972.1 ! 1972 Blacula Macaulay ! Charles Macaulay 1972.2 ! 1972 Dracula A.D. 1972 Lee ! Christopher Lee 1972.3 ! 1972 Count Dracula 's Great Love Naschy ! Paul Naschy 1974.1 ! 1974 Dan Curtis ' Dracula Palance ! Jack Palance TV movie 1974.2 ! 1974 Blood for Dracula Kier ! Udo Kier 1974.3 ! 1974 Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires Forbes - Robertson ! John Forbes - Robertson 1976 Dracula and Son Lee ! Christopher Lee 1977 Count Dracula Jourdan ! Louis Jourdan 1979.1 ! 1979 Nosferatu the Vampyre Kinski ! Klaus Kinski Remake of Nosferatu ( 1922 ) with the novel 's character names restored . 1979.2 ! 1979 Cliffhangers Nouri ! Michael Nouri Episode : `` The Curse of Dracula '' 1979.3 ! 1979 Love at First Bite Hamilton ! George Hamilton 1979.4 ! 1979 Dracula Langella ! Frank Langella mons ! The Monster Squad Regehr ! Duncan Regehr Waxwork O'Keeffe ! Miles O'Keeffe Bram Stoker 's Dracula Oldman ! Gary Oldman 1995 Dracula : Dead and Loving It Nielsen ! Leslie Nielsen 2000.1 ! 2000 Dracula 2000 Butler ! Gerard Butler 2000.2 ! 2000 Buffy the Vampire Slayer Martin ! Rudolf Martin Episode : `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' Dracula , the Musical Hewitt ! Tom Hewitt 2004.1 ! 2004 Van Helsing Roxburgh ! Richard Roxburgh 2004.2 ! 2004 Blade : Trinity Purcell ! Dominic Purcell 2004.3 ! 2004 Dracula 3000 Kirkwood ! Langley Kirkwood 2005 bat ! The Batman vs. Dracula Stormare ! Peter Stormare Animated film 2006 Dracula Warren ! Marc Warren Television film 2006 - 2014 Young Dracula Castle ! Keith - Lee Castle TV series 2012.1 ! 2012 Dracula 3D Kretschmann ! Thomas Kretschmann 2012.2 ! 2012 Hotel Transylvania Sandler ! Adam Sandler Animated film 2013 Dracula Meyers ! Jonathan Rhys Meyers TV series 2014 Dracula Untold Evans ! Luke Evans 2015 Hotel Transylvania 2 Sandler ! Adam Sandler Animated film 2016 Penny Dreadful Camargo ! Christian Camargo TV series 2016 Welcome To Monster High Sorich ! Michael Sorich Animated Film 2017 Monster High : Electrified Sorich ! Michael Sorich Animated Film 2017 -- Present Monster High : The Adventures of the Ghoul Squad Sorich ! Michael Sorich Animated TV Series 2018 Hotel Transylvania 3 Sandler ! Adam Sandler Animated film See also ( edit ) Novels portal Fictional characters portal Horror fiction portal Elizabeth Báthory Carmilla Clinical vampirism List of fictional vampires List of horror film antagonists List of vampire traits in folklore and fiction Varney the Vampire Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . pp. 10 , 14 , 499 , 517 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 2 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 9 . ' Ordog ' -- Satan , ' Pokol ' -- hell , ' stregoica ' -- witch , ' vrolok ' and ' vlkoslak ' -- both mean the same thing , one being Slovak and the other Servian for something that is either werewolf or vampire . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 23 , Dr Seward 's Diary . p. 436 . ' Look out for D. He has just now , 12 : 45 , come from Carfax hurriedly and hastened towards the South . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Drracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 20 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal , LETTER , MITCHELL , SONS & CANDY TO LORD GODALMING , October 1st . p. 391 . The purchaser is a foreign nobleman , Count de Ville Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 6 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 500 . He had received a letter from Mr. de Ville of London Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . pp. 9 , 42 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula 's Guest ( PDF ) . p. 11 . A wolf -- and yet not a wolf ! '' another put in shudderingly . `` No use trying for him without the sacred bullet . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 2 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 35 . We Transylvanian nobles love not to think that our bones may lie amongst the common dead . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . pp. 43 , 344 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 18 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 344 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 27 , DR . VAN HELSING 'S MEMORANDUM , 5 November . p. 531 . DRACULA This then was the Undead home of the King Vampire , to whom so many more were due . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 3 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 42 . ' We Szekelys have a right to be proud , for in our veins flows the blood of many brave races who fought as the lion fights , for lordship . Here , in the whirlpool of European races , the Ugric tribe bore down from Iceland the fighting spirit which Thor and Wodin gave them , which their Berserkers displayed to such fell intent on the seaboards of Europe , aye , and of Asia and Africa too , till the peoples thought that the werewolves themselves had come . Jump up ^ Carol N. Senf `` Dracula : The Unseen Face in the Mirror '' in the Norton Critical Edition of Dracula ( 1997 ) by Bram Stoker , edited by Nina Auerbach and David J. Skal : 421 - 31 Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 23 . p. 434 . Jump up ^ Dracula Chapter 18 and Chapter 23 Jump up ^ Mina Harker 's Journal , 30 September , Dracula , Chapter 18 Jump up ^ Dracula Chapter 27 Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 20 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . pp. 373 , 374 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 20 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal , Letter , Mitchell , Sons , and Candy to Lord Godalming . p. 329 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 20 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . pp. 373 , 374 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 18 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 346 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 21 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 404,405,406 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 2 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 35 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 3 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 57 . ' Yes , I too can love . You yourselves can tell it from the past . Is it not so ? ^ Jump up to : Dracula , Chapter 2 Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula . Chapter 7 , Log of the Demeter , 3 August . p. 102 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 742008 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Dracula , Chapter 18 Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula . p. 303 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 742008 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 15 , Dr. Stweard 's Diary . pp. 281 , 282 . Taking the edge of the loose flange , he bent it back towards the foot of the coffin , and holding up the candle into the aperture , motioned to me to look . I drew near and looked . The coffin was empty . It was certainly a surprise to me , and gave me a considerable shock Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula . Chapter 10 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 174 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 18 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 341 . on the blood of the living . Even more , we have seen amongst us that he can even grow younger , that his vital faculties grow strenuous , and seem as though they refresh themselves when his special pabulum is plenty . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 21 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . pp. 411 -- 412 . I knew him at once from the description of the others ... I knew , too , the red scar on his forehead where Jonathan had struck him . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 15 , Westminster Gazette . pp. 252 -- 254 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 19 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 358 . and when I had seen him he was either in the fasting stage of his existence in his rooms or , when he was bloated with fresh blood , Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 21 , Dr. Seward 's Diary , 3 October . p. 412 . First , a little refreshment to reward my exertions . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 23 , Dr. Stweard 's Diary . p. 448 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch 20 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal . p. 376 . hypnotize before dawn Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . pp. 462 , 492 , 523 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 21 , Dr. Seward 's Diary . p. 413 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Ch. 27 , Mina Harker 's Journal , 6 November . p. 533 . But I could not eat , to even try to do so was repulsive to me , and much as I would have liked to please him , I could not bring myself to the attempt . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 27 , Memorandum by Abraham Van Helsing , 4 November . pp. 519 -- 527 . Jump up ^ Dracula , Chapter 3 , second page Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 4 , Johnathon Harker 's ournal . pp. 70 , 71 . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 18 , Doctor Seward 's Diary . p. 343 . Thus , whereas he can do as he will within his limit , when he have his earth - home , his coffin - home , his hell - home , the place unhallowed , as we saw when he went to the grave of the suicide at Whitby , still at other time he can only change when the time come . Jump up ^ Stoker , Bram . Dracula ( PDF ) . Chapter 22 , Johnathon Harker 's Journal , October 23 . p. 424 . The Count may come to Piccadilly earlier than we think . ' ' Not so ! ' said Van Helsing , holding up his hand . ' But why ? ' I asked . ' Do you forget , ' he said , with actually a smile , ' that last night he banqueted heavily , and will sleep late ? Jump up ^ J Gordon Melton ( 2010 ) . `` The Vampire Book : The Encyclopedia of the Undead '' . p. 247 . Visible Ink Press Jump up ^ `` Fangs for the memories : The A-Z of vampires '' ( October 31 , 2009 ) . The Independent . Jump up ^ Guinness World Records Experience Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Greatest Heroes & Villains '' . AFI. 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Dearden , Lizzie ( 20 May 2014 ) . `` Radu Florescu dead : Legacy of the Romanian ' Dracula professor ' remembered '' . The Independent . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Vlad III Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Berni , Simone ( 2016 ) . `` The Romanian Edition ( 1990 ) '' . Dracula by Bram Stoker The Mystery of The Early Editions . Translated by Bigliardi , Stefano . United States : Lulu Press . p. 67 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 326 - 62179 - 7 . Jump up ^ Cain , Jimmie E. ( 2006 ) . `` Notes -- Chapter Four '' . Bram Stoker and Russophobia : Evidence of the British Fear of Russia in Dracula and The Lady of the Shroud . Jefferson , N.C. : McFarland & Co. p. 182 . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 2407 - 9 . Jump up ^ Miller , Elizabeth ( 2005 ) . `` The Voivode and the Count '' . A Dracula Handbook . Philadelphia , PA : Xlibris . pp. 112 -- 113 . ISBN 1 - 4134 - 8095 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hans Corneel de Roos , The Dracula Maps , in : The Ultimate Dracula , Moonlake Editions , Munich , 2012 . Jump up ^ Charles Boner , Transylvania : Its Products and Its People . London : Longmans , 1865 . Referred to by Marius Crişan , The Models for Castle Dracula in Stoker 's Sources on Transylvania , Journal of Dracula Studies Nr 10 ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Hans Corneel de Roos , Stoker 's Vampire Trap : Vlad the Impaler and his Nameless Double , Linkoeping University Electronic Press , Linköping Electronic Articles in Computer and Information Science , ISSN 1401 - 9841 , Vol. 15 ( 2012 ) : no . 2 . 2012 , p. 7 . References ( edit ) Clive Leatherdale ( 1985 ) Dracula : the Novel and the Legend . Desert Island Books . Bram Stoker ( 1897 ) Dracula . Norton Critical Edition ( 1997 ) edited by Nina Auerbach and David J. Skal . Senf , Carol . Dracula : Between Tradition and Modernism ( Twayne , 1998 ) . Senf , Carol A. Bram Stoker . University of Wales Press , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Count Dracula on IMDb Bram Stoker Online Full text , PDF and audio versions of Dracula . Bram Stoker 's Dracula Characters Original novel Count Dracula Abraham Van Helsing Jonathan Harker Mina Harker Lucy Westenra Arthur Holmwood Dr. John Seward Quincey Morris Renfield Brides Other works Adri Nital Alucard Count Alucard Count Orlok Count von Count Doctor Sun Eva Hamilton Slade Janus Postmortem Turac Historical Vlad Călugărul Vlad the Impaler Vlad II Dracul Films Universal series Dracula ( 1931 English - language ) Drácula ( 1931 Spanish - language ) Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Hammer series Dracula ( 1958 ) The Brides of Dracula ( 1960 ) Dracula : Prince of Darkness ( 1966 ) Dracula Has Risen from the Grave ( 1968 ) Taste the Blood of Dracula ( 1970 ) Scars of Dracula ( 1970 ) Dracula A.D. 1972 ( 1972 ) The Satanic Rites of Dracula ( 1973 ) The Legend of the 7 Golden Vampires ( 1974 ) Dracula 2000 Dracula 2000 ( 2000 ) Dracula II : Ascension ( 2003 ) Dracula III : Legacy ( 2005 ) Parodies Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Batman Fights Dracula ( 1967 ) Blacula ( 1972 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Blood for Dracula ( 1974 ) Vampira ( 1974 ) Son of Dracula ( 1974 ) Dracula in the Provinces ( 1975 ) Dracula and Son ( 1976 ) Love at First Bite ( 1979 ) The Halloween That Almost Was n't ( 1979 ) Fracchia contro Dracula ( 1985 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Scooby - Doo ! and the Reluctant Werewolf ( 1988 ) Dracula : Dead and Loving It ( 1995 ) Monster Mash ( 1995 ) Monster Mash ( 2000 ) Zora the Vampire ( 2000 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Other Dracula 's Death ( 1921 ) Nosferatu ( 1922 ) The Return of the Vampire ( 1943 ) Drakula İstanbul'da ( 1953 ) Blood of Dracula ( 1957 ) The Return of Dracula ( 1958 ) Batman Dracula ( 1964 ) Billy the Kid Versus Dracula ( 1966 ) Dracula ( 1968 ) Blood of Dracula 's Castle ( 1969 ) Count Dracula ( 1970 ) Los Monstruos del Terror ( 1970 ) Cuadecuc , vampir ( 1971 ) Vampyros Lesbos ( 1971 ) Dracula vs. Frankenstein ( 1971 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1973 ) Count Dracula 's Great Love ( 1974 ) Count Dracula ( 1977 ) Dracula 's Dog ( 1978 ) Doctor Dracula ( 1978 ) Nosferatu the Vampyre ( 1979 ) Dracula ( 1979 ) Nocturna : Granddaughter of Dracula ( 1979 ) Dracula 's Widow ( 1988 ) To Die For ( 1989 ) Sundown : The Vampire in Retreat ( 1989 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1992 ) Nadja ( 1994 ) Shadow of the Vampire ( 2000 ) Dark Prince : The True Story of Dracula ( 2000 ) Dracula : Pages from a Virgin 's Diary ( 2002 ) Dracula ( 2002 ) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen ( 2003 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) Dracula 3000 ( 2004 ) The Vulture 's Eye ( 2004 ) Blade : Trinity ( 2004 ) The Batman vs. Dracula ( 2005 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula 's Curse ( 2006 ) Dracula ( 2006 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula 's Guest ( 2008 ) The Librarian : Curse of the Judas Chalice ( 2008 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Young Dracula ( 2011 ) Dracula Reborn ( 2012 ) Dracula 3D ( 2012 ) Saint Dracula 3D ( 2012 ) Dracula 2012 ( 2013 ) Dracula : The Dark Prince ( 2013 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Television Series Draculas ring ( 1978 ) Cliffhangers ( 1979 ) Drak Pack ( 1980 ) Count Duckula ( 1988 -- 1993 ) Dracula : The Series ( 1990 -- 1991 ) Little Dracula ( 1991 -- 1999 ) Ace Kilroy ( 2011 -- 2012 ) Young Dracula ( 2006 -- 2014 ) characters episodes Dracula ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Penny Dreadful ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Episodes `` Treehouse of Horror IV '' ( 1993 ) `` Treehouse of Horror XXI '' ( 2010 ) `` Buffy vs. Dracula '' ( 2000 ) Other novels The Dracula Tape and sequels ( 1975 -- 2002 ) Anno Dracula series ( 1992 -- present ) Anno Dracula The Bloody Red Baron Dracula Cha Cha Cha Dracula 's Guest and Other Weird Stories ( 1914 ) The Revenge of Dracula ( 1978 ) Little Dracula ( 1986 ) Dracula the Undead ( 1997 ) The Historian ( 2005 ) The Book of Renfield ( 2005 ) Bloodline ( 2005 ) Young Dracula and Young Monsters ( 2006 ) Fangland ( 2007 ) Dracula the Un-dead ( 2009 ) Plays Dracula ( 1924 ) Dracula ( 1995 ) Dracula ( 1996 ) Musicals Dracula ( Czech musical ) ( 1995 ) Dracula : A Chamber Musical ( 1997 ) Dracula , the Musical ( 2004 ) Dracula -- Entre l'amour et la mort ( 2006 ) Dracula : the Musical ( 2010 ) Dracula -- L'amour plus fort que la mort ( 2011 ) Comics The Tomb of Dracula Dracula ( Marvel Comics ) Dracula ( Dell Comics ) Dracula Lives Hellsing The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen Sword of Dracula Batman & Dracula : Red Rain Victorian Undead Wolves at the Gate X-Men : Apocalypse vs. Dracula Purgatori Video games The Count ( 1981 ) Ghost Manor ( 1983 ) Castlevania series 1986 -- present Dracula Dracula ( 1986 ) Dracula the Undead ( 1991 ) Dracula Hakushaku ( 1992 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1993 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( handheld ) ( 1993 ) Dracula Unleashed ( 1993 ) Dracula : Resurrection ( 2000 ) Dracula 2 : The Last Sanctuary ( 2000 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Dracula 3 : The Path of the Dragon ( 2008 ) Dracula : Origin ( 2008 ) Vampire Season Monster Defense ( 2012 ) Dracula 4 : The Shadow of the Dragon ( 2013 ) Dracula 5 : The Blood Legacy ( 2013 ) The Incredible Adventures of Van Helsing ( 2013 ) Drac 's Night Out ( unreleased ) Pinball Dracula ( 1979 ) Bram Stoker 's Dracula ( 1993 ) Monster Bash ( 1998 ) Other games The Fury of Dracula Castles Castle Dracula Bran Castle Poenari Castle Corvin Castle Albums Dracula Dracula 2000 Iubilaeum Anno Dracula 2001 Perfect Selection : Dracula Battle Transylvania Van Helsing Songs `` Love Song for a Vampire '' Audio dramas Legend of the Cybermen Related topics Dracula in popular culture Don Dracula Transylvanian Society of Dracula Dracula Society Dracula tourism Lugosi v. Universal Pictures `` Dracula / The Rose '' Universal Monsters Films Dracula Dracula ( English ) / ( Spanish ) ( 1931 ) Dracula 's Daughter ( 1936 ) Son of Dracula ( 1943 ) Remakes Dracula ( 1979 ) Dracula Untold ( 2014 ) Frankenstein Frankenstein ( 1931 ) Bride of Frankenstein ( 1935 ; character ) Son of Frankenstein ( 1939 ) The Ghost of Frankenstein ( 1942 ) Edgar Allan Poe Murders in the Rue Morgue ( 1932 ) The Black Cat ( 1934 ) The Raven ( 1935 ) The Black Cat ( 1941 ) The Mystery of Marie Roget ( 1942 ) Mummy ( Imhotep Kharis ) The Mummy ( 1932 ) The Mummy 's Hand ( 1940 ) The Mummy 's Tomb ( 1942 ) The Mummy 's Ghost The Mummy 's Curse ( 1944 ) Dark Universe The Mummy ( 2017 ) The Mummy The Mummy ( 1999 ) Returns ( 2001 ) Tomb of the Dragon Emperor ( 2008 ) Invisible Man The Invisible Man ( 1933 ) Returns The Invisible Woman ( 1940 ) Invisible Agent ( 1942 ) The Invisible Man 's Revenge ( 1944 ) Werewolves ( The Wolf Man ) Werewolf of London ( 1935 ) The Wolf Man ( 1941 ) She - Wolf of London ( 1946 ) The Wolfman ( 2010 remake ) Crossovers Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man ( 1943 ) House of Frankenstein ( 1944 ) House of Dracula ( 1945 ) Van Helsing ( 2004 ) Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein ( 1948 ) Killer , Boris Karloff ( 1949 ) Invisible Man ( 1951 ) Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde ( 1953 ) Mummy ( 1955 ) Ape Woman Captive Wild Woman ( 1943 ) Jungle Woman ( 1944 ) The Jungle Captive ( 1945 ) Inner Sanctum Mysteries Calling Dr. Death ( 1943 ) Weird Woman Dead Man 's Eyes ( 1944 ) The Frozen Ghost Strange Confession Pillow of Death ( 1945 ) Gill - man Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) Revenge of the Creature ( 1955 ) The Creature Walks Among Us ( 1956 ) Other films The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1923 ) The Cat and the Canary ( 1927 ) The Man Who Laughs ( 1928 ) The Last Warning The Last Performance ( 1929 ) The Cat Creeps La Voluntad del muerto ( 1930 ) The Old Dark House ( 1932 ) Secret of the Blue Room ( 1933 ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1935 ) The Invisible Ray ( 1936 ) Night Key ( 1937 ) The Phantom Creeps ( 1939 ) Phantom of the Opera The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) Phantom of the Opera ( 1943 ) Tower of London ( 1939 ) Black Friday ( 1940 ) Man Made Monster Horror Island ( 1941 ) The Mad Doctor of Market Street The Strange Case of Doctor Rx Night Monster ( 1942 ) The Mad Ghoul ( 1943 ) The Climax ( 1944 ) The Spider Woman Strikes Back Cat Creeps ( 1946 ) The Creeper House of Horrors ( 1946 ) The Brute Man ( 1946 ) The Strange Door ( 1951 ) The Black Castle ( 1952 ) It Came from Outer Space ( 1953 ) Tarantula Cult of the Cobra This Island Earth ( 1955 ) Curucu , Beast of the Amazon The Mole People ( 1956 ) The Incredible Shrinking Man The Deadly Mantis The Land Unknown The Monolith Monsters ( 1957 ) The Thing That Could n't Die Monster on the Campus ( 1958 ) Curse of the Undead ( 1959 ) The Leech Woman ( 1960 ) Tributes Boo ! ( 1932 ) Shock Theater ( 1957 ) Tales of Frankenstein ( 1958 ) The Munsters ( 1964 -- 66 ) Mad Monster Party ? ( 1967 ) Mad Mad Mad Monsters ( 1972 ) Young Frankenstein ( 1974 ) Monster Squad ( 1976 -- 77 ) Love at First Bite ( 1979 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) The Monster Squad ( 1987 ) Dracula : Dead and Loving It ( 1995 ) Van Helsing : The London Assignment ( 2004 ) House of the Wolf Man ( 2009 ) Monster High ( 2010 ) Hotel Transylvania ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Hotel Transylvania 2 ( 2015 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( 2017 -- present ) The Shape of Water ( 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania 3 : Summer Vacation ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Count_Dracula&oldid=815230231 '' Categories : Dracula Dracula characters Dracula in written fiction Fictional alchemists Fictional characters introduced in 1897 Fictional characters with weather abilities Fictional characters who can morph animal or plant forms Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional counts and countesses Fictional Hungarian people Fictional hypnotists and indoctrinators Fictional mass murderers Fictional shapeshifters Fictional telepaths Fictional vampires Cultural depictions of people Literary villains Characters in British novels of the 19th century Supervillains with their own comic book titles Video game bosses Artificial mythology Vlad the Impaler Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Use dmy dates from January 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Dansk Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 15 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	how did dracula become a vampire in the book	[ "Details of his early life are obscure, but it is mentioned \"he was in life a most wonderful man. Soldier, statesman, and alchemist. Which latter was the highest development of the science knowledge of his time. He had a mighty brain, a learning beyond compare, and a heart that knew no fear and no remorse... there was no branch of knowledge of his time that he did not essay.\"[14] He studied the black arts at the academy of Scholomance in the Carpathian Mountains, overlooking the town of Sibiu (also known as Hermannstadt) and has a deep knowledge of alchemy and magic.[15] Taking up arms, as befitting his rank and status as a voivode, he led troops against the Turks across the Danube. According to his nemesis Abraham Van Helsing, \"He must indeed have been that Voivode Dracula who won his name against the Turk, over the great river on the very frontier of Turkey-land. If it be so, then was he no common man: for in that time, and for centuries after, he was spoken of as the cleverest and the most cunning, as well as the bravest of the sons of the land beyond the forest.\"[16] Dead and buried in a great tomb in the chapel of his castle, Dracula returns from death as a vampire and lives for several centuries in his castle with three terrifyingly beautiful female vampires beside him.[17]" ]	[ "Dead and buried in a great tomb in the chapel of his castle, Dracula returns from death as a vampire" ]
2096892817338068911	Self-help group (finance)	Self - help group ( Finance ) - wikipedia Self - help group ( Finance ) Mobile self - help group banking in Uttar Pradesh , India A self - help group ( SHG ) is a village - based financial intermediary committee usually composed of 10 -- 20 local women or men . A mixed group is generally not preferred . Most self - help groups are located in India , though SHGs can be found in other countries , especially in South Asia and Southeast Asia . Members also make small regular savings contributions over a few months until there is enough money in the group to begin lending . Funds may then be lent back to the members or to others in the village for any purpose . In India , many SHGs are ' linked ' to banks for the delivery of micro-credit . Contents 1 Structure 2 Goals 3 NABARD 's ' SHG Bank Linkage ' program 4 Advantages of financing through SHGs 5 References Structure ( edit ) An SHG may be registered or unregistered . It typically comprises a group of micro entrepreneurs having homogeneous social and economic backgrounds , all voluntarily coming together to save regular small sums of money , mutually agreeing to contribute to a common fund and to meet their emergency needs on the basis of mutual help . They pool their resources to become financially stable , taking loans from the money collected by that group and by making everybody in that group self - employed . The group members use collective wisdom and peer pressure to ensure proper end - use of credit and timely repayment . This system eliminates the need for collateral and is closely related to that of solidarity lending , widely used by microfinance institutions . To make the bookkeeping simple , flat interest rates are used for most loan calculations . Goals ( edit ) Self - help groups are started by - governmental organizations ( GO ) that generally have broad anti-poverty agendas . Self - help groups are seen as instruments for goals including empowering women , developing leadership abilities among poor and the needy people , increasing school enrollments and improving nutrition and the use of birth control . In countries like India , SHGs bridge the gap between high - caste & low - caste members . Financial intermediation is generally seen more as an entry point to these other goals , rather than as a primary objective . This can hinder their development as sources of village capital , as well as their efforts to aggregate locally controlled pools of capital through federation , as was historically accomplished by credit unions . NABARD 's ' SHG bank Linkage ' program ( edit ) Many self - help groups , especially in India , under NABARD 's ' SHG Bank Linkage ' program , borrow from banks once they have accumulated a base of their own capital . This model has attracted attention as a possible way of delivering micro-finance services to poor populations that have been difficult to reach directly through banks or other institutions . `` By aggregating their individual savings into a single deposit , self - help groups minimize the bank 's transaction costs and generate an attractive volume of deposits . Through self - help groups the bank can serve small rural depositors while paying them a market rate of interest . '' NABARD estimates that there are 2.2 million SHGs in India , representing 33 million members , that have taken loans from banks under its linkage program to date . This does not include SHGs that have not borrowed . `` The SHG Banking Linkage Programme since its beginning has been predominant in certain states , showing spatial preferences especially for the southern region -- Andhra - Pradesh , Tamil Nadu , Kerala and Karnataka . These states accounted for 57 % of the SHG credits linked during the financial year 2005 -- 2006 . '' Advantages of financing through SHGs ( edit ) An economically poor individual gains strength as part of a group . Besides , financing through SHGs reduces transaction costs for both lenders and borrowers . While lenders have to handle only a triple SHG account instead of a large number of small - sized individual accounts , borrowers as part of an SHG minimise expenses on travel ( to and from the branch and other places ) for completing paper work and on the loss of workdays in canvassing for loans . Where successful , SHGs have significantly empowered poor people , especially women , in rural areas . SHGs have helped immensely in reducing the influence of informal lenders in rural areas . Many big corporate houses are also promoting SHGs at many places in India . SHGs help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral . Women can discuss their problem and find solutions for it . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ( Reserve Bank of India ) Archived 2008 - 05 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Stuart Rutherford . ' Self - help groups as microfinance providers : how good can they get ? ' mimeo , 1999 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Robert Peck Christen , N. Srinivasan and Rodger Voorhies , `` Managing to go down market : regulated financial institutions and the move into microsavings . '' In Madeline Hirschland ( ed . ) Savings Services for the Poor : An Operational Guide , Kumarian Press , Bloomfield , CT , 2005 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ EDA and APMAS Self - Help Groups in India : A Study of the Lights and Shades , CARE , CRS , USAID and GTZ , 2006 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Fouillet C. and Augsburg B. 2007 . `` Spread of the Self - Help Groups Banking Linkage Programme in India '' , International Conference on Rural Finance Research : Moving Results , held by FAO and IFAD , Rome , March 19 - 21 . Ghosh , S. ( 2014 ) ' Citizenship in Practice : Poverty Reduction and Self Help Groups ' , Journal of Asian and African Studies , Vol. 49 ( 4 ) , pp. 442 -- 456 . DOI : 10.1177 / 0021909613488351 ( Online ) . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Self-help_group_(finance)&oldid=856951183 '' Categories : Community development organizations Microfinance Poverty in Asia Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español ગુજરાતી ಕನ್ನಡ मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ தமிழ் اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 15 : 43 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia	what are self help groups explain how they work	[]	[]
-30423882939994278	One Thousand and One Nights	One Thousand and One Nights - wikipedia One Thousand and One Nights Jump to : navigation , search `` Arabian Nights '' redirects here . For other uses , see Arabian Nights ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see One Thousand and One Nights ( disambiguation ) . Cassim in the cave by Maxfield Parrish , 1909 , from the story Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves Part of a series on Arab culture Architecture ( show ) Styles Architecture of ancient Yemen Nabataean architecture Umayyad architecture Abbasid architecture Fatimid architecture Moorish architecture Mamluk architecture Features Ablaq Hypostyle Mashrabiya Iwan Liwan Riwaq Qadad Moroccan riad Sahn Tadelakt Vaulting Voussoir Multifoil arch Horseshoe arch Arabic dome Alfiz Arabesque Banna'i Girih Islamic calligraphy Islamic geometric patterns Islamic interlace patterns Mocárabe Muqarnas Nagash painting Socarrat Yeseria Zellige Reflecting pool Howz Mosaic Windcatcher Gardens Types Madrasa Maqam Mazar Mosque Tekyeh Zawiya Sebil Shadirvan Bazaar Caravanserai Dar al - Shifa Kasbah Medina quarter Souq Hammam Well house Albarrana tower Alcazaba Alcázar Bab Qalat Ribat art ( show ) Styles Art of ancient Yemen Nabataean art Umayyad art Abbasid art Moorish art Fatimid art Mamluk art Types Arabic calligraphy Arabic miniature Arabic pottery Arabic embroidery Arabic hardstone carving Arabic ivory carving Arabic Metalwork Palestinian wood carving Arabic garden Arabic glass Arab carpet Arabic graffiti Features Arabic geometric patterns Arabic interlace patterns Arabesque Girih tiles Pseudo-Arabic Damask Kiswah Banna'i Zellige Mocárabe Muqarnas Damascus steel Hedwig glass Gastronomy ( show ) Khalij ( Arabian Peninsula ) Mashriq ( Levant ) Arab Mawsit ( Egypt ) Arab Maghrib ( North Africa ) Dress ( show ) Headwear Keffiyeh Agal Taqiyah Tarboush ( fez ) Turban Litham Tantour Battoulah Madhalla Haik Clothing Thawb Bisht Jellabiya Abaya Bedlah Sirwal Kaftan Djellaba Takchita Burnous Izaar Fouta towel Macawis Robe of honour Durra'ah Tiraz Music ( show ) Theory Arabic maqam Arab tone system Rhythm in Arabian music Taqsim Jins Lazma Teslim Quarter tone Algerian scale Arabic musical instruments Arabic music theorists Great Book of Music Genres Arabic pop Arabic hip hop Arabic rock Arabic jazz Classical Arab music Opera Al Jeel Khaliji Raï Art music Taqsim Andalusian classical music Muwashshah Andalusi nubah Malhun Qudud Halabiya Maqam al - 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' Uzzá Al - Lat Manāt Dushara Chaabou Manaf Nuha Al - Kutbay Asira Awal Azizos Bajir Quzah Manāt Manāt A'ra Abgal Aglibol Allah Al - Qaum Atarsamain Baalshamin Bēl Hubal Suwa ' Theandrios Wadd Malakbel Orotalt Ruda Sa 'd Yarhibol Isāf and Nā'ila South Arabian deities Almaqah Amm Anbay Athtar Salman Dhat - Badan Haubas Ta'lab Qaynan Basamum Dhul Khalasa Haukim Nasr Sīn Ya'uq Yaghūth Yatha One Thousand and One Nights ( Arabic : أَلْف لَيْلَة وَلَيْلَة ‎ ʾAlf layla wa - layla ) is a collection of Middle Eastern folk tales compiled in Arabic during the Islamic Golden Age . It is often known in English as the Arabian Nights , from the first English - language edition ( 1706 ) , which rendered the title as The Arabian Nights ' Entertainment . The work was collected over many centuries by various authors , translators , and scholars across West , Central , and South Asia and North Africa . The tales themselves trace their roots back to ancient and medieval Arabic , Greek , Indian , Jewish , Persian and Turkish folklore and literature . In particular , many tales were originally folk stories from the Abbasid era , while others , especially the frame story , are most probably drawn from the Pahlavi Persian work Hezār Afsān ( Persian : هزار افسان ‎ , lit . A Thousand Tales ) , which in turn relied partly on Indian elements . What is common throughout all the editions of the Nights is the initial frame story of the ruler Shahryār and his wife Scheherazade and the framing device incorporated throughout the tales themselves . The stories proceed from this original tale ; some are framed within other tales , while others begin and end of their own accord . Some editions contain only a few hundred nights , while others include 1,001 or more . The bulk of the text is in prose , although verse is occasionally used for songs and riddles and to express heightened emotion . Most of the poems are single couplets or quatrains , although some are longer . Some of the stories commonly associated with The Nights , in particular `` Aladdin 's Wonderful Lamp '' , `` Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves '' , and `` The Seven Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor '' , were not part of The Nights in its original Arabic versions but were added to the collection by Antoine Galland and other European translators . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 History : versions and translations 2.1 Similar literature of Indian origins 2.2 Persian prototype : Hezār Afsān 2.3 Arabic versions 2.4 Modern translations 2.5 Timeline 3 Literary themes and techniques 3.1 Frame story 3.2 Embedded narrative 3.3 Dramatic visualization 3.4 Fate and destiny 3.5 Foreshadowing 3.6 Repetition 3.7 Sexual humour 3.8 Unreliable narrator 3.9 Crime fiction elements 3.10 Horror fiction elements 3.11 Fantasy and science fiction elements 3.12 Poetry 4 In world culture 4.1 In Arabic culture 4.2 Possible early influence on European literature 4.3 Western literature from the 18th century onwards 4.4 Cinema 4.5 Music 4.5. 1 Classical 4.5. 2 Pop and Rock 4.6 Video games 4.7 Illustrators 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 Sources 9 Further reading 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) See also : List of stories within One Thousand and One Nights and List of characters within One Thousand and One Nights Scheherazade and Shahryār by Ferdinand Keller , 1880 The main frame story concerns Shahryār ( Arabic : شهريار ‎ , from Middle Persian šahr - dār , lit . `` holder of realm '' ) , whom the narrator calls a `` Sasanian king '' ruling in `` India and China '' . He is shocked to learn that his brother 's wife is unfaithful ; discovering that his own wife 's infidelity has been even more flagrant , he has her killed . In his bitterness and grief , he decides that all women are the same . Shahryār begins to marry a succession of virgins only to execute each one the next morning , before she has a chance to dishonour him . Eventually the vizier , whose duty it is to provide them , can not find any more virgins . Scheherazade ( Arabic : شهرزاد ‎ , from Middle Persian čehr / lineage + āzād / noble ) , the vizier 's daughter , offers herself as the next bride and her father reluctantly agrees . On the night of their marriage , Scheherazade begins to tell the king a tale , but does not end it . The king , curious about how the story ends , is thus forced to postpone her execution in order to hear the conclusion . The next night , as soon as she finishes the tale , she begins ( and only begins ) a new one , and the king , eager to hear the conclusion of this tale , postpones her execution once again . This goes on for 1,001 nights . The tales vary widely : they include historical tales , love stories , tragedies , comedies , poems , burlesques , and various forms of erotica . Numerous stories depict jinns , ghouls , apes , sorcerers , magicians , and legendary places , which are often intermingled with real people and geography , not always rationally . Common protagonists include the historical Abbasid caliph Harun al - Rashid , his Grand Vizier , Jafar al - Barmaki , and the famous poet Abu Nuwas , despite the fact that these figures lived some 200 years after the fall of the Sassanid Empire , in which the frame tale of Scheherazade is set . Sometimes a character in Scheherazade 's tale will begin telling other characters a story of his own , and that story may have another one told within it , resulting in a richly layered narrative texture . An Abbasid manuscript of the One Thousand and One Nights The different versions have different individually detailed endings ( in some Scheherazade asks for a pardon , in some the king sees their children and decides not to execute his wife , in some other things happen that make the king distracted ) but they all end with the king giving his wife a pardon and sparing her life . The narrator 's standards for what constitutes a cliffhanger seem broader than in modern literature . While in many cases a story is cut off with the hero in danger of losing his life or another kind of deep trouble , in some parts of the full text Scheherazade stops her narration in the middle of an exposition of abstract philosophical principles or complex points of Islamic philosophy , and in one case during a detailed description of human anatomy according to Galen -- and in all these cases turns out to be justified in her belief that the king 's curiosity about the sequel would buy her another day of life . History : versions and translations ( edit ) The history of the Nights is extremely complex and modern scholars have made many attempts to untangle the story of how the collection as it currently exists came about . Robert Irwin summarises their findings : `` In the 1880s and 1890s a lot of work was done on the Nights by Zotenberg and others , in the course of which a consensus view of the history of the text emerged . Most scholars agreed that the Nights was a composite work and that the earliest tales in it came from India and Persia . At some time , probably in the early 8th century , these tales were translated into Arabic under the title Alf Layla , or ' The Thousand Nights ' . This collection then formed the basis of The Thousand and One Nights . The original core of stories was quite small . Then , in Iraq in the 9th or 10th century , this original core had Arab stories added to it -- among them some tales about the Caliph Harun al - Rashid . Also , perhaps from the 10th century onwards , previously independent sagas and story cycles were added to the compilation ( ... ) Then , from the 13th century onwards , a further layer of stories was added in Syria and Egypt , many of these showing a preoccupation with sex , magic or low life . In the early modern period yet more stories were added to the Egyptian collections so as to swell the bulk of the text sufficiently to bring its length up to the full 1,001 nights of storytelling promised by the book 's title . '' Similar literature of Indian origins ( edit ) Devices found in Sanskrit literature such as frame stories and animal fables are seen by some scholars as lying at the root of the conception of the Nights . The motif of the wise young woman who delays and finally removes an impending danger by telling stories has been traced back to Indian sources . Indian folklore is represented in the Nights by certain animal stories , which reflect influence from ancient Sanskrit fables . The influence of the Panchatantra and Baital Pachisi is particularly notable . The Jataka Tales are a collection of 547 Buddhist stories , which are for the most part moral stories with an ethical purpose . The Tale of the Bull and the Ass and the linked Tale of the Merchant and his Wife are found in the frame stories of both the Jataka and the Nights . It is possible that the influence of the Panchatantra is via a Sanskrit adaptation called the Tantropakhyana . Only fragments of the original Sanskrit form of this work exist , but translations or adaptations exist in Tamil , Lao , Thai and Old Javanese . The frame story is particularly interesting , as it follows the broad outline of a concubine telling stories in order to maintain the interest and favour of a king -- although the basis of the collection of stories is from the Panchatantra -- with its original Indian setting . The Panchatantra and various tales from Jatakas were first translated into Persian by Borzūya in 570 CE , they were later translated into Arabic by Ibn al - Muqaffa in 750 CE . The Arabic version was translated into several languages , including Syriac , Greek , Hebrew and Spanish . Persian prototype : Hezār Afsān ( edit ) A page from Kelileh va Demneh dated 1429 , from Herat , a Persian version of the Panchatantra -- depicts the manipulative jackal - vizier , Dimna , trying to lead his lion - king into war . The earliest mentions of the Nights refer to it as an Arabic translation from a Persian book , Hezār Afsān ( or Afsaneh or Afsana ) , meaning `` The Thousand Stories '' . In the 10th century Ibn al - Nadim compiled a catalogue of books ( the `` Fihrist '' ) in Baghdad . He noted that the Sassanid kings of Iran enjoyed `` evening tales and fables '' . Al - Nadim then writes about the Persian Hezār Afsān , explaining the frame story it employs : a bloodthirsty king kills off a succession of wives after their wedding night ; finally one concubine had the intelligence to save herself by telling him a story every evening , leaving each tale unfinished until the next night so that the king would delay her execution . In the same century Al - Masudi also refers to the Hezār Afsān , saying the Arabic translation is called Alf Khurafa ( `` A Thousand Entertaining Tales '' ) but is generally known as Alf Layla ( `` A Thousand Nights '' ) . He mentions the characters Shirāzd ( Scheherazade ) and Dināzād . No physical evidence of the Hezār Afsān has survived ; so its exact relationship with the existing later Arabic versions remains a mystery . Apart from the Scheherazade frame story , several other tales have Persian origins , although it is unclear how they entered the collection . These stories include the cycle of `` King Jali'ad and his Wazir Shimas '' and `` The Ten Wazirs or the History of King Azadbakht and his Son '' ( derived from the 7th - century Persian Bakhtiyārnāma ) . In the 1950s , the Iraqi scholar Safa Khulusi suggested ( on internal rather than historical evidence ) that the Persian writer Ibn al - Muqaffa ' may have been responsible for the first Arabic translation of the frame story and some of the Persian stories later incorporated into the Nights . This would place genesis of the collection in the 8th century . Arabic versions ( edit ) The story of Princess Parizade and the Magic Tree by Maxfield Parrish . In the mid-20th century , the scholar Nabia Abbott found a document with a few lines of an Arabic work with the title The Book of the Tale of a Thousand Nights , dating from the 9th century . This is the earliest known surviving fragment of the Nights . The first reference to the Arabic version under its full title The One Thousand and One Nights appears in Cairo in the 12th century . Professor Dwight Reynolds describes the subsequent transformations of the Arabic version : Some of the earlier Persian tales may have survived within the Arabic tradition altered such that Arabic Muslim names and new locations were substituted for pre-Islamic Persian ones , but it is also clear that whole cycles of Arabic tales were eventually added to the collection and apparently replaced most of the Persian materials . One such cycle of Arabic tales centres around a small group of historical figures from 9th - century Baghdad , including the caliph Harun al - Rashid ( died 809 ) , his vizier Jafar al - Barmaki ( d. 803 ) and the licentious poet Abu Nuwas ( d.c. 813 ) . Another cluster is a body of stories from late medieval Cairo in which are mentioned persons and places that date to as late as the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries . Two main Arabic manuscript traditions of the Nights are known : the Syrian and the Egyptian . The Syrian tradition includes the oldest manuscripts ; these versions are also much shorter and include fewer tales . It is represented in print by the so - called Calcutta I ( 1814 -- 1818 ) and most notably by the Leiden edition ( 1984 ) , which is based above all on the Galland manuscript . It is believed to be the purest expression of the style of the mediaeval Arabian Nights . Texts of the Egyptian tradition emerge later and contain many more tales of much more varied content ; a much larger number of originally independent tales have been incorporated into the collection over the centuries , most of them after the Galland manuscript was written , and were being included as late as in the 18th and 19th centuries , perhaps in order to attain the eponymous number of 1001 nights . The final product of this tradition , the so - called Zotenberg Egyptian Recension , does contain 1001 nights and is reflected in print , with slight variations , by the editions known as the Bulaq ( 1835 ) and the Macnaghten or Calcutta II ( 1839 -- 1842 ) . All extant substantial versions of both recensions share a small common core of tales , namely : The Merchant and the Genie ; The Fisherman and the Genie ; The Porter and the Three Ladies ; The Three Apples Nur al - Din Ali and Shams al - Din ( and Badr al - Din Hasan ) ; The Hunchback cycle ; Nur al - Din Ali and Anis al - Jalis ; and Ali Ibn Bakkar and Shams al - Nahar The texts of the Syrian recension do not contain much beside that core . It is debated which of the Arabic recensions is more `` authentic '' and closer to the original : the Egyptian ones have been modified more extensively and more recently , and scholars such as Muhsin Mahdi have suspected that this may have been caused in part by European demand for a `` complete version '' ; but it appears that this type of modification has been common throughout the history of the collection , and independent tales have always been added to it . Modern translations ( edit ) Main article : Translations of One Thousand and One Nights Sinbad the sailor and Ali Baba and the forty thieves by William Strang , 1896 The first European version ( 1704 -- 1717 ) was translated into French by Antoine Galland from an Arabic text of the Syrian recension and other sources . This 12 - volume work , Les Mille et une nuits , contes arabes traduits en français ( `` Thousand and one nights , Arab stories translated into French '' ) , included stories that were not in the original Arabic manuscript . `` Aladdin 's Lamp '' , `` Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves '' and `` The Seven Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor '' ( as well as several other , lesser known tales ) appeared first in Galland 's translation and can not be found in any of the original manuscripts . He wrote that he heard them from a Syrian Christian storyteller from Aleppo , a Maronite scholar whom he called `` Hanna Diab . '' Galland 's version of the Nights was immensely popular throughout Europe , and later versions were issued by Galland 's publisher using Galland 's name without his consent . As scholars were looking for the presumed `` complete '' and `` original '' form of the Nights , they naturally turned to the more voluminous texts of the Egyptian recension , which soon came to be viewed as the `` standard version '' . The first translations of this kind , such as that of Edward Lane ( 1840 , 1859 ) , were bowdlerized . Unabridged and unexpurgated translations were made , first by John Payne , under the title The Book of the Thousand Nights and One Night ( 1882 , nine volumes ) , and then by Sir Richard Francis Burton , entitled The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night ( 1885 , ten volumes ) -- the latter was , according to some assessments , partially based on the former , leading to charges of plagiarism . In view of the sexual imagery in the source texts ( which Burton even emphasized further , especially by adding extensive footnotes and appendices on Oriental sexual mores ) and the strict Victorian laws on obscene material , both of these translations were printed as private editions for subscribers only , rather than published in the usual manner . Burton 's original 10 volumes were followed by a further six ( seven in the Baghdad Edition and perhaps others ) entitled The Supplemental Nights to the Thousand Nights and a Night , which were printed between 1886 and 1888 . It has , however , been criticized for its `` archaic language and extravagant idiom '' and `` obsessive focus on sexuality '' ( and has even been called an `` eccentric ego - trip '' and a `` highly personal reworking of the text '' ) . Later versions of the Nights include that of the French doctor J.C. Mardrus , issued from 1898 to 1904 . It was translated into English by Powys Mathers , and issued in 1923 . Like Payne 's and Burton 's texts , it is based on the Egyptian recension and retains the erotic material , indeed expanding on it , but it has been criticized for inaccuracy . A notable recent version , which reverts to the Syrian recension , is a critical edition based on the 14th or 15th - century Syrian manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale , originally used by Galland . This version , known as the Leiden text , was compiled in Arabic by Muhsin Mahdi ( 1984 ) and rendered into English by Husain Haddawy ( 1990 ) . Mahdi argued that this version is the earliest extant one ( a view that is largely accepted today ) and that it reflects most closely a `` definitive '' coherent text ancestral to all others that he believed to have existed during the Mamluk period ( a view that remains contentious ) . Still , even scholars who deny this version the exclusive status of `` the only real Arabian Nights '' recognize it as being the best source on the original style and linguistic form of the mediaeval work and praise the Haddawy translation as `` very readable '' and `` strongly recommended for anyone who wishes to taste the authentic flavour of those tales '' . An additional second volume of Arabian nights translated by Haddawy , composed of popular tales not present in the Leiden edition , was published in 1995 . In 2008 a new English translation was published by Penguin Classics in three volumes . It is translated by Malcolm C. Lyons and Ursula Lyons with introduction and annotations by Robert Irwin . This is the first complete translation of the Macnaghten or Calcutta II edition ( Egyptian recension ) since Burton 's . It contains , in addition to the standard text of 1001 Nights , the so - called `` orphan stories '' of Aladdin and Ali Baba as well as an alternative ending to The seventh journey of Sindbad from Antoine Galland 's original French . As the translator himself notes in his preface to the three volumes , `` ( N ) o attempt has been made to superimpose on the translation changes that would be needed to ' rectify ' ... accretions , ... repetitions , non sequiturs and confusions that mark the present text , '' and the work is a `` representation of what is primarily oral literature , appealing to the ear rather than the eye '' . The Lyons translation includes all the poetry ( in plain prose paraphrase ) but does not attempt to reproduce in English the internal rhyming of some prose sections of the original Arabic . Moreover , it streamlines somewhat and has cuts . In this sense it is not , as claimed , a complete translation . Timeline ( edit ) Arabic manuscript of The Thousand and One Nights dating back to the 14th century Scholars have assembled a timeline concerning the publication history of The Nights : One of the oldest Arabic manuscript fragments from Syria ( a few handwritten pages ) dating to the early 9th century . Discovered by scholar Nabia Abbott in 1948 , it bears the title Kitab Hadith Alf Layla ( `` The Book of the Tale of the Thousand Nights '' ) and the first few lines of the book in which Dinazad asks Shirazad ( Scheherazade ) to tell her stories . 10th century : Mention of Hezār Afsān in Ibn al - Nadim 's `` Fihrist '' ( Catalogue of books ) in Baghdad . He attributes a pre-Islamic Sassanian Persian origin to the collection and refers to the frame story of Scheherazade telling stories over a thousand nights to save her life . However , according to al - Nadim , the book contains only 200 stories . Curiously , al - Nadim also writes disparagingly of the collection 's literary quality , observing that `` it is truly a coarse book , without warmth in the telling '' . 10th century : Reference to The Thousand Nights , an Arabic translation of the Persian Hezār Afsān ( `` Thousand Stories '' ) , in Muruj Al - Dhahab ( The Meadows of Gold ) by Al - Masudi . 11th century : Mention of The Nights by Qatran Tabrizi in the following couplet in Persian : هزار ره صفت هفت خوان و رويين دژ فرو شنيدم و خواندم من از هزار افسان A thousand times , accounts of Rouyin Dezh and Haft Khān I heard and read from Hezār Afsān ( literally Thousand Fables ) 12th century : A document from Cairo refers to a Jewish bookseller lending a copy of The Thousand and One Nights ( this is the first appearance of the final form of the title ) . 14th century : Existing Syrian manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris ( contains about 300 tales ) . 1704 : Antoine Galland 's French translation is the first European version of The Nights . Later volumes were introduced using Galland 's name though the stories were written by unknown persons at the behest of the publisher wanting to capitalize on the popularity of the collection . 1706 : An anonymously translated version in English appears in Europe dubbed the `` Grub Street '' version . This is entitled The Arabian Nights ' Entertainment -- the first known use of the common English title of the work . 1768 : first Polish translation , 12 volumes . Based , as many European on the French translation . 1775 : Egyptian version of The Nights called `` ZER '' ( Hermann Zotenberg 's Egyptian Recension ) with 200 tales ( no surviving edition exists ) . 1814 : Calcutta I , the earliest existing Arabic printed version , is published by the British East India Company . A second volume was released in 1818 . Both had 100 tales each . Early 19th century : Modern Persian translations of the text are made , variously under the title Alf leile va leile , Hezār - o yek šhab ( هزار و یک شب ) , or , in distorted Arabic , Alf al - leil . One early extant version is that illustrated by Sani al - Molk ( 1814 -- 1866 ) for Mohammad Shah Qajar . 1825 -- 1838 : The Breslau / Habicht edition is published in Arabic in 8 volumes . Christian Maximilian Habicht ( born in Breslau , Kingdom of Prussia , 1775 ) collaborated with the Tunisian Murad Al - Najjar and created this edition containing 1001 stories . Using versions of The Nights , tales from Al - Najjar , and other stories from unknown origins Habicht published his version in Arabic and German . 1842 -- 1843 : Four additional volumes by Habicht . 1835 : Bulaq version : These two volumes , printed by the Egyptian government , are the oldest printed ( by a publishing house ) version of The Nights in Arabic by a non-European . It is primarily a reprinting of the ZER text . 1839 -- 1842 : Calcutta II ( 4 volumes ) is published . It claims to be based on an older Egyptian manuscript ( which was never found ) . This version contains many elements and stories from the Habicht edition . 1838 : Torrens version in English . 1838 -- 1840 : Edward William Lane publishes an English translation . Notable for its exclusion of content Lane found immoral and for its anthropological notes on Arab customs by Lane . 1882 -- 1884 : John Payne publishes an English version translated entirely from Calcutta II , adding some tales from Calcutta I and Breslau . 1885 -- 1888 : Sir Richard Francis Burton publishes an English translation from several sources ( largely the same as Payne ) . His version accentuated the sexuality of the stories vis - à - vis Lane 's bowdlerized translation . 1889 -- 1904 : J.C. Mardrus publishes a French version using Bulaq and Calcutta II editions . 1973 : First Polish translation based on the original language edition , but compressed 12 volumes to 9 , by PIW . 1984 : Muhsin Mahdi publishes an Arabic edition based on the oldest Arabic manuscript surviving ( based on the oldest surviving Syrian manuscript currently held in the Bibliothèque Nationale ) . 1986 -- 1987 : French translation by Arabist René R. Khawam 1990 : Husain Haddawy publishes an English translation of Mahdi . 2008 : New Penguin Classics translation ( in three volumes ) by Malcolm C. Lyons and Ursula Lyons of the Calcutta II edition Literary themes and techniques ( edit ) Illustration of One Thousand and One Nights by Sani ol molk , Iran , 1853 The One Thousand and One Nights and various tales within it make use of many innovative literary techniques , which the storytellers of the tales rely on for increased drama , suspense , or other emotions . Some of these date back to earlier Persian , Indian and Arabic literature , while others were original to the One Thousand and One Nights . Frame story ( edit ) An early example of the frame story , or framing device , is employed in the One Thousand and One Nights , in which the character Scheherazade narrates a set of tales ( most often fairy tales ) to the Sultan Shahriyar over many nights . Many of Scheherazade 's tales are also frame stories , such as the Tale of Sindbad the Seaman and Sindbad the Landsman being a collection of adventures related by Sindbad the Seaman to Sindbad the Landsman . The concept of the frame story dates back to ancient Sanskrit literature , and was introduced into Persian and Arabic literature through the Panchatantra . Embedded narrative ( edit ) An early example of the `` story within a story '' technique can be found in the One Thousand and One Nights , which can be traced back to earlier Persian and Indian storytelling traditions , most notably the Panchatantra of ancient Sanskrit literature . The Nights , however , improved on the Panchatantra in several ways , particularly in the way a story is introduced . In the Panchatantra , stories are introduced as didactic analogies , with the frame story referring to these stories with variants of the phrase `` If you 're not careful , that which happened to the louse and the flea will happen to you . '' In the Nights , this didactic framework is the least common way of introducing the story , but instead , a story is most commonly introduced through subtle means , particularly as an answer to questions raised in a previous tale . The general story is narrated by an unknown narrator , and in this narration the stories are told by Scheherazade . In most of Scheherazade 's narrations there are also stories narrated , and even in some of these , there are some other stories . This is particularly the case for the `` Sinbad the Sailor '' story narrated by Scheherazade in the One Thousand and One Nights . Within the `` Sinbad the Sailor '' story itself , the protagonist Sinbad the Sailor narrates the stories of his seven voyages to Sinbad the Porter . The device is also used to great effect in stories such as `` The Three Apples '' and `` The Seven Viziers '' . In yet another tale Scheherazade narrates , `` The Fisherman and the Jinni '' , the `` Tale of the Wazir and the Sage Duban '' is narrated within it , and within that there are three more tales narrated . Dramatic visualization ( edit ) Dramatic visualization is `` the representing of an object or character with an abundance of descriptive detail , or the mimetic rendering of gestures and dialogue in such a way as to make a given scene ' visual ' or imaginatively present to an audience '' . This technique dates back to the One Thousand and One Nights . An example of this is the tale of `` The Three Apples '' ( see Crime fiction elements below ) . Fate and destiny ( edit ) A common theme in many Arabian Nights tales is fate and destiny . The Italian filmmaker Pier Paolo Pasolini observed : every tale in The Thousand and One Nights begins with an ' appearance of destiny ' which manifests itself through an anomaly , and one anomaly always generates another . So a chain of anomalies is set up . And the more logical , tightly knit , essential this chain is , the more beautiful the tale . By ' beautiful ' I mean vital , absorbing and exhilarating . The chain of anomalies always tends to lead back to normality . The end of every tale in The One Thousand and One Nights consists of a ' disappearance ' of destiny , which sinks back to the somnolence of daily life ... The protagonist of the stories is in fact destiny itself . Though invisible , fate may be considered a leading character in the One Thousand and One Nights . The plot devices often used to present this theme are coincidence , reverse causation and the self - fulfilling prophecy ( see Foreshadowing below ) . Foreshadowing ( edit ) Sindbad and the Valley of Diamonds , from the Second Voyage . Early examples of the foreshadowing technique of repetitive designation , now known as `` Chekhov 's gun '' , occur in the One Thousand and One Nights , which contains `` repeated references to some character or object which appears insignificant when first mentioned but which reappears later to intrude suddenly in the narrative '' . A notable example is in the tale of `` The Three Apples '' ( see Crime fiction elements below ) . Another early foreshadowing technique is formal patterning , `` the organization of the events , actions and gestures which constitute a narrative and give shape to a story ; when done well , formal patterning allows the audience the pleasure of discerning and anticipating the structure of the plot as it unfolds '' . This technique also dates back to the One Thousand and One Nights . Another form of foreshadowing is the self - fulfilling prophecy , which dates back to the story of Krishna in ancient Sanskrit literature , and Oedipus or the death of Heracles in the plays of Sophocles . A variation of this device is the self - fulfilling dream , which dates back to medieval Arabic literature ( or the dreams of Joseph and his conflicts with his brothers , in the Hebrew Bible ) . Several tales in the One Thousand and One Nights use this device to foreshadow what is going to happen , as a special form of literary prolepsis . A notable example is `` The Ruined Man who Became Rich Again through a Dream '' , in which a man is told in his dream to leave his native city of Baghdad and travel to Cairo , where he will discover the whereabouts of some hidden treasure . The man travels there and experiences misfortune , ending up in jail , where he tells his dream to a police officer . The officer mocks the idea of foreboding dreams and tells the protagonist that he himself had a dream about a house with a courtyard and fountain in Baghdad where treasure is buried under the fountain . The man recognizes the place as his own house and , after he is released from jail , he returns home and digs up the treasure . In other words , the foreboding dream not only predicted the future , but the dream was the cause of its prediction coming true . A variant of this story later appears in English folklore as the `` Pedlar of Swaffham '' and Paulo Coelho 's `` The Alchemist '' ; Jorge Luis Borges ' collection of short stories A Universal History of Infamy featured his translation of this particular story into Spanish , as `` The Story Of The Two Dreamers . '' Another variation of the self - fulfilling prophecy can be seen in `` The Tale of Attaf '' , where Harun al - Rashid consults his library ( the House of Wisdom ) , reads a random book , `` falls to laughing and weeping and dismisses the faithful vizier '' Ja'far ibn Yahya from sight . Ja'afar , `` disturbed and upset flees Baghdad and plunges into a series of adventures in Damascus , involving Attaf and the woman whom Attaf eventually marries . '' After returning to Baghdad , Ja'afar reads the same book that caused Harun to laugh and weep , and discovers that it describes his own adventures with Attaf . In other words , it was Harun 's reading of the book that provoked the adventures described in the book to take place . This is an early example of reverse causation . Near the end of the tale , Attaf is given a death sentence for a crime he did n't commit but Harun , knowing the truth from what he has read in the book , prevents this and has Attaf released from prison . In the 12th century , this tale was translated into Latin by Petrus Alphonsi and included in his Disciplina Clericalis , alongside the `` Sinbad the Sailor '' story cycle . In the 14th century , a version of `` The Tale of Attaf '' also appears in the Gesta Romanorum and Giovanni Boccaccio 's The Decameron . Repetition ( edit ) Illustration of One Thousand and One Nights by Sani ol molk , Iran , 1849 -- 1856 Leitwortstil is ' the purposeful repetition of words ' in a given literary piece that `` usually expresses a motif or theme important to the given story '' . This device occurs in the One Thousand and One Nights , which binds several tales in a story cycle . The storytellers of the tales relied on this technique `` to shape the constituent members of their story cycles into a coherent whole . '' Thematic patterning is `` the distribution of recurrent thematic concepts and moralistic motifs among the various incidents and frames of a story . In a skillfully crafted tale , thematic patterning may be arranged so as to emphasize the unifying argument or salient idea which disparate events and disparate frames have in common '' . This technique also dates back to the One Thousand and One Nights ( and earlier ) . Several different variants of the `` Cinderella '' story , which has its origins in the Egyptian story of Rhodopis , appear in the One Thousand and One Nights , including `` The Second Shaykh 's Story '' , `` The Eldest Lady 's Tale '' and `` Abdallah ibn Fadil and His Brothers '' , all dealing with the theme of a younger sibling harassed by two jealous elders . In some of these , the siblings are female , while in others they are male . One of the tales , `` Judar and His Brethren '' , departs from the happy endings of previous variants and reworks the plot to give it a tragic ending instead , with the younger brother being poisoned by his elder brothers . Sexual humour ( edit ) The Nights contain many examples of sexual humour . Some of this borders on satire , as in the tale called `` Ali with the Large Member '' which pokes fun at obsession with human penis size . Unreliable narrator ( edit ) The literary device of the unreliable narrator was used in several fictional medieval Arabic tales of the One Thousand and One Nights . In one tale , `` The Seven Viziers '' ( also known as `` Craft and Malice of Women or The Tale of the King , His Son , His Concubine and the Seven Wazirs '' ) , a courtesan accuses a king 's son of having assaulted her , when in reality she had failed to seduce him ( inspired by the Qur'anic / Biblical story of Yusuf / Joseph ) . Seven viziers attempt to save his life by narrating seven stories to prove the unreliability of women , and the courtesan responds back by narrating a story to prove the unreliability of viziers . The unreliable narrator device is also used to generate suspense in `` The Three Apples '' and humor in `` The Hunchback 's Tale '' ( see Crime fiction elements below ) . Crime fiction elements ( edit ) Illustration depicting Morgiana and the thieves from Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves . An example of the murder mystery and suspense thriller genres in the collection , with multiple plot twists and detective fiction elements was `` The Three Apples '' , also known as Hikayat al - sabiyya ' l - maqtula ( `` The Tale of the Murdered Young Woman '' ) , one of the tales narrated by Scheherazade in the One Thousand and One Nights . In this tale , Harun al - Rashid comes to possess a chest , which , when opened , contains the body of a young woman . Harun gives his vizier , Ja'far , three days to find the culprit or be executed . At the end of three days , when Ja'far is about to be executed for his failure , two men come forward , both claiming to be the murderer . As they tell their story it transpires that , although the younger of them , the woman 's husband , was responsible for her death , some of the blame attaches to a slave , who had taken one of the apples mentioned in the title and caused the woman 's murder . Harun then gives Ja'far three more days to find the guilty slave . When he yet again fails to find the culprit , and bids his family goodbye before his execution , he discovers by chance his daughter has the apple , which she obtained from Ja'far's own slave , Rayhan . Thus the mystery is solved . Another Nights tale with crime fiction elements was `` The Hunchback 's Tale '' story cycle which , unlike `` The Three Apples '' , was more of a suspenseful comedy and courtroom drama rather than a murder mystery or detective fiction . The story is set in a fictional China and begins with a hunchback , the emperor 's favourite comedian , being invited to dinner by a tailor couple . The hunchback accidentally chokes on his food from laughing too hard and the couple , fearful that the emperor will be furious , take his body to a Jewish doctor 's clinic and leave him there . This leads to the next tale in the cycle , the `` Tale of the Jewish Doctor '' , where the doctor accidentally trips over the hunchback 's body , falls down the stairs with him , and finds him dead , leading him to believe that the fall had killed him . The doctor then dumps his body down a chimney , and this leads to yet another tale in the cycle , which continues with twelve tales in total , leading to all the people involved in this incident finding themselves in a courtroom , all making different claims over how the hunchback had died . Crime fiction elements are also present near the end of `` The Tale of Attaf '' ( see Foreshadowing above ) . Horror fiction elements ( edit ) Haunting is used as a plot device in gothic fiction and horror fiction , as well as modern paranormal fiction . Legends about haunted houses have long appeared in literature . In particular , the Arabian Nights tale of `` Ali the Cairene and the Haunted House in Baghdad '' revolves around a house haunted by jinns . The Nights is almost certainly the earliest surviving literature that mentions ghouls , and many of the stories in that collection involve or reference ghouls . A prime example is the story The History of Gherib and His Brother Agib ( from Nights vol. 6 ) , in which Gherib , an outcast prince , fights off a family of ravenous Ghouls and then enslaves them and converts them to Islam . Horror fiction elements are also found in `` The City of Brass '' tale , which revolves around a ghost town . The horrific nature of Scheherazade 's situation is magnified in Stephen King 's Misery , in which the protagonist is forced to write a novel to keep his captor from torturing and killing him . The influence of the Nights on modern horror fiction is certainly discernible in the work of H.P. Lovecraft . As a child , he was fascinated by the adventures recounted in the book , and he attributes some of his creations to his love of the 1001 Nights . Fantasy and science fiction elements ( edit ) Illustration of the story of Prince Ahmed and the Fairy Paribanou , More tales from the Arabian nights by Willy Pogany ( 1915 ) Several stories within the One Thousand and One Nights feature early science fiction elements . One example is `` The Adventures of Bulukiya '' , where the protagonist Bulukiya 's quest for the herb of immortality leads him to explore the seas , journey to Paradise and to Hell , and travel across the cosmos to different worlds much larger than his own world , anticipating elements of galactic science fiction ; along the way , he encounters societies of djinn , mermaids , talking serpents , talking trees , and other forms of life . In `` Abu al - Husn and His Slave - Girl Tawaddud '' , the heroine Tawaddud gives an impromptu lecture on the mansions of the Moon , and the benevolent and sinister aspects of the planets . In another 1001 Nights tale , `` Abdullah the Fisherman and Abdullah the Merman '' , the protagonist Abdullah the Fisherman gains the ability to breathe underwater and discovers an underwater society that is portrayed as an inverted reflection of society on land , in that the underwater society follows a form of primitive communism where concepts like money and clothing do not exist . Other Arabian Nights tales also depict Amazon societies dominated by women , lost ancient technologies , advanced ancient civilizations that went astray , and catastrophes which overwhelmed them . `` The City of Brass '' features a group of travellers on an archaeological expedition across the Sahara to find an ancient lost city and attempt to recover a brass vessel that Solomon once used to trap a jinn , and , along the way , encounter a mummified queen , petrified inhabitants , lifelike humanoid robots and automata , seductive marionettes dancing without strings , and a brass horseman robot who directs the party towards the ancient city , which has now become a ghost town . `` The Ebony Horse '' features a flying mechanical horse controlled using keys that could fly into outer space and towards the Sun . Some modern interpretations see this horse as a robot . The titular ebony horse can fly the distance of one year in a single day , and is used as a vehicle by the Prince of Persia , Qamar al - Aqmar , in his adventures across Persia , Arabia and Byzantium . This story appears to have influenced later European tales such as Adenes Le Roi 's Cleomades and `` The Squire 's Prologue and Tale '' told in Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales . `` The City of Brass '' and `` The Ebony Horse '' can be considered early examples of proto - science fiction . The `` Third Qalandar 's Tale '' also features a robot in the form of an uncanny boatman . Poetry ( edit ) There is an abundance of Arabic poetry in One Thousand and One Nights . Characters occasionally provide poetry in certain settings , covering many uses . However , pleading , beseeching and praising the powerful is the most significant . The uses would include but are not limited to : Giving advice , warning , and solutions . Praising God , royalties and those in power . Pleading for mercy and forgiveness . Lamenting wrong decisions or bad luck . Providing riddles , laying questions , challenges . Criticizing elements of life , wondering . Expressing feelings to others or one 's self : happiness , sadness , anxiety , surprise , anger . In a typical example , expressing feelings of happiness to oneself from Night 203 , Prince Qamar Al - Zaman , standing outside the castle , wants to inform Queen Bodour of his arrival . He wraps his ring in a paper and hands it to the servant who delivers it to the Queen . When she opens it and sees the ring , joy conquers her , and out of happiness she chants this poem ( Arabic ) : وَلَقـدْ نَدِمْـتُ عَلى تَفَرُّقِ شَمْــلِنا : : دَهْـرَاً وّفاضَ الدَّمْـعُ مِنْ أَجْفـاني وَنَـذَرْتُ إِنْ عـادَ الزَّمـانُ يَلُمـُّـنا : : لا عُــدْتُ أَذْكُــرُ فُرْقًــةً بِلِســاني هَجَــمَ السُّــرورُ عَلَــيَّ حَتَّـى أَنَّهُ : : مِـنْ فَــرَطِ مـا سَــرَّني أَبْكــــاني يا عَيْـنُ صـارَ الدَّمْـعُ مِنْكِ سِجْيَةً : : تَبْكيــنَ مِـنْ فَـــرَحٍ وَأَحْزانـــــي Transliteration : Wa - laqad nadimtu ' alá tafarruqi shamlinā : : Dahran wa - fāḍa ad - dam'u min ajfānī Wa - nadhartu in ' āda az - zamānu yalumanā : : la ' udtu adhkuru furqatan bilisānī Hajama as - sarūru ' alayya ḥattá annahu : : min faraṭi mā sarranī abkānī Yā ' aynu ṣāra ad - dam'u minki sijyatan : : tabkīna min faraḥin wa - ' aḥzānī Literal translation : And I have regretted the separation of our companionship : : An eon , and tears flooded my eyes And I 've sworn if time brought us back together : : I 'll never utter any separation with my tongue Joy conquered me to the point of : : which it made me happy that I cried Oh eye , the tears out of you became a principle : : You cry out of joy and out of sadness Burton 's verse translation : Long , long have I bewailed the sev'rance of our loves , With tears that from my lids streamed down like burning rain And vowed that , if the days deign reunite us two , My lips should never speak of severance again : Joy hath o'erwhelmed me so that , for the very stress Of that which gladdens me to weeping I am fain . Tears are become to you a habit , O my eyes , So that ye weep as well for gladness as for pain . In world culture ( edit ) Main articles : Translations of One Thousand and One Nights and List of works influenced by One Thousand and One Nights The Flying Carpet , a depiction of the hero of Russian folklore , Ivan Tsarevich . The influence of the versions of The Nights on world literature is immense . Writers as diverse as Henry Fielding to Naguib Mahfouz have alluded to the collection by name in their own works . Other writers who have been influenced by the Nights include John Barth , Jorge Luis Borges , Salman Rushdie , Orhan Pamuk , Goethe , Walter Scott , Thackeray , Wilkie Collins , Elizabeth Gaskell , Nodier , Flaubert , Marcel Schwob , Stendhal , Dumas , Gérard de Nerval , Gobineau , Pushkin , Tolstoy , Hofmannsthal , Conan Doyle , W.B. Yeats , H.G. Wells , Cavafy , Calvino , Georges Perec , H.P. Lovecraft , Marcel Proust , A.S. Byatt and Angela Carter . Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture , such as Aladdin , Sinbad and Ali Baba . Part of its popularity may have sprung from improved standards of historical and geographical knowledge . The marvelous beings and events typical of fairy tales seem less incredible if they are set further `` long ago '' or farther `` far away '' ; this process culminates in the fantasy world having little connection , if any , to actual times and places . Several elements from Arabian mythology are now common in modern fantasy , such as genies , bahamuts , magic carpets , magic lamps , etc . When L. Frank Baum proposed writing a modern fairy tale that banished stereotypical elements , he included the genie as well as the dwarf and the fairy as stereotypes to go . In 1982 , the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) began naming features on Saturn 's moon Enceladus after characters and places in Burton 's translation because `` its surface is so strange and mysterious that it was given the Arabian Nights as a name bank , linking fantasy landscape with a literary fantasy ''. ( 2 ) In Arabic culture ( edit ) There is little evidence that the Nights was particularly treasured in the Arab world . It is rarely mentioned in lists of popular literature and few pre-18th century manuscripts of the collection exist . Fiction had a low cultural status among Medieval Arabs compared with poetry , and the tales were dismissed as khurafa ( improbable fantasies fit only for entertaining women and children ) . According to Robert Irwin , `` Even today , with the exception of certain writers and academics , the Nights is regarded with disdain in the Arabic world . Its stories are regularly denounced as vulgar , improbable , childish and , above all , badly written . '' Nevertheless ; the Nights have proved an inspiration to some modern Egyptian writers , such as Tawfiq al - Hakim ( author of the Symbolist play Shahrazad , 1934 ) , Taha Hussein ( Scheherazade 's Dreams , 1943 ) and Naguib Mahfouz ( Arabian Nights and Days , 1981 ) . Possible early influence on European literature ( edit ) Although the first known translation into a European language only appeared in 1704 , it is possible that the Nights began exerting its influence on Western culture much earlier . Christian writers in Medieval Spain translated many works from Arabic , mainly philosophy and mathematics , but also Arab fiction , as is evidenced by Juan Manuel 's story collection El Conde Lucanor and Ramón Llull 's The Book of Beasts . Knowledge of the work , direct or indirect , apparently spread beyond Spain . Themes and motifs with parallels in the Nights are found in Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales ( in The Squire 's Tale the hero travels on a flying brass horse ) and Boccaccio 's Decameron . Echoes in Giovanni Sercambi 's Novelle and Ariosto 's Orlando furioso suggest that the story of Shahriyar and Shahzaman was also known . Evidence also appears to show that the stories had spread to the Balkans and a translation of the Nights into Romanian existed by the 17th century , itself based on a Greek version of the collection . Western literature from the 18th century onwards ( edit ) Classic Comics issue # 8 The modern fame of the Nights derives from the first known European translation by Antoine Galland , which appeared in 1704 . According to Robert Irwin , Galland `` played so large a part in discovering the tales , in popularizing them in Europe and in shaping what would come to be regarded as the canonical collection that , at some risk of hyperbole and paradox , he has been called the real author of the Nights . '' The immediate success of Galland 's version with the French public may have been because it coincided with the vogue for contes de fées ( `` fairy stories '' ) . This fashion began with the publication of Madame d'Aulnoy 's Histoire d'Hypolite in 1690 . D'Aulnoy's book has a remarkably similar structure to the Nights , with the tales told by a female narrator . The success of the Nights spread across Europe and by the end of the century there were translations of Galland into English , German , Italian , Dutch , Danish , Russian , Flemish and Yiddish . Galland 's version provoked a spate of pseudo-Oriental imitations . At the same time , some French writers began to parody the style and concoct far - fetched stories in superficially Oriental settings . These tongue - in - cheek pastiches include Anthony Hamilton 's Les quatre Facardins ( 1730 ) , Crébillon 's Le sopha ( 1742 ) and Diderot 's Les bijoux indiscrets ( 1748 ) . They often contained veiled allusions to contemporary French society . The most famous example is Voltaire 's Zadig ( 1748 ) , an attack on religious bigotry set against a vague pre-Islamic Middle Eastern background . The English versions of the `` Oriental Tale '' generally contained a heavy moralising element , with the notable exception of William Beckford 's fantasy Vathek ( 1786 ) , which had a decisive influence on the development of the Gothic novel . The Polish nobleman Jan Potocki 's novel Saragossa Manuscript ( begun 1797 ) owes a deep debt to the Nights with its Oriental flavour and labyrinthine series of embedded tales . The work was included on a price - list of books on theology , history , and cartography , which was sent by the Scottish bookseller Andrew Millar ( when an apprentice ) to a Presbyterian minister . This is illustrative of the title 's widespread popularity and availability in the 1720s . The Nights continued to be a favourite book of many British authors of the Romantic and Victorian eras . According to A.S. Byatt , `` In British Romantic poetry the Arabian Nights stood for the wonderful against the mundane , the imaginative against the prosaically and reductively rational . '' In their autobiographical writings , both Coleridge and de Quincey refer to nightmares the book had caused them when young . Wordsworth and Tennyson also wrote about their childhood reading of the tales in their poetry . Charles Dickens was another enthusiast and the atmosphere of the Nights pervades the opening of his last novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1870 ) . Several writers have attempted to add a thousand and second tale , including Théophile Gautier ( La mille deuxième nuit , 1842 ) and Joseph Roth ( Die Geschichte von der 1002 . Nacht , 1939 ) . Edgar Allan Poe wrote `` The Thousand - and - Second Tale of Scheherazade '' ( 1845 ) . It depicts the eighth and final voyage of Sinbad the Sailor , along with the various mysteries Sinbad and his crew encounter ; the anomalies are then described as footnotes to the story . While the king is uncertain -- except in the case of the elephants carrying the world on the back of the turtle -- that these mysteries are real , they are actual modern events that occurred in various places during , or before , Poe 's lifetime . The story ends with the king in such disgust at the tale Scheherazade has just woven , that he has her executed the very next day . Another important literary figure , the Irish poet W.B. Yeats was also fascinated by the Arabian Nights , when he wrote in his prose book , A Vision an autobiographical poem , titled The Gift of Harun Al - Rashid , in relation to his joint experiments with his wife Georgie Hyde - Lees , with Automatic writing . The automatic writing , is a technique used by many occultists in order to discern messages from the subconscious mind or from other spiritual beings , when the hand moves a pencil or a pen , writing only on a simple sheet of paper and when the person 's eyes are shut . Also , the gifted and talented wife , is playing in Yeats 's poem as `` a gift '' herself , given only allegedly by the caliph to the Christian and Byzantine philosopher Qusta Ibn Luqa , who acts in the poem as a personification of W.B. Yeats . In July 1934 he was asked by Louis Lambert , while in a tour in the United States , which six books satisfied him most . The list that he gave placed the Arabian Nights , secondary only to William Shakespeare 's works . Modern authors influenced by the Nights include James Joyce , Marcel Proust , Jorge Luis Borges and John Barth . Cinema ( edit ) Play media Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp ( 1917 ) . Stories from the One Thousand and One Nights have been popular subjects for films , beginning with Georges Méliès ' Le Palais des Mille et une nuits ( 1905 ) . The critic Robert Irwin singles out the two versions of The Thief of Baghdad ( 1924 version directed by Raoul Walsh ; 1940 version produced by Alexander Korda ) and Pier Paolo Pasolini 's Il fiore delle Mille e una notte , 1974 ) as ranking `` high among the masterpieces of world cinema . '' Michael James Lundell calls Il fiore `` the most faithful adaptation , in its emphasis on sexuality , of The 1001 Nights in its oldest form . '' UPA , an American animation studio , produced an animated feature version of 1001 Arabian Nights ( 1959 ) , featuring the cartoon character Mr. Magoo . The animated feature film , One Thousand and One Arabian Nights ( 1969 ) , produced in Japan and directed by Osamu Tezuka and Eichii Yamamoto , featured psychedelic imagery and sounds , and erotic material intended for adults . Alif Laila ( The Arabian Nights ) , a 1997 -- 2002 Indian TV series based on the stories from One Thousand and One Nights produced by Sagar Entertainment Ltd , starts with Scheherazade telling her stories to Shahryār , and contains both the well - known and the lesser - known stories from One Thousand and One Nights . Arabian Nights ( 2000 ) , a two - part television mini-series adopted for BBC and ABC studios , starring Mili Avital , Dougray Scott , and John Leguizamo , and directed by Steve Barron , is based on the translation by Sir Richard Francis Burton . Shabnam Rezaei and Aly Jetha created , and the Vancouver - based Big Bad Boo Studios produced 1001 Nights ( 2012 ) , an animated television series for children , which launched on Teletoon and airs in 80 countries around the world , including Discovery Kids Asia . Arabian Nights ( 2015 , in Portuguese : As Mil e uma Noites ) , a three - part film directed by Miguel Gomes , is based on One Thousand and One Nights . Music ( edit ) The Nights has inspired many pieces of music , including : Classical ( edit ) François - Adrien Boieldieu : Le calife de Bagdad ( 1800 ) Carl Maria von Weber : Abu Hassan ( 1811 ) Luigi Cherubini : Ali Baba ( 1833 ) Peter Cornelius : Der Barbier von Bagdad ( 1858 ) Ernest Reyer : La statue ( 1861 ) C.F.E. Horneman ( 1840 -- 1906 ) , Aladdin ( overture ) , 1864 Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov : Scheherazade Op. 35 ( 1888 ) Dikran Tchouhadjian ( 1837 -- 1898 ) , Zemire ( 1891 ) Ferrucio Busoni : Piano Concerto in C major ( 1904 ) Henri Rabaud : Mârouf , savetier du Caire ( 1914 ) Carl Nielsen , Aladdin Suite ( 1918 -- 1919 ) Collegium musicum , Suita po tisic a jednej noci ( 1969 ) Fikret Amirov : Arabian Nights ( Ballet , 1979 ) Ezequiel Viñao , La Noche de las Noches ( 1990 ) Carl Davis , Aladdin ( Ballet , 1999 ) Pop and Rock ( edit ) Renaissance : Scheherazade and Other Stories ( 1975 ) Icehouse : No Promises ( From the album ' Measure for Measure ' , 1986 ) Kamelot , Nights of Arabia ( 1999 ) Sarah Brightman , Harem and Arabian Nights ( 2003 ) Ch ! pz , `` 1001 Arabian Nights '' ( 2004 ) Nightwish , Sahara ( 2007 ) Abney Park ( band ) , Scheherazade ( 2013 ) Video games ( edit ) Popular modern video games with an Arabian Nights theme include Nadirim , a game placed in a fantasy world inspired by the tales of the 1001 Nights , Disney 's Aladdin , Prince of Persia and Sonic and the Secret Rings , and Bookworm Adventures Illustrators ( edit ) Many artists have illustrated the Arabian nights , including : Pierre - Clément Marillier for Le Cabinet des Fées ( 1785 -- 1789 ) , Gustave Doré , Léon Carré ( Granville , 1878 -- Alger , 1942 ) , Roger Blachon , Françoise Boudignon , André Dahan , Amato Soro , Albert Robida , Alcide Théophile Robaudi and Marcelino Truong ; Vittorio Zecchin ( Murano , 1878 -- Murano , 1947 ) and Emanuele Luzzati ; The German Morgan ; Mohammed Racim ( Algiers , 1896 -- Algiers 1975 ) , Sani ol - Molk ( 1849 -- 1856 ) , Anton Pieck and Emre Orhun . Famous illustrators for British editions include : Arthur Boyd Houghton , John Tenniel , John Everett Millais and George John Pinwell for Dalziel 's Illustrated Arabian Nights Entertainments , published in 1865 ; Walter Crane for Aladdin 's Picture Book ( 1876 ) ; Frank Brangwyn for the 1896 edition of Lane 's translation ; Albert Letchford for the 1897 edition of Burton 's translation ; Edmund Dulac for Stories from the Arabian Nights ( 1907 ) , Princess Badoura ( 1913 ) and Sindbad the Sailor & Other Tales from the Arabian Nights ( 1914 ) . Others artists include John D. Batten , ( Fairy Tales From The Arabian Nights , 1893 ) , Kay Nielsen , Eric Fraser , Errol le Cain , Maxfield Parrish , W. Heath Robinson and Arthur Szyk ( 1954 ) . Gallery ( edit ) The Sultan One Thousand and One Nights book . Harun ar - Rashid , a leading character of the 1001 Nights The fifth voyage of Sindbad William Harvey , The Fifth Voyage of Es - Sindbad of the Sea , 1838 -- 40 , woodcut William Harvey , The Story of the City of Brass , 1838 -- 40 , woodcut William Harvey , The Story of the Two Princes El - Amjad and El - As'ad , 1838 -- 40 , woodcut William Harvey , The Story of Abd Allah of the Land and Abd Allah of the Sea William Harvey , The Story of the Fisherman , 1838 -- 40 , woodcut Friedrich Gross , ante 1830 , woodcut Friedrich Gross , ante 1830 , woodcut Friedrich Gross , ante 1830 , woodcut Friedrich Gross , ante 1830 , woodcut Friedrich Gross , ante 1830 , woodcut Friedrich Gross , ante 1830 , woodcut Friedrich Gross , ante 1830 , woodcut Friedrich Gross , ante 1830 , woodcut Frank Brangwyn , Story of Abon - Hassan the Wag ( `` He found himself upon the royal couch '' ) , 1895 -- 96 , watercolour and tempera on millboard Frank Brangwyn , Story of the Merchant ( `` Sheherezade telling the stories '' ) , 1895 -- 96 , watercolour and tempera on millboard Frank Brangwyn , Story of Ansal - Wajooodaud , Rose - in - Bloom ( `` The daughter of a Visier sat at a lattice window '' ) , 1895 -- 96 , watercolour and tempera on millboard Frank Brangwyn , Story of Gulnare ( `` The merchant uncovered her face '' ) , 1895 -- 96 , watercolour and tempera on millboard Frank Brangwyn , Story of Beder Basim ( `` Whereupon it became eared corn '' ) , 1895 -- 96 , watercolour and tempera on millboard Frank Brangwyn , Story of Abdalla ( `` Abdalla of the sea sat in the water , near the shore '' ) , 1895 -- 96 , watercolour and tempera on millboard Frank Brangwyn , Story of Mahomed Ali ( `` He sat his boat afloat with them '' ) , 1895 -- 96 , watercolour and tempera on millboard Frank Brangwyn , Story of the City of Brass ( `` They ceased not to ascend by that ladder '' ) , 1895 -- 96 , watercolour and tempera on millboard See also ( edit ) Novels portal Book : One Thousand and One Nights Arabic literature Hamzanama List of One Thousand and One Nights characters List of stories from The Book of One Thousand and One Nights ( translation by R.F. Burton ) List of works influenced by One Thousand and One Nights Persian literature Shahnameh Ghost stories Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marzolph , Ulrich ( 2007 ) . `` Arabian Nights '' . In Kate Fleet , Gudrun Krämer , Denis Matringe , John Nawas , Everett Rowson . Encyclopaedia of Islam ( 3rd ed . ) . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Arabian Nights , the work known in Arabic as Alf layla wa - layla CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ See illustration of title page of Grub St Edition in Yamanaka and Nishio ( p. 225 ) Jump up ^ Ulrich Marzolph ( 2007 ) . The Arabian Nights in Transnational Perspective . Wayne State University Press . pp. 183 -- . ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3287 - 0 . Jump up ^ Marzolphpa ( 2007 ) , `` Arabian Nights '' , Encyclopaedia of Islam , I , Leiden : Brill . Jump up ^ John Payne , Alaeddin and the Enchanted Lamp and Other Stories , ( London 1901 ) gives details of Galland 's encounter with ' Hanna ' in 1709 and of the discovery in the Bibliothèque Nationale , Paris of two Arabic manuscripts containing Aladdin and two more of the added tales . Text of `` Alaeddin and the enchanted lamp '' ^ Jump up to : Ch . Pellat ( 2011 ) . `` Alf Layla Wa Layla '' . Encyclopaedia Iranica . Jump up ^ The Arabian Nights , translated by Malcolm C. Lyons and Ursula Lyons ( Penguin Classics , 2008 ) , vol. 1 , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Hamori , A. ( 2012 ) . `` S̲h̲ahrazād '' . In P. Bearman , Th . Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel , W.P. Heinrichs . Encyclopaedia of Islam ( 2nd ed . ) . Brill . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ The Third Voyage of Sindbad the Seaman -- The Arabian Nights -- The Thousand and One Nights -- Sir Richard Burton translator . Classiclit.about.com ( 2013 - 07 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Irwin p. 48 ^ Jump up to : Reynolds p. 271 Jump up ^ Burton , Richard F. ( 2002 ) . Vikram and the Vampire Or Tales of Hindu Devilry p. xi . Adamant Media Corporation Jump up ^ Irwin , Robert ( 2003 ) , The Arabian Nights : A Companion , Tauris Parke Paperbacks , p. 65 , ISBN 1 - 86064 - 983 - 1 Jump up ^ Artola . Pancatantra Manuscripts from South India in the Adyar Library Bulletin . 1957 . pp. 45ff . Jump up ^ K. Raksamani . The Nandakaprakarana attributed to Vasubhaga , a Comparative Study . University of Toronto Thesis. 1978 . pp. 221ff . Jump up ^ E. Lorgeou . Les entretiensde Nang Tantrai . Paris . 1924 . Jump up ^ C. Hooykaas . Bibliotheca Javaneca No. 2 . Bandoeng. 1931 . Jump up ^ A.K. Warder . Indian Kāvya Literature : The art of storytelling , Volume VI . Motilal Banarsidass Publishers . 1992 . pp. 61 -- 62 , 76 -- 82 . Jump up ^ IIS.ac.uk Dr Fahmida Suleman , `` Kalila wa Dimna '' , in Medieval Islamic Civilization , An Encyclopaedia , Vol. II , pp. 432 -- 33 , ed . Josef W. Meri , New York - London : Routledge , 2006 Jump up ^ The Fables of Kalila and Dimnah , translated from the Arabic by Saleh Sa'adeh Jallad , 2002 . Melisende , London , ISBN 1 - 901764 - 14 - 1 Jump up ^ Kalilah and Dimnah ; or , The fables of Bidpai ; being an account of their literary history , p. xiv Jump up ^ Pinault p. 1 Jump up ^ Pinault p. 4 ^ Jump up to : Irwin p. 49 Jump up ^ Irwin p. 51 : `` It seems probable from all the above ( ... ) that the Persian Hezār Afsaneh was translated into Arabic in the eighth or early 9th century and was given the title Alf Khurafa before being subsequently retitled Alf Layla . However , it remains far from clear what the connection is between this fragment of the early text and the Nights stories as they have survived in later and fuller manuscripts ; nor how the Syrian manuscripts related to later Egyptian versions . '' Jump up ^ Eva Sallis Scheherazade Through the Looking - Glass : The Metamorphosis of the Thousand and One Nights ( Routledge , 1999 ) , p. 2 and note 6 Jump up ^ Irwin p. 76 Jump up ^ Safa Khulusi , Studies in Comparative Literature and Western Literary Schools , Chapter : Qisas Alf Laylah wa Laylah ( One thousand and one Nights ) , pp. 15 -- 85 . Al - Rabita Press , Baghdad , 1957 . Jump up ^ Safa Khulusi , The Influence of Ibn al - Muqaffa ' on The Arabian Nights . Islamic Review , Dec 1960 , pp. 29 -- 31 Jump up ^ The Thousand and One Nights ; Or , The Arabian Night 's Entertainments -- David Claypoole Johnston -- Google Books . Books.google.com.pk . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Irwin p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Irwin p. 50 ^ Jump up to : Reynolds p. 270 ^ Jump up to : Beaumont , Daniel . Literary Style and Narrative Technique in the Arabian Nights . p. 1 . In The Arabian nights encyclopedia , Volume 1 ^ Jump up to : Irwin , Robert . 2004 . The Arabian nights : a companion . p. 55 ^ Jump up to : Sallis , Eva. 1999 . Sheherazade through the looking glass : the metamorphosis of the Thousand and One Nights . pp. 18 -- 43 Jump up ^ Payne , John ( 1901 ) . The Book Of Thousand Nights And One Night Vol - ix . London . p. 289 . Retrieved 19 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Pinault , David . Story - telling techniques in the Arabian nights . pp. 1 -- 12 . Also in Encyclopedia of Arabic Literature , v. 1 ^ Jump up to : Sallis , Eva. 1999 . Sheherazade through the looking glass : the metamorphosis of the Thousand and One Nights . pp. 4 passim ^ Jump up to : Marzolph , Ulrich and Richard van Leeuwen. 2004 . The Arabian nights encyclopedia , Volume 1 . pp. 506 -- 08 Jump up ^ Madeleine Dobie , 2009 . Translation in the contact zone : Antoine Galland 's Mille et une nuits : contes arabes . p. 37 . In Makdisi , Saree and Felicity Nussbaum : `` The Arabian Nights in Historical Context : Between East and West '' ^ Jump up to : Irwin , Robert . 2004 . The Arabian nights : a companion . pp. 1 -- 9 Jump up ^ PEN American Center . Pen.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Dwight Reynolds . `` The Thousand and One Nights : A History of the Text and its Reception . '' The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature : Arabic Literature in the Post-Classical Period . Cambridge UP , 2006 . Jump up ^ Irwin , Robert ( 2003 ) , The Arabian Nights : A Companion , Tauris Parke Palang - faacks , ISBN 1 - 86064 - 983 - 1 Jump up ^ `` The Oriental Tale in England in the Eighteenth Century '' , by Martha Pike Conant , Ph. D. Columbia University Press ( 1908 ) Jump up ^ Irwin pp. 49 -- 50 Jump up ^ Ulrich Marzolph , The Arabian nights in transnational perspective , 2007 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8143 - 3287 - 0 , p. 230 . ^ Jump up to : Heath , Peter ( May 1994 ) , `` Reviewed work ( s ) : Story - Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights by David Pinault '' , International Journal of Middle East Studies , Cambridge University Press , 26 ( 2 ) : 358 -- 60 ( 359 -- 60 ) , doi : 10.1017 / s0020743800060633 Jump up ^ Ulrich Marzolph , Richard van Leeuwen , Hassan Wassouf ( 2004 ) , The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , pp. 3 -- 4 , ISBN 1 - 57607 - 204 - 5 Jump up ^ Burton , Richard ( September 2003 ) , The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night , Volume 1 , Project Gutenberg ^ Jump up to : Heath , Peter ( May 1994 ) , `` Reviewed work ( s ) : Story - Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights by David Pinault '' , International Journal of Middle East Studies , Cambridge University Press , 26 ( 2 ) : 358 -- 60 ( 360 ) , doi : 10.1017 / s0020743800060633 Jump up ^ Irwin , Robert ( 2003 ) , The Arabian Nights : A Companion , Tauris Parke Palang - faacks , p. 200 , ISBN 1 - 86064 - 983 - 1 Jump up ^ Irwin , Robert ( 2003 ) , The Arabian Nights : A Companion , Tauris Parke Palang - faacks , p. 198 , ISBN 1 - 86064 - 983 - 1 Jump up ^ Irwin , Robert ( 2003 ) , The Arabian Nights : A Companion , Tauris Parke Palang - faacks , pp. 199 -- 200 , ISBN 1 - 86064 - 983 - 1 Jump up ^ Heath , Peter ( May 1994 ) , `` Reviewed work ( s ) : Story - Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights by David Pinault '' , International Journal of Middle East Studies , Cambridge University Press , 26 ( 2 ) : 358 -- 60 ( 359 ) , doi : 10.1017 / s0020743800060633 Jump up ^ Irwin , Robert ( 2003 ) , The Arabian Nights : A Companion , Tauris Parke Palang - faacks , pp. 193 -- 94 , ISBN 1 - 86064 - 983 - 1 Jump up ^ Irwin , Robert ( 2003 ) , The Arabian Nights : A Companion , Tauris Parke Palang - faacks , p. 199 , ISBN 1 - 86064 - 983 - 1 ^ Jump up to : Ulrich Marzolph , Richard van Leeuwen , Hassan Wassouf ( 2004 ) , The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , p. 109 , ISBN 1 - 57607 - 204 - 5 Jump up ^ Irwin , Robert ( 2003 ) , The Arabian Nights : A Companion , Tauris Parke Palang - faacks , p. 93 , ISBN 1 - 86064 - 983 - 1 Jump up ^ Ulrich Marzolph , Richard van Leeuwen , Hassan Wassouf ( 2004 ) , The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , p. 4 , ISBN 1 - 57607 - 204 - 5 Jump up ^ Ulrich Marzolph , Richard van Leeuwen , Hassan Wassouf ( 2004 ) , The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , pp. 97 -- 98 , ISBN 1 - 57607 - 204 - 5 Jump up ^ `` Ali with the Large Member '' is only in the Wortley Montague manuscript ( 1764 ) , which is in the Bodleian Library , and is not found in Burton or any of the other standard translations . ( Ref : Arabian Nights Encyclopedia ) . Jump up ^ Pinault , David ( 1992 ) , Story - telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights , Brill Publishers , p. 59 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 09530 - 6 Jump up ^ Marzolph , Ulrich ( 2006 ) , The Arabian Nights Reader , Wayne State University Press , pp. 240 -- 42 , ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3259 - 5 Jump up ^ Pinault , David ( 1992 ) , Story - Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights , Brill Publishers , pp. 93 , 95 , 97 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 09530 - 6 Jump up ^ Pinault , David ( 1992 ) , Story - Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights , Brill Publishers , pp. 91 , 93 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 09530 - 6 Jump up ^ Marzolph , Ulrich ( 2006 ) , The Arabian Nights Reader , Wayne State University Press , p. 240 , ISBN 0 - 8143 - 3259 - 5 Jump up ^ Ulrich Marzolph , Richard van Leeuwen , Hassan Wassouf ( 2004 ) , The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , pp. 2 -- 4 , ISBN 1 - 57607 - 204 - 5 Jump up ^ Yuriko Yamanaka , Tetsuo Nishio ( 2006 ) , The Arabian Nights and Orientalism : Perspectives from East & West , I.B. Tauris , p. 83 , ISBN 1 - 85043 - 768 - 8 Jump up ^ Al - Hakawati . `` The Story of Gherib and his Brother Agib '' . Thousand Nights and One Night . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Hamori , Andras ( 1971 ) , `` An Allegory from the Arabian Nights : The City of Brass '' , Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Cambridge University Press , 34 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 19 ( 10 ) , doi : 10.1017 / S0041977X00141540 The hero of the tale is an historical person , Musa bin Nusayr . Jump up ^ Daniel Harms , John Wisdom Gonce , John Wisdom Gonce , III ( 2003 ) , The Necronomicon Files : The Truth Behind Lovecraft 's Legend , Weiser , pp. 87 -- 90 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57863 - 269 - 5 ^ Jump up to : Irwin , Robert ( 2003 ) , The Arabian Nights : A Companion , Tauris Parke Palang - faacks , p. 209 , ISBN 1 - 86064 - 983 - 1 Jump up ^ Irwin , Robert ( 2003 ) , The Arabian Nights : A Companion , Tauris Parke Palang - faacks , p. 204 , ISBN 1 - 86064 - 983 - 1 Jump up ^ Irwin , Robert ( 2003 ) , The Arabian Nights : A Companion , Tauris Parke Palang - faacks , p. 190 , ISBN 1 - 86064 - 983 - 1 Jump up ^ Irwin , Robert ( 2003 ) , The Arabian Nights : A Companion , Tauris Parke Palang - faacks , pp. 211 -- 12 , ISBN 1 - 86064 - 983 - 1 Jump up ^ Hamori , Andras ( 1971 ) , `` An Allegory from the Arabian Nights : The City of Brass '' , Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Cambridge University Press , 34 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 19 ( 9 ) , doi : 10.1017 / S0041977X00141540 Jump up ^ Pinault , David ( 1992 ) , Story - Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights , Brill Publishers , pp. 148 -- 49 , 217 -- 19 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 09530 - 6 Jump up ^ Irwin , Robert ( 2003 ) , The Arabian Nights : A Companion , Tauris Parke Palang - faacks , p. 213 , ISBN 1 - 86064 - 983 - 1 Jump up ^ Hamori , Andras ( 1971 ) , `` An Allegory from the Arabian Nights : The City of Brass '' , Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Cambridge University Press , 34 ( 1 ) : 9 -- 19 ( 12 -- 3 ) , doi : 10.1017 / S0041977X00141540 ^ Jump up to : Pinault , David ( 1992 ) , Story - Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights , Brill Publishers , pp. 10 -- 11 , ISBN 90 - 04 - 09530 - 6 Jump up ^ Geraldine McCaughrean , Rosamund Fowler ( 1999 ) , One Thousand and One Arabian Nights , Oxford University Press , pp. 247 -- 51 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 275013 - 5 Jump up ^ Ulrich Marzolph , Richard van Leeuwen , Hassan Wassouf ( 2004 ) , The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia , ABC - CLIO , pp. 172 -- 74 , ISBN 1 - 57607 - 204 - 5 Jump up ^ Academic Literature , Islam and Science Fiction Jump up ^ Burton Nights . Mythfolklore.net ( 2005 - 01 - 01 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Tale of Nur Al - Din Ali and His Son Badr Al - Din Hasan -- The Arabian Nights -- The Thousand and One Nights -- Sir Richard Burton translator . Classiclit.about.com ( 2013 - 07 - 19 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ Irwin , Robert ( 2003 ) , The Arabian Nights : A Companion , Tauris Parke Palang - faacks , p. 290 , ISBN 1 - 86064 - 983 - 1 Jump up ^ James Thurber , `` The Wizard of Chitenango '' , p. 64 Fantasists on Fantasy edited by Robert H. Boyer and Kenneth J. Zahorski , ISBN 0 - 380 - 86553 - X . Jump up ^ Blue , J. ; ( 2006 ) Categories for Naming Planetary Features . Retrieved November 16 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Reynolds p. 272 Jump up ^ Irwin pp. 81 -- 82 ^ Jump up to : `` Encyclopaedia Iranica '' . Iranicaonline.org . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Irwin pp. 92 -- 94 Jump up ^ Irwin pp. 96 -- 99 Jump up ^ Irwin pp. 61 -- 62 Jump up ^ Irwin p. 14 Jump up ^ Reynolds pp. 279 -- 81 Jump up ^ Irwin pp. 238 -- 41 Jump up ^ Irwin p. 242 Jump up ^ Irwin pp. 245 -- 60 Jump up ^ `` The manuscripts , Letter from Andrew Millar to Robert Wodrow , 5 August , 1725 . Andrew Millar Project . University of Edinburgh '' . www.millar-project.ed.ac.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 03 . Jump up ^ A.S. Byatt On Histories and Stories ( Harvard University Press , 2001 ) p. 167 Jump up ^ Wordsworth in Book Five of The Prelude ; Tennyson in his poem `` Recollections of the Arabian Nights '' . ( Irwin , pp. 266 -- 69 ) Jump up ^ Irwin p. 270 ^ Jump up to : Byatt p. 168 Jump up ^ `` The Cat and the Moon and Certain Poems by William Butler Yeats '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Jeffares , A. Norman ; Cross , K.G.W. ( 18 June 1965 ) . `` In Excited Reverie : Centenary Tribute to W.B. Yeats '' . Springer -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Irwin , pp. 291 -- 92 Jump up ^ Lundell , Michael ( 2013 ) , `` Pasolini 's Splendid Infidelities : Un / Faithful Film Versions of The Thousand and One Nights '' , Adaptation , Oxford University Press , 6 ( 1 ) : 120 -- 27 , doi : 10.1093 / adaptation / aps022 Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 1987 ) . Of Mice and Magic : A History of American Animated Cartoons . New American Library . pp. 341 -- 42 . ISBN 0 - 452 - 25993 - 2 . Jump up ^ One Thousand and One Arabian Nights Review ( 1969 ) . Thespinningimage.co.uk . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ 1001 Nights heads to Discovery Kids Asia . Kidscreen ( 2013 - 06 - 13 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 09 - 23 . Jump up ^ The Most Ambitious Movie At This Year 's Cannes Film Festival is ' Arabian Nights ' . Retrieved on 2015 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ See Encyclopædia Iranica ( NB : Some of the dates provided there are wrong ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 11 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Irwin , Robert ( March 12 , 2011 ) . `` The Arabian Nights : a thousand and one illustrations '' . The Guardian . Sources ( edit ) Robert Irwin The Arabian Nights : A Companion ( Tauris Parke , 2005 ) David Pinault Story - Telling Techniques in the Arabian Nights ( Brill Publishers , 1992 ) Ulrich Marzolph , Richard van Leeuwen , Hassan Wassouf , The Arabian Nights Encyclopedia ( 2004 ) Ulrich Marzolph ( ed . ) The Arabian Nights Reader ( Wayne State University Press , 2006 ) Dwight Reynolds , `` A Thousand and One Nights : a history of the text and its reception '' in The Cambridge History of Arabic Literature Vol 6 . ( CUP 2006 ) Eva Sallis Scheherazade Through the Looking - Glass : The Metamorphosis of the Thousand and One Nights ( Routledge , 1999 ) , Yamanaka , Yuriko and Nishio , Tetsuo ( ed . ) The Arabian Nights and Orientalism -- Perspectives from East and West ( I.B. Tauris , 2006 ) ISBN 1 - 85043 - 768 - 8 Ch . Pellat , `` Alf Layla Wa Layla '' in Encyclopædia Iranica . Online Access June 2011 at ( 3 ) Further reading ( edit ) Where is A Thousand Tales ? ( Hezar Afsan Kojast ? ) by Bahram Beyzai , Roshangaran va Motale'ate Zanan , 2012 . In Arabian Nights : A search of Morocco through its stories and storytellers by Tahir Shah , Doubleday , 2008 . The Islamic Context of The Thousand and One Nights by Muhsin J. al - Musawi , Columbia University Press , 2009 . Nurse , Paul McMichael . Eastern Dreams : How the Arabian Nights Came to the World Viking Canada : 2010 . General popular history of the 1001 Nights from its earliest days to the present . External links ( edit ) Media related to Arabian Nights at Wikimedia Commons Quotations related to One Thousand and One Nights at Wikiquote Arabic Wikisource has original text related to this article : ألف ليلة وليلة Works related to One Thousand and One Nights at Wikisource The Thousand Nights and a Night in several classic translations , including the Sir Richard Francis Burton unexpurgated translation and John Payne translation , with additional material . The Arabian Nights Entertainments , Selected and Edited by Andrew Lang , Longmans , Green and Co , 1918 ( 1898 ) . Read all the 1001 Nights fairy tales The Arabian Nights public domain audiobook at LibriVox Fantasy fiction History Literature Outline Sources Subgenres Bangsian Comic Contemporary Dark Dying Earth Fairytale Fantastique Fantasy of manners Folklore Mythology ( based ) Gaslamp Gothic Hard Heroic High list Historical Juvenile Lost World Low Magical girl Medieval Mythic Romantic Shenmo Sword and sorcery Urban Weird fiction Media Film and television Anime Films Television programs Literature Authors Ballantine Adult Fantasy series Comics list The Encyclopedia of Fantasy Fantasy Masterworks Internet Speculative Fiction Database List of novels ( A -- H ) ( I -- R ) ( S -- Z ) Newcastle Forgotten Fantasy Library Publishers Magazines Fantastic Locus The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction Science Fantasy Unknown Weird Tales Fandom Art Filk music Harry Potter fandom Inklings Mythopoeic Society Religion Tolkien fandom Works inspired by J.R.R. Tolkien World Fantasy Convention World Fantasy Award Tropes Creatures Angels Demons Dragons Elementals Familiars Faeries Jinns Lycanthropes Old Ones Sirens Spirits Undead Unicorns Yōkai Characters Barbarian Caveman Damsel in distress Dark Lord Heroes Fairy godmother Magicians Occult detective list Witches Magic ( dark / light ) Animism Demonology Evocation Incantation Necromancy Shapeshifting Technomancy Witchcraft Fantasy races Dwarves Elves Treants Giants Gnomes Goblins Gremlins Halflings Hobgoblins Kobolds Ogres Oni Orcs Trolls Places and events Quests Worlds list Lost city Hollow Earth Astral plane Enchanted forest Related Allegory Dungeons & Dragons Epic poetry Fable Fairy tale Fantastic Horror fiction Ghost stories Human -- animal hybrid LGBT themes in speculative fiction Magic realism Mecha Mythology Science fantasy Science fiction Superhero fiction Supernatural fiction Portal ( hide ) One Thousand and One Nights Translations Les mille et une nuits ( 1704 -- 1717 ) The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night ( 1885 -- 1888 ) Le livre des mille nuits et une nuit ( 1926 -- 1932 ) Stories Aladdin Ali Baba The Fisherman and the Jinni Sinbad the Sailor The Three Apples Characters Fictional Ali Baba Badroulbadour Old Man of the Sea Scheherazade Sinbad the Sailor Historical Barmakids Harun al - Rashid Hatim al - Tai Ja'far ibn Yahya Khosrow II Abu Nuwas Shirin Zubaidah bint Ja ` far Films The Thief of Bagdad ( 1924 ) Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp ( 1939 ) The Thief of Bagdad ( 1940 ) Arabian Nights ( 1942 ) La Rosa di Bagdad ( 1949 ) The Thief of Bagdad ( 1952 ) 1001 Arabian Nights ( 1959 ) The Thief of Baghdad ( 1961 ) Aladdin 's Magic Lamp ( 1966 ) A Thousand and One Nights ( 1969 ) Arabian Nights ( 1974 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Thief and the Cobbler ( 1993 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) ( Also numerous Sinbad , Aladdin , and Ali Baba films ) Television Scooby - Doo ! in Arabian Nights ( 1994 ) Arabian Nights ( 2000 ) 1001 Nights ( 2011 ) Arabian Nights ( 2015 ) Music Operas Le calife de Bagdad ( 1800 ) Abu Hassan ( 1811 ) Ali Baba ( Cherubini ) ( 1833 ) Der Barbier von Bagdad ( 1858 ) La statue ( 1861 ) Ali - Baba ( Lecocq ) ( 1887 ) Mârouf , savetier du Caire ( 1914 ) Other Scheherazade Op. 35 ( 1888 ) Aladdin ( 1918 -- 1919 ) Literature `` The Thousand - and - Second Tale of Scheherazade '' ( 1845 ) New Arabian Nights ( 1882 ) Slaves of Sleep ( 1939 ) Dunyazadiad ( 1972 ) Arabian Nights and Days ( 1979 ) Two Years Eight Months and Twenty - Eight Nights ( 2015 ) Lists Characters Stories ( Burton translation ) Works influenced by ... Related Ghoul Ifrit Jinn Magic carpet Open Sesame Roc ( rukh ) Shahrokh Arabic literature Old Namara inscription Pre-Islamic Arabic inscriptions Pre-Islamic Abu Layla al - Muhalhel Adi ibn Zayd Afira bint ' Abbad Al - Fāriʿah bint Shaddād Al - Hujayjah Al - Ḥurqah Al - Khirniq bint Badr Al - Shanfara Al - Nu'man ibn Humaydah ' Alqama ibn ' Abada ' Amir ibn al - Tufayl Amr ibn Kulthum Antarah ibn Shaddad Al - A'sha Harith ibn Hilliza Al - Yashkuri Hatim al - Tai Labīd Laila bint Lukaiz Mahd al - Aadiyya Mu'aqqir Al - Nabigha Imru ' al - Qais Samaw'al ibn ' Adiya Tarafa Uthman ibn al - Huwayrith Zuhayr bin Abi Sulma Zuhayr ibn Janab Classical Early Islamic Al - Akhtal al - Taghlibi Al - Farazdaq Abd al - Hamid al - Katib Fadl Ashsha'ira Hassan ibn Thabit Ibn Abi Hasina Maysun bint Bahdal Jamil ibn Ma'mar Suraqa bin Malik Jarir ibn Atiyah Ka'b bin Zuhayr Al - Khansa Kuthayyir Layla al - Akhyaliyya Suraqah al - Bariqi Qutayla ukht al - Nadr Waddah al - Yaman Yunus Al - Katib Al - Mughanni Zufar ibn al - Harith al - Kilabi Dhu Jadan al - Himyari Dorayd bin Al Soma Qatari ibn al - Fuja'a Abbasid era Bint al - Mahdī Ibn al - Ahnaf Ibn al - Mu'tazz Abu Firas al - Hamdani Abu Tammam Al - Mudabbir Abu'l - Qasimbal - Maghribi Arib al - Ma'muniyya Al - Asma'i Ahmad al - Tifashi Abu - l - ' Atahiya ibn al - ' Amid Al - Hamadani Baha ' al - din Zuhair Bashar ibn Burd Buhturi Al - Busiri Al - Isfahani Al - Fath ibn Khaqan Al - Hariri of Basra Ibn al - Farid Ibn al - Rumi Ibn Duraid ibn al - Mahdi ibn al - Mudabbir Al - Maʿarri Al - Mutanabbi Abu Nuwas Al - Jahiz Shāriyah Al - Armanazi Aban al - Lahiqi Imad ad - Din al - Isfahani Rabia of Basra Abdallah ibn al - Mu'tazz Yunus ibn Habib Al - Farahidi Al - Shafi'i Ibn al - Muqaffa ' Al - Mubarrad Ibn Abi Tahir Tayfur Safiyya al - Baghdadiyya Al - Zahiri Ibn Qutaybah Dik al - Jinn ' Inān Abu Ahmad Monajjem Ibn Bakkar Al - Sarī al - Raffā ' Al - Suli Niftawayh Al - Tughrai Laylā bint Ṭarīf Al - Tha'alibi Al - Daylami al - Tawhīdī Al - Sharif al - Radi Ibn Jinni Ibn Hayyus Al - Raghib al - Isfahani Sharif al - Murtaza Al Uyuni Yaqut al - Hamawi Al Suhrawardi Al - Hallaj Usama ibn Munqidh Ibn al - Nafis Ibn ' Adlan Al - Andalus Abū Jaʿfar Al - Rumaikiyya Maria Alphaizuli Ibn Ammar Buthaina Al - Rukuniyya Ḥamda bint Ziyād Ibn Hamdis Ibn Abd Rabbih Ibn al - Abbar Ibn al - Zaqqaq Ibn Amira Ibn Baqi Ibn Bassam Ibn Juzayy Ibn Khafaja Ibn al - Khatib Ibn Quzman Ibn Sahl Ibn Zamrak Ibn Zaydún Lubna of Córdoba Al - Mu'tamid ibn Abbad ibn Hani al - Azdi Muhya Nazhun Qasmuna Al - Tutili Umm Al - Kiram Yusuf III Yusuf III Ibn Hazm Ibn Arabi al - Shushtari Abu Madyan al - Rundi Ibn al - Arif Ibn Wahbun Ibn Abdun Avempace al - Baji al - Fazazi Ibn al - Yayyab Ibn Jubayr Ibn al - Kattani Ibn Tufail Mamluk era Ahmad ibn Arabshah Ibn Al Ouardy Al - Busiri Ibn Battuta ' A'isha al - Ba'uniyya Ibn al - Wardi Hamdallah Mustawfi Ibn Nubata al - Nafzawi Ibn Khaldun Al - Qalqashandi Al Helly Al - Mansori Al - Safadi Ibn Danyal Al - Azazi Al - Warraq Al - Nahhas Al - Irbeli Al - Zarif Ibn Sudon al - Hamwi Modern Ottoman - era Al - Nabulsi Ahmed Ben Triki Fuzûlî Yusuf al - Maghribi Shaykh Ali al - Khawas El Baroudy Maruf al Rusafi Nasif al - Yaziji Ibrahim al - Yaziji Jamil Sidqi al - Zahawi Ahmad Faris Shidyaq Naoum Mokarzel Ahmad Rida Ameen Rihani Qustaki al - Himsi al - Kawakibi Suleyman al - Boustani Butrus al - Bustani Ahmad Zaki Pasha Rifa'a al - Tahtawi Abdallah Marrash Francis Marrash Maryana Marrash Hafez Ibrahim Ahmed Shawqi Mikha'il Na'ima Kahlil Gibran Farah Antun Jurji Zaydan May Ziade Contemporary Taha Hussein Nawal El Saadawi Naguib Mahfouz Yusuf Idris Sonallah Ibrahim Tawfiq al - Hakim Ahlam Mosteghanemi Mahmoud Darwish Adunis Muhammad al - Maghut Nizar Qabbani Abbās al - Aqqād Mustafa Wahbi al - Tal Said Akl Fayeq Abdul - Jaleel Sinan Antoon Ibrahim Tuqan Emile Habibi Ghassan Kanafani Ghada al - Samman Abdul Rahman Munif Al Gosaibi Echebbi Hanna Mina Colette Khoury Saadallah Wannous Zakaria Tamer Tayeb Salih Leila Aboulela Ihsan Abdel Quddous Alaa Al Aswany Mohamed Choukri Leila Abouzeid Mohammed Bennis Abdellatif Laabi Mohamed Said Raihani Waciny Laredj Tahar Djaout Alifa Rifaat Ali Douagi Youssef Rzouga Salah Jahin Amal Donqol Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi Hasan Tawfiq Ibrahim al - Mazini al - Jawahiri Safa Khulusi Nazik Al - Malaika Ahmed Matar Al - Bayati al - Sayyab Saadi Yousef Ibrahim Nasrallah Elia Abu Madi Omar Abu Risha Yusuf al - Khal Mourid Barghouti Jabra Ibrahim Jabra Samih al - Qasim Fadwa Tuqan Arabic used to be the lingua franca of the Islamic world . Today it is the official language of the Arab world , and one of the official languages of Israel , Eritrea , Tanzania and Chad . Persian literature Old Behistun Inscription Old Persian inscriptions Ganjnameh Inscription of Xerxes the Great in Van Fortress Achaemenid inscription in the Kharg Island Middle Ayadgar - i Zariran Counsels of Adurbad - e Mahrspandan Dēnkard Book of Jamasp Book of Arda Viraf Karnamak - i Artaxshir - i Papakan Cube of Zoroaster Dana - i Menog Khrat Shabuhragan of Mani Shahrestanha - ye Eranshahr Bundahishn Menog - i Khrad Jamasp Namag Dadestan - i Denig Anthology of Zadspram Warshtmansr Zand - i Wahman yasn Drakht - i Asurig Shikand - gumanig Vizar Classical 900s Rudaki Abu - Mansur Daqiqi Ferdowsi ( Shahnameh ) Abu Shakur Balkhi Abu Tahir Khosrovani Shahid Balkhi Bal'ami Rabia Balkhi Abusaeid Abolkheir ( 967 -- 1049 ) Avicenna ( 980 -- 1037 ) Unsuri Asjadi Kisai Marvazi Ayyuqi 1000s Bābā Tāher Nasir Khusraw ( 1004 -- 1088 ) Al - Ghazali ( 1058 -- 1111 ) Khwaja Abdullah Ansari ( 1006 -- 1088 ) Asadi Tusi Qatran Tabrizi ( 1009 -- 1072 ) Nizam al - Mulk ( 1018 -- 1092 ) Masud Sa 'd Salman ( 1046 -- 1121 ) Moezi Neyshapuri Omar Khayyām ( 1048 -- 1131 ) Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani Ahmad Ghazali Hujwiri Manuchehri Ayn - al - Quzat Hamadani ( 1098 -- 1131 ) Uthman Mukhtari Abu - al - Faraj Runi Sanai Banu Goshasp Borzu - Nama Afdal al - Din Kashani Abu'l Hasan Mihyar al - Daylami Mu'izzi Mahsati Ganjavi 1100s Hakim Iranshah Suzani Samarqandi Hassan Ghaznavi Faramarz Nama Shahab al - Din Suhrawardi ( 1155 -- 1191 ) Adib Sabir Falaki Shirvani Am'aq Najm al - Din Razi Attār ( 1142 -- c. 1220 ) Khaghani ( 1120 -- 1190 ) Anvari ( 1126 -- 1189 ) Faramarz - e Khodadad Nizami Ganjavi ( 1141 -- 1209 ) Fakhr al - Din al - Razi ( 1149 -- 1209 ) Kamal al - din Esfahani Shams Tabrizi ( d. 1248 ) 1200s Abu Tahir Tarsusi Awhadi Maraghai Shams al - Din Qays Razi Sultan Walad Nasīr al - Dīn al - Tūsī Afdal al - Din Kashani Fakhr - al - Din Iraqi Mahmud Shabistari ( 1288 -- 1320s ) Abu'l Majd Tabrizi Amir Khusro ( 1253 -- 1325 ) Saadi ( Bustan / Golestān ) Bahram - e-Pazhdo Pur - Baha Jami Zartosht Bahram e Pazhdo Rumi Homam Tabrizi ( 1238 -- 1314 ) Nozhat al - Majales Khwaju Kermani Sultan Walad 1300s Ibn Yamin Shah Ni'matullah Wali Hafez Abu Ali Qalandar Fazlallah Astarabadi Nasimi Emad al - Din Faqih Kermani 1400s Ubayd Zakani Salman Sawaji Hatefi Jami Kamal Khujandi Ahli Shirzi ( 1454 -- 1535 ) Fuzûlî ( 1483 -- 1556 ) Ismail I ( 1487 -- 1524 ) Baba Faghani Shirzani 1500s Vahshi Bafqi ( 1523 -- 1583 ) ' Orfi Shirazi 1600s Taleb Amoli Saib Tabrizi ( 1607 -- 1670 ) Kalim Kashani Hazin Lāhiji ( 1692 -- 1766 ) Saba Kashani Abdul - Qādir Bēdil ( 1642 -- 1720 ) Naw'i Khabushani 1700s Neshat Esfahani Abbas Foroughi Bastami ( 1798 -- 1857 ) 1800s Mahmud Saba Kashani ( 1813 -- 1893 ) Contemporary Poetry Iran Ahmadreza Ahmadi Mehdi Akhavan - Sales Hormoz Alipour Qeysar Aminpour Aref Qazvini Manouchehr Atashi Mahmoud Mosharraf Azad Tehrani Mohammad - Taqi Bahar Reza Baraheni Simin Behbahani Dehkhoda Hushang Ebtehaj Bijan Elahi Parviz Eslampour Parvin E'tesami Forough Farrokhzad Hossein Monzavi Hushang Irani Iraj Mirza Bijan Jalali Siavash Kasraie Esmail Khoi Shams Langeroodi Mohammad Mokhtari Nosrat Rahmani Yadollah Royaee Tahereh Saffarzadeh Sohrab Sepehri Mohammad - Reza Shafiei Kadkani Mohammad - Hossein Shahriar Ahmad Shamlou Manouchehr Sheybani Nima Yooshij Fereydoon Moshiri Rasoul Yunan Armenia Edward Haghverdian Afghanistan Nadia Anjuman Wasef Bakhtari Raziq Faani Khalilullah Khalili Youssof Kohzad Massoud Nawabi Abdul Ali Mustaghni Tajikistan Sadriddin Ayni Farzona Iskandar Khatloni Abolqasem Lahouti Gulrukhsor Safieva Loiq Sher - Ali Payrav Sulaymoni Mirzo Tursunzoda Uzbekistan Asad Gulzoda Pakistan Muhammad Iqbal Novels Ali Mohammad Afghani Ghazaleh Alizadeh Bozorg Alavi Reza Amirkhani Mahshid Amirshahi Reza Baraheni Simin Daneshvar Mahmoud Dowlatabadi Reza Ghassemi Houshang Golshiri Aboutorab Khosravi Ahmad Mahmoud Shahriyar Mandanipour Abbas Maroufi Iraj Pezeshkzad Short stories Jalal Al - e-Ahmad Shamim Bahar Sadeq Chubak Simin Daneshvar Nader Ebrahimi Ebrahim Golestan Houshang Golshiri Sadegh Hedayat Mohammad - Ali Jamalzadeh Aboutorab Khosravi Mostafa Mastoor Jaafar Modarres - Sadeghi Houshang Moradi Kermani Bijan Najdi Shahrnush Parsipur Gholam - Hossein Sa'edi Bahram Sadeghi Goli Taraqqi Plays Reza Abdoh Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh Hamid Amjad Bahram Beyzai Mohammad Charmshir Alireza Koushk Jalali Hadi Marzban Bijan Mofid Hengameh Mofid Abbas Nalbandian Akbar Radi Pari Saberi Mohammad Yaghoubi Screenplays Saeed Aghighi Rakhshan Bani - E'temad Bahram Beyzai Hajir Darioush Pouran Derakhshandeh Asghar Farhadi Bahman Farmanara Farrokh Ghaffari Behrouz Gharibpour Bahman Ghobadi Fereydun Gole Ebrahim Golestan Ali Hatami Abolfazl Jalili Ebrahim Hatamikia Abdolreza Kahani Varuzh Karim - Masihi Samuel Khachikian Abbas Kiarostami David Mahmoudieh Majid Majidi Mohsen Makhmalbaf Dariush Mehrjui Reza Mirkarimi Rasoul Mollagholipour Amir Naderi Jafar Panahi Kambuzia Partovi Rasul Sadr Ameli Mohammad Sadri Parviz Shahbazi Sohrab Shahid - Saless Translators Amrollah Abjadian Jaleh Amouzgar Najaf Daryabandari Behzad Ghaderi Sohi Mohammad Ghazi Lili Golestan Sadegh Hedayat Saleh Hosseini Ahmad Kamyabi Mask Mohammad Moin Ebrahim Pourdavoud Hamid Samandarian Jalal Sattari Jafar Shahidi Ahmad Shamlou Ahmad Tafazzoli Abbas Zaryab Essayists Aydin Aghdashloo Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi Ehsan Yarshater Contemporary Persian and Classical Persian are the same language , but writers since 1900 are classified as contemporary . At one time , Persian was a common cultural language of much of the non-Arabic Islamic world . Today it is the official language of Iran , Tajikistan and one of the two official languages of Afghanistan . Panchatantra aka : Tantrakhyayika -- Panchakhyana -- Kalila and Dimna -- The Lights of Canopus -- The Fables of Bidpai / Pilpay -- The Moral Philosophy of Doni -- Tantri Kamandaka -- Nandaka - prakarana Stories The Blue Jackal The Tortoise and the Birds The Bear and the Gardener The Lion and the Mouse The Mouse Turned into a Maid The Deer without a Heart The Ass in the Lion 's Skin The Brahmin and the Mongoose The Fox and the Cat The milkmaid and her pail Related works Aesop 's Fables La Fontaine 's Fables Hikayat Panca Tanderan Hitopadesha Jataka tales Kathasaritsagara One Thousand and One Nights Śukasaptati Other media The Tall Tales of Vishnu Sharma Editors , translators , adapters Early Vishnu Sharma ( putative author ) Abu'l - Fazl ibn Mubarak Borzūya Durgasimha Jean de La Fontaine Antoine Galland John of Capua Kshemendra Ibn al - Muqaffa ' Narayana Abu'l - Ma'ali Nasrallah Thomas North Rudaki Simeon Seth Modern Theodor Benfey Gustav Bickell Hermann Brockhaus Edward Backhouse Eastwick Franklin Edgerton A.N.D. Haksar Johannes Hertel Joseph Jacobs Ion Keith - Falconer Patrick Olivelle N.M. Penzer Arthur W. Ryder Silvestre de Sacy C.H. Tawney Charles Wilkins Ramsay Wood Topics Beast fable Frame story Katha GND : 4131342 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_Thousand_and_One_Nights&oldid=839508902 '' Categories : One Thousand and One Nights Arab culture Arabian mythology Arabic literature Medieval Arabic literature Frame stories Iranian folklore Persian literature Persian mythology Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Arabic - language text Articles containing Persian - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kurdî Ladino Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Malti مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Picard Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Русиньскый Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 101 more Edit links This page was last edited on 3 May 2018 , at 22 : 16 . 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-4919992011423650845	Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017	Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 - Wikipedia Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 Totality as seen from Simpsonville , South Carolina Map Type of eclipse Nature Total Gamma 0.4367 Magnitude 1.0306 Maximum eclipse Duration 160 sec ( 2 m 40 s ) 37 ° 00 ′ N 87 ° 42 ′ W / 37 ° N 87.7 ° W / 37 ; - 87.7 Max . width of band 115 km ( 71 mi ) Times ( UTC ) ( P1 ) Partial begin 15 : 46 : 48 ( U1 ) Total begin 16 : 48 : 32 Greatest eclipse 18 : 26 : 40 ( U4 ) Total end 20 : 01 : 35 ( P4 ) Partial end 21 : 04 : 19 References Saros 145 ( 22 of 77 ) Catalog # ( SE5000 ) 9546 The solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 was a total eclipse visible within a band across the entire contiguous United States , passing from the Pacific to the Atlantic coasts . As a partial solar eclipse , it was visible on land from Nunavut in northern Canada to as far south as northern South America . In northwestern Europe and Africa , it was partially visible in the late evening . In Asia it was visible only at the eastern extremity , the Chukchi Peninsula . Play media Video of the eclipse second contact in Simpsonville , South Carolina . Crowd reaction is heard on audio . Prior to this event , no solar eclipse had been visible across the entire contiguous United States since June 8 , 1918 ; not since the February 1979 eclipse had a total eclipse been visible from anywhere in the mainland United States . The path of totality touched 14 states , and the rest of the U.S. had a partial eclipse . The area of the path of totality was about 16 percent of the area of the United States , with most of this area over the ocean , not land . The event 's shadow began to cover land on the Oregon coast as a partial eclipse at 4 : 05 p.m. UTC ( 9 : 05 a.m. PDT ) , with the total eclipse beginning there at 5 : 16 p.m. UTC ( 10 : 16 a.m. PDT ) ; the total eclipse 's land coverage ended along the South Carolina coast at about 6 : 44 p.m. UTC ( 2 : 44 p.m. EDT ) . Visibility as a partial eclipse in Honolulu , Hawaii began with sunrise at 4 : 20 p.m. UTC ( 6 : 20 a.m. HST ) and ended by 5 : 25 p.m. UTC ( 7 : 25 a.m. HST ) . This total solar eclipse marked the first such event in the smartphone and social media era in America . Information , personal communication , and photography were widely available as never before , capturing popular attention and enhancing the social experience . Logistical problems were expected with the influx of visitors , especially for smaller communities . The sale of counterfeit eclipse glasses was also anticipated to be a hazard for eye injuries . Future total solar eclipses will cross the United States in April 2024 ( 12 states ) and August 2045 ( 10 states ) , and annular solar eclipses -- wherein the Moon appears smaller than the Sun -- will occur in October 2023 ( 9 states ) and June 2048 ( 9 states ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Visibility 2 Other celestial bodies 3 Other eclipses over the United States 4 Total eclipse viewing events 4.1 Oregon 4.2 Idaho 4.3 Wyoming 4.4 Nebraska 4.5 Missouri 4.6 Illinois 4.7 Kansas 4.8 Kentucky 4.9 Tennessee 4.10 North Carolina 4.11 Georgia 4.12 South Carolina 5 Viewing from outside the United States 5.1 Canada 5.2 Mexico , Central America , Caribbean islands , South America 5.3 Russia 5.4 West Africa 5.5 Europe 6 Media and scientific coverage 7 Counterfeit eclipse glasses 8 Eye damage 9 Videos 10 Gallery 11 Planning 12 Post-eclipse traffic problems 13 Impact on solar power 14 Commemorative stamp 15 Related eclipses 15.1 Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 15.2 Saros series 145 15.3 Metonic series 16 See also 17 References 18 Further reading 19 External links Visibility ( edit ) Play media Time - lapse footage of Falls Park on the Reedy in Greenville , South Carolina during the eclipse Play media Video of shadow bands on the ground as seen in Simpsonville , South Carolina . The total eclipse had a magnitude of 1.0306 and was visible within a narrow corridor 70 miles ( 110 km ) wide , crossing fourteen of the contiguous United States : Oregon , Idaho , Montana , Wyoming , Nebraska , Kansas , Iowa , Missouri , Illinois , Kentucky , Tennessee , Georgia , North Carolina , and South Carolina . It was first seen from land in the U.S. shortly after 10 : 15 a.m. PDT ( 17 : 15 UTC ) at Oregon 's Pacific coast , and then it progressed eastward through Salem , Oregon ; Idaho Falls , Idaho ; Casper , Wyoming ; Lincoln , Nebraska ; Kansas City , Missouri ; St. Louis , Missouri ; Hopkinsville , Kentucky ; Nashville , Tennessee ; Columbia , South Carolina about 2 : 41 p.m. ; and finally Charleston , South Carolina . A partial eclipse was seen for a greater time period , beginning shortly after 9 : 00 a.m. PDT along the Pacific Coast of Oregon . Weather forecasts predicted clear skies in Western U.S. and some Eastern states , but clouds in the Midwest and East Coast . Animation of the eclipse shadow . The dot in the center represents the path of totality . View of the lunar shadow tracking across Earth from the Deep Space Climate Observatory ( DSCOVR ) satellite The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37 ° 35 ′ 0 '' N 89 ° 7 ′ 0 '' W / 37.58333 ° N 89.11667 ° W / 37.58333 ; - 89.11667 in Giant City State Park , just south of Carbondale , Illinois , and the greatest extent ( width ) was at 36 ° 58 ′ 0 '' N 87 ° 40 ′ 18 '' W / 36.96667 ° N 87.67167 ° W / 36.96667 ; - 87.67167 near the village of Cerulean , Kentucky , located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton . This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7 , 1970 . Two NASA WB - 57F flew above the clouds , prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra . A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon 's penumbra , including all of North America , particularly areas just south of the totality pass , where the eclipse lasted about 3 -- 5 hours , northern South America , Western Europe , and some of Africa and north - east Asia . Other celestial bodies ( edit ) During totality stars and 4 planets were visible , including Regulus close to the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . Solar eclipse and star - system Regulus ( upper left ) viewed from Cullowhee , NC . During the eclipse for a long span of its path of totality , several bright stars and four planets were visible . The star - system Regulus was visible slightly to the west of the Sun . Mars was 8 degrees to the right , and Venus 34 degrees right . Mercury was 10 degrees left , and Jupiter 51 degrees left . Other eclipses over the United States ( edit ) This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the United States since that of July 11 , 1991 -- which was seen only from part of Hawaii -- and the first visible from the contiguous United States since 1979 . An eclipse of comparable length ( up to 3 minutes , 8 seconds , with the longest eclipse being 6 minutes and 54 seconds ) occurred over the contiguous United States on March 7 , 1970 along the southern portions of the Eastern Seaboard , from Florida to Virginia . The path of totality of the solar eclipse of February 26 , 1979 crossed only the states of Washington , Oregon , Idaho , Montana , and North Dakota . Many enthusiasts traveled to the Pacific Northwest to view the eclipse , since it would be the last chance to view such an eclipse in the contiguous United States for almost four decades . Some American scientists and interested amateurs who wanted to experience a total eclipse participated in a four - day Atlantic Ocean cruise to view the solar eclipse of July 10 , 1972 as it passed near Nova Scotia . ( This is referenced in the Carly Simon hit song `` You 're So Vain '' in the lyric , `` Then you flew your Lear Jet up to Nova Scotia to see the total eclipse of the Sun . '' ) Organizers of the cruise advertised in astronomical journals and in planetarium announcements , emphasizing the rarity of the event . The path of totality across the United States The August 2017 eclipse was the first with a path of totality crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the U.S. since 1918 . Also , its path of totality made landfall exclusively within the United States , making it the first such eclipse since the country 's declaration of independence in 1776 . Prior to this , the path of totality of the eclipse of June 13 , 1257 , was the last to make landfall exclusively on lands currently part of the United States . The path of the 2017 eclipse crosses with the path of the upcoming total solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 , with the intersection of the two paths being in southern Illinois in Makanda Township at Cedar Lake , just south of Carbondale . An area of about 9,000 square miles , including the cities of Makanda , Carbondale , Cape Girardeau , Missouri , and Paducah , Kentucky , will thus experience two total solar eclipses within a span of less than seven years . The cities of Benton , Carbondale , Chester , Harrisburg , Marion , and Metropolis in Illinois ; Cape Girardeau , Farmington , and Perryville in Missouri , as well as Paducah , Kentucky , will also be in the path of the 2024 eclipse , thereby earning the distinction of witnessing two total solar eclipses in seven years . The solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 will have a very similar path of totality over the U.S. to the 2017 eclipse : about 400 km ( 250 mi ) to the southwest , also crossing the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the country ; however , totality will be more than twice as long . Total eclipse viewing events ( edit ) Oregon ( edit ) Viewing the eclipse at Oregon State University Campers on a field near Madras , Oregon , three days before the eclipse . Totality over Timothy Lake , Oregon Diamond Ring effect at the end of totality in Oregon . Some prominences can also be seen . Corvallis -- The Corvallis campus of Oregon State University hosted `` OSU150 Space Grant Festival : A Total Eclipse Experience '' , a weekend - long celebration of the eclipse . A watch party was also hosted on campus the day of the eclipse . Keizer -- The Salem - Keizer Volcanoes , a Class A baseball team , played a morning game against the visiting Hillsboro Hops that featured the first ever `` eclipse delay '' in baseball history . Huntington -- Historic Farewell Bend State Recreation Area hosted the RASC : Yukon Centre ( Yukon Astronomical Society ) and the RASC : Okanagan Centre . Solar viewing and presentations on the eclipse were given along with a dark - sky presentation Madras -- The city sponsored a four - day Solarfest at two locations . Prineville -- Symbiosis Gathering hosted a global eclipse gathering dubbed Oregon Eclipse . Rickreall -- The Polk County Fairgrounds organized a series of events and an eclipse gathering . Salem -- The Oregon Museum of Science and Industry hosted an event at the Oregon State Fairgrounds . Idaho ( edit ) A display of books related to eclipses and astronomy Craters of the Moon -- The National Monument and Preserve hosted NASA presentations , evening star parties hosted by the Idaho Falls Astronomical Society , high altitude balloon launches by the USC Astronautical Engineering department and NASA , and presentations by the New Mexico Chapter of the Charlie Bates Solar Astronomy Project . Idaho Falls -- Free entertainment and educational seminars and an eclipse - watching event at the Museum of Idaho ( an official NASA viewing site ) and elsewhere , and a free eclipse - watching event at Melaleuca Field . Rexburg -- Brigham Young University Idaho offered a series of eclipse - related educational events . Weiser -- The city sponsored a five - day festival prior to the eclipse . Total Eclipse seen from Weiser , Idaho . Wyoming ( edit ) People watching and photographing the eclipse in Yellowstone National Park Casper -- The Astronomical League , an alliance of amateur astronomy clubs , held its annual Astrocon conference , and there were other public events , called Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017 . Fort Laramie -- Fort Laramie held an eclipse viewing event , which included a Special `` Great American Eclipse '' Program . Nebraska ( edit ) A crowd observes the eclipse in Ravenna , Nebraska Alliance -- Entertainment and educational seminars were offered . ABC News reported live from Carhenge during totality . Auburn -- Nemaha County Hospital hosted an eclipse viewing event , including sharing safety tips from Lifetime Vision Center . Grand Island -- Stuhr Museum hosted an eclipse viewing event , including the launch of a NASA eclipse observing balloon . Beatrice -- Homestead National Monument of America -- Events were held with representatives from NASA on Saturday , Sunday and the day of the eclipse . Lincoln -- At Haymarket Park , the Lincoln Saltdogs , an independent baseball team in the American Association , defeated the Gary SouthShore RailCats 8 - 5 in a special eclipse game , with 6,956 in attendance . The game was paused for 26 minutes in the middle of the third inning to observe the eclipse . The Saltdogs players wore special eclipse - themed uniforms that were auctioned off after the game . Missouri ( edit ) St. Louis -- David Tipper hosted his Tipper & Friends 4321 electronic music event at Astral Valley Art Park featuring 5 days of music , art , and eclipse viewing . Kansas City -- A 5 - mile ( 8 km ) bicycle ride from downtown KCMO ( where totality only lasted about 30 seconds ) to Macken Park in North Kansas City ( where totality lasted 1 minute 13 seconds ) was organized by KC Pedal Party Club , a local Meetup group . Columbia -- The Cosmo Park and the Gans Creek Park were open for the eclipse . There was a watch party on campus for the students of the University of Missouri , and the MU Health Care system released eye safety information . Lathrop -- The city celebrated its 150th anniversary with an eclipse festival . Potosi -- Hora Eclipse , an Israeli folkdance camp coordinated with the eclipse , was held at YMCA Trout Lodge and Camp Lakewood , near the Mark Twain National Forest . More information at the event 's website , especially its post-mortem page . Parkville -- TotalEclipseofthePark -- August 20 educational program featuring NASA Glenn Research Center Hall of Famer Lynn Bondurant , ' 61 , and August 21 watch party organized by Park University . St. Clair -- An event organized by the St. Clair City Chamber of Commerce . St. Joseph -- An event organized by Front Page Science was held at Rosecrans Memorial Airport . Illinois ( edit ) Carbondale -- Southern Illinois University sponsored many eclipse related educational events , including the two day Crossroads Astronomy , Science and Technology Expo , and viewing at Saluki Stadium . Amtrak ran a special train , the Eclipse Express , from Chicago to Carbondale . NASA EDGE was there broadcasting live from Southern Illinois University Carbondale with a four - hour and thirty - minute show ( 11 : 45 a.m. -- 4 : 15 p.m. EDT ) . Carterville -- A three - day rock festival called Moonstock was headlined by Ozzy Osbourne , who performed during the eclipse . Goreville -- View the eclipse with the University of Illinois Astronomy Department . Kansas ( edit ) Atchison -- Benedictine College hosted thousands in its football stadium . There were students from schools from Kansas , Missouri , Nebraska and Oklahoma attending , plus numerous other guests who heard from , amongst others , astronomers from the Vatican Observatory . An eclipse photographer in Madisonville , Kentucky Kentucky ( edit ) Bowling Green -- Western Kentucky University hosted thousands of K - 12 students in its football stadium . At Bowling Green Ballpark , the Bowling Green Hot Rods , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Michigan Whitecaps . Hopkinsville -- A four - day eclipse festival was held at Jefferson Davis State Historic Site . Tennessee ( edit ) Totality as seen from Tennessee Technological University in Cookeville , Tennessee NASA TV 's live coverage was being watched by 4.4 million people at 1 : 40 EDT , accounting for 87 % of all traffic to U.S. federal government websites Athens -- The City of Athens hosted `` Total Eclipse of the Park '' at Athens Regional Park , including entertainment , food , and vendors . Clarksville -- Austin Peay State University presented several educational events , including an appearance by astronaut Rhea Seddon . Cookeville -- Tennessee Technological University hosted a solar eclipse viewing party at Tucker Stadium . Cookeville hosted special events Saturday - Monday . McMinnville -- celebrated the eclipse by hosting BLACKOUT 2017 , an eclipse viewing event held in the city square . In addition to the viewing , a selection of food trucks and musical acts which features The Pink Floyd Appreciation Society band who performed Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon in its entirety prior to the totality event . Memphis -- At AutoZone Park , the Memphis Redbirds , a Class AAA baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting New Orleans Baby Cakes . Nashville -- offered many special events , including the Music City Eclipse Science & Technology Festival at the Adventure Science Center . The Italian Lights Festival hosted the largest Eclipse Viewing Party in Nashville , a free NASA - Certified Eclipse Event held at the Bicentennial Mall . Two astrophysicists from NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory emceed the countdown . North Carolina ( edit ) Bryson City -- Planetarium shows were offered , as well as rides on the Great Smoky Mountains Railroad to an eclipse location . Cullowhee -- The eclipse was visible in totality , and classes were cancelled for several hours during the first day of classes at Western Carolina University . Rosman -- Pisgah Astronomical Research Institute ( PARI ) hosted a viewing event . The event at PARI has garnered international attention and the visitors included amateur astronomers . Georgia ( edit ) Athens -- Viewing at Sanford Stadium at the University of Georgia . Blairsville -- Get off the Grid Festival on three days preceding the eclipse . Elberty County - Approximately 400 people gathered at the Georgia Guidestones . South Carolina ( edit ) Anderson - Viewing at the Green Pond Landing on Lake Hartwell with food trucks , astronomer , and music . Unfortunately clouds blocked the sun at the time of totality . Charleston - The College of Charleston hosted NASA 's `` eclipse headquarters '' broadcast as part of an afternoon eclipse viewing celebration on the green behind the campus library . Clemson -- Viewing at Clemson University . Columbia -- The South Carolina State Museum hosted four days of educational events , including an appearance by Apollo 16 astronaut Charles Duke . At Spirit Communications Park , the Columbia Fireflies , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting Rome Braves . Greenville -- Viewing at Furman University . Events include streaming coverage from NASA , educational activities , and live music . At Fluor Field , the Greenville Drive , a Class A baseball team , played an eclipse game against the visiting West Virginia Power . Sumter -- Viewing at Dillon Park . Eclipse viewing glasses given away for free . Viewing from outside the United States ( edit ) Boundaries of the sunset partial eclipse in Western Europe Canada ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible across the width of Canada , ranging from 89 percent in Victoria , British Columbia to 11 percent in Resolute , Nunavut . In Toronto , viewing parties were held at the CNE and the Ontario Science Centre Mexico , central America , Caribbean islands , South America ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible from Central America , Mexico , the Caribbean islands , and ships and aircraft in and above the adjacent oceans , as well as the northern countries of South America such as Colombia , Venezuela , and several others . Russia ( edit ) A partial eclipse was visible only in the Chukchi Peninsula . In Anadyr , the maximum obscuration was 27 , 82 % . West Africa ( edit ) In some locations in West Africa and western North Africa , a partial eclipse was seen just before and during sunset . Europe ( edit ) In northwestern Europe , the eclipse was only visible partially , in the evening or at sunset . Only those in Iceland , Ireland , Northern Ireland , Scotland and the Portuguese Azores archipelago saw the eclipse from beginning to end ; in the rest of the UK , Norway , the Netherlands , Belgium , France , Spain , and Portugal , sunset occurred before the end of the eclipse . In Germany , the beginning of the eclipse was visible just at sunset only in the extreme northwest of the country . In all regions east of the orange line in the map , the eclipse was not visible . Media and scientific coverage ( edit ) The Moon 's umbra , as seen from the International Space Station A large number of media outlets broadcast coverage of the eclipse , including television and internet outlets . NASA announced plans to offer streaming coverage through its NASA TV and NASA Edge outlets , using cameras stationed on the ground along the path of totality , along with cameras on high - altitude balloons , jets , and coverage from the International Space Station ; NASA stated that `` never before will a celestial event be viewed by so many and explored from so many vantage points -- from space , from the air , and from the ground . '' ABC , CBS , and NBC announced that they would respectively broadcast live television specials to cover the eclipse with correspondents stationed across the path of totality , along with CNN , Fox News Channel , Science , and The Weather Channel . The PBS series Nova presented streaming coverage on Facebook hosted by Miles O'Brien , and aired a special episode chronicling the event -- `` Eclipse Over America '' -- later in the day ( which marked the fastest production turnaround time in Nova history ) . Other institutions and services also announced plans to stream their perspectives of the eclipse , including the Exploratorium in San Francisco , the Elephant Sanctuary of Hohenwald , Tennessee , the Slooh robotic telescope app , and The Virtual Telescope Project . The Eclipse Ballooning Project , a consortium of schools and colleges that sent 50 high - altitude balloons into the sky during the eclipse to conduct experiments , provided streams of footage and GPS tracking of its launches . Contact with one balloon with $13,000 of scientific equipment , launched under the aegis of the LGF Museum of Natural History near Vale , Oregon , was lost at 20,000 feet ( 6,100 m ) . Given that the balloon was believed to have burst at 100,000 feet ( 30,000 m ) it could have parachuted down anywhere from eastern Oregon to Caldwell , Idaho ( most likely ) to Sun Valley , Idaho ; a $1,000 reward is offered for its recovery . The National Solar Observatory organized Citizen CATE volunteers to man 60 identical telescopes and instrumentation packages along the totality path to study changes in the corona over the duration of the eclipse . In orbit , the satellites Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter , the International Space Station , the Solar Dynamics Observatory , the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer , Solar and Heliospheric Observatory , and Hinode gathered data from the eclipse . A viewing party was held at the White House , during which President Donald Trump appeared on the Truman Balcony with First Lady Melania Trump . With the sun partially eclipsed , President Trump looked briefly in the general direction of the sun before using solar viewing glasses . The rapper Joey Badass boasted of watching the solar eclipse without viewing glasses , considering that `` our ancestors ai n't have no fancy eyewear ( and ) they ai n't all go blind '' . Unlike the US president , he did not wear viewing glasses during the entire eclipse . Later , he complained of vision problems and had to cancel his Cleveland , Chicago & Toronto shows on the Everybody Tour , due to `` unforeseen circumstances '' . The eclipse generated reports of abnormal behavior in animal and plant life . Some farm animals including domestic chickens came out from under their coops and began grooming , usually an evening activity . Horses also displayed increased whinnying , running , and jumping after the event . Cicadas were reported to grow louder before going silent during totality . Various birds were also observed flying in unusually large formations . Flowers such as the Hibiscus closed their petals which typically happens at night , before opening again after the solar event . NASA reported over 90 million page views of the eclipse on its websites , making it the agency 's biggest online event ever , beating the previous web traffic record about seven times over . Counterfeit eclipse glasses ( edit ) See also : Solar viewer In the months leading up to the eclipse , many counterfeit glasses were put up for sale . Effective eclipse glasses must not only block most visible light , but most UV and infrared light as well . For visible light , the user should only be able to see the Sun , sunglint reflected off shiny metal , halogen bulbs , the filament in unfrosted incandescent bulbs , and similarly intense sources . Determining whether the glasses effectively block enough UV and infrared light requires the use of spectrophotometer , which is a rather expensive piece of lab equipment . The eye 's retina lacks pain receptors , and thus damage can occur without one 's awareness . The American Astronomical Society ( AAS ) said products meeting the ISO 12312 - 2 standard avoid risk to one 's eyes , and issued a list of reputable vendors of eclipse glasses . The organization warned against products claiming ISO certification or even citing the same number , but not tested by an accredited laboratory . Another problem was counterfeits of reputable vendors ' products , some even claiming the company 's name such as with American Paper Optics which published information detailing the differences between its glasses and counterfeits . Andrew Lund , the owner of a company which produces eclipse glasses , noted that not all counterfeit glasses were necessarily unsafe . He stated to Quartz that the counterfeits he tested blocked the majority of harmful light spectrum , concluding that `` the IP is getting ripped off , but the good news is there are no long - term harmful effects . '' As one example , the Springdale Library in metropolitan Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , accidentally passed out dozens of pairs of counterfeit eclipse glasses , but as of August 23 had not received any reports of eye damage . On July 27 , 2017 , Amazon required all eclipse viewing products sold on its website have a submission of origin and safety information , and proof of an accredited ISO certification . In mid-August 2017 , Amazon recalled and pulled listings for eclipse viewing glasses that `` may not comply with industry standards '' , and gave refunds to customers who had purchased them . Eye damage ( edit ) Short - term damage includes solar keratitis , which is similar to sunburn of the cornea . Symptoms usually occur within twenty - four hours and include eye pain and light sensitivity . Long - term or permanent damage includes solar retinopathy , which occurs when the sun burns a hole in the retina , usually at the fovea ( the focus of the retina ) . Symptoms can occur as long as several weeks after the incident , and can include loss of central vision and / or other vision , as well as eye pain and light sensitivity , afterimages , and changes in color vision . Depending on the severity of damage , vision problems can last for several months or be permanent . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta , an ophthalmologist in New York , states that , `` `` If you 're looking at the sun you 're actually focusing , intentionally , the light of the sun onto the spot ( fovea ) where you want the most precise vision . '' Following a total eclipse in the United Kingdom in 1999 , at least 14 cases of permanent damage were confirmed . One story of solar eclipse danger was illustrated by the case of Mr. Tomososki , who damaged his eyesight when viewing a 1962 eclipse , leaving him with a pea - sized blind spot for the rest of his life . During the 2017 eclipse he warned the country to not make the mistake he did . While some can recover , the danger of an eclipse comes in part because the excitement can override the instinct to not look at the sun . Videos ( edit ) Play media Illustration showing umbra ( black oval ) , penumbra ( concentric shaded ovals ) , and path of totality ( red ) . Play media Illustration featuring several visualizations of the event . Illustration showing shadow as seen from space . Play media Short time - lapse showing umbra as it moves across the clouds . Play media Video of the moment totality occurred in Newberry , South Carolina Gallery ( edit ) Totality Sequence starting at 9 : 06am , totality at 10 : 19am , and ending at 10 : 21am PDT , as seen from Corvallis , Oregon Totality as seen from Columbia , Missouri Totality as seen from Sweetwater , Tennessee Totality as seen from Saint Paul , Clarendon County , South Carolina Transition ( Baily 's beads and Diamond Ring ) Diamond ring as seen from Corvallis , Oregon Diamond ring as seen from Jay Em , Wyoming Baily 's beads before totality from far western Nebraska Diamond ring ( with large flare ) as seen from Cullowhee , NC Diamond ring as seen from Saint Paul , South Carolina Partial Seattle , Washington North Cascades National Park , Washington San Francisco , California Mira Mesa in San Diego , California Far western Nebraska White House , Tennessee Maine at 2 : 41 p.m. EDT before maximum 68 % coverage at 2 : 45 p.m. Brooklyn , New York Ellicott City , Maryland shortly before maximum eclipse ( ~ 80 % ) Virginia Beach , Virginia Simpsonville , South Carolina Images produced by natural pinholes ( Pinholes formed by tree leaves will produce replica images of the eclipse ) . North Cascade mountains ( British Columbia and Washington ) . Moon , Pennsylvania Views outside of the US Tuxtla Gutiérrez ( Chiapas ) , Mexico at 12 : 36 GMT - 6 . Chihuahua , Mexico at 11 : 40 a.m. Sunset from Zarautz , Basque Country Spain Sunset , viewed from Coimbra , Portugal Planning ( edit ) A message board on U.S. Route 64 in North Carolina alerting drivers of the eclipse Officials inside and near the path of totality planned -- sometimes for years -- for the sudden influx of people . Smaller towns struggled to arrange viewing sites and logistics for what could have been a tourism boom or a disaster . In the American West , illegal camping was a major concern , including near cities like Jackson Hole , Wyoming . Idaho 's Office of Emergency Management said Idaho was a prime viewing state , and advised jurisdictions to prepare for service load increases ; nearly every hotel and motel room , campground , and in some cases backyards for nearly 100 miles ( 160 km ) north and south of the path of totality had been reserved several months , if not years , in advance . The state anticipated up to 500,000 visitors to join its 1.6 million residents . Oregon deployed six National Guard aircraft and 150 soldiers because the influx of visitors coincided with the state 's fire season . Hospital staffing , and supplies of blood and anti -- snake bite antidote , were augmented along the totality line . In Oregon , there were reports of hoteliers canceling existing reservations made at the regular market rate and increasing their rate , sometimes threefold or more , for guests staying to view the eclipse . The Oregon Department of Justice ( DOJ ) investigated various complaints and reached settlements with affected customers of at least 10 hotels in the state . These settlements included refunds to the customers and fines paid to the DOJ . Post-eclipse traffic problems ( edit ) Although traffic to areas within the path of totality was somewhat spread out over the days prior to the eclipse , there were widespread traffic problems across the United States after the event ended . Michael Zeiler , an eclipse cartographer , had estimated that between 1.85 million and 7.4 million people would travel to the path of the eclipse . In Oregon , an estimated one million people were expected to arrive that the Oregon National Guard was called in to help manage traffic in Madras along US 26 and US 97 . Madras Municipal Airport received more than 400 mostly personal planes that queued for hours while waiting to leave after the eclipse . Officials in Idaho , where the totality path crossed the center of the state , began planning for the eclipse a year in advance . The state Transportation Department suspended construction projects along Interstate 15 , which traverses Eastern Idaho , from August 18 -- 22 in order to have all lanes open ; their counterparts in neighboring Utah , where many were expected to travel the 220 miles ( 350 km ) north via the highway from the Salt Lake City metropolitan area , did the same . On the morning of the eclipse , many drivers left before dawn , creating traffic volume along I - 15 normally not seen until morning rush hour ; northbound traffic on the interstate in Box Elder County north of Salt Lake City slowed to 10 -- 15 miles per hour ( 16 -- 24 km / h ) . The Idaho State Police ( ISP ) stationed a patrol car along I - 15 every 15 miles ( 24 km ) between Shelley and the Utah border . Traffic backed up on I - 15 / US 26 south of Idaho Falls After the eclipse , traffic more than doubled along I - 15 southbound , with extensive traffic jams continuing for eight hours as viewers who had traveled north into the totality path from Utah returned there and to points south . The ISP tweeted a picture of bumper - to - bumper traffic stalled on the interstate just south of Idaho Falls . Motorists reported to local news outlets that it was taking them two hours to travel the 47 miles ( 76 km ) from that city to Pocatello to the south , a journey that normally takes 45 minutes , and another hour to reach Blackfoot , 30 miles ( 48 km ) further south . In the rest of the state the impact was less severe . Traffic nearly doubled on US 93 , and was up 55 percent on US 20 . For some northbound travelers on I - 15 , the Montana Department of Transportation had failed to make similar plans to those in Idaho , scheduling a road construction project to begin on August 21 that narrowed a section of the highway to a single northbound lane near the exit to Clark Canyon Dam south of Dillon . Though that stretch of highway generally has a traffic count of less than 1000 vehicles per day , on the day of the eclipse there were over a thousand vehicles per hour at peak times . As a result , traffic backed up as far as Lima , creating a delay of at least an hour for travelers heading northward . Further , as construction had not yet begun , drivers observed cones set up but no workers present on the road . While the state traditionally halts construction projects during high traffic periods , a state official admitted `` we ... probably made a bad mistake here in this regard . '' Traffic waiting to get on Interstate 25 at Glendo , Wyoming , after the eclipse In Wyoming , estimates were that the population of the state , officially 585,000 , may have doubled or even tripled , with traffic counts on August 21 showing 536,000 more cars than the five - year average for the third Monday in August ; a 68 percent increase . One official offered an estimate of `` two people in every car '' to arrive at a one - million - visitor figure , and others noted that one million was a conservative estimate based on a one - day traffic count of limited portions of major highways . There were additional arrivals by aircraft , plus travelers who arrived early or stayed for additional days . Two days before the eclipse , traffic increased 18 percent over a five - year average , with an additional 131,000 vehicles on the road . Sunday saw an additional 217,000 - vehicle increase . Following the eclipse , more than 500,000 vehicles traveled Wyoming roads , creating large traffic jams , particularly on southbound and eastbound highways . Drivers reported that it took up to 10 hours to travel 160 miles ( 260 km ) into northern Colorado . There was one traffic fatality , and another fatality related to an off - highway ATV accident , but in general there were far fewer incidents and traffic citations than authorities had anticipated . In Tennessee , the Knoxville News Sentinel described the traffic problems created by the eclipse as the worst ever seen in that part of the state . One backup along Interstate 75 reached 34 miles ( 55 km ) in length , between Niota and the Interstate 40 interchange at Farragut . A spokesman for the state 's Department of Transportation allowed that the traffic jams were the worst he had seen in six and a half years on the job , noting that accidents had aggravated the already heavy traffic flows , attributed the I - 75 congestion to Knoxville - area residents heading for the totality path at Sweetwater and returning during what was the city 's normal afternoon rush hour . Before the eclipse , state officials had described their traffic expectations as equivalent to that generated by the Bonnaroo Music Festival , the twice - a-season NASCAR Monster Energy Cup races at Bristol or the formerly - held Boomsday fireworks festival . `` Maybe they should have considered a tsunami of traffic combining all three of those heavily attended events '' , the News Sentinel commented . The Tennessee Highway Patrol made sure that `` ( e ) very trooper not on sick leave or military leave or pre-approved leave ( wa ) s working '' the day of the eclipse ; the state DOT made sure its full complement of emergency - aid HELP trucks were available as well . Alert signs on the highways also warned motorists not to pull over onto the shoulders to watch the eclipse as it could increase the risk of dangerous accidents and block the path of emergency vehicles . In North Carolina , the Department of Transportation added cameras , message boards and safety patrols in the counties where the total eclipse would take place , as well as stopping road work . The department warned that due to `` unprecedented '' traffic ordinary activities requiring driving might prove difficult , and advised people to act as if there were snow . Impact on solar power ( edit ) An eclipse causes a reduction of solar power generation where the Moon shadow covers any solar panel , as do clouds . The North American Electric Reliability Corporation predicted minor impacts , and attempted to measure the impact of the 2017 eclipse . In California , solar power was projected to decrease by 4 -- 6,000 megawatts at 70 MW / minute , and then ramp up by 90 MW / minute as the shadow passes . CAISO 's typical ramp rate is 29 megawatts per minute . Around 4 GW mainly in North Carolina and Georgia were expected to be 90 percent obscured . After the 2017 eclipse , grid operators in California reported having lost 3,000 -- 3,500 megawatts of utility - scale solar power , which was made up for by hydropower and gas reliably and as expected , mimicking the usual duck curve . Energy demand management was also used to mitigate the solar drop . NV Energy prepared for the solar eclipse months in advance and collaborated with 17 western states . When the eclipse began covering California with partial darkness , which reduced its usual amount of solar - generated electricity , NV Energy sent power there . Likewise , when Nevada received less sunlight , other west coast states supplied electricity to it . During the solar eclipse , the state of Nevada lost about 450 megawatts of electricity , the amount used by about a quarter million typical residences . The 2015 eclipse caused manageable solar power decreases in Europe ; in Germany , solar power dropped from 14 GW to 7 GW , of a 38 GW solar power capacity . Commemorative stamp ( edit ) Main article : 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp On June 20 , 2017 , the United States Postal Service released the first application of thermochromic ink to postage stamps in its Total Eclipse of the Sun Forever stamp to commemorate the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 . When pressed with a finger , body heat turns the black circle in the center of the stamp into an image of the full moon . The stamp image is a photo of the solar eclipse of March 29 , 2006 seen in Jalu , Libya . The photo was taken by retired NASA astrophysicist Fred Espenak . Related eclipses ( edit ) Photograph of the 1871 eclipse . Solar eclipses are prized by artists and scientists alike because they allow for the normally obscured corona of the Sun to be photographed ( see Astrophotography ) . Astronomers Without Borders began collecting eclipse glasses for redistribution to Latin America for the total solar eclipse occurring on July 2 , 2019 and to Asia for the annular eclipse on December 26 , 2019 . A partial lunar eclipse took place on August 7 , 2017 , in the same eclipse season . It was visible over Africa , Asia , Australia , and eastern Europe . Solar eclipses 2015 -- 2018 ( edit ) Each member in a semester series of solar eclipses repeats approximately every 177 days and 4 hours ( a semester ) at alternating nodes of the Moon 's orbit . ( show ) Solar eclipse series sets from 2015 -- 18 Descending node Ascending node Saros Map Saros Map 120 Longyearbyen , Svalbard March 20 , 2015 Total 125 September 13 , 2015 Partial 130 Balikpapan , Indonesia March 9 , 2016 Total 135 L'Étang - Salé , Réunion September 1 , 2016 Annular 140 Partial from Buenos Aires February 26 , 2017 Annular 145 Oregon August 21 , 2017 Total 150 February 15 , 2018 Partial 155 August 11 , 2018 Partial Partial solar eclipses on July 13 , 2018 , and January 6 , 2019 , occur during the next semester series . Saros series 145 ( edit ) This solar eclipse is a part of Saros cycle 145 , repeating every 18 years , 11 days , 8 hours , containing 77 events . The series started with a partial solar eclipse on January 4 , 1639 , and reached a first annular eclipse on June 6 , 1891 . It was a hybrid event on June 17 , 1909 , and total eclipses from June 29 , 1927 , through September 9 , 2648 . The series ends at member 77 as a partial eclipse on April 17 , 3009 . The longest eclipse will occur on June 25 , 2522 , with a maximum duration of totality of 7 minutes , 12 seconds . ( show ) Series members 16 -- 26 occur between 1901 and 2100 16 17 18 June 17 , 1909 June 29 , 1927 July 9 , 1945 19 20 21 July 20 , 1963 July 31 , 1981 August 11 , 1999 22 23 24 August 21 , 2017 September 2 , 2035 September 12 , 2053 25 26 September 23 , 2071 October 4 , 2089 Metonic series ( edit ) The metonic series repeats eclipses every 19 years ( 6939.69 days ) , lasting about 5 cycles . Eclipses occur in nearly the same calendar date . In addition , the octon subseries repeats 1 / 5 of that or every 3.8 years ( 1387.94 days ) . ( show ) 21 eclipse events , progressing from north to south between June 10 , 1964 , and August 21 , 2036 June 10 -- 11 March 27 -- 29 January 15 -- 16 November 3 August 21 -- 22 117 119 121 123 125 June 10 , 1964 March 28 , 1968 January 16 , 1972 November 3 , 1975 August 22 , 1979 127 129 131 133 135 June 11 , 1983 March 29 , 1987 January 15 , 1991 November 3 , 1994 August 22 , 1998 137 139 141 143 145 June 10 , 2002 March 29 , 2006 January 15 , 2010 November 3 , 2013 August 21 , 2017 147 149 151 153 155 June 10 , 2021 March 29 , 2025 January 14 , 2029 November 3 , 2032 August 21 , 2036 See also ( edit ) List of solar eclipses visible from the United States Notable total solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of June 8 , 1918 Solar eclipse of April 8 , 2024 Solar eclipse of August 12 , 2045 Notable annular solar eclipses crossing the United States from 1900 to 2050 : Solar eclipse of May 10 , 1994 Solar eclipse of October 14 , 2023 Solar eclipse of June 11 , 2048 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Chan , Melissa ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse : Everything You Need to Know '' . Time . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wolfram , Stephen ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` When Exactly Will the Eclipse Happen ? A Multimillenium Tale of Computation '' . Wolfram Blog . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How to view the partial solar eclipse in Hawaii '' . KHON2 Nexstar Media Group . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wyoming prepares for total solar eclipse in 2017 '' . CTV News . Associated Press . August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Amazon offers refunds to customers who bought fake eclipse glasses '' . CBC News . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse : Who ? What ? Where ? When ? and How ? '' . NASA . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voyages of Discovery : 2017 Total Solar Eclipse '' . astroadventures.net . Astro Adventures . Retrieved July 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Malik , Tariq ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's a Timeline of When the 2017 Solar Eclipse Begins and Ends '' . space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Solar Eclipse : What to Expect '' . The New York Times . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 August 21 Total Solar Eclipse '' . USNO . Retrieved April 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicholls , Will ( August 3 , 2017 ) . `` NASA to Chase Solar Eclipse with Jets for Clearest Ever Photos of Corona '' . PetaPixel . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://earthsky.org See 4 planets during the total eclipse . Jump up ^ `` The Great Baja Eclipse '' , Discover January 1991 . p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` Total and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths 1981 -- 2000 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Total and Annular Solar Eclipse Paths 1961 -- 1980 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 1970 Mar 07 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands Go West for a Total Solar Eclipse Tomorrow ; Data May Aid Energy Research Partial Eclipse for New York Best Types of Film Image of Sun on Screen '' , The New York Times February 25 , 1979 . p. 26 . Jump up ^ Browne , Malcolm W. ( February 27 , 1979 ) . `` Total Eclipse of the Sun Darkens Skies in Northwest ; Total Eclipse Casts Two Minutes of Darkness in West Temperature Falls Sharply Learned of Weather Peculiarities Data on Plasma Sought '' . The New York Times . p . C4 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schrag , Philip ( July 30 , 1972 ) . `` Let There Be Darkness , Please ; When Mercury Is at Quadrature , the Social Director Is a Lonely Man For Two Extremely Short Minutes Everyone Gaped Into the Sky '' . The New York Times . p. 15 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jubier , Xavier ; Espenak , Fred . `` NASA -- Total Solar Eclipse of 1257 June 13 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jubier , Xavier M. ( 2011 ) . `` Google Earth Gallery for Solar and Lunar Eclipses '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OSU150 Space Grant Festival : A Total Eclipse Experience '' . Oregon State University . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EclipseFest '' . Salem - Keizer Volcanoes . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse chasers blaze trail to Oregon for view of a lifetime '' . The Seattle Times . June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Scores International Collaborative Festival With ' Oregon Eclipse ' '' . Dance Music NW . November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon Eclipse -- A Total Solar Eclipse Gathering 17 -- 23 August , 2017 '' . oregoneclipse2017.com . Retrieved November 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Oregon solar eclipse updates on traffic , crowds and events '' . Statesman Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` OMSI Total Solar Eclipse Viewing in Salem , Oregon -- August 21 , 2017 '' . NASA . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Event Details -- Craters Of The Moon National Monument & Preserve '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Events Around Eastern Idaho '' . Eastern Idaho Eclipse . October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Idaho Falls Eclipse '' . Big Kid Science . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Solar Eclipse 2017 '' . Brigham Young University Idaho . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Festival and Map '' . Weiser Eclipse 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017Astrocon , Casper , Wyoming '' . Astronomical League . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . a unique opportunity for professional astronomers to intermingle with knowledgeable amateurs ; gathering together to learn from each other and exchange ideas . Jump up ^ `` Wyoming Eclipse Festival 2017 '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Great American Eclipse , Fort Laramie '' . National Park Service . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Events '' . 2017 Solar Eclipse in Alliance . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crowds at Carhenge in Nebraska eager to view solar eclipse ( ABC News , Aug 21 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Lunch on the Lawn '' . Nemaha County Hospital . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 -- via Facebook . Jump up ^ `` Gem of the Prairie Eclipse Event '' . stuhrmuseum.org . Stuhr Museum . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Solar Eclipse Weekend of Events at Homestead National Monument of America -- Homestead National Monument of America '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : YouTube : Eclipse 2017 : One Nation Under the Sun Published August 27 , 2017 , ( National Monument displayed at 0 : 58 , 4 : 42 4 : 53 , 6 : 31 ; Lincoln baseball game at 0 : 44 , 1 : 36 , 5 : 47 ) . Jump up ^ `` Eight - run Inning Carries Saltdogs Over Railcats in Special Solar Eclipse Game '' . Lincoln Saltdogs . August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total solar eclipse ride '' . KC - PPC . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Show me totality COMO '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` MU hosts weekend full of events leading to Mondays solar eclipse '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse 2017 '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Solar Eclipse / 150 Years Festival '' . Lathrop Eclipse . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipsing Park University '' . Park University . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Darkening of the Sun -- Eclipse 2017 -- St. Clair MO '' . Jump up ^ `` St. Joseph Eclipse '' . Front Page Science . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Illinois : eclipse crossroads of America '' . Southern Illinois University Carbondale . May 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Johnston , Bob ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Amtrak announces ' Eclipse Express ' special to southern Illinois '' . Trains . Jump up ^ `` Southern Illinois University Carbondale ( NASA EDGE ) '' . NASA . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carley , Sean ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` Remainder of `` Moonstock '' eclipse festival lineup announced `` . Daily Egyptian . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` View the Eclipse with University of Illinois Astronomers in Goreville , IL '' . University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Great American Eclipse Viewing at Benedictine College '' . Benedictine College . Jump up ^ `` WKU Eclipse Events '' . Western Kentucky University . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stephen , Eric ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Solar eclipse 2017 : The 5 minor league games being played during Aug. 21 event '' . SBNation . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Monumental Solar Eclipse Festival : August 18 -- August 21 '' . Solar Eclipse Hopkinsville , KY . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Park '' . athenschamber.org . Athens Area Chamber of Commerce . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse : Events '' . Austin Peay State University . Retrieved April 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse 2017 '' . Oakley STEM Center . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Blackout 2017 '' . mainstreetmcminnville.org . Main Street McMinville . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse - Themed Programs & Events '' . Music City Solar Eclipse . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nashville 's Italian Lights festival is official NASA location for solar eclipse '' . Music City Eclipse at Italian Lights Festival . WKRN News2 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse 2017 Viewing Event , Free Music City Eclipse Party '' . Music City Eclipse at Italian Lights Festival . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Total Solar Eclipse Will Pass Through the Great Smoky Mountains of North Carolina '' . Bryson City North Carolina . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reinhart , Vince ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse - Cullowhee North Carolina '' -- via Flickr . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse leaves thousands breathless at UGA 's Sanford Stadium '' . WXIA . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Get Off the Grid Fest '' . Get Off the Grid Fest . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eclipse awes those gathered at Georgia Guidestones , by Wayne Ford ( Athens Banner - Herald , Aug 21 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` NASA to Broadcast Eclipse from . CofC '' . The College Today . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Melvin , Jim ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Live : When , where and how to watch the total solar eclipse at Clemson University '' . Clemson University . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse 2017 at the South Carolina State Museum '' . South Carolina State Museum . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse at Furman '' . Furman University . Retrieved May 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse Watch Party '' . sumtersc.gov . City of Sumter . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mortillaro , Nicole ( July 2 , 2017 ) . `` When day turns into night : Canadians , Americans prepare for total solar eclipse '' . CBC News . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where to watch the eclipse in the Toronto area Toronto Star '' . thestar.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler Will Sing ' Total Eclipse of the Heart ' During the Actual Total Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Local Circumstances of the partial eclipse in Anadyr '' . Jump up ^ Littmann , Espenak , Willcox : Totality : Eclipses of the Sun . pp 253ff ^ Jump up to : Rubin , Molly ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` How to watch the Great American Eclipse , no matter where you are in the world '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Katz , A.J. ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Here Are The TV Network Plans For Covering the Total Solar Eclipse '' . TVNewser . Adweek . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Coverage : TV Goes Totally Looney for Lunar Moment '' . Variety . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Potenza , Alessandra ( August 15 , 2017 ) . `` Why NASA is sending bacteria into the sky on balloons during the eclipse '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ MOELLER , KATY ( August 24 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse observation balloon went missing . Did it land in Treasure Valley ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Eclipse 2017 Umbra Viewed from Space '' . NASA . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wong , Herman . `` Trump celebrates solar eclipse by looking up without special viewing glasses '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Am I crazy for watching the eclipse with no glasses ? ' Rapper Joey Bada $ $ is forced to pull out of his live tour after staring directly at the sun '' . Daily Mail Online . August 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Solar Eclipse Had a Spooky Effect on Nature '' . Live Science . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The solar eclipse was viewed over 90 million times on NASA website '' . The Economic Times . August 26 , 2017 . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wolfson , Elijah ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Solar - eclipse fever means counterfeit glasses are flooding Amazon 's market '' . Quartz . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Tell If Your Eclipse Glasses or Handheld Solar Viewers Are Safe '' . Solar Eclipse Across America -- August 21 , 2017 . American Astronomical Society . February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Includes photos of genuine and fake eclipse glasses . Jump up ^ Pittman , Travis ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's How Fast Your Retina Could Burn Looking at Eclipse Unprotected '' . Denver , Colorado : 9 News . Jump up ^ `` Eclipse Glasses Safety '' . Eclipse Glasses.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Czebiniak , Madasyn ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Springdale library ' sickened ' by discovery of counterfeit eclipse glasses '' . Trib Live . metro Pittsburgh . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Matt ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` How to tell if your solar eclipse glasses are safe or fake '' . CNET . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Signs of Potential Eye Damage After Watching Solar Eclipse , According to an Eye Care Expert '' . NBC Chicago . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Questions and answers with Linda Chous , a doctor and `` chief eye care officer for UnitedHealthcare '' . Jump up ^ Price , Mark ( 2017 - 08 - 21 ) . `` What are the symptoms of eye damage from viewing a solar eclipse ? '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Will eye damage follow the Great American Eclipse ? , Los Angeles Times , Amina Khan , August 22 , 2017 . Dr. Avnish Deobhakta is an ophthalmologist at the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai . Jump up ^ Do n't let the solar eclipse destroy your eyes : Experts explain signs , symptoms of vision damage , Ashley Williams , AccuWeather staff writer . ^ Jump up to : `` Man With Eye Damage From 1962 Eclipse Warns Others To Be Careful '' . simplemost.com . August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What looking at the solar eclipse without glasses could do to your eyes '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mariano , Nick ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Local tourism , businesses make plans for solar eclipse in 2017 '' . The Southern Illinosian . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Serven , Ruth ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Total solar eclipse offers small towns a tourism boom -- if they can get ready '' . The Kansas City Star . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Richy , Brad ( July 29 , 2017 ) . `` Letter to Eclipse Communities '' ( PDF ) . Idaho Office of Emergency Management . Jump up ^ Moeller , Katy ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Oregon eclipse traffic is already backing up . Idaho has an app for that . '' . The Idaho Statesman . Retrieved August 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oregon governor authorizes National Guard for solar eclipse '' . KBTX - TV . Associated Press . July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lynne , Terry ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse 2017 : Hospitals stock up on blood , rattlesnake bite antidote '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hale , Jamie ( 3 April 2017 ) . `` Oregon hotels unapologetic , silent about widespread eclipse cancellations '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Guevarra , Ericka ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Customers Get Payments From Oregon Hotels That Canceled , Raised Prices For Eclipse '' . Oregon Public Broadcasting . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Bach , Jonathan ( 31 July 2017 ) . `` Grand Hotel to pay customers for eclipse reservation problems '' . Statesman Journal . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Erickson , David ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse : Construction causes huge I - 15 traffic jam ; Montana official apologizes '' . Missoulian . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rao , Joe ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Get Ready for Major Traffic Jams During the 2017 Solar Eclipse '' . Space.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Russ ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Solar eclipse gridlock : It was so busy in Madras , Ore. , they called in the National Guard '' . Los Angeles Times . ISSN 0458 - 3035 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harbager , Molly ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Eclipse jams traffic on runways , not just roads , with hundreds of planes in Madras waiting '' . The Oregonian . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` I - 15 projects to shut down for eclipse '' . KIFI - TV . August 17 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Mims , Bob ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Traffic into Utah jammed as eclipse fans head home on Interstate 15 '' . Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carr , Ada ; Breslin , Sean ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Solar Eclipse Traffic : Interstates Busy as Final Travelers Hit the Road '' . The Weather Channel . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sunderland , Nate ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Bumper - to - bumper traffic on I - 15 as eclipse viewers leave Idaho '' . KSL - TV . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Eclipse Traffic Counts '' . Idaho Transportation Department . August 18 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peterson , Christine ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` More than a million people may have visited Wyoming for eclipse ; one person came by sea plane '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Traffic increases 18 percent over a five - year average on Saturday as Aug. 21 eclipse nears '' . Wyoming Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rainey , Libby ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Wyoming solar eclipse traffic jam was one for the record books '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Highway patrol releases new details about Colorado motorcyclist killed in Eclipse traffic '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sanderson , Shane . `` Eclipse keeps highway patrol busy , but local authorities respond to fewer incidents than expected '' . Casper Star - Tribune Online . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Jacobs , Don ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Worst traffic snarls ever seen in East Tennessee . '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved August 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Western NC ready for eclipse , but roads clogged '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Associated Press . August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Wide - Area Perspective on the August 21 , 2017 Total Solar Eclipse '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . April 2017 . p. 20 . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . The analysis performed in this study showed no reliability impacts to bulk power system ( BPS ) operations . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Long - Term Reliability Assessment '' ( PDF ) . North American Electric Reliability Corporation . December 2016 . p. 70 . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . causes substantial effects to wide - scale solar generation within a very short amount of time . The output generated by PV / solar systems will be either diminished or drastically reduced within the window of this event . Sudden widespread diminishing of solar irradiance may heavily affect areas with large amounts of utility scale PV energy installations or behind - the - meter DERs . ^ Jump up to : `` Solar eclipse on August 21 will affect photovoltaic generators across the country -- Today in Energy '' . U.S. Energy Information Administration ( EIA ) . August 7 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` This Summer 's Eclipse Will Put California 's Solar - Powered Grid to the Test '' . Greentech Media . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Grandoni , Dino ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California is the state that most depends on the sun for energy . It survived the eclipse without losing any . '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , David R. ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` California power grid survives solar eclipse unscathed '' . SFGate . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pyper , Julia ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` Looking Beyond the Eclipse : How the Historic Event Tested Customer Engagement on the Electric Grid '' . Retrieved August 23 , 2017 . Today 's eclipse is a test run for the electricity community . So we have exactly the same challenge on a regular basis within the grid because of solar . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Jullie Anne ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` NV Energy all set for solar eclipse in Nevada , despite loss of power '' . Centrio News . Henderson , Nevada : Centrio Media Network . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` European power grids keep lights on through solar eclipse '' . Reuters . March 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` German power net survives solar eclipse '' . dw.com . Deutsche Welle . March 20 , 2015 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Total Eclipse of the Sun to be commemorated on a Forever Stamp '' . United States Postal Service . April 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Total Eclipse of the Sun '' . United States Postal Service ( store ) . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Gael ( 2017 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Wait ! Dig those eclipse glasses out of the garbage Here comes the sun . Astronomers Without Borders will be collecting the protective eyewear for use in future eclipses worldwide . '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 27 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred ( September 26 , 2009 ) . `` Statistics for Solar Eclipses of Saros 145 '' . NASA . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . Further reading ( edit ) Bakich , Michael E. ( 2016 ) . Your Guide to the 2017 Total Solar Eclipse . The Patrick Moore Practical Astronomy Series . New York , NY : Springer . ISBN 978 - 3 - 319 - 27630 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSolar eclipse of August 21 , 2017at Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons Data from Wikidata August 21 , 2017 eclipse -- NASA Color map -- NASA Photos and videos Space.com Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 1851 Jul 28 1853 Nov 30 1857 Mar 25 1858 Sep 7 1860 Jul 18 1865 Apr 25 1867 Aug 29 1868 Aug 18 1869 Aug 7 1870 Dec 22 1871 Dec 12 1874 Apr 16 1875 Apr 6 1878 Jul 29 1882 May 17 1883 May 6 1885 Sep 8 1886 Aug 29 1887 Aug 19 1889 Jan 1 1889 Dec 22 1893 Apr 16 1896 Aug 9 1898 Jan 22 1900 May 28 1901 May 18 1903 Sep 21 1904 Sep 9 1905 Aug 30 1907 Jan 14 1908 Jan 3 1908 Dec 23 1909 Jun 17 1910 May 9 1911 Apr 28 1912 Apr 17 1912 Oct 10 1914 Aug 21 1916 Feb 3 1918 Jun 8 1919 May 29 1921 Oct 1 1922 Sep 21 1923 Sep 10 1925 Jan 24 1926 Jan 14 1927 Jun 29 1928 May 19 1929 May 9 1930 Apr 28 1930 Oct 21 1932 Aug 31 1934 Feb 14 1936 Jun 19 1937 Jun 8 1938 May 29 1939 Oct 12 1940 Oct 1 1941 Sep 21 1943 Feb 4 1944 Jan 25 1944 Jul 20 1945 Jul 9 1947 May 20 1948 Nov 1 1950 Sep 12 1952 Feb 25 1954 Jun 30 1955 Jun 20 1956 Jun 8 1957 Oct 23 1958 Oct 12 1959 Oct 2 1961 Feb 15 1962 Feb 5 1963 Jul 20 1965 May 30 1966 Nov 12 1967 Nov 2 1968 Sep 22 1970 Mar 7 1972 Jul 10 1973 Jun 30 1974 Jun 20 1976 Oct 23 1977 Oct 12 1979 Feb 26 1980 Feb 16 1981 Jul 31 1983 Jun 11 1984 Nov 22 1985 Nov 12 1986 Oct 3 1987 Mar 29 1988 Mar 18 1990 Jul 22 1991 Jul 11 1992 Jun 30 1994 Nov 3 1995 Oct 24 1997 Mar 9 1998 Feb 26 1999 Aug 11 2001 Jun 21 2002 Dec 4 2003 Nov 23 2005 Apr 8 2006 Mar 29 2008 Aug 1 2009 Jul 22 2010 Jul 11 2012 Nov 13 2013 Nov 3 2015 Mar 20 2016 Mar 9 2017 Aug 21 → 2019 Jul 2 2020 Dec 14 2021 Dec 4 2023 Apr 20 2024 Apr 8 2026 Aug 12 2027 Aug 2 2028 Jul 22 2030 Nov 25 2031 Nov 14 2033 Mar 30 2034 Mar 20 2035 Sep 2 2037 Jul 13 2038 Dec 26 2039 Dec 15 2041 Apr 30 2042 Apr 20 2043 Apr 9 2044 Aug 23 2045 Aug 12 2046 Aug 2 2048 Dec 5 2049 Nov 25 2050 May 20 2052 Mar 30 2053 Sep 12 2055 Jul 24 2057 Jan 5 2057 Dec 26 2059 May 11 2060 Apr 30 2061 Apr 20 2063 Aug 24 2064 Aug 12 2066 Dec 17 2067 Dec 6 2068 May 31 2070 Apr 11 2071 Sep 23 2072 Sep 12 2073 Aug 3 2075 Jan 16 2076 Jan 6 2077 May 22 2078 May 11 2079 May 1 2081 Sep 3 2082 Aug 24 2084 Dec 27 2086 Jun 11 2088 Apr 21 2089 Oct 4 2090 Sep 23 2091 Aug 15 2093 Jan 27 2094 Jan 16 2095 Jun 2 2096 May 22 2097 May 11 2099 Sep 14 2100 Sep 4 2114 Jun 3 2132 Jun 13 2150 Jun 25 2168 Jul 5 2186 Jul 16 Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10 1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 1988 Sep 11 1990 Jan 26 1991 Jan 15 1992 Jan 4 1994 May 10 1995 Apr 29 1998 Aug 22 1999 Feb 16 2001 Dec 14 2002 Jun 10 2003 May 31 2005 Oct 3 2006 Sep 22 2008 Feb 7 2009 Jan 26 2010 Jan 15 2012 May 20 2013 May 10 2014 Apr 29 2016 Sep 1 2017 Feb 26 → 2019 Dec 26 2020 Jun 21 2021 Jun 10 2023 Oct 14 2024 Oct 2 2026 Feb 17 2027 Feb 6 2028 Jan 26 2030 Jun 1 2031 May 21 2032 May 9 2034 Sep 12 2035 Mar 9 2038 Jan 5 2038 Jul 2 2039 Jun 21 2041 Oct 25 2042 Oct 14 2043 Oct 3 2044 Feb 28 2045 Feb 16 2046 Feb 5 2048 Jun 11 2049 May 31 2052 Sep 22 2053 Mar 20 2056 Jan 16 2056 Jul 12 2057 Jul 1 2059 Nov 5 2060 Oct 24 2061 Oct 13 2063 Feb 28 2064 Feb 17 2066 Jun 22 2067 Jun 11 2070 Oct 4 2071 Mar 31 2074 Jan 27 2074 Jul 24 2075 Jul 13 2077 Nov 15 2078 Nov 4 2079 Oct 24 2081 Mar 10 2082 Feb 27 2084 Jul 3 2085 Jun 22 2085 Dec 16 2088 Oct 14 2089 Apr 10 2092 Feb 7 2092 Aug 3 2093 Jul 23 2095 Nov 27 2096 Nov 15 2097 Nov 4 2099 Mar 21 2100 Mar 10 Partial eclipses → symbol denotes next partial eclipse 1902 Apr 8 1902 May 7 1902 Oct 31 1906 Feb 23 1906 Jul 21 1906 Aug 20 1909 Dec 12 1910 Nov 2 1913 Apr 6 1913 Aug 31 1913 Sep 30 1916 Dec 24 1917 Jan 23 1917 Jun 19 1917 Jul 19 1920 May 18 1920 Nov 10 1924 Mar 5 1924 Jul 31 1924 Aug 30 1927 Dec 24 1928 Jun 17 1928 Nov 12 1931 Apr 18 1931 Sep 12 1931 Oct 11 1935 Jan 5 1935 Feb 3 1935 Jun 30 1935 Jul 30 1938 Nov 21 1942 Mar 16 1942 Aug 12 1942 Sep 10 1946 Jan 3 1946 May 30 1946 Jun 29 1946 Nov 23 1949 Apr 28 1949 Oct 21 1953 Feb 14 1953 Jul 11 1953 Aug 9 1956 Dec 2 1960 Mar 27 1960 Sep 20 1964 Jan 14 1964 Jun 10 1964 Jul 9 1964 Dec 4 1967 May 9 1968 Mar 28 1971 Feb 25 1971 Jul 22 1971 Aug 20 1974 Dec 13 1975 May 11 1975 Nov 3 1978 Apr 7 1978 Oct 2 1982 Jan 25 1982 Jun 21 1982 Jul 20 1982 Dec 15 1985 May 19 1986 Apr 9 1989 Mar 7 1989 Aug 31 1992 Dec 24 1993 May 21 1993 Nov 13 1996 Apr 17 1996 Oct 12 1997 Sep 2 2000 Feb 5 2000 Jul 1 2000 Jul 31 2000 Dec 25 2004 Apr 19 2004 Oct 14 2007 Mar 19 2011 Jan 4 2011 Jun 1 2011 Jul 1 2011 Nov 25 2014 Oct 23 2015 Sep 13 → 2018 Feb 15 2018 Jul 13 2018 Aug 11 2019 Jan 6 2022 Apr 30 2022 Oct 25 2025 Mar 29 2025 Sep 21 2029 Jan 14 2029 Jun 12 2029 Jul 11 2032 Nov 3 2033 Sep 23 2036 Feb 27 2036 Jul 23 2036 Aug 21 2037 Jan 16 2040 May 11 2040 Nov 4 2047 Jan 26 2047 Jun 23 2047 Jul 22 2047 Dec 16 2050 Nov 14 2051 Apr 11 2051 Oct 4 2054 Mar 9 2054 Aug 3 2054 Sep 2 2055 Jan 27 2058 May 22 2058 Jun 21 2058 Nov 16 2062 Mar 11 2062 Sep 3 2065 Feb 5 2065 Jul 3 2065 Aug 2 2065 Dec 27 2068 Nov 24 2069 Apr 21 2069 May 20 2069 Oct 15 2072 Mar 19 2073 Feb 7 2076 Jun 1 2076 Jul 1 2076 Nov 26 2083 Feb 16 2083 Jul 15 2083 Aug 13 2084 Jan 7 2086 Dec 6 2087 May 2 2087 Jun 1 2087 Oct 26 2090 Mar 31 2091 Feb 18 2094 Jun 13 2094 Jul 12 2094 Dec 7 2098 Apr 1 2098 Sep 25 2098 Oct 24 Other bodies Mars Moon Jupiter Neptune Pluto Saturn Uranus Related topics Eclipse chasing Solar viewer Solar eclipses in fiction Book Commons Portal WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solar_eclipse_of_August_21,_2017&oldid=802424420 '' Categories : 2017 in science 2017 in space 21st - century solar eclipses August 2017 events August 2017 events in the United States Total solar eclipses Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2017 Use American English from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in American English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar მარგალური မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Português Română Русский Scots Simple English ไทย اردو Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 September 2017 , at 02 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	where did the solar eclipse last the longest	[ "The longest ground duration of totality was 2 minutes 41.6 seconds at about 37°35′0″N 89°7′0″W / 37.58333°N 89.11667°W / 37.58333; -89.11667 in Giant City State Park, just south of Carbondale, Illinois, and the greatest extent (width) was at 36°58′0″N 87°40′18″W / 36.96667°N 87.67167°W / 36.96667; -87.67167 near the village of Cerulean, Kentucky, located in between Hopkinsville and Princeton.[10] This was the first total solar eclipse visible from the Southeastern United States since the solar eclipse of March 7, 1970. Two NASA WB-57F flew above the clouds, prolonging the observation time spent in the umbra.[11] A partial solar eclipse was seen from the much broader path of the Moon's penumbra, including all of North America, particularly areas just south of the totality pass, where the eclipse lasted about 3–5 hours, northern South America, Western Europe, and some of Africa and north-east Asia." ]	[ "in Giant City State Park, just south of Carbondale, Illinois" ]
-6882727335014710590	Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta	Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta - wikipedia Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta Jump to : navigation , search Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta Genre Reality television Starring Bow Wow Zonnique Pullins Reginae Carter Shaniah Mauldin Ayana Fite Brandon Barnes Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 9 Production Executive producer ( s ) Tara Long Datari Turner Shad Moss $ ir D Da Realist Ayana Fite Amy ( Co ) Running time 42 to 44 minutes Release Original network WE tv Picture format 480i ( SDTV ) 1080i ( HDTV ) Original release May 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Growing Up Hip Hop External links Website www.wetv.com/shows/growing-up-hip-hop-atlanta Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta is the second installment of the Growing Up Hip Hop reality television franchise on WE tv . The series premiered on May 25 , 2017 , and chronicles the lives of the children of hip hop legends in Atlanta . On November 2 , 2017 , WE tv announced that Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta was renewed for a second season , which will premiere in January 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Supporting 2 Series overview 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2017 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) 4 References Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Cast member Seasons Bow Wow Main TBA Zonnique Pullins Main TBA Reginae Carter Main TBA Shaniah Mauldin Main TBA Ayana Fite Main TBA Brandon Barnes Main TBA Bow Wow Real name Shad Moss , Moss his self is already a Hip Hop legend . Moss having released his first album Beware of Dog in 2000 as Lil ' Bow Wow at the age of 13 under the guidance of Snoop Dogg and Jermaine Dupri . He has released five other studio albums since his debut . Moss was the host of the music video countdown show 106 & Park from 2012 to 2014 . Moss has acted in many movies and television shows including Like Mike and CSI : Cyber . The first season showcases Bow Wow returning to Atlanta to record his final studio album and reconnecting with his father . Zonnique Pullins Daughter of R&B legend Tameka `` Tiny '' Cottle - Harris and stepdaughter of Hip Hop legend T.I. . Pullins first came to public attention appearing in Tiny & Toya and later in T.I. & Tiny : The Family Hustle . Pullins was formerly a member of the OMG Girlz , which released a number of singles including `` Gucci This ( Gucci That ) '' and were nominated for a `` NAACP Image Award '' for Best New Artist . Pullins recently released her first solo EP titled `` Love Jones '' . In the first season , Zonnique attempts take control of her music career by finding a new manager in Deb Antney . Reginae Carter Daughter of Hip Hop legend Lil Wayne and Toya Wright . Carter has previously appeared in Tiny & Toya with her mother . Carter was a founding member of the OMG Girlz , but left the group before any singles were released . Carter appeared on My Super Sweet 16 in 2015 , which showcased her Sweet 16 . In the first season , Reginae comes to a major conflict with Brandon when he disrespects her father . Shaniah Mauldin Daughter of legendary Hip Hop producer Jermaine Dupri . Ayana Fite Daughter of the legendary DJ Hurricane . In the first season , Ayana tries to become more serious with her girlfriend Amy and finds herself in the middle of Reginae and Brandon 's beef being Brandon 's cousin . Brandon Barnes Son of legendary Hip Hop manager Debra Antney . The first season showcases a major conflict between he and Reginae after he disrespects her father . Also , he tries to become a well known artisit developer Supporting ( edit ) Cast member Seasons Deb Antney Supporting TBA Da Brat Supporting TBA Jermaine Dupri Supporting TBA Toya Wright Supporting TBA Tameka `` Tiny '' Harris Supporting TBA DJ Hurricane Supporting TBA Deb Antney Mother of Brandon Barnes and Waka Flocka Flame . Deb has developed the career of her son Waka along with Gucci Mane and Nicki Minaj . Deb comes into conflict with Brandon , Toya , and Tiny in the first season . Da Brat Da Brat is a female rapper who was the first female rapper to go platinum with her album Funkdafied . Da Brat is currently apart of The Rickey Smiley Morning Show and Dish Nation . Da Brat serves as a support system for Bow Wow in the first season , and both Bow Wow and $ ir D Da Realist in season two . Jermaine Dupri Father of Shaniah Mauldin . Jermaine Dupri is a rapper who has produced many songs and create many careers , including Bow Wow . Jermaine pushes Bow Wow to move to Atlanta to be more focused with his music . Toya Wright Mother of Reginae Carter . Toya has previously appeared on Tiny & Toya and Toya : A Family Affair . Toya comes into conflict with Deb and Brandon after Brandon disrespects Lil Wayne . Tameka `` Tiny '' Harris Mother of Zonnique Pullins . Tiny is a member of the R&B group Xscape and has appeared on other reality shows like Tiny & Toya and T.I. & Tiny : The Family Hustle . In the first season , Tiny has an issue with Zonnique finding another manager and she supports Toya . DJ Hurricane Father of Ayana Fite . DJ Hurricane is a producer and DJ best known for working with the Beastie Boys . Hurricane supports Ayana with her future clothing line and her relationship with Amy . Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 8 May 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) 9 January 2018 TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) `` Lil ' Trouble in the A '' May 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 25 ) N / A `` You Do n't Work with Rihanna '' June 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 01 ) N / A `` Bow Down to Your Mother '' June 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 08 ) N / A `` U Do n't Know Me '' June 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 15 ) N / A 5 5 `` Watch Me Flip , Watch Me Nae Nae '' June 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 22 ) N / A 6 6 `` Problems and Sound is One '' June 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 29 ) N / A 7 7 `` Pop 's Locked ... And Drops It '' July 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 06 ) N / A 8 8 `` A-Town Goin ' Down '' July 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 07 - 13 ) N / A Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Title Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 9 TBA TBD TBD 10 TBA TBD TBD 11 TBA TBD TBD 12 TBA TBD TBD 13 5 TBA TBD TBD 14 6 TBA TBD TBD 15 7 TBA TBD TBD 16 8 TBA TBD TBD 17 9 TBA TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 20 ' EXCLUSIVE : Snoop Dogg Lectures Bow Wow About His Music Career in ' Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta ' Sneak Peak '' . June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 20 ' Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta - Meet the Cast '' . July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 20 ' Square Up : Watch Toya Wright Defend Reginae Carter Against a Hater '' . June 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 20 ' Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta - Meet the Cast '' . July 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 20 ' Growing Up Hip Hop : Atlanta - Meet the Cast '' . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Growing_Up_Hip_Hop:_Atlanta&oldid=808780328 '' Categories : American reality television series 2010s American television series 2017 American television series debuts Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 03 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	when is growing up hip hop atlanta coming back on	[ "Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta is the second installment of the Growing Up Hip Hop reality television franchise on WE tv. The series premiered on May 25, 2017, and chronicles the lives of the children of hip hop legends in Atlanta. On November 2, 2017, WE tv announced that Growing Up Hip Hop: Atlanta was renewed for a second season, which will premiere in January 2018." ]	[ "January 2018" ]
4665780843666683121	2018 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans	2018 NCAA Men 's Basketball All - Americans - wikipedia 2018 NCAA Men 's Basketball All - Americans Jump to : navigation , search An All - American team is an honorary sports team composed of the best amateur players of a specific season for each team position -- who in turn are given the honorific `` All - America '' and typically referred to as `` All - American athletes '' , or simply `` All - Americans '' . Although the honorees generally do not compete together as a unit , the term is used in U.S. team sports to refer to players who are selected by members of the national media . Walter Camp selected the first All - America team in the early days of American football in 1889 . The 2018 NCAA Men 's Basketball All - Americans are honorary lists that include All - American selections from the Associated Press ( AP ) , the United States Basketball Writers Association ( USBWA ) , the Sporting News ( TSN ) , and the National Association of Basketball Coaches ( NABC ) for the 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season . All selectors choose at least a first and second 5 - man team . The NABC , TSN and AP choose third teams , while AP also lists honorable mention selections . The Consensus 2018 College Basketball All - American team is determined by aggregating the results of the four major All - American teams as determined by the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) . Since United Press International was replaced by TSN in 1997 , the four major selectors have been the aforementioned ones . AP has been a selector since 1948 , NABC since 1957 and USBWA since 1960 . To earn `` consensus '' status , a player must win honors based on a point system computed from the four different all - America teams . The point system consists of three points for first team , two points for second team and one point for third team . No honorable mention or fourth team or lower are used in the computation . The top five totals plus ties are first team and the next five plus ties are second team . Although the aforementioned lists are used to determine consensus honors , there are numerous other All - American lists . The ten finalists for the John Wooden Award are described as Wooden All - Americans . The ten finalists for the Senior CLASS Award are described as Senior All - Americans . Other All - American lists include those determined by USA Today , Fox Sports , Yahoo ! Sports and many others . The scholar - athletes selected by College Sports Information Directors of America ( CoSIDA ) are termed Academic All - Americans . Contents ( hide ) 1 2018 Consensus All - America team 2 Individual All - America teams 2.1 By player 2.2 By team 3 Academic All - Americans 4 Senior All - Americans 4.1 First team 4.2 Second team 5 References 2018 Consensus All - America team ( edit ) PG -- Point guard SG -- Shooting guard PF -- Power forward SF -- Small forward C -- Center Consensus First Team Player Position Class Team Deandre Ayton PF / C Freshman Arizona Marvin Bagley III PF Freshman Duke Jalen Brunson PG Junior Villanova Devonte ' Graham PG Senior Kansas Trae Young PG Freshman Oklahoma Consensus Second Team Player Position Class Team Keita Bates - Diop SF Junior Ohio State Trevon Bluiett SG Senior Xavier Miles Bridges SF Sophomore Michigan State Jevon Carter PG Senior West Virginia Keenan Evans PG Senior Texas Tech Jock Landale Senior Saint Mary 's Individual All - America teams ( edit ) By player ( edit ) Player School AP USBWA NABC SN CP Notes Deandre Ayton Arizona 01 ! 01 ! 01 ! 01 ! 12 ! 12 Marvin Bagley III Duke 01 ! 01 ! 01 ! 01 ! 12 ! 12 Jalen Brunson Villanova 01 ! 01 ! 01 ! 01 ! 12 ! 12 AP Player of the Year , Oscar Robertson Trophy , Sporting News Player of the Year Devonte ' Graham Kansas 01 ! 01 ! 01 ! 01 ! 12 ! 12 Trae Young Oklahoma 01 ! 01 ! 01 ! 01 ! 12 ! 12 USBWA National Freshman of the Year Keita Bates - Diop Ohio State 02 ! 02 ! 02 ! 02 ! 08 ! 8 Trevon Bluiett Xavier 02 ! 02 ! 02 ! 02 ! 08 ! 8 Miles Bridges Michigan State 02 ! 02 ! 02 ! 02 ! 08 ! 8 Jock Landale Saint Mary 's 02 ! 02 ! 02 ! 02 ! 08 ! 8 Jevon Carter West Virginia 02 ! 03 ! 02 ! 05 ! 5 Academic All - American of the Year , Senior CLASS Award Keenan Evans Texas Tech 03 ! 02 ! 03 ! 03 ! 05 ! 5 Carsen Edwards Purdue 03 ! 02 ! 03 ! 04 ! Mikal Bridges Villanova 03 ! 03 ! 03 ! 03 ! Kyle Guy Virginia 03 ! 03 ! 02 ! Luke Maye North Carolina 03 ! 03 ! 02 ! Joel Berry II North Carolina 03 ! 01 ! Aaron Holiday UCLA 03 ! 01 ! By team ( edit ) All - America Team First team Second team Third team Player School Player School Player School Associated Press Deandre Ayton Arizona Keita Bates - Diop Ohio State Mikal Bridges Villanova Marvin Bagley III Duke Trevon Bluiett Xavier Carsen Edwards Purdue Jalen Brunson Villanova Miles Bridges Michigan State Keenan Evans Texas Tech Devonte ' Graham Kansas Jevon Carter West Virginia Kyle Guy Virginia Trae Young Oklahoma Jock Landale Saint Mary 's Luke Maye North Carolina USBWA Deandre Ayton Arizona Keita Bates - Diop Ohio State No third team Marvin Bagley III Duke Trevon Bluiett Xavier Jalen Brunson Villanova Miles Bridges Michigan State Devonte ' Graham Kansas Keenan Evans Texas Tech Trae Young Oklahoma Jock Landale Saint Mary 's NABC Deandre Ayton Arizona Keita Bates - Diop Ohio State Joel Berry II North Carolina Marvin Bagley III Duke Trevon Bluiett Xavier Mikal Bridges Villanova Jalen Brunson Villanova Miles Bridges Michigan State Jevon Carter West Virginia Devonte ' Graham Kansas Carsen Edwards Purdue Keenan Evans Texas Tech Trae Young Oklahoma Jock Landale Saint Mary 's Kyle Guy Virginia Sporting News Deandre Ayton Arizona Keita Bates - Diop Ohio State Mikal Bridges Villanova Marvin Bagley III Duke Trevon Bluiett Xavier Carsen Edwards Purdue Jalen Brunson Villanova Miles Bridges Michigan State Keenan Evans Texas Tech Devonte ' Graham Kansas Jevon Carter West Virginia Aaron Holiday UCLA Trae Young Oklahoma Jock Landale Saint Mary 's Luke Maye North Carolina AP Honorable Mention : Jaylen Adams , St. Bonaventure Peyton Aldridge , Davidson Grayson Allen , Duke Mo Bamba , Texas Trae Bell - Haynes , Vermont Joel Berry II , North Carolina Bogdan Bliznyuk , Eastern Washington Desonta Bradford , East Tennessee St . Tony Carr , Penn State Gary Clark , Cincinnati Xavier Cooks , Winthrop Jermaine Crumpton , Canisius Clayton Custer , Loyola ( Illinois ) Mike Daum , South Dakota State Ángel Delgado , Seton Hall Kahlil Dukes , Niagara Tre'Shaun Fletcher , Toledo Marcus Foster , Creighton Brandon Goodwin , Florida Gulf Coast Isaac Haas , Purdue Aaron Holiday , UCLA Jordan Howard , Central Arkansas Jemerrio Jones , New Mexico State Nick King , Middle Tennessee Kevin Knox , Kentucky Fletcher Magee , Wofford Caleb Martin , Nevada Kelan Martin , Butler Yante Maten , Georgia Martaveous McKnight , Arkansas -- Pine Bluff Kendrick Nunn , Oakland Shamorie Ponds , St. John 's Jerome Robinson , Boston College Junior Robinson , Mount St. Mary 's Collin Sexton , Alabama Landry Shamet , Wichita State T.J. Shorts , UC Davis D'Marcus Simonds , Georgia State Jonathan Stark , Murray State Brandon Tabb , Bethune -- Cookman Zach Thomas , Bucknell Seth Towns , Harvard Allonzo Trier , Arizona Grant Williams , Tennessee Johnathan Williams , Gonzaga Justin Wright - Foreman , Hofstra Academic All - Americans ( edit ) On March 12 , 2018 , the College Sports Information Directors of America ( CoSIDA ) announced the 2018 Academic All - America team , with Jevon Carter headlining the NCAA Division I team as the men 's college basketball Academic All - American of the Year . The following is the 2017 -- 18 Academic All - America Division I Men 's Basketball Team as selected by CoSIDA : First Team Player School Class GPA and major Jevon Carter West Virginia Sr . 3.51 , Sport Management Tyler Clement Creighton GS 4.00 / 4.00 , Finance / Marketing A.J. Jacobson North Dakota State GS 3.99 ( U ) , Zoology ; 4.00 ( G ) , Master of Business Administration Tyler Seibring Elon Jr . 3.95 , English / Economics Joe Sherburne UMBC Jr . 4.00 , Financial Economics Second Team Player School Class GPA and major Christian Adams Coastal Carolina Jr . 4.00 , Economics & Finance Jalen Brunson Villanova Sr . 3.34 , Communications Jordan Howard Central Arkansas Sr . 3.71 , Digital Filmmaking Luke Maye North Carolina Jr . 3.45 , Business Administration Skylar Mays LSU So . 4.01 , Biological Sciences Dylan Windler Belmont Jr . 3.84 , Accounting Third Team Player School Class GPA and major Marcus Bartley Southern Illinois Jr . 4.00 , Sport Administration Joshua Braun Grand Canyon GS 3.83 / 3.60 , Master of Business Administration Stone Gettings Cornell Jr . 3.81 , Applied Economics & Management Reed Timmer Drake Sr . 3.47 , Pharmacy Kevin Vannatta UNC Asheville Sr . 3.93 , Accounting Jump up ^ First - team selection in 2016 -- 17 and third - team selection in 2015 -- 16 Jump up ^ Third - team selection in 2015 -- 16 Jump up ^ Second - team selection in 2016 -- 17 Jump up ^ First - team selection in 2015 - 16 and 2016 - 17 Senior All - Americans ( edit ) The ten finalists for the Senior CLASS Award are called Senior All - Americans . The first and second teams , as well as the award winner , were announced during the lead - in to the Final Four . The overall award winner is indicated in bold type . First team ( edit ) Player Position School Jevon Carter Guard West Virginia Shawn Anderson Guard Navy A.J. Jacobson Swingman North Dakota State Justin Johnson Forward Western Kentucky Yante Maten Forward Georgia Second team ( edit ) Player Position School Vladimir Brodziansky Forward TCU Ángel Delgado Center Seton Hall Rob Gray Guard Houston Luke Morrison Forward Army Johnathan Williams Forward Gonzaga References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Michigan alumnus . University of Michigan Library . 2010 . p. 495 . ASIN B0037HO8MY . Jump up ^ `` Award Winners : Division I Consensus All - America Selections '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2013 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 -- 10 NCAA Statistics Policies ( updated 9 / 2 / 2009 ) '' . National Collegiate Athletic Association . September 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2010 . Retrieved February 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 3 freshmen headline AP All - America team for first time '' . Associated Press . March 27 , 2018 . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` USBWA Names Men 's All - America Team '' ( Press release ) . United States Basketball Writers Association . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NABC Announces Division I All - America Team '' ( Press release ) . National Association of Basketball Coaches . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeCourcy , Mike ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` Sporting News 2017 - 18 college basketball All - Americans '' . Sporting News . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 Academic All - America ® NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Team Announced '' ( Press release ) . College Sports Information Directors of America . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` West Virginia 's Jevon Carter Wins 2017 - 18 Senior CLASS Award for Men 's Basketball '' ( Press release ) . Premier Sports Management . March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . ( hide ) NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball All - Americans Helms Foundation 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 Consensus 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_NCAA_Men%27s_Basketball_All-Americans&oldid=835905838 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season NCAA Men 's Basketball All - Americans Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 13 : 56 . About Wikipedia	ncaa men's basketball first team all american	[]	[]
-3642501235579480533	First Battle of Bull Run	First battle of Bull Run - wikipedia First battle of Bull Run This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search First Battle of Bull Run First Battle of Manassas Part of the American Civil War First Battle of Bull Run . Chromolithograph by Kurz & Allison , 1889 Date July 21 , 1861 ( 1861 - 07 - 21 ) Location Fairfax County and Prince William County , Virginia 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W / 38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 Coordinates : 38 ° 48 ′ 53 '' N 77 ° 31 ′ 22 '' W / 38.8147 ° N 77.5227 ° W / 38.8147 ; - 77.5227 Result Decisive Confederate victory Belligerents United States ( Union ) Confederate States ( Confederacy ) Commanders and leaders Political leaders : Abraham Lincoln Military commanders : Winfield Scott Irvin McDowell Robert Patterson Political leaders : Jefferson Davis Military commanders : P.G.T. Beauregard Thomas `` Stonewall '' Jackson ( WIA ) Joseph E. Johnston Units involved Department of Northeastern Virginia : Army of Northeastern Virginia Department of Pennsylvania : Patterson 's Command ( not engaged ) Army of the Potomac Army of the Shenandoah Strength Army of Northeastern Virginia : 35,732 ( c. 18,000 engaged ) Patterson 's Command : 14 -- 18,000 ( not engaged ) 32,000 -- 34,000 ( c. 18,000 engaged ) Casualties and losses 2,708 ( 481 killed ; 1,011 wounded ; 1,216 missing ) 1,982 ( 387 killed ; 1,582 wounded ; 13 missing ) Manassas Campaign Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Arlington Mills Vienna , Virginia Hoke 's Run Blackburn 's Ford 1st Bull Run Virginia ( 1861 ) Northeastern Virginia ( 1861 ) The First Battle of Bull Run ( the name used by Union forces ) , also known as the First Battle of Manassas ( the name used by Confederate forces ) , was fought on July 21 , 1861 in Prince William County , Virginia , just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west - southwest of Washington , D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War . The Union 's forces were slow in positioning themselves , allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail . Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle . It was a Confederate victory , followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces . Just months after the start of the war at Fort Sumter , the Northern public clamored for a march against the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , which was expected to bring an early end to the rebellion . Yielding to political pressure , Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell led his unseasoned Union Army across Bull Run against the equally inexperienced Confederate Army of Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard camped near Manassas Junction . McDowell 's ambitious plan for a surprise flank attack on the Confederate left was poorly executed by his officers and men ; nevertheless , the Confederates , who had been planning to attack the Union left flank , found themselves at an initial disadvantage . Confederate reinforcements under Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad , and the course of the battle quickly changed . A brigade of Virginians under the relatively unknown brigadier general from the Virginia Military Institute , Thomas J. Jackson , stood its ground , which resulted in Jackson receiving his famous nickname , `` Stonewall '' . The Confederates launched a strong counterattack , and as the Union troops began withdrawing under fire , many panicked and the retreat turned into a rout . McDowell 's men frantically ran without order in the direction of Washington , D.C. Both armies were sobered by the fierce fighting and many casualties , and realized that the war was going to be much longer and bloodier than either had anticipated . The Battle of First Bull Run highlighted many of the problems and deficiencies that were typical of the first year of the war . Units were committed piecemeal , attacks were frontal , infantry failed to protect exposed artillery , tactical intelligence was nil , and neither commander was able to employ his whole force effectively . McDowell , with 35,000 men , was only able to commit about 18,000 , and the combined Confederate forces , with about 32,000 men , committed only 18,000 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 1.1 Military and political situation 1.2 Irvin McDowell 1.3 Intelligence 1.4 McDowell 's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign 1.5 Prelude to battle 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 Battle 3.1 Morning phase 3.1. 1 Matthews Hill 3.2 Noon phase 3.2. 1 Henry House Hill 3.3 Union retreat 4 Aftermath 4.1 Brief observations 4.2 Detailed casualties 4.2. 1 Union 4.2. 2 Confederate 4.3 Effect on the Union and subsequent events 4.4 Effect on the Confederacy 4.5 Confederate victory : turning point of the American Civil War 4.6 `` Bull Run '' vs. `` Manassas '' 4.7 Confusion between the battle flags 4.8 Conclusions 5 Additional battle maps 5.1 Gallery : the First Bull Run hour by hour 6 In popular culture 7 Sesquicentennial 8 Battlefield preservation 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 11.1 Memoirs and primary sources 12 Further reading 13 External links Background ( edit ) Military and political situation ( edit ) Main article : Manassas Campaign Further information : Origins of the American Civil War ; Battle of Fort Sumter ; Western Virginia Campaign ; Border states ( American Civil War ) ; President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers ; Eastern Theater of the American Civil War ; and American Civil War Opposing political leaders Pres . Abraham Lincoln , USA Pres . Jefferson Davis , CSA Northern Virginia Theater in July 1861 Confederate Union Further map details , see : Additional Map 1 and Additional Map 2 . On April 15 , 1861 , the day after South Carolina military forces attacked and captured Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor , President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation declaring an insurrection against the laws of the United States . Earlier , South Carolina and seven other Southern states had declared their secession from the Union and formed the Confederate States of America . To suppress the rebellion and restore Federal law in the Southern states , Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers with ninety - day enlistments to augment the existing U.S. Army of about 15,000 . He later accepted an additional 40,000 volunteers with three - year enlistments and increased the strength of the U.S. Army to almost 20,000 . Lincoln 's actions caused four more Southern states , including Virginia , to secede and join the Confederacy , and by 1 June the Confederate capital had been moved from Montgomery , Alabama , to Richmond , Virginia . In Washington , D.C. , as thousands of volunteers rushed to defend the capital , General in Chief Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott laid out his strategy to subdue the rebellious states . He proposed that an army of 80,000 men be organized and sail down the Mississippi River and capture New Orleans . While the Army `` strangled '' the Confederacy in the west , the U.S. Navy would blockade Southern ports along the eastern and Gulf coasts . The press ridiculed what they dubbed as Scott 's `` Anaconda Plan '' . Instead , many believed the capture of the Confederate capital at Richmond , only one hundred miles south of Washington , would quickly end the war . By July 1861 thousands of volunteers were camped in and around Washington . Since General Scott was seventy - five years old and physically unable to lead this force , the administration searched for a more suitable field commander . Lt. Gen. Winfield Scott , General in Chief , USA Cartoon map illustrating Gen. Winfield Scott 's plan to crush the Confederacy , economically . It is sometimes called the `` Anaconda plan '' . Irvin McDowell ( edit ) Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase championed fellow Ohioan , 42 - year - old Maj . Irvin McDowell . Although McDowell was a West Point graduate , his command experience was limited . In fact , he had spent most of his career engaged in various staff duties in the Adjutant General 's Office . While stationed in Washington he had become acquainted with Chase , a former Ohio governor and senator . Now , through Chase 's influence , McDowell was promoted three grades to brigadier general in the Regular Army and on 27 May was assigned command ( by President Abraham Lincoln ) of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , which included the military forces in and around Washington ( Army of Northeastern Virginia ) . McDowell immediately began organizing what became known as the Army of Northeastern Virginia , 35,000 men arranged in five divisions . Under public and political pressure to begin offensive operations , McDowell was given very little time to train the newly inducted troops . Units were instructed in the maneuvering of regiments , but they received little or no training at the brigade or division level . He was reassured by President Lincoln , `` You are green , it is true , but they are green also ; you are all green alike . '' Against his better judgment , McDowell commenced campaigning . Intelligence ( edit ) During the previous year , U.S. Army captain Thomas Jordan set up a pro-Southern spy network in Washington City , including Rose O'Neal Greenhow , a prominent socialite with a wide range of contacts . He provided her with a code for messages . After he left to join the Confederate Army , he gave her control of his network but continued to receive reports from her . On July 9 and 16 , 1861 , Greenhow passed secret messages to Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard containing critical information regarding military movements for what would be the First Battle of Bull Run , including the plans of Union general McDowell . McDowell 's plan and initial movements in the Manassas Campaign ( edit ) On July 16 , 1861 , McDowell departed Washington with the largest field army yet gathered on the North American continent , about 35,000 men ( 28,452 effectives ) . McDowell 's plan was to move westward in three columns and make a diversionary attack on the Confederate line at Bull Run with two columns , while the third column moved around the Confederates ' right flank to the south , cutting the railroad to Richmond and threatening the rear of the Confederate army . He assumed that the Confederates would be forced to abandon Manassas Junction and fall back to the Rappahannock River , the next defensible line in Virginia , which would relieve some of the pressure on the U.S. capital . McDowell had hoped to have his army at Centreville by 17 July , but the troops , unaccustomed to marching , moved in starts and stops . Along the route soldiers often broke ranks to wander off to pick apples or blackberries or to get water , regardless of the orders of their officers to remain in ranks . The Confederate Army of the Potomac ( 21,883 effectives ) under Beauregard was encamped near Manassas Junction , approximately 25 miles ( 40 km ) from the United States capital . McDowell planned to attack this numerically inferior enemy army . Union Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson 's 18,000 men engaged Johnston 's force ( the Army of the Shenandoah at 8,884 effectives , augmented by Maj. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes 's brigade of 1,465 ) in the Shenandoah Valley , preventing them from reinforcing Beauregard . Movements July 16 -- 21 , 1861 Situation July 18 Battlefield of Manassas After two days of marching slowly in the sweltering heat , the Union army was allowed to rest in Centreville . McDowell reduced the size of his army to approximately 31,000 by dispatching Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon with 5,000 troops to protect the army 's rear . In the meantime , McDowell searched for a way to outflank Beauregard , who had drawn up his lines along Bull Run . On July 18 , the Union commander sent a division under Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler to pass on the Confederate right ( southeast ) flank. Tyler was drawn into a skirmish at Blackburn 's Ford over Bull Run and made no headway . Also on the morning of 18 July Johnston had received a telegram suggesting he go to Beauregard 's assistance if possible . Johnston marched out of Winchester about noon , while Stuart 's cavalry screened the movement from Patterson . Patterson was completely deceived . One hour after Johnston 's departure Patterson telegraphed Washington , `` I have succeeded , in accordance with the wishes of the General - in - Chief , in keeping General Johnston 's force at Winchester . '' For the maneuver to be successful McDowell felt he needed to act quickly . He had already begun to hear rumors that Johnston had slipped out of the valley and was headed for Manassas Junction . If the rumors were true , McDowell might soon be facing 34,000 Confederates , instead of 22,000 . Another reason for quick action was McDowell 's concern that the ninety - day enlistments of many of his regiments were about to expire . `` In a few days I will lose many thousands of the best of this force '' , he wrote Washington on the eve of battle . In fact , the next morning two units of McDowell 's command , their enlistments expiring that day , would turn a deaf ear to McDowell 's appeal to stay a few days longer . Instead , to the sounds of battle , they would march back to Washington to be mustered out of service . Becoming more frustrated , McDowell resolved to attack the Confederate left ( northwest ) flank instead . He planned to attack with Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler 's division at the Stone Bridge on the Warrenton Turnpike and send the divisions of Brig . Gens . David Hunter and Samuel P. Heintzelman over Sudley Springs Ford . From here , these divisions could march into the Confederate rear . The brigade of Col. Israel B. Richardson ( Tyler 's Division ) would harass the enemy at Blackburn 's Ford , preventing them from thwarting the main attack . Patterson would tie down Johnston in the Shenandoah Valley so that reinforcements could not reach the area . Although McDowell had arrived at a theoretically sound plan , it had a number of flaws : it was one that required synchronized execution of troop movements and attacks , skills that had not been developed in the nascent army ; it relied on actions by Patterson that he had already failed to take ; finally , McDowell had delayed long enough that Johnston 's Valley force was able to board trains at Piedmont Station and rush to Manassas Junction to reinforce Beauregard 's men . Prelude to battle ( edit ) On July 19 -- 20 , significant reinforcements bolstered the Confederate lines behind Bull Run . Johnston arrived with all of his army , except for the troops of Brig. Gen. Kirby Smith , who were still in transit . Most of the new arrivals were posted in the vicinity of Blackburn 's Ford , and Beauregard 's plan was to attack from there to the north toward Centreville . Johnston , the senior officer , approved the plan . If both of the armies had been able to execute their plans simultaneously , it would have resulted in a mutual counterclockwise movement as they attacked each other 's left flank . McDowell was getting contradictory information from his intelligence agents , so he called for the balloon Enterprise , which was being demonstrated by Prof. Thaddeus S.C. Lowe in Washington , to perform aerial reconnaissance . Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Union order of battle Key Union commanders Brig. Gen . Irvin McDowell , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( Commanding ) , USA Brig. Gen . Daniel Tyler , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 1st Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . David Hunter , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 2nd Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Samuel P. Heintzelman , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 3rd Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Theodore Runyon , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 4th Div . ) USA Brig. Gen . Dixon S. Miles , Army of Northeastern Virginia , ( 5th Div . ) USA Maj. Gen . Robert Patterson , Patterson 's Command , USA McDowell 's Army of Northeastern Virginia was organized into five infantry divisions of three to five brigades each . Each brigade contained three to five infantry regiments . An artillery battery was generally assigned to each brigade . The total number of Union troops present at the Battle of First Bull Run was about 35,000 , although only about 18,000 were actually engaged . The Union army was organized as follows : 1st Division of Brig. Gen. Daniel Tyler the largest in the army , contained four brigades , led by Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck , Col. Erasmus Keyes , Col. William T. Sherman , and Col. Israel B. Richardson ; 2nd Division of Col. David Hunter of two brigades . These were led by Cols . Andrew Porter and Ambrose E. Burnside ; 3rd Division of Col. Samuel P. Heintzelman included 3 brigades , led by Cols . William B. Franklin , Orlando B. Willcox , and Oliver O. Howard ; 4th Division of Brig. Gen. Theodore Runyon without brigade organization and not engaged , contained seven regiments of New Jersey and one regiment of New York volunteer infantries ; 5th Division of Col. Dixon S. Miles included 2 brigades , commanded by Cols . Louis Blenker and Thomas A. Davies ; While McDowell organized the Army of Northeastern Virginia , a smaller Union command was organized and stationed northwest of Washington , near Harper 's Ferry . Commanded by Maj. Gen. Robert Patterson , 18,000 men of the Department of Pennsylvania protected against a Confederate incursion from the Shenandoah Valley . Abstract from the returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , commanded by Brigadier - General McDowell , U.S.A. , for July 16 and 17 , 1861 . ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA Commands Present For duty Total Aggregate Officers Men General staff 19 21 First ( Tyler 's ) Division 569 12,226 9,494 9,936 Second ( Hunter 's ) Division 121 2,364 2,525 2,648 Third ( Heintzelman 's ) Division 382 8,680 9,385 9,777 Fourth ( Runyon 's ) Division 247 5,201 5,502 5,752 Fifth ( Miles ' ) Division 289 5,884 5,917 6,207 Twenty - first New York Volunteers 37 684 707 745 Twenty - fifth New York Militia 39 519 534 573 Second United States Cavalry , Company E 56 63 73 Total 1,707 35,614 34,127 35,732 Abstract from return of the Department of Pennsylvania , commanded by Major - General Patterson , June 28 , 1861 . PATTERSON 'S COMMAND Commanding officer Troops Present for duty Infantry Cavalry Artillery Officers Men Officers Men Officers Men Bvt . Maj. Gen. Geo . Cadwalader First division 322 6,637 11 307 7 251 Maj. Gen. W.H. Keim Second division 322 6,410 74 Total 644 13,047 14 381 7 251 Aggregate present for duty Infantry 13,691 Cavalry 395 Artillery 258 Total 14,344 Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Confederate order of battle Key Confederate commanders Brig. Gen . P.G.T. Beauregard , CSA Army of the Potomac Brig. Gen . Joseph E. Johnston , CSA Army of the Shenandoah , ( Commanding ) Joseph E. Johnston 's forces was organized as follows : The Army of the Potomac ( Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard ) was organized into six infantry brigades , with each brigade containing three to six infantry regiments . Artillery batteries were assigned to various infantry brigades . The total number of troops in the Confederate Army of the Potomac was approximately 22,000 . Beauregard 's army also contained thirty - nine pieces of field artillery and a regiment of Virginia cavalry . The Army of the Potomac was organized into seven infantry brigades . These were : 1st Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Milledge Luke Bonham ; 2nd Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell ; 3rd Brigade , under Brig. Gen. David R. Jones ; 4th Brigade , under Brig. Gen. James Longstreet ; 5th Brigade , under Col. Philip St. George Cocke ; 6th Brigade , under Col. Jubal Early ; 7th Brigade , under Col. Nathan G. Evans . Reserve Brigade , under Brig. Gen. Theophilus H. Holmes The Army of the Shenandoah ( Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston ) was also organized into brigades . It consisted of four brigades of three to five infantry regiments each , which totaled approximately 12,000 men . Each brigade was assigned one artillery battery . In addition to the infantry , there were twenty pieces of artillery and about 300 Virginia cavalrymen under Col. J.E.B. Stuart . Although the combined strength of both Confederate armies was about 34,000 , only about 18,000 were actually engaged at First Bull Run . The Army of the Shenandoah consisted of four infantry brigades : 1st Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Jackson ; 2nd Brigade , commanded by Col. Francis S. Bartow ; 3rd Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Barnard E. Bee ; 4th Brigade , commanded by Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith . Abstract front field return , First Corps ( Army of the Potomac ) , July 21 , 1861 . ( Dated September 25 , 1861 . ) ARMY OF THE POTOMAC Commands . General and Staff Officers Infantry . Cavalry . Artillery . Officers Men . Officers Men . Officers Men . First Brigade 211 4,070 Second Brigade 133 2,307 Third Brigade 128 1,989 Fourth Brigade 160 2,364 Fifth Brigade 208 8,065 Sixth Brigade 261 2,356 Seventh Louisiana 44 773 Eighth Louisiana 43 803 Hampton Legion 27 627 Thirteenth Virginia 34 642 Harrison 's Battalion ( three companies ) 13 196 Troops ( ten ) of cavalry 38 545 Washington ( Louisiana ) Artillery 19 201 Kemper 's battery 76 Latham 's battery 86 Loudoun Battery 55 Shield 's battery 82 Camp Pickens ( heavy artillery ) 18 275 Total 22 1,215 18,354 85 1,383 51 775 Aggregates : Infantry 19,569 Cavalry 1,468 Artillery 826 21,863 Abstract from monthly report of Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 's division , or Army of the Shenandoah ( C.S.A. ) , for June 30 , 1861 . ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH Commanding officer . Troops . PRESENT FOR DUTY . Infantry . Cavalry . Artillery . Officers . Men . Officers . Men . Officers . Men . Colonel Jackson First brigade 128 2,043 81 Col. F.S. Bartow Second brigade 155 2,391 59 Brigadier - General Bee Third brigade 161 2,629 78 Col. A. Elzey Fourth brigade 156 2,106 45 Col. J.E.B. Stuart First Virginia Cavalry 21 313 Col. A.C. Cummings Virginia Volunteers 14 227 Total 614 9,396 21 313 15 263 Aggregate present for duty . General staff 32 Infantry 10,010 Cavalry 334 Artillery 278 10,654 Battle ( edit ) Morning phase ( edit ) Matthews Hill ( edit ) Situation morning , July 21 Situation at 05 : 30 -- 06 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) On the morning of July 21 , 1861 , McDowell sent the divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman ( about 12,000 men ) from Centreville at 2 : 30 a.m. , marching southwest on the Warrenton Turnpike and then turning northwest toward Sudley Springs . Tyler 's division ( about 8,000 ) marched directly toward the Stone Bridge . The inexperienced units immediately developed logistical problems . Tyler 's division blocked the advance of the main flanking column on the turnpike . The later units found the approach roads to Sudley Springs were inadequate , little more than a cart path in some places , and did not begin fording Bull Run until 9 : 30 a.m. Tyler 's men reached the Stone Bridge around 6 a.m. At 5 : 15 a.m. , Richardson 's brigade fired a few artillery rounds across Mitchell 's Ford on the Confederate right , some of which hit Beauregard 's headquarters in the Wilmer McLean house as he was eating breakfast , alerting him to the fact that his offensive battle plan had been preempted . Nevertheless , he ordered demonstration attacks north toward the Union left at Centreville . Bungled orders and poor communications prevented their execution . Although he intended for Brig. Gen. Richard S. Ewell to lead the attack , Ewell , at Union Mills Ford , was simply ordered to `` hold ... in readiness to advance at a moment 's notice '' . Brig. Gen. D.R. Jones was supposed to attack in support of Ewell , but found himself moving forward alone . Holmes was also supposed to support , but received no orders at all . U.S. cavalry at Sudley Spring Ford An 1862 illustration of a Confederate officer forcing slaves to fire a cannon at U.S. forces at gunpoint . According to John Parker , a former slave , he was forced by his Confederate captors to fire a cannon at U.S. soldiers at the Battle of Bull Run . All that stood in the path of the 20,000 Union soldiers converging on the Confederate left flank were Col. Nathan `` Shanks '' Evans and his reduced brigade of 1,100 men . Evans had moved some of his men to intercept the direct threat from Tyler at the bridge , but he began to suspect that the weak attacks from the Union brigade of Brig. Gen. Robert C. Schenck were merely feints . He was informed of the main Union flanking movement through Sudley Springs by Captain Edward Porter Alexander , Beauregard 's signal officer , observing from 8 miles ( 13 km ) southwest on Signal Hill . In the first use of wig - wag semaphore signaling in combat , Alexander sent the message `` Look out for your left , your position is turned . '' Evans hastily led 900 of his men from their position fronting the Stone Bridge to a new location on the slopes of Matthews Hill , a low rise to the northwest of his previous position . The Confederate delaying action on Matthews Hill included a spoiling attack launched by Major Roberdeau Wheat 's 1st Louisiana Special Battalion , `` Wheat 's Tigers '' . After Wheat 's command was thrown back , and Wheat seriously wounded , Evans received reinforcement from two other brigades under Brig. Gen. Barnard Bee and Col. Francis S. Bartow , bringing the force on the flank to 2,800 men . They successfully slowed Hunter 's lead brigade ( Brig. Gen. Ambrose Burnside ) in its attempts to ford Bull Run and advance across Young 's Branch , at the northern end of Henry House Hill . One of Tyler 's brigade commanders , Col. William Tecumseh Sherman , crossed at an unguarded ford and struck the right flank of the Confederate defenders . This surprise attack , coupled with pressure from Burnside and Maj . George Sykes , collapsed the Confederate line shortly after 11 : 30 a.m. , sending them in a disorderly retreat to Henry House Hill . ( Further map details , see : Additional Map 4 , Additional Map 5 , Additional Map 6 and Additional Map 7 . ) Noon phase ( edit ) Henry House Hill ( edit ) As they retreated from their Matthews Hill position , the remainder of Evans 's , Bee 's , and Bartow 's commands received some cover from Capt . John D. Imboden and his battery of four 6 - pounder guns , who held off the Union advance while the Confederates attempted to regroup on Henry House Hill . They were met by generals Johnston and Beauregard , who had just arrived from Johnston 's headquarters at the M. Lewis Farm , `` Portici '' . Fortunately for the Confederates , McDowell did not press his advantage and attempt to seize the strategic ground immediately , choosing to bombard the hill with the batteries of Capts . James B. Ricketts ( Battery I , 1st U.S. Artillery ) and Charles Griffin ( Battery D , 5th U.S. ) from Dogan 's Ridge . Attacks on Henry House Hill , noon -- 2 p.m Union retreat , after 4 p.m. Brig. Gen Thomas J. Jackson 's Virginia Brigade came up in support of the disorganized Confederates around noon , accompanied by Col. Wade Hampton and his Hampton 's Legion , and Col. J.E.B. Stuart 's cavalry . The Hampton Legion , some 600 men strong , managed to buy Jackson time to construct a defensive line on Henry House Hill by firing repeated volleys at Sherman 's advancing brigade . Hampton had purchased about 400 British Enfield rifles to equip the men with , however it is not clear if his troops had them at Bull Run or if the weapons arrived after the battle . If so , they would have been the only foreign - made weapons on the field . The 79th New York was thoroughly decimated by Hampton 's musket fire and began to disintegrate . Wade Hampton gestured towards their colonel , James Cameron , and remarked `` Look at that brave officer trying to lead his men and they wo n't follow him . '' Shortly afterwards , Cameron , the brother of US Senator Simon Cameron , was fatally wounded . It has been claimed that Hampton deliberately targeted officers of the 79th New York in revenge for the death of his nephew earlier in the day , although he had in fact been killed by soldiers of the 69th New York . Jackson posted his five regiments on the reverse slope of the hill , where they were shielded from direct fire , and was able to assemble 13 guns for the defensive line , which he posted on the crest of the hill ; as the guns fired , their recoil moved them down the reverse slope , where they could be safely reloaded . Meanwhile , McDowell ordered the batteries of Ricketts and Griffin to move from Dogan 's Ridge to the hill for close infantry support . Their 11 guns engaged in a fierce artillery duel across 300 yards ( 270 m ) against Jackson 's 13 . Unlike many engagements in the Civil War , here the Confederate artillery had an advantage . The Union pieces were now within range of the Confederate smoothbores and the predominantly rifled pieces on the Union side were not effective weapons at such close ranges , with many shots fired over the head of their targets . Ruins of Judith Henry 's house , `` Spring Hill '' , after the battle Postwar house on site of Judith Henry house in Manassas Judith Henry grave One of the casualties of the artillery fire was Judith Carter Henry , an 85 - year - old widow and invalid , who was unable to leave her bedroom in the Henry House . As Ricketts began receiving rifle fire , he concluded that it was coming from the Henry House and turned his guns on the building . A shell that crashed through the bedroom wall tore off one of the widow 's feet and inflicted multiple injuries , from which she died later that day . `` The Enemy are driving us '' , Bee exclaimed to Jackson . Jackson , a former U.S. Army officer and professor at the Virginia Military Institute , is said to have replied , `` Then , Sir , we will give them the bayonet . '' Bee exhorted his own troops to re-form by shouting , `` There is Jackson standing like a stone wall . Let us determine to die here , and we will conquer . Rally behind the Virginians . '' This exclamation was the source for Jackson 's ( and his brigade 's ) nickname , `` Stonewall '' . Bee was shot through the stomach shortly after speaking and died the next day , thus it is unclear exactly what he meant , moreover none of his subordinates wrote reports of the battle . Col. States Rights Gist , serving as Bee 's aide - de-camp , took command of the brigade . Major Burnett Rhett , chief of staff to General Johnston , claimed that Bee was angry at Jackson 's failure to come immediately to the relief of Bee 's and Bartow 's brigades while they were under heavy pressure . Those who subscribe to this opinion believe that Bee 's statement was meant to be pejorative : `` Look at Jackson standing there like a stone wall ! '' Artillery commander Griffin decided to move two of his guns to the southern end of his line , hoping to provide enfilade fire against the Confederates . At approximately 3 p.m. , these guns were overrun by the 33rd Virginia , whose men were outfitted in blue uniforms , causing Griffin 's commander , Maj . William F. Barry , to mistake them for Union troops and to order Griffin not to fire on them . Close range volleys from the 33rd Virginia and Stuart 's cavalry attack against the flank of the 11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment ( Ellsworth 's Fire Zouaves ) , which was supporting the battery , killed many of the gunners and scattered the infantry . Capitalizing on this success , Jackson ordered two regiments to charge Ricketts 's guns and they were captured as well . As additional Federal infantry engaged , the guns changed hands several times . Capture of Ricketts ' Battery , painting by Sidney E. King , National Park Service The capture of the Union guns turned the tide of battle . Although McDowell had brought 15 regiments into the fight on the hill , outnumbering the Confederates two to one , no more than two were ever engaged simultaneously . Jackson continued to press his attacks , telling soldiers of the 4th Virginia Infantry , `` Reserve your fire until they come within 50 yards ! Then fire and give them the bayonet ! And when you charge , yell like furies ! '' For the first time , Union troops heard the disturbing sound of the Rebel yell . At about 4 p.m. , the last Union troops were pushed off Henry House Hill by a charge of two regiments from Col. Philip St. George Cocke 's brigade . To the west , Chinn Ridge had been occupied by Col. Oliver Otis Howard 's brigade from Heintzelman 's division . Also at 4 p.m. , two Confederate brigades - Col. Jubal Early 's , which had moved from the Confederate right , and Brig. Gen. Edmund Kirby Smith 's ( commanded by Col. Arnold Elzey after Smith was wounded ) , which had just arrived from the Shenandoah Valley -- crushed Howard 's brigade . Beauregard ordered his entire line forward . At 5 p.m. everywhere McDowell 's army was disintegrating . Thousands , in large and small groups or as individuals , began to leave the battlefield and head for Centreville . McDowell rode around the field trying to rally regiments and groups of soldiers , but most had had enough . Unable to stop the mass exodus , McDowell gave orders for Porter 's regular infantry battalion , near the intersection of the turnpike and Manassas - Sudley Road , to act as a rear guard as his army withdrew . The unit briefly held the crossroads , then retreated eastward with the rest of the army . McDowell 's force crumbled and began to retreat . ( Further map details , see : Additional Map 8 , Additional Map 9 , Additional Map 10 , Additional Map 11 and Additional Map 12 . ) Union retreat ( edit ) The retreat was relatively orderly up to the Bull Run crossings , but it was poorly managed by the Union officers . A Union wagon was overturned by artillery fire on a bridge spanning Cub Run Creek and incited panic in McDowell 's force . As the soldiers streamed uncontrollably toward Centreville , discarding their arms and equipment , McDowell ordered Col. Dixon S. Miles 's division to act as a rear guard , but it was impossible to rally the army short of Washington . In the disorder that followed , hundreds of Union troops were taken prisoner . Wagons and artillery were abandoned , including the 30 - pounder Parrott rifle , which had opened the battle with such fanfare . Expecting an easy Union victory , the wealthy elite of nearby Washington , including congressmen and their families , had come to picnic and watch the battle . When the Union army was driven back in a running disorder , the roads back to Washington were blocked by panicked civilians attempting to flee in their carriages . Since their combined army had been left highly disorganized as well , Beauregard and Johnston did not fully press their advantage , despite urging from Confederate President Jefferson Davis , who had arrived on the battlefield to see the Union soldiers retreating . An attempt by Johnston to intercept the Union troops from his right flank , using the brigades of Brig . Gens . Milledge L. Bonham and James Longstreet , was a failure . The two commanders squabbled with each other and when Bonham 's men received some artillery fire from the Union rear guard , and found that Richardson 's brigade blocked the road to Centreville , he called off the pursuit . In Washington President Lincoln and members of the cabinet waited for news of a Union victory . Instead , a telegram arrived stating `` General McDowell 's army in full retreat through Centreville . The day is lost . Save Washington and the remnants of this army . '' The tidings were happier in the Confederate capital . From the battlefield President Davis telegraphed Richmond , `` We have won a glorious but dear - bought victory . Night closed on the enemy in full flight and closely pursued . '' Aftermath ( edit ) Brief observations ( edit ) First Bull Run was a clash between relatively large , ill - trained bodies of recruits , led by inexperienced officers . Neither army commander was able to deploy his forces effectively ; although nearly 60,000 men were present at the battle , only 18,000 had actually been engaged . Although McDowell had been active on the battlefield , he had expended most of his energy maneuvering nearby regiments and brigades , instead of controlling and coordinating the movements of his army as a whole . Other factors contributed to McDowell 's defeat : Patterson 's failure to hold Johnston in the valley ; McDowell 's two - day delay at Centreville ; allowing Tyler 's division to lead the march on 21 July thus delaying the flanking divisions of Hunter and Heintzelman ; and the 2 1 / 2 - hour delay after the Union victory on Matthews ' Hill , which allowed the Confederates to bring up reinforcements and establish a defensive position on Henry Hill . On Henry Hill Beauregard had also limited his control to the regimental level , generally allowing the battle to continue on its own and only reacting to Union moves . Johnston 's decision to transport his infantry to the battlefield by rail played a major role in the Confederate victory . Although the trains were slow and a lack of sufficient cars did not allow the transport of large numbers of troops at one time , almost all of his army arrived in time to participate in the battle . After reaching Manassas Junction , Johnston had relinquished command of the battlefield to Beauregard , but his forwarding of reinforcements to the scene of fighting was decisive . Jackson and Bee 's brigades had done the largest share of fighting in the battle ; Jackson 's brigade had fought almost alone for four hours and sustained over 50 % casualties . Detailed casualties ( edit ) Bull Run was the largest and bloodiest battle in United States history up to that point . Union casualties were 460 killed , 1,124 wounded , and 1,312 missing or captured ; Confederate casualties were 387 killed , 1,582 wounded , and 13 missing . Among the Union dead was Col. James Cameron , brother of President Lincoln 's first Secretary of War , Simon Cameron . Among the Confederate casualties was Col. Francis S. Bartow , who was the first Confederate brigade commander to be killed in the Civil War . General Bee was mortally wounded and died the following day . Compared to later battles , casualties at First Bull Run had not been especially heavy . Both Union and Confederate killed , wounded , and missing were a little over one thousand seven hundred each . Two Confederate brigade commanders , Jackson and Edmund Kirby - Smith , were wounded in the battle . No Union officers above the regimental level were killed ; two division commanders ( Samuel Heintzelman and David Hunter ) , and one brigade commander ( Orlando Willcox ) were wounded . Union ( edit ) Union casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . ARMY OF NORTHEASTERN VIRGINIA Troops Killed Wounded Missing Remarks Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men General staff First Division , General TYLER : First Brigade , Colonel Keyes 19 46 5 149 Eighteen others slightly wounded . Second Brigade , General Schenck 16 15 15 Third Brigade , Colonel Sherman 117 15 193 13 240 Fourth Brigade , Colonel Richardson Not engaged . Guarding Blackburn 's Ford . Total , First Division 6 152 19 254 19 404 Second Division , Colonel HUNTER : First Brigade , Colonel Porter 83 9 139 9 236 Four surgeons missing . Second Brigade , Colonel Burnside 5 35 85 59 Five surgeons missing . Total Second Division 6 118 12 224 11 295 Third Division , Colonel HEINTZELMAN : Division headquarters . First Brigade , Colonel Franklin 68 13 183 22 Second Brigade , Colonel Willcox 70 11 161 186 Third Brigade , Colonel Howard 48 7 108 6 174 Total , Third Division 6 186 32 452 10 382 Fourth Division , General RUNYON In reserve on the Potomac . Fifth Division , Colonel MILES : First Brigade Colonel Blenker 6 16 94 Second Brigade , Colonel Davies Total , Fifth Division 6 17 95 Grand total 19 462 64 947 40 1,176 Union artillery lost in the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . Batteries Commanders Guns lost Remarks Rifled Smooth Total First U.S. Artillery , Company G ( two 20 - pounder Parrotts , one 30 - pounder Parrott ) . Lieutenant Edwards 20 - pounders saved First U.S. Artillery , Company I ( six 10 - pounder Parrots ) Captain Ricketts 6 6 None saved Second U.S. Artillery , Company D Captain Arnold None saved Second U.S. Artillery , Company E ( two 13 - pounder James , two 6 - pounders ( old ) , two 12 - pounder howitzers ) . Captain Carlisle Two 6 - pounders saved Fifth S. Artillery ( Company D ) , ( two 10 - pounder Parrotts , two 6 - pounders ( old ) , two 12 - pounder howitzers ) . Captain Griffin 5 One 10 - pounder saved Rhode Island Battery ( six 13 - pounder James ) 5 5 One saved Total lost 17 8 25 Confederate ( edit ) Confederate casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . Command Killed Wounded Missing Aggregate Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men Officers Enlisted Men ARMY OF THE POTOMAC INFANTRY First Louisiana ( battalion ) 8 5 33 48 Seventh Louisiana 23 26 Thirteenth Mississippi 6 6 Seventeenth Mississippi 9 11 Eighteenth Mississippi 6 28 38 Fifth North Carolina Second South Carolina 5 6 37 48 Fourth South Carolina 10 9 70 6 96 Fifth South Carolina 23 26 Eighth South Carolina 5 20 28 Hampton Legion 19 100 121 First Virginia 6 6 Seventh Virginia 9 37 47 Eighth Virginia 6 23 30 Seventeenth Virginia Eighteenth Virginia 6 12 19 Nineteenth Virginia 6 Twenty - eighth Virginia 9 9 Forty - ninth Virginia 9 29 40 ARTILLERY Alexandria Light Artillery Latham 's Loudoun Washington ( La . ) CAVALRY Thirtieth Virginia 9 Hanover ARMY OF THE SHENANDOAH INFANTRY Fourth Alabama 36 6 151 Seventh Georgia 18 12 122 Eighth Georgia 38 6 153 First Maryland 5 Second Mississippi 21 79 Eleventh Mississippi 7 21 Sixth North Carolina 22 46 Third Tennessee Second Virginia 15 69 Fourth Virginia 30 100 Fifth Virginia 6 47 Tenth Virginia 6 10 Twenty - seventh Virginia 18 122 Thirty - third Virginia 44 101 Total First Corps 6 99 29 490 12 632 Total Second Corps 19 263 34 1,029 Grand total 25 362 63 1,519 12 632 Today will be known as BLACK MONDAY . We are utterly and disgracefully routed , beaten , whipped by secessionists . -- Union diarist George Templeton Strong If the war had turned out to be of short duration , Bull Run would have been a disaster for the Union . But if , as now seemed more plausible , a long and nasty war was inevitable , that battle had a curiously salutary effect for the Union side . It provided a wake - up call for those optimists -- like Seward or even Lincoln -- who had hoped for or counted on a quick result . -- David Detzer , Donnybrook Bull Run was a turning point in the American Civil War ... in the sense that the battle struck with impelling force upon public opinion at home and abroad , upon Congress , and upon the Commander - in - chief . It framed new patterns of thought and led to far - reaching changes in the conduct of the war . The failure at Bull Run inspired a second Northern rising . Volunteering accelerated , 90 - day men reenlisted , states rushed fresh regiments forward in plenitude ... As they realized victory would not come readily , a new mood fastened upon Northerners . An iron resolve entered the Northern soul ... -- James A. Rawley , Turning Points of the Civil War Effect on the Union and subsequent events ( edit ) Union forces and civilians alike feared that Confederate forces would advance on Washington , D.C. , with very little standing in their way . On July 24 , Prof. Thaddeus S.C. Lowe ascended in the balloon Enterprise to observe the Confederates moving in and about Manassas Junction and Fairfax . He saw no evidence of massing Confederate forces , but was forced to land in Confederate territory . It was overnight before he was rescued and could report to headquarters . He reported that his observations `` restored confidence '' to the Union commanders . The Northern public was shocked at the unexpected defeat of their army when an easy victory had been widely anticipated . Both sides quickly came to realize the war would be longer and more brutal than they had imagined . On July 22 President Lincoln signed a bill that provided for the enlistment of another 500,000 men for up to three years of service . On July 25 , eleven thousand Pennsylvanians who had earlier been rejected by the U.S. Secretary of War , Simon Cameron , for federal service in either Patterson 's or McDowell 's command arrived in Washington , D.C. , and were finally accepted . Three months after First Bull Run Union forces suffered another , smaller defeat at the Battle of Ball 's Bluff , near Leesburg , Virginia . The perceived military incompetence at First Bull Run and Ball 's Bluff led to the establishment of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War , a congressional body created to investigate Northern military affairs . Concerning the Battle of First Bull Run , the committee listened to testimony from a variety of witnesses connected with McDowell 's army . Although the committee 's report concluded that the principal cause of defeat was Patterson 's failure to prevent Johnston from reinforcing Beauregard , Patterson 's enlistment had expired a few days after the battle , and he was no longer in the service . The Northern public clamored for another scapegoat , and McDowell bore the chief blame . On 25 July 1861 , he was relieved of army command and replaced by Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan , who was named general - in - chief of all the Union armies . McDowell was also present to bear significant blame for the defeat of Maj. Gen. John Pope 's Army of Virginia by Gen. Robert E. Lee 's Army of Northern Virginia thirteen months later , at the Second Battle of Bull Run . Effect on the Confederacy ( edit ) The reaction in the Confederacy was more muted . There was little public celebration as the Southerners realized that despite their victory , the greater battles that would inevitably come would mean greater losses for their side as well . Once the euphoria of victory had worn off , Jefferson Davis called for 400,000 additional volunteers . Beauregard was considered the Confederate hero of the battle and was promoted that day by C.S. President Davis to full general in the Confederate army . Stonewall Jackson , arguably the most important tactical contributor to the victory , received no special recognition , but would later achieve glory for his 1862 Valley Campaign . Privately , Davis credited Greenhow with ensuring Confederate victory . Jordan sent a telegram to Greenhow : `` Our President and our General direct me to thank you . We rely upon you for further information . The Confederacy owes you a debt . ( Signed ) JORDAN , Adjutant - General . '' The battle also had long - term psychological consequences . The decisive victory led to a degree of over-confidence on the part of Confederate forces , while prompting a determined organizational effort on the part of the Union . In hindsight commentators on both sides agreed that the one - sided outcome `` proved the greatest misfortune that would have befallen the Confederacy '' . Although modern historians generally agree with this interpretation , James M. McPherson has argued that the esprit de corps attained by Confederate troops on the heels of their victory , together with a new sense of insecurity felt by northern commanders , also gave the Confederacy a military edge in the following months . Confederate victory : turning point of the American Civil War ( edit ) Further information : Turning point of the American Civil War § Confederate victory in First Battle of Bull Run ( July 1861 ) `` Bull Run '' vs. `` Manassas '' ( edit ) The name of the battle has caused controversy since 1861 . The Union Army frequently named battles after significant rivers and creeks that played a role in the fighting ; the Confederates generally used the names of nearby towns or farms . The U.S. National Park Service uses the Confederate name for its national battlefield park , but the Union name ( Bull Run ) also has widespread currency in popular literature . Confusion between the battle flags ( edit ) Battlefield confusion between the battle flags , especially the similarity of the Confederacy 's `` Stars and Bars '' and the Union 's `` Stars and Stripes '' when fluttering , led to the adoption of the Confederate Battle Flag , which eventually became the most popular symbol of the Confederacy and the South in general . Conclusions ( edit ) First Bull Run demonstrated that the war would not be won by one grand battle , and both sides began preparing for a long and bloody conflict . The battle also showed the need for adequately trained and experienced officers and men . One year later many of the same soldiers who had fought at First Bull Run , now combat veterans , would have an opportunity to test their skills on the same battlefield at the Second Battle of Bull Run / Manassas . Additional battle maps ( edit ) Gallery : the First Bull Run hour by hour ( edit ) Map 1 : Situation Mid-July 1861 Map 2 : Beauregard 's defensive situation ( Mid-July 1861 ) Map 3 : Situation at 05 : 30 - 06 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 4 : Situation at 10 : 30 - 11 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 5 : Situation at 11 : 00 - 11 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 6 : Situation at 12 : 00 - 12 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 7 : Situation at 13 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 8 : Situation at 14 : 30 - 15 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 9 : Situation at 15 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 10 : Situation at 15 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 11 : Situation at 16 : 00 ( July 21 , 1861 ) Map 12 : Situation at 16 : 30 - 17 : 30 ( July 21 , 1861 ) In popular culture ( edit ) The First Battle of Bull Run is mentioned in the novel Gods and Generals , but is depicted more fully in its film adaptation . The battle forms the climax of the film Class of ' 61 . It also appears in the first episode of the second season of the mini-series North and South , in the second episode of the first season of the mini-series How the West Was Won and in the first episode of the mini-series The Blue and the Gray . Manassas ( 1999 ) is the first volume in the James Reasoner Civil War Series of historical novels . The battle is described in Rebel ( 1993 ) , the first volume of Bernard Cornwell 's The Starbuck Chronicles series of historical novels . The battle is described from the viewpoint of a Union infantryman in Upton Sinclair 's novella Manassas , which also depicts the political turmoil leading up to the Civil War . The battle is also depicted in John Jakes 's The Titans , the fifth novel in The Kent Family Chronicles , a series that explores the fictional Confederate cavalry officer Gideon Kent . The battle is the subject of the Johnny Horton song , `` Battle of Bull Run '' . Shaman , second in the Cole family trilogy by Noah Gordon , includes an account of the battle . The battle is also depicted in the song `` Yankee Bayonet '' by indie - folk band The Decemberists . In Murder at 1600 , Detective Harlan Regis ( Wesley Snipes ) has built a plan - relief of the battle which plays a certain role in the plot . Sesquicentennial ( edit ) The National Jubilee of Peace building at Grant and Lee avenues in Manassas , Virginia , is draped with the U.S. flag for the 150th anniversary commemoration , held on July 21 , 2011 , of the First Battle of Bull Run . Prince William County staged special events commemorating the 150th anniversary of the Civil War through 2011 . Manassas was named the No. 1 tourist destination in the United States for 2011 by the American Bus Association for its efforts in highlighting the historical impact of the Civil War . The cornerstone of the commemoration event featured a reenactment of the battle on July 23 -- 24 , 2011 . Throughout the year , there were tours of the Manassas battlefield and other battlefields in the county and a number of related events and activities . The City of Manassas commemorated the 150th anniversary of the battle July 21 -- 24 , 2011 . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Part of the site of the battle is now Manassas National Battlefield Park . Located north of Manassas , in Prince William County , Virginia , it preserves the site of two major American Civil War battles : the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21 , 1861 , and the Second Battle of Bull Run which was fought between August 28 and August 30 , 1862 ( also known as the First Battle of Manassas and the Second Battle of Manassas , respectively ) . The peaceful Virginia countryside bore witness to clashes between the armies of the North ( Union ) and the South ( Confederacy ) , and it was there that Confederate General Thomas J. Jackson acquired his nickname `` Stonewall . '' Today the National Battlefield Park provides the opportunity for visitors to explore the historic terrain where men fought and died more than a century ago . More than 900,000 people visit the battlefield each year . ( In comparison , roughly 15 million people annually visit nearby Washington , DC . ) As a historic area under the National Park Service , the park was administratively listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 15 , 1966 . See also ( edit ) American Civil War portal Second Battle of Bull Run Armies in the American Civil War Troop engagements of the American Civil War , 1861 List of costliest American Civil War land battles Origins of the American Civil War Battle of Fort Sumter Manassas Campaign Manassas National Battlefield Park Bull Run Mountains Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Park Service . Jump up ^ National Park Service Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II pages 314 -- 315 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II pages 469 -- 470 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Abtract from returns of the Department of Northeastern Virginia , commanded by Brigadier - General McDowell , U.S.A. , for July 16 and 17 , 1861 ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 309 ) . ^ Jump up to : Strength figures vary by source . Eicher , p. 87 - 88 : 35,000 Union , 32,000 Confederate ; Esposito , map 19 : 35,000 Union , 29,000 Confederate ; Ballard , 35,000 Union ( 18,000 engaged ) , 34,000 Confederate ( 18,000 engaged ) ; Salmon , p. 20 : 28,450 Union , 32,230 Confederate ; Kennedy , p. 14 : 35,000 Union , 33,000 Confederate ; Livermore , p. 77 : 28,452 Union `` effectives '' , 32,323 Confederate engaged . Writing in The Century Magazine , adjutant generals James B. Fry cites Archived May 9 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . 18,572 Union men ( including stragglers not on the field ) and 24 guns engaged , Thomas Jordan cites Archived August 29 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . 18,052 Confederate men and 37 guns engaged . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 187 and pages 568 -- 569 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Casualties at the battle of Bull Run , July 21 , 1861 . ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 327 ) . Jump up ^ 2,896 ( 460 killed ; 1,124 wounded ; 1,312 captured / missing ) , according to Eicher , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Further information : Casualties in the Army of the Potomac ( Confederate ) July 21 , 1861 . ( Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 570 ) . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page V ( Preface ) . Jump up ^ Ballard , 3 . Jump up ^ Ballard , 4 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 4 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 77 ; Williams , p. 21 ; McPherson , p. 336 ; Davis , p. 110 , attributes the remark to general - in - chief Winfield Scott . ^ Jump up to : Fishel , Edwin C. , The Secret War For The Union : The Untold Story of Military Intelligence in the Civil War , Boston : Houghton Mifflin , 1996 , pp. 59 -- 63 ^ Jump up to : `` Greenhow , Rose O'Neal '' , ( 1817 -- 1864 ) , The National Archives -- People Description. 1817 -- 1864 , ( accessed February 5 , 2013 ) Jump up ^ `` Letter Written in Cipher on Mourning Paper by Rose Greenhow '' , National Archives and Records Administration , World Digital Library Jump up ^ Davis , pp. 110 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 8 . ^ Jump up to : Livermore , p. 77 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 9 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 10 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 91 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 92 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 187 . Jump up ^ Beatie , pp. 285 -- 88 ; Esposito , text for Map 21 ; Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 94 ; Esposito , Map 22 . Jump up ^ Masur , Kate ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Slavery and Freedom at Bull Run '' . The New York Times . New York : The New York Times Company . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Andy ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Memory : Frederick Douglass ' Black Confederate '' . Dead Confederates : A Civil War Blog . WordPress . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 43 -- 45 ; Alexander , pp. 50 -- 51 . Alexander recalls that the signal was `` You are flanked . '' Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 312 -- 13 ; Rafuse , A Single Grand Victory `` , p. 131 ; Esposito , Map 22 ; Eicher , pp. 94 -- 95 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 313 ; Eicher , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 314 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 357 ; Davis , pp. 204 -- 05 . Jump up ^ Robertson , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 82 ; Robertson , p. 264 . McPherson , p. 342 , reports the quotation after `` stone wall '' as being `` Rally around the Virginians ! '' Jump up ^ See , for instance , McPherson , p. 342 . There are additional controversies about what Bee said and whether he said anything at all . See Freeman , vol. 1 , pp. 733 -- 34 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 96 -- 98 ; Esposito , Map 23 ; Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 314 -- 15 ; McPherson , pp. 342 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , p. 315 ; Eicher , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 32 . Jump up ^ Rafuse , `` First Battle of Bull Run '' , pp. 315 -- 16 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 344 ; Eicher , p. 98 ; Esposito , Map 24 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 76 ; Esposito , Map 24 ; Davis , p. 149 . Jump up ^ Ballard , page 35 . Jump up ^ Ballard , pages 35 -- 36 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 434 -- 435 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 383 . ^ Jump up to : Ballard , page 36 . Jump up ^ Further information : Official Records , Series I , Volume II page 328 . Jump up ^ Eicher , p. 100 . Jump up ^ Detzer , p. 488 . Jump up ^ Rawley , pp. 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Haydon , pp. 192 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Rawley , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Curtin , Andrew G. ( January 8 , 1862 ) . `` Message of Andrew G. Curtin , Governor of Pennsylvania , to the Legislature , '' . Executive Department : 8 . Jump up ^ Eicher , pp. 100 -- 101 . Jump up ^ Detzer , pp. 492 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Freeman , vol. 1 , p. 79 . Jump up ^ Greenhow , Rose O'Neal , My Imprisonment and the First Year of Abolition Rule at Washington , London : Richard Bentley , 1863 , p. 18 , full text online at Documenting the American South , University of North Carolina Jump up ^ James M. McPherson ( 1988 ) . The Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford University Press . pp. 347 -- 350 . ISBN 9780199743902 . Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 346 , n . 7 . McPherson 's popular one - volume history of the war uses the two names interchangeably because he states that `` neither name has any intrinsic superiority over the other . '' Jump up ^ McPherson , p. 342 . Jump up ^ `` Plan a trip and discover your story '' . visitpwc.com . Jump up ^ `` manassascivilwar.org '' . manassascivilwar.org . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Washington DC GO ! References ( edit ) Alexander , Edward P. Fighting for the Confederacy : The Personal Recollections of General Edward Porter Alexander . Edited by Gary W. Gallagher . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 4722 - 4 . Ballard , Ted . First Battle of Bull Run : Staff Ride Guide . Washington , DC : United States Army Center of Military History , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 068078 - 6 . This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . Beatie , Russel H. Army of the Potomac : Birth of Command , November 1860 -- September 1861 . New York : Da Capo Press , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81141 - 3 . Brown , J. Willard . The Signal Corps , U.S.A. in the War of the Rebellion . U.S. Veteran Signal Corps Association , 1896 . Reprinted 1974 by Arno Press . ISBN 0 - 405 - 06036 - X . Davis , William C. , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . First Blood : Fort Sumter to Bull Run . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1983 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4704 - 5 . Detzer , David . Donnybrook : The Battle of Bull Run , 1861 . New York : Harcourt , 2004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 15 - 603143 - 1 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Esposito , Vincent J. West Point Atlas of American Wars . New York : Frederick A. Praeger , 1959 . OCLC 5890637 . The collection of maps ( without explanatory text ) is available online at the West Point website . Praeger , 1959 . Freeman , Douglas S. Lee 's Lieutenants : A Study in Command . 3 vols . New York : Scribner , 1946 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 85979 - 3 . Haydon , F. Stansbury . Military Ballooning during the Early Civil War . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1941 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 6442 - 9 . Livermore , Thomas L. Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861 -- 65 . Reprinted with errata , Dayton , OH : Morninside House , 1986 . ISBN 0 - 527 - 57600 - X . First published in 1901 by Houghton Mifflin . McPherson , James M. Battle Cry of Freedom : The Civil War Era . Oxford History of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press , 1988 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503863 - 0 . Rafuse , Ethan S. `` First Battle of Bull Run . '' In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political , Social , and Military History , edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler . New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04758 - X . Rafuse , Ethan S. A Single Grand Victory : The First Campaign and Battle of Manassas . The American Crisis Series . Wilmington , DE : SR Books , 2002 . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2875 - 7 . Rawley , James A. Turning Points of the Civil War . Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press , 1966 . ISBN 0 - 8032 - 8935 - 9 . Robertson , James I. , Jr . Stonewall Jackson : The Man , The Soldier , The Legend . New York : MacMillan Publishing , 1997 . ISBN 0 - 02 - 864685 - 1 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Williams , T. Harry . Lincoln and His Generals . New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1952 . ISBN 0 - 9654382 - 6 - 0 . National Park Service battle description Professor Thaddeus Lowe 's Official Report ( Part I ) Memoirs and primary sources ( edit ) Dyer , Frederick H. , A compendium of the War of the Rebellion , Volume 1 , 1908 , Des Moines IA Longstreet , James . From Manassas to Appomattox : Memoirs of the Civil War in America . New York : Da Capo Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80464 - 6 . First published in 1896 by J.B. Lippincott and Co . Robert Underwood Johnson , Clarence Clough Buell , Battles and Leaders of the Civil War : The Opening Battles , Volume 1 ( Pdf ) , New York : The Century Co. , 1887 . U.S. War Department , The War of the Rebellion : a Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies . Washington , DC : U.S. Government Printing Office , 1880 -- 1901 Further reading ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Bull Run . Cunningham , Horace H. ( 1968 ) . Field medical services at the Battles of Manassas ( Bull Run ) . Athens : University of Georgia Press . ISBN 9780820333557 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Davis , William C. Battle at Bull Run : A History of the First Major Campaign of the Civil War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 1977 . ISBN 0 - 8071 - 0867 - 7 . Goldfield , David , et al . The American Journey : A History of the United States . 2nd ed . New York : Prentice Hall , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 088243 - 7 . Gottfried , Bradley M. The Maps of First Bull Run : An atlas of the First Bull Run ( Manassas ) Campaign , including the Battle of Ball 's Bluff , June -- October 1861 . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 932714 - 60 - 9 . Hankinson , Alan . First Bull Run 1861 : The South 's First Victory . Osprey Campaign Series # 10 . London : Osprey Publishing , 1991 . ISBN 1 - 85532 - 133 - 5 . Hennessy , John , Ethan Rafuse , and Harry Smeltzer . `` Historians ' Forum : The First Battle of Bull Run . '' Civil War History 57 # 2 ( June 2011 ) : 106 -- 120 . Hines , Blaikie . The Battle of First Bull Run , Manassas Campaign -- July 16 -- 22 , 1861 : An Illustrated Atlas and Battlefield Guide . Maine : American Patriot Press , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61364 - 129 - 3 . Longacre , Edward G . The Early Morning of War : Bull Run , 1861 ( 2014 ) . Rable , George . `` The Battlefield and Beyond . '' Civil War History 53 # 3 ( September 2007 ) : 244 -- 51 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Battle of Bull Run . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Manassas National Battlefield Park . Battle of Bull Run : Battle maps , photos , history articles , and battlefield news ( Civil War Trust ) `` Map of the Battles of Bull Run , 1861 '' , prepared by Army engineer , National Archives and Record Administration , at World Digital Library Manassas National Battlefield Park website First Battle of Manassas : An End to Innocence , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan Harper 's Weekly 1861 Report on the Battle of Bull Run Civil War Home website on First Bull Run Animated history of the First Battle of Bull Run FirstBullRun.co.uk The First Battle of Bull Run public domain audiobook at LibriVox First Manassas Campaign with Official Records and Reports Map of the Battles of Bull Run Near Manassas . Solomon Bamberger . Zoomable high - resolution map . Newspaper coverage of the First Battle of Bull Run Manassas Civil War 150th Anniversary July 21 -- 24 , 2011 Texts on Wikisource : Guernsey , Alfred H. ( 1879 ) . `` Bull Run '' . The American Cyclopædia . Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1861 Campaigns Chesapeake blockade ( May -- Jun ) Western Virginia ( Jun -- Dec ) Manassas ( Jul ) Carolina coast blockade ( Aug ) McClellan 's Operations ( Oct -- Dec ) Potomac blockade ( Oct -- Jan 1862 ) Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run 1862 Campaigns Burnside 's NC Expedition ( Feb -- Jun ) Jackson 's Valley ( Mar -- Jun ) Peninsula ( Mar -- Jul ) Northern Virginia ( Jul - Sep ) Maryland ( Sep ) Fredericksburg ( Nov -- Dec ) Goldsboro Expedition ( Dec ) Major battles Hampton Roads Williamsburg Seven Pines Seven Days Battles Oak Grove Beaver Dam Creek Gaines 's Mill Garnett 's & Golding 's Farm Savage 's Station White Oak Swamp Glendale Malvern Hill 2nd Bull Run Antietam Fredericksburg 1863 Campaigns Tidewater Operations ( Mar -- Apr ) Chancellorsville ( Apr -- May ) Gettysburg ( Jun -- Jul ) Bristoe ( Oct -- Nov ) Mine Run ( Nov -- Dec ) Major battles Chancellorsville Gettysburg 1864 Campaigns Valley Campaigns ( May -- Oct ) : Lynchburg , Early 's B&O Raid , Sheridan 's Campaign Operations Against Plymouth ( Apr -- May ) Bermuda Hundred ( May ) Overland ( May -- Jun ) Petersburg ( Jun -- Mar 1865 ) Major battles Wilderness Spotsylvania Court House North Anna Cold Harbor Trevilian Station 2nd Petersburg Crater 2nd Deep Bottom Globe Tavern 3rd Winchester Chaffin 's Farm Cedar Creek Boydton Plank Road 1865 Campaigns Wilmington ( Dec -- Feb ) Appomattox ( Mar -- Apr ) Major battles 2nd Fort Fisher Bentonville Fort Stedman Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sailor 's Creek Appomattox Court House Armies James Potomac Virginia Shenandoah Northern Virginia Geography Departments Monongahela Susquehanna Landforms Cumberland Valley Gettysburg - Newark Lowlands Shenandoah Valley Fairfax County in the American Civil War Battles Battle of Blackburn 's Ford Battle of Chantilly Battle of Dranesville Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1861 ) Battle of Fairfax Court House ( June 1863 ) First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Battle of Vienna , Virginia Skirmishes Bog Wallow Ambush Raids Burke 's Station Raid Mosby 's Raids Units 8th Virginia Infantry 17th Virginia Infantry 1st Virginia Cavalry 43rd Battalion of Virginia Cavalry Georgia Hussars ( later Jeff Davis Cavalry Legion , Company F ) 3rd New Jersey Volunteer Infantry 3rd Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment 45th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment 16th Regiment New York Volunteer Cavalry First New Jersey Brigade 2nd Vermont Brigade XXII Corps ( Union Army ) Union Army Balloon Corps People Clara Barton Michael Corcoran Antonia Ford Thaddeus Lowe John Quincy Marr John S. 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Udvar - Hazy Center Washington and Old Dominion Railway Fort Belvoir Transportation Air Manassas Regional Airport Washington Dulles International Airport Roads Fairfax County Parkway Springfield Interchange Virginia State Route 123 Dulles Toll Road ( VA 267 ) Transit Fairfax Connector Silver Line Virginia Railway Express Manassas Line Fredericksburg Line Culture Battles Battle of Chantilly First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Events Celebrate Fairfax ! Education George Mason University University of Fairfax Northern Virginia Community College Prince William County , Virginia Northern Virginia Washington Metropolitan Area Administration Prince William Board of County Supervisors Prince William County Public Schools Prince William County Department of Parks & Recreation Prince William County Public Library Prince William County Department of Fire and Rescue Prince William County Police Department Prince William County Sheriff 's Office Organizations Prince William Chamber of Commerce Landmarks National Museum of the Marine Corps Marine Corps Base Quantico Hylton Performing Arts Center Manassas National Battlefield Park Jiffy Lube Live Old Dominion Speedway Prince William Forest Park Leesylvania State Park Potomac Mills Transportation OmniRide Washington Dulles International Airport Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport Manassas Regional Airport Prince William Parkway Virginia State Route 234 Interstate 66 Interstate 95 U.S. Route 1 Culture Battles First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Events Dale City 4th of July Parade Education George Mason University Northern Virginia Community College Strayer University University of Northern Virginia Municipalities and communities of Prince William County , Virginia , United States County seat : Manassas Towns Dumfries Haymarket Occoquan Quantico CDPs Buckhall Bull Run Bull Run Mountain Estates Cherry Hill County Center Dale City Gainesville Independent Hill Lake Ridge Linton Hall Loch Lomond Marumsco Montclair Neabsco Nokesville Potomac Mills Quantico Base ‡ Sudley Triangle Woodbridge Yorkshire Unincorporated communities Aden Agnewville Antioch Batestown Bethel Brentsville Bristow Buckland Canova Catharpin Cornwell Featherstone Greenwich Groveton Hickory Ridge Hoadly Joplin Kopp Locust Hill Minnieville Rixlew Southbridge Sudley Springs Thoroughfare Wellington West Gate Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Bull_Run&oldid=843651763 '' Categories : Fairfax County in the American Civil War Manassas Campaign Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War Confederate victories of the American Civil War Prince William County in the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia United States Marine Corps in the 18th and 19th centuries 1861 in the American Civil War 1861 in Virginia July 1861 events Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use mdy dates from November 2013 Pages using deprecated image syntax Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from July 2017 All articles needing additional references Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 15 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia	who won the battle of bull run in virginia	[ "The First Battle of Bull Run (the name used by Union forces), also known as the First Battle of Manassas[1] (the name used by Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861 in Prince William County, Virginia, just north of the city of Manassas and about 25 miles west-southwest of Washington, D.C. It was the first major battle of the American Civil War. The Union's forces were slow in positioning themselves, allowing Confederate reinforcements time to arrive by rail. Each side had about 18,000 poorly trained and poorly led troops in their first battle. It was a Confederate victory, followed by a disorganized retreat of the Union forces." ]	[ "Confederate" ]

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